1

COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

By Laura M. Norman,1

 Angela Donelson,2 Edwin Pfeifer, 1 and Alven H. Lam3

Open-File Report 2006-1112 

Version 1.0 

2006 

 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not 

imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

 

1

 U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Geographic Science Team, Tucson, AZ. 

2

 University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 

3 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC.
1

CONTENTS 

Abstract........................................................................................................................... 4 

Introduction.................................................................................................................... 4 

Colonias ....................................................................................................................... 7 

Colonias Monitoring Program ..................................................................................... 8 

Land-Use Change in Ambos Nogales........................................................................... 9 

History of Land Use and Policy Change.................................................................... 12 

Monitoring Land Use Change.................................................................................... 17 

Change Detection and Discussion ............................................................................. 25 

Colonias of Ambos Nogales......................................................................................... 27 

Nogales, Arizona........................................................................................................ 29 

Nogales, Sonora ......................................................................................................... 35 

Colonias Development............................................................................................... 42 

Web-Based Interface ................................................................................................... 44 

Delivery of Product/Training..................................................................................... 45 

Conclusions................................................................................................................... 48 

APPENDIX A: Ambos Nogales Urban Planning GIS Workshop Tutorial............ 51 

APPENDIX B: Metadata. ........................................................................................... 63 

1975 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales ...................................................................... 63 

1983 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales ...................................................................... 68 

1995 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales ...................................................................... 73 

2002 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales ...................................................................... 78 

Waterlines for Nogales, Arizona................................................................................ 83 

Waterlines in Nogales, Sonora................................................................................... 88 

Sewerlines of Nogales, Arizona................................................................................. 93 

Sewerlines for Nogales, Sonora................................................................................. 98 

Colonias of Nogales, Arizona.................................................................................. 103 

Homogeneous Areas of Nogales, Sonora ................................................................ 108 

REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 115 

Websites Referenced................................................................................................ 120 
2

FIGURES 

Figure 1: United States-Mexican Border Region, showing locations of major cities 

(dots) and 150-mi buffer zone (crosshatched area) on either side of the border. .... 6 

Figure 2: Ambos Nogales along the United States-Mexican border. ............................ 10 

Figure 3: Aerial photograph of Nogales, Ariz. (lower left), the United States-Mexican 

border (diagonally from left to right), and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico (upper right). 

Photograph by Pamela L. Nagler, 2004................................................................. 11 

Figure 4: Current and Abandoned Railroads in Southern Arizona (Myrick, 1967). ..... 13 

Figure 5: Population growth in Ambos Nogales, 1900-2000. (URL 

http://monsoon.geog.arizona.edu/~sombrhero/charts/population.jpg). ................. 17 

Figure 6: Landsat imagery portraying the Ambos Nogales watershed over time (1975-

2002). ..................................................................................................................... 20 

Figure 7: Digitized 2002 urban-extent polygon overlain on 2002 Landsat image. ....... 22 

Figure 8: Comparison of digitized urban extents in 1996 and 2002 with urban areas 

identified by the 2000 U.S. Census in Nogales, Ariz. ........................................... 23 

Figure 9: Urban growth in Ambos Nogales over 27 years. ........................................... 24 

Figure 10: Urban growth of Ambos Nogales................................................................. 26 

Figure 11: Pie charts of total urban extent in both Nogales, Ariz., and Nogales, Sonora 

over time. ............................................................................................................... 26 

Figure 12: Bar chart comparing urban-growth rate in Nogales, Ariz., and Nogales, 

Sonora. ................................................................................................................... 27 

Figure 13: Participants in initial meeting for Ambos Nogales Colonias Monitoring 

Program, students and faculty of the University of Arizona interact with historian 

from Nogales, Sonora. ........................................................................................... 28 

Figure 14: Participants in initial meeting for Ambos Nogales Colonias Monitoring 

Program, with Juan Mendoza, architect in Nogales, Sonora, and Michelle KimbelGuzman, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, in foreground. ............ 29 

Figure 15: Participants in initial meeting for Ambos Nogales Colonias Monitoring 

Program, Arizona State University faculty interact with HUD staff..................... 29 

Figure 16: Michael Alcala (environmental health coordinator, Santa Cruz County 

Health Department and U.S. Department of Health), Cynthia Shoemaker (teacher, 

Nogales, Ariz., elementary school), and Teresa Leal (coordinator, Border Links in 

Nogales, Sonora) examine maps of Ambos Nogales to identify colonia-like 

neighborhoods........................................................................................................ 30 

Figure 17: Eduardo Delgado and Gerardo Calza, from the city of Nogales, Ariz., 

Department of Public Works identify neighborhoods lacking adequate 

infrastructure from the city to be designated as colonias. ..................................... 31 

Figure 18: Hector Bajorquez, from the city of Nogales, Ariz., Housing Authority, points 

out neighborhoods along the border that have inadequate housing conditions, to be 

designated as colonias............................................................................................ 32 

Figure 19: Typical housing in Colonia Chula Vista, Nogales, Ariz. ............................. 33 

Figure 20: Potrero Creek running through Colonia Pete Kitchens, Nogales, Ariz........ 34 

Figure 21: Colonias of Nogales, Ariz............................................................................ 35 

Figure 22: Hector Rocha and Cesar Espinoza Rodriguez, from La Comisión de Agua 

Potable y Alcantarillado del Estado de Sonora (COAPAES) and Alberto Suárez 
3

Barnett, a yistorian of Nogales Municipality, Sonora, identify colonias marginales

lacking infrastructure and adequate housing conditions in Nogales, Sonora. ....... 37 

Figure 23: Colonias marginales of Nogales, Sonora..................................................... 41 

Figure 24: Colonias and colonias marginales development mapped over a 27-year time 

period. .................................................................................................................... 43 

Figure 25: ArcIMS colonias-mapping Web site portraying datasets in Ambos Nogales 

(http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/nogales_e).............................................. 45 

Figure 26: Interested parties from the U.S. Health Service, Santa Cruz County, Nogales, 

Sonora, and Nogales, Ariz., work through the Ambos Nogales self-paced GIS 

tutorial.................................................................................................................... 47 

Figure 27: Sherry Sass (Friends of the Santa Cruz River) and Scott Anderson (A.J. 

Mitchell Elementary School, Nogales, Ariz.) learn about the Ambos Nogales 

database.................................................................................................................. 48 

Figure 28: Suitability map of Ambos Nogales, showing colonias’ proximity to 

preexisting infrastructure. ...................................................................................... 49 

TABLES 

Table 1: Number of Maquiladoras in Nogales, Sonora, since 1999 (Twin Plant News, 

June issue, 1999-2004; Pavri and others, 2004). ................................................... 16 

Table 2: Urban extents calculated from 1975, 1983, 1996, and 2002 satellite imagery.25 
4

Abstract 

This report outlines a planning approach taken by a Federal Government 

partnership that is meant to promote sustainable development in the future, integrating 

both sides of the United States-Mexican border. The twin-city area of Nogales, Ariz., 

and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, known collectively as Ambos (both) Nogales, has a 

common borderland history of urban growth presumably based on changes in policy 

and economic incentives. We document changes over time in an attempt to identify 

colonia development and settlement patterns along the border, combining a 

community-participation approach with a remote-sensing analysis, to create an online 

mapping service. 

Introduction 

A cooperative agreement was reached among the U.S. Department of Housing 

and Urban Development (HUD), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the U.S. Census 

Bureau, the Mexican Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL), and the Mexican 

National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Informatics (INEGI) to facilitate the 

exchange of information in the United States and Mexico in order to manage 

crossborder planning issues and improve housing and living conditions in the colonias

along the border (Norman and others, 2004a, b). In the United States, colonias are 

defined by HUD as rural communities and neighborhoods located within 150 mi of the 

border (fig. 1) that lack adequate infrastructure or housing and, possibly, other basic 

services; in Mexico, these types of community or neighborhood are referred to as 

colonias marginales (Norman and Austin, 2004; Pavri and others, 2004). 
5

Internet map servers have been developed under this initiative to help 

communities visualize infrastructure and housing conditions binationally for the 

purposes of sustainable-development planning (Norman and others, 2004a, b). The 

goal is to monitor colonia development and to provide accessible and affordable 

technological tools in an online geographic-information-system (GIS) database free of 

charge. Access to public records through Internet-accessible software was selected as 

an approach to overcome the problems and expense associated with obtaining GIS 

software and compiling associated data. 

This report discusses the changes in Ambos Nogales that have led to the 

development of colonias and colonias marginales and how these changes are now 

being monitored by using an online GIS database though the Colonias Monitoring 

Program. The objective is to enhance binational planning and to provide tools that may 

assist in the acquisition of funds set aside for these borderland communities. The 

online GIS and satellite-image database can be accessed at any time; a user needs only 

a computer, Internet access, and a Web browser. 
Figure 1: United States-Mexican Border Region, showing locations of major cities (dots) and 150-mi buffe

area) on either side of the border.
7

Colonias 

In the 1980s, inadequate living conditions and especially high rates of such 

diseases as cholera and hepatitis A in border communities lacking infrastructure (water 

and sewage) caused federal government to take action (Pavri and others, 2004). As a 

result, the La Paz Agreement of 1983 on Cooperation for the Protection and 

Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area was established, in which the 

federal governments of both the United States and Mexico defined the border region.

In the 1990s, the U.S. Congress began to require the States bordering Mexico to 

set aside part of their HUD-allocated Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) 

funds to begin lessening the poverty and distressed living conditions in the colonias

(Pavri and others, 2004). Many colonias have emerged in rural areas without local 

governance and the services that government customarily provides. Some colonias

may be entire border communities, whereas others are neighborhoods within 

incorporated communities (see “What Are Colonias?”, URL 

http://www.hud.gov/groups/frmwrkcoln/whatcol.cfm). 

The number of colonias has increased throughout the 1990s and into the 21st

century (Pavri and others, 2004). By 2001, more than 1,400 colonias were identified 

in Texas (Ward, 1999), approximately 120 in New Mexico, and 80 in Arizona 

(Donelson and Holguin, 2001). 

Since the early 1990s, Federal and quasi-Federal agencies have provided 

hundreds of millions of dollars in Federal loans and grants for projects in colonias, 

including HUD’s CDBGs, and Rural Housing and Economic Development Program, 

and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s Rural Utilities Program and Rural 
8

Housing Service. Such programs as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA)’s Border XXI (1996-2001) and Border 2012 (2003-12), as well as the North 

American Development Bank (NADBank), also provide funds to border communities 

to address the growing problems associated with colonias (Pavri and others, 2004). 

Colonias Monitoring Program 

The Colonias Monitoring Program began along the Texas border in El 

Paso/Juarez, in December 2002 and has since expanded to include Eagle Pass/Piedras 

Negras, Brownsville/Matamoros and the Arizona-Sonora sister cities of Douglas/Agua 

Prieta (Norman and others, 2004a), Nogales/Nogales, and, most recently, Bisbee and 

Naco/Naco. 

The Colonias Monitoring Program provides the framework for developing a 

sustainable approach to monitoring colonia development along the border. The 

program was designed to enable more inclusive participation of local entities through 

the provision of affordable technology made accessible via an Internet-based GIS 

service and database. The service facilitates access to the information necessary for 

assessing problems, prioritizing needs, and planning to meet the housing and 

infrastructure requirements of colonias and colonias marginales (Pavri and others, 

2004) as well as demographic and planning information in relevant geospatial formats 

that can be used by government entities and nongovernmental organizations in 

preparing grant and loan applications for community-improvement projects (Lam and 

others, 2004; Norman and others, 2004a, b). Any areas fitting the legal description of a 

colonia can take advantage of government funding. Therefore, in the implementation 

of this program in Arizona and Sonora, smaller, colonia-like neighborhoods within 
9

incorporated communities of selected borderlands have also been delineated as 

colonias, thereby allowing them to potentially compete for some of those funds. 

At this time, the databases for Arizona and Sonora are managed at the 

Advanced Resource Technology Laboratory in the School of Natural Resources at the 

University of Arizona (URL http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/). Data layers, 

with information about sewerlines, waterlines, colonia boundaries, and changing urban

extents, have been compiled for this program.

Land-Use Change in Ambos Nogales 

The sister cities of Ambos Nogales are located on the Arizona-Sonoran border 

(fig. 2) in the Ambos Nogales watershed (Brady, 2001; Brady and others, 2001, 2002). 
10

Figure 2: Ambos Nogales along the United States-Mexican border. 

Despite its small size in comparison with border sister cities like San Diego/Tijuana 

and El Paso/Juarez, the twin-city area of Ambos Nogales (fig. 3) has the most 

commercial traffic, owing to its importance as the primary U.S.-Mexico shipping port 

for winter vegetables. 
11

Figure 3: Aerial photograph of Nogales, Ariz. (lower left), the United StatesMexican border (diagonally from left to right), and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico 

(upper right). Photograph by Pamela L. Nagler, 2004. 

Historical accounting in Ambos Nogales paints a picture of the twin-city area’s 

ebb and flow in population density over time. The background of policy 

implementation and financial booms over the past century describes the rapid and 

sporadic settlement patterns. Urbanization in the semiarid regions of the Southwestern 

United States is a comparatively recent phenomenon, occurring largely in the past 50 

years; this growth has pushed the urban fringe into areas formerly occupied by 

agricultural land or pristine deserts (Ramsey, 2003). A land-use-change analysis, 

focused on urbanization in the cities, examines population change and densification of 

colonias. The following section describes how historical factors have contributed to 

rapid and sporadic settlement patterns. We have performed image processing and 
12

temporal remote-sensing analysis, based around the timeframe 1975-2002 to show how 

the Ambos Nogales area has grown. Using the same procedures described by Norman 

and others (2004a), we used Landsat imagery to estimate urban extent change. 

Suitability-capability analysis was implemented on the basis of the housing and 

infrastructure of given areas to support colonias. Overlay analysis helped to identify 

colonia development and access to infrastructure. 

History of Land Use and Policy Change 

The histories of Ambos Nogales are interwoven because of their proximity. The 

name “Nogales” derives from the Spanish word for “walnut trees,” which used to thrive 

around the twin cities. The history of the area dates back to the cultures of the Apache, 

Yaqui, and Hohokam peoples who built their communities along the Santa Cruz River, 

when water flowed year round and provided for agriculture and ranching sites. 

Families have been raising livestock in the area of Ambos Nogales since at least the 

1500s. 

 The history of Santa Cruz County records that a Franciscan missionary, Father 

Marcos de Niza, who was the first European to cross the border, came to the area as 

early as 1539 in search of Cibola (the Seven Cities of Gold). His report on the district 

promoted a Spanish expedition led by Francisco Vazquez de Coronado in 1540 to lay 

claim to the cities. Jesuit priest and Austrian missionary Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino 

established several missions around Nogales, notably Tumacacori, Guevavi, and Cibuta 

in the late 1600s (URL http://www.co.santa-cruz.az.us/history.html). 

 By 1853, the Gadsden Purchase established the southern part of Arizona, 

annexing it to the United States. In 1880, a Russian immigrant, Jacob Isaacson, built a 
13

trading post in his namesake, which later became Nogales, Ariz.; 2 years later, Nogales 

was the site of the first rail connection between the United States and Mexico (fig. 4). 

The city of Nogales, Ariz., which was officially founded in 1882 along this north-south 

railline to promote trade between the two countries, was incorporated in 1893 (URL 

http://www.sonoranborderlands.com/nogales_mx.html). 

Figure 4: Current and Abandoned Railroads in Southern Arizona (Myrick, 1967). 

By 1886, settlers began to expand cattle ranching and irrigation-based farming 

projects (Goodman, 1969). At that time, the Mexican government created a zona libre

(free-trade zone) to allow Mexican border communities to import foreign products duty 

free, in an effort to promote commercial development and reduce outmigration to the 

United States. However, because of economic rivalry with American merchants and 

criticism from Mexico City officials that the border region had an unfair advantage, the 

Porfirio Diaz government abolished the zone in 1905 (Martinez, 1988). The twin cities 

of Ambos Nogales grew quickly, from a population of 2,700 in 1890, through 4,500 in 
14

1898, to 8,000 by 1909, owing to the railroad stop and commerce that grew up with the 

establishment of the Mexican free-trade zone (Kearney, 1995). 

Farming was a productive enterprise in the region, largely because many 

workers in both the agriculture and copper-mining industries were affordable, lowwage Mexican employees. The Mexican Revolution of 1910 induced more than a halfmillion Mexicans to cross the border between 1910 and 1920, with the ArizonaSonoran border community of Nogales attracting many of them (Norman and others, 

2004a). At the time of the 1900 U.S. Census, only 11 percent of Arizona was Mexican, 

but by 1910, 14.4 percent was Mexican (Meyer, 1987). Skirmishes occurring in 

Nogales against General Francisco ("Pancho") Villa were reported in 1916, who was 

rumored to have regularly crossed the border at Nogales to hide out. 

 During World War I, additional labor demands accelerated more migration, 

with 1.5 million Mexicans entering the United States during the 1920s (Kearney, 1995). 

At the same time, however, Sonora’s agricultural industry rapidly expanded. 

Government support of agriculture from 1926 through the 1960s represented a quarter 

of Mexico’s budget, making Sonora the nation’s breadbasket (Weaver, 2001). 

By the 1940s, agricultural interests prospered, largely owing to the Bracero

program (which operated from 1942 to 1964). Termination of this program left many 

Mexican farmworkers unemployed, including an estimated 50 percent in Nogales, 

Sonora (Baerrensen, 1971). Although agriculture is still important to the border-county 

economies, it has become slightly less important since the late 1950s and early 1960s 

(Norman and others, 2004a). 
15

In an effort to offset some of the massive unemployment, the Mexican 

government launched the Programa Nacional Fronterizo (PRONAF, the National 

Border Program) in 1961 to promote tourism. Soon afterward, the Border 

Industrialization Program (BIP) in 1965 helped spur large-scale development on the 

Mexican side of the border through incentives for establishing maquiladoras, or foreign 

owned factories. The ability to send raw materials to Mexico and obtain finished goods 

duty-free, prompted maquiladora operators to set up small-scale U.S. operations on the 

Arizona side of the border, with larger Mexican assembly operations on the Sonoran 

side (Norman and others, 2004a). 

From 1939 to 1958, Nogales, Arizona’s retail sales increased by 677 percent, 

and its wholesale trade by 2,708 percent, owing to population growth on the Sonoran 

side of the border and Mexicans’ ability to import duty-free products (McCleneghan 

and Gildersleeve, 1964). BIP was important in stimulating fast population growth in 

Nogales, Sonora, by the mid-1960s (Kearney, 1995). Nogales’ sister city in Arizona 

has since reaped significant benefit in terms of trade. Maquilas are estimated to spend 

65-95 percent of their wages in U.S. border towns (Weaver, 2001). 

Today, approximately 54 percent of all the people employed in Santa Cruz 

County, Ariz., and 56 percent of all business establishments in the county are engaged 

in wholesale and retail trade (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997). Santa Cruz County 

gained considerable manufacturing income through increased maquiladora

employment (Norman and others, 2004a). 

Boosted by the 1986 passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act, 

which granted amnesty to undocumented residents as a means of encouraging migrant 
16

families to settle in the United States, and the North American Free Trade Agreement 

(NAFTA), which went into effect on January 1, 1994, border industrial growth has 

resulted in massive population growth. The rate of industrial development increased 

further after the implementation of NAFTA, with about 1,700 maquiladoras operating 

in Mexico in 1990, more than doubling to nearly 3,800 maquiladoras in 2001, 2,700 of 

which were in the Border States (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000). 

In 1990, Nogales, Sonora was the main site of Sonora’s maquila industry. From 

1980 to 1989, Nogales Municipio contained 70% of Sonora's maquiladoras and 75% of 

their workforce. Since then, the maquildora industry in Hermosillo (the State capital) 

has gained momentum as a maquila hub, but Nogales Municipio continued to expand in 

number of maquildoras and maquilas through the year 2000 (URL 

http://monsoon.geog.arizona.edu/~sombrhero/subindexes/Nogales.html#water). 

Although the number of maquiladoras operating in Ambos Nogales began to 

decline in 2000-1 (Table 1), problems associated with a lack of infrastructure remain 

(Pavri and others, 2004). 

Table 1: Number of Maquiladoras in Nogales, Sonora, since 1999 (Twin Plant News, 

June issue, 1999-2004; Pavri and others, 2004). 

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

104 109 109 73 79 81 

Population estimates vary greatly for Ambos Nogales, but one thing all 

researchers can agree upon is a rapid increase over the years (fig. 5). 
17

Figure 5: Population growth in Ambos Nogales, 1900-2000. (URL 

http://monsoon.geog.arizona.edu/~sombrhero/charts/population.jpg). 

Approximately 90 percent of the population along the border resides in 14 twin cities, 

and the rest live in small towns or rural communities (Pavri and others, 2004). 

Monitoring Land Use Change 

Monitoring population growth and land-use change can be a great source of 

information for physical and social scientists who study patterns of human expansion, 

local environmental impacts, and the demands this places on populations; a popular 

method to supplement this research is the use of repeat-coverage remote sensing 

(Ramsey, 2003). Studies have demonstrated the utility of temporal and historical 

mapping, geographic analysis, and growth modeling in relation to urbanization 

(Kirtland and others, 1994; Acevedo and others, 1996, 1999; Bell and others, 1995; 
18

Clark and others, 1996, 1997; Crawford-Tilley and others, 1996; Clarke and Gaydos, 

1998; Forney and others, 2001). Work has only recently been undertaken to develop 

methods of measuring impervious surfaces on a watershed scale (Ji and Jensen, 1999; 

Bird and others, 2000, 2002; Wang and others, 2000; Ward and others, 2000; Justice 

and Rubin, 2003; Yang and others, 2003). A need has been identified for a consistent 

technique to calculate watershed imperviousness from readily available and costeffective remote-sensing information that achieves an acceptable level of accuracy 

(Hurd and Civco, 2004). Studies by Jackson and others (1977) estimated that the cost 

benefits of using a Landsat approach for planning purposes are about 2.5 to 1 and can 

be as high as 6 to 1 over a field approach. 

Using the procedures of Norman and others (2004a), we collected Landsat data 

for four time periods beginning in 1975 from the University of Arizona’s Arizona 

Regional Image Archive (ARIA) (URL http://aria.arizona.edu/) and processed them to 

estimate the change in urban extent over time (fig. 6). Datasets captured between April 

and June were downloaded in an effort to simulate similar climatic and vegetative 

conditions; the acquisition dates for the imagery were June 23, 1975, April 14, 1983, 

May 11, 1996, and June 21, 2002. 

Although the satellite data were all acquired from Landsat systems, different 

sensors were utilized over the years, possibly resulting in some analytical discrepancy. 

The Landsat-1 satellite acquired multispectral-scanner (MSS) imagery at 79-m 

resolution in 1975. Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor acquired data at 30-m 

resolution in 1983 and 1996, and the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus 

(ETM+) sensor acquired data at 30-m resolution in 2002. Despite the discrepancy in 
19

resolutions and other changes in the sensors, we were able to determine the urban 

extents of the twin cities area. In addition, small pockets of nonurbanized areas may 

have existed within these boundaries, and small urbanized areas outside, but for 

estimating growth over time, the extents were approximated.
Figure 6: Landsat imagery portraying the Ambos Nogales watershed over time (1975-2002). 
21

Interpretation and analysis of the Landsat imagery required acquisition and 

processing, georectification, and classification of urban and residential land use. These 

data were then used to produce maps of the past and current urban extent in the region. 

Because the classification of urban extent is subject to the analyst’s decision rules during 

the urban-mapping process, the values listed in this study are only approximations. 

Identification of features by using remotely sensed data involves use of computer 

software with the ability to identify pixels on the basis of their spectral reflection 

properties and statistical estimates. We used the ERDAS Imagine 6.1 software in this 

study. The spectral-reflectance value of an urban surface was used to identify urban 

extent. In these color infrared images, urban surfaces are characteristically blue to white, 

vegetation areas light to dark red, and soil yellow to light brown (Bell and others, 1995). 

Clustering methods, called unsupervised classification procedures, were applied 

to locate the spectral classes into which the pixels of urban definition are assigned. 

Datasets were run through the ERDAS Imagine isodata algorithm, using six iterations 

each, to create signature sets and imagery categorized into 20 classes. The isodataclustering algorithm uses the minimum-spectral-distance formula to form clusters, 

beginning with arbitrary cluster means. Classes correspond to the spectral signatures of 

dominant land-use and land-cover types; signatures that appeared to be urban areas were 

isolated for future analysis. Using the isodata classifications and registered original truecolor Landsat imagery, urban areas were identified and manually digitized at 1:25,000 

scale for each year of interest (see results displayed in fig. 7). 
22

Figure 7: Digitized 2002 urban-extent polygon overlain on 2002 Landsat image.

The urban boundaries in 1995 and 2002 that were digitized for Nogales, Ariz., were 

compared with those identified by the 2000 U.S. Census. From this visual analysis, the 
23

boundaries are apparently at a higher resolution and more accurate than the Census data 

(fig. 8). 

Figure 8: Comparison of digitized urban extents in 1996 and 2002 with urban areas 

identified by the 2000 U.S. Census in Nogales, Ariz. 

These datasets were then combined in a GIS to display polygonal features of urban extent 

at the different time periods (fig. 9). 
24

Figure 9: Urban growth in Ambos Nogales over 27 years. 
25

Change Detection and Discussion 

Polygons were rasterized by using ArcINFO’s GRID module and area 

calculations were summarized and compared in Microsoft Excel software (table 2). 

According to the Urban Watershed Forestry Manual (Cappiella and others, 2005), after 

1975 the Ambos Nogales watershed can be defined as an “urban watershed or 

subwatershed” because it has more than 10% total impervious cover. 

Table 2: Urban extents calculated from 1975, 1983, 1996, and 2002 satellite imagery. 

Year Acres Hectares % of Watershed

1975 6,026 2,438 9.6

1983 7,756 3,139 12.4

1996 10,877 4,402 17.4

2002 13,715 5,550 21.9

The Ambos Nogales urban area is growing rapidly (fig. 10) on a linear trend. If it 

continues to grow at this rate, by 2012, it will reach 16,000 acres (6,475 ha). 
26

Figure 10: Urban growth of Ambos Nogales. 

The implementation of NAFTA in January 1994 altered the growth rate in 

Nogales, Sonora, by creating new employment opportunities, luring many Mexicans to 

move to this border town (Varady and Mack, 1995). In dividing urban-extent 

measurements at the border, an analysis of these two cities was independently 

scrutinized. Apparently, population growth from 1996 to 2002 in Nogales, Ariz., was 

small (3% to compose its total urban extent), while in Nogales, Sonora, it was very large 

(34% to compose its total urban extent), supporting the theory that NAFTA may have 

influenced settlement in Nogales, Sonora, since its implementation (fig. 11). 

Figure 11: Pie charts of total urban extent in both Nogales, Ariz., and Nogales, 

Sonora over time. 

While the urban extent of Nogales, Ariz., has more than doubled, that of Nogales, 

Sonora, has almost tripled (fig. 12). Both cities are still growing; however, Nogales, 

Sonora, has expanded much more rapidly, possibly attributable to industrialization. 
27

Figure 12: Bar chart comparing urban-growth rate in Nogales, Ariz., and Nogales, 

Sonora. 

Colonias of Ambos Nogales 

An introduction to this research to the community took place at a meeting on 

September 15, 2003, in the offices of the City of Nogales, Ariz. Arizonan participants 

included city and county officials, representatives of local nongovernmental 

organizations, and Arizona State University and University of Arizona faculty and 

students; Sonoran participants included city officials, and professors from the University 

of Sonora, Hermosillo. HUD and USGS personnel introduced the Colonias Monitoring 

Program and the GIS database, followed by additional participants who shared their 

experience with and interest in the use of GIS as a research and monitoring tool in Ambos 

Nogales (figs. 13, 14, and 15).
28

Figure 13: Participants in initial meeting for Ambos Nogales Colonias Monitoring 

Program, students and faculty of the University of Arizona interact with historian 

from Nogales, Sonora. 
29

Figure 14: Participants in initial meeting for Ambos Nogales Colonias Monitoring 

Program, with Juan Mendoza, architect in Nogales, Sonora, and Michelle KimbelGuzman, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, in foreground.

Figure 15: Participants in initial meeting for Ambos Nogales Colonias Monitoring 

Program, Arizona State University faculty interact with HUD staff.

In addition, a series of telephone interviews, e-mail exchanges, and individual 

meetings were held to collect personal information about conditions of local housing and 

infrastructure, as well as existing GIS data. This information was used to delineate new 

colonia-like boundaries in Ambos Nogales. 

Nogales, Arizona 

Using their knowledge of the area, as well as of sewerline and waterline localities, 

community members, especially Eduardo Delgado and Gerardo Calza (city of Nogales, 

Ariz., Department of Public Works), Mike Alcala (environmental health coordinator, 

Santa Cruz County Health Department and U.S. Department of Health), Cynthia 

Shoemaker (teacher, Nogales, Ariz., elementary school) and Hector Bajorquez (city of 
30

Nogales, Ariz., housing authority) examined hardcopy maps and helped to identify 

colonia-like neighborhoods in Nogales, Ariz. (figs. 16-18). 

Figure 16: Michael Alcala (environmental health coordinator, Santa Cruz County Health 

Department and U.S. Department of Health), Cynthia Shoemaker (teacher, Nogales, 

Ariz., elementary school), and Teresa Leal (coordinator, Border Links in Nogales, 

Sonora) examine maps of Ambos Nogales to identify colonia-like neighborhoods. 
31

Figure 17: Eduardo Delgado and Gerardo Calza, from the city of Nogales, Ariz., 

Department of Public Works identify neighborhoods lacking adequate infrastructure from

the city to be designated as colonias. 
32

Figure 18: Hector Bajorquez, from the city of Nogales, Ariz., Housing Authority, points 

out neighborhoods along the border that have inadequate housing conditions, to be 

designated as colonias. 

Colonias previously recognized by the USDA, including the City of Nogales, 

Chula Vista (fig. 19), Firestone Gardens, and Pete Kitchens (fig. 20) were included in this 

study. 
33

Figure 19: Typical housing in Colonia Chula Vista, Nogales, Ariz. 
34

Figure 20: Potrero Creek running through Colonia Pete Kitchens, Nogales, Ariz. 

New residential developments were identified in this study to be designated as

colonias. The Valle Verde area was designated because it does not receive water from 

the city of Nogales. Newly designated Beautus Estates colonia, though containing highquality houses, has no access to the city sewer and water supplies, and so most houses 

remain on septic tanks not maintained by the city. Colonia Las Lomas is an expansion of 

the older Colonia City of Nogales. Colonia Preston is gathered around an industrial zone, 

and the houses are of poor quality, having been built quickly. Those colonia-like 

neighborhoods that are clustered around the border, including Colonia Las Alisos, 

Colonia Casas de Anza, and the Colonias Southwest and Southeast, were designated 

according to the year in which the houses were constructed. This is the historic district, 

and the houses are deemed inadequate to live in. All the colonias in Nogales, Ariz., were 

delineated on the map (fig. 21). 
35

Figure 21: Colonias of Nogales, Ariz. 

Nogales, Sonora 

In Sonora, this project identifies poor neighborhoods lacking basic services as 

colonias marginales. Previous studies in Nogales, Sonora, have described housing 

composed primarily of wood, brick block or cement, and paper carton, with considerable 

numbers of dwellings having dirt floors. Residents also reported that many dwellings are 

infested with insects and rodents (Sadalla and others, 1998). Varady and Mack (1995), in 
36

a study at the Udall Center at the University of Arizona, describe Mexican colonias as 

small informal, unstructured settlements that were created to accommodate the high 

influx of workers who relocated after policy implementation. In 1999, only 50% of the 

residents of Nogales, Sonora, had piped water or connections to sanitary sewers; 

however, local governments are now receiving assistance to provide potable water 

(Brown and others, 2003). 

With the help of community members from the city of Nogales, Sonora, in 

particular Alberto Suàrez Barnett (historian of the Nogales Municipality, Sonora) and 

Cesar Espinoza Rodriguez, Hector Rocha (La Comisión de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado 

del Estado de Sonora (COAPAES)) (fig. 22), and Teresa Leal (coordinator, Border Links 

in Nogales, Sonora) (fig. 16), areas lacking in adequate housing or infrastructure were 

identified as colonias marginales (fig. 23). 
37

Figure 22: Hector Rocha and Cesar Espinoza Rodriguez, from La Comisión de Agua 

Potable y Alcantarillado del Estado de Sonora (COAPAES) and Alberto Suárez Barnett, 

a yistorian of Nogales Municipality, Sonora, identify colonias marginales lacking 

infrastructure and adequate housing conditions in Nogales, Sonora.

These colonias marginales were previously recognized by the Urban Office of the 

Secretary of Infrastructure and Ecology of the Government of the State of Sonora 

(Secretaría de Infrastructura Urbana y Ecología (SIUE)) as homogeneous areas in the city 

containing houses that are either “popular dwellings” or homes of “precarious 

construction.” 

“Popular dwelling” homes were built by their owners, some long ago and some

more recently, and so their construction quality varies considerably. “Precarious 

construction” homes were built mainly with discarded materials, although their 
38

construction quality also varies considerably. Thus, this classification would be 

considered an average of the quality of the homes in each particular zone. 

According to these definitions and local knowledge, the following sectors were 

designated colonias marginales in terms of the project’s scope: Rosario, Buenos Aires, 

Benito Juarez, Croc, Esperanza, Valle El, Cinco de Mayo, Veracruz, Los Tapiros, Buena 

Vista, Lomas de Nogales, Solidaridad, Flores Magon, Las Torres, Del Rastro, Maza de 

Juarez-Margarita, San Carlos, and one unlabeled by SIUE, Obrera (fig. 23). 

Colonia Buenos Aires, built on the steep hills just east of the downtown area and 

abutting the border, is one of the most susceptible to flooding; mud and debris clog 

drainage channels and send water roiling down the street, lifting chunks of pavement 

(Ibarra, 2003). Community members fear that because the streets within this colonia are 

built over Nogales Wash, they are at risk to collapse. Locals are forced to dig out silty 

mud that is carried into their homes by floodwaters. Some blame a landing-mat fence 

along the border, which blocks a wash that once ran freely into the United States (Ibarra, 

2003). 

According to Teresa Leal, coordinator for Borderlinks and local activist in 

Nogales, Sonora, Colonia Croc is believed to be a high-crime neighborhood with poor 

housing. Colonia Colinas del Sol is an extension located southeast of the Colonia Croc; 

its residents are poor and commonly squatters. The neighborhood is located in the 

smugglers corridor next to Kino Springs, with homes built on steep slopes and lacking 

potable water. Colonia Cinco de Mayo contains an Infonavit cluster (public housing) that 

is poor, as well as the Colonia Pueblo Nuevo, which was the first squatter community in 

the 1970s (personal communication, 2003). 
39

 According to Leal, Colonia Veracruz hosts the neighborhood Bella Vista, which 

contains the city dump. Most of the people living there scavenge housing materials from 

the dump. Colonia Los Tapiros is located almost in the center of town, next to Colonia 

Granja and east of Colonia Encinos; it is a 20-year old settlement and especially 

vulnerable and poor. Colonia Bueno Vista includes a neighborhood called El Pozo (“the 

Well”) that contained a well which is now leaky and dry, and is also reported to be 

located on contaminated land (personal communication, 2003). 

 According to Leal, Colonia Lomas de Nogales is located amid the railroad tracks, 

which extend to Guatemala. It is rumored that burnt motor oil is changed and dumped 

here to abate the dust, despite the numerous squatters who live there. Nogales Wash also 

flows through this area, making it a potential carrier of toxins downstream and across the 

border. In the northern part of the area, some research has demonstrated high rates of 

death incurred from brain cancer in young children (personal communication, 2003). 

According to Leal, Colonia Solidaridad is located on an underground methane gas 

source, where an underground fire burns continuously beneath a landfill and holding 

tanks. Colonia Flores Magón is located just north of Colonia Las Torres and is also quite 

poor. Colonia Las Torres, home to new squatters, is located in a dusty area (personal 

communication, 2003). 

 According to Leal, Colonia Margarita Maza de Juarez and the area to the south 

(Colonia Luis Donaldo Colosio) are crucial because they are just east and downstream 

from a dam; this is one of the most recently developed colonia areas. Colonia Represo, 

also one of the most recently developed, can be considered an extension of Colonia 

Colosio (west of it and up the steep hills); it is located almost on top of the damsite and 
40

so is especially vulnerable to flooding during regular rains. Colonia Obrero is located 

next to the “red light” district, known to be a high crime area full of sex-industry workers 

(personal communication, 2003). 

Those federally subsidized areas identified by community members and also as 

“social interest developments” by SIUE are considered colonias marginales in this 

project. They receive support in regards to housing and infrastructure, including the 

sectors of Colonias Modulo Social "Periferico Norte,” Pima I, Heroes, Canoas, Encinos, 

Jardines del Bosque, Los Olivos, Los Virreyes, Villa Sonora, and Nuevo Nogales. 

According to Leal, Colonia Pima I consists of multifamily public housing for 

teachers and bureaucrats. Colonia Heroes consists of old housing, based around a 

cemetery. Colonia Encinos has intense squatter movements. Colonia Nuevo Nogales 

and Colonia Villa Sonora consist of government subsidized homes that locals call los 

hoyos de la paloma (pigeonholes) because they were built quickly on a hill. These highdensity homes lack water or garbage facilities (personal communication, 2003). 
41

Figure 23: Colonias marginales of Nogales, Sonora. 
42

Colonias Development 

Overlaying the vector datasets on the satellite imagery helps to define each 

colonias development over time (fig. 24). 
43

Figure 24: Colonias and colonias marginales development mapped over a 27-year 

time period. 
44

The development of colonias in Nogales, Ariz., began before 1975. Most of these 

inner-city colonias are deemed so because their housing is believed to be inadequate, 

most likely owing to their year of construction. Colonias identified since 1983 include the 

area known as Beautus Estates, which was developed on hillsides without city sewer or 

water provisions. Colonias Firestone and Chula Vista were introduced in 1995, but no 

new colonias were introduced by 2002. 

The development of colonias marginales in Nogales, Sonora, has been steadily 

increasing with urban growth throughout the years. Colonias marginales appear to 

follow the city limits in a regular pattern. One conclusion from this study is that people 

in Nogales, Sonora, generally develop housing as close to the city center as possible, 

assuming those conditions are acceptable to do so. 

Web-Based Interface 

Through a collaborative effort with the University of Arizona's School of Natural 

Resources, Advanced Resource Technology Group, a Web portal was opened to support 

Ambos Nogales research (http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/n_project.htm), and the 

geospatial database has been uploaded to a map service for the purpose of Web-based 

distribution (fig. 25). 
45

Figure 25: ArcIMS colonias-mapping Web site portraying datasets in Ambos 

Nogales (http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/nogales_e). 

Delivery of Product/Training 

The geospatial database was compiled in cooperation with many different people 

within the communities of Ambos Nogales. Hard copy maps, describing sewerlines, 

waterlines, aerial photographs, and colonia boundaries, were supplied on request to 

interested parties. Fact sheets describing the project were composed and distributed to 

multiple community groups and nonprofit organizations (Norman and others, 2004a). 

Associates were contacted via e-mail and telephone. Regular e-mail and newsletters 
46

describing the status of the project were sent to the people on the contact list. The project 

was also presented at the Arizona Geographic Information Council (AGIC) GIS 

Education and Training Symposium at the Prescott Resort and Conference Center in 

Prescott, Ariz., on October 27-29, 2004 (Norman and Austin, 2004). 

Results indicate that providing at least a minimal amount of GIS training is 

essential if the Colonias Monitoring Program’s border databases are to be widely and 

successfully used by community members. One of the simplest and most effective forms 

of such training is introduction to the databases themselves. This type of training involves 

interactive, hands-on sessions during which community members learn how to use the 

Web-site viewers to seek and overlay information. 

On March 15, 2005, an “Ambos Nogales Urban Planning GIS Workshop” was 

held at the Santa Cruz County Complex, 2150 North Congress Drive, Room #110, in 

Nogales, Ariz. from 2:30 to 5 p.m. to demonstrate utility and access to the newly 

digitized geospatial dataset. This was a hands-on workshop to introduce the dataset to 

the community. No previous GIS experience was necessary, and the first 20 people to 

register held available seats. A tutorial was designed and presented to describe access to 

the datasets via the Internet (see app. A). Registered participants included the city of 

Nogales, Ariz. Planning Department, Cronista Municipal de Nogales (Sonora), the Urban 

Development Planning Department of Nogales (Sonora), Friends of the Santa Cruz River, 

Santa Cruz County GIS and Grant Writing, Noteworthy Services, the U.S. Public Health 

Service, the Santa Cruz County Health Department, and A.J. Mitchell Elementary School 

of Nogales, Ariz. (figs. 26, 27). 
47

Figure 26: Interested parties from the U.S. Health Service, Santa Cruz County, 

Nogales, Sonora, and Nogales, Ariz., work through the Ambos Nogales self-paced 

GIS tutorial. 
48

Figure 27: Sherry Sass (Friends of the Santa Cruz River) and Scott Anderson (A.J. 

Mitchell Elementary School, Nogales, Ariz.) learn about the Ambos Nogales 

database. 

Conclusions 

A suitability map was generated on the basis of an area’s ability to support 

colonias that identifies areas more suitable to develop through access to, or potential 

proximity to, preexisting infrastructure (fig. 28). This guideline is useful for developers 

in planning the most advantageous sites for new infrastructure or housing developments 

across the border. All the layers portrayed on the suitability map and other reference data 

created and served through this effort are meant to assist colonia-like neighborhoods to 

identify themselves for earmarked colonias grants. By making this dataset accessible 

over the Internet, public information becomes readily available for the residents of this
49

community, who, according to a study by Pavri and others (2005), have good Internet 

access. 

Figure 28: Suitability map of Ambos Nogales, showing colonias’ proximity to 

preexisting infrastructure. 
50

The HUD-USGS Colonias Monitoring Program has been designed to help United 

States-Mexican border communities reach their goals of improving housing and 

infrastructure and enhancing the quality of life for all their residents. Community leaders 

from the government, business, academic, and nongovernmental sectors of Ambos 

Nogales embrace the notion of community development and are engaged in numerous 

activities to achieve it. The Colonias Monitoring Program can become an important tool 

in their efforts. Continuing integration of the GIS-database compilation with the efforts 

of Federal, State, county, or city agencies is essential. 

Through the identification of colonias in the United States or of colonias 

marginales in Mexico, this research aims to promote the financing of sustainabledevelopment planning in these needy areas. By calling attention to these neighborhoods 

and providing tools to accurately map the infrastructure that may support them, local 

entities and interested parties can investigate the needs identified and create potential-cost 

analysis of implementing change over the Internet, free of charge and at their own pace. 
51

APPENDIX A: Ambos Nogales Urban Planning GIS Workshop Tutorial 

To open the Ambos Nogales ArcIMS Viewer: 

1.) Open the main Web page (http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/), note option to 

click on “En español”, which was translated by Alberto Suàrez Barnett, Cronista 

Municipal de Nogales, Sonora. 

2.) Open the Viewer for Nogales/Nogales by clicking on the star in the map of 

Ambos Nogales. 

3.) Close the viewer. 

4.) Or you can open the Ambos Nogales Web site from the home page by clicking on 

the project called Ambos Nogales on the left menu. 

5.) Click the subtitles in this project to quickly display "data", then "metadata" and 

pause here to examine the information describing the creation and projection of 

each dataset in the viewer. 

6.) Open the metadata page for Nogales, Ariz. colonias, by clicking on the hyperlink 

and scroll down. This is a standardized format for Federal Geographic Data 

Committee (FGDC)-compliant geospatial data. Close the popup window, and 

open the Viewer 

7.) Resize the Viewer to fill the screen-- the blue line is the Ambos Nogales 

watershed boundary. 

---------------------------------- 

EXERCISE #1 

----------------------------------

1.) Using the “Expand Category” button located in the “Layers” List , open the 

category for “Colonias”, and turn off the “Visible” layers by clicking on the 

check-marked boxes. 

2.) Open up the category for “Sewerlines”. 

Make sewerlines in Nogales, Sonora, the active theme: 

3.) Using the select rectangle, located in the toolbar to the left, and select all 

the visible sewerlines in Nogales, Sonora, by drawing a box around them. The 

green lines running through the city represent sewerlines. 
52

Make the box bigger than the visible data to ensure that all sewerlines in Nogales, Sonora 

have been selected. The select tool will select only the active theme data, and so 

anything inside the box that is not Nogales, Sonora, sewerlines will be excluded in this

function. 

After the features are selected, they will turn bright yellow, and a table will open up

below, describing those lines and their lengths, etc. 

4.) Use the buffer tool to highlight the features from “Homogenous Areas”, or 

inhabited areas, within a distance of 0.05 mi around the selected features (Create 

Buffer). This may take a little while... 
53

These homogeneous areas are less than 0.05 mi from the current sewer system, and 

construction costs would be less to connect them than other areas. 

5.) Use the eraser to clear query results 

---------------------------------- 

EXERCISE #2 

---------------------------------- 

1.) Turn on themes: “Roads Nogales, Ariz.”, “Colonias Nogales, Arizona” and 

“Density of Households (US Census 2000)” --make “Density of Households (US 

Census 2000)” the active theme. 

2.) Zoom into the colonia called "Preston": 
54

3.) Use the select–by-polygon tool to draw a small rectangle within the 

boundaries of this colonia: 

And then press the “Complete Polygon & Select” Button 
55

4.) Notice that this button will select Census Blocks over the edge of the boundary 

defined, which is undesirable, but owing to lack of Census Designated Places in 

the area, it’s the best we can get for the time being...). 

Scroll through the table that appears below the viewer, pointing out that nine Census 

Blocks are identified within this colonia--then scroll back up to see the attribute name, 

and scroll to the right to see all the different data available. 

5.) Population estimates, along with other valuable census information, can be 

acquired quickly by using this methodology for grant writing or city planning. A 

total of 491 people were counted in these clocks for Census 2000. 
56

6.) Use the eraser tool to clear query results and the Zoom tool to full extent of the 

project using that tool: 

 

---------------------------------- 

EXERCISE #3 

---------------------------------- 

1.) Zoom into Nogales, Sonora. 

2.) Turn off all themes sewer and water.

3.) Turn on theme under colonias called "Homogenous areas", make active, and 

“Refresh Map”. 

4.) Toggle the legend tool to display the meanings of these colors, which were 

identified by the city of Nogales, Sonora: 
57

5.) Select Find tool . 

6.) Type in "Precarious Construction" string to find in theme (spelling counts!), and 

press the "Find String" button. 

7.) Note that the blue color when selected turned olive green. These neighborhoods 

may be in need of subsidies to help bring the quality of homes up. They seem to 

be generally located on the outskirts of the city, indicating new growth. 

 
58

Also notice that the table below the viewer lists the names of these areas. 

8.) Toggle legend back. Turn off “Homogeneous Areas” theme, along with the 

“Density of Households (US Census 2000)” theme, clear selected data using 

eraser, and zoom to full extent. 

---------------------------------- 

EXERCISE #4 

---------------------------------- 

1.) Zoom into Nogales, Ariz. 

2.) Turn on "Streams in Ambos Nogales" under hydrography. 

3.) Turn on flood plains (Local) from Santa Cruz County. 

4.) Zoom into the Nogales Ariz. colonia "Casa de Anza": 

Notice the large extent of flood plain within this colonia. 

5.) Turn on the third DOQQ (INEGI aerial 1994 (h12b31d) from INEGI and 

“Refresh Map”: 
59

6.) Turn flood plains off and then back on again to show how many houses this 

affects: 

7.) Pick up “Set Units” Tool (notice “Display Units” is set to miles) and then 

using the “Measure” Tool measure diagonally across the colonia (SW--> 

NE); it should come out about a 1.78-mi segment: 
60

8.) Clear with the eraser tool. 

9.) This information can be mapped out and printed from your computer. Turn the 

Santa Cruz flood plains back on. Using the “Print” tool , change title to 

"Colonia Casa de Anza Floodplain Map" and push the “Create Print Page” button. 
61

10.) Then hit Print preview, and you can send to the printer from there. 
62

Notice the scale bar and north arrow, along with legend, map inset, and date of creation. 

11.) Close window, close project, close Web site. 
63

APPENDIX B: Metadata. 

1975 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: 1975 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/ 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-2005-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: Landsat imagery describing the Nogales, AZ and Nogales, Sonora area was 

acquired from 06/23/1975 at the Arizona Regional Image Archive, 

(http://aria.arizona.edu), an on-line interdisciplinary resource system for digital image 

and map data for the Sonoran desert region, including the U.S. Southwest and northern 

Mexico. The urban extent of the twin cities are was extracted from the satellite image. 

 Purpose: Image processing and subsequent temporal remote sensing analysis was done 

to quantify urban growth stemming from human settlement. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: 06/23/1975 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 
64

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -111.054874 

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.727911 

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.594747 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.365887 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Land Use 

 Theme_Keyword: Urban 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Arizona 

 Place_Keyword: Sonora 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: lthough the satellite data were all acquired from the 

Landsat system, different sensors were accessed through the years, which may lead to 

some discrepancy in analysis. The Landsat 1 satellite acquired the MSS imagery for the 

1975 year at a 79-meter resolution. Therefore, we were limited by pixel sixe. Other error 

that could have been introduced includes error due to rubbersheeting algorithm applied to 

the dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Title: Landsat 5 MSS 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 

 Other_Citation_Details: 79 m. resolution 

 Online_Linkage: http://aria.arizona.edu 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 
65

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: 06/23/1975 

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: Geometric distortions were corrected by establishing a 

relationship between the satellite image and a Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quad (DOQQ) 

of the corresponding regions. Once these ground control points (GCP's) were established, 

the image is then converted, or rubbersheeted to the new coordinate system through a 

nearest neighbor resampling regime using a 3rd order polynomial, through a process 

called rectification. Identification of features by remote sensing involves computer 

software with the ability to identify pixels based upon their numerical properties and 

analyze them for statistical estimates. Using clustering methods to assign each pixel in an 

image to spectral classes, of which it has no foreknowledge, is called unsupervised 

classification. These procedures were applied to determine the location of the spectral 

classes into which the pixels are assigned. The analyst, who confirms these classes with 

information from ground maps, aerial photos, and ground visits, then identifies the output 

classes. Estimates of urban sprawl have been quantified by means of digitizing the urban 

extent area from the processed image. 

 Process_Date: Unknown 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 13 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

 Detailed_Description: 

 Entity_Type: 

 Entity_Type_Label: 1975 

 Entity_Type_Definition: Polygon used to portray urban extent in 1975 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FID 

 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 
66

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically 

generated. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: Shape 

 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: ID 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: GRIDCODE 

Distribution_Information: 

 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 
67

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
68

1983 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: 1983 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/ 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-2005-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: Landsat imagery describing the Nogales, AZ and Nogales, Sonora area was 

acquired from 04/14/1983 at the Arizona Regional Image Archive, 

(http://aria.arizona.edu), an on-line interdisciplinary resource system for digital image 

and map data for the Sonoran desert region, including the U.S. Southwest and northern 

Mexico. The urban extent of the twin cities are was extracted from the satellite image. 

 Purpose: Image processing and subsequent temporal remote sensing analysis was done 

to quantify urban growth stemming from human settlement. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: unknown 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -111.054874 
69

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.727911 

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.594747 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.365887 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Land Use 

 Theme_Keyword: Urban 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Arizona 

 Place_Keyword: Sonora 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Although the satellite data were all acquired from the 

Landsat system, different sensors were accessed through the years, which may lead to 

some discrepancy in analysis. Landsat 5 TM sensor acquired that MSS data in 1985 at a 

30-m resolution. Therefore, we were limited by pixel size. Other error that could have 

been introduced includes error due to rubbersheeting algorithm applied to the dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Title: Landsat 5 TM 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 

 Other_Citation_Details: 30 m. resolution 

 Online_Linkage: http://aria.arizona.edu 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: 04/14/1983 
70

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: Geometric distortions were corrected by establishing a 

relationship between the satellite image and a Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quad (DOQQ) 

of the corresponding regions. Once these ground control points (GCP's) were established, 

the image is then converted, or rubbersheeted to the new coordinate system through a 

nearest neighbor resampling regime using a 3rd order polynomial, through a process 

called rectification. Identification of features by remote sensing involves computer 

software with the ability to identify pixels based upon their numerical properties and 

analyze them for statistical estimates. Using clustering methods to assign each pixel in an 

image to spectral classes, of which it has no foreknowledge, is called unsupervised 

classification. These procedures were applied to determine the location of the spectral 

classes into which the pixels are assigned. The analyst, who confirms these classes with 

information from ground maps, aerial photos, and ground visits, then identifies the output 

classes. Estimates of urban sprawl have been quantified by means of digitizing the urban 

extent area from the processed image. 

 Process_Date: Unknown 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 16 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

 Detailed_Description: 

 Entity_Type: 

 Entity_Type_Label: 1983 

 Entity_Type_Definition: Polygon used to portray urban extent in 1983 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FID 

 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 
71

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically 

generated. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: Shape 

 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: ID 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: GRIDCODE 

Distribution_Information: 

 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 
72

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
73

1995 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: 1995 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/ 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-2005-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: Landsat imagery describing the Nogales, AZ and Nogales, Sonora area was 

acquired from 05/11/1996 at the Arizona Regional Image Archive, 

(http://aria.arizona.edu), an on-line interdisciplinary resource system for digital image 

and map data for the Sonoran desert region, including the U.S. Southwest and northern 

Mexico. The urban extent of the twin cities are was extracted from the satellite image. 

 Purpose: Image processing and subsequent temporal remote sensing analysis was done 

to quantify urban growth stemming from human settlement. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: 05/11/1996 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -111.054874 
74

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.727911 

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.594747 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.365887 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Land Use 

 Theme_Keyword: Urban 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Arizona 

 Place_Keyword: Sonora 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Although the satellite data were all acquired from the 

Landsat system, different sensors were accessed through the years, which may lead to 

some discrepancy in analysis. Landsat 5 TM sensor acquired that MSS data in 1995 at a 

30-m resolution. Therefore, we were limited by pixel sixe. Other error that could have 

been introduced includes error due to rubbersheeting algorithm applied to the dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Title: Landsat 5 TM 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 

 Other_Citation_Details: 30 m. resolution 

 Online_Linkage: http://aria.arizona.edu 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: 05/11/1996 
75

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: Geometric distortions were corrected by establishing a 

relationship between the satellite image and a Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quad (DOQQ) 

of the corresponding regions. Once these ground control points (GCP's) were established, 

the image is then converted, or rubbersheeted to the new coordinate system through a 

nearest neighbor resampling regime using a 3rd order polynomial, through a process 

called rectification. Identification of features by remote sensing involves computer 

software with the ability to identify pixels based upon their numerical properties and 

analyze them for statistical estimates. Using clustering methods to assign each pixel in an 

image to spectral classes, of which it has no foreknowledge, is called unsupervised 

classification. These procedures were applied to determine the location of the spectral 

classes into which the pixels are assigned. The analyst, who confirms these classes with 

information from ground maps, aerial photos, and ground visits, then identifies the output 

classes. Estimates of urban sprawl have been quantified by means of digitizing the urban 

extent area from the processed image. 

 Process_Date: Unknown 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 24 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

 Detailed_Description: 

 Entity_Type: 

 Entity_Type_Label: 1995 

 Entity_Type_Definition: Polygon used to portray urban extent in 1995 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FID 

 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 
76

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically 

generated. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: Shape 

 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: ID 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: GRIDCODE 

Distribution_Information: 

 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 
77

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
78

2002 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: 2002 Urban Extent of Ambos Nogales 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/n_project.htm 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-2005-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: Landsat imagery describing the Nogales, AZ and Nogales, Sonora area was 

acquired from 06/21/2002 at the Arizona Regional Image Archive, 

(http://aria.arizona.edu), an on-line interdisciplinary resource system for digital image 

and map data for the Sonoran desert region, including the U.S. Southwest and northern 

Mexico. The urban extent of the twin cities are was extracted from the satellite image. 

 Purpose: Image processing and subsequent temporal remote sensing analysis was done 

to quantify urban growth stemming from human settlement. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: 06/21/2002 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -111.054874 
79

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.727911 

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.594747 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.365887 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Land Use 

 Theme_Keyword: Urban 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Arizona 

 Place_Keyword: Sonora 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Although the satellite data were all acquired from the 

Landsat system, different sensors were accessed through the years, which may lead to 

some discrepancy in analysis. Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor 

acquired that data in 2002 at a 30-m resolution. Therefore, we were limited by pixel size. 

Other error that could have been introduced includes error due to rubbersheeting 

algorithm applied to the dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Title: Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image 

 Other_Citation_Details: 30 m. resolution 

 Online_Linkage: http://aria.arizona.edu 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 
80

 Calendar_Date: 06/21/2002 

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: Geometric distortions were corrected by establishing a 

relationship between the satellite image and a Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quad (DOQQ) 

of the corresponding regions. Once these ground control points (GCP's) were established, 

the image is then converted, or rubbersheeted to the new coordinate system through a 

nearest neighbor resampling regime using a 3rd order polynomial, through a process 

called rectification. Identification of features by remote sensing involves computer 

software with the ability to identify pixels based upon their numerical properties and 

analyze them for statistical estimates. Using clustering methods to assign each pixel in an 

image to spectral classes, of which it has no foreknowledge, is called unsupervised 

classification. These procedures were applied to determine the location of the spectral 

classes into which the pixels are assigned. The analyst, who confirms these classes with 

information from ground maps, aerial photos, and ground visits, then identifies the output 

classes. Estimates of urban sprawl have been quantified by means of digitizing the urban 

extent area from the processed image. 

 Process_Date: Unknown 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 24 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

 Detailed_Description: 

 Entity_Type: 

 Entity_Type_Label: 2002 

 Entity_Type_Definition: Polygon used to portray urban extent in 1995 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FID 

 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 
81

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically 

generated. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: Shape 

 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: ID 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: GRIDCODE 

Distribution_Information: 

 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 
82

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
83

Waterlines for Nogales, Arizona 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: Waterlines for Nogales, Arizona 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/ 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: 2004 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-2005-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: Eduardo Delgado & Gerardo Calza (City of Nogales, Arizona-Department of 

Public Works) provided this information describing City of Nogales operated water lines 

for this project. 

 Purpose: This data was used in colonia designation where local officials used sewer 

lines and water lines in collaboration with street maps to pinpoint known colonia 

boundaries. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: unknown 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.977030 

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.891321 
84

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.390743 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.332258 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Water lines 

 Theme_Keyword: Infrastructure 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Arizona 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: While the locations of pipe are thought to be most 

accurate according to the City of Nogales, Department of Public Works, there were no 

legal boundaries used to define the dataset. 

 Completeness_Report: Only those water lines that were identified by the City of 

Nogales, Department of Public Works were incorporated in this dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Nogales Department of Public Works 

 Publication_Date: Unpublished Material 

 Title: Waterlines for the City of Nogales, Arizona 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: The water lines, as delivered by the City of Nogales Department 

of Public Works shapefile format, were taken into this dataset. 
85

 Process_Date: 12/03 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 422 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Transverse_Mercator: 

 Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 

 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -111.000000 

 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 

 False_Easting: 500000.000000 

 False_Northing: 0.000000 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair 

 Coordinate_Representation: 

 Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 

 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

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 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 

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 Attribute: 

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 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

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86

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 Attribute: 

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 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: TNODE_ 

 Attribute: 

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 Attribute_Definition: ID# 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: USWTR_ID 

 Attribute_Definition: ID# 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: SIZE 

 Attribute_Definition: Size of Pipe 

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 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 
87

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
88

Waterlines in Nogales, Sonora 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: Waterlines in Nogales, Sonora 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/ 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-2005-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: This data was supplied by The University of Arizona, Udall Center for 

Studies in Public Policy, courtesy of Robert Varady. Hector Rocha and Cesar Espinoza 

Rodriguez (La Comisión de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado del Estado de Sonora 

(COAPAES) in Nogales, Sonora) reviewed the content of this file, finding it satisfactory. 

 Purpose: This data served to be instrumental in colonia designation: when local 

officials used automated sewer lines and water lines in collaboration with street maps to 

pinpoint known colonia boundaries. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: unknown 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.966148 
89

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.917536 

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.332489 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.278996 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Water lines 

 Theme_Keyword: Infrastructure 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Sonora 

 Place_Keyword: Mexico 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

 Cross_Reference: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Series_Information: 

 Publication_Information: 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: While the water lines are thought to be most accurate 

according to the people who were involved in their review, the locations were not fieldchecked. 

 Completeness_Report: Only those water lines that were identified by both the 

participants were incorporated in this dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Varady, R.G., and Mack, M.D., 

 Publication_Date: 1995 

 Title: Transboundary water resources and public health in the US-Mexico region 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 
90

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Journal of Environmental Health 

 Issue_Identification: v. 57, n. 8,p. 8-14. 

 Publication_Information: 

 Other_Citation_Details: modified from 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: The original shapefile format were reprojected. In addition, 

local infrastructure authorities at COAPAES were asked to review the locatities of pipes 

in their community. 

 Process_Date: 12/03 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1041 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Transverse_Mercator: 

 Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 

 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -111.000000 

 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 

 False_Easting: 500000.000000 

 False_Northing: 0.000000 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair 

 Coordinate_Representation: 

 Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 

 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

 Detailed_Description: 
91

 Entity_Type: 

 Entity_Type_Label: mexwtr 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FID 

 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically 

generated. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: Shape 

 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FNODE_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: TNODE_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: LPOLY_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: RPOLY_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: LENGTH 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: MEXWTR_ 

 Attribute_Definition: ID # 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: MEXWTR_ID 

 Attribute_Definition: ID # 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: SIZE 

 Attribute_Definition: Size of Pipe 

Distribution_Information: 

 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 
92

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
93

Sewerlines of Nogales, Arizona 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: Sewer lines of Nogales, Arizona 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/ 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-2005-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: Eduardo Delgado & Gerardo Calza (City of Nogales, Arizona-Department of 

Public Works) provided this information describing City of Nogales operated sewer lines 

for this project. 

 Purpose: This data was used in colonia designation where local officials used sewer 

lines and water lines in collaboration with street maps to pinpoint known colonia 

boundaries. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: unknown 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.967544 

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.911347 
94

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.385527 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.332125 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Sewer lines 

 Theme_Keyword: Infrastructure 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Arizona 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: While the locations of pipe are thought to be most 

accurate according to the City of Nogales, Department of Public Works, there were no 

legal boundaries used to define the dataset. 

 Completeness_Report: Only those sewer lines that were identified by the City of 

Nogales, Department of Public Works were incorporated in this dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Nogales Department of Public Works 

 Publication_Date: Unpublished Material 

 Title: Sewerlines for the City of Nogales, Arizona 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: The sewer lines, as delivered by the City of Nogales 

Department of Public Works shapefile format, were adapted to this dataset. 
95

 Process_Date: 12/03 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: Metadata imported. 

 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: 

C:\DOCUME~1\lnorman\LOCALS~1\Temp\xml936.tmp 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 352 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Transverse_Mercator: 

 Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 

 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -111.000000 

 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 

 False_Easting: 500000.000000 

 False_Northing: 0.000000 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair 

 Coordinate_Representation: 

 Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 

 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

 Detailed_Description: 

 Entity_Type: 

 Entity_Type_Label: ussew27 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FID 

 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically 

generated. 
96

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: Shape 

 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FNODE_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: TNODE_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: LPOLY_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: RPOLY_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: LENGTH 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: USSEW_ 

 Attribute_Definition: ID# 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: USSEW_ID 

 Attribute_Definition: ID# 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: SIZE 

 Attribute_Definition: Size of Pipe 

Distribution_Information: 

 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 
97

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lmbrady@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
98

Sewerlines for Nogales, Sonora 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: Sewerlines for Nogales, Sonora 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/ 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-2005-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: This data was supplied by The University of Arizona, Udall Center for 

Studies in Public Policy, courtesy of Robert Varady. Hector Rocha and Cesar Espinoza 

Rodriguez (La Comisión de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado del Estado de Sonora 

(COAPAES) in Nogales, Sonora) reviewed the content of this file, finding it satisfactory. 

 Purpose: This data served to be instrumental in colonia designation: when local 

officials used automated sewer lines and water lines in collaboration with street maps to 

pinpoint known colonia boundaries. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: unknown 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.965152 
99

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.918330 

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.332654 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.273280 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Water lines 

 Theme_Keyword: Infrastructure 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Sonora 

 Place_Keyword: Mexico 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

 Cross_Reference: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Series_Information: 

 Publication_Information: 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: While the water lines are thought to be most accurate 

according to the people who were involved in their review, the locations were not fieldchecked. 

 Completeness_Report: Only those water lines that were identified by both the 

participants were incorporated in this dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Varady, R.G., and Mack, M.D., 

 Publication_Date: 1995 

 Title: Transboundary water resources and public health in the US-Mexico region 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 
100

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Journal of Environmental Health 

 Issue_Identification: v. 57, n. 8,p. 8-14. 

 Publication_Information: 

 Other_Citation_Details: modified from 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: The original shapefile format were reprojected. In addition, 

local infrastructure authorities at COAPAES were asked to review the locatities of pipes 

in their community. 

 Process_Date: 12/03 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1128 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Transverse_Mercator: 

 Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 

 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -111.000000 

 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 

 False_Easting: 500000.000000 

 False_Northing: 0.000000 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair 

 Coordinate_Representation: 

 Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 

 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

 Detailed_Description: 
101

 Entity_Type: 

 Entity_Type_Label: mexswr 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FID 

 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically 

generated. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: Shape 

 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FNODE_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: TNODE_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: LPOLY_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: LENGTH 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: SIZE 

 Attribute_Definition: Size of Pipe 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: RPOLY_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: MEXSEW_ 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: MEXSEW_ID 

Distribution_Information: 

 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 
102

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
103

Colonias of Nogales, Arizona 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: Nogales, Arizona Colonias 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/ 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: Unpublished Material 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-05-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: Eduardo Delgado & Gerardo Calza (City of Nogales, Arizona-Department of 

Public Works), Michael Alcala (Environmental Health Coordinator, Santa Cruz County 

Health Department & US Department of Health), Cynthia Shoemaker (Teacher, Nogales, 

AZ Elementary School) and Hector Bajorquez (City of Nogales, Arizona-- Housing 

Authority) identified the poorest neighborhoods to call "colonias" for this project. Areas 

already deemd colonias by Santa Cruz County were also included. 

 Purpose: This process was labor intensive and required a lot of time and effort on part 

of the analyst. The resulting datasets, however, serve to be instrumental in colonia 

designation. A suitability/ capability analysis (SCA) was implemented based on the 

housing and infrastructure suitability and/or capability of given areas to support colonias. 

Local officials used newly automated sewer lines and water lines in collaboration with 

street maps to pinpoint known colonia boundaries. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: unknown 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 
104

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -111.054874 

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.727911 

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.594747 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.365887 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Colonias 

 Theme_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Arizona 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: While the boundaries are thought to be most accurate 

according to the people who were involved in their deliniation, there were no legal 

boundaries used to define the colonias dataset. 

 Completeness_Report: Only those neighborhoods that were deemed colonias by the 

participants were incorporated in this dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: unknown 
105

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: The original colonias boundaries, as delivered by the City of 

Nogales Department of Public Works shapefile format, were taken into this dataset and 

new boundaries were added to it. Local representatives were asked to draw boundaries on 

hard copy print out maps describing the roads, sewer, and water infrastructure overlain on 

aerial photos of their community. These approximations were based upon previous 

knowledge and familiarity with the most impoverished and underprivileged areas known 

to them at that time. These polygons boundaries were then digitized and attributed. 

 Process_Date: 12/03 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 15 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

 Detailed_Description: 

 Entity_Type: 

 Entity_Type_Label: Colonias 

 Entity_Type_Definition: Colonias were defined by the Cranston-Gonzales Act of 

1990 as rural communities and neighborhoods located within 150 miles of the U.S.-

Mexican border. Some colonias may be entire border communities, while others are 

comprised of neighborhoods within incorporated communities. They lack adequate 

infrastructure (sewer or water lines) and/or housing. 

 Entity_Type_Definition_Source: 

http://www.hud.gov/groups/frmwrkcoln/whatcol.cfm 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FID 

 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically 

generated. 
106

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: Shape 

 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: NAME 

 Attribute_Definition: Name of Colonia 

Distribution_Information: 

 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 
107

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
108

Homogeneous Areas of Nogales, Sonora 

Identification_Information: 

 Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Laura M. Norman 

 Publication_Date: 2005 

 Publication_Time: Unknown 

 Title: Homogeneous Areas of Nogales, Sonora 

 Edition: 1 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Online_Linkage: http://crossborder.arizona.edu/colonias/ 

 Larger_Work_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: By Laura M. Norman, Angela Donelson, Edwin Pfeifer, and Alven H. 

Lam 

 Publication_Date: Unpublished Material 

 Title: COLONIA DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE IN AMBOS 

NOGALES, UNITED STATES - MEXICAN BORDER 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Open File Report 

 Issue_Identification: OFR-2005-XXXX 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA 

 Publisher: USGS 

 Online_Linkage: <http://wgsc.wr.usgs.gov/wrgeog_pubs/> 

 Description: 

 Abstract: Alberto Suárez Barnett (Historian of the Municipality Nogales, Sonora), 

Teresa Leal (Coordinator, Border Links in Nogales, Sonora), Hector Rocha and Cesar 

Espinoza Rodriguez (La Comisión de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado del Estado de 

Sonora (COAPAES) in Nogales, Sonora) identify neighborhoods lacking infrastructure 

and adequate housing conditions in Nogales, Sonora. Those areas identified by 

community members of Nogales, Sonora as "Barrios Pobres" for this project, were also 

identified by the Urban Office of the Secretary of Infrastructure and Ecology of the 

Government of the State of Sonora (Secretaría de Infraestructura Urbana y Ecología 

(SIUE)), as neighborhoods that are either "Popular Dwellings", or "Precarious 

Constructions". 

 Purpose: This process was labor intensive and required a lot of time and effort on part 

of the analyst. The resulting datasets, however, serve to be instrumental in colonia 

designation. A suitability/ capability analysis (SCA) was implemented based on the 

housing and infrastructure suitability and/or capability of given areas to support colonias. 

Local officials used newly automated sewer lines and water lines in collaboration with 

street maps to pinpoint known colonia boundaries. 

 Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 
109

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Calendar_Date: unknown 

 Currentness_Reference: 2004 

 Status: 

 Progress: Complete 

 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned 

 Spatial_Domain: 

 Bounding_Coordinates: 

 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.965152 

 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -110.918330 

 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.332654 

 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 31.273280 

 Keywords: 

 Theme: 

 Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Theme_Keyword: Colonias 

 Theme_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place: 

 Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none 

 Place_Keyword: Nogales 

 Place_Keyword: Sonora 

 Access_Constraints: none 

 Use_Constraints: none 

 Point_of_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) 

Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 

 Cross_Reference: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Series_Information: 

 Publication_Information: 

Data_Quality_Information: 

 Attribute_Accuracy: 

 Attribute_Accuracy_Report: While the boundaries are thought to be most accurate 

according to the people who were involved in their deliniation, the boundaries used to 

define the colonias dataset were described by the Urban Office of the Secretary of 

Infrastructure and Ecology of the Government of the State of Sonora (Secretaría de 

Infraestructura Urbana y Ecología (SIUE)). 
110

 Completeness_Report: Only those neighborhoods that were identified by both the 

participants and the cited refrerence were incorporated in this dataset. 

 Lineage: 

 Source_Information: 

 Source_Citation: 

 Citation_Information: 

 Originator: Urban Office of the Secretary of Infrastructure and Ecology of the 

Government of the State of Sonora (Secretaría de Infraestructura Urbana y Ecología 

(SIUE)) 

 Originator: PROGRAMA MUNICIPAL DE DESARROLLO URBANO DEL 

CENTRO DE POBLACION NOGALES, SONORA. 

 Originator: DIRECCION DE DESARROLLO URBANO OBRAS PUBLICAS Y 

ECOLOGIA 

 Publication_Date: 04/2000 

 Title: Plan Municipal de Desarrollo 2000-2003 

 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: AutoCAD 

 Series_Information: 

 Series_Name: Plan Municipal de Desarrollo 

 Publication_Information: 

 Publication_Place: Nogales, Sonora 

 Other_Citation_Details: 

 The H. City Hall through the Direction of Planning of the Urban Development, 

Public Works and Ecology, in coordination with the Government of the State of 

Sonorous, through the Urban Secretary of Infrastructure and Ecology, have been given to 

the task to bring up to date the Municipal Program of Urban Development of the Center 

of Population of Nogales, Sonorous, that is concurrent of the National Program of Urban 

Development, as well as Development 1997-2000. 

 Those areas identified by community members of Nogales, Sonora as "Barrios 

Pobres" for this project, were also identified by the Urban Office of the Secretary of 

Infrastructure and Ecology of the Government of the State of Sonora (Secretaría de 

Infraestructura Urbana y Ecología (SIUE)), as neighborhoods that are either "Popular 

Dwellings", or "Precarious Constructions". 

 Popular Dwelling homes were built by their owners, some of them a long ago and 

some recently, therefore, there is great variability in their construction quality. Precarious 

Construction homes were built mainly with discarded materials, and so the quality of 

construction varies a lot. Those federally subsidized areas identified by community 

members & as "Social Interest developments" by SIUE are considered "Barrios Pobres" 

in this project since they are already receiving support for housing and/or infrastructure. 

 Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 

 Time_Period_Information: 

 Single_Date/Time: 

 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition 

 Process_Step: 

 Process_Description: The original colonias boundaries, as delivered by the SIUE, in 

AutoCAD format, were adapted into shapefile format and translated . In addition, local 

representatives were asked to draw boundaries on hard copy print out maps describing 
111

the roads, sewer, and water infrastructure overlain on aerial photos of their community. 

These approximations were based upon previous knowledge and familiarity with the 

most impoverished and underprivileged areas known to them at that time. The 

neighborhoods identified by community members were synchronous with those identified 

by SIUE and therefore, the boundaries remained the same. 

 Process_Date: 12/03 

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: 

 Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: 

 SDTS_Terms_Description: 

 SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon 

 Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 37 

Spatial_Reference_Information: 

 Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: 

 Planar: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System: 

 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator 

 Universal_Transverse_Mercator: 

 UTM_Zone_Number: 12 

 Transverse_Mercator: 

 Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 

 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -111.000000 

 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 

 False_Easting: 500000.000000 

 False_Northing: 0.000000 

 Planar_Coordinate_Information: 

 Coordinate_Representation: 

 Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000016 

 Planar_Distance_Units: meters 

 Geodetic_Model: 

 Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 

 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 

 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 

 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 

Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 

 Detailed_Description: 

 Entity_Type: 

 Entity_Type_Label: son_barrios 

 Entity_Type_Definition: Colonias were defined by the Cranston-Gonzales Act of 

1990 as rural communities and neighborhoods located within 150 miles of the U.S.-

Mexican border. Some colonias may be entire border communities, while others are 

comprised of neighborhoods within incorporated communities. They lack adequate 

infrastructure (sewer or water lines) and/or housing. 

 Entity_Type_Definition_Source: 

http://www.hud.gov/groups/frmwrkcoln/whatcol.cfm 
112

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: FID 

 Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically 

generated. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: Shape 

 Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. 

 Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI 

 Attribute_Domain_Values: 

 Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: AREA 

 Attribute_Definition: Area of polygon (Square meters) 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: PERIMETER 

 Attribute_Definition: Perimeter of polygon (Meters) 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: CLEANER_ 

 Attribute_Definition: ID # 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: CLEANER_ID 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: NAME 

 Attribute_Definition: Name of colonia existing within polygon 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: SECTOR 

 Attribute_Definition: Sector desciibing type of home (as defined by cited reference) 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: DENSITY 

 Attribute_Definition: Code assigned to describe # of homes per area (as defined by 

cited reference) 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: GOV_SUBSIZ 

 Attribute_Definition: Is the area subsidized by government agency (ie: INFONIVIT)? 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: ZCOLONIA__ 

 Attribute_Definition: Areas that have substandard housing --popular or precarious (as 

defined by cited reference). 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: DESCRIPTIO 

 Attribute_Definition: Sector code defined according to housing conditions within area 

(as defined by cited reference). 

 Attribute: 
113

 Attribute_Label: RANK_DENSI 

 Attribute_Definition: Number assigned to density code for use in mapping graduated 

values. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: ENG_DENSIT 

 Attribute_Definition: English translation of density code. 

 Attribute: 

 Attribute_Label: SPANISH_DE 

 Attribute_Definition: Spanish translation of density code. 

Distribution_Information: 

 Distributor: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Organization_Primary: 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data 

 Distribution_Liability: 

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is." The 

USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained 

in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or 

implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of 

the product or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness 

for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully 

on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS 

regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution 

constitute or imply any such warranty. 

 In no event shall the USGS have any liability whatsoever for payment of any 

consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not 

limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or 

arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by USGS. 

 Standard_Order_Process: 

 Digital_Form: 

 Digital_Transfer_Information: 

 Transfer_Size: 0.016 

Metadata_Reference_Information: 

 Metadata_Date: 20060208 

 Metadata_Contact: 

 Contact_Information: 

 Contact_Person_Primary: 

 Contact_Person: Laura M. Norman 

 Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Contact_Position: Cartographer, GIS Specialist 

 Contact_Address: 

 Address_Type: mailing address 

 Address: 520 N Park Ave, Ste #355 

 City: Tucson 

 State_or_Province: AZ 
114

 Postal_Code: 85719 

 Country: USA 

 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 520 670 5510 

 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 520 670 5571 

 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lnorman@usgs.gov 

 Hours_of_Service: 9-5 

 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata 

 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 

 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time 

 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Use_Constraints: none 

 Metadata_Extensions: 

 Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html 

 Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile 
115

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