1

Filed 10/29/13

CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Placer)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

DOUGLAS HAROLD DOYLE,

Defendant and Appellant.

C067741

(Super. Ct. No.

72-005365)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Placer County, Colleen M. 

Nichols, Judge. Affirmed.

Michelle May, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Catherine Chatman and Wanda 

Hill Rouzen, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

 

*

 Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is certified for 

publication with the exception of parts III through V.
2

Defendant Douglas Harold Doyle was previously convicted of gross vehicular 

manslaughter while intoxicated (driving under the influence [DUI] manslaughter). (Pen. 

Code, § 191.5, subd. (a).) The conviction in this case was for another DUI offense. 

(Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (b).) His current DUI was elevated from a misdemeanor to a 

felony because of the prior DUI manslaughter (Veh. Code, § 23550.5, subd. (b)), and he 

was sentenced under the “Three Strikes” law to 25 years to life in state prison with the 

prior DUI manslaughter as one of his strikes. 

On appeal, defendant contends that it was illegal to use the prior DUI 

manslaughter conviction both to elevate the current DUI to a felony and to serve as a 

strike. To the contrary, the statutory scheme authorizes both uses. 

Defendant also contends that use of the prior DUI manslaughter conviction both to 

elevate the current DUI to a felony and to serve as a strike violates equal protection 

guarantees because the statute elevating the current DUI to a felony as a result of the DUI 

manslaughter does not also elevate a current DUI to a felony if the offender, instead, has 

a prior conviction for second degree murder while driving intoxicated. This argument is 

unpersuasive because DUI offenders with prior DUI manslaughter convictions and those 

with prior second degree murder convictions are not similarly situated.

Because neither these nor any other of defendant’s arguments has merit, we 

affirm.

FACTS

Under the influence of valium, cocaine, and alcohol, defendant nonetheless got 

behind the wheel of his van in December 1987. Going southbound on Highway 89, 

defendant sped around a blind curve in the oncoming lane to pass cars in his own lane. 

He hit an oncoming car head-on, killing the driver of the oncoming car. As a result, in 

1988, he pleaded guilty to DUI manslaughter. (Pen. Code, § 191.5, subd. (a).) 
3

The 1988 DUI manslaughter conviction was not defendant’s first brush with the 

law, and it would not be his last. Most seriously, defendant was convicted of spousal 

abuse in 1996 and assault with a deadly weapon in 2007. 

In August 2008, defendant again drove drunk on Highway 89, this time 

northbound, and again he passed on a blind curve. Fortunately, defendant did not cause 

another collision, and, again fortunately, a sheriff’s deputy saw the unsafe driving and 

stopped defendant. After observing that defendant was drunk, the deputy arrested 

defendant for DUI. 

PROCEDURE

The district attorney charged defendant by information with felony DUI, with a 

prior DUI manslaughter. (Veh. Code, §§ 23152, subds. (a) & (b), 23550.5, subd. (b).) 

The district attorney also alleged that defendant had two prior strike convictions (the 

1988 DUI manslaughter conviction (Pen. Code, § 191.5) and a 2007 assault with a deadly 

weapon conviction (Pen. Code, § 245)) and had four prior prison terms (Pen. Code, § 

667.5, subd. (b)). 

Defendant pleaded guilty to felony DUI,1 with a prior DUI manslaughter. He also 

admitted the prior serious felony convictions and prison terms. He did so with the 

understanding that this exposed him to a potential sentence of 29 years to life under the 

Three Strikes law. 

 

1 More specifically, defendant pleaded guilty to driving with a blood alcohol level 

of .08 percent or more. Since, for the purposes of this opinion, there is no practical 

difference between driving with a blood alcohol level of .08 percent or more (Veh. Code, 

§ 23152, subd. (b)) and driving under the influence (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (a)), we 

refer to the crime as a DUI. We also use the term “drunk driver” as a shorthand for 

describing a person who drives with a blood alcohol level of .08 percent or more or who 

drives while under the influence.
4

The trial court considered and denied a Romero2 motion to strike one or both of 

the prior serious felony convictions. The court sentenced defendant under the Three 

Strikes law to state prison for an indeterminate term of 25 years to life. It stayed the prior 

prison term enhancements. 

DISCUSSION

I

Use of Prior DUI manslaughter

A DUI -- violation of Vehicle Code section 23152 -- is normally a misdemeanor. 

However, if the defendant has a prior DUI manslaughter conviction (Pen. Code, § 191.5), 

the DUI may be charged as a felony, as was the case here. (Veh. Code, § 23550.5; 

People v. Baez (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 197, 199.) 

Defendant contends that his prior DUI manslaughter conviction cannot be used 

twice to (1) elevate his current DUI to a felony and (2) impose Three Strikes sentencing. 

To the contrary, the applicable statutes and precedents allow both uses.

We look first to the legislative intent and discern no indication that the Legislature 

intended to preclude the use of a prior DUI manslaughter both to elevate a DUI to a 

felony and to serve as a strike. We then turn to defendant’s arguments for limiting such 

use and find them unavailing. 

A. Legislative Intent and Case Law

The fundamental goal of statutory construction is to determine the Legislature’s 

intent. We begin with the ordinary and usual meaning of the language the Legislature 

used, and we do not alter that meaning if it is clear. We resort to extrinsic aids to 

understand the Legislature’s intent only if the Legislature’s language can reasonably be 

interpreted more than one way. (People v. Cornett (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1261, 1265.)

 

2 People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 (Romero).
5

Applying these fundamental canons of statutory construction, we examine the 

applicable statutes to determine whether they evince any legislative intent to preclude the 

use of a prior DUI manslaughter both to elevate a DUI to a felony and to serve as a 

strike.3 We discern no such intent.

In 1994, the Three Strikes law was enacted by both the Legislature and the voters 

in nearly identical form. (Stats. 1994, ch. 12, § 1, p. 71, eff. Mar. 7, 1994; Prop. 184, eff. 

Nov. 9, 1994.) Under this law, a person who commits a felony and has previously been 

convicted of one or more serious or violent felonies is sentenced to a longer state prison 

term. (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (b).) The term for such a person with one prior serious or 

violent felony is twice the term otherwise provided for the current felony. The term for 

such a person with two or more prior serious or violent felonies, as applicable to this 

case, is an indeterminate term of 25 years to life. (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (e).) 

There is no dispute in this case that defendant’s 1988 DUI manslaughter 

conviction (Pen. Code, § 191.5, subd. (a)) and 2007 assault with a deadly weapon 

conviction (Pen. Code, § 245) were for serious or violent felonies under the Three Strikes 

law. Defendant admitted the district attorney’s allegation that they were strikes under the 

Three Strikes law. 

In 1997, the Legislature enacted a statute making it a felony or misdemeanor (a 

“wobbler”) if a person committed a DUI with a prior DUI manslaughter. (Stats. 1997, 

 

3 The Attorney General claims that, in 2001, the Assembly Committee on 

Appropriations, considering an amendment to Vehicle Code section 23550.5, which 

amendment ultimately was enacted, recognized that a prior DUI manslaughter conviction 

would both elevate a current DUI to a felony and serve as a strike under the Three Strikes 

law. The Attorney General, however, did not request judicial notice of the committee 

report. Therefore, we disregard the claim concerning the committee report. (Ct. App., 

Third Dist., Local Rules, rule 4, Judicial Notice of legislative history materials; Kaufman 

& Broad Communities, Inc. v. Performance Plastering, Inc. (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 26.) 

In any event, we find no ambiguity in the statutes requiring resort to legislative history. 
6

ch. 901, § 6, p. 6488.) That statute became Vehicle Code section 23550.5 in 1999. 

(Stats. 1998, ch. 118, § 84, p. 784.) Subdivision (b) of Vehicle Code section 23550.5 

states: “Each person who, having previously been convicted of a violation of subdivision 

(a) of Section 191.5 of the Penal Code [DUI manslaughter], . . . is subsequently convicted 

of a violation of [Vehicle Code] Section 23152 [DUI] . . . is guilty of a public offense 

punishable by imprisonment in the state prison [a felony] or confinement in a county jail 

for not more than one year [a misdemeanor] . . . .” 

In this case, the district attorney prosecuted the current DUI offense as a felony 

under Vehicle Code section 23550.5, subdivision (b), and defendant pleaded guilty to that 

charge. Therefore, he was convicted of a felony.

At sentencing, the trial court applied the Three Strikes law to defendant’s felony 

sentencing, which is required under Penal Code section 667, subdivision (e). The 

introductory language of that subdivision states that the Three Strikes sentencing scheme 

applies “in addition to any other enhancement or punishment provisions which may apply 

. . . .” (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (e).) Because defendant was convicted of a felony and 

had two prior serious or violent felony convictions, the trial court sentenced him to an 

indeterminate term of 25 years to life. 

This was a faithful application of the ordinary and usual meaning of the applicable 

statutes. Nothing in the language of the statutes evinces a legislative intent to impose the 

Three Strikes law differently. To the contrary, the Three Strikes law is meant “to ensure 

longer prison sentences and greater punishment for those who commit a felony and have 

been previously convicted of serious and/or violent felony offenses.” (Pen Code, § 667, 

subd. (b).) Accordingly, we must uphold the sentence imposed unless defendant’s 

arguments on appeal establish that the sentence was illegal.

Before turning to defendant’s arguments, however, we discuss the case most 

similar to the circumstances of this case. That case is People v. White Eagle (1996) 48 

Cal.App.4th 1511 (White Eagle). In White Eagle, the defendant pleaded guilty to petty 
7

theft with a prior robbery and admitted the prior robbery conviction, which is a serious or 

violent felony under the Three Strikes law. (Id. at p. 1515.) Normally, petty theft is a 

misdemeanor, but the prior robbery conviction made the petty theft conviction a wobbler. 

(Pen. Code, § 666, subd. (a).) Applying the Three Strikes law because of the defendant’s 

prior robbery conviction, the trial court treated the petty theft as a felony and sentenced 

the defendant to six years in state prison, which is double the aggravated term. (White 

Eagle, supra, at p. 1515; see Pen. Code, §§ 666, subd. (a), 667, subd. (e)(1), 1170, subd. 

(h).)

On appeal, the White Eagle court considered “whether the same 1981 robbery 

conviction can be used: (1) to convert the current offense to a felony under [Penal Code] 

section 666 [and] (2) to invoke the punishment provisions of [Penal Code] section 667, 

subdivision (e)(1) . . . .” (White Eagle, supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at p. 1516.) The court 

concluded that the prior conviction could be used for both. (Id. at pp. 1517-1518.)

The White Eagle court reasoned: “The drafters of the Three Strikes law have 

clearly provided that its punishment provisions apply ‘in addition to any other 

enhancement or punishment provisions which may apply.’ ([Pen. Code,] § 667, subd. 

(e), italics added.) Applying the sentencing provisions of the Three Strikes law to the 

term of imprisonment provided by [Penal Code] section 666 is not only consistent with 

the stated legislative and initiative goals of ensuring longer prison sentences and greater 

punishment for repeat offenders, it is provided for by the express terms of the statute.

([Pen. Code,] § 667, subd. (b).)” (White Eagle, supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at p. 1518.)

White Eagle is on all fours with this case concerning using a prior conviction both 

to elevate the current offense to a felony and to serve as a strike under the Three Strikes 

law. Despite this obvious similarity of White Eagle to this case, however, defendant did 

not cite or discuss White Eagle in his opening brief. In his reply brief, he claims that 

White Eagle is distinguishable based on the cases cited in his opening brief. Although we 

note that, by ignoring White Eagle until his reply brief, defendant effectively prevented 
8

the Attorney General from submitting a brief concerning defendant’s arguments that 

White Eagle is distinguishable, we exercise our discretion to consider defendant’s 

arguments. (See Jameson v. Desta (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 672, 674, fn. 1 [appellate 

court may exercise discretion to consider points not raised in opening brief].)

While White Eagle is similar to this case because the same prior conviction was 

used both to elevate the current offense to a felony and to impose Three Strikes 

sentencing, another case, People v. Coronado (1995) 12 Cal.4th 145 (Coronado), is also 

similar to this case, but for a different reason. It determined that the Legislature intended 

to allow use of prior DUI convictions both to elevate the current offense to a felony and 

to impose prior prison term enhancements under Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision 

(b), for prison terms served as a result of the prior DUI convictions. The court said: “We 

hold here that the use of a prior conviction and resulting prison term for elevation and 

enhancement purposes is consistent with the legislative intent . . . .” (Id. at p. 149, italics 

added.)

Considered together, White Eagle and Coronado support application of the 

Legislature’s express intent to impose Three Strikes sentencing in this case “in addition 

to any other enhancement or punishment provisions which may apply” (Pen. Code, § 667, 

subd. (e)), “to ensure longer prison sentences and greater punishment for those who 

commit a felony and have been previously convicted of serious and/or violent felony 

offenses.” (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (b).)

Finally, defendant urges that, to avoid serious constitutional questions, we must 

adopt an interpretation of the relevant statutes prohibiting the use of the prior DUI 

manslaughter both to elevate the current offense to a felony and to serve as a strike. (See 

People v. Engram (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1131, 1161.) Elsewhere in his brief, defendant 

makes arguments that the sentence is cruel and unusual and violates double jeopardy. 

Therefore, he reasons, those questions can be avoided with his preferred interpretation of 

the statutes. This line of argument is without merit because (1) despite defendant’s 
9

constitutional claims, there is no serious question concerning the constitutionality of 

defendant’s sentence and (2) his preferred interpretation is contrary to the Legislature’s 

express intent. 

B. Defendant’s Arguments

Defendant makes four arguments, relying on four cases, that the Legislature could 

not use the prior DUI manslaughter both to elevate the current offense to a felony and to 

serve as a strike. The four cases are (1) People v. Briceno (2004) 34 Cal.4th 451 

(Briceno); (2) In re Shull (1944) 23 Cal.2d 745 (Shull), superseded by statute on another 

issue as stated in People v. Read (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d 900, 904; (3) People v. Jones

(1993) 5 Cal.4th 1142 (Jones); and (4) People v. Ireland (1969) 70 Cal.2d 522 (Ireland).

1. Briceno

Relying on Briceno, defendant contends that the trial court engaged in 

“ ‘impermissible bootstrapping.’ ” We conclude that, because defendant is not in this 

regard arguing a constitutional limitation on the Legislature’s power, what the statutes 

allow is permissible if the Legislature intended to permit it. Here, as we have stated, the 

Legislature intended to allow use of the prior DUI manslaughter both to elevate the 

offense to a felony and to serve as a strike. 

In Briceno, a jury convicted the defendant of four counts of robbery and found 

true the allegation that the robberies were committed for the benefit of a criminal street 

gang. The court found true two prior serious felony convictions and sentenced the 

defendant under Three Strikes law. (Briceno, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 456-457.) As 

relevant here, the Supreme Court in Briceno considered the relationship of (1) Penal 

Code section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(28), which turns any prior felony conviction into a 

serious felony conviction for the purpose of the Three Strikes law if the prior offense was 

committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang, and (2) Penal Code section 186.22, 

subdivision (b)(1)(A), which provides for a sentence enhancement for a current felony, 

other than a serious or violent felony. The Court of Appeal had problems defining this 
10

relationship because it believed both provisions applied to the prior felony conviction. 

The Supreme Court, however, focusing on legislative intent (in that case, voters’ intent 

because it was an initiative) (id. at p. 459), found that there is no conflict because Penal 

Code section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(28) applies to prior convictions and Penal Code 

section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(A) applies to current offenses. (Id. at pp. 464-465.)

Having resolved the issue by determining the voters’ intent, the Briceno court 

added: “Not only does this interpretation give meaning to [Penal Code] section 186.22[, 

subdivision] (b)(1)(A), (B), and (C), it also avoids the impermissible bootstrapping that 

would occur if any felony that is gang related is also deemed serious in the current 

proceeding. Specifically, while it is proper to define any felony committed for the benefit 

of a criminal street gang as a serious felony under [Penal Code] section 1192.7[, 

subdivision] (c)(28), it is improper to use the same gang-related conduct again to obtain 

an additional five-year sentence under [Penal Code] section 186.22[, subdivision] 

(b)(1)(B).” (Briceno, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 465, original italics.)

Defendant relies on this “impermissible bootstrapping” language to argue that, 

here, the prior DUI manslaughter conviction cannot be used both to elevate the current 

offense to a felony and to serve as a strike. The argument is without merit because the 

Supreme Court’s “impermissible bootstrapping” language referred to a manifest voter 

intent not to allow such use. The court stated: “[A]lthough [Penal Code] section 1192.7[, 

subdivision] (c)(28) turns any prior gang-related felony offense into a strike if a 

defendant reoffends, nothing in Proposition 21 or in its stated purposes suggests an 

intention of the voters to bootstrap, in the same proceeding, any felony offense 

committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang into a [Penal Code] section 186.22[, 

subdivision] (b)(1)(B) [serious felony] offense ‘as a means of applying a double dose of 

harsher punishment.’ [Citation.]” (Briceno, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 465.) In other words, 

bootstrapping was not permissible because the voters did not intend to permit it.
11

As we have noted, the statutes involved in this case do not evince a legislative 

intent to preclude use of a prior DUI manslaughter both to elevate the offense to a felony 

and to serve as a strike. Therefore, the “impermissible bootstrapping” language of 

Briceno is wholly inapplicable. Indeed, there is no abstract anti-bootstrapping principle. 

Instead, it is a matter of legislative intent. If the Legislature intended to allow it, it is 

allowed. The Briceno court did not resort to any constitutional principle limiting the 

power of the Legislature in such matters.

2. Shull

Likewise, the second case relied on by defendant involved a question of legislative 

intent. In Shull, the Supreme Court considered whether the Legislature intended to add a 

five-year enhancement for use of a pistol to a sentence of 10 years for assault with a 

pistol. (Shull, supra, 23 Cal.2d at pp. 747-749.) It concluded: “We do not believe . . . 

that the Legislature intended that [the pistol-use enhancement] should be applied where 

the felony of which the person stands convicted is that of assault with a pistol . . . .” (Id. 

at p. 749.) 

The Shull court determined that the Legislature did not intend to add the 

sentencing enhancement for pistol use to the sentence for assault with a pistol. It said: 

“Briefly, the Legislature has fixed the punishment for an assault where a deadly weapon 

is used, a particular crime, and it is not to be supposed that for the same offense without 

any additional factor existing the added punishment should be imposed.” (Shull, supra,

23 Cal.2d at p. 751.)

While the Legislature may have implicitly intended not to impose the gun-use 

enhancement when the defendant was convicted of assault with a pistol, as stated in 

Shull, the Legislature’s intent with respect to the Three Strikes is explicit. It requires 

application of the Three Strikes law “in addition to any other enhancement or punishment 

provisions which may apply . . . .” (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (e).) Therefore, the Shull

court’s opinion as to the Legislature’s implicit intent there has no bearing on this case, in 
12

which the Legislature’s intent is stated in the statute. (See also People v. Chambers

(1972) 7 Cal.3d 666, 671-672 [noting that, since Shull, the Legislature has left no doubt 

concerning additional punishment when use of a weapon is also an element of the 

offense].)

3. Jones

In Jones, the Supreme Court determined that, under the statutes then effective, the 

Legislature did not intend to impose two cumulative enhancements for the same prior 

kidnapping conviction. (Jones, supra, 5 Cal.4th at pp. 1149-1152.) Again, Jones dealt 

with legislative intent, which we have already discussed with respect to the statutes 

applicable to this case. Furthermore, White Eagle, which defendant ignored in his 

opening brief, found Jones distinguishable because of the clear intent expressed in the 

Three Strikes law to impose Three Strikes sentencing in addition to other punishment 

provisions. (White Eagle, supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1517-1518.) 

4. Ireland

Finally, defendant relies on Ireland and the Supreme Court’s recent application of 

Ireland’s second degree felony-murder merger doctrine in People v. Chun (2009) 45 

Cal.4th 1172 (Chun). In Ireland, the court held that assault “merges” with homicide so 

that assault cannot be the underlying felony used to support second degree felony murder. 

(Ireland, supra, 70 Cal.2d at pp. 539-540.) 

Defendant quotes this excerpt from Ireland: “To allow such use of the felonymurder rule would effectively preclude the jury from considering the issue of malice 

aforethought in all cases wherein homicide has been committed as a result of a felonious 

assault -- a category which includes the great majority of all homicides. This kind of 

bootstrapping finds support neither in logic nor in law. We therefore hold that a second 

degree felony-murder instruction may not properly be given when it is based upon a 

felony which is an integral part of the homicide and which the evidence produced by the 
13

prosecution shows to be an offense included in fact within the offense charged.” 

(Ireland, supra, at p. 539, italics & fn. omitted.) 

While this may sound like an abstract anti-bootstrapping principle unhinged from 

the Legislature’s intent, the majority in Chun held that the merger rule is consistent with 

the purpose of the second degree felony-murder rule, which the court took great pains to 

establish is a statutory rule. (Chun, supra, 45 Cal.4th at pp. 1183-1188 [second degree 

felony murder is statutory], 1198-1200 [merger doctrine is consistent with purpose of 

second degree felony murder].) 

As the merger rule is so specific to the homicide doctrines discussed in Ireland

and Chun, there can be no persuasive argument that the merger rule applies here. Trying 

to make an argument, defendant merely states that Ireland prohibits “bootstrapping,” but 

his statement has no persuasive effect on our interpretation of the statutes applicable to 

this case, which are dissimilar to substantive homicide doctrines. Therefore, Ireland does 

not support defendant’s argument.

II

Equal Protection

Defendant contends that the Three Strikes sentence violates his equal protection 

rights under the federal and state Constitutions. He argues that the Legislature’s scheme 

for elevating DUI offenses to felonies with potential Three Strikes sentencing because of 

the offender’s prior DUI manslaughter conviction fails constitutional scrutiny because 

other DUI offenders with more egregious prior crimes (such as murder) are convicted 

only of misdemeanors for their current DUI offenses and are not subject to Three Strikes 

sentencing. The contention is without merit because DUI offenders with prior DUI 

manslaughter convictions are not similarly situated with DUI offenders who have prior 

convictions other than for DUI manslaughter. Based on this equal protection argument, 

defendant also claims the different treatment violates his due process rights and right not 
14

to be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment. These separate claims are both without 

merit. 

A. Not Similarly Situated

Equal protection under the state and federal Constitutions requires that persons 

similarly situated must receive like treatment under the law. (In re Eric J. (1979) 25 

Cal.3d 522, 531.) Therefore, “[t]he first prerequisite to a meritorious claim under the 

equal protection clause is a showing that the state has adopted a classification that affects 

two or more similarly situated groups in an unequal manner.” (Id. at p. 530, italics 

omitted.)

While defendant mentions several hypothetical prior convictions for unrelated 

crimes (such as rape, child molestation, and robbery), he focuses on comparing 

punishment when a defendant has a prior conviction for a drunk driving second degree 

murder and, as here, another defendant has a prior conviction for a DUI manslaughter. 

Following his lead, we focus on that comparison.

A DUI manslaughter is committed when a drunk driver, without malice, kills 

someone. (Pen. Code, § 191.5, subd. (a).) The punishment for the offense is four, six, or 

10 years in state prison. (Pen. Code, § 191.5, subd. (c)(1).) If the intoxicated killer drove 

while aware of the risk to life and consciously disregarded that risk, then the killer 

committed second degree murder (see People v. Watson (1981) 30 Cal.3d 290 (Watson)), 

a Watson murder. Punishment for second degree murder is 15 years to life in state 

prison. (Pen. Code, § 190, subd. (a).) DUI manslaughter is not a lesser included offense 

of a Watson murder. (People v. Sanchez (2001) 24 Cal.4th 983, 990-992.) 

Defendant ignores this significant difference in sentencing between a determinate 

term for DUI manslaughter and an indeterminate term -- a life sentence -- for a Watson

murder. Instead, he cites only the differences in how prior convictions for these crimes 

are treated. He notes that, because he has a prior DUI manslaughter conviction, his 
15

current DUI is elevated to a felony DUI and subjects him to Three Strikes sentencing. In 

comparison, a DUI offender with a prior Watson murder is guilty of a misdemeanor only. 

We recognize that the two schemes are very different. A Watson murder is 

punished much more severely upon conviction, but does not result in felony status or a 

longer sentence if the offender commits a later DUI. On the other hand, a DUI 

manslaughter is punished with a shorter determinate sentence, but can be used to impose 

much longer incarceration if the offender later commits a DUI. As we explain, this 

different treatment is the result of rational legislative choices rather than being 

unconstitutional disparate treatment because DUI offenders with a prior DUI 

manslaughter conviction are not similarly situated with DUI offenders with a prior 

Watson murder conviction.4

Generally, offenders who commit different crimes are not similarly situated. 

(People v. Macias (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 465, 472-473.) In People v. Dillon (1983) 34 

Cal.3d 441, the Supreme Court rejected an equal protection challenge to the felonymurder rule simply by observing that premeditated first degree murder and felony murder 

are “not the ‘same’ crime[] . . . .” (Id. at p. 476, fn. 23; see also People v. Jacobs (1984)

157 Cal.App.3d 797, 803-804.) Therefore, a DUI offender with a prior DUI 

manslaughter conviction is not similarly situated with a DUI offender with a prior 

Watson murder conviction. 

But there may be times when the general rule does not apply, when offenders who 

commit different crimes are similarly situated. (People v. Hofsheier (2006) 37 Cal.4th 

 

4 We recognize that a Watson murder is not a specific crime enacted by the 

Legislature, but instead is a judicially created theory for prosecuting vehicular homicide 

as second degree murder in cases involving implied malice. (But see Pen. Code, §§ 

191.5, subd. (e), 192, subd. (c)(3) [recognizing the Watson murder theory].) Nonetheless, 

we see no reason not to apply an equal protection analysis to the disparate treatment 

noted by defendant in this case.
16

1185, 1199-1200 (Hofsheier).) The Hofsheier court held that offenders who commit 

different crimes are similarly situated for equal protection analysis when the crimes are 

not sufficiently different to justify different treatment. (Id. at p. 1200.)

In Hofsheier, the court considered mandatory sex offender registration. State law 

required adults convicted of voluntary oral copulation with a minor 16 years or older to 

register for life as a sex offender; however, state law did not require adults convicted of 

voluntary sexual intercourse with a minor 16 years or older to register unless the trial 

court exercised its discretion to require registration. (Hofsheier, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 

1198.)

The Hofsheier court held that the general rule (offenders who commit different 

crimes are not similarly situated) cannot be an absolute rule “because the decision of the 

Legislature to distinguish between similar criminal acts is itself a decision subject to 

equal protection scrutiny.” (Hofsheier, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1199, fn. omitted.) The 

equal protection clause “ ‘imposes a requirement of some rationality in the nature of the 

class singled out.’ [Citations.] Otherwise, the state could arbitrarily discriminate 

between similarly situated persons simply by classifying their conduct under different 

criminal statutes. [Citation.]” (Ibid.) 

Turning to its own facts, the Hofsheier court declared: “The only difference 

between the two offenses is the nature of the sexual act. Thus, persons convicted of oral 

copulation with minors and persons convicted of sexual intercourse with minors ‘are 

sufficiently similar to merit application of some level of scrutiny to determine whether 

distinctions between the two groups justify the unequal treatment.’ [Citation.]” 

(Hofsheier, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1200.)

While the Supreme Court has not provided a bright-line rule for when those 

committing different crimes must be treated similarly, there can be no doubt that those 

who are convicted of a manslaughter can be treated differently from murderers. 

Specifically, DUI manslaughter and a Watson murder are not sufficiently similar to 
17

require similar treatment. A DUI manslaughter is committed by causing a death, without 

malice, while driving under the influence. (Pen. Code, § 191.5, subd. (a).) A Watson

murder, on the other hand, requires implied malice. (Watson, supra, 30 Cal.3d 290.) 

Implied malice has both physical and mental components, “the physical component 

being ‘ “the performance of ‘an act, the natural consequences of which are dangerous to 

life,’ ” ’ and the mental component being ‘ “the requirement that the defendant ‘knows 

that his conduct endangers the life of another and . . . acts with a conscious disregard for 

life.’ ” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Cravens (2012) 53 Cal.4th 500, 508.) The critical 

difference between a DUI manslaughter and a Watson murder is the mental component, 

malice or conscious disregard for the life of another. A Watson murder, therefore, is 

more morally blameworthy than DUI manslaughter. 

“The appropriate measure for punishment is individual culpability. [Citation.] It 

is the prerogative of the Legislature, and the electorate by initiative, to recognize degrees 

of culpability and penalize accordingly. [Citations.]” (People v. Jacobs, supra, 157 

Cal.App.3d at p. 804, fn. omitted.) And “[t]he fact that the Legislature has not included a 

small class of almost similarly situated persons in the disfavored class does not invalidate 

the legislation as to the disfavored class. There is no requirement that the Legislature 

penalize all culpable conduct or precisely structure penal sanctions so that all degrees of 

culpability are omnisciently placed in their proper place in some continuum of penalties.” 

(In re Sims (1981) 117 Cal.App.3d 309, 314, fn. 1.)

Therefore, because a DUI manslaughter and a Watson murder are so different as to 

culpability, the Legislature’s different treatment of DUI offenders with prior convictions 

for DUI manslaughter or a Watson murder is permissible under the equal protection 

clause. 

Defendant argues that the disparate treatment does not pass constitutional muster 

because, in his view, a person convicted of DUI manslaughter is treated more harshly 

than a person convicted of a Watson murder, even though the Watson murder is more 
18

blameworthy morally. He bases his view completely on the later effect of convictions for 

DUI manslaughter and a Watson murder when the offender commits a new DUI. 

However, this view can be sustained only if one ignores the difference in original 

sentencing for offenders convicted of DUI manslaughter (a determinate term of no more 

than 10 years (Pen. Code, § 191.5, subd. (c)(1)), plus up to three years of parole (Pen. 

Code, § 3000, subd. (b)(2)) and a Watson murder (an indeterminate term of up to life 

(Pen. Code, 190, subd. (a)), plus parole for life after release (Pen. Code, § 3000.1, subd. 

(a)(1)). This difference can be attributed simply to the Legislature’s determination to 

punish murderers more harshly up front and to be more lenient with those convicted of 

manslaughter, while providing for harsher punishment for those convicted of 

manslaughter if they later commit a crime that shows they have not reformed. There is 

“some rationality” in this distinction. (Hofsheier, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1199.) 

Therefore, for equal protection analysis, DUI offenders with a prior DUI manslaughter 

conviction are not similarly situated with DUI offenders with a prior Watson murder 

conviction.

Having determined that defendant’s argument is unpersuasive as to the first prong 

of equal protection analysis, we need not consider the second prong -- whether

governmental interests justify disparate treatment -- because there is no requirement that 

persons in different circumstances must be treated as if their situations were similar. (See 

Hofsheier, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1200.) 

B. Due Process and Cruel and Unusual Punishment Arguments

Again ignoring the significant difference in original sentencing of an offender 

convicted of a Watson murder (15 years to life) and DUI manslaughter (four, six, or 10 

years), defendant claims that the later use of the DUI manslaughter conviction to elevate 

a DUI to a felony and to impose Three Strikes sentencing violates (1) his right not to be 

subjected to cruel or unusual punishment and (2) his substantive due process rights. 
19

1. Cruel or Unusual Punishment

Punishing a lesser included offense more severely than the greater offense is 

unusual punishment under the state Constitution. (People v. Schueren (1973) 10 Cal.3d 

553, 560-561.) This principle, however, does not help defendant for two reasons: (1) 

DUI manslaughter is not a lesser included offense of a Watson murder (People v. 

Sanchez, supra, 24 Cal.4th at pp. 990-992) and (2) a Watson murder carries a more 

severe sentence, along with lifetime parole, which could be violated for committing a 

misdemeanor DUI. 

2. Substantive Due Process

Finally, defendant asserts that the treatment of prior DUI manslaughter 

convictions, as compared to prior Watson murder convictions, is arbitrary and therefore 

violates his substantive due process rights. We need not consider the authorities 

defendant cites in support of this proposition because its premise fails: as we explained, 

there is “some rationality” in the way the law treats those who commit DUI 

manslaughters, as opposed to those who commit Watson murders. 

III

Romero Motion

Defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his 

Romero motion. He asserts that the court should have exercised its discretion to grant the 

motion because (1) one of the strikes was also used to elevate the current offense to a 

felony, (2) the trial court did not understand the scope of its discretion, and (3) the facts 

commanded exercise of discretion to grant the motion. We disagree. 

A. Legal Background

A “judge or magistrate may, either of his or her own motion or upon the 

application of the prosecuting attorney, and in furtherance of justice, order an action to be 

dismissed.” (Pen. Code, § 1385, subd. (a).) In Romero, supra, 13 Cal.4th 497, our 

Supreme Court held that a trial court may use this section to strike or vacate a prior strike 
20

conviction for purposes of sentencing under the Three Strikes law. We review denial of a 

Romero motion for abuse of discretion (People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 374 

(Carmony).)

“In reviewing for abuse of discretion, we are guided by two fundamental precepts. 

First, ‘ “[t]he burden is on the party attacking the sentence to clearly show that the 

sentencing decision was irrational or arbitrary. [Citation.] In the absence of such a 

showing, the trial court is presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing 

objectives, and its discretionary determination to impose a particular sentence will not be 

set aside on review.” ’ [Citations.] Second, a ‘ “decision will not be reversed merely 

because reasonable people might disagree. ‘An appellate tribunal is neither authorized 

nor warranted in substituting its judgment for the judgment of the trial judge.’ ” ’ 

[Citations.] Taken together, these precepts establish that a trial court does not abuse its 

discretion unless its decision is so irrational or arbitrary that no reasonable person could 

agree with it.” (Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 376-377.) 

The sentencing court should deny the Romero motion, unless it “ ‘ “conclud[es] 

that an exception to the scheme should be made because, for articulable reasons which 

can withstand scrutiny for abuse, this defendant should be treated as though he actually 

fell outside the Three Strikes scheme.” ’ [Citation.]” (Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 

377.) “[T]he court in question must consider whether, in light of the nature and 

circumstances of his present felonies and prior serious and/or violent felony convictions, 

and the particulars of his background, character, and prospects, the defendant may be 

deemed outside the scheme’s spirit, in whole or in part, and hence should be treated as 

though he had not previously been convicted of one or more serious and/or violent 

felonies.” (People v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal.4th 148, 161 (Williams); see also Carmony, 

supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 377.)
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B. Analysis

1. Strike Used to Elevate Offense to Felony

Defendant contends that he is outside the spirit of the Three Strikes law because 

the prior DUI manslaughter conviction was used both to elevate the current offense to a 

felony and to serve as a strike. To the contrary, the Three Strikes sentence was consistent 

with legislative intent concerning offenders such as this defendant.

Defendant asks: “How is such a defendant within the ‘spirit of the three-strikes 

law,’ when he starts with a misdemeanor offense, and then it takes rejection of four 

different lines of Supreme Court authority -- three of which were in existence at the time 

the ‘strikes law’ was enacted -- plus double-counting the same bootstrapped prior 

conviction, to get him to a ‘strikes’ sentence?” Defendant also says that applying the 

Three Strikes law here “requires so many backflips and cartwheels to bypass longestablished anti-bootstrapping prohibitions in so many Supreme Court authorities . . . that 

it can no longer be deemed within the spirit of penal legislation in the State of 

California . . . .” 

We need not restate the reasons that defendant’s cited authority does not apply 

here. Simply put, the sentence imposed was consistent with legislative intent, and the 

current argument is without merit.

2. Trial Court’s Understanding of Scope of Discretion

In denying the Romero motion, the trial court provided a lengthy analysis of the 

factors it considered. Picking through the analysis, defendant perceives that the trial 

court did not understand the extent of its discretion under Romero. That perception is 

unjustified.

After reviewing the proper context for its analysis of the Romero motion as stated 

by the Supreme Court in Williams, supra, 17 Cal.4th at page 161, the trial court provided 

seven reporter’s transcript pages of analysis and reasons for denying the motion. We 
22

need not recount the analysis, but it suffices to say that the court considered the Williams

factors and concluded that defendant falls within the spirit of the Three Strikes law. 

Specifically, defendant quotes the following statement from the trial court’s 

analysis: 

“Striking one of the priors because a ten-year sentence is sufficient is really not a 

basis for granting a motion to strike a prior strike. It’s not that I don’t think a ten-year 

sentence wouldn’t be sufficient. It’s just that I have to have a legal basis in order to do 

that.” 

But defendant takes this quote out of context. The court continued:

“Unfortunately[,] [defendant’s] record drops him squarely within the Three Strikes 

Law. His current offense is the same -- exactly the same as the original offense. The 

only difference is that no one was harmed. It was really striking to me and disturbing.” 

Defendant argues that, contrary to the trial court’s statement, it had a legal basis 

for striking a prior. That basis, according to defendant, was his argument we rejected in 

part I of the Discussion. Again, we need not rehash the reasons for rejecting this 

argument. 

Considering the entire context of the trial court’s analysis and its statement of the 

appropriate legal principles to be applied, we conclude the trial court did not 

misunderstand the scope of its discretion with respect to defendant’s Romero motion.

3. Facts of This Case

Finally, defendant asserts that the facts of this case can lead to no other reasonable 

conclusion but that the trial court should have exercised its discretion to grant the Romero

motion. He employs such reasoning as (1) his sentence is effectively life without 

possibility of parole, (2) he is an alcoholic, (3) he could take medication that would make 

him ill if he drank, (4) he is aware of the terrible consequences of his drinking, and (5) he 

has matured since his most recent offense. We need not search the record and debunk 

this argument factually, as the trial court did to some extent in its ruling because, even if 
23

the facts that defendant argues are true, they do not establish that the trial court’s ruling 

was “so irrational or arbitrary that no reasonable person could agree with it.” (Carmony, 

supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 377.) 

Defendant’s argument that the trial court’s denial of his Romero motion was an 

abuse of discretion is without merit.

IV

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Defendant makes an additional argument that using a prior DUI manslaughter 

conviction to elevate a DUI to a felony and to serve as a strike violates his right not to be 

subjected to cruel and unusual punishment because it is “freakish.” Mainly, defendant 

simply reiterates his arguments about “bootstrapping,” “double-stacking,” “doublecounting,” and “double-elevating,” which arguments we have already debunked. 

Defendant also reiterates his argument that the scheme is irrational. Likewise, we have 

debunked that argument. 

The statutes providing for elevation of defendant’s DUI to a felony and for Three 

Strikes sentencing are valid because the state has an “interest, expressed in all recidivist 

statutes, in dealing in a harsher manner with those who by repeated criminal acts have 

shown that they are simply incapable of conforming to the norms of society as 

established by its criminal law.” (Rummel v. Estelle (1980) 445 U.S. 263, 276 [63 

L.Ed.2d 382, 392].) The “primary goals [of a recidivist statute] are to deter repeat

offenders and, at some point in the life of one who repeatedly commits criminal offenses 

serious enough to be punished as felonies, to segregate that person from the rest of 

society for an extended period of time. This segregation and its duration are based not 

merely on that person’s most recent offense but also on the propensities he has 

demonstrated over a period of time during which he has been convicted of and sentenced 

for other crimes. . . . [T]he point at which a recidivist will be deemed to have

demonstrated the necessary propensities and the amount of time that the recidivist will be 
24

isolated from society are matters largely within the discretion of the punishing 

jurisdiction.” (Id. at pp. 284-285.) 

Defendant took a life while driving drunk in 1988. He also committed spousal 

abuse in 1996 and an assault with a deadly weapon in 2007. Despite defendant’s 

dangerous behavior, he was permitted to regain his freedom. Now that he has returned to 

the behavior that resulted in a death before, society is not required to continue taking 

chances on him. Long-term incarceration is the rational and reasonable response to 

defendant’s incorrigibility. The Three Strikes sentence is neither cruel nor unusual. 

V

Double Jeopardy

Defendant contends that, although recidivist statutes are not normally prohibited 

by the double jeopardy clause, use of the prior conviction both to elevate the DUI to a 

felony and to serve as a strike should be viewed as a violation of that constitutional 

provision. To the contrary, there is no double jeopardy problem in the legislative 

scheme. 

White Eagle, discussed in part I of the Discussion above, held that there was no 

double jeopardy problem with using a prior robbery conviction both to elevate the current 

petty theft crime to a felony and to serve as a strike. (White Eagle, supra, 48 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 1520.) Since there is no authority contradicting White Eagle on this issue, we need 

not consider it further. 
25

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

 NICHOLSON , Acting P. J.

We concur:

 MAURO , J.

 MURRAY , J.