NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

______________

No. 16-3808

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RALPH ABRAHAM JASMIN,

Petitioner

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Respondent

______________

Petition for Review of an Order of

the Board of Immigration Appeals

(Agency No. A091-255-453)

Immigration Judge: Roxanne C. Hladylowycz

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Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

July 11, 2017

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Before: GREENAWAY, JR., SHWARTZ, and RENDELL, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: August 17, 2017)

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OPINION

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SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.

 

 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 

does not constitute binding precedent.
2

Ralph Abraham Jasmin petitions for review of a decision of the Board of 

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denying his application for withholding of removal and 

protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Because Jasmin failed to 

exhaust his withholding of removal claim and because the BIA correctly concluded that 

he is not entitled to CAT relief, we will dismiss the petition in part and deny it in part. 

I

Jasmin is a native and citizen of Haiti. He entered the United States in 1981 when 

he was three years old. In 1990, he became a lawful permanent resident. Thereafter, 

Jasmin was convicted in New York of attempted criminal possession of a weapon in the 

third degree and received a one-year prison sentence, and in Virginia of possession of 

cocaine with intent to distribute and received a five-year prison sentence. 

The Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) issued a Notice to Appear,

charging Jasmin with removability due to his firearm and drug-trafficking convictions. 

See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(C) (stating that an alien convicted of certain firearm offenses, 

including attempted possession of a firearm, is deportable); 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii)

(stating that an alien convicted of an aggravated felony is deportable); see also 8 U.S.C. § 

1101(a)(43)(B) (stating that illicit trafficking in a controlled substance is an aggravated 

felony).1 The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) sustained the charges of removability. 

Jasmin filed an application for withholding of removal and CAT protection on the 

grounds that he would be persecuted and tortured in Haiti because he is gay. Jasmin

 

1 The DHS amended the Notice to reflect that Jasmin had also been convicted in 

Pennsylvania of delivery of cocaine for which he received a five-year prison sentence. 
3

subsequently agreed that he is eligible only for deferral of removal under CAT. The IJ 

heard testimony from Jasmin, Jasmin’s father, Jasmin’s former romantic partner, one of 

Jasmin’s sisters, and an expert witness, who corroborated Jasmin’s assertion that he is 

gay and testified about the treatment of gay people in Haiti. The IJ also received reports 

and articles that described the country conditions and prevailing attitudes toward gay 

people in Haiti. 

The IJ found that: (1) as Jasmin conceded, he was ineligible for withholding of 

removal because he was convicted of a “particularly serious crime,” specifically, an 

aggravated felony for which he received a sentence of at least five years; and (2) Jasmin 

was not entitled to deferral of removal under CAT because he failed to establish that he 

would more likely than not be tortured if removed to Haiti. With respect to his CAT 

claim, the IJ concluded that: (1) while there was evidence of discrimination and violence 

against gay people in Haiti, Jasmin did not produce any evidence that he would more 

likely than not be targeted for violent attacks that would rise to the level of torture; (2) the 

record indicates that “well-off Haitians have access to gay-friendly places,” and Jasmin 

would likely be considered “well-off,” given that his father has his own medical practice 

in the United States and owns two houses in Haiti, A.R. 66; (3) Jasmin could relocate to a 

gay-friendly area; and (4) the record did not support the conclusion that the Haitian 

government is willfully blind to violence against gay people, given that there were no 

reports of police being involved in or condoning violence against gay people, and there 

was evidence that police have intervened to protect gay people from violence and are 
4

trained about issues relating to the gay community. The IJ therefore denied Jasmin’s 

application and ordered him removed to Haiti. 

Jasmin appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. Before the BIA, Jasmin argued that 

the IJ erred in concluding that he had failed to demonstrate he would more likely than not 

be tortured if returned to Haiti and, in particular, erred in assuming Jasmin would be 

considered “well-off” in Haiti. A.R. 21. The BIA affirmed. The BIA noted that Jasmin 

did not challenge the IJ’s determination that he was ineligible for withholding of removal. 

With respect to Jasmin’s CAT claim, the BIA found no clear error in the IJ’s finding that 

Jasmin would not likely be tortured in Haiti because he is gay. The BIA concluded that:

(1) there was no evidence that the police condoned or perpetrated violence against gay 

people; (2) the record in fact showed that the police were willing to protect gay people 

from violence and were receiving training with respect to issues in the gay community;

and (3) the gay community was growing in Haiti and Haiti has gay rights organizations. 

The BIA also concluded that it did not need to rely on the IJ’s finding that Jasmin would 

be “well off” in Haiti because, even if Jasmin would not be “well off,” the IJ’s predictive 

findings were still not clearly erroneous. A.R. 10 n.4. Jasmin petitions for review.

II

The BIA had jurisdiction to review the IJ’s final order of removal pursuant to 8 

C.F.R. § 1003.1(b)(3). In general, we have jurisdiction to review a final order of removal 

pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). However, “because [Jasmin] is subject to removal

based on an aggravated-felony conviction, the statute constrains our jurisdiction to 

constitutional claims or questions of law,” which we review de novo. Myrie v. Att’y 
5

Gen., 855 F.3d 509, 515 (3d Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); 

see also 8 U.S.C § 1252(a)(2)(C)-(D) (setting forth the appellate courts’ limited 

jurisdiction to review final orders removing certain criminal aliens). Thus, “factual or 

discretionary determinations are outside of our scope of review.” Myrie, 855 F.3d at 515

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Where, as here, “the BIA affirms and 

partially reiterates the IJ’s discussions and determinations, we look to both decisions.” 

Id. (citation omitted). 

In his petition for review, Jasmin raises three arguments: (1) the Attorney General 

erred in In re Y-L-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 270 (Att’y Gen. 2002), by concluding that drug 

trafficking offenses with sentences of five years or more are per se particularly serious 

crimes that render an alien ineligible for withholding of removal; (2) the BIA violated his 

right to due process because it failed to conduct a de novo determination of whether the 

treatment he would face in Haiti would amount to torture; and (3) the BIA engaged in

impermissible fact-finding by declining to rely on the IJ’s finding that he would be “well 

off” in Haiti, yet nonetheless affirming the IJ’s decision that he would not face torture in 

Haiti. 

A

We do not have jurisdiction to consider certain of these arguments. A court may 

review a final order of removal only where “the alien has exhausted all administrative 

remedies available to the alien as of right.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). “[A] petitioner is 

deemed to have exhausted all administrative remedies . . . if he or she raises all issues 

before the BIA.” Lin v. Att’y Gen., 543 F.3d 114, 120-21 (3d Cir. 2008) (internal 
6

quotation marks and citation omitted). This exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional. Id.

at 120. 

The IJ concluded that Jasmin was ineligible for withholding of removal because he 

had been convicted of a particularly serious crime. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii) 

(stating that an alien who is convicted of a particularly serious crime is ineligible for 

withholding of removal). Jasmin conceded before the IJ that the only form of relief 

available to him was deferral of removal under CAT and made no argument to the BIA 

with respect to his withholding of removal claim, including whether he was convicted of 

a “particularly serious crime.” Thus, Jasmin failed to exhaust his withholding of removal 

claim, and we lack jurisdiction to review it.

2

 Accordingly, we will dismiss the petition 

for review with respect to Jasmin’s withholding of removal claim. 

B

An applicant for CAT relief must show that it is more likely than not he would be 

tortured if he were removed to his home country, 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2), and that such 

torture would be “inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence 

of” his country’s government, id. § 1208.18(a)(1). Determining whether a petitioner 

faces a likelihood of torture involves a two-part inquiry: “(1) what is likely to happen to 

 

2

Jasmin argues that raising this claim before the BIA would have been futile 

because he is challenging the Attorney General’s interpretation of the phrase “particularly 

serious crime,” and the BIA cannot disagree with that interpretation. There is, however, 

no futility exception to the exhaustion requirement. See Duvall v. Elwood, 336 F.3d 228, 

234 (3d Cir. 2003) (concluding that the petitioner was required to raise an issue before 

the BIA, even though the BIA had conclusively decided that issue against her position, 

and explaining that a jurisdictional exhaustion requirement cannot be subject to a futility 

exception).
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the petitioner if removed; and (2) does what is likely to happen amount to the legal 

definition of torture?” Kaplun v. Att’y Gen., 602 F.3d 260, 271 (3d Cir. 2010); see also

Green v. Att’y Gen., 694 F.3d 503, 508 (3d Cir. 2012) (characterizing the first prong as 

addressing the “likelihood of harm” to the petitioner). The first prong is factual, and the 

second is legal. Kaplun, 602 F.3d at 271. Jasmin argues that the BIA erred by affirming 

the IJ’s opinion based on the first prong but conducting no analysis of the second prong. 

While we have jurisdiction to consider this argument, we have previously rejected it. See

Green, 694 F.3d at 508 (holding that the IJ and BIA did not err in addressing only one 

prong of the Kaplun test because the petitioner’s failure to meet either prong is 

dispositive). Because the BIA agreed with the IJ that Jasmin did not establish that he was 

likely to be harmed in Haiti, there was no need for the BIA to determine whether the 

anticipated harm met the legal definition of torture. Accordingly, the BIA did not err in 

declining to rule on that issue.

3

 

3 As the likelihood-of-harm prong presents a question of fact, we lack jurisdiction 

to consider whether the IJ and BIA were correct in concluding that Jasmin did not face a 

likelihood of harm in Haiti. Myrie, 855 F.3d at 515. To the extent Jasmin argues that the 

BIA failed to consider his personal circumstances in ruling on the likelihood of harm 

issue, we would have jurisdiction to consider such an argument. See Green, 694 F.3d at 

508 (treating a claim that the agency failed to consider all of the evidence as a claim of 

legal error). While the BIA’s opinion may not have discussed all of Jasmin’s personal 

characteristics, we are reviewing the opinions of both the IJ and BIA. Myrie, 855 F.3d at 

515.

The IJ’s opinion recounted Jasmin’s personal circumstances in detail and took 

them into consideration in its decision. See A.R. 57 (acknowledging that Jasmin left 

Haiti at 3 years old, has never returned, and has no family living there); A.R. 66 

(discussing how Jasmin’s criminal history could impact his return to Haiti, even though 

he did not claim he would be tortured on account of being a criminal deportee). The BIA 

carefully reviewed the IJ’s opinion and explicitly noted some of Jasmin’s personal 
8

C

In ruling on Jasmin’s CAT claim, the BIA stated that “[t]o the extent that the 

Immigration Judge found that the applicant was ‘well off,’ we need not rely on this 

finding because we find no clear error in the Immigration Judge’s predictive findings 

even if the applicant is not ‘well off.’” A.R. 10 n.4. Jasmin argues that the BIA made an 

impermissible finding of fact by assuming that he would not be “well off” and yet 

affirming the IJ’s conclusion. Jasmin is incorrect. The BIA did not make a finding of 

fact. Rather, the BIA simply noted that even if the IJ’s finding that Jasmin would be 

“well off” in Haiti was erroneous, the BIA concluded that ignoring that factual finding, 

the evidence was nonetheless sufficient to support the IJ’s conclusion that Jasmin did not 

face a likelihood of harm in Haiti. Given that the BIA ignored a factual finding that was 

adverse to Jasmin, it committed no error, harmful or otherwise. See Li Hua Yuan v. 

Att’y Gen., 642 F.3d 420, 427 (3d Cir. 2011) (concluding that, while the BIA erred in 

reviewing the IJ’s factual determinations de novo, the error was harmless because the 

petitioner benefited from the lenient standard of review). 

III

For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is dismissed with respect to 

Jasmin’s withholding of removal claim and denied with respect to his CAT claim.4 

 

circumstances as well. See A.R. 9 n.2 (noting Jasmin’s status as a criminal deportee). 

Accordingly, the evidence of Jasmin’s personal characteristics was considered. 

4 The Government’s motion to dismiss will accordingly be denied as moot. 

Jasmin’s motions to file his reply brief out of time and to waive filing the administrative 

record in hard copy are granted.