2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I 

 

Candidate Control Measures 
2007 Ozone Plan 

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San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-1

Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures

The San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District (District) conducted an 

exhaustive search for emissions reductions to use in meeting federal Clean Air Act 

requirements for this 2007 Ozone Plan. Chapter 6 details the process that the District 

used to develop measures for reducing emissions of ozone precursors (also called 

control measures). This Appendix presents all of the candidate control measure ideas 

developed for this plan, which are referred to in Chapters 6, 7, and 8 and for some 

source categories, under ARB and EPA’s jurisdiction, Chapter 9 of this plan. As such, it 

should be considered as a master list of all candidate control measures identified and 

evaluated by District staff for this plan. 

Once District staff assembled Appendix I, they then screened the measures to identify 

high priority measures to be implemented in the years immediately following plan 

adoption, those measures that might be implemented in future years given favorable 

trends in technology development, and those measures that require further study to 

identify when they could be implemented and what reductions they could achieve. 

Chapter 6 compiles those measures to be implemented in the years immediately 

following plan adoption, and also gives a schedule for when the measures would be 

adopted and implemented, and an estimate of the emissions reductions. Consequently, 

Chapter 6 contains fewer measures than Appendix I, because it presents a subset of 

the master list of measures. 

Each candidate control measure description in Appendix I has the following major 

components: Title and Number, Source Category Affected, Current Control, Future 

Control Options, Future Incentive Options, Discussion, Recommendations, and 

Projected Reductions. Not all of these components are relevant for all measures listed 

in Appendix I. For example, a further study measure will not have emissions reductions 

identified, since one of the reasons a measure is placed into the “further study” category 

is to determine potential emissions reductions. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-2

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San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-3

Appendix I Table of Contents 

Control Measure Title Reference 

Number Page 

Open Burning S-AGR-1 I-5 

Confined Animal Facilities S-AGR-2 I-7 

Orchard Heaters S-AGR-3 I-9 

Pesticides/Fertilizers S-AGR-4 I-10 

Boilers, Steam Generators and Process Heaters >5 MM 

Btu/hr S-COM-1 I-12 

Boilers, Steam Generators and Process Heaters 2-5 MM 

Btu/hr S-COM-2 I-14 

Boilers, Steam Generators And Process Heaters > 0.075 MM 

Btu/hr S-COM-3 I-16 

Solid Fuel Boilers, Steam Generators, Process Heaters S-COM-4 I-18 

Stationary Gas Turbines S-COM-5 I-20 

Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines S-COM-6 I-22 

Glass Melting Furnaces S-COM-7 I-24 

Lime Kilns S-COM-8 I-26 

Residential Water Heaters S-COM-9 I-28 

Natural Gas-Fired, Fan Type Residential Central Furnace S-COM-10 I-30 

Dryers S-COM-11 I-32 

Alternative Energy Production Programs S-COM-12.0 I-34 

Energy Conservation Programs S-COM-12.1 I-37 

Heat Island Mitigation Programs S-COM-13 I-39 

Composting and Biosolids S-GOV-1 I-40 

Municipal Water Treatment Plants (POTWs) S-GOV-2 I-42 

Solid Waste Disposal Site S-GOV-3 I-43 

Cutback, Slow Cure, and Emulsified Asphalt Paving S-GOV-4 I-44 

Composting Green Waste S-GOV-5 I-46 

Prescribed Burning and Hazard Reduction Burning S-GOV-6 I-48 

Coatings and Ink Manufacturing S-IND-1 I-50 

Petroleum Solvent Dry Cleaning Operations S-IND-2 I-52 

Polyester Resin Operations S-IND-3 I-53 

Rubber Tire Manufacturing S-IND-4 I-55 

Asphalt Roofing S-IND-5 I-56 

Polystyrene Foam, Polyethylene and Polypropylene S-IND-6 I-58 

Mastic Removers S-IND-7 I-60 

Vegetable Oil Processing Operations S-IND-11 I-62 

Wine Fermentation and Storage Tanks S-IND-12 I-64 

Bakery Ovens S-IND-13 I-65 

Aging of Brandy and Wine S-IND-14 I-66 

Flares S-IND-21 I-68 

Incinerator Burning S-IND-22 I-70 

Reduction of Animal Matter S-IND-23 I-71 

VOC Emissions from Decontamination of Soil S-IND-24 I-72 

Gasoline Transfer into Stationary Storage Containers, Delivery 

Vessels, and Bulk Plants NS organic Liquid Loading S-PET-1 I-73 

Gasoline Transfer into Motor Vehicle Fuel Tanks S-PET-2 I-75 

Aviation Fuel Transfer S-PET-3 I-77 

Steam Enhanced Crude Oil Production Well Vents S-PET-11 I-79 

Components Used in Oil/Gas Production and Processing S-PET-12 I-80 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-4

Control Measure Title Reference 

Number Page 

Crude Oil Production Sumps S-PET-13 I-82 

Crude Oil Production Wells Using In-Situ Combustion S-PET-14 I-84 

Glycol Dehydration Systems S-PET-15 I-86 

Heavy Crude Oil Components S-PET-16 I-88 

Storage of Organic Liquids S-PET-17 I-90 

Heavy Oil Test Stations and Gauge Tanks S-PET-18 I-92 

Components at Refineries, Gas Processing Facilities, and 

Chemical Plants S-PET-21 I-94 

Refinery Process Unit Turnaround S-PET-22 I-96 

Refinery Vacuum-Producing Devices or Systems S-PET-23 I-98 

Refinery Wastewater Separators S-PET-24 I-99 

Architectural Coatings S-SOL-1 I-100 

Motor Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Coating Operations S-SOL-2 I-101 

Surface Coating of Metal Parts and Products S-SOL-3 I-103 

Wood Products Coating Operations S-SOL-4 I-104 

Glass Coating Operations S-SOL-5 I-106 

Adhesives S-SOL-6 I-108 

Aerospace Assembly and Component Coating Operations S-SOL-7 I-110 

Solvent Cleaning Operations S-SOL-11 I-112 

Graphic Arts S-SOL-20 I-114 

Consumer Products S-SOL-21 I-116 

Farm Equipment M-IND-1 I-119 

Forklifts, Specialty Vehicles/Portable Generators, Pumps, 

Compressors, Farm Equipment and Construction Equipment M-IND-2 I-121 

Land Based Port Equipment M-IND-3 I-123 

Large Diesel Engines M-IND-4 I-124 

Off Road Equipment M-IND-5 I-125 

SI Utility Engines M-IND-6 I-126 

Off-Road Portable Engines M-IND-7 I-127 

Green Contracting Programs M-OTH-1 I-129 

Fuel Storage and Handling M-OTH-2 I-131 

Lawn Care Equipment M-OTH-3 I-132 

Off Road Recreational Vehicles M-OTH-4 I-133 

Aircraft M-OTH-5 I-134 

Recreational Boats M-OTH-6 I-135 

Ships and Commercial Boats M-OTH-7 I-136 

Indirect Source Review (ISR) Enhancement M-OTH-8 I-137 

Expanded Spare-The-Air Programs M-OTH-9 I-139 

Employer Based Trip Reduction Programs M-TRAN-1 I-141 

Accelerated Fleet Turnover M-TRAN-2 I-143 

Diesel Trucks M-TRAN-3 I-145 

Gasoline Trucks M-TRAN-4 I-147 

Heavy Duty Diesel Urban Buses M-TRAN-5 I-149 

Heavy Duty Gas Urban Buses M-TRAN-6 I-150 

Light and Medium Duty Vehicles M-TRAN-7 I-151 

Motor Homes M-TRAN-8 I-153 

Motorcycles M-TRAN-9 I-154 

Other Buses M-TRAN-10 I-155 

School Buses M-TRAN-11 I-156 

Trains M-TRAN-12 I-157 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-5

Open Burning (S-AGR-1)

(Managed Burning and Disposal) 

Source Category: 

This category includes the burning any material, including agricultural waste. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 

VOC 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 

! The emission inventory needs to be further refined to ensure that it fully captures the 

reductions achieved by existing Rule 4103. 

! EICs Affected: 670-660-0262, 670-662-0262 

Current Control: District Rule 4103 has limitations on the amount of material that can 

be burned and the types of material that can be burned, and restricts when burning can 

occur. The rule provides exemptions for fires that serve a ceremonial purpose, and for 

when the District determines there would be an imminent and substantial economic loss 

if burning were to be prohibited. This rule reduces both VOC and NOx emissions from 

between 58% to almost 100%, depending on the type of material. 

Future Control Options: 

• District staff is committed to working with agricultural industry stakeholders to 

identify feasible alternatives to burning agricultural waste. 

Discussion:

• Burning is located at stationary sources for which the District has legal authority 

to regulate air emissions. 

• On September 22, 2003, Governor Gray Davis signed California State Senate 

Bill 705 (SB 705). This action amended the California Health and Safety Code 

(CH&SC) Sections 41855.5 and 41855.6 to require the District to revise rules that 

regulate emissions from open burning of waste produced by agricultural 

operations. The bill divided the agricultural wastes as follows: 

! Phase I: Diseased Crops (June 1, 2005) 

! Phase II: Field Crops, Prunings, and Weed Abatement (June 1, 2005); and 

Best Management Practices for Weed Abatement (June 1, 2006) 

! Phase III: Orchard Removals (June 1, 2007) 

! Phase IV: Other Materials, Vineyard Removals, and Prunings from SurfaceHarvested Crops (June 1, 2010) 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-6

Open Burning 

(Continued) 

• The District’s Governing Board adopted rule amendments to District Rule 4103 

for Phase I and Phase II in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The current rulemaking 

project will focus on the provisions in Phase III - the prohibition on the burning of 

orchard removals. The burning of rice straw, which was preliminarily addressed 

in Phase II, will also be considered in Phase III. A later rulemaking process for 

Phase IV will address the prohibition of burning of vineyard removals, surface 

harvested prunings and other materials. 

• The District may postpone the burn prohibition commencement dates set forth in 

the CH&SC but cannot provide a permanent allowance for burning. Each of the 

following criteria must apply for the District to postpone the burn prohibition 

commencement dates: 

! The District determines that there is no economically feasible alternative of 

eliminating the waste. 

! The District determines that there is no long-term federal or state commitment 

for the continued operation of biomass facilities in the San Joaquin Valley or 

the development of alternatives to burning. 

! The District determines that the continued issuance of permits for that specific 

category or crop will not cause, or substantially contribute to a violation of an 

applicable federal ambient air quality standard. 

! The California Air Resources Board concurs with the District’s determinations. 

Recommendation: 

• District staff recommends that the District continue to meet its legal obligation 

under the CH&SC (SB 705) through its rulemaking projects addressing the 

burning of agricultural waste. 

• Currently this source category is not a candidate for incentive funding, but further 

analysis and study is necessary to determine if this source category may garner 

cost effective reductions in the future provided funding sources are available. 

Please see Chapter 7 for any additional information. 

Projected Reductions: 

Provided the technical and economic limitations of the alternatives to open burning, 

District staff anticipates that the recommended controls will yield the emissions 

reductions listed below. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 1.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 

VOC 1.3 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-7

Confined Animal Facilities (S-AGR-2)

(Dairy Operations) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes facilities and operations that raise fowl or animals that are 

corralled, penned, or otherwise caused to remain in restricted areas for commercial 

purposes and feeding is by means other than grazing. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed 

controls.

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 

without 4570 65.4 68.7 72.5 74.0 76.9 81.4 85.9 90.4 

VOC 

*adjusted 65 68 53 55 57 60 64 67 

*Baseline adjusted to reflect recently adopted Rule 4570 reductions & current estimated control 

efficiencies. 

! EIC Affected: 620-618-0262 

The following are current efforts being considered for refining the emissions inventory 

for this source category:

• Research is being conducted to refine the emission factors; 

• Analysis is being conducted to include emission sources, such as feed, that were 

not included in the inventory; 

• Analysis of the impact of current BACT and Rule 4570 requirements, which may 

result in refining growth factors; and 

• Research into the control efficiencies for the mitigation measures in Rule 4570, 

which may result in refining control efficiencies. 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4570 requires dairy owners/operators to implement 19 VOC 

mitigation measures from a list of 69 measures, which is expected to achieve an 

overall VOC reduction of 26% from this source category. 

• Dairies with less than 1,000 milk-producing cows are exempt from the rule 

requirements. 

• The compliance date for the requirements in the current rule is December 2008. 

Future Control Options: 

• Increasing the required management practices listed in the rule by two (2) would 

result in an additional 20% facility-wide reductions at affected sources for an 

additional overall source category VOC reduction of 6% from this option. The 

exact increase in required management practices will be determined during the 

rule development process after considering socioeconomic, environmental, and 

regulation issues.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-8

Confined Animal Facilities 

(Continued) 

• Dietary changes to high moisture feed or steam flaked corn instead of rolled 

corn; setting a maximum percent of the animal's diet that can contain silage; or 

enclosing silage in bags may reduce VOC emissions from feed by an overall 

source category VOC reduction of 10% from this option. The feasibility of this 

amendment will be determined during the rule development process. 

• Lowering the applicability threshold for dairies and requiring management 

practices for these newly affected facilities may achieve an additional 9% 

reduction in VOCs from this source category. The feasibility of this amendment 

will be determined during the rule development process. 

• Research is currently being done by California State University Fresno, US EPA, 

and ARB that may identify new additional control options or technology. 

Discussion: 

• This source is within the District's legal authority to regulate per to CH&SC 

40724. 

• Lowering the applicability level, incorporating requirements for additional 

mitigations measures and considering requirements for dietary changes all have 

a potential to achieve an overall 25% VOC reduction from this source category. 

• Based on current District experience and that of other districts, it is expected that 

the rule project will take approximately 16 months to go from scoping meeting to 

public hearing. 

Recommendation:

• Lower the applicability threshold to bring more sources into the rule, increase the 

number of mitigation measure from 19 to 21 and implement dietary feed 

requirements may be likely control options for future controls. Although the exact 

number and type of additional practices and the exact threshold will be 

determined during the rule development process after considering 

socioeconomic, environmental, and regulation issues. 

Projected Reduction: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 6.8 6.7 18.9 20.4 21.5 22.9 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-9

Orchard Heaters (S-AGR-3)

(Unclassified) 

Source Category: 

This source category covers orchard heaters commonly known as “smudge pots”. 

Other types of orchard heaters, such as wind machines, are not included in this 

category. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 

Current Control: District Rule 4303, last amended December 16, 1993, requires that 

orchard heaters produce less than 1 gm/min. of solid carbonaceous material. 

Control Options: 

• None; only minor rewording for administrative changes. 

Discussion: 

• Use of orchard heaters has been decreasing over past years to the point that 

they are no longer used in many San Joaquin Valley counties. 

• These units are not in use during the ozone season. 

• Since emissions from this source occur during the cold season, it is not relevant 

to the control of ozone, which is a summer problem. 

Recommendation: 

• This control measure should be considered in a future PM2.5 plan development 

strategy but not recommended as an ozone control measure since these units 

are operated outside of the ozone season and do not contribute to summertime 

ozone. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-10

Pesticides/Fertilizers (S-AGR-4)

(Post-Harvest Fumigation) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes fumigation operations used to control pests in post 

harvest products, such as fruits, vegetables, cotton, and grains. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

• EIC Affected: 530-540-3225-0000 

Current Control: There is no current rule-based requirement for controlling VOCs 

from post-harvest fumigation operations. Post harvest fumigation using methyl bromide 

is a District-permitted activity. 

Future Control Options: 

• Capture and control with 85% overall efficiency, using adsorption systems. 

Discussion: 

• As a pesticide, methyl bromide is mainly used in the fumigation of agricultural 

fields, which is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Pesticide Regulation. 

Fumigation of post-harvest products occurs in stationary facilities, which is 

subject to District authority. 

• The inventory, above, represents the portion that is used for fumigation of post 

harvest products, which approximately is 5% of the total methyl bromide 

inventory (e.g. 2.26 tons per day in the 2005 summer season). 

• There are 210 permitted fumigant operations, and of these, there are 69 

permitted operations using methyl bromide as fumigant. 

• A source in Monterey County has successfully installed a capture and control 

system with 85% overall efficiency, using adsorption as the control technique. 

• It is estimated that 50% of the District-permitted sources have enough throughput 

to take advantage of the abovementioned technology. 

• The emission reduction is based on controlling emissions from 50% of the 

facilities using methyl bromide for fumigation, which have enough throughput to 

take advantage of the adsorption technology. Facilities that don’t have enough 

throughputs may be subject to alternative compliance options, whereby 

equivalent VOC reductions are made elsewhere, in lieu of controlling VOCs from 

methyl bromide fumigation. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-11

Post-Harvest Fumigation 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

! Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-12

Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process Heaters, >5 MMBtu/hr (S-COM-1) 

(Electrical Utilities, Cogeneration, Oil & Gas Production – Combustion, Petroleum 

Refining – Combustion, Manufacturing & Industrial, Food & Ag Processing, Service 

& Commercial) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes a wide range of industries including but not limited to 

those listed above. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 7.5 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 5.2 5.4 

VOC 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 

! EICs Affected: 010-005-0110; 010-005-1220; 030-005-0110; 030-005-0124; 030-

005-0130; 030-005-1220; 030-005-1530; 030-010-0110; 030-010-1600; 030-015-

0110; 030-015-0130; 040-005-0110; 040-005-0130; 040-010-0100; 040-010-0110; 

040-010-1000; 050-005-0110; 050-005-0122; 050-005-0124; 050-005-0300; 050-

005-1220; 050-010-1220; 050-010-1224; 052-005-0110; 052-005-0122; 052-005-

0124; 052-005-1220; 052-005-1510; 052-005-1520; 052-010-0110; 052-010-0120; 

052-010-1224; 060-005-0110; 060-005-0122; 060-005-0124; 060-005-0144; 060-

005-0320; 060-005-1220; 060-005-1520; 060-010-1220 

 

Current Control: 

• Rule 4306 is currently the most stringent in the state and requires the most 

effective controls. 

• Rule 4306 sets NOx limits of 9 ppmv for units greater than 20 MMBtu/hr and 15 

ppmv for units less than 20 MMBtu/hr. For large refinery units >110 MMBtu/hr 

the limit is 6 ppmv. The limits become effective in 2007. 

• The rule has an optional enhanced NOx limit of 6 ppmv for units greater than 20 

MMBtu/hr, which becomes effective in 2008.

• Low-use units with an annual heat input of 9 billion Btu or less need not comply 

with the limits but needs periodic tune-up or limit exhaust oxygen to 3% or less.

• The current limits in Rule 4306 achieve 45% reduction from previously controlled 

emissions limit of 30 ppmv required by previous Rule 4305. 

Future Control Options: 

• Lower NOx limits are achievable by using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or 

selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). Both technologies reduce NOx by 

injecting ammonia to the exhaust gas to convert NOx to elemental nitrogen and 

oxygen. 

• Ultra Low NOx burner technology at this time is technologically capable of 

achieving 9 ppmv NOx. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-13

Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process Heaters, >5 MMBtu/hr 

(Continued) 

• Low temperature oxidation may be technologically feasible but its application on 

boilers has not yet been achieved in practice or established as BACT for this 

source category. 

Discussion: 

• The units in this source category are located at stationary sources for which the 

District has legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Lowering the current limit 9 ppmv to 6 ppmv for units greater than 20 MMBtu/hr 

could be achieved by retrofitting existing units with SCR or SNCR. Ultra Low 

NOx burner alone is not technologically capable of such low limit. 

• An estimated 40% reduction from current emissions level could be achieved by 

lowering the NOx emission limit to 6 ppmv for units greater than 20 MMBtu/hr by 

using SCR or SNCR. 

• To date, the District has processed permit applications for nine units from 

operators who decided to comply with current Rule 4306 enhanced option NOx 

limit of 6 ppmv by 2008. All nine units will employ SCR to meet the emission limit 

of the rule. 

• Older units nearing useful life expectancy may not be economical able to retrofit 

with SCR and it may be more cost effective to replace these older units with new 

units that incorporate SCR as a complete replacement package. 

• Real property space where the units are located could impede installation of SCR 

especially if the existing space is limited or if a new location has to be sited. 

• Other constraints not known at this time may have to be considered when 

deciding the implementation schedule for this control measure. Constraints such 

as longer lead-time to design, manufacture, deliver and install the technology 

could affect early implementation of lower limits. 

Recommendation: 

• Staff recommends this source category be controlled through regulatory method 

with implementation schedule not earlier than 2012 due to constraints discussed 

above.

• An estimated 40% reduction from current emissions level could be achieved by 

lowering the NOx emission limit to 6 ppmv for units greater than 20 MMBtu/hr by 

using SCR or SNCR.

• Consider inclusion of an alternative compliance option to improve cost 

effectiveness of this control measure. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.0 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.77 0.80

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

• The rule has no VOC reductions because this is a NOx reduction rule strategy. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-14

Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process Heaters, 2 - 5 MMBtu/hr (S-COM-2) 

(Electrical Utilities, Cogeneration, Oil & Gas Production – Combustion, Petroleum 

Refining – Combustion, Manufacturing & Industrial, Food & Ag Processing, 

Service & Commercial, Other – Fuel Combustion) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes a wide range of industries including but not limited to 

medical facilities, educational institutions, office buildings, prisons, military facilities, 

hotels and industrial industries. 

Emissions Inventory: 

• The emissions inventory for medium size boilers (2-5 MMBtu/hr) is assumed to be 

included as part of the inventory for S-COM-1 (large boilers - from units rated at 5 

MMBtu/hr or less); please refer to that control measure write-up for the baseline 

emissions from boilers as a whole. 

• Current Rule 4307 requires registration of small units pursuant to new District Rule 

2250. When registration is completed within the next 3 years and the total number 

of medium size units has been determined, the District will calculate the emissions 

and then update the emissions inventory for this source category. 

• EICs Affected: 010-005-0110; 010-005-1220; 030-005-0110; 030-005-0124; 030-

005-0130; 030-005-1220; 030-005-1530; 030-010-0110; 030-010-1600; 030-015-

0110; 030-015-0130; 040-005-0110; 040-005-0130; 040-010-0100; 040-010-0110; 

040-010-1000; 050-005-0110; 050-005-0122; 050-005-0124; 050-005-0300; 050-

005-1220; 050-010-1220; 050-010-1224; 052-005-0110; 052-005-0122; 052-005-

0124; 052-005-1220; 052-005-1510; 052-005-1520; 052-010-0110; 052-010-0120; 

052-010-1224; 060-005-0110; 060-005-0122; 060-005-0124; 060-005-0144; 060-

005-0320; 060-005-1220; 060-005-1520; 060-010-1220 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4307 sets NOx limits at 30 ppmv effective in 2009. This is 

approximately 70% NOx control from uncontrolled levels. Units operated at schools 

kindergarten through 12th grade are exempt. 

Future Control Options: 

• The current Rule 4307 limits are achievable by retrofitting units with commercially 

available Low NOx Burner combustion control technology that achieves a 70% 

reduction from uncontrolled level. 

• Ultra Low NOx Burner could achieve lower emission level but may not be available 

for retrofit of all units, specifically smaller, newer units. 

• Replacement of older existing units with new ones that already integrate low NOx 

technology is possibly the more cost effective control options to that of retrofitting 

existing units. 

• Replacing with electric heaters is also an option since almost all facilities are in 

areas connected to existing commercial electric grid system. 

Future Incentive Options 

Additional reductions can be achieved by providing incentives for replacement and 

retrofit of school boilers. Staff’s preliminary assessment indicates at least 380 school 

boilers in the District with estimated uncontrolled NOx emissions of 0.8 tons/day. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-15

Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process Heaters, 2 - 5 MMBtu/hr 

(Continued)

• Electric heaters were not considered because of the increased operational costs 

associated with electrification 

Incentive Option # of 

Units MMBtu/hr Capacity Factor 

Emissions 

(tons per 

day) 

Emission 

Reductions 

(tons per 

day) 

Total Cost Capital 

Cost 

Cost 

Effectiveness 

(dollars per 

ton) 

Low NOx Retrofit 

(30 ppm) 380 3.5 0.5 0.798 0.511 $17,733,460 $46,667 $11,124 

Low NOx 

Replacement (30 

ppm) 

380 3.5 0.5 0.798 0.511 $24,553,700 $64,615 $15,402 

Ultra Low Nox 

Replacement (15 

ppm) 

380 3.5 0.5 0.798 0.694 $57,000,000 $150,000 $26,327 

Discussion: 

• These units are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Except for the school boilers exemption, current Rule 4307 is as stringent as other 

air district rules. 

• The existing annual heat input threshold of 5 billion Btu per year needs to be 

evaluated to determine if there is a significant reduction to gain by lowering the 

threshold to 1.8 billion Btu/yr and if it is cost effective. 

Recommendation: 

• Schools districts need financial assistance to retrofit or replace aging equipment. Staff 

recommends controlling this source category through an incentive program. Explore 

opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission reductions from this 

source category; see Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional information regarding incentive 

funding. 

Incentives: 

• Retrofit and replacement of school boilers to meet BARCT standards (30 ppm) are 

relatively cost effective incentive options 

• Grant history indicates that participation is higher for programs that offer full 

replacement as opposed to retrofit 

• Consider adopting a backstop rule to assure participation in the incentive program 

and improve cost effectiveness 

Projected Reductions with or without Incentives: 

Low NOx Replacement or Retrofit (30ppm NOx limit) 

Tons per day – annual average 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-16

Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process Heaters, Greater than 0.075 

MMBtu/hr (S-COM-3)

(Electrical Utilities, Cogeneration, Oil & Gas Production – Combustion, Petroleum 

Refining – Combustion, Manufacturing & Industrial, Food & Ag Processing, 

Service & Commercial, Other – Fuel Combustion) 

Source Category: 

Facilities with boilers in this size range may include electrical utilities, crude oil 

production facilities, manufacturing facilities, and food processing facilities. 

Emissions Inventory: 

The emissions inventory for small size boilers (0.75 –to < 2.0 MMBtu/hr) is assumed to 

be included as part of the inventory for S-COM-1 (large boilers - from units rated at 5 

MMBtu/hr or less); please refer to that control measure write-up for the baseline 

emissions from boilers as a whole. 

• EICs affected: 010-005-1220; 010-005-0110; 030-005-0110; 030-005-0124; 030-

005-0130; 030-005-1220; 030-005-1530; 030-010-0110; 030-010-1600; 030-015-

0110; 030-015-0130; 040-005-0110; 040-005-0130; 040-010-0100; 040-010-

0110; 040-010-1000; 050-005-0110; 050-005-0122; 050-005-0124; 050-005-

0300; 050-005-1220; 050-010-1220; 050-010-1220-0000; 052-005-0110; 052-

005-0122; 052-005-0124; 052-005-1220; 052-005-1510; 052-005-1520; 052-010-

0110; 052-010-0120; 052-010-1224; 060-005-0110; 060-005-0122; 060-005-

0124; 060-005-0144; 060-005-0320; 060-005-1220; 060-005-1520; 060-010-

1220 

Current Control: District Rule 4308 limits NOx emissions at 3% O2 to the following: 

0.075-0.4 MMBtu/hr 0.093 lb NOx/MMBtu 

Between 0.4 and 2.0 MMBtu/hr 0.036 lb NOx/MMBtu 

Future Control Options: 

• Ultra Low NOx Burner could achieve lower emission level but may not be 

available for smaller unit. 

• Replacement of older existing units with new ones that already integrate low NOx 

technology is possibly the more cost effective control options to that of retrofitting 

existing units. 

• Replacing with electric heaters is also an option since almost all facilities are in 

areas connected to existing commercial electric grid system. 

Discussion: 

• These units are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

Although current District Rule 4308 has a specific date for when new boilers must 

meet the emission limit, it does not specify the turnover of boilers in service prior 

to that date. This means that an existing boiler could be emitting outside the 

limits specified and yet still be in compliance with the rule since the boiler has not 

yet reached the end of its service life, therefore is not a “new” boiler. Mandating 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-17

Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process Heaters, 0.75 MMBtu/hr 

(Continued) 

a specific date that all boilers in this size range must meet the current emission 

limit would allow faster turnover of the existing, in-service boilers, thereby 

realizing the full impact of lower NOx limits already in place sooner than under 

natural unit attrition. At full implementation, NOx emission reductions were 

estimated to be 2.0 tons NOx per day, or about 60% of the estimated baseline 

inventory of 3.3 tons per day. 

• Mandating conversion to electric boilers could be a possibility for this source 

category. Further study is needed to determine the most cost effective way to 

implement the standard for these units. 

Recommendation: 

• Accelerate the replacement of older units with new units meeting the Rule 4308 

NOx emission rate limits by a rule-based requirement (e.g. no units operating 

within the District that are 10 years or older, unless a certain emission rate can 

be demonstrated) or by the use of incentives or a combination of both strategies. 

• Explore possibilities of converting to electric boilers, and implement options that 

are cost effective and socioeconomically viable. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-18

Solid Fuel Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process Heaters (S-COM-4)

(Electric Utilities, Cogeneration, Service and Commercial) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes facilities that operate boilers, steam generators, and 

process heaters (units) that are fired on solid fuel. These units are used in facilities that 

generate utility and industrial power (electricity and heat) by burning solid fuels including 

petroleum coke, coal, municipal solid wastes, tires, or biomass wastes. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 

VOC 0.406 0.408 0.409 0.409 0.409 0.411 0.413 0.413 

ARB emissions inventory needs to be validated to account for NOx reductions resulting 

from existing boiler permit NOx limits as well as current Rule 4352 limits. 

! EICs Affected: 010-005-0214; 010-005-0240; 010-005-0243; 010-005-0254; 020-

005-0214; 020-005-0218; 020-005-0220; 020-005-0230; 060-005-0250 

Current Control: District Rule 4352 requires municipal solid waste units to meet a 

NOx limit of 200 ppmv @ 12% CO2. For all other units the NOx limits is 115 ppmv @ 

3% O2. 

Future Control Options: 

• Current BACT is selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) with ammonia injection 

for municipal waste-fired or biomass-fired boilers. Sources subject to Rule 4352 

are already operating at or below the limits by using this control technology. 

• Reexamine if the NOx emission limits from Sacramento AQMD (70 ppmv) or 

ARB recommendations (40 ppmv) are achievable for this source category. 

• There is some increased use of selective catalytic reduction SCR with ammonia 

injection in new coal-fired boilers in eastern states in the nation. European Best 

Available Technology (BAT) listed SCR for coal and lignite firing boilers. 

• There are no biomass-fired or municipal waste-fired boilers that are currently 

using SCR in the nation or in Europe. 

• Coal -fired units are not comparable to the District’s biomass fired or municipal 

solid waste fired boilers, which are non-homogenous fuel and therefore higher 

emission variability. 

• Further research would need to be conducted to determine if SCR could be 

retrofitted to the existing boilers or if they also need combustion retrofits that 

would require boiler rebuilds. 

Discussion: 

• These sources are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-19

 Solid Fuel Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process Heaters 

(Continued) 

• Rule 4352 was recently amended to implement BARCT and All Feasible Control 

Measure as a commitment in the District’s One-hour Extreme Ozone Attainment 

Demonstration Plan. A discussion of possible NOx emission levels and controls 

was included in the analysis for that rule amendment project. 

• Facilities subject to Rule 4352 operate boilers that burn locally generated 

agricultural waste and municipal waste materials as well as waste materials 

imported into the Valley. Continued operation of these facilities is important to 

reduce emissions from open burning. 

Recommendation: 

• District staff recommends this source category as control measure for further 

study to determine if SCR could be retrofitted to existing biomass and municipal 

waste fired boilers. 

• If SCR retrofit is feasible consider including an alternate compliance option as 

part of this control measure to improve cost effectiveness. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-20

Stationary Gas Turbines (S-COM-5)

(Electric Utilities, Cogeneration, Oil & Gas Production – Combustion, Petroleum 

Refining – Combustion, Manufacturing & Industrial, Service & Commercial, Other 

– Fuel Combustion) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes any operations that use stationary gas turbines for the 

generation of electrical power. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed 

controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 8.4 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.7

VOC 0.64 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.76

! EICs Affected: 010-045-0110; 020-045-0110; 030-045-0110; 030-045-1200; 040-

045-1412; 050-045-1200; 060-045-0110; 060-045-1420 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4703 is as stringent as other air districts for similar source category. 

• Rule 4703 applies to stationary gas turbines with rated 0.3 megawatt (MW) and/or a 

maximum heat input greater than 3 MMBtu/hr. 

• Current NOx limits are: For gas fuel-fired turbines – Standard limit is 5 ppmv to 50 

ppmv, depending on turbine size, hours of operation, and control system used. 

Enhanced limit for >10MW combined cycle is 3 ppmv. For Liquid fuel-fired turbines 

– 25 ppmv to 50 ppmv, depending on turbine size, hours of operation, and control 

system used. 

• Exemption includes laboratory turbines used exclusively in turbine technology 

research, turbines used exclusively for fire fighting and/or flood control, emergency 

turbines operated < 200 hours per year, and turbines rated < 4 MW and limited to 

operations of < 877 hours per year. 

• The current rule limits achieve about 95% NOx reduction from uncontrolled level. 

• Full compliance with the current rule requirements occurred in 2002 to 2005, 

depending on turbine size, hours of operation, control system used, and turbine 

efficiency. 

• Existing turbines in the SJVAB generally control NOx emissions through water or 

steam injection, dry low-NOx combustion technology, selective catalytic reduction, or 

some combination thereof. 

Future Control Options: 

• Currently, Rule 4703 is undergoing rule development process as a control measure 

in the 1-hour Extreme Ozone attainment Demonstration Plan (EOADP). The control 

measure would specifically examine controls for turbines rated less than 10 MW and 

used for distributed power generation in order to achieve additional NOx reduction. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-21

Stationary Gas Turbines 

(Continued) 

• ARB recently published emission standards for turbines used in electrical power 

generation. Current Rule 4703 limits would be evaluated in comparison with the 

ARB suggested limits and determine if they are attainable by existing turbines by 

available control technology as well as new burner technology that may be under 

development. 

• Adoption for this control measure is anticipated in the third quarter of 2007 with full 

implementation for NOx control projected for the year 2010. The emissions from 

sources affected by the control measure are estimated at 2.5 tons NOx/day which is 

estimated at 50% of the sources. Upon final implementation by 2010 of the 

proposed control measure, a reduction of 0.6 tons of NOx per day is anticipated. 

• Future rule amendment projects should reexamine the low-use turbine emission 

levels to determine if they are still a valid consideration for this category of units. 

Discussion: 

• The District has legal authority to regulate this source category. 

• As stated above, this control measure is currently undergoing rule development 

process to evaluate feasibility of ARB suggested NOx limits for stationary gas 

turbines, rated <10.0 MW and amend the rule appropriately. Turbines rated greater 

than 10 MW are subject to requirements similar to the ARB limits. 

Recommendation: 

• Continue current rule development and adopt amendments to Rule 4703 by third 

quarter 2007. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.68

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

• No VOC reduction because Rule 4703 is a NOx control rule and does not 

regulate VOC emissions. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-22

Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (S-COM-6)

(Cogeneration, Oil & Gas Production – Combustion, Petroleum Refining – 

Combustion, Manufacturing & Industrial, Food & Ag Processing, Service & 

Commercial, Other – Fuel Combustion) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all reciprocating internal combustion engines. District 

Rule 4702 covers engines greater than 50 brake-horsepower (50 bhp), a portion of all 

possible engines. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 31.80 31.58 29.77 29.12 27.72 25.52 23.18 20.69

VOC 5.29 5.25 5.19 5.17 5.15 5.15 5.17 5.21

• ARB emissions inventory for engines 50 bhp or less are not included in the 

emissions inventory. Survey of businesses and industries needs to be conducted to 

determine the total number of small engines in order to calculate their uncontrolled 

emissions. 

• Survey of AO sources needs to be conducted to determine total AO spark-ignited 

engines and update the emissions inventory. Preliminary data received from a 

stakeholder indicates at least 1,000 AO spark-ignited engines operating within the 

District. 

• EICs Affected: 010-040-0110; 010-040-1200; 020-040-0110; 020-040-1200; 030-

040-0100; 030-040-0110; 030-040-0124; 030-040-1100; 030-040-1200; 030-040-

1210; 040-040-0110; 050-040-0012; 050-040-0110; 050-040-0124; 050-040-1200; 

050-040-1299; 050-040-3220; 052-040-0110; 052-040-1200; 052-042-1200; 060-

040-0012; 060-040-0110; 060-040-0124; 60-040-0146; 060-040-1100; 060-040-

1200; 060-040-1210 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4702 regulates NOx emissions from stationary spark-ignited engines 

and stationary compression ignited (diesel) engines greater than 50 horsepower. 

• NOx limits for spark-ignited engines used exclusively in agricultural operations (AO) 

are: Rich burn– 90 ppmv or 80 percent reduction; lean-burn– 150 ppmv or 70 

percent reduction. The full compliance schedule for AO engines is 2008, or 2010 if 

an operator has an agreement to replace existing engine with electric motor. 

• For non-AO spark-ignited engines: Rich-burn – 25 ppmv or 96 percent reduction; 

lean-burn – 65 ppmv or 90 percent reduction. The full compliance schedule for nonAO engines is 2007. 

• NOx limits for compression ignited engines are: for non-EPA certified engines 

greater than 500 bhp and at least 1,000 annual operating hours – 80 ppmv and a full 

compliance schedule of 2008; 50 bhp to 750 bhp operating less than 1,000 hours 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-23

Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 

(Continued) 

per year – EPA certified Tier 3 to Tier 4 depending engine size and a compliance 

schedule of 2010 or 2011 based on engine size. For EPA certified compression 

ignited engines: EPA certified Tier I or Tier 2 must comply with Tier 4 standard by 

2015 or 12 years after installation date whichever is later. 

Future Control Options: 

• Electrification - replacing engines with electric motors - where possible. 

• Lower agricultural spark-ignited engine NOx emission limits to the same level as 

the non-agricultural units. 

Discussion: 

• These units are located at operated and located at stationary sources for which 

the District has legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Current Rule 4702 is as stringent as other air district rules. 

• Additional NOx reductions could be achieved by expanding the rule applicability 

so that engines 50 bhp or less would be subject to the rule. A survey would need 

to be conducted to determine the number of small engines and estimate the 

uncontrolled emission levels for such engines. 

• Electrification should also be considered as part of a strategy to reduce engine 

emissions. Utility companies are currently in the process of electrifying over 

1,000 agricultural diesel engines. 

• Technical and economic conditions may limit the application of electric motors in 

some locations and possible impacts to the power grid should be examined. 

• Current Rule 4702 goes beyond the State Suggested Control Measure for this 

source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Accelerate the replacement of engines with electric motors, either through 

regulatory or incentive programs. Explore opportunities for incentive funding to 

achieve additional emission reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 

of this Plan for additional information regarding incentive funding. 

• The reduction estimate for controlling engines 50 bhp or less would be 

determined after completing a survey of sources and establishment of the 

emission inventory for these engines. A future study to re-evaluate this source 

category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-24

Glass Melting Furnaces (S-COM-7)

(Glass and Related Products) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes any glass-melting furnace. Within the District, there are 

four types of glass produced: container glass (bottles and jars), flat glass (windows and 

automobile windshields), wool fiberglass (building insulation), and continuous strand 

fiberglass (aircraft insulation and filter media for air and water). 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 9.38 8.02 8.56 8.73 9.08 9.64 10.12 10.65

VOC 0.337 0.39 0.415 0.423 0.440 0.469 0.49 0.515

! EICs Affected: 460-460-7037, 460-460-7038, 460-460-7039 

Current Control: Rule 4354 regulates the glass melting category. NOx emission limits 

range from 4.0 to 9.2 pounds NOx per ton of glass pulled, depending on production 

technology, firing technology, and monitoring averaging period. VOC emission limits 

are 20 ppmv or range from 0.1 to 0.25 lb/ton glass pulled depending on market sector 

and firing technology. Operators meet current emission limits through a selection of 

furnace firing technology and glass raw materials. 

With recent rule amendments, Rule 4354 applies to all industrial glass-melting furnaces 

in the District. The NOx emissions are controlled 67% to 76% compared to uncontrolled 

glass-melting furnaces. 

Future Control Options: 

• Oxy-fuel, 3R technology, Selective Catalytic Reduction, electric furnaces. 

Discussion: 

• Lower NOx emissions have been achieved within the District with current firing 

technology and glass recipes. 

• Selected Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an add-on control that may help operators 

meet lower NOx limits. SCR has been used by other source categories to 

reduce NOx emissions. Glass melting furnaces in Europe and Asia have 

successfully used SCR to control NOx emissions, but to date; no facility in the 

US has implemented this control technology. 

• During the rule development process, District staff will consider: 

o NOx limits of 3 lbs/NOx per ton of container glass pulled and 5 lbs/NOx 

per ton of flat glass pulled. 

o Changing the averaging period for emissions to no more than 3 hours. 

o Reducing the maximum allowable start-up time to a few days. 

o Implementing a specific SOx emission limit. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-25

Glass Melting Furnaces 

(Continued) 

• Operators have increased production capacity during the most recent round of 

rebuilds, triggering Best Available Control Technology (BACT) provisions of the 

District’s New and Modified Stationary Source Review (NSR) Rule. The BACT 

provisions have resulted in NOx emission limits that meet or are less than the 3 & 

5 lbs/NOx per ton of glass pulled. The emissions reductions from the most 

recent rebuilds will be realized starting in 2008. 

• There are four furnaces with NOx limits greater than these limits that District staff 

expects will be rebuilt by 2012: three container glass furnaces and one flat glass 

furnace. The most cost-effective time to change NOx limits for glass-melting 

furnaces is at the time of furnace rebuild. To ensure that all glass-melting 

furnaces in the District meet the by 2012, it is recommended that the rule 

development project be completed by 2009. 

• When fully implemented, District staff has estimated that actual NOx emission 

reductions from rule amendments would be an additional 0.4 tons per day 

beginning in 2012. 

Recommendation: 

This control measure is recommended as a candidate control measure with rule 

development occurring by 2009 so that rule requirements are in place by the 2012. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 1.2 1.20 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-26

Lime Kilns (S-COM-8)

(Food & Ag Processing) 

Source Category: 

This source category pertains to facilities operating lime kilns in a wide variety of 

manufacturing and processing operations, including food and agriculture. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

VOC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

EICs Affected: Need to assign an EIC because lime kiln is not included in the ARB 

emissions inventory. There is only one device operating in the District and it currently 

complies with the rule associated with this device. 

Current Control: District Rule 4313 requires NOx: 0.12 lb/MMBTU-gaseous fuel; 

0.12 lb/MMBTU-distillate fuel oil; 0.20 lb/MMBTU-residual fuel oil 

Future Control Options: 

• Future control option includes lowering the current NOx emission limits. 

• Available retrofit combustion control technologies to achieve lower NOx limits 

include low NOx burner and ultra low NOx burners fired on natural gas. Add-on 

controls such as SCR or SCNR is technologically feasible but its cost 

effectiveness should be examined for this application. 

Discussion: 

• These sources are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• There is only one permitted lime kiln operating in the District. The kiln is 

operated only during ozone season to manufacture sugar. 

• The current permit allows firing on distillate fuel oil (#6 fuel oil) as primary fuel 

and natural gas as back-up fuel. 

• Current NOx limit of 0.1 lb/MMBtu is considered uncontrolled emission limit. 

• Lower the NOx limits to at least 0.036 lb/MMBtu (30 ppmv) fired on natural gas 

fuel and 0.052 lb/MMBtu (40 ppmv) fired on liquid fuel (residual fuel oil or 

distillate oil), at 3% excess oxygen. 

• Require firing on natural gas as primary fuel. Distillate oil firing as a back-up fuel 

could be allowed during natural gas curtailment period. 

• A reduction of about 64% from current emissions level could be achieved by 

lowering the NOx limit to at least 30 ppmv for natural gas firing. 

• A reduction of about 75% from current emissions level could be achieved by 

lowering the NOx limit to at least 40 ppmv for distillate oil firing. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-27

Lime Kilns 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• Staff recommends this source category be controlled through regulatory method 

with implementation schedule not earlier than 2012 to allow time to design, 

procure, and install retrofit control technology. Compliance schedule for the new 

emission limit should coincide during off-season when the kiln is not operating so 

retrofit could be completed without disrupting normal manufacturing operations. 

• Amend Rule 4313 to lower the NOx limits. A reduction of between 64% to 75% 

from current emissions level from this source category could be achieved by 

combustion control retrofit technologies discussed above depending on the type 

of fuel (natural gas or distillate) used to fire the unit. 

• Consider inclusion of an alternative compliance option to improve cost 

effectiveness of this control measure. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category maybe 

planned in the future. 

 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-28

Residential Water Heaters (S-COM-9)

(Residential Fuel Combustion) 

Source Category: 

Units in this source category are water heaters located in private residences. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 1.37 1.27 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.42 

VOC 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.111 0.11 0.12 0.12 

! EIC Affected: 610-608-0110 

Current Control: District Rule 4902 currently requires natural-gas fired, new 

residential water heaters, which are rated at less than 75,000 BTU heat input not to 

exceed 93 pounds of NOx emissions per billion Btu (lb of NOx/bBtu) of heat input. 

Future Control Options: 

• New water heaters are designed to be more energy efficient and emit less NOx, 

using low-NOx combustion technology. 

• Electrification – replacement with electric water heaters – could also significantly 

lower NOx emissions. 

• Encourage early replacement of exiting units using either a specific compliance 

schedule or incentive funding. 

Discussion: 

• Lower NOx limits are currently in place in SCAQMD Rule 1121 which have been 

in place since September 3, 2004. 

• Because of the tendency for manufacturers to supply SCAQMD-complying 

products for the entire state, many new water heaters in the San Joaquin Valley 

may already meet the new limits. 

• Nonresidential water heaters and mobile home heaters are exempt from current 

rule requirements, although these applications generally use similar water 

heating devices. 

• The transition from older to newer, less NOx-emitting units will take place over a 

20-year period. 

• Manufacturers have indicated that they need more time to develop the 

technology that meets the NOx limit of 23 lb of NOx/bBtu, and in a mitigation fee 

program, they are required to compensate the SCAQMD for units sold that don’t 

meet these new limits. 

• The reductions are mainly NOx; the VOC reductions are negligible.

• The reductions reflect controls that come by natural attrition of the units, which is 

projected to take 20 years.

• The reductions are based on 75% reduction of NOx (93 to 23 lb of NOx/bBtu) for 

the additional applicable units. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-29

Residential Water Heaters 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• Amend Rule 4902 to lower the NOx emission limit, similar to SCAQMD Rule 

1121, and also expand its applicability to nonresidential and mobile home 

heaters, but consider technological limitations. 

• Expand the applicability by including nonresidential water heaters less than 

75,000 BTU heat input, which will be subject to the new, lower limits and by 

removing the exemption for mobile home heaters, which can be required to meet 

the current limit of 93 lb of NOx/bBtu. 

• Currently this source category is not a candidate for incentive funding, but further 

analysis and study is necessary to determine if this source category may garner 

cost effective reductions in the future provided funding sources are available. 

Please see Chapter 7 for any additional information. 

• Adoption of amendments for the new requirements must be done as soon as 

possible, in order for the attrition of the older units to start. This early adoption 

will also assist in the effort to reach the PM2.5 NAAQS, since NOx is the 

precursor of concern that forms secondary particulates. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.20 0.25 0.40 0.55 0.70 0.85

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-30

Natural Gas-Fired, Fan-Type Residential Central Furnaces (S-COM-10)

(Residential Fuel Combustion) 

Source Category: 

This source category covers natural gas-fired, residential central heating furnaces. 

These units are in the size range of rated heat input capacity of less than 175,000 

British thermal units per hour and, for combination heating and cooling units, a rated 

cooling capacity of less than 65,000 British thermal units per hour. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

 Tons per day – winter season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 4.214 4.121 4.032 3.999 3.934 3.807 3.666 3.5 

VOC 0.208 0.204 0.199 0.198 0.194 0.188 0.181 0.173 

Current Control: 

• Adopted on October 20, 2005, Rule 4905 limits NOx emissions from residential 

central furnaces. 

• The main rule requirement is written, as follows: No person shall supply, sell, 

offer for sale, install, or solicit the installation of any natural gas-fired fan-type 

residential central furnace for use within the District unless it has certified 

emissions of oxides of nitrogen less than or equal to 0.093 pounds of oxides of 

nitrogen per million BTU heat output or 55 ppm NOx at 3.00% O2 stack gas by 

volume (dry). 

Future Control Options: 

• Low-NOx burner technology, capable of emitting half of the certified level of 

0.093 pounds of NOx per million BTU heat input, has been developed, but it has 

not reached the commercially-available stage. 

• Incentivize the use of more efficient “condensing” heating units, which have 

Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) upwards of 90%, in contrast to 

“noncondensing” units that have 78% AFUE. 

• State-of-the-art control systems that minimize energy use. 

Discussion: 

• Since emissions from this source category occur during the cold season, it is not 

relevant to the control of ozone, which is a summer problem and should be 

pursued as part of the future PM2.5 plan development. 

• NOx from heating furnaces using natural gas contribute to the formation of 

PM2.5, which is a winter phenomenon. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-31

 Natural Gas-Fired, Fan-Type 

 Residential Central Furnaces 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: This control measure should be pursued as part of a future PM2.5 

plan development strategy and not part of this ozone plan. 

Projected Reductions: To be developed as part of the PM2.5 plan development 

strategy. 

Tons per day – winter season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

VOC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-32

Dryers (S-COM-11)

(Mineral Processes, Other – Industrial Processes) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes any dryer, dehydrator, or oven. Some examples of units 

subject the this rule are onion dehydrators, dryers that convert liquid milk to dried milk, and 

units used to dry aggregate at asphalt plants. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 2.512 2.631 2.794 2.836 2.965 3.082 3.244 3.390 

NOx adj 2.51 2.63 1.85 1.88 1.97 2.05 2.14 2.25 

VOC 0.389 0.417 0.440 0.446 0.469 0.486 0.512 0.539 

*The adjustment reflects the reductions achieved from the recently adopted Rule 4309 

• EICs Affected: 430-422-7078, 430-424-7006, 430-995-7000, 499-995-0000, 

499-995-5630 

Current Control: District Rule 4309 requires dehydrators to be fired on PUC-quality 

natural gas; all others units have a NOx emission limit of 3.5 to 5.3 ppmv using an 

oxygen correction factor. Operators may meet NOx emission limit using a NOx 

emission control system. 

Because this rule was recently adopted, no estimation has been made of the proportion 

of additional units that are at least 5 MMBtu/hr or larger that will be subject to this rule. 

At full implementation of the current rule requirements, NOx emissions from units 

subject to the rule are estimated at 66% of uncontrolled emissions. 

Future Control Options: 

• No new technologies that are not currently specified under current controls are 

known at this time. 

Discussion: 

• Low-NOx burners are already in use for sources subject to rule provisions. 

Some of the sources that are currently exempt from the rule are already using 

this technology as part of their Permit to Operate. 

• The bulk of the dryers, dehydrators, and ovens operate at temperatures that are 

too low for efficient operation of NOx emission control systems, therefore add-on 

controls are not an option for this source category. 

• Some currently exempt units operate for a short limited season, for example, 

dryers and humidifiers at cotton gins, so the amount of NOx emission reductions 

from these units would be small since nearly all exempted units run on PUC 

natural gas which is a clean burning technology.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-33

Dryers 

(Continued) 

• Another option for this rule is to change the rule applicability by reducing the total 

heat input cut-off for units subject to the rule below the current 5.0 MMBtu/hr. As 

the heat input cut-off decreases, the sources that would be affected by the rule 

become more diverse. For example, commercial laundry dryers and ovens for 

pre-packaged tortillas are units that are in the range of 2 to 3 million Btu/hr. 

Since the industries would be varied, more analysis would be needed throughout 

the rule development project to adequately assess the technology available for 

these lower heat input units. Nearly all of the exempted units are firing on PUCquality natural gas already, which is a very clean-burning technology. 

Recommendation: 

• The recent adoption of this rule has maximized the possible emission reductions 

from this source category. Future equipment advancements may produce 

additional reductions from exempt equipment. A future study to re-evaluate this 

source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-34

Alternative Energy Production Programs (S-COM-12.0)

(Landfills, Confined Animal Facilities, Agricultural Waste Products, Waste Water 

Treatment Plants, Industrial Coating Facilities) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes facilities or operations that have VOC-containing byproducts that can be converted to electric energy by utilizing currently available 

technology or other byproducts such as biomass waste, from which energy could also 

be derived. The electricity produced may be used for internal facility needs or metered 

back and sold to utility companies. 

Emissions Inventory: 

There is no specific inventory attributable to this source category, since it can include 

any application for which there is technology that can produce energy without using 

fossil-based materials. 

Current Control: 

• Landfill gas is either flared or used as fuel for electric generation systems. 

• VOCs and methane from confined animal facilities are controlled by a variety of 

mitigation measures or used, to a limited extent, as fuel for electric generation 

systems. 

• Agricultural waste products, such as prunings, rice stalks, and uprooted vines 

and trees, are handled in a variety of ways, including: chipped/shredded, 

composted, burned, or used, to a limited extent, as fuel for boilers or power 

generation units. 

• Solar energy projects, such as: solar-driven water pumps, solar roof, and solar 

water heating. 

• VOCs from oil and gas production plants and VOCs from other industrial facilities 

are incinerated using flares or thermal oxidizers. 

Future Control Options: 

• Small-scale alternative energy projects that utilize locally available biomass that 

can be converted to methane gas, which can be used to fuel internal combustion 

(IC) engines or mini-turbines that drive electricity generators or which can serve 

as the hydrogen source for fuel cell power generation. 

• VOC emissions from industrial painting processes as a hydrogen source for fuel 

cell power generation. 

• Biomass gasification produces flammable gas that can be used in combinedcycle power generation, which combine gas turbines and steam turbines to 

produce energy up to as much as 60% efficiency. 

• Still in the development stage is the use of biomass in biorefineries. Biomass 

can be transformed to component sugars that can be converted to fuels or other 

products, and biomass can also be converted to synthesis gas (hydrogen and 

carbon monoxide), which can be used for fuel or converted to other products. 

• Advances in gas-to-liquid technologies using the cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch 

(FT) process has led to the production of synthetic paraffin fuel (SPF), which is a 

promising hydrogen source for fuel cell power generation. This fuel type is being 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-35

Alternative Energy Production Programs 

(Continued) 

investigated for its potential in mobile applications of fuel cells. SPF can be 

derived from synthesis gas, from petroleum-based products, from methane 

produced by biodigesters, or from the gas currently being flared at oil production 

facilities. Other FT fuels are touted as future alternative replacements for diesel 

and aviation fuel, with the concomitant benefit to air quality, since FT fuels are 

cleaner burning (less NOx, PM, and CO). 

Discussion: 

• Technology exists to convert green waste, dairy manures, and other forms of 

biomass into useable energy for electricity generation. However, these projects 

currently require considerable subsidies to make them economically viable. 

This is due mainly to the still relatively lower cost of producing electricity using fossilbased stocks. 

• Biomass, if left exposed to the atmosphere, can transform to ozone precursor 

forms, such as VOC hydrocarbons. Another hydrocarbon formed from biomass 

decomposition is methane, which is not an ozone precursor, but is considered as 

one of the stronger chemical compounds that contribute to global warming. A 

molecule of methane contributes twenty times more to global warming than a 

molecule of carbon dioxide. 

• IC engines and mini-turbines that drive electricity generators produce significant 

amounts of NOx and VOCs, if emission control devices are not utilized. 

• In some cases, landfill gases are used to fuel IC engines that power electricity 

generators. However, there is still a considerable amount that is flared to control 

for VOCs, a method that is less pernicious than just simple off gassing, but still 

produce NOx. 

• There are several examples of biodigester technology using animal waste as 

methane source, with a concomitant benefit of controlling VOCs. 

• Waste Water Treatment Plants are currently not subject to District prohibitory 

rules for VOCs, and therefore VOC emissions are uncontrolled. 

• There are currently projects that use methane as the source of hydrogen in fuelcell power generation. One such project is being done by the city of Tulare’s 

wastewater treatment plant. The project uses cheese-processing milk waste, 

which organisms break down to produce methane as a byproduct. The project 

was awarded a $3.38 million grant by the Southern California Edison for 

producing energy in a nonpolluting way. It appears that the VOCs in the 

methane-laden waste gas also are a source of the hydrogen that the fuel cells 

utilize to produce electricity. Obviously, no NOx is produced, since the 

byproducts of fuel-cell power generation are water and smaller amounts of 

carbon dioxide (relative to combustion processes of producing energy). In a Ford 

Motor Company research project that compared the use of fuel cell technology to 

the traditional use of thermal oxidizers in controlling VOCs from the painting 

process, the VOC and CO2 from the fuel cell technology were considerably less. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-36

Alternative Energy Production Programs 

(Continued) 

• The economic viability of alternative energy projects will be improved with the 

emerging greenhouse gas policy that awards equivalent carbon credits, which 

have a corresponding value in the carbon emissions trading markets. 

Recommendation: 

• Promote alternative sources of energy by assisting projects with incentive funds, 

provided these projects have demonstrable merits, in terms of reducing criteria 

pollutants that are precursors to ozone formation. 

• Design and implement alternative energy programs with SIP creditability as an 

emerging control measure, following EPA guidelines. 

• Align District programs with initiatives that reduce global warming. 

• See Chapter 8, Innovative Strategies and Programs, for additional information on 

this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-37

Energy Conservation Programs (S-COM-12.1)

(All energy users) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes equipment, facilities or operations that are amenable to 

energy conservation programs, including agricultural irrigation systems, residential 

water-heating systems, farming practices, commercial/industrial practices, and all other 

operations that can reduce energy usage. 

Emissions Inventory: 

There is no specific inventory attributable to this source category, since it can include 

any application for which there are technologies and practices that can improve energy 

use. 

Current Control: 

• Utility companies have various energy conservation programs, including offering 

rebates for using energy-efficient appliances and weatherization of homes, and a 

tiered system of pricing, which encourages homeowners to stay below a certain 

level of energy use. 

• EPA’s Energy Star Program provides homeowners and businesses with tools 

and resources for undertaking projects that reduce energy bills and improve 

comfort. The Energy Star label is awarded to products and facilities that have a 

demonstrated quality of energy efficiency. 

• California State University, Fresno’s Center for Irrigation Technology conducts 

the Agricultural Pumping Efficiency Program, with funding from Pacific Gas and 

Electric Company through 2008. 

• Green building practices that are geared toward energy conservation, such as: 

site selection, building orientation, integrated structural insulation, and use of 

renewable energy options (solar space heating and cooling, solar water heating, 

purchase of green power, etc.). 

 

Future Control Options: 

• Energy efficiency projects and practices that have a demonstrable benefit to air 

quality, such as: energy efficient water pumps, solar water heaters, reduced 

agricultural field passes, use of GPS in agricultural operations, and other 

conservation management practices that simultaneously reduce PM and ozone 

precursors.

• Green certification of energy efficient homes, offices, and commercial and 

industrial facilities that utilized green building practices. 

Discussion: 

• By reducing electric usage, the construction of more power plants can be slowed 

down, thereby contributing to less NOx and CO2 emissions.

• Increasing the efficiency of agricultural irrigation pumps translates to less fuel 

usage, which results in fewer emissions of ozone precursors. This would 

complement District Rule 4702’s clean engine requirements. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-38

Energy Conservation Programs 

(Continued) 

• Conservation management practices, such as reduced tillage, use of GPS, 

reduced row passes in cultural practices (pesticide application, cultivation, row 

cleaning/weeding), etc. results in less fuel usage and fewer ozone precursor 

emissions. 

• Equivalent carbon credits that result from energy conservation projects are now 

worth a certain amount of dollars in greenhouse gases trading schemes. This 

vastly improves the economic viability of such projects. 

Recommendation:

• Promote energy conservation through program mechanisms, such availability of 

rebates and other incentives to green-certified homes and buildings. 

• Provide incentive funding for irrigation pumping efficiency programs and other 

farming technologies/practices that have a demonstrable air quality benefit. 

• Design and implement energy conservation programs with SIP creditability as an 

emerging control measure, following EPA guidelines. 

• Align District programs with initiatives that reduce global warming. 

• See Chapter 8, Innovative Strategies and Programs, for additional information on 

this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-39

Heat Island Mitigation Programs (S-COM-13)

(Cool or Green Roofs, Cool Pavements, Urban Forestry) 

Emissions Inventory: 

There is no specific inventory attributable to this source category, since it can include 

any application for which exist technology or other means that can lower temperatures 

in urban areas. 

Current Control: Planting shade trees in urban areas are done, but only to a very 

limited extent, in contrast to what is necessary to mitigate the formation of heat islands 

(characterized by urban air and surface temperatures, which can be 10 oF higher than 

rural areas). 

Future Control Options: 

• Cool roofs with a high solar reflectance, or albedo.

• Green roofs or rooftop gardens, which are “living roofs” planted over existing roof 

structures, including industrial and commercial facilities, residences, and offices. 

• Cool pavements, a term describing light-colored or permeable pavements. 

• Urban forestry, which decreases ambient temperatures through shading and 

evapotranspiration. 

Discussion: 

• Heat islands can increase air conditioning demand, power plant emissions, and 

ground-level ozone formation, which is heat dependent. 

• EPA’s Energy Star Roof Product Program specifies albedo values. 

• Green roof benefits include reduced rooftop temperatures. 

• The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service estimates that mid-day temperature 

reductions range from 1 to 5.5 oF for every 15% increase in the canopy cover. 

• The scientific know-how for estimating the emission reduction benefit accruing from 

heat island mitigation programs is still at an early stage of development. 

• Research should also focus on the benefits that crop production has on ozone 

absorption potential, including the role of orchards as buffers. 

Recommendation: 

• Develop a model ordinance for heat island mitigation and promote its adoption by 

cities and counties, including providing incentive funding to “seed” projects. 

• Encourage practices conducive to heat island mitigations through informational 

campaigns and incentives. 

• Include elements of heat island mitigation as an alternative compliance option for 

facilities. 

• Support research that adds certainty to the emission reduction potential or benefits 

of heat island mitigation programs. See Chapter 8, Innovative Strategies and 

Programs, for additional information on this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 

VOC TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-40

Composting and Biosolids (S-GOV-1) 

(Other – Waste Disposal) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all facilities that land apply, landfill, compost, or dispose 

of biosolids, manure, poultry litter, or any mixture containing the aforementioned. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC* 

estimated 

baseline 

9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 

*Research is being conducted to refine the emission factors, control efficiencies, and 

growth factors. The estimated baseline is calculated using best available data. ARB 

emission inventory does not have a value for this source category. 

! EICs Affected: Need to assign an EIC because this category is not included in the 

ARB emissions inventory. 

Current Control: There is no District rule that covers this source category. 

Future Control Options: 

• Cover waste with finished compost, soil, or a waterproof covering. 

• For Land application operations, rapidly land incorporate waste; rapidly cover 

waste. 

• Require larger operators to maintain all piles within specific parameters or use a 

control device to reduce VOC emissions. The current District BACT and current 

rule development project for Rule 4565 list these parameters. 

• Require largest operators to operate a VOC emission control device. 

Discussion: 

• These are stationary sources subject to the District's jurisdiction (CAA 172). 

• The VOC mitigation measures listed in Future Control Options above have all 

been utilized in composting facilities within California. Several of the mitigation 

measures are in the most recent District BACT, other California air district rules, 

or BACT determinations by air districts in other states. 

• District staff will consider South Coast’s rule provisions requiring enclosed 

facilities to demonstrate 70-80% reductions depending on whether facility is 

existing or new. 

• The mitigation measures listed in Future Control Options above would achieve 

approximately 40% VOC reduction from baseline emissions. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-41

Composting and Biosolids 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• Expeditious compliance timeline is recommended. Facilities that choose to only 

implement management practices shall comply with rule requirements within 12 

months of rule adoption. Facilities that choose to install and utilize VOC control 

devices shall comply with rule requirements within 36 months of rule adoption. 

• Adopt Rule 4565 in 2007 so that the VOC emissions reductions can be realized 

in 2010. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

*This does not include reductions achieved through incentive programs. Estimated 

reductions are based on the estimated baseline. 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC* 

Estimated 2.0 3.4 3.4 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-42

Municipal Water Treatment Plants (POTWs) (S-GOV-2) 

(Waste Disposal) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes any facility that accepts and treats municipal or industrial 

wastewater including, but not limited to, sewage. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

• The emissions from the flaring of off gassing for these facilities is found in CM SIND-21, for flares and the emissions from sewage sludge biodegradation would 

be found in CM S-GOV-1, composting and biosolids. 

• EICs Affected: Need to investigate the appropriateness of EICs for this source 

category as fugitive emissions and where they are included in the ARB emissions 

inventory. 

Current Control: Currently no prohibitory rules directly apply to this source. 

Future Control Options: 

• Covering and venting of tanks to a VOC control device can reduce VOC 

emissions by 80%. 

• Regulating the pH and volatile solid parameters of the tanks or setting emission 

limits for tanks can reduce VOC emissions by 5%. 

Discussion: 

• These are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal authority 

to regulate air emissions. 

• The aforementioned options appear to be cost effective, reflect options in BACT 

determinations in other California air districts, and implemented by some facilities 

in California. 

Recommendation: 

• This is recommended for further study. District staff recommends reevaluation of 

the emission inventory; and rulemaking if the inventory is sufficiently large to 

warrant rule development. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-43

Solid Waste Disposal Site (S-GOV-3)

(Landfills) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all facilities that participate in the disposal of solid waste 

that is placed on or below the surface of the land. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1

• EICs Affected: 120-120-0240; 120-122-0242 

Current Control: District Rule 4642 requires that the surface VOC concentrations be 

no more than 1,000 ppmv; control devices have a VOC destruction efficiency of at least 

98% or reduce the VOC concentration to 20 ppmv or less; and excavated waste be 

covered. Emissions at active landfills; hazardous waste sites; and sites with no VOC 

control devices are exempt from rule requirements. This accounts for 82% of the 

emissions. 

Future Control Options: 

• Rapidly covering waste at all landfills with vapor suppressant, finished compost, or 

soil will reduce VOC emissions by 1% to 20%. 

• Controlling moisture at all landfills will reduce VOC emissions by 5% to 10%. 

• Installing a VOC control device with a capture and destruction efficiency of at least 

98% at all closed solid waste disposal sites is feasible. 

• Explore possible VOC control options for active landfill sites, hazardous waste sites, 

and other sites with no existing VOC controls. 

• Implement NOx and CO limits for landfill flares 

Discussion: 

• These are stationary sources for which the District has legal authority to regulate air 

emissions. 

• Requiring all facilities to implement management practices to control VOC 

emissions, as described above, is achieved in practice. 

• Requiring control devices at closed facilities is not recommended, since VOC 

emissions at these sites are negligible. 

Recommendation: 

• Amend District Rule 4642 to require all solid waste disposal sites to implement 

management practices that control VOC emissions. 

• Expedient rule adoption and implementation in 2017 is recommended, since the 

controls are limited to management practices. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-44

Cutback, Slow Cure, and Emulsified Asphalt Paving (S-GOV-4) 

(Asphalt Paving/Roofing) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes the manufacture and use of cutback asphalt, slow cure 

asphalt and emulsified asphalt for paving and maintenance operations. Typically, the 

hot mix asphalt is heated in special heaters and stored in tanks prior to spreading roads. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.7 

• EICs Affected: 540-562-0400; 540-564-0400; 540-566-0400; 540-590-0400 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4641 includes manufacture & sales prohibition for rapid cure, 

medium cure, some types of slow cure, and some types of emulsified asphalt. 

• The rule exempts manufacture of cutback or emulsified asphalt in the 

manufacturing of paving material where such materials are for shipment and use 

outside of the District. The rule also exempts the use of medium cure asphalt 

when the high temperature for a twenty-four (24) hour period following the 

application is below 50 degrees Fahrenheit. 

• Over 90% of the facilities in this source category are subject to this rule. 

Future Control Options: 

• Limitation on the days that asphalt paving can occur, for example limit or prohibit 

non-essential paving on Spare the Air Days. This will not reduce emissions, but 

this may prevent the violation of the Ozone standard by minimizing VOC 

emissions on days when the District is close to violating the ozone standard. 

Discussion: 

• These are stationary sources, thus subject to the District's jurisdiction (CAA 172). 

• District staff estimates that removal of the low temperature exemption for medium 

cure asphalt would decrease VOC emissions by 2%. At least one other air 

district does not have a low temperature exemption for this source category. 

• Several District rules have limitations on the days that certain activities can be 

performed. Asphalt paving is routinely delayed or scheduled around weather 

events; therefore, restrictions on paving during Spare the Air Days may be a 

possibility. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-45

Cutback, Slow Cure, and Emulsified Asphalt Paving 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• Since this achieves VOC reductions lower than those achieved by other potential 

controls, full rule implementation in 2020 is recommended to allow more 

expedient adoption of rule with greater potential VOC reductions. 

• Removal of the temperature exemption and implementation of VOC emission 

control systems listed above is recommended. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-46

Composting Green Waste (S-GOV-5)

(Other – Waste Disposal) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all sources that commercially compost green waste 

without mixing the green waste with manure, poultry litter, or biosolids. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 

*Estimated 

Baseline

51 53 55 57 62 64 67 70 

*Research is being conducted to refine the emission factors for this source category; 

the above estimate is based on best available data. The ARB emission inventory 

does not account for green waste composting. 

• EICs Affected: Need to assign an EIC because this category is not included in 

the ARB emissions inventory. 

Current Control: No prohibitory rules currently exist that address green waste 

composting. 

Future Control Options: 

• Require all facilities to implement management practices from a list of VOC 

control measures. 

• Require facilities to install VOC emission control devices.

Discussion: 

• These are stationary sources for which the District has legal authority to regulate 

air emissions. 

• The California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) is conducting 

research to identify additional VOC mitigation measures for composting facilities. 

• VOC emission control devices can cost over a million dollars, per site. Since 

most facilities have few resources, incentives may be necessary. 

• The District believes that facilities can cost-effectively implement management 

practices that reduce VOC emissions because several facilities in the District 

currently use these practices. 

• Air Districts have experienced significant resistance to regulation of green waste 

due to concern regarding the California Integrated Waste Board's (CIWMB) 

requirements for waste diversion; therefore time will be needed to work with the 

CIWMB to come to a mutually agreeable and environmentally sound method of 

promoting waste diversion while protecting air and water quality. 

• Time is needed to allow completion of research to identify additional control 

measures; refine control efficiencies; and refine emission factors. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-47

Composting Greenwaste 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• Adopt a rule requiring all facilities to implement management practices. 

• Currently this source category is not a candidate for incentive funding, but further 

analysis and study is necessary to determine if this source category may garner 

cost effective reductions in the future provided funding sources are available. 

Please see Chapter 7 for any additional information. 

• The ARB emissions inventory does not account for the emissions from this 

source category. Preliminary estimate by District indicates that substantial VOC 

emissions should be attributed to this source category possible on the order of 50 

tons per day from approximately 14 existing facilities. The California Integrated 

Waste Management Board has contracted research to begin sometime late 

2006, to refine the emission factor, activity rates, and to identify new potential 

control technologies from this source category.

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC* 0 0 9 10 10 11 11 

* Estimated reductions based on estimated baseline. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-48

Prescribed Burning and Hazard Reduction Burning (S-GOV-6)

(Managed Burning and Disposal) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes activities related to prescribed burning and hazard 

reduction burning in wildland/urban interface areas. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 3.41 3.40 3.39 3.38 3.38 3.36 3.34 3.32 

VOC 7.85 7.82 7.79 7.78 7.76 7.72 7.68 7.63 

• EICs Affected: 670-666-0200, 670-667-0200, 670-668-0200, 670-670-0200 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4106 has restrictions on material; burning allocations; prescribed 

burning requirement; permits for hazard reduction burning; smoke management 

plans for prescribed burning; go/no go decisions for naturally ignited Wildland 

Fire Use fires 

• Hazard reduction burning occurs generally from late October/early November 

through May 1st. 

Future Control Options: 

• None 

Discussion: 

• The District has authority over this source category for emissions to the air. 

• District Rule 4106 is the most stringent regulatory strategy in California for this 

source category. 

• While the hazard reduction burning is stringently regulated, other alternatives to 

burning exist. Particularly for homeowners, much green waste is generated in 

preparing their property to meet the guidelines adopted by the California to 

minimize wildfire propagation. Since these properties are outside city limits, 

green waste collection is not usually offered as part of the county waste 

collection program. A few homeowners compost their own materials, but most 

do not. Woody materials could be chipped to make mulch, but the cost of a 

chipper that could process good-sized tree limbs is too costly for most residents. 

Therefore, the most cost-effective solution for homeowners currently is burning 

the dried plant materials. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-49

 Prescribed Burning and Hazard Reduction Burning 

(Continued) 

• This source category could be a candidate for an incentives program. Offering 

free or reduced cost for hauling of the green waste from private properties at the 

wildland/urban interface could reduce the number of hazard reduction fires at 

private residences. Free or reduced cost for chipping/grinding of wood-based 

materials should also be considered. 

• Hazard reduction burning is allowed with a burn permit within the State 

Responsibility Area and the Federal Responsibility Area of the District. These 

areas are generally the foothill and mountain areas of the District. Such burning 

is prohibited in the Local Responsibility Area, which represents the valley floor. 

• Fire Safe Councils and Resource Conservation Districts within the urban/wildland 

interface often receive Federal grant monies for fuel break and hazard fuel 

reduction programs, of which much of the accumulated materials are chipped 

and not burned. Examples include the Hwy 168 Fire Safe Council, the Eastern 

Madera Fire Safe Council, the Central Sierra Watershed Committee, the 

Yosemite/Sequoia Resource Conservation and Development Area, and the 

Coarsegold Resource Conservation District. 

Recommendation: 

• This source category is recommended for an incentives program without any 

changes in rule provisions. Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve 

additional emission reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 of this 

Plan for additional information regarding incentive funding. 

• The magnitude of the current emissions inventory for this source category 

warrants a close look at possible methods of reducing emissions. A future study 

to closely examine alternatives to prescribed burning is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-50

Coatings & Ink Manufacturing (S-IND-1)

(Chemical) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all manufacturers of coatings and inks. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 

• It is not known if the VOC emission inventory includes emissions from the 

manufacture of water-based coatings. The manufacture of water-based coatings is 

exempt from the rule requirements. 

• There are no limits on the VOC content of solvents used for cleaning in the current 

rule – only that the cleaning procedure must be APCO-approved. It is not known 

whether there are solvent-cleaning VOC emissions associated with this source 

category. The activity associated with the cleaning portion of this source category is 

covered under control measure S-SOL-11. 

• EICs Affected: 410-995-8400, 410-407-9000 

Current Control: District Rule 4652 specifies equipment design and operational 

procedures for processes associated with the manufacture of coatings or inks. The rule 

requires that portable mixing vats be covered, and includes lid configuration 

requirements. Stationary mixing vats are to be covered and grinding mills must have 

fully enclosed screens. For cleaning portable and stationary vats, as well as for 

cleaning high-speed dispersion mills, grinding mills, and roller mills, APCO-approved 

cleaning methods are required. 

Future Control Options:

• Extend portable mixing vat lid configuration requirements to stationary mixing 

vats. 

• Require that all stationary mixing vats be under VOC emission control system. 

• Include an option in the rule to allow operator to use VOC emission control 

system in place of equipment specifications for coating/ink manufacture or in 

place of solvent cleaning limitations. 

• Limit VOC content and usage for solvent cleaning. 

Discussion: 

• Coating and ink manufacturing operations are located at stationary sources for 

which the District has legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• The lid configuration standard for stationary mixing vats has been adopted in 

other air districts. It is not clear how much in VOC emission reductions could be 

realized from adopting the standard into Rule 4652. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-51

Coatings & Ink Manufacturing 

(Continued) 

• The cost effectiveness of requiring VOC emission control systems for stationary 

mixing vats must be evaluated, in light of the small size of the VOC emission 

inventory. 

• If operators are allowed flexibility in controlling VOC emissions, individuals can 

make the best economic decisions for their particular sources. Since this rule 

does not have specific VOC emission limits, determining emission reductions 

associated with implementing this provision is problematic. 

• The removal of the water-based coating manufacture exemption is promising. 

The facilities that manufacture coatings and inks within the District generally 

manufacture water-based coatings. Further study is needed to understand if the 

current VOC emission inventory includes emissions from the manufacture of 

water-based coatings or from non-water-based coatings only. 

• Limiting the VOC content of cleaning solvent may be a potential for VOC 

emission reductions. Further study is needed to determine how much emissions 

are associated with solvent cleaning for this source category and what solvents 

operators are currently using. 

• Commentors to the plan offered the following information: Further study is 

needed to determine the VOC emissions reductions that can be obtained from 

the manufacture of coatings, inks and adhesives, especially since the total 

emissions are small. Since VOC levels in architectural, industrial, and 

maintenance products have decreased, the VOCs from manufacturing of these 

products have decreased as well. The exemption in the current rule for the 

manufacture of water-based coating is intended to provide flexibility and 

incentives for the manufacturer to move towards producing lower VOC products. 

Drastic VOC controls for water-based coatings will result in few reductions, and 

these measures will be costly. The District should not take this incentive away by 

requiring costly VOC emission control systems. 

Recommendation: 

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No appreciable 

additional reductions are available from this source category considering the lack of 

active facilities operating within the District. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-52

Petroleum Solvent Dry Cleaning Operations (S-IND-2)

(Laundering) 

Source Category: 

Facilities that use solvent other than perchloroethylene to clean clothing are included in 

this source category. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 1.09 

! EICs Affected: 210-200-3300; 210-200-8102; 210-200-8150 

Current Control: District Rule 4672 requires the use of add-on control devices and 

solvent recovery dryers. Filtration wastes are limited to 1-kilogram petroleum waste 

solvent per 100-kilogram dry weight of articles cleaned. 

Future Control Options: 

• None additional control opportunities. 

Discussion: 

• These units are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• The controls included in District Rule 4672 are as stringent as rules in other air 

districts. 

• All petroleum solvent cleaning machines in use in the District are “dry-to-dry” 

type, meaning that “wet” articles are not transferred between a “wet” machine 

and a dryer, reducing the potential for fugitive emissions from items that are 

saturated with petroleum solvent. 

Recommendation: 

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No appreciable 

additional reductions are available from this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-53

Polyester Resin Operations (S-IND-3)

(Chemical) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes commercial and industrial polyester resin operations, and 

to the organic solvent cleaning, and the storage and disposal of all solvents and waste 

solvent materials associated with such operations. The polyester resin users typically 

are making composite materials, meaning mixing the resin with glass fiber to make a 

product. This source category covers manufacturers of boats and yachts as well as 

those making fiberglass shower units. 

Emissions Inventory:

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 

VOC 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.47 0.49 0.52 0.72 

The emissions inventory for this source category is suspect and will be further refined. 

! EICs Affected: 410-403-5018, 410-404-5016, 410-404-5028, 410-404-5030 

Current Control: District Rule 4684 sets monomer content limits for resin as well as 

specifying application equipment and work practice standards. Except for 

recordkeeping requirements, operations using less than 20 gallons of polyester resin 

per month are exempt from the rule. 

Uncontrolled VOC emissions have been controlled by about 61.5% and 66% of all 

possible polyester resin facilities subject to this rule. Operations that are not subject to 

this rule are very small, and actually use very little polyester resin. 

Future Control Options: 

The following control options have been identified from recent rule amendments in other 

air districts. 

• Reduce monomer content limits for some resins. 

• Add vapor suppression to rule requirements related to tub/shower open molds. 

• Limit weight loss for resin systems used in closed molds. Increase overall 

capture and control efficiency of VOC emission control system from 85% by 

weight to 90% by weight. 

Discussion:

• Processes that use polyester resin are located at stationary sources for which the 

District has legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• For the first three future control options – monomer content limits, vapor 

suppression, limited weight loss – operators have the option of either using 

compliant materials or installing and maintaining a VOC emission control system. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-54

Polyester Resin Operations 

(Continued) 

Since the capital cost of a VOC emission control system can be high, District 

staff believes that operators would choose to use compliant materials. 

• The expected emission reduction associated with the change in monomer 

content would depend on the average usage of each type of coating. Monomer 

content limits in other air districts are 2% to 20% less for certain resin categories 

in current Rule 4684. To be conservative, District staff assumed that VOC 

emissions would be reduced by 2% if new monomer content limits were 

implemented. 

• District staff does not have technical information available at this time to 

determine how much VOC emission reductions would result from adding vapor 

suppression chemicals to resins or from limiting weight loss in closed molds. For 

purposes of this control measure, District staff is assuming essentially no change 

in VOC emissions if these control measures were implemented. 

• Few facilities use VOC emission control devices to meet the current resin 

monomer limits of the rule, so total VOC emission reductions from this control 

option are assumed to be small, on the order of 1% of baseline VOC emissions. 

The cost effectiveness of increasing the overall capture and control efficiency of 

a VOC emission control system must be evaluated, in light of what appears to be 

minimal emission reductions. 

Recommendation:

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No additional 

reductions are available from this source category. 

Projected Reduction:

With recommended controls 

Emission Reductions Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-55

Rubber Tire Manufacturing (S-IND-4) 

(Industrial Processes-Chemical) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes any facility that is involved in rubber tire and recapping 

treadstock manufacturing facilities. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.47 0.53

VOC* adj 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

*The inventory is suspect. This source category has no active facilities. This needs to 

be investigated further to determine the validity of the emissions inventory. 

! EICs Affected: 410-402-5062-0000 

Current Control: District Rule 4681 (amended 12/16/1993) requires that the cement 

applicator, cement tank and tread drying conveyor shall be enclosed to capture VOC 

evaporation; all VOC captured shall be transported to an emission control device for 

removal; green tire coating hall be waterborne; an approved emission control shall be 

used on the bead cementing line; an approved emission control system shall be used 

on the tread end cementing line; containers for organic solvents and cements containing 

organic solvents shall be free from leaks at all times and kept covered except when in 

use. 

Currently there are no facilities in operation in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin that are 

subject to this rule. 

Future Control Options: 

• No future control options are necessary 

Discussion: 

• There are no facilities operating that are subject to this rule. 

• Rule 4681 meets the requirement of EPA Control Techniques Guidelines. 

Recommendation: 

• District staff does not recommend pursuing this as a control measure. No 

additional reductions are available from this source category since there are not 

facilities in the District. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-56

Asphalt Roofing (S-IND-5)

(Asphalt Paving/Roofing) 

Source Category: 

The operators who make up this category are roofing contractors who apply asphalt roof 

coatings (bitumin-containing roofing compounds) to commercial and industrial buildings. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.98 

! EICs Affected: 540-590-0400 

Current Control: District Rule 4601 (Architectural Coatings) limits VOC content of 

bituminous roof coatings. 

Future Control Options: 

• Reduce VOC content limit for bituminous roof coatings to match limits in other air 

district. 

• Limit temperature in heating vessels for bituminous roof coating. 

Discussion: 

• This is a source category for which the District has legal authority to regulate air 

emissions. 

• The VOC content limits for bituminous roof coatings falls under District Rule 4601 

(Architectural Coatings). Another air district has amended its rule corresponding 

to District Rule 4601 to impose a lower VOC content limit for this coating type. 

• The emission inventory cited above is for asphalt roofing operations, which would 

more precisely be those emissions that occur during application of the material. 

Other air districts have source-specific rules that limit the temperature in the 

heating tank prior to application of the asphalt roof coating. The temperature 

imposed on the coating in the heating vessel is high enough so that the coating is 

at a workable viscosity, but not so high as to emit unnecessary VOCs. By 

placing a limit on the maximum temperature, operators could still continue to use 

this cost-effective coating, but VOC emissions during coating application are 

limited, possibly less than 1% reduction. District staff is recommending that this 

control option be explored as part of a rule development project. 

• A brief discussion with an inspector in another air district indicates that there are 

coatings that meet the lower VOC content limit currently in use and that a 

temperature limit is placed on application of roof coatings, if the heating vessel is 

of a certain size. Based on this, District staff recommends that the proposed 

future control options could be implemented either as revisions to District Rule 

4601 or as a separate new rule specific for roof coatings. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-57

Asphalt Roofing 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• District staff recommends that this source category be controlled through rule 

development with full implementation by 2012. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-58

Polystyrene Foam, Polyethylene, and Polypropylene (S-IND-6)

(Chemical) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes the manufacturing of consumer foam products such as 

coffee cups, food containers and packing material. There are ten manufacturers of 

these foam products located within the District. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.128 0.143 0.154 0.157 0.165 0.175 0.185 0.194 

VOC 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.46 0.49 1.39 

! EICs Affected: 410-404-5034-0000; 410-404-5036-0000; 410-404-5038-0000; 410-

404-5044-0000; 410-404-5046-0000 

Current Control: District Rule 4682 requires the use of non-VOC blowing agents or a 

VOC emission control system consisting of a thermal oxidizer with at least 95% control 

efficiency and collection device(s) with 90% capture efficiency. VOC-containing blowing 

agent may be stored in a pressure vessel preventing VOC release or within a VOC 

emission control system with at least 95% by weight control efficiency. 

Future Control Options: 

• Lower VOC limits and control emissions from storage in-process materials and 

warehousing of finished product. 

Discussion: 

• This rule would be expanded to include VOC emission reduction or control from 

product curing areas and general product storage, similar to those employed by 

some existing sources. 

• Possible controls for this category include switching to an alternative, non-VOC 

blowing agent or employing capture and control systems for the VOC emissions. 

All ten manufacturers within the District are still using VOC-containing blowing 

agents, either directly or in the form of beads. 

• A scoping meeting to present the objectives of the rule development project was 

held in July 2006. The first public workshop with draft rule language is 

anticipated in October 2006. 

• Adoption of Rule 4682 amendments is expected for the third quarter of 2007, and 

implementation likely in the fourth quarter in 2009. 

• Upon full implementation, it is estimated that less than 0.1 tons per day of VOC 

emission reductions would be realized.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-59

Polystyrene Foam, Polyethylene, and Polypropylene 

(Continued) 

Recommendation:

• The first workshop for this rule project is tentatively scheduled for October 2006. 

The public hearing to consider adopting the rule changes is expected in the third 

quarter of 2007. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

VOC 0.0 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.35 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-60

Mastic Removers (S-IND-7)

(Other – Cleaning & Surface Coating) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes operations that use mastic (also called mastic texture) 

which is a pasty material that can be used as an adhesive for tiles. In older buildings, 

mastic can contain asbestos. Mastic remover is a solvent that is used to remove 

mastic. The affected sources are building construction/renovation contractors as well 

as mastic remover manufacturing companies. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

• The emission inventory for this source category is not known. A survey of 

schools, “Big Box” retailers, renovation contractors, and mastic remover 

manufacturers would be needed to determine the size and scope of this emission 

inventory category. 

! EICs Affected: 510-506-6515 

Current Control: Prior to December 31, 2006, California Air Resources Board (ARB) 

did not specifically regulate adhesive removers for floor and wall coverings, of which 

mastic remover is a specific type. On and after December 31, 2006, ARB will limit the 

VOC content limit of adhesive removers for floor and wall coverings to 5% VOC by 

weight. This corresponds to an equivalent VOC content of 0.42 pounds per gallon or 50 

grams per liter. By contrast, a typical mastic remover currently available has 6.7 

pounds VOC per gallon or about 800 grams per liter. ARB Consumer Products 

Regulation applies to products sold at retailers like Home Depot and Lowe’s as well as 

products sold by distributors in containers 55 gallons or less. 

Future Control Options: 

• None known at this time. 

Discussion: 

• Mastic remover is primarily used to help remove floor tile in older school 

buildings. This occurs during the summer break, namely June through 

September, which is also the peak ozone season. 

• Some mastic remover is used is to remove the floor tiles from “Big Box” 

warehouses. The quantity of mastic remover used for this application is expected 

to be small compared to the amount used in school tile removals, however, the 

number of renovations may make this sub-category significant. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-61

Mastic Removers 

 (Continued) 

• In place of solvent-based mastic remover, operators can use mechanical means 

using a “bead-blaster/vacuum” system to remove tiles. This method is used 

when no asbestos is suspected in the mastic. The bead-blaster/vacuum 

produces the best overall results for preparing the surface for reapplication of 

adhesive and tiles. If there is no asbestos in the mastic, this type of operation is 

the most cost effective method to remove the mastic. This process does not use 

solvent, and is a purely mechanical/abrasive process. No VOC is lost to the 

atmosphere. 

• The bead blaster method is not used if there is asbestos in the mastic. By 

federal and state regulation, the asbestos material must be kept wet during 

removal. A bead-blaster/vacuum system cannot be used in this instance since 

the wet material, containing mastic and mastic remover, can clog the vacuum. 

Instead, operators can use mechanical means using mastic remover “solvent” 

and a “buffer/scraper.” For VOC control of asbestos-laden air, a carbon canister 

could be added on the venting hose. This would be in addition to the particle 

filter used to capture asbestos dust. 

• VOC reductions are expected to be about 93% of baseline at full implementation 

of the ARB regulation. Full implementation would be no later than January 2009. 

• Since ARB regulates this source category, no further work is suggested for this 

source category. 

Recommendation: 

• District staff recommends that no further work be done for this source category 

since it will be regulated by ARB as a consumer product starting December 31, 

2006. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-62

Vegetable Oil Processing Operations (S-IND-11)

(Food & Agriculture) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes facilities that extract oil from vegetable sources like 

cottonseeds and corn. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.48 

• EICs Affected: 420-420-6030 

Current Control: 

• Extractors, Desolventizer/Toasters must not emit more than 15 lbs per day of 

VOC, unless equipment is installed that ensures 90% overall capture and control 

efficiency. 

• Operators must check for fugitive VOC emissions (leaks) on a monthly basis. 

• Incineration devices, used to comply with rule requirements are exempt from 

BACT and offset requirements of Rule 2201 (New and Modified Source Review 

Rule). 

Future Control Options: 

• Increase overall capture and control efficiency. 

• Change leak definition from 10,000 ppmv to 1,000 to match other District rules. 

Discussion: 

• Vegetable oil processing takes place at stationary sources for which the District 

has legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Rule 4691 encompasses the most stringent VOC emission limits for this source 

category. 

• For other rule projects, EPA has voiced concern over exemptions from BACT 

and offset requirements in any rule other than a new source review (NSR) rule, 

meaning that District Rule 2201 should be the only place where the BACT and 

offset requirements are detailed. This rule should be revised to remove 

automatic exemption from BACT and offset requirements. The revision will have 

no effect on current facilities and sources may still be exempt from BACT and/or 

offset requirements if the modification meets provisions in District Rule 2201. 

• Since the operator must check for leaks on a monthly basis, a change in leak 

definition is not expected to yield any significant emission reductions. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-63

Vegetable Oil Processing Operations 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• District staff does not recommend pursuing this as a control measure. 

• District staff recommends that the rule be modified to remove the automatic 

exemption from BACT and offset requirements. No emission reductions are 

expected for this change. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-64

Wine Fermentation and Storage Tanks (S-IND-12)

(Food & Agriculture) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all tanks used for the fermentation or storage of wine. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1

• EICs Affected: None are listed at this time. 

Current Control: District Rule 4694 requires facilities to reduce the VOC emissions 

from fermentation by 35%; installation and maintenance of a pressure vacuum relief 

valve; wine stored at or below 75 degrees Fahrenheit. The rule exempts storage tanks 

constructed primarily of concrete or wood and wineries that emit less than 10 tons of 

VOC per year. 

Future Control Options: 

• Increase the current required annual emissions reduction from 35% to over 50%. 

This would reduce emissions by approximately 15%. 

• Remove the alternative compliance provision and require operators to place controls 

with 86% VOC capture and control efficiency on fermentation tanks. 

Discussion: 

• For wine storage tanks in major source facilities, Rule 4694 established RACT as 

the use of pressure-vacuum relief valves. 

• The RACT analysis for this source category can be found in Appendix K of this plan. 

• There are significant technical uncertainties and high costs associated with 

increasing the required emission reduction above 35%. This would require facilities 

to install additional controls or purchase additional surplus reductions, which could 

cost in excess of $100,000 per ton of VOC reduced per year. 

• Removal of the exemption for wood and concrete fermenters would achieve 

reductions of 0.8%. The cost of the retrofit or emissions purchases for these facilities 

would be similar to the costs for facilities currently subject to rule requirements. 

Recommendation: 

• The recent adoption of this rule has maximized the possible emission reductions 

from this source category. Future equipment advancements may produce additional 

reductions. A future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-65

Bakery Ovens (S-IND-13)

(Food & Agriculture) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all bakery ovens that are used for the baking of yeast 

leavened products. 

Emissions Inventory: 

with current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.66 0.66 

• EICs Affected: 420-412-6012; 420-412-6037 

Current Control: District Rule 4693 requires an emission collection system with a 

control efficiency of at least 95%. 

Future Control Options: 

• Increase the control efficiency requirement to 97%. This is expected to reduce 

emissions by approximately 2%. 

• Expand the applicability to sources with VOC emissions less than 25 tons per 

year. This would affect approximately 25% of the VOC emissions from this 

source. Therefore, it is expected to reduce VOC emissions by 24% (95% 

reduction x 25% VOC emissions = 24%). 

Discussion: 

• Based on District source test data, some bakeries subject to Rule 4693 are 

achieving VOC control efficiencies of greater than 95%. This requirement would 

likely require retrofits or rebuilds of existing equipment at facilities not already 

achieving VOC control efficiencies greater than 95%. 

• There are sources with VOC emissions below 25 tons per year that use catalytic 

thermal oxidizer to achieve VOC control efficiencies of greater than 95%. 

Recommendation: 

• The current rule has maximized the possible emission reductions from the 

affected units in this source category. Future equipment advancements may 

produce additional reductions from exempt equipment. A future study to reevaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-66

Aging of Brandy and Wine (S-IND-14)

(Food and Agriculture) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes operations in the production of brandy to include 

distillation, aging and bottling. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 6.42 6.60 6.80 6.86 7.00 7.21 7.43 7.67 

VOC 

adjusted * 6.42 2.10 2.30 2.30 2.50 2.70 2.90 3.10 

* The adjusted VOC takes into account the reductions from facilities that are part of 

alternative compliance options, totaling 4.5 tons per day, which are SIP creditable to 

previous 1-Hour Ozone Plan commitments. 

• EIC Affected: 420-410-6090 

• There are conflicting emission inventory estimates for brandy and wine aging: 

District survey data shows 719 tons per year in 2004, and a consultant estimates 

7,196 tons per year based on Alcohol, Tobacco, and Trade data. 

• The discrepancies are due to differences in the production amounts and the 

emission factors. 

• These discrepancies will be resolved as a more thorough and effective survey of 

facilities and their production figures is completed and as issues regarding 

interpretation of emission factors are resolved. 

Current Control: 

• There are no current rule-based requirements for controlling VOC emissions from 

the aging of brandy and wine. 

• In lieu of installing VOC control devices for wine fermentation to fulfill District 

Rule 4694 (Wine Fermentation and Storage Tanks) requirements, operators are 

controlling surplus emissions from the brandy production source category to 

obtain equivalent reductions which are creditable to the wine fermentation rule. It 

is expected that all SJV brandy facilities will be controlled to the maximum extent 

currently feasible. 

Future Control Options: 

• Vent the off-gasses to a VOC destruction device, such as a biofilter, or, for 

facilities with boilers, route the VOCs to the burners for destruction. 

Discussion: 

• The RACT analysis for this source category is included in Appendix K of this 

plan.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-67

Aging of Brandy and Wine 

(Continued) 

• Major sources of VOC from the aging of brandy and wine are being controlled at 

RACT levels and beyond through an alternative compliance option in District 

Rule 4694 (Wine Fermentation and Storage Tanks).

• Brandy production facilities that have applied for permits to install VOC control 

devices and have chosen regenerative thermal oxidizers, which are cost effective 

if the VOC emissions throughput is large enough. 

• Other smaller facilities could be controlled for VOCs with biofilters, which are 

cheaper to install and operate, yet can still yield approximately 80% VOC 

reduction from some of the facilities if technology can be proven to apply to the 

source without affecting product quality and stability. 

Recommendation: 

• Control VOCs from brandy and wine aging through alternative compliance 

options available to facilities applicable to Rule 4694. 

• Assure that the permitting process for facilities using the alternative compliance 

option meet all criteria for taking SIP credits for the emission reductions. 

• This source is considered to be controlled to the maximum level possible with 

known controls through the alternative compliance option. 

• Explore the viability of alternative control technologies, such as biofilters, for the 

control of VOCs in facilities which are too small to use regenerative thermal 

oxidizers. If necessary, use incentives for demonstration projects. 

• A new rule will be developed as a backstop measure to codify control requirements. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-68

Flares (S-IND-21)

(Oil & Gas Production – Combustion, Sewage Treatment, Landfills, Incinerators, 

Oil & Gas Production, Petroleum Refining) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes any operation involving the use of flares. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.070 0.082 0.083 0.083 0.084 0.091 0.093 0.090

VOC 0.045 0.049 0.050 0.050 0.051 0.053 0.054 0.055

• EICs Affected: 110-132-0130; 120-132-0136; 130-132-0136; 310-320-0110; 

310-320-0120; 310-320-0130

• The current emissions inventory will be validated if it accounts for the emissions 

generated during emergency flaring events. Current NOx emissions appears to 

be low and may have only accounted for the emissions generated by the gas fuel 

used to keep the flare pilot flame on at all times. 

• Usage records will be used to determine the total amount of gases sent to the 

flare during normal operation and process equipment upset or breakdown 

periods. Thereafter, the emissions will be calculated and the emissions inventory 

will be updated. 

Current Control: 

• Operations involving the use of flares are subject to District Rule 4311. 

• District Rule 4311 specifies requirements for the following: pilot flame devices, 

automatic ignition systems, heat-sensing devices, use of purge gases, applicable 

provisions of 40CFR60.18, and emission standards for ground-level enclosed 

flares. 

Future Control Options: 

• Flare Minimization Plan (FMP), including strategies, such as: (1) Installing vapor 

recovery systems, (2) Increasing the vapor recovery system capacity, (3) 

Increasing the fuel gas treating capacity, (4) Implementing routine inspection and 

monitoring to detect leaking valves, (5) More rigorous monitoring and reporting 

requirements, and (6) Improving operational and maintenance procedures to 

more effectively prevent upset conditions. 

• Continuous monitoring of the pressure and height within the water seal. 

Discussion: 

• The experience of BAAQMD and SCAQMD in incorporating FMPs have resulted 

in data being gathered, which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of FMPs 

in reducing flaring events. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-69

Flares 

(Continued) 

• The provisions in the South Coast rule regarding explicit prohibition of flaring in 

some instances and a reporting requirement for flare emissions that spread over 

100,000 cubic feet will have to be evaluated, as to its efficacy in reducing flaring. 

• During the last amendment of Rule 4311, an FMP was deemed as unproven in 

its ability to provide reductions, which was apparent since other districts that 

incorporated these were unable to state the expected emission potential of this 

strategy. 

Recommendation: 

• Evaluate the effect of FMPs and other provisions that other district rules have 

implemented. 

• If found appropriate and applicable, amend District Rule 4311 to incorporate 

requirements that will result in reduced flaring events. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

VOC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-70

Incinerator Burning (S-IND-22)

(Incinerators) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes facilities operating certain types of ovens called “burn-out 

ovens” as well as crematoriums and other units traditionally associated with 

incinerators. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 

VOC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

• EICs Affected: 130-130-0110, 130-130-0266 

Current Control: District Rule 4302 requires the use of multiple-chamber incinerator 

or APCO-approved equipment that is equally effective for the purpose of air pollution 

control. 

Future Control Options: 

• None 

Discussion: 

• These units are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• This source category has a very small NOx and VOC emissions inventory. Even 

if advanced emission control technology were available, it is doubtful whether it 

would be cost effective, since emission reductions would be minimal. 

• This rule could be improved through administrative change to clarify provisions 

for controlled burning facilities. 

Recommendation: 

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No additional 

reductions are available from this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-71

Reduction Of Animal Matter (S-IND-23)

(Other Miscellaneous Processes) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes facilities engaged in the reduction of animal matter. 

Reduction is defined as any heated process, including rendering, cooking, drying, 

dehydration, digesting, evaporating, and protein concentrating. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

The inventory for this source category appears as zero, which reflects the activity of five 

facilities that are controlled at very stringent levels. However, it may not reflect all the 

applicable equipment used in rendering facilities, which may be accounted for in other 

source categories, such as fuel combustion. Additional analysis is needed to accurately 

account for emissions from this source category. 

! EICs Affected: 699-995-0000 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4104 requires incineration at 1200° F for a minimum of 0.3 seconds. 

• District Rule 2201 (New and Modified Stationary Source Review Rule or NSR) 

mandates permit conditions on the five facilities that are also subject to Rule 

4104 requirements. 

Future Control Options: 

• None. Development and implementation of Best Available Control Technology 

(BACT) is always an option, as these become available. 

Discussion: 

• The required incineration conditions are similar to other district requirements. 

• Permit conditions require thermal oxidizers, scrubber condensers, and packedbed odor scrubbers, all of which reflect use of the most effective pollution control 

technologies, as a result of NSR guidelines that involve BACT assessments. 

Recommendation: 

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No additional 

reductions are currently projected from this source category. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-72

VOC Emissions from Decontamination of Soil (S-IND-24)

(Soil Remediation, Petroleum Marketing) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all activities involving the remediation of contaminated 

soils. Soil contamination from organic material occurs due to leaking storage and 

handling systems, operating losses, and accidental spills. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.75 

! EICs Affected: 140-995-0010; 140-995-0240; 330-995-0010 

Current Control: District Rule 4651 requires management practices for excavation; 

sets limits on aeration; and requires VOC collection and control systems for treatment of 

contaminated soil. 

Control Options: 

• Eliminate allowances for aeration and increase the overall capture and control 

efficiency requirements for VOC collection and control systems. 

Discussion: 

• Soil remediation projects are short-lived. Over 99% of the projects are subject to 

District best available control technology (BACT) requirements, which is more 

stringent than any existing air district regulation. Therefore, despite the fact other 

air districts have more stringent rules, no reductions are achievable. 

• A rule development project is being concluded to amend Rule 4651 to ensure it is 

as stringent as other district rules in order to minimize reliance on BACT. No 

reductions are expected from this project. 

Recommendation: 

• Not recommended as a control measure, no additional reductions are available 

from this source category but a rulemaking will be completed to satisfy the one 

hour ozone plan commitment. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-73

Gasoline Transfer into Stationary Storage Containers, Delivery (S-PET-1) 

Vessels, and Bulk Plants and Organic Liquid Loading 

(Petroleum Marketing, Chemical) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes the transfer of gasoline between delivery vessels and 

storage containers and loading racks that are used to load organic liquids with a TVP of 

1.5 psia or greater. 

Emissions Inventory: 

Does not reflect reductions from proposed controls 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.019 0.021 0.023 0.023 0.024 0.027 0.028 0.03 

VOC 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 

The emissions inventory does not account for emissions of VOC or NOx from mobile 

fuelers. 

• EICs Affected: 330-382-1100, 330-382-1110, 330-382-1120, 330-382-1130, 

330-384-1100, 330-384-1120, 330-384-1130, 330-374-1100, 330-376-1100, 330-

390-0010, 330-390-1100, 330-390-1200, 330-392-1100, 330-395-1100, 330-396-

1100, 330-397-1100 

Current Control: District Rule 4621 requires permanent submerged fill pipe & ARB 

certified Phase I vapor recovery system; pressure relief valve; delivery vessel 

requirements. Rule 4624 sets allowable VOC emission limits based on loading rack 

throughput. 

Future Control Options: 

District Rules 4621 and 4624 are control measures under the Extreme Ozone 

Attainment Demonstration Plan and are a current rule development project. No further 

control options are available. 

Discussion: 

Rule 4621 is currently undergoing rule development process along with Rule 4624 as 

part of the Extreme Ozone Attainment Demonstration Plan control measures. Possible 

amendments to Rules 4621 and 4624 include: 

• Removal of exemptions

• Increase inspection frequency

• ARB recently required certified Phase I systems to achieve 98 percent control 

efficiency. Change Rule 4621 language to require this increased efficiency.

• Widen applicability to include mobile fuelers and require that they have ARB 

certified vapor recovery. Other districts have incorporated this requirement into 

their equivalent rules.

• Reduce allowable limit of vapor leak from 

• Expand applicability to include a third loading category.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-74

 Gasoline Transfer into Stationary Storage Containers, Delivery 

Vessels, and Bulk Plants and Organic Liquid Loading 

(Continued) 

Adoption for this control measure is expected in the fourth quarter of 2007 with 

implementation of VOC control in 2010. Upon final implementation of this measure, 

with the related S-PET-2 control measure, 2010 reductions are estimated to achieve at 

least 0.9 tons per day. 

Recommendation: 

• Continue current rule development and adopt proposed amendments to Rule 

4621 in the fourth quarter of 2007. 

• Currently this source category is not a candidate for incentive funding, but further 

analysis and study is necessary to determine if this source category may garner 

cost effective reductions in the future provided funding sources are available. 

Please see Chapter 7 for any additional information. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

VOC 0.0 0.90 0.92 0.99 1.03 1.07 1.08 

No NOx reductions are expected Rule 4621 is a VOC rule and does not address 

NOx. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-75

Gasoline Transfer into Motor Vehicle Fuel Tanks (S-PET-2)

(Petroleum Marketing, Other – Petroleum Production and Marketing) 

Source Category: 

This source category applies to all locations storing and dispensing gasoline into motor 

vehicle fuel tanks. 

Emissions Inventory: 

Does not reflect reductions from proposed controls 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.6 

The emission inventory does not take into account emissions from mobile fuelers. 

• EICs Affected: 330-374-1100, 330-376-1100, 330-378-1100, 330-378-1210, 330-

380-1100 

Current Control: District Rule 4622 currently requires an ARB certified Phase II 

vapor recovery system, a periodic self-maintenance inspection program based on 

facility throughput, and period inspections and repairs within a certain time frame. 

This rule currently exempts facilities that are exempt from the vapor recovery 

requirements of Rule 4621 and facilities with a throughput of less than 24,000 gallons 

per calendar year or 10,000 gallons or less per consecutive 30-day period. 

Control Options: 

District Rule 4622 is a rule development project that is currently under development by 

district staff. 

Discussion: 

Rule 4622 is currently part of the rule development process with possible amendments 

including: 

! Improved effectiveness of compliance with ARB vapor recovery testing and 

certification standards. 

• Expand controls to include mobile fuelers as other districts have done. 

• Require self-maintenance frequency for vapor path to match frequency for other 

self-maintenance items. 

• Increase inspection frequency for vapor leaks. 

• Lower the allowable vapor leak threshold. 

• Require mandatory replacement of breakaways once they have been engaged. 

Adoption of this control measure is expected for 2007 with implementation of VOC 

controls by 2010. Upon final implementation of this measure, with the related S-PET-1 

control measure, 2010 reductions are estimated to achieve at least 0.9 tons per day. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-76

Gasoline Transfer into Motor Vehicle Fuel Tanks 

 (Continued) 

Recommendation: 

Continue current rule development and adopt proposed amendments to Rule 4622 by 

fourth quarter 2007. Please see S-PET-1 for the corresponding emission reduction 

estimates. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-77

Aviation Fuel Transfer (S-PET-3)

(Other - Petroleum Production and Marketing) 

Source Category: 

This measure would affect operations with bulk aviation fuel storage, including military, 

civilian, and private airports or air fleet services. These tanks typically hold either 

aviation gasoline or a variety of kerosene-based jet fuel. There are 43 airports in the 

SJVAB that sell one or both types of these fuels. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 

ARB emission inventory does not include an emission category for aviation fuel for the 

SJVAB. Sonoma Technology, Inc. (STI), an outside consultant, has done work that will 

be used to update this source category. 

• EICs Affected: 330-321-1000-0000; 330-321-1410; 330-322-1410; 330-322-

1420; 330-326-1410; 330-326-1420; 330-328-1410; 330-330-1140; 330-330-

1410; 330-392-1400 

Current Control: There is no current District rule that covers this source category. 

District Rule 4621 (Gasoline Transfer into Stationary Storage Containers, Delivery 

Vessels, and Bulk Plant) addresses Phase 1 requirements for tanks holding motor 

vehicle fuel, but not aviation fuel. Phase 1 operations at facilities using aviation fuel 

include filling aviation fuel bulk storage tanks using primary fuel delivery trucks as well 

as the filling of airport fuel delivery trucks from the bulk storage tanks. It does not 

include filling an aircraft’s on-board fuel tanks. While District Rule 4622 (Gasoline 

Transfer into Motor Vehicle Fuel Tanks) addresses fueling motor vehicles, it does not 

apply to fueling aircraft since aircraft do not have uniform fueling points and the Phase 2 

equipment for gasoline is not certified for aviation fuel use. 

Future Control Options: 

• Fugitive emissions can be controlled with pressure-vacuum relief valves on 

storage tanks, submerged fill tubes to reduce splashing, and vapor recovery or 

destruction systems similar to those used for Phase I motor vehicle fueling 

operations. 

• VOC reduction equipment may be feasible for aviation fuel storage vessels. 

Discussion: 

o This category is a Post-2003 Control Measure in the Ozone ROP Plan. 

o Fugitive VOC emissions are released from these tanks due to spillage and vapor 

displacement during Phase 1 operations and from venting through relief valves to 

prevent excessive pressure from diurnal heating. The new rule would reduce 

fugitive VOC emissions created during Phase 1 aircraft refueling operations. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-78

Aviation Fuel Transfer 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• Adoption for this control measure is anticipated in the fourth quarter of 2007 with 

implementation projected for the year 2010. 

• Based on previous emission inventory information from the One-hour Ozone 

Attainment Plan, the emissions from sources affected by the control measure are 

estimated at 0.2 tons VOC per day in 2008. Upon final implementation of the 

proposed control measure, a reduction of less than 0.05 tons of VOC per day is 

anticipated. 

• Further refinement of the emission inventory is needed to incorporate recent 

findings of STI, Inc, as appropriate. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-79

Steam Enhanced Crude Oil Production Well Vents (S-PET-11)

(Oil & Gas Production) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all steam enhance crude oil production well vents and 

associated vapor control or collection equipment. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 13.5 13.2 12.6 12.5 11.7 11.3 11.0 12.1 

! EICs Affected: 310-342-1600; 310-344-1600 

Current Control: District Rule 4401 requires total uncontrolled VOC to be reduced by 

99%; set maximum time limits for leak repair; and sets limits on the number of allowable 

leaks. 

Future Control Options: 

• Reduce the leak threshold from 10,000 ppm to 1,000 ppm and the number of 

allowable leaks to achieve VOC emission reductions of approximately 1.16 tons 

per day. 

• Reduce the time period for facilities to repair to achieve VOC emission reductions 

of at least 0.001 tons per day. 

Discussion: 

• District staff does not believe that facilities could control VOC emissions by more 

than 99%. 

• The control options discussed above have been achieved at facilities, and are 

included in the proposed amendments to Rule 4401. The proposed amendments 

to Rule 4401 are scheduled for adoption hearing on December 14, 2006. 

• Adopt the currently proposed amendments to Rule 4401 that incorporates all of 

the control options by December 14, 2006. 

Recommendation: 

• This is not a recommended control measure as it was recently adopted in 

December 2006. Please see the recently adopted rules and the associated 

emission reductions in Appendix B of this plan. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-80

Components Used in Oil/Gas Production & Processing (S-PET-12)

(Oil & Gas Production) 

Source Category: 

This source category pertains to components carrying VOC-containing fluids that are 

used in crude oil production, natural gas production, and natural gas processing 

facilities. Components are devices such as flanges, connectors, valves, pumps, 

compressors, well head polished stuffing boxes, pressure relief devices (PRDs), etc. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 

VOC 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.3 11.6 

VOC* adj 9.943 3.94 3.80 3.76 3.68 3.57 3.47 3.40 

* Emissions inventory does not reflect reductions resulting from recently adopted Rule 

4409. This adjustment to the baseline inventory accounts for the 60% reduction from 

previously controlled emissions level resulting from Rule 4409 implementation effective 

April 2006. 

! EICs Affected: 310-302-0110; 310-302-1600; 310-304-1600; 310-306-1600; 310-

308-1600; 310-308-0110; 310-310-0110; 310-310-1600; 310-316-1600; 310-352-

0100 

Current Control: 

• Previous Rule 4403 regulates VOC emissions from components used in crude oil 

production, natural gas production, and natural gas processing facilities. Rule 4403 

has been superseded by more stringent leak detection and repair (LDAR) 

requirements of recently adopted Rule 4409 effective April 2006. 

• Leak thresholds: Major gas leak: >10,000 ppmv 

 Minor gas leak: 200 – 10,000 ppmv (depending on component type and whether 

components are in liquid or gas service). Major liquid leak: visible mist or continuous 

flow. Minor liquid leak: not a major liquid leak and >3 drops/minute. 

• Major provisions of the rule: 

• Daily audio-visual inspections of accessible pumps, compressors, and PRDs 

located in manned facilities, and weekly for such components located in 

unmanned facilities. 

• Physical identification (affixing tag or label) of major components and critical 

components to facilitate inspection and repair of leaks. 

• Quarterly inspection of components using a portable hydrocarbon analyzer to 

detect leaks, except for inaccessible components and pipes which must be 

inspected annually. Critical components and unsafe-to-monitor must be 

inspected during each process equipment turnaround period. 

 Minimizing leaks to the maximum extent possible within 1 hr of leak detection, 

and then repairing them within 2 to 7 days, depending on the leak concentration 

level (i.e., larger leaks must be repaired within a shorter period than allowed for 

smaller leaks). 

• Re-inspection of components within 15 days after being repaired or replaced. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-81

 Components Used in Oil/Gas Production & Processing 

(Continued) 

• Frequently leaking components must be replaced with BACT type equipment, vent 

the components to a closed vent system, remove components from operation. 

• Limit on allowable number of leaking components, and includes provisions on 

conditions that constitute a violation of rule. 

• Initial inspection within 24 hours and re-inspection within 15 days after the date of 

each PRD that releases into the atmosphere. 

• Maintaining records of inspection results and leak repair action taken. 

• Submission of a comprehensive and detailed Operator Management Plan, including 

information on the number of components and location, inspection schedule, leak 

detection training, etc. 

Future Control Options: 

• Rule 4409 implements the most stringent requirements that are technologically 

feasible. 

Discussion: 

• These sources are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Rule 4409 implements BARCT and All Feasible Control Measure and establishes 

the most effective LDAR standards to date. 

• The rule is effective in 2006 and is expected to achieve 60% (approximately 6 

tons/day) reduction from calculated emissions of 10 tons per day of VOC from this 

source category. 

• The rule currently exempts components serving light oil wells and natural gas wells 

with streams containing less than 10% VOC. Further study is needed to 

characterize production wells between 1% and 10% VOC content. 

• The rule currently defines light oil as greater than 30 API gravity. Within the 

industry, oil that is 20 API gravity or more is considered light oil. Further study is 

needed to classify the number of wells and the baseline emissions for the wells with 

API gravity between 20 and 30. 

Recommendation: 

• Rule 4409 implements the most stringent requirements that are technologically and 

economically feasible. Further study is needed to determine if changing the 

exemptions could bring in new sources, what baseline inventory is associated with 

the new sources and how much in emission reductions could be expected by 

instituting a stringent LDAR program. 

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No additional 

reductions are available from this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-82

Crude Oil Production Sumps (S-PET-13)

(Oil & Gas Production) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed 

controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.39 

• Based on District consultant’s emission inventory reports on sumps operating within 

the District, the VOC emissions are about 3 tons/day. Another District consultant 

estimated the VOC emissions of about 60 tons/day. The difference between the two 

estimated emission levels is due to the uncertainty in the total number of active 

sumps and respective surface areas. 

• A survey will be conducted to verify the inventory. 

• EIC Affected: 310-300-1600 

Current Control: 

• Current District Rule 4402 is as stringent as other air districts for similar source 

category. 

• Rule 4402 requires sumps to have a flexible floating cover, rigid floating cover, or 

fixed roof cover. The flexible floating cover has to be equipped between the sump 

wall and the cover edge, and the gap between the wall and at every point around the 

perimeter must not exceed 1 inch. The fixed-roof cover must have a PV and meet 

certain specific requirements. 

• If sumps are replaced with above-ground fixed roof tanks, the tanks must comply 

with the provisions of Rule 4623. 

• Exemptions include certain sumps of small producers and those located at 

petroleum refineries. 

Future Control Options: 

• Replace sumps with fixed roof tanks equipped with a VOC control device that 

has a control efficiency of 99%. Replacing sumps with controlled fixed roof tank 

could achieve about 80% reduction from current controlled level. 

• Retrofit existing rigid or flexible cover of sumps with a closure device similar to 

the dual-seal system (primary seal and secondary seal) used on external floating 

roof tanks roofs with design specifications and gap thresholds similar to Rule 

4623. The control efficiency of dual-seal system with minimal seal gap 

requirements could achieve about 90% reduction in emissions. 

• Instead of a floating cover, a vapor tight fixed roof or dome cover over the sump 

could be installed and the collected vapors would be sent to a VOC control 

system. The VOC emission reduction efficiency associated with these types of 

cover is at least 90 percent according to information published in California Air 

Resources Board document “Suggested Control Measure for the Control of 

Organic Compound Emissions from Sumps Used in Oil Production Operations”. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-83

 Crude Oil Production Sumps 

(Continued) 

Discussion: 

• This is a source category for which the District has legal authority to regulate air 

emissions. 

• Best control option is to replace sumps with fixed roof tanks equipped with a 

VOC control device that has control efficiency of 99%. A reduction of about 80% 

from current controlled emissions level could be achieved by this control option. 

Another option to reduce emissions is to retrofit existing rigid or flexible cover of 

sumps with a dual-seal system closure device. This retrofit method costs less 

than replacing sumps with controlled fixed roof tanks, and it could achieve about 

10% reduction from current controlled emission level. The cost effectiveness of 

the two options must be determined and compared to each other. The viability of 

the control options should be the subject of a socioeconomic analysis. 

• Evaluate appropriateness of existing exemptions and determine likely emissions 

reduction that could be achieved by removal of some exemptions and associated 

cost effectiveness and economic impacts. 

• The control options discussed above would need longer implementation 

schedule. Staff recommends implementation of this control measure by 2012. 

 

Recommendation: 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended replacement of sumps with controlled fixed roof tanks 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-84

Crude Oil Production Wells Using In-Situ Combustion (S-PET-14)

(Oil & Gas Production) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

• ARB emissions inventory database does not currently account the emissions 

from in-situ-combustion crude oil production wells and associated fugitive VOC 

emissions from component leaks. 

• Currently, there are no permitted in-situ combustion wells operating in the 

District. A review of the most recent August 2006 DOGGR crude oil wells 

database showed there were only 28 in-situ-combustion wells in the District but 

they were all shut-in. Wells that are shut-in do not emit air pollutants, therefore, 

there are no emissions from this source category 

! EIC Affected: 310-436-1600 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4407 requires emissions from in-situ combustion crude oil production 

wells be controlled with a VOC control device that achieves a control efficiency of 

85%, or by using a fuel burning equipment or a flare. 

• Current rule achieves 85% control from uncontrolled emission level through the use 

of VOC control device. 

• The leak detection and repair (LDAR) provisions for components requires quarterly 

inspection, a VOC leak standard of 10,000 ppmv, 15 days to repair leaking 

components, and an allowable leak of no more than two percent of the total number of 

components per quarterly inspection period. 

• Exempts in-situ combustion crude oil production wells that are not producing or 

undergoing repair and maintenance. 

Future Control Options: 

• Best control option is to use of a VOC collection and control system consisting of 

a closed system with high capture efficiency and a control device that reduces or 

destroys the captured VOC at high control efficiency. 

• The captured VOC emissions could be incinerated by using a regenerative 

thermal oxidizer, used as fuel for available continuously operating combustion 

device such as a boiler, a steam generator or a flare, send to a field gas 

gathering pipeline to a gas processing plant, or injected into a DOGGR approved 

injection well. 

• Upgrade the existing LDAR to the degree similar to Rule 4409 provisions by 

lowering the current leak threshold of 10,000 ppmv, instituting leak minimization 

requirements, shortening the time frame to repair leaking components, and 

submission of Operator Management Plan. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-85

Crude Oil Production Wells Using In-Situ Combustion 

(Continued) 

Discussion: 

• There are no in-situ combustion wells currently operating in the District. 

Therefore, the emission from this source category is zero. 

• In the event new in-situ combustion wells are placed into operation in the District, 

these wells would require operating permits, and would be subject to BACT and 

offset requirements of Rule 2201 (New and Modified Stationary Source Rule. 

BACT would require control of VOC emissions from the wells by at least 99 

percent. In other words, VOC reductions from new wells are achieved through 

the District permitting process by requiring BACT and offset. 

• The District has the legal authority to regulate this source category. Other air 

districts that have crude oil production fields currently do not have an equivalent 

prohibitory rule as Rule 4407. 

Recommendation: 

• Since there are no in-situ combustion oil wells operating in the District and no 

emissions reduction could be achieved, District staff is not recommending this 

source category as a control measure. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-86

Glycol Dehydration Systems (S-PET-15)

(Oil & Gas Production) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes facilities that have glycol dehydration systems with glycol 

dehydration vents. Glycol dehydration is employed in the natural gas production 

industry to remove water vapor from the produced gas. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

• The emission inventory for this source category is not available. Further research 

into the particular source category emissions inventory is needed. 

• District Rule 4408 was adopted December 19, 2002 and applied to 29 permitted 

natural gas dehydration units in the SJVAB. Currently there are 13 permitted units in 

the SJVAB. 

• EIC Affected: 310-356-0110-0000 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4408 requires gas dehydration facilities to control VOC emissions from 

glycol regenerator vents by using one of the following methods: 

o Vapor collection and disposal systems 

o Venting of collected vapors to a combustion source 

o Any control that reduces the VOC emissions by 95% averaged over 1 hour, or 

that controls glycol dehydration vent VOC emissions to a level no higher than 1.7 

pounds of VOC per million dry standard cubic feet of gas dehydrated, averaged 

over 24 hours 

• Sources within the District must meet the federal Maximum Achievable Control 

Technology (MACT) requirements for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). The federal 

MACT for glycol dehydration is currently covered under District Rule 4002, which 

incorporates the requirements in 40 CFR Part 63, subpart HH, the National Emission 

Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Oil and Natural Gas Production 

Facilities. The MACT standard requires controls of the HAPs, which in general, are 

also VOCs. 

Future Control Options: 

• None. The current rules and requirements fulfill MACT standards. 

Discussion: 

• Gas production facilities are stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• The District rule is as stringent as any existing rule. It also requires more advanced 

testing methods. There are no Best Available Retrofit Control Technologies 

(BARCT) or requirements that are more effective than the current rule requirements. 

Current controls meet MACT standards. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-87

Glycol Dehydration Systems 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• District staff does not recommend pursuing this as a control measure. No additional 

reductions are available from this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-88

Heavy Crude Oil Components (S-PET-16)

(Oil and Gas Production; Petroleum Refining) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed 

controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

• ARB emissions inventory database does not account for VOC emissions from heavy 

crude oil components. 

• A District consultant’s recent report indicated that the uncontrolled emissions from 

heavy crude oil components is about 0.6 tons per day based on extrapolation of the 

average number of components per light crude oil well used by District staff during 

the development of Rule 4409. A better method of estimating emissions is to 

determine the actual total number of components used in heavy crude oil production 

and oil refining facilities and calculate the emissions based on CAPCOA or EPA 

methodology. 

• A thorough survey of all heavy crude oil producers within the District should be 

conducted to determine the total number of heavy crude oil components. Upon 

completion of the survey, the emissions will be calculated and the ARB emissions 

inventory database will be updated. 

• EICs Affected: 310-302-0110; 310-302-1600; 310-304-1600; 310-306-1600; 310-

308-1600; 310-308-0110; 310-310-0110; 310-310-1600; 310-316-1600; 310-352-

0100; 320-302-0010; 320-304-0010; 320-306-0010; 320-316-0010 

Current Control: 

• The District has no existing prohibitory rule for controlling VOC emissions from 

heavy crude oil components. 

• Existing District Rule 4401 regulates VOC emissions from steam enhanced crude oil 

production well vents. However, the component leak provisions of Rule 4401 only 

applies to components that carry gaseous streams and are associated with the VOC 

control system used in controlling casing gas emissions from well vents. 

Components that carry liquid streams are exempt from Rule 4401. 

Future Control Options: 

• Implement a leak detection and repair (LDAR) program to control VOC emissions 

from leaking heavy crude oil components. 

Discussion: 

• The sources are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Implement a leak detection and repair program (LDAR) similar to existing Rule 

4409 and Rule 4455. LDAR would include leak thresholds, periodic inspection to 

identify leaking components, repair of leaking components within a specified 

period of time. An effective LDAR program may achieve at least 90% reduction 

from current uncontrolled emission level for specific components. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-89

Heavy Crude Oil Components 

(Continued) 

• Other air districts have implemented rules that regulate fugitive VOC emissions 

from leaking components from light crude oil production as well as heavy crude 

oil production facilities. 

• Establish prohibitory rule requirements that regulate VOC emissions from heavy 

crude oil components. The rule should apply to heavy crude oil production 

facilities and crude oil and crude oil refineries. 

Recommendation: 

• Due to the lack of emissions inventory for heavy crude oil components, staff 

recommends this source category as a control measure for further study. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-90

Storage of Organic Liquids (S-PET-17)

(Oil & Gas Production, Petroleum Refining, Petroleum Marketing, Chemical, 

Mineral Processes) 

Source Category: 

Rule 4623 (Storage of Organic Liquids) controls volatile organic compound (VOC) 

emissions from organic liquids in storage tanks. These businesses are engaged in the 

general activities of petroleum production, petroleum pipelines, petroleum refining, 

petroleum bulk stations and terminals, and petroleum and petroleum products 

wholesalers; and chemical and mineral processes. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.107 0.109 0.109 0.109 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.107 

• There are at least 3,000 chemical tanks less than 1,100 gallons capacity located 

in crude oil production facilities within the District. 

• Emissions these chemical tanks are not accounted in the current ARB emissions 

inventory. Emissions inventory will be upgraded after conducting a survey of oil 

producers or providers of chemicals tanks. 

• EICs Affected: 310-326-1600; 310-326-1610; 310-328-1130; 310-328-1600 

310-995-1600; 320-324-1224; 320-326-1000; 320-326-1214; 320-326-1410; 320-

326-1610; 320-328-1000; 320-328-1110; 320-328-1214; 320-328-1410; 320-328-

1610; 330-322-1214; 330-322-1224; 330-322-1600; 330-322-1610; 330-324-

1224; 330-324-1600; 330-326-1110; 330-326-1210; 330-326-1420; 330-326-

1610; 330-328-1000; 330-328-1110; 330-328-1130; 330-328-1222; 330-328-

1600; 330-328-1610; 410-400-2036; 410-400-2038; 410-400-2054; 410-400-

2058; 410-400-2062; 410-400-3286; 410-400-5700; 410-400-5800; 410-995-

3000; 410-995-4999; 410-995-5800; 430-328-7006 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4623 regulates VOC emissions from tanks that store organic liquids 

if the tank capacity is 1,100 or greater and the true vapor pressure (TVP) of the 

stored liquid is 0.5 psia or greater. 

• Current VOC controls require pressure-vacuum relief valves, internal floating roof 

tanks, external floating roof tanks, fixed roof tanks with vapor recovery system of 

at least 95% control efficiency, or pressure vessels. Specific control 

requirements vary depending on the tank capacity and TVP of the stored liquid. 

• Different tank control requirements are specified for tanks operated by small 

producers or by non-small producers. 

• Leak detection and repair (LDAR) provisions include periodic inspection and 

repair of leaking components within a specified time frame. The component leak 

standard is 10,000 ppmv. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-91

Storage of Organic Liquids 

(Continued) 

Future Control Options: 

• Control of VOC emissions from tanks could be achieved by operating a VOC capture 

and control system on fixed roof tanks with a control efficiency of 99%. This option 

may require retrofit of existing tanks. 

• External floating roof tanks and internal floating roof tanks could be retrofitted with 

state-of-the-art dual-seal (primary seal and secondary seal) and by minimizing the 

gaps between the seal system and the tank wall. This option would require 

replacement of existing seal systems. A reduction of at least 20% may be achieved 

by replacing with BACT type seals. 

• Pressure vessels designed to handle high pressure vapors that prevents venting to 

the atmosphere could be used for high TVP organic liquids. Control efficiency of 

pressure vessels is about 99%. 

Discussion: 

• These operations are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Current Rule 4623 is the most stringent rule in the state and the nation. 

• Best control option is to replace all floating roof tanks with fixed roof tanks that have 

a VOC control system with at least 99% control efficiency. 

• Upgrading seal systems of floating roof tanks to BACT type seals cost less than 

replacing such tanks with controlled fixed roof tanks. Upgrading to BACT type seals 

could achieve about 20% emissions reduction from current controlled emissions 

from existing floating roof tanks. 

• Lowering the current TVP threshold from 0.5 psia to 0.1 psia could reduce current 

emissions by as much 80% from current controlled emission level. 

• Changing the tank size applicability from 1,100 gallons to 251 gallons to realign the 

rule to current permitting threshold for tanks pursuant Rule 2020 could also achieve 

some emission reduction. Emissions reduction could be calculated after conducting 

a survey as stated above. 

• Lowering the current component leak threshold of 10,000 ppmv similar to the 

standards of Rule 4409 and Rule 4455 could achieve about 90% reduction in fugitive 

VOC emissions from leaking components. Actual number of tank components 

would need to be determined to evaluate reductions from lowering the leak 

threshold. 

Recommendation: 

• This is not recommended as a control measure since no appreciable additional 

reductions are available from this source category, which is very well controlled. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-92

Heavy Oil Test Stations and Gauge Tanks (S-PET-18)

(Oil & Gas Production) 

Source Category: 

This source category pertains to heavy oil test station (HOTS) and gauge tanks that are 

used in crude oil production facilities. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.23 

• ARB emissions inventory only includes emissions from HOTS. Emissions from 

uncontrolled gauge tanks subject to Rule 4401 are not accounted in the current 

inventory. 

• EIC Affected: 310-350-1600 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4404 regulates VOC emissions from HOTS used in heavy crude oil 

production facilities by prohibiting operation of HOTS unless the emissions are 

controlled to at least 99% by weight. 

• Rule 4404 also requires tank roof openings be equipped with a cover, seal, or lid 

that must be closed at all times, with no visible gaps, maintained in gas-tight 

condition except when the device or appurtenance is in use. Pressure-vacuum 

valves on the tanks must be set within 10% of the maximum allowable operating 

pressure of the tank. 

• District Rule 4401 regulates VOC emissions from steam enhanced crude oil 

production well vents (casing gas) by requiring 99% reduction of uncontrolled 

emissions. 

Future Control Options: 

• For Rule 4404, there is no future control option for HOTS because they are 

already controlled to 99%. District staff does not believe that facilities could 

control HOTS VOC emissions by more than 99%. 

• For Rule 4401, staff would need to determine the total number of uncontrolled 

gauge tanks operating within the District and then evaluate their emissions. 

Emissions from uncontrolled gauge tanks could be reduced to at least 99% by 

retrofitting the tanks with a VOC collection and control system. The cost 

effectiveness of such a retrofit has to be evaluated, and it may be a factor in 

pursuing alternative compliance methods for this source. 

 

Discussion: 

• These sources are located at facilities for which the District has legal authority to 

regulate air emissions.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-93

 Heavy Oil Test Stations and Gauge Tanks 

(Continued) 

• Rule 4404 regulates VOC emissions from HOTS. The rule defines HOTS as a 

family tank and a test tank. A family tank is a tank that receives crude oil 

produced from more than one steam drive well. A test tank is a tank that 

measures the production rate from a steam drive well. Based on the District’s 

permit database and Compliance Division’s recent oil field evaluation, there is 

only one facility within the District that is currently operating permitted HOTS and 

the emissions are already controlled to 99% pursuant to Rule 4404. 

• For Rule 4401 is currently undergoing rule development process as a control 

measure commitment in the 1-hour Ozone Plan. Gauge tanks are used to 

measure the production rate of steam drive wells and cyclic wells. Under the 

current draft rule proposal, emissions from existing gauge tanks would not 

require control provided the capacity is 100 barrels or less and the true vapor 

pressure of crude oil in the tank is less than 0.5 psia. These small tanks are 

exempt from permits pursuant to Rule 2020 because the capacity and TVP are 

below the applicability thresholds of Rule 4623. 

• Preliminary data indicate approximately 196 permit exempt gauge tanks in Kern 

River oil field. One stakeholder reported that the estimated the VOC emissions 

from their 196 uncontrolled gauge tanks is about at 0.007 tons per day, and the 

cost effectiveness of controlling the tanks is about $1.1 million per ton of VOC 

reduced. 

• A survey to determine the total number of uncontrolled gauge tanks in the District 

is needed to establish a more accurate emissions inventory, and then evaluate 

cost effective methods of controlling the emissions for this source category. 

• No other California air districts have rules that regulate HOTS. SCAQMD and 

Monterey Bay AQMD have rules regulating steam enhanced crude oil production 

well vents and their requirements are comparable to existing Rule 4401. 

Recommendation: 

• Since Rule 4404 implements the most stringent control requirements of 99% 

control efficiency no further emissions reduction is technologically achievable. 

• Staff recommends Rule 4401 as a control measure for further study to determine 

the total number of gauge tanks and then establish the emissions inventory for 

this source category. 

• Investigate an alternative compliance method or incentive programs to more cost 

effectively reduce emissions from the retrofitting of small gauge tanks. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-94

Components at Refineries, Gas Processing Facilities, and Chemical 

Plants (S-PET-21)

(Petroleum Refining, Chemical) 

Source Category: 

This source category pertains to components carrying VOC-containing fluids that are 

used in petroleum refineries, chemical plants, and natural gas liquids processing 

facilities. Components are devices such as flanges, connectors, valves, pumps, 

compressors, well head polished stuffing boxes, pressure relief devices (PRDs), etc. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect reductions from proposed controls. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.190 

VOC* adj 0.233 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 

* Emissions inventory does not reflect reductions resulting from recently adopted Rule 

4455. The adjusted inventory accounts for the 89% reduction from previously 

controlled emissions level resulting from Rule 4455 implementation effective April 2006. 

• EICs Affected: 320-302-0010; 320-304-0010; 320-306-0010; 320-316-0010 

Current Control: 

• Previous Rule 4451 and Rule 4452 regulate VOC emissions from components 

used in petroleum refineries, chemical plants, and natural gas liquids processing 

facilities. These rules have been superseded by more stringent leak detection 

and repair (LDAR) requirements of recently adopted Rule 4455 effective April 

2006. 

• Leak thresholds: Major gas leak: >10,000 ppmv 

Minor gas leak: 100 – 10,000 ppmv (depending on component type and whether 

components are in liquid service or gas service). Major liquid leak: visible mist or 

continuous flow. Minor liquid leak: not a major liquid leak and >3 drops/minute. 

• Major provisions include: 

• Daily audio-visual inspections of accessible operating pumps, compressors, 

and PRDs. 

• Physical identification (affixing tag or label) of major components and critical 

components to facilitate inspection and repair of leaks. 

• Quarterly inspection of components using a portable hydrocarbon analyzer to 

detect leaks, except for inaccessible components and pipes which must be 

inspected annually. Critical components and unsafe-to-monitor must be 

inspected during each process equipment turnaround period. 

• Minimizing leaks to the maximum extent possible within 1 hr of leak detection, 

and then repairing them within 2 to 7 days, depending on the leak 

concentration level (i.e., larger leaks must be repaired within a shorter period 

than allowed for smaller leaks). 

• Re-inspection of components within 15 days after being repaired or replaced.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-95

 Components at Refineries, Gas Processing Facilities, 

 and Chemical Plants 

 (Continued) 

• Frequently leaking components must be replaced with BACT type equipment, 

vent the components to a closed vent system, remove components from 

operation. 

• Limit on allowable number of leaking components, and includes provisions on 

conditions that constitute a violation of rule. 

• Monitoring of PRDs using electronic process control instrumentation or telltale 

indicators. Conducting failure analysis or connecting the PRDs to a closed 

vent system, depending on the quantity of gas that releases into the 

atmosphere and frequency of the release. 

• Initial inspection within 24 hours and re-inspection within 15 days after the 

date of each PRD that releases into the atmosphere. 

• Maintaining records of inspection results and leak repair action taken. 

• Submission of a comprehensive and detailed Operator Management Plan, 

including information on the number of components and location, inspection 

schedule, leak detection training, etc. 

Future Control Options: 

• No future control option is available for this source category. Rule 4455 

implements the most stringent requirements that are technologically feasible. 

Discussion: 

• These sources are located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Rule 4455 implements BARCT and All Feasible Control Measure and establishes 

the most effective LDAR standards to date. 

• The rule is effective in 2006 and is expected to achieve 89% (0.37 tons/day) 

reduction from calculated emissions of 0.42 ton per day of VOC from this source 

category. 

Recommendation: 

• Not recommend as a control measure because no additional reductions are 

available from this source category. Rule 4455 implements the most stringent 

requirements that are technologically feasible. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-96

Refinery Process Unit Turnaround (S-PET-22)

(Petroleum Refining) 

Source Category: 

The units subject to this source category are process units located at petroleum 

refineries, more specifically, during the time that the process units undergo 

“turnaround,” a petroleum industry term meaning a scheduled shutdown of the process 

for maintenance and repair. There are four refineries within the District whose 

processes are subject to this rule. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

• The current emission inventory does not have a specific emission source 

category for process unit turnaround. Further research and an industry survey 

would be needed to quantify the VOC emissions in this source category. In 

2005, the total VOC emissions from all non-combustion sources at refineries 

were estimated at about 0.5 tons per day, summer season. 

• EICs Affected: No assigned EIC is associated with this source category in the 

ARB emissions inventory. 

Current Control: 

District Rule 4454 limits VOC emissions from the venting of refinery process vessels 

during turnaround by specifying that the vented emissions be controlled until the 

pressure in the process vessel is 5 pounds per square inch, gauge (psig), or less. 

Future Control Options: 

• Restrict emission to the atmosphere to those units with headspace VOC 

concentration less than 10,000 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to match other 

air districts. 

Discussion: 

• Refinery process units are located at stationary sources for which the District has 

legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• By restricting the VOC concentration for that portion of process unit venting that 

is uncontrolled the uncontrolled venting of process units, the total amount of VOC 

released to the atmosphere would be less than under the current rule provisions. 

• Further work is needed to determine how many units undergo process 

turnaround each year, and the approximate VOC concentration of the headspace 

just before the process unit is vented in an uncontrolled manner. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-97

Refinery Process Unit Turnaround 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• District staff recommends that further study be done on this source category for 

the following reasons; 

o Total fugitive emissions from process unit turnaround only are not known 

because there is no specific emission category 

o The number of process unit turnarounds carried out each year is not 

known. 

o The VOC concentration in the headspace just before the process unit is 

allowed to vent uncontrolled is not known. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-98

Refinery Vacuum-Producing Devices or Systems (S-PET-23)

(Petroleum Refining) 

Source Category: 

District Rule 4453 rule applies to any vacuum-producing device or system, including hot 

wells and accumulators installed in a refinery operation. There are four refineries in the 

District. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

• The emission inventory does not have a category for this type of equipment. 

Further study is needed to determine the emission inventory for this source 

category. 

o EICs Affected: No assigned EIC is associated with this source category in the 

ARB emissions inventory. 

Current Control: 

District Rule 4453 applies operational requirements for refinery hot wells and 

accumulators as well as VOC control requirements for all other types of refinery 

vacuum-producing devices and systems. 

Control Options: 

• None

Discussion: 

• Refineries are stationary sources for which the District has legal authority to 

regulate air emissions. 

• No other air district has a more stringent limit or operational requirements than 

District Rule 4453; therefore no emission reductions are expected. 

Recommendation: 

• No additional reductions are available from this source category. 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-99

Refinery Wastewater Separators (S-PET-24)

(Petroleum Refining) 

Source Category: 

The source categories include all wastewater separators that remove petroleum or 

petroleum derived compounds from wastewater. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.19 

• EIC Affected: 320-340-0010 

Current Control: District Rule 4625 requires vessels used to recover oil to be 

covered or have a vapor recovery system. Separators with a surface area to volume 

loss ratio of greater than 420 are exempt. 

Control Options: 

• Require a 95% control efficiency for all vapor recovery systems. This will reduce 

VOC emissions by 5%. 

• Establish leak thresholds and leak repair frequency requirements for treatment 

systems. Further study is needed to quantify VOC reductions. 

• Other controls identified during rule development. 

Discussion: 

• The units in this source category are located at stationary sources for which the 

District has legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Available VOC emission control systems achieve 95% control efficiency. 

• Several components that carry and store streams of wastewater can develop 

leaks. Leak thresholds and repair frequency requirements can reduce VOC 

emissions. A survey is needed to determine the frequency, duration, and size of 

leaks in order to quantify the reductions from this control. 

Recommendation: 

• Based on the current emissions inventory or lack thereof, control level, and 

existing technology, emission reductions are not quantifiable for this source 

category. However a future study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-100

Architectural Coatings (S-SOL-1)

(Architectural Coatings and Related Process Solvents) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.7 10.2 10.5 10.9 11.2 

• EICs Affected: 520-520-91XX-0000; 520-520-92XX-0000 

Current Control: District Rule 4601 specifies VOC coating limits from the state’s 

2000 Suggested Control Measure (SCM). 

Future Control Options: 

• Lower VOC limits, where feasible, to match those of other air districts, such as 

the limits proposed by the SCAQMD in their Draft Ozone Attainment Plan.

• Voluntary or incentivized non-use of high-VOC coatings during high-ozone days, 

as part of the Expanded Spare-the-air Day Program. 

Discussion: 

• Rule 4601 is currently at the same level of stringency as other air district rules 

that used the state’s 2000 SCM as a template. 

• Since the 2002 amendment of Rule 4601 and other district architectural coatings 

rules that reflect the 2000 SCM, SCAQMD has introduced new coating limits that 

are more stringent. As a result, coatings that meet these new limits have been 

introduced in the South Coast area beginning in 2005. The new limits are 

phased-in and by July 1, 2008, all new limits will be applicable. 

• Stakeholders are encouraged to comment on technical feasibility, potential future 

technological advances, and costs and economic impacts. 

• Sell-through provisions for products would assist sellers in complying with new 

VOC limits. 

Recommendation: 

• Amend Rule 4601 to lower VOC limits, matching South Coast limits where 

feasible. 

• Explore the inclusion of provisions for sell-through of products. 

• Include this source category in the Expanded Spare-the-air Day Program for 

voluntary or incentivized non-use during the ozone season. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.00 0.00 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 

The reductions accruing from lowering the VOC limits of the thinning/cleaning solvents 

category is being determined. The thinning VOC reductions will be added to the 

architectural coatings reductions above. The cleaning VOC reductions will be part of 

the current rule making reductions for the cleaning and degreasing operations rule. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-101

Motor Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Coating Operations (S-SOL-2)

(Coatings and Related Process Solvents) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes operations that apply, supply, sell, offers for sale, or solicits 

the application of VOC-containing coatings used in the finishing or refinishing of Vehicles 

and Equipment, and their parts and components. This also includes the organic solvent 

cleaning, and the storage and disposal of all solvents and waste solvent materials 

associated with such coating operations. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 2.048 2.098 2.134 2.146 2.169 2.199 2.228 2.256 

VOC adj. 2.05 2.10 1.54 1.55 1.57 3.04 1.61 1.63 

• District Rules 4602 and 4612 have been recently been amended. The estimated 

emission reductions have been incorporated in the VOC adj. emission inventory. 

Current Control: District Rules 4602/4612 limits the VOC content limit of coatings 

used to coat motor vehicles and mobile equipment. In lieu of complying with VOC 

content limits, operators may operate an APCO-approved VOC emission control 

system. District Rule 4612 replaces District Rule 4602 on January 1, 2009. District 

Rule 4612 incorporates all of the elements of the California Air Resources Board’s 

(ARB’s) Suggested Control Measures (SCM) for this source category. 

Future Control Options: 

• Solvent cleaning provisions are being added to District Rule 4612 as part of the 

“Solvent Cleaning” control measure; please see the S-SOL-7 & 8 control 

measure for solvent cleaning and degreasing for the elements of that control 

strategy. These new provisions will incorporate more stringent VOC content 

limits for cleaning solvents adopted in other air districts. 

Discussion: 

• All of the coating operations and associated solvent-cleaning operations are 

located at stationary sources for which the District has legal authority to regulate 

air emissions. 

• The recently completed rule project encompasses the most stringent coating 

VOC content limits for this source category. 

• Solvent cleaning provisions added to Rule 4612 are expected to be the most 

stringent available for the source category. 

Recommendation: 

• No additional reductions are available from this source category. 

• Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission 

reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional 

information regarding incentive funding. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-102

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-103

Surface Coating of Metal Parts and Products (S-SOL-3)

(Coatings and Related Process Solvents) 

Source Category: 

This source category covers permitted stationary sources that coat metal furniture and 

fixtures, metal parts and products. The coatings may be oil-based or water-based. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.57 0.60 0.66 0.68 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.88 

! EICs Affected: 230-226-9000; 230-226-9100; 230-226-9200; 230-230-9020; 

230-230-9050; 230-230-9052; 230-230-9054; 230-230-9100; 230-230-9200 

Current Control: District Rule 4603 requires the use of compliant VOC coating and 

solvent limits. 

Future Control Options: 

• Lower coating limits to match recently amended rule in another air district 

• Cleaning solvents VOC is being lowered, as part of general solvent cleaning rule 

project, currently in progress. 

Discussion: 

• Air-dried coatings have a VOC content limit of 275 grams per liter compared to 

the current content limit of 340 grams per liter. This represents a 19% reduction 

for this coating. 

• Consider removing the exemption for touchup coatings or revising the exemption 

for touch-up coatings to allow only for facilities using small quantities. 

• If the air-dried coatings represent 20% of the total baseline emissions, then 

estimated emissions reductions would be about 3.8%. 

• Consider an added or limited exemption for users of specialty coatings that 

require high VOC limits for special applications. 

Recommendation: 

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No appreciable 

additional reductions are available from this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-104

Wood Products Coating Operations (S-SOL-4)

(Coatings and Related Process Solvents) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all material applied onto or impregnated into wood for 

protective, decorative, or functional purposes, such as paints, varnishes, sealers, and 

stains. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 

• EICs Affected: 230-232-9XXX 

Current Control: District Rule 4606 sets VOC content limits for coatings. In lieu of 

adhering to the VOC limits, owners/operators may use VOC control devices with a 

control efficiency of at least 85%, by mass. District Rule 4606 exempts aerosol 

coatings; coating used in quantities of less than 20 gallons per year; coatings used for 

specific limited uses; and coatings used for specific limited finishes. 

Control Options: 

• Reduce certain VOC limits by 30% to 50% to match limits in other air district rules. 

Operators using these materials would be required to either switch to a compliant 

coating or install and maintain a VOC emission control system. Ten percent of the 

emissions will be affected by this change thus; overall VOC reductions are 

approximately 3%. 

• Increase the control efficiency of VOC control devices by 10%, which would require 

retrofit or replacement of existing equipment. Few facilities operate systems that 

would not comply with the proposed control efficiency, thus reductions are negligible. 

Discussion: 

• Coating use is located at stationary sources for which the District has legal 

authority to regulate air emissions. 

• If the limits for VOC content were reduced, operators would have the option to 

either install and maintain a VOC emission control system or switch to compliant 

material. In light of the capital costs associated with a VOC emission control 

system, it is mostly likely that operators would choose to use compliant material. 

• During the rule development process, District staff will consider the following 

options: 

o Allow the exemption threshold of less than 20 gallons per year of coating 

to remain as it is, or 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-105

Wood Product Coating Operations 

(Continued) 

o Reduce the exemption threshold of 20 gallons of coatings per year to 1 

gallon of coatings per year and some of the exemptions for furniture 

operations could be removed. This would reduce emissions by 

approximately 5%. 

Recommendation: 

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No appreciable 

additional reductions are available from this source category considering the lack of 

active facilities operating within the District. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-106

Glass Coating Operations (S-SOL-5)

(Coatings and Related Process Solvents) 

Source Category: 

District Rule 4610 applies to any major source that coats glass products with VOCcontaining materials. 

Emissions Inventory:

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 

• EIC Affected: 230-226-9100 

Current Control: Operators have VOC content limits for coatings with an option to use 

a VOC emission control system, if they use non-compliant coatings. Mirror backing 

coating has the additional requirement that the VOC emissions from this operation be 

reduced by an additional 90%. The following operations are exempt from the VOC 

content limits: touch-up and repair; stencil coatings on clear or transparent substrates; 

coatings applied at a paint manufacturing facility while conducting performance tests on 

the coatings; and aerosol coating products. 

There is one known facility that was subject to this rule; however, the facility has 

subsequently reduced its total permitted emissions so that the facility is no longer 

subject to this rule but the source continues to meet the rule limits through permit 

requirements which still apply. 

Future Control Options: 

• Change the rule applicability to apply to all glass-coating operations at stationary 

sources. No additional industrial sources for this type of coating operation currently 

exist within the District. 

Discussion:

• Glass coating operations are located at stationary sources for which the District has 

legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• No other California air district regulates this source category. The VOC coating 

content limits established in the rule, for some coating categories, require both the 

use of a compliant coating and 90% VOC emission reduction which is a more 

stringent control approach than any other coating limit in the state.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-107

Glass Coating Operations 

(Continued) 

• The only known facility in this source category is already meeting the stringent limits 

set by the rule as conditions in their Permit to Operate. There are no other industrial 

sources for this type of coating operation in the District therefore; no additional VOC 

emission reductions are expected from this source category. 

Recommendation:

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No additional 

reductions are available from this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emission Reductions - Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-108

Adhesives (S-SOL-6)

(Adhesives & Sealants) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes the manufacture, sale, and use of adhesives and the 

solvents associated with the use of adhesives. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.9 

! EICs Affected: 250-292-8200; 250-292-8202; 250-292-8250 

Current Control: 

• District Rule 4653 sets VOC content limits for adhesives. In lieu of adhering to 

the VOC limits, owners/operators may use VOC control devices with a control 

efficiency of at least 85%, by mass. Adhesives used in laboratories, sold for 

specific limited uses, sold in quantities no more than 8 ounces, or used in 

quantities of no more than 20 gallons per year are exempt. VOC emissions are 

over 80% controlled, compared to uncontrolled emissions. 

Future Control Options: 

• Reduce certain VOC limits by 30% to 50% to match limits in other air district 

limits. Operators using these materials would be required to either switch to a 

compliant coating or install and maintain a VOC emission control system. Ten 

percent of the emissions will be affected by this change, thus overall VOC 

reductions are approximately 3%. 

• Increase the control efficiency of VOC control devices by 10%, which would 

require retrofit or replacement of existing equipment. Few facilities operate 

systems that would not comply with the proposed control efficiency, thus 

reductions are negligible. 

• Require use of high volume low pressure (HVLP) spray equipment for specific 

applications. A survey is needed to determine which applications could costeffectively install HVLP spray equipment, and thus the reductions achievable. 

• The solvent limits in Rule 4653 are being amended in a current rule development 

project and addressed in the Solvent Clean control measures. 

Discussion: 

• Adhesive manufacture, sales, and use are located at stationary sources for which 

the District has legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• If the limits for VOC content were reduced, operators would have the option to 

either install and maintain a VOC emission control system or switch to compliant 

material. In light of the capital costs associated with a VOC emission control 

system, it is mostly likely that operators would choose to use compliant material. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-109

Adhesives 

(Continued) 

• HVLP spray equipment reduces the amount of adhesives used, time needed to 

apply adhesives, and possibly 25% of the VOC emissions from the source if this 

technology can be used for these types of coatings. Adhesives are more viscous 

than traditional coatings. Facilities with high adhesive or labor costs can costeffectively install and maintain HVLP equipment. Other facilities may not be able 

to cost-effectively install HVLP without significant incentivization. 

• District staff estimates that this rule project will take 16 months to go from 

scoping meeting to public hearing 

Recommendation: 

• Pursue as a control measure lowering the VOC content of adhesives. The VOC 

emission reductions would be approximately 3% of the baseline emissions. A 12-

month compliance schedule is recommended to allow operators sufficient time to 

find alternative compliant materials for their operations. 

• Explore inclusion of HVLP spray equipment requirements during rule development, 

taking into consideration the socioeconomic cost impacts of such requirements. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 

*The reductions listed above only include reductions achieved by lowering the limits 

for VOC content in the adhesives. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-110

Aerospace Assembly And Component Coating Operations (S-SOL-7)

(Coatings and Related Process Solvents) 

Source Category: 

District Rule 4605 applies to the manufacturing, assembling, and coating of aerospace 

components, the cleanup of equipment, and the storage and disposal of solvents and 

waste solvent materials associated with these operations. 

Emissions Inventory:

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 

• EICs Affected: 230-238-9100, 230-238-9200 

Current Control: 

District Rule 4605 sets VOC content limits for coatings, adhesives, and other related 

VOC-containing materials for coating operations related to aerospace assemblies and 

components. The flushing of jet or rocket engines using any solvent other than 

trichloroethylene is exempt. Aerospace assembly and component coating operations 

using less than four gallons per day of VOC-containing products are exempt as are 

other coatings or adhesives. Materials used in laboratories associated with research 

and development, quality control, or production testing are exempt from VOC content 

limits. There is also a limited exemption from application equipment standards. VOC 

emissions are 50% controlled compared to uncontrolled emissions. 

Future Control Options: 

• Reduce VOC content limit for two coatings and one chemical maskant to match 

other air districts limits. Operators using these materials would be required to 

either switch to a compliant coating or install and maintain a VOC emission 

control system. 

Discussion:

• Aerospace coating operations are located at stationary sources for which the 

District has legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• If the limit for VOC content were reduced for some coatings/maskants, operators 

would have the option to either install and maintain a VOC emission control 

system, or switch to compliant materials. In light of the capital costs associated 

with a VOC emission control system, District staff believes that operators would 

chose to use compliant materials. 

Aerospace Assembly and Component Coating Operations 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-111

(Continued) 

• The quantity of the identified coatings and chemical maskant used within the 

District is not known at this time. It is expected that the amount of emission 

reductions will be small since the baseline VOC emission inventory is small and 

the number of materials to be adjusted is small compared to the number of 

coatings/adhesives/sealants associated with the entire source category and rule. 

• District staff estimates that this rule project will take about 16 months to go from 

scoping meeting to public hearing. 

Recommendation:

• This source category is not recommended as a control measure. No additional 

reductions are available from this source category. 

Projected Emission Reduction:

With recommended controls 

Emission Reductions Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-112

Solvent Cleaning Operations (S-SOL-11)

(Coatings and Related Process Solvents; Wood and Paper; Other [Cleaning and 

Surface Coating]; Chemical; Degreasing) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes the organic solvent degreasing operations and any other 

organic solvent cleaning operation performed outside of a degreaser. The operations 

subject to source category are diverse, encompassing a broad range of industries. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 7.1 7.5 8.0 8.1 8.5 8.9 9.3 9.9 

! EICs Affected: 220-204-0500, 220-204-3008, 220-204-3022, 220-204-3083, 220-

204-3176, 220-204-3204, 220-204-3246, 220-204-3333, 220-204-3339, 220-204-

3344, 220-204-8104, 220-204-8106, 220-206-3083, 220-206-3107, 220-206-3246, 

220-206-3300, 220-206-3301, 220-206-3328, 220-206-3344, 220-206-3346, 220-

206-8106, 220-208-0500, 220-208-3022, 220-208-3083, 220-208-3176, 220-208-

3204, 220-208-3246, 220-208-3333, 220-208-3339, 220-208-3344, 220-208-3346, 

220-208-8104, 220-208-8106, 230-216-8350, 230-240-0500, 230-240-3008, 230-

240-3060, 230-240-3202, 230-240-3232, 230-240-3252, 230-240-3372, 230-240-

8300, 230-240-8302, 230-240-8350 

Current Control: District Rule 4662 controls VOC emissions from organic solvent 

degreasing operations by specifying solvent VOC limits, allowable application 

equipment, and emission control options. District Rule 4663 controls VOC emissions 

from organic solvents used to clean parts and equipment outside of the degreasers 

covered by District Rule 4662. The other District rules address solvents used to 

prepare surfaces and clean equipment used in the applicable operation addressed by 

the rules. 

Future Control Options:

• Reduce the allowable VOC content of cleaning solvents to match other air 

districts. 

Discussion: 

• All of the solvent-cleaning operations are located at stationary sources for which 

the District has legal authority to regulate air emissions. 

• Amending these rules was identified as a state-required "All Feasible Measure". 

This control measure is intended to reduce VOC emissions from organic solvents 

used in parts and equipment cleaning by incorporating more stringent VOC 

content limits. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-113

Solvent Cleaning Operations 

(Continued) 

• District staff will consider the following stakeholder suggestions during the rule 

development project: 

o SCAQMD’s current VOC limits for cleaning solvents and Yolo-Solano’s 

proposed control measure to set all solvents used in graphic arts cleaning at 

72 grams per liter. 

o Solvent vapor pressure in lieu of VOC content will be considered as an option 

for the end user. 

o Exempting cleaning operations associated with the manufacture of paint, 

coatings, resins, and adhesives and exempting the stripping of cured 

coatings, cured ink, or cured adhesives. As noted by commentors to the plan, 

the manufacture and use of paint, resins, and adhesives require strong 

solvents to effectively clean production/process equipment. Coatings, ink, 

and adhesive manufacturing and application industries need to be able to use 

recycled or reclaimed solvents in cleaning operations, otherwise the 

industries will be faced with increased hazardous waste disposal and 

purchasing of cleaning materials. 

o Cost effectiveness and availability of lower VOC cleaning materials. 

• Amendments to these rules are scheduled for the third quarter of 2007 with full 

implementation scheduled for the fourth quarter in 2008. 

Recommendation: 

The second workshop for this rule project is tentatively scheduled for late January 2007. 

Tentative public hearing is anticipated for the third quarter of 2007. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.00 1.3 1.32 1.39 1.46 1.53 1.62 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-114

Graphic Arts (S-SOL-20)

(Coatings and Related Process Solvents; Printing) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes any graphic arts printing operation, to any paper or fabric 

coating operation, to the organic solvent cleaning, and to the storage and disposal of 

solvents and waste solvent materials associated with such operations. 

Emissions Inventory:

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 

• EICs Affected: 240-240-3314, 240-240-8302, 240-995-8000, 240-260-8400, 240-

262-8400, 240-264-8400, 240-266-8350, 240-266-8400. 

Current Control: 

District Rule 4607 sets VOC content limits for inks, coatings, and other related VOCcontaining materials for printing and coating operations related to graphic arts. VOC 

content limits are as stringent as any other air district in California, with the exception of 

flexography printing on porous substrates. Except for the keeping of records, the current 

rule does not apply to graphic arts printing operations that emit less than 400 pounds of 

VOC per calendar month. The provisions VOC content limits for paper and fabric 

coating do not apply to the application of coatings via aerosol containers. Certain 

operations are also exempt from the rule. 

In 2005, the rule applied to approximately 58% of all graphic arts operations, with actual 

VOC emissions ranging from 35% to 51% of the uncontrolled emissions. 

Future Control Options: 

• Increase overall capture and control efficiency of VOC emission control system from 

the current range of 67%-75% to 75%-85% for certain types of coating operations. 

This would match similar provisions in other air districts. 

• Reduce VOC content limits for flexography printing on porous substrate by 25% to 

match limits in other air districts. 

• Amend the exemption section so that the exemption applies to all operations that 

emit less than 60 lbs of VOC per month. 

Discussion: 

• Graphic arts operations are located at stationary sources for which the District has 

legal authority to regulate air emissions. The most straightforward option for VOC 

emission reductions would be to increase the overall capture and control efficiency 

of VOC emission control systems to reduce VOC emissions from this source 

category. For operations that already have VOC emission control systems, the 

change in overall control efficiency would most likely require redesign of the capture 

devices to increase capture (collection) efficiency, since VOC control devices are 

typically VOC 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-115

Graphic Arts 

(Continued) 

destruction devices with VOC control efficiencies greater than 95%. However, few 

facilities use VOC emission control devices to meet the current VOC content limits of 

the rule, so total VOC emission reductions from this control option are assumed to 

be less than 1% of the total VOC emission inventory. 

• For most flexography printing, a change in VOC content limit would mean choosing 

a different coating/ink rather than installing a VOC emission control system, since 

VOC emission control systems can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to install. 

At this time, it is assumed that 1) the VOC emission inventory reflects all graphic arts 

operations, of which flexography is but one type, and 2) all of the flexography 

printing in the District is done on porous substrate, namely paper. Taken together, 

the assumptions would point to realizing at least some VOC emission reductions 

from tightening the VOC content limits for this specific process. Exact usage of 

flexography inks and coatings is not known at this time, therefore, District staff 

believes that VOC emission reductions would be 25% reduction in the VOC content 

limit, based on an assumption that flexography inks are 15% of the inventory and 

that all flexography printing occurs on paper (porous substrate). 

• It is not known how many graphic arts printing operations take advantage of the 400 

pounds VOC per month exemption in the current rule. Further VOC emission 

reductions might occur if the exemption is modified to include smaller facilities. 

Further study as part of a rule development project is needed to determine if it is 

feasible to pursue tightening the small facility exemption, especially the cost of 

compliant inks versus non-compliant inks as it impacts small businesses. 

• It is expected that this rule project will take about 16 months to go from scoping 

meeting to public hearing. 

Recommendation:

It is recommended that the future control options outlined above be pursued as a control 

measure. The total VOC emission reduction associated with increasing the overall 

capture and control efficiency of VOC emission control systems and decreasing the 

VOC content limit for certain operations is expected to be 4% of the baseline emissions. 

At this time, there is no estimate available for the number of graphic arts printing 

operations that would be added to the rule if the exemption level is changed. A 12-

month compliance schedule is recommended, since District staff believes that most 

operators would choose compliant inks rather than installing VOC emission control 

systems. 

Projected Reductions:

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-116

Consumer Products (S-SOL-21)

(Consumer Products) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes chemically formulated products used by household and 

institutional consumers such as detergents, cleaning compounds, polishes, floor finishes, 

cosmetics, personal care products such as antiperspirants & hairsprays, lawn & garden 

products, disinfectants, sanitizers, automotive specialty products & aerosol paints. Other 

paint products such as furniture/architectural coatings are regulated under separate 

District rules. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations; does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 23.48 24.00 25.14 25.63 26.63 28.12 29.61 31.19 

! EICs Affected: Series 510-500-XXXX-XXXX, and Series 510-506-XXXX-XXXX. 

Current Control: 

• Under the Clean Air Act, the Air Resources Board (ARB) has authority to achieve 

maximum technologically and commercially feasible reactive organic gas (ROG) 

emission reductions from consumer products. (Health and Safety Code 41712) 

• ARB has adopted regulations, which contain nearly 200 emission limits affecting 

over 100 categories of consumer products. 

• The following regulations fulfill the requirements of the California Clean Air Act: 

o Antiperspirants & Deodorants Regulation: Sets emission standards & requirements 

for only antiperspirants and deodorants. 

o Consumer Products Regulation: Sets VOC limits & regulations for 112 categories 

of household and institutional products such as detergents, cleaning compounds, 

polishes, floor finishes, cosmetics, personal care products, home, lawn and 

garden products, disinfectants, sanitizers, and automotive specialty products. 

o Aerosol Coatings Regulation: Establishes set emission standards & requirements 

for 36 categories of pressurized coating products including but not limited to 

spray paints. 

o Alternative Control Plan: Provides an alternative method to comply with VOC 

standards for consumer products and aerosol coating products. 

o Hairspray Credit Program Regulation: A voluntary program that provides incentives & 

rewards for early & over compliance with second-tier 55%VOC standard for hairsprays. 

Future Control Options: 

• The 2006 proposed Amendments to Consumer Products Regulation & Aerosol Coatings 

Regulation sets 18 new VOC limits affecting 15 categories achieving 10.6 tpd VOC 

emission reductions statewide by 2008 & 11.5 tpd by 2010. These amendments meet 

2003 SIP Ozone commitments for Consumer Products & also fulfill certain requirements 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-117

Consumer Products 

(Continued) 

of a settlement agreement on ARB’s progress under the SIP and were approved 

November 17, 2006 by the ARB Board. Products whose VOC limits have been made 

more stringent include automotive windshield wiper fluids, bathroom and tile cleaners, 

engine cleaners, floor polishers and waxes, general-purpose cleaners and degreasers 

and oven cleaners. Additional amendments are tentatively planned for consideration in 

March 2007 to clarify the definition of multi-function product categories of ‘Multipurpose Solvent” and “Paint Thinner”, and clarify overlapping requirements for certain 

other consumer products. Other amendments will prohibit use of chlorinated toxic 

compounds; adjust VOC limits for nail polish removers; and exempt certain electronic 

cleaners from a soon-to-be effective VOC limit. 

• Extensive product reformulations toward low or zero-VOC products. 

• Pursue even more stringent emission standards. 

• Enhance rule consistency by eliminating discrepancy between some stationary source 

and consumer product regulations allowing higher VOC limits for products sold as 

commercial products for home use versus the same product sold for industrial or 

commercial application under stationary source rules. 

Discussion: 

• Consumer products constituted 11% of total anthropogenic ROG emissions 

statewide in 2005. Due to population growth, ARB projects these emissions will 

increase to 12% of the total by 2010, even with significant reductions from control 

measures considered. Current controls have reduced emissions by 40% in 2010. 

• ARB does not have authority to eliminate any product form-aerosol, liquid, solid or gel. 

• A significant portion of consumer product emissions are not easily available for 

reduction: 1) Many represent very small categories emitting less than 0.1 tpd which 

make setting cost-effective limits difficult; 2) Multi-purpose solvents are a large 

source category, replacement with water or exempt solvents has not proved to be a 

viable option; and 3) The remaining portion comprise categories such as rubbing 

alcohol which are difficult to regulate due to health or efficacy concerns. 

• The District has limited regulatory authority over consumer products, but can assist 

in reducing emissions by incorporating voluntary episodic control use of consumer 

products during Spare the Air days. Enhanced public education about the major 

contribution consumer products play on the environment could lead to more 

personal responsibility when choosing products. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-118

Consumer Products 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• Support the ARB proposed March 2007 Amendments, which will clarify and strengthen 

the Consumer Products Regulation. 

• Investigate feasibility of a labeling program to identify lower VOC products to 

enhance public awareness of available, more environmentally friendly products that 

are equally effective. 

• Investigate feasibility of a usage limitation program for high VOC products. 

• Increase public awareness of the emissions generated from the use of consumer 

products. Use the Spare the Air program to educate the public about available lower 

emitting, equally effective products. Encourage episodic control during Spare the Air 

days. 

• Support state regulations promoting rule consistency between Consumer Products 

Rules and Stationary Source Rules (commercial/industrial) for identical products. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-119

Farm Equipment (M-IND-1)

(Farm Equipment) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 63.7 55.2 48.0 44.6 38.3 30.3 23.4 18.0

VOC 10.7 9.0 7.7 7.0 5.8 4.4 3.4 2.8

Current Control: 

• The federal Clean Air Act prohibits states from regulating emissions from engines 

used in farming less than 175 horsepower-these “preempted” engines represent 

80%of the compression-ignition engines operating in California 

Tier 1 standard for engines 50 to 750 hp is 6.90 g/bhp-hr. 

Tier 2 standards for engines 50 to 750 hp ranges from 4.5 to 5.2 g/bhp-hr, 

depending on model year and engine size. 

Tier 3 standards for engines 50 to 750 hp ranges from 2.8 to 3.3 g/bhp-hr, 

depending on model year and engine size. 

• Carl Moyer Program-incentives to obtain early emission reductions 

Future Control Options: 

• The Tier 4 emission standard for NOx, will be phased in for engines 75 to 175 hp 

from 2012-2014, is 0.30 g/bhp-hr. 

• The Tier 4 emission standard for NOx, will be phased in for engines 175 to 750 hp 

from 2011-2014, is 0.30 g/bhp-hr. 

• Provide incentives for accelerated change-outs 

• Implement registration and inspection program to detect excess emissions 

• Work with EPA to establish nationwide lower-emission standards for new 

compression-ignition engines 

• Episodic controls: restrict hours of operation during ozone season 

Discussion:

• Support EPA and ARB efforts to strengthen standards 

• Incentives can be used to accelerate change-outs to achieve earliest emission 

reductions possible 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Enhance the District’s incentive programs for compression-ignition engines to 

increase modernization / engine retrofits and replacement rates. 

• Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission 

reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional 

information regarding incentive funding. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-120

Farm Equipment 

(Continued) 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-121

Forklifts, Specialty Vehicles/Portable Generators, Pumps, (M-IND-2) 

Compressors, Farm Equipment, & Construction Equipment

(Off-Road Equipment) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

Current Control: 

• The federal Clean Air Act prohibits states from regulating emissions from engines 

used in farming less than 175 horsepower-these “preempted” engines represent 

80%of the compression-ignition engines operating in California 

• Emission standards for LSI model year 2007 and subsequent: 3.0g/bph-hr 

• Carl Moyer Program-incentives to obtain early emission reductions 

Future Control Options: 

• Set lower emission standards for new gas engines (off-road spark-ignition 

engines 25 hp and greater 

• District incentives for replacements 

• Episodic controls to shift time of use 

• Work with EPA to establish nationwide lower-emission standards for new 

compression-ignition engines 

• Further incentivize electric forklifts 

• Enhance and expand the Indirect Source Review program 

Discussion: 

• Support EPA and ARB efforts to strengthen standards 

• Incentives can be used to accelerate change-outs to achieve earliest emission 

reductions possible 

• Investigate episodic control to shift time of engine use on Spare the Air Days 

• The Carl Moyer program has provided incentives to introduce 200 electric, nearzero emission forklifts 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Enhance the District’s incentive programs for compression-ignition engines to 

increase modernization / engine retrofits and replacement rates. 

• Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission 

reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional 

information regarding incentive funding. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-122

Forklifts, Specialty Vehicles/Portable Generators, Pumps, 

Compressors, Farm Equipment, & Construction Equipment 

(Continued) 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

• Reductions for this source category can be found in the ISR control measure
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-123

Land-Based Port Equipment (M-IND-3)

(Off-Road Equipment) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

VOC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Current Control: 

• EPA and ARB engine standards: 

Tier 1 standard for engines 50 to 750 hp is 6.90 g/bhp-hr. 

Tier 2 standards for engines 50 to 750 hp ranges from 4.5 to 5.2 g/bhp-hr, 

depending on model year and engine size. 

Tier 3 standards for engines 50 to 750 hp ranges from 2.8 to 3.3 g/bhp-hr, 

depending on model year and engine size. 

• ARB regulation for Mobile Cargo Handling Equipment at Ports and Intermodal 

Rail Yards, Best Available Control Technology (BACT) 

Future Control Options: 

• ARB Emission Reduction Plan-November Infrastructure Bonds-Port 

improvements 

• Carl Moyer Program 

• New lease agreements at ports-market participation concepts 

• Cleaner engines, add-on emission controls, faster replacement with newer 

models, alternative fuels, electrification 

• Emission control regulations 

• Incentive programs 

• Operational controls 

• Education programs 

Discussion: 

• ARB’s new regulation will accelerate modernization 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Investigate funding opportunities to accelerate implementation of ARB regulation 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-124

Large Diesel Engines (M-IND-4)

(Off-Road Equipment) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

Current Control: 

• ARB emission standards on new equipment 

• Fleet changeout standards 

• Heavy duty engine changeout incentive program 

Future Control Options: 

• Alternative diesel fuels 

• Reduced idling from construction equipment 

• Blue skies series engines 

• NOx emission control retrofit technology 

• Off-road engine fleet upgrade 

• Enhance and expand the Indirect Source Review program 

Discussion: 

• Support EPA and ARB efforts to strengthen standards 

• Additional incentives can be used to accelerate change-outs to achieve earliest 

emission reductions possible 

• Investigate episodic control to shift time of engine use on Spare the Air Days 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Enhance the District’s incentive programs for compression-ignition engines to 

increase modernization / engine retrofits and replacement rates. 

• Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission 

reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional 

information regarding incentive funding. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-125

Off-Road Equipment (M-IND-5)

(Off-Road Equipment) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 58.60 48.24 40.45 37.58 32.10 24.94 20.10 16.80 

VOC 17.44 14.54 12.24 11.58 10.39 9.10 8.44 8.03 

Current Control: 

• Tier 1 standard for engines 50 to 750 hp is 6.90 g/bhp-hr. 

• Tier 2 standards for engines 50 to 750 hp ranges from 4.5 to 5.2 g/bhp-hr, 

depending on model year and engine size. 

• Tier 3 standards for engines 50 to 750 hp ranges from 2.8 to 3.3 g/bhp-hr, 

depending on model year and engine size. 

Future Control Options: 

• Reductions from federally preempted equipment could be used by alternative 

compliance facilities 

• Implement Registration and Inspection Program for Existing Heavy-Duty OffRoad Equipment to Detect Excess Emissions [Compression-Ignition Engines] 

• Pursue nationwide lower emission standards for HC, NOx, and PM emissions for 

new off-road Compression Ignition engines 

• The Tier 4 emission standard for NOx, will be phased in for engines 75 to 175 hp 

from 2012-2014, is 0.30 g/bhp-hr 

• The Tier 4 emission standard for NOx, will be phased in for engines 175 to 750 

hp from 2011-2014, is 0.30 g/bhp-hr. 

Discussion: 

• Support EPA and ARB efforts to strengthen standards 

• Investigate episodic control to shift time of engine use on Spare the Air Days 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Explore wider use of incentives to encourage fleet modernization. 

• Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission 

reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional 

information regarding incentive funding. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-126

SI Utility Engines (M-IND-6)

(Off-Road Equipment) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

Current Control: 

• ARB regulations on new engines. 3.0 g/bhp-hr HC+NOx for engines with 

displacement of less than 1.0 liter produced after 2001. 9.0 g/bhp-hr HC+NOx 

for engines with displacement of greater than 1.0 liter produced after 2002. 

• Durability certification required for engines produced in 2007 and for subsequent 

years. 

Future Control Options: 

• Set lower emission standards for new non-preempt gas engines 

• Clean up off-road gas equipment fleet through retrofit controls 

Discussion: 

• Retrofit of existing equipment could achieve an 80 percent reduction in exhaust 

emissions or meet emission levels equivalent to 3.0 g/bhp-hr HC+NOx. The 

retrofit technology would include a three-way catalyst and a closed loop control of 

the fuel system on some engines. 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Currently this source category is not a candidate for incentive funding, but further 

analysis and study is necessary to determine if this source category may garner 

cost effective reductions in the future provided funding sources are available. 

Please see Chapter 7 for any additional information. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-127

Off-Road Portable Engines (M-IND-7)

(Off-Road Equipment) 

Source Category: This source category includes facilities that operate portable 

engines & equipment used in a variety of applications such as well drilling & servicing, 

power generation, pumping, gas compression, pile driving, cranes, ground support 

equipment, wood chipping, dredging, abrasive blasting, concrete batching, rock, sand, 

or gravel processing. 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 16.6 14.0 10.0 10.8 9.2 7.4 7.0 5.2 

VOC 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 

Based on the District’s database, there are approximately 2,500 portable diesel engines 

registered under the ARB PERP operating within the District. In addition, there are 

approximately 450 portable engines registered with the District under Rule 2280. Forty 

five percent of the total portable diesel engines are rated between 175-750 bhp, and the 

remaining 55% are rated less than 175 bhp and greater than 750 bhp. A more thorough 

analysis of this source category’s inventory is needed to determine their current 

operation, in terms of location and model distribution. 

Current Control: 

• Federal Preemption: New off-road engines less than 175 hp used in farm and 

construction operations follow federal standards, as follows: 

(1) US EPA emission standards for newly manufactured diesel-fueled portable 

engines are tiered (i.e. Tier 1, 2, 3, and 4), with each standard phased in over 

several years based on the power rating of the engine and becoming progressively 

more stringent with each tier. 

(2) Newly manufactured large (greater than 25 hp) spark-ignition (LSI) engines sold 

in California are subject to ARB’s LSI standards, which the US EPA also adopted. In 

addition US EPA has a more stringent standard: beginning in 2007, new LSI engines 

must meet a combined standard for NOx & hydrocarbons (HC) of 2.0 grams per 

brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr). 

• ARB’s Airborne Toxic Control Measure (ATCM) for Diesel-Fueled Portable Engines: 

Requires portable diesel-fueled engines not permitted or registered prior to 1/1/2006; 

meet the most stringent of the federal or California emission standards for nonroad 

engines. Specifically, after 1/1/2006, engines rated 175 to 750 bhp must meet Tier 3 

standards & engines rated greater than 750 bhp must meet Tier 2 standards to be 

accepted in ARB’s Portable Engines Registration Program (PERP). 

• Portable Equipment Unit Standards: Registered ARB’s PERP units are required to 

meet emission limits (82 lbs/day of PM10 & 10 tons/year per pollutant per district per 

year per equipment unit), in addition to emission control requirements. 

Local Air District Permit Programs: Related to their attainment status, districts either 

exempt portable engines altogether or require emission limits, which some districts 

specify to BACT level & equivalent to ARB/US EPA off-road emissions standards. 

• District Rule 2280 requires diesel-fired engines to be retarded by at least 4 degrees or 

NOx emissions not to exceed 10 g/bhp-hr (7.2 g/bhp-hr for turbocharged engines). 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-128

Off-Road Portable Engines 

(Continued) 

• The rule also limits sulfur content of diesel fuel to no more than 0.05% by weight. 

For spark ignition internal combustion engines, Rule 2280 has a NOx emission limit 

of 1.5 g/bhp-hr or less (100 ppmv or less at 15% O2), VOC is 1.5 g/bhp-hr (650 

ppmv or less at 15% O2), and 2.0 g/bhp-hr or less (500 ppmv or less at 15% O2). 

• The PERP: In lieu of obtaining multiple permits from individual districts, a portable 

engine owner can register the engine in PERP. By January 1, 2010, only engines 

certified to ARB/US EPA off-road engine emission standards (Tier 1, 2, or 3) can 

continue to operate in PERP. This means that any engines currently registered in 

the program that do not meet at least Tier 1 standards must be replaced with 

certified engines by that date. 

Future Control Option: 

• Upgrade District standards in Rule 2280 to ARB PERP standards. 

Discussion: 

• Based on emission level differences, a potential emission reduction from upgrading 

District portable engine standards to ARB’ PERP standards appears significant. 

Sixty percent NOx reduction from the 450 portable engines registered with the 

District is approximately 1.5 tons per day. 

• A small number of spark-ignited portable engines are operating within the District, 

however, they are not expected to generate comparable emissions reductions 

compared to upgrading existing non-certified diesel engines since spark-ignited 

engines typically meet or exceed applicable ARB or EPA standards. 

• Emissions from older diesel engines can be reduced by replacing such units with 

cleaner EPA-certified diesel engines before allowing new registration or renewal of 

existing registration with the District. 

• Inspection & maintenance (I/M) of off-road engines guarantees emissions remain at 

levels consistent with rule-based standards. Cost-effectiveness for I/M programs, in 

terms of $/ton of pollutant reduced is less than most ozone mitigation strategies. 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Upgrade District standards in Rule 2280 to ARB PERP standards. 

• Institute I/M programs for off-road engines, & Explore opportunities for incentive 

funding to achieve additional emission reductions from this source category; see 

Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional information regarding incentive funding. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-129

Green Contracting Programs (M-OTH-1)

(Use of low-emission vehicles and equipment, clean fuels, employer-based trip 

reduction programs, and other practices such as green building and energyreducing construction by companies contracting with public agencies) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control. 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

Current Control: With the growing concern for global warming, green contracting 

programs are gaining ground in cities and counties across the U.S., and this has mostly 

taken the form of adopting ordinances voluntarily, since air districts do not have 

regulatory authority to require local government agencies to adopt these ordinances. 

Control Options: 

• Develop a model ordinance and promote its adoption by cities and counties for 

incorporation into local codes. 

• Make green contracting an attractive option for companies by awarding incentive 

funding for the retrofit of off-road construction equipment, vehicle fleets, and 

other machines. 

• Issue “Green Contractor Certification” to companies that fulfill certain criteria, as 

established by the District, including meeting fleet standards and completion of 

courses about equipment maintenance and operation. 

Discussion: 

• Reduction of NOx and VOC precursors occurs in conjunction with the reduction 

of CO2 from fuel combustion processes, which is one of the ways of mitigating 

global warming. 

• Off-road equipment emissions make-up a significant portion of the NOx 

inventory, approximately 57 tons per day. 

• Government agencies may incur higher costs when contracts are awarded to 

certified green contracting companies that incur higher operating costs due to the 

purchase of cleaner equipment. 

• Green contracting programs could encourage participation in incentive programs, 

due to the business opportunities from being a certified green contractor. 

• See Chapter 8, Innovative Strategies and Programs, for additional information on 

this source category. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-130

Green Contracting Programs 

(Continued) 

Recommendation: 

• Promote the voluntary adoption of the green contracting model ordinance.

• Through incentive funding, encourage the conversion of off-road equipment 

fleets of companies that strive for green certification. 

• Implement certification programs for green contractors. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-131

Fuel Storage and Handling (M-OTH-2)

(Fuel Storage and Handling) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7

Current Control: ARB 2005 Portable Fuel Container (PFC) regulation on fuel cans 

Future Control Options: 

• Strengthening standards, continuing spill-proof PFC research by ARB 

• Incentives to speed replacement of metal cans with cans that meet regulation 

Discussion: 

• Incentives will speed replacement of older, non compliant cans 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Research availability of funds for incentives to replace older gas cans, investigate 

feasibility as an additional program associated with the Clean Green Yard 

Machine electric lawn mower exchange program 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-132

Lawn Care Equipment (M-OTH-3)

(Off-Road Equipment) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

VOC 8.5 7.5 6.7 6.4 5.9 5.4 5.2 5.0

Current Control: 

• ARB regulations on new engines 

Future Control Options: 

• Fund replacement of lawn equipment 

• More stringent EPA and ARB standards 

• Reformulated gasoline/alternative fuels 

• Operational efficiency enhancements 

• Land use decisions/landscaping alternatives 

• Enhance and expand the Indirect Source Review program 

Discussion: 

• The 2006 District Clean Green Yard Machine exchange program reduced smogforming emissions by 2.24 tons by retiring 800 gas-burning mowers and 

providing a 60% discount on the purchase of a new cordless electric mower. The 

exchange program was held in 5 valley locations. 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Encourage more stringent EPA and ARB standards 

• Expand programs to exchange older polluting equipment with newer, cleaner 

engines, electric options 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

• Reductions for this source category can be found in the ISR control measure
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-133

Off-Road Recreational Vehicles (M-OTH-4)

(Off-Road Recreational Vehicles) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.30 

VOC 6.57 7.00 7.52 7.71 8.08 8.71 9.40 9.40 

Current Control: 

• ARB emissions limits and test procedures for off-highway recreational vehicles, 

including off-road motorcycles and ATVs. 

• Use restrictions for non-compliant vehicles 

• Engines 90 cc or greater, built prior to 1997 are not subject to new emission 

limits 

• Engines 90 cc or less, built prior to 1999 are not subject to new emission limits 

Future Control Options: 

• Strengthen standards 

• Alternative fuels 

• Operational efficiency 

• Fees for non-compliant vehicles 

Discussion: 

• Vehicles in compliance with ARB standards are issued green registration stickers 

that allow year-round operation. Non-compliant vehicles are eligible to receive 

red registrations stickers that allow operations only during designated months 

when ozone levels are low. 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Encourage ARB efforts to strengthen standards for new vehicles 

• Develop strategy to reduce emissions from in-use recreational vehicles 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-134

Aircraft (M-OTH-5)

(Aircraft) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 3.0 4.1 4.5 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3

VOC 6.8 8.7 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.4 10.8 10.9

Current Control: 

• Aircraft Engines: U.S.EPA works its standard-setting process through 

International Civil Aviation Organization because aircraft engines are 

international commodities and operated internationally. 

Future Control Options: 

• Long-term Advanced Technologies Strategy-Federal Responsibility 

o Pursue more stringent engine standards, retrofit controls, cleaner fuel, 

apply standards to non-tactical military aircraft 

o Control measure to limit idle and taxi time 

o Incentives for engine replacement and retrofits 

Discussion: 

• Proposed control options to cut emissions for new and existing aircraft would 

help mitigate net increase in aircraft emissions. New technology, new standards, 

research and development would be required. U.S. EPA has the regulatory 

authority over aircraft emission reductions. 

• Typical idle and taxi times of aircraft averages from 13-35 minutes, in many 

cases much longer. Emissions range from 0-60.8 lb/hr VOC and 0 to 7.5 lb/hr of 

NOx during idling (varies by aircraft type) 

• Incentives would facilitate earlier modernization. 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Encourage U.S. EPA to set more stringent aircraft emission standards, to require 

engine emission retrofits, to require the reformulation of jet fuel to lower the sulfur 

content, and to apply commercial aircraft engine standards to non-tactical military 

aircraft. 

• Research technological and economic feasibility of idle and taxi control measure 

• Investigate feasibility of incentives for engine replacement/retrofits. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-135

Recreational Boats (M-OTH-6)

(Recreational Boats) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 6.14 6.01 5.65 5.56 5.40 5.26 5.18 5.14

VOC 25.92 23.80 21.97 21.50 21.70 19.87 19.14 18.43

Current Control: 

• Recreational Marine engine standards for inboard and sterndrive enginesBeginning of 2007 requires 45% product sales comply with 5 g/kW-hr emission 

cap, 75% by 2008, and 100% 2009 and later. 

• The U.S. EPA standards for outboard engines and personal watercraft, which 

phase in between 1998 and 2006, require a 75% HC reduction for new engines 

Future Control Options: 

• Strengthen standards 

• Episodic control to restrict time of use in ozone season 

• Alternative fuels 

• Operational efficiency 

• Fee on highest emitters 

Discussion: 

• New marine will meet the 5g/kW-hr standard through the incorporation of 

catalytic converters 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Encourage EPA and ARB efforts to strengthen standards 

• Investigate the feasibility of episodic control, and gross polluter fees 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-136

Ships and Commercial Boats (M-OTH-7)

(Ships and Commercial Boats) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8

VOC 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 0.1

Current Control:

• MARPOL Annex VI standards (International) 

• U.S. EPA and ARB emission standards 

Future Control Options: 

• Voluntary measures for existing fleet 

• Retrofit/replacement modernization of fleet 

• Idling reduction/smart operations/”cold ironing” using port electric power 

• Low sulfur regulations/rule for clean auxiliary engine fuel 

• Expanded ship speed reduction 

• Bring the newer/clean ships to California service 

• Ship modernization-November Election: Infrastructure Bonds 

Discussion: 

• With limited jurisdictional authority, the District should investigate the use of 

incentives and funding to speed the modernization/replacement/retrofitting of 

ship’s engines 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Support MARPOL Annex VI negotiations to develop more stringent Tier II NOx 

and SOx standards and to expand coverage to PM and existing engines 

• Tighter U.S. EPA and ARB emission standards 

• Us incentives to speed modernization and emission reductions 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-137

Indirect Source Review (ISR) Enhancement (M-OTH-8)

(Light and medium duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, and off-road equipment) 

Source Category: 

In terms of NOx reductions, ISR impacts three main source categories: (1) Vehicles 

used for commuting to and from the development project, before and after its 

completion; (2) Heavy-duty vehicles such as trash haulers; and (3) Off-road equipment, 

including street sweepers, small off-road engines (lawn equipment using IC enginesmowers, edgers, leaf blowers), and heavy-construction machinery. 

Emissions Inventory: 

The baseline inventory for ISR is in the three source category groups mentioned above. 

For further information on the baseline emissions, please refer to those individual 

control measure write-ups: M-TRAN-6, M-TRAN-4 & 5, M-IND-5, and M-OTH-3. 

Current Control: The Indirect Source Rule, Rule 9510, is designed to mitigate 

emissions associated with development projects that exceed two tons per year of NOx 

and PM10. Specifically, for the construction phase of a development project, Rule 9510 

requires a 20% NOx reduction from the statewide average resulting from the use of 

construction equipment that is greater than 50 horsepower. For the operational 

emissions, defined as the combination of the area and mobile emissions associated 

with the project, Rule 9510 requires 33% NOx reduction from the operational baseline, 

as computed using an APCO-approved model (e.g. URBEMIS). Both sources of NOx 

reductions can be met by on-site emission reduction measures or off-site mitigation 

fees. 

VOC reductions are not part of the mitigation requirements of Rule 9510, since the 

effects of VOC emissions have been deemed as insignificant in the formation of PM2.5. 

However, ozone formation involves both VOC and NOx. Therefore, VOC emissions 

associated with development projects and its reduction through mitigation measures are 

now an integral part when considering Rule 9510 as a current ozone control 

mechanism. 

Future Control Options: 

• Increase the required reduction from the use of construction equipment greater 

than 50 horsepower from 20% to 50% NOx reduction from the statewide 

average. 

• Increase the required reduction from the operational baseline from 33% to 50% 

NOx reduction. 

• Add VOC reduction as a mitigation requirement. 

Discussion: 

• The 20% reduction from the statewide average for construction emissions was 

based on the assumption that it was sufficient from the point of controlling 

emissions in order for the District to meet its one-hour ozone plan requirements. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-138

Indirect Source Review (ISR) Enhancement 

 (Continued)

• The 33% operational baseline emission reduction for NOx was based on the 

assumption that mobile source emissions will come down by 50% over 10 years 

due to improved tailpipe emissions. Instead of mitigating 100% of the remaining 

emissions, after deducting the emission reduction attributable to ARB’s tailpipe 

control, Rule 9510 required only 33% mitigation. This method was used in order 

to assure that development projects do not over-mitigate its emissions. 

• The potential NOx emission reduction from increasing the mitigation 

requirements from 33% to 50% reduction of the operational baseline emissions is 

approximately 2 tons per day. 

• A future reevaluation of Rule 9510 must include analysis of VOC emissions and 

its reduction through mitigation requirements. 

Recommendation: 

• There are no specific recommendations at this time. At this point, the District 

is exploring all possibilities of gaining emission reductions from sources under 

its jurisdiction. Legal limitations in state law are also being examined.

• The District invites comments and suggestions to further improve control 

options, within legal limitations set by state law. 

• A future feasibility study to re-evaluate this source category is planned. See 

Chapter 8, Innovative Strategies and Programs, for any additional information 

on this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-139

Expanded Spare-The-Air Programs (M-OTH-9)

(Lawn-care equipment, architectural coatings and solvents, asphalt paving and 

roofing operations, barbecue cooking, off-road construction machinery, 

recreational vehicles and watercrafts, household aerosols, and other stationary 

sources) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from proposed controls.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

Current Control: Public service announcements which encourage residents and 

employees to curtail activities that cause air pollution; partnerships with 700 public and 

private entities enable workers to participate in Spare-The-Air (STA) day activities, 

including receiving rewards and recognition; various outreach programs, including: 

clean yard machines trade-ins, air quality school curriculums, and public forums. 

Future Control Options: 

• Recruit more public agencies and private companies as clean air partners; add 

additional programs, including assisting businesses and public agencies in 

establishing alternative transportation programs. 

• Emphasize trip reduction programs during STA days by increased public 

awareness campaigns and by recruiting more STA participants, of which the 

District currently has 700 private and public partners, who implement VMT 

reduction activities. 

• Voluntary no-sell policy of VOC-emitting products, such as paints and solvents, 

during the STA days. 

• Curtailment of recreational activities, such as off-road motorcycling and 

motorized watercraft use, during STA days. 

• Postpone the use of heavy construction machinery, such as bulldozers, levelers, 

and pavers, to days that are less conducive to ozone formation. 

• Postpone nonessential activities in stationary sources, such as structural repairs, 

maintenance, or painting, which result in emissions of NOx and VOC to days that 

are less conducive to ozone formation. 

Discussion: 

• The District’s in-house approach to encouraging employees to curtail activities 

during STA days is a good model for other public and private entities to follow. 

During STA days, district employees take part in activities, such as: (1) Staying 

in for lunch, (2) Carpooling for lunch, (3) Carpooling and trip linking with fellow 

employees for lunchtime errands, and (4) Stepped-up efforts to use alternative 

transportation to and from work. The District’s public education unit, which award 

prizes to outstanding participants, coordinates these efforts. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-140

Expanded Spare-The-Air Programs 

(Continued) 

• The District’s alternative transportation program gets 20% participation, wherein 

employees taking part use alternative transportation for three days out of a fiveday workweek (60%) and get rewarded $25 for a two-week pay period. This 

20% participation is approximately 8% higher than the general working 

population’s use of alternative transportation (US Census 2000). 

• Free transit rides, as done in the Bay Area during STA days, have increased 

ridership in buses and trains. However, these free rides have relatively very high 

costs in reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT), compared to other programs that 

reduce VMT. 

• Curtailment of activities that contribute to ozone formation will be on a voluntary 

basis, since the District does not have the authority to impose an outright ban on 

these activities. Local government entities are empowered by state law to limit 

certain activities, as has been done by cities in limiting usage of lawn equipment, 

such as leaf blowers. 

Recommendation: 

• Expand the District’s current STA programs with the following improvements: 

o Assist public and private agencies to organize and implement alternative 

transportation programs. 

o Promote voluntary curtailment of activities that produce NOx and VOC. 

o Write model ordinances that prevent NOx and VOC emissions by 

restricting certain activities, such as use of recreational vehicles and 

watercraft, lawn-maintenance equipment, drive-thorough, etc. Promote 

the adoption of these ordinances by cities and counties, with the District 

providing technical and scientific assistance in subjects pertaining to air 

quality. 

o Explore ways to incentivize the voluntary participation of stationary 

sources in curtailing activities that contribute to ozone formation. 

o As a form of voluntary and emerging measures for which EPA has 

provided guidelines for SIP credits, design expanded STA projects so that 

EPA criteria for SIP creditation are fulfilled. 

• See Chapter 8, Innovative Strategies and Programs, for additional information on 

this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-141

Employer-based Trip Reduction Programs (M-TRAN-1)

(Van Pools, Carpools, Public Transit Use, Employer-based Alternative 

Transportation Programs, and Other Trip Reduction Programs Impacting Vehicle 

Miles Traveled and Targeting Light-Duty Vehicles) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations: does not reflect the reductions from the proposed control.

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 10.2 7.8 6.3 5.8 4.8 3.7 2.9 2.4 

VOC 

69.5 60.4 50.2 46.8 40.5 33.3 28.1 24.4 

Reflects emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles. 

! EICs Affected: 710-XXX-XXXX; 722-XXX-XXXX; 723-XXX-XXXX 

 Current Control: Existing trip reduction programs, such as van pools and employerbased transportation trip reduction programs, exist, but are limited in scope and have 

not resulted in significant reductions in vehicle miles traveled (VMT). 

Future Control Options: 

• Organize and incentivize more participation, both private and public, in trip 

reduction programs.

• Emphasize trip reduction programs during Spare The Air (STA) days by 

increased public awareness campaigns and by recruiting more STA participants, 

of which the District currently has 700 private and public partners, who implement 

VMT reduction activities. 

• Adopt a rule requiring employer-based trip reduction programs. 

Discussion: 

• District Rule 9001 (Commuter-based Trip Reduction) was adopted in January 20, 

1994, and it was repealed in February 15, 1996, with the passage of state 

Senate Bill 437, which prohibited mandatory employer-based trip reduction 

programs. 

• On February 21, 2003, an act to add Chapter 5.7 to part 3 of Division 26 of the 

Health and Safety Code, was enacted, and it includes Section 40601(d) which 

allow the District board to adopt, by the earliest feasible date, rules and 

regulations that require all businesses employing at least 100 people, as 

described further by Section 40601(d)(1 & 2), to establish rideshare programs. 

• Single-occupancy vehicle commuting to work sites contributes significantly to 

traffic congestion and ozone formation. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-142

Employer-Based Trip Reduction Programs 

 (Continued) 

• High polluting cars, trucks, and vans continue to be used in worksites that are 

amenable to vanpooling or carpooling. 

Recommendation:

• Adopt a rule requiring businesses with at least 100 employees, as defined in the 

CH&SC 40601, to establish rideshare programs. 

• Implement trip reduction programs following EPA guidelines for SIP reductions.

• Explore the applicability of state laws governing parking pay-out programs in 

California, and work to strengthen that law and its enforcement in the San 

Joaquin Valley. 

• See Chapter 8, Innovative Strategies and Programs, for additional information on 

this source category. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.0 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 

VOC 0.00 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.68 

• Using the program example in the Houston-Galveston area, which assumed that 

10 percent of employees would use alternative transportation one day of the 

week (using a 5-day workweek), work-commute VMT can be reduced by 10% x 

0.2 or 2%.

• These reductions are typical of trip reduction programs, which are conservative 

and take into account the many challenges faced by existing programs.

• Trip reduction programs fall in the category of voluntary and emerging measures, 

for which EPA has provided guidance, including fulfilling criteria for claiming SIP 

credits, such as enforceability and verifiability.

• Surveys that gauge participation are often done to verify SIP credits.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-143

Accelerated Fleet Turnover (M-TRAN-2)

(Light-duty, Medium-duty, Heavy-duty vehicles, and Off-road equipment) 

Source Category: 

This source category includes all fleets listed above. 

Emissions Inventory: 

The baseline inventory for accelerated fleet turnover is in the four source category 

groups mentioned above. For further information on the baseline emissions, please 

refer to those individual control measure write-ups. 

Current Control: 

• Emission standards for vehicle categories have steadily become more stringent, 

reflecting improvement brought by new technology. For heavy-duty diesel engines, 

the 2007 EPA standards for NOx reflect a 90% reduction (2 to 0.2 g/bhp-hr) from the 

2004 EPA standards. Light and medium-duty vehicles have been subject to 

emission standards reflecting Lower Emission Vehicles (LEV) regulations and 

testing procedures, as well as greenhouse gas regulations. 

• ARB’s Fleet Rule For Transit Agencies reduces public exposure to diesel particulate 

PM and NOx emissions from transit fleet vehicles. 

Future Control Options: 

• Fleet average standards for public fleets and private fleets engaged in contract 

services to government agencies could be specified in a command-and-control rule, 

in order to hasten the faster turnover of older to newer vehicles. The fleet average 

standards reflecting the 2004 EPA standards and the 2007 EPA standards could be 

phase-in over a certain period of time.

• Assist in the turnover of private fleets by providing incentives for purchasing new 

vehicles and for improving fleet averages by retrofitting older vehicles.

• Incentive funding for inspection and maintenance programs for both types of fleets. 

Discussion: 

• Cleaner vehicles in all categories are now available and will have even lower NOx 

emissions in the years to come. However, the transition to new vehicles by attrition 

is not fast enough, in order for these improvements to assist in early attainment of 

the NAAQS standards. 

• Natural gas-powered and other alternative fuel engines have been successfully 

integrated in existing fleets, new diesel and gas engines are approaching the 

emissions level of alternative-fuel engines, making “fuel neutrality” a viable path for 

accelerating fleet turnover. 

• Diesel emission retrofit control technologies have been proven to be effective and 

becoming increasingly more cost-effective for both NOx and PM. NOx reduction 

retrofits include: diesel oxidation catalyst, lean NOx catalyst, selective catalytic 

reduction, NOx adsorbers, and exhaust gas recirculation. Likewise, for PM 

reduction, technologies are now widely available, such as: active and passive diesel 

particulate filters, flow-through filters, and several types of alternative diesel fuels. 

• ARB’s private fleet rulemaking is in progress, and formal board consideration of the 

upcoming rule is scheduled for mid-2007. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-144

Accelerated Fleet Turnover 

(Continued) 

• South Coast fleet rules were challenged in federal court by the Engine Manufacturers 

Association (EMA). U.S. District Court ruled against EMA and the case was elevated 

to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reversed the lower court’s decision. However the 

U.S. Supreme Court did not resolve the validity of the fleet rules and remanded the 

case to the lower court to consider whether some of the fleet rules could be 

characterized as internal state purchase decisions, thereby directing the lower court to 

consider the scope of EMA’s challenge. The lower court concluded that the South 

Coast fleet rules are constitutional as they apply to state and local government actors 

and that they fall within the market participant doctrine. 

• The South Coast AQMD issued an advisory notice based on the May 2005 lower 

court order. In summary, South Coast AQMD stated it would fully enforce the fleet 

rules as they apply to private entities under contract to state or local public entities, 

including the State of California, counties, cities and special districts. Note, this 

excludes private entities that are not under contract to state or public entities and/or 

federal public entities. It also excludes federal entities from fleet rule requirements. 

Recommendation: 

• Explore all possibilities of reducing fleet emissions in shortest time possible. Implement 

all viable methods including command & control rules, retrofits, & inspection & 

maintenance programs. 

• Implement fleet modernization with “fuel neutrality” as a guiding principle. 

• Use incentive funding for acceleration of private fleet turnover. 

• Adopt fleet rules applicable to the following vehicle categories, as operated by public 

agencies or by private fleets under contract to government agencies:

Light- and medium duty vehicles; Public transit fleets that provide passenger 

transportation services including intra- and intercity shuttle services; Solid waste 

collection fleets; Commercial airport ground access; Less polluting sweepers 

(PM10 and NOx); Onroad heavy-duty public fleets; Offroad construction fleetsearthmovers, pavers, levelers, water trucks, etc.; Offroad grounds keeping 

equipment; Other offroad equipment types operated as fleets. 

• Specify exempt vehicles including emergency vehicles operated by federal, state, or 

local law enforcement agencies; fire departments; or to paramedic & rescue vehicles. 

• The fleet requirements would be: (a) Purchase of low-emitting vehicles and 

equipment classified as such under ARB’s certification system when purchasing or 

replacing vehicles and equipment and (b) Specify replacement schedule according 

to year of manufacture of old vehicle/equipment and the availability of replacement. 

• Coordinate with ARB to implement both regulatory & incentive measures to promote 

consistency and effectiveness of all efforts to accelerate fleet turnovers. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Emissions Reduction, Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-145

Diesel Trucks (M-TRAN-3) 

(Light Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks - 1, Light Heavy Diesel Duty Trucks – 2, 

Medium Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks, Heavy Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 225.8 198.5 162.0 150.1 127.4 100.7 83.1 72.5

VOC 13.4 11.7 9.9 9.4 8.4 7.2 6.3 5.8

Current Control: 

• EPA and ARB Model Year Based Emission Standards 

• Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection/Periodic Smoke Inspection Programs (ARB) 

• ARB rules for low sulfur diesel /truck idle limits/international border trucks 

Future Control Options: 

• Enhanced renewable fuel standards /Alternative fuels 

• Episodic controls-regulate time of use during ozone season 

• No deadhead-full truck utilization 

• Short Sea Shipping 

• Greater use of rail for goods movement 

• Port truck modernization-November Election: Infrastructure Bonds 

• Augment Community Based Inspections (ARB) 

• Capture and Control Vapors from Gasoline Cargo Tankers (ARB) 

• Fleet Modernization: engine software upgrades, on-board diagnostics, reduced 

idling, on board emission controls (ARB) (SJVUAPCD) 

• Encourage the use of I 5 for through travel 

• International trucks must meet U.S. standards 

• Green Contracting 

• Enhance and expand the Indirect Source Review program 

Discussion: 

• Support ARB and EPA efforts to strengthen standards 

• Use incentives for fleet modernization/replacement/retrofits 

• Greater use of I-5 would move emissions source away from heavy population 

areas/Land use decisions 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Explore incentives to encourage I-5 use 

• Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission 

reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional 

information regarding incentive funding. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-146

Diesel Trucks 

(Continued) 

• Explore Green Contracting as a way to speed fleet modernization. 

• Supplement and accelerate incentives for truck stop electrification 

programs/auxiliary power units/ IdleAir/ direct-fired heaters and thermal storage 

technologies to provide power when trucks are parked. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-147

Gasoline Trucks (M-TRAN-4) 

(Light Heavy Duty Gas Trucks - 1, Light Heavy Gas Duty Trucks – 2, Medium 

Heavy Duty Gas Trucks, Heavy Heavy Duty Gas Trucks) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 8.4 8.0 7.4 7.2 6.7 6.2 5.8 5.4

VOC 11.6 10.5 9.3 8.9 8.1 7.1 6.0 5.0

Current Control: 

• 2008 and later model year heavy-duty gasoline engines/vehicle standards 

• Fleet change-out standards 

• Vehicle inspection programs; boarder inspections; truck idling programs (ARB) 

Future Control Options: 

• Incentives for scrappage programs; fleet modernization/engine 

replacement/retrofits (SJVUAPCD) 

• Green contracting 

• Episodic controls: restrict hours of operation during ozone season 

• Enhanced renewable fuel standards /Alternative fuels 

• Episodic controls-regulate time of use during ozone season 

• No deadhead-full truck utilization 

• Short Sea Shipping 

• Greater use of rail for goods movement 

• Port truck modernization-November Election: Infrastructure Bonds 

• Augment Community Based Inspections (ARB) 

• Capture and Control Vapors from Gasoline Cargo Tankers (ARB) 

• Fleet Modernization: engine software upgrades, on-board diagnostics, reduced 

idling, on board emission controls (ARB) (SJVUAPCD) 

• Encourage the use of I 5 for through travel 

• International trucks must meet U.S. standards 

• Enhance and expand the Indirect Source Review program 

Discussion: 

• Support ARB and EPA efforts to strengthen standards 

• Incentives can be used for modernization, replacements/retrofits to assure 

emission reductions occur as early as possible 

• Green contracting encouraged by local jurisdictions will speed fleet 

modernization 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-148

Gasoline Trucks 

(Continued) 

• Supplement and accelerate incentives for truck stop electrification 

programs/auxiliary power units/ IdleAir/ direct-fired heaters and thermal storage 

technologies to provide power when trucks are parked 

Recommendation: 

• Explore wider use of incentives to encourage fleet modernization. 

• Investigate feasibility of episodic control-restricted hours of operation. 

• Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission 

reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional 

information regarding incentive funding. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

• Reductions for this source category can be found in the ISR control measure 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-149

Heavy Duty Diesel Urban Buses (M-TRAN-5)

(Heavy Duty Diesel Urban Buses) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8

VOC 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Current Control: 

• 2007 and later model year heavy-duty diesel engines/vehicle standards 

• Inspection/Maintenance Program 

Future Control Options: 

• ARB Zero-emission Bus Regulation 

• Fleet change out standards 

• Augment Community Based Inspections (ARB) 

• Fund scrappage programs 

• Incentive for faster fleet turnover/modernization 

• Remote tailpipe sensing 

• Episodic controls-restrict hours of use during ozone season 

• Alternative fuels/add on emission controls 

• Operational efficiency 

• Land use decisions 

Discussion: 

• Support ARB and EPA efforts to strengthen standards 

• Use incentives for fleet modernization/replacement/retrofits 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Supplement and accelerate incentive programs (some are already in progress) 

for engine replacement/retrofits to accelerate fleet modernization 

• Investigate operational efficiency to maximize ridership 

• Encourage land use decisions to maximize public transit 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-150

Heavy Duty Gas Urban Buses (M-TRAN-6)

(Heavy Duty Gas Urban Buses) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

VOC 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Current Control: 

• 2008 and later model year heavy-duty gasoline engines/vehicle standards 

• Fleet change-out standards 

Future Control Options: 

• ARB Zero-emission Bus Regulation 

• Fleet change out standards 

• Augment Community Based Inspections (ARB) 

• Fund scrappage programs 

• Incentive for faster fleet turnover/modernization 

• Remote tailpipe sensing 

• Episodic controls-restrict hours of use during ozone season 

Discussion: 

• Support ARB and EPA efforts to strengthen standards 

• Incentivize fleet modernization/replacement/retrofits 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Currently this source category is not a candidate for incentive funding, but further 

analysis and study is necessary to determine if this source category may garner 

cost effective reductions in the future provided funding sources are available. 

Please see Chapter 7 for any additional information. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-151

Light and Medium Duty Vehicles (M-TRAN-7)

(Light Duty Passenger, Light Duty Trucks – 1, Light Duty Trucks – 2, Medium 

Duty Trucks) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 63.1 52.5 42.1 38.7 32.6 25.3 19.9 16.1

VOC 79.2 69.4 58.6 54.9 48.1 40.2 34.4 30.2

Current Control: 

• LEV 1, LEV 2, and ZEV programs reduce emissions from light and medium duty 

vehicles 

• Smog-Check Program ensures that in-use vehicles stay clean as they age. 

Future Control Options: 

• Replace or Upgrade Emission Control Systems on Existing Passenger Vehicles

• Improve Smog Check to increase emission reductions 

• Expanded Spare-the-air Programs, to decrease VMTs. 

• Incentives for voluntary vehicle retirement 

• Expand use of HOV lanes 

• Alternative fuels 

• Carpool subsidies 

• Traffic synchronization 

• Fee on high emitters 

• Pay as you go insurance 

• Enhance and expand the Indirect Source Review program 

Discussion: 

• Fleet retrofits and modernization assure that emission reductions occur at the 

fastest rate possible. 

• All methods to reduce VMT should be investigated 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Support ARB and EPA efforts to strengthen standards 

• Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission 

reductions from this source category through a decrease in VMT or investigate 

high emission vehicle buy back/replacement program; see Chapter 7 of this Plan 

for additional information regarding incentive funding. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-152

Light and Medium Duty Vehicles 

(Continued) 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

• Reductions for this source category can be found in the ISR and Trip Reduction 

control measures 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-153

Motor Homes (M-TRAN-8)

(Motor Homes) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

VOC 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1

Current Control: 

• EPA and ARB Model Year Based Emission Standards 

• Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection/Periodic Smoke Inspection Programs (ARB) 

Future Control Options: 

• Enhanced renewable fuel standards 

• Alternative fuels 

• Augment Community Based Inspections (ARB) 

• Fleet Modernization: engine software upgrades, on-board diagnostics, reduced 

idling, on board emission controls (ARB) (SJVUAPCD) 

• Encourage the use of I 5 for through travel 

• Episodic controls-regulate time of use in ozone season 

Discussion: 

• Support ARB and EPA efforts to strengthen standards 

• Use incentives for fleet modernization/replacement/retrofits 

• Greater use of I-5 would move emissions source away from heavy population 

areas/Land use decisions 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Explore incentives to encourage I 5 use 

• Expand incentive program for engine replacement/retrofits 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-154

Motorcycles (M-TRAN-9)

 (Motorcycles) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3

VOC 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1

Current Control:

• ARB emission standards implemented for 50 cubic centimeters and greater in 

1978, amended in 1984 allowing standards to be set on a “corporate average”. 

2004 new standards set for 280 cc and larger motorcycles. Restrictions on 

modifications to post-1978 that increase emissions. 

Future Control Options: 

• Enhanced renewable fuel standards /Alternative fuels 

• Episodic controls-regulate time of use during ozone season 

Discussion: 

• Support ARB and EPA efforts to strengthen standards 

• Incentives can be used for modernization, replacements/retrofits to assure 

emission reductions occur as early as possible 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Currently this source category is not a candidate for incentive funding, but further 

analysis and study is necessary to determine if this source category may garner 

cost effective reductions in the future provided funding sources are available. 

Please see Chapter 7 for any additional information. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-155

Other Buses (M-TRAN-10)

(Other Buses) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

VOC 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Current Control: 

• Engine/vehicle standards depending on engine/fuel type 

Future Control Options: 

• ARB Zero-emission Bus Regulation 

• Fleet change out standards 

• Augment Community Based Inspections (ARB) 

• Fund scrappage programs 

• Incentive for faster fleet turnover/modernization 

• Remote tailpipe sensing 

• Episodic controls-restrict hours of use during ozone season 

• Alternative fuels/add on emission controls 

• Operational efficiency 

• Land use decisions 

Discussion: 

• Support ARB and EPA efforts to strengthen standards 

• Use incentives for fleet modernization/replacement/retrofits 

• Investigate operational efficiency to maximize ridership 

• Encourage land use decisions to maximize public transit 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Currently this source category is not a candidate for incentive funding, but further 

analysis and study is necessary to determine if this source category may garner 

cost effective reductions in the future provided funding sources are available. 

Please see Chapter 7 for any additional information. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-156

School Buses (M-TRAN-11)

(School Buses) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0

VOC 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Current Control: 

• Replacement of pre-2002 buses by 2016 (District rule 9310) 

• ARB School Bus Idling Program 

Future Control Options: 

• Fund scrappage programs 

• Fund faster fleet turnovers/modernization 

Discussion: 

• District Rule 9310 will accelerate the replacement schedule of the oldest buses 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• Expanded funding programs for engine replacement/retrofits to accelerate fleet 

modernization 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-157

Trains (M-TRAN-12)

(Trains) 

Emissions Inventory: 

With current controls and regulations 

 Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2005 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx 23.6 21.1 20.4 20.5 20.7 21.0 21.5 22.0

VOC 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Current Control: 

• U.S. EPA has sole authority to set emission standards for new and 

remanufactured locomotives 

• ARB -Memorandum of Understanding with BNSF and UP requires installation of 

ILD on over 99% of interstate locomotives between June 30, 2006 and June 30, 

2008. It also requires that 80% of the diesel fuel dispensed to UP and BNSF 

locomotives to be low-sulfur by the end of 2006 

Future Control Options: 

• Funding for anti-idling devices 

• Re-power 

• Retrofits 

• Alternative technology switch locomotives 

Discussion: 

• Supplementation and acceleration of incentive funding to encourage the earliest 

fleet modernization 

• Investigate new technologies 

• Please refer to Chapter 7 for any additional information on possible incentive 

programs which may reduce emissions from this source category. 

Recommendation: 

• More stringent federal emission standards 

• Support agreements with the railroads to place the newest locomotives into 

California service 

• Explore opportunities for incentive funding to achieve additional emission 

reductions from this source category; see Chapter 7 of this Plan for additional 

information regarding incentive funding. 

Projected Reductions: 

With recommended controls 

Tons per day – summer season 

Pollutant 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 2020 2023 

NOx NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 

VOC NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District April 30, 2007

 Appendix I: Candidate Control Measures 

2007 Ozone Plan 

Appendix I-158

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