This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by Minn

. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A22
- 1558 State of Minnesota, Respondent,

vs. Micheal Lee Cocuzzi, Appellant.
Filed December 4, 2023 Affirmed Ross , Judge Dodge County District Court File No. 20

- CR

- 21

- 284 Keith Ellison, Attorney General, Peter Magnuson, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and Paul Kiltinen, Dodge County Attorney, Mantorville, Minnesota (for respondent) Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jessica Merz Godes , Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant) Considered and decided by Worke , Presiding Judge; Ross , Judge; and Halbrooks , Judge

. ∗

∗ Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10

.2 NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
ROSS , Judge After t he mother of a ten

- year - old girl asked the g irl why she had searched for “adult sex with a child” on the internet , the girl reported that her father, Micheal Cocuzzi, had repeatedly sexually assaulted her. The state charged Cocuzzi with second

- degree criminal sexual conduct

. Cocuzzi’s older daughter testified at Cocuzzi’s trial that he had previously similarly abused her. The jury asked the district court during deliberations about two of the elements of second

- degree criminal sexual conduct , and the court referred the jury back to its written instructions. Cocuzzi argues on appeal from his conviction that the district court should have excluded his older daughter’s testimony and answered the jury’s question

. Because the district court admitted the challenged testimony on two bases and Cocuzzi challenges only one of them on appeal, we hold that the district court acted within its discretion by admitting the testimony . We also hold that any error in the district court’s failure to directly answer the jury’s question was not plain. We ther efore affirm Cocuzzi’s conviction.
FACTS A mother found evidence of a search for “adult sex with a child” on a laptop computer belonging to her ten

- year - old daughter. We will call the daughter Shelly in the interest of her privacy. Micheal Cocuzzi is Shelly ’s father. When the mother asked Shelly about the search, Shelly wrote a note explaining , “ Dad he do [ e s] it to me and I wanted to see what he c [o] uld do to me and he do [ e s] it every year and that’s why I want to stay and live near [where] I know [I’m ] safe.” Shelly told her mother how Cocuzzi had been sexually3 abus ing her for years, beginning in June 2016 and occurring as recently as December 2020. The mother reported the abuse to police. A forensic investigator interviewed Shelly about the abuse

. She lly told the interviewer that Cocuzzi and her mother were divorced and lived in different states

. Shelly said that she stayed with Cocuzzi in a hotel room in December 2020 , when Cocuzzi sexually assaulted her twice in the same evening. The first involved Cocuzzi rubb ing her vaginal area with his hand both over and under her clothing

. The second involved him rubbing her vaginal area unclothed, with his penis

. The state charged Cocuzzi with three counts of second

- degr ee criminal sexual conduct. The state premised one of the counts on Cocuzzi’s having sexually assaulted Shelly over an extended period

. The state gave notice before trial that it intended to introduce testimony from Cocuzzi’s older daughter, whom we will call Mary , as Spreigl evidence. Cocuzzi opposed the admission of the testimony as Spreigl evidence. The state questioned Mary at trial during an unsworn offer of proof

. Mary recounted that Cocuzzi sexually abus ed her when she was six years old. She had reported the abuse to her mother, counselors, and police. The district court allowed Mary to testify before the jury , admitting her testimony as relationship evidenc e and later stating that it admitted the testimony both as relationship evidence an d as Spreigl evidence. The district court cautioned the jury not to find Cocuzzi guilty based on his conduct against Mary but to use the evidence only as it bore on
C ocuzzi’s relationship with Shelly. Cocuzzi did not object to the district court’s admissio n of the evidence on relationship grounds. A fter the close of testimony and arguments, the4 district court instructed the jury not to use Mary’s testimony as proof of Cocuzzi’s character. The jury began deliberating. Within minutes i t wrote a two

- part question, asking the district court a question about the multiple

- acts element of one of the criminal

- sexual

conduct charges and about the temporal element of one of the charges: “ On count 3 the 5th part are the touching with the hand and touching with the penis considered multiple acts?
I s an extended period of time considered occurring on the same day or different days?” T he district court replied , “You must rely on the evidence as presented and the jury
in structions.” Neither party objected or argued for a different answer before or after the district court responded to the question s
. The jury found Cocuzzi guilty on all three counts of second

- degree criminal sexual conduct, and the district court convicted him of criminal sexual con du ct involving multiple acts committed over an extended period. It sentenced him to serve 108 months in prison. Cocuzzi appeals.
DECISION Cocuzzi raises two challenge s to his conviction. He argues first that the district court

wr ongfully admitted Mary’s testimony as Spreigl evidence , maintaining both that the state did not provide clear and convincing evidence that he abused Mary and that the evidence’s potential for unfair prejudice outweighed its probative value. He argues second that the district court should have defined the term “extended period of time” by declaring that extended means more than a span of minutes

. Neither argument leads us to revers e.5 I Cocuzzi argues that the district court improperly admitted Mary’s testimony of prior sexual abuse as Spreigl evidence. We will address Cocuzzi’s Spreigl argument , but we emphasize that our Spreigl analysis is wholly unnecessary to our decision. The analysis is unnecessary because the district court expressly admitted the challenged testimony on two evidentiary bases

— as Spreigl evidence under Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 7.02 and as relationship evidence of domestic conduct under Minnesota Sta tutes section 634.20 (2022)

— but Cocuzzi now challenges the admission only on the Spreigl bas i s. He fails to argue that the testimony was inadmissible as relationship evidence. At most, he suggests in a footnote that the district court must not have really intended to a dmit the testimony as relationship evidence (despite the fact that the district court plainly stated that it was doing just that) . He so suggests because the state had not asked the di strict court to admit the testimony as relationship evidence and , he proffers, the judge would have been acting as an advocate and violating the Code of Judicial Conduct by admitting the evidence on a theory not raised by the state. The suggestion s fail fo r lack of development.
Because Cocuzzi never develops his footnoted conjecture , we will not consider it.
We may deem allegations unsupported by argument or authority to be waived

. State v. Krosch , 642 N.W.2d 713, 719 (Minn. 2002). Cocuzzi has not asserted or offer ed any authority indicating that we must ignore the district court’s stated ground for admitting the evidence, and we decline to craft his impli cit a rgument for him. The record informs us that the district court admitted the testimony exp ressly on two grounds, including relationship evidence, and Cocuzzi never object ed to the district court’s decision to admit the testimony6 on th at ground. A nd he has not argued on appeal that the testimony was inadmissible on that ground. Cocuzzi’s decisio n not to challenge on appeal the district court’s decision to admi t the testimony as relationship evidence renders inconsequential his contention that it is inadmissible as Spreigl evidence. Although it is unnecessary to our decision, w e add that we also a re unpersuaded by Cocuzzi’s Spreigl argument on the merits . We review the district court’s admission of prior bad acts evidence, also called Spreigl evidence , for an abuse of discretion. State v. Griffin , 887 N.W.2d 257, 261

– 62 (Minn. 2016) ; see also State v. Spreigl , 139 N.W.2d 167 (Minn. 1965)

. We are satisfied that t he district court acted within its discretion by admitting the evidence. Cocuzzi maintains that the district court abused its discretion by admitting Mary’s testimony that Cocuzzi had pr eviously sexually abused her. A district court acts within its discretion to admit this sort of bad

- acts evidence if five requirements are met: (1) the state must give notice of its intent to admit the evidence; (2) the state must clearly indicate what the evidence will be offered to prove; (3) there must be clear and convincing evidence that the defendant participated in the prior act; (4) the evidence must be relevant and material to the state ’ s case; and (5) the probative value of the evidence must not b e outweighed by its potential prejudice to the defendant. Angus v. State , 695 N.W.2d 109, 119 (Minn. 2005) (quotation omitted) . Cocuzzi contends that the state did not meet two of those five, arguing that the state failed to provide clear and convincing evidence that he sexually abused Mary and that the potential for unfair prejudice outweighed the evidence’s probative value. Neither argument is convincing.7 We reject Cocuzzi’s contention that the state failed to provide clear and convincing evi dence that he molested Mary. Evidence is clear and convincing if there is a high probability that the facts asserted are true. State v. Kennedy , 585 N.W.2d 385, 389 (Minn. 1998). Mary had previously disclosed the abuse to her mother, her counselor, and pol ice, and the district court implicitly found Mary’s allegations to be credible. We defer to the district court’s findings on credibility. State v. Heath , 685 N.W.2d 48, 59 (Minn. App. 2004), rev. denied (Minn. Nov. 16, 2004). Although Mary’s different accounts varied somewhat, the variations are not so extraordinary that we would supplant the district court’s credibility finding. The evidence of Cocuzzi’s prior conduct was clear and convincing. We also reject Cocuzzi’s contention that the pote ntial unfair prejudice from Mary’s testimony outweighed its probative value. Spreigl evidence is admissible to respond to a defense of mistake or fabrication if the Spreigl evidence depicts conduct that is s imilar to the trial allegations, suggesting a com mon scheme or plan

. State v. Ness , 707 N.W.2d 676, 688 (Minn. 2006). The district court admitted the testimony in that context, reasoning, “ I do think that it is very probative in light of what I understand to be your client’s position, which is that this did not happen. ” The state accurately highlights the similarities in Shelly’s and Mary’s allegations of abuse. Both are Cocuzzi’s biological daughters. Both were prepubescent children when Cocuzzi allegedly sexually assaulted them. Both alleged assault s oc curred during Cocuzzi ’s parenting time. And both involved similar sexual touching without penetration. The Spreigl evidence was probative to show a common scheme, undercutting Cocuzzi’s defense that Mary had fabricated her account.8 Cocuzzi maintains that M ary’s testimony was prejudicial in that it portrayed him as a sexual predator. But he does not point to any testimony or statements by the prosecutor that so characterized Mary’s account. He speculates that the district court’s cautionary instruction compo unded the prejudice. To the contrary, we assume that juries follow district court instructions, State v. Matthews , 779 N.W.2d 543, 550 (Minn. 2010) , and we therefore will not assume that the district court’s repeated cautioning against using the testimony as character evidence against Cocuzzi aggravated any danger that the jury would apply the evidence unfairly. Although the evidence was prejudicial, Cocuzzi points to nothing in the record that supports his view that it was unfairly prejudicial. W e cannot conclude that its potential for unfair prejudice outweighed its probative value. We therefore hold that th e district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the testimony

. II Cocuzzi argues that the district court inappropriately failed to answer the jury’s question during deliberations. The district court may , among other options in its exercise of discretion, respond to a jury’s request for additional instructions during deliberation by providing additional instructions or by repeating p o rtions of its original instructions

. Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.03 , subd. 20(3) ; State v. Murphy , 380 N.W.2d 766, 772 (Minn. 1986) (“ The court has the discretion to decide whether to amplify previous instructions, reread previous instructions, or give no respons e at all. ”). W e review unobjected

- to jury instructions only for plain error. State v. Griller , 583 N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn. 1998)

. Because Cocuzzi did
not offer the district court any different answer or ob ject to the answer the district court
gave, we will review only for plain error.9 Cocuzzi’s jury

- instruction challenge does not survive our plain

- error review. Under that review, we would reverse only if we identified an error, determine d that the error was plain, and conclude d that the error affected C ocuzzi’s substantial rights. State v. Milton , 821 N.W.2d 789, 805 (Minn. 2012). An error is “plain” when it is “clear or obvious.” Id

. at 807. Put differently, an error is plain when the error clearly or obviously contradicts the law. State v. Webster , 894 N.W.2d 782, 787 (Minn. 2017). And an error affects substantial rights only if it was prejudicial , affect ing the outcome of the case. Griller , 583 N.W.2d at 741. I f Cocuzzi can establish that a plain error affecting his substantial rights occurred, we
may correct the error only if it also seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id

. at 740

. For the following reasons, we conclude that even if the district court’s failure to instruct the jury differently constituted an error, the error was not plain. We must decide whether failing to elaborate on the meaning of “extended period of time” in the context of Cocuzzi’s charge of second

- degree criminal sexual conduct was plain error. A person is guil ty of second

- degree criminal sexual conduct when he engages in sexual contact against a complainant with whom he has a significant relationship if the complainant is younger than sixteen and the abuse involved multiple acts “ over an extended period of time .” Minn. Stat. § 609.343, subd. 1(h)(iii) (202 0 ). The supreme court has characterized it as “w ell settled that the [district] court ’ s instructions must define the c rime charged and

. . . explain the elements of the offense. ” State v. Ih le , 640 N.W.2d 910, 916 (Minn

. 2002). W e generally agree with Cocuzzi that the district court should attempt to answer a jury’s question about the meaning of an element of a criminal offense when the10 jury expresses uncertainty about it . But Cocuzzi’s extensive argument in search of a definition here informs us that the district court did not plainly err by not answering the question more substantively. Cocuzzi’s argument demonstrates that the district court’s alleged error in failing to defin e the phrase was not plain. As Cocuzzi acknowledges, “‘ Extended period of time ’ is not defined by statute, nor have Minnesota ’ s appellate courts interpreted the phrase. ” Whether the phrase must refer to a period that covers more than a lengthy span of hour s is an issue that Cocuzzi attempts to answer only by inference , citing or referencing more than

seven cases and a dictionary discussing uses of the word “extended” in various contexts, none excluding the possibility that an extended period can include a s pan of hours. Cocuzzi may be correct that “extended period of time” refers to a longer period. But the district
court’s fail ure to answer the jury’s question by stating that this is so did not clearly or obviously contradict the law. In the absence of any statut e or case law expressly establishing that “extended” cannot include a n extended period within a day , we cannot say that the district court plainly erred by not declaring so to the jury. We therefore need not address whether the alleged error impacted Cocuzzi’s substantial rights or whether, if it did, correcting the error in this case is required to protect the fai rness, integrity, or public reputation of the judiciary

. Affirmed .