2024 IL App (1st) 220595-U 

 SECOND DIVISION

 March 12, 2024 

No. 1-22-0595 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the

 ) Circuit Court of

 Respondent-Appellee, ) Cook County.

 ) 

v. ) No. 88 CR 13009 

 ) 

THEASTER HUNTER, ) Honorable 

 ) Kenneth J. Wadas, 

Petitioner-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE ELLIS delivered the judgment of the court.

Presiding Justice Howse and Justice McBride concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: Second-stage dismissal of postconviction petition affirmed. Recantation affidavit 

from State’s witness insufficient to make substantial showing of actual innocence. 

Appointed counsel did not provide unreasonable assistance in proceedings below.

¶ 2 Petitioner Theaster Hunter was convicted of the first-degree murders of Ezekiel Rhoten 

and Sabrina Sommerville. He raises two issues on appeal from the second-stage dismissal of his 

postconviction petition. First, he argues that he has made a substantial showing of his innocence, 

based on a recantation affidavit from State’s witness Doris Lamb, and he requests an evidentiary 

hearing on this claim. Second, and in the alternative, he requests a fresh round of second-stage 

proceedings, with new counsel, on the ground that his postconviction attorney failed to provide 

reasonable assistance in amending his pro se petition and submitting evidence in support of his 
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claims. We find that Lamb’s affidavit is insufficient on its face, and that petitioner’s contentions 

of unreasonable assistance of counsel are without merit. We affirm the dismissal of his petition.

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 I. Overview of murders and trial

¶ 5 In November 1978, petitioner and four confederates invaded Rhoten’s home, ransacked it 

for money and valuables, and brutally murdered Rhoten and his female companion Sommerville. 

The case went cold for years, until the new Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) 

allowed the police to match Doris Lamb and Ella Haymon to fingerprints found at the scene.

¶ 6 Lamb and Haymon were arrested and separately interrogated in April 1987. They both 

admitted their participation and implicated three men—petitioner, Robert Tenney, and Johnny 

Armstrong—in these crimes. And they both identified petitioner as the one who hatched the plan 

to rob Rhoten and then murdered Rhoten and Sommerville in the course of executing that plan.

¶ 7 By then, Armstrong was dead. Tenney was tried and convicted separately. Lamb and 

Haymon testified against petitioner while their own charges were pending. Their testimony, as 

detailed below, was the only evidence implicating petitioner; his fingerprints were not found at 

the scene. (Neither were Tenney’s or Armstrong’s.) Their prior statements to the police, though 

largely consistent with their testimony, were introduced at trial to rebut an alleged motive to lie.

¶ 8 Petitioner did not testify. But he did present an alibi defense. His mother, Velma Hunter, 

and two sisters, Lillie Williams and Wanda Faye Garnder, all testified that petitioner was with 

them on the night of the murders. In sum, petitioner accompanied his sisters to the hospital to get 

care for Williams’s ill children; returned to his mother’s house, where she was hosting a party; 

went back to the hospital to pick up the others; and then spent the night at Williams’s apartment. 

The alibi witnesses all remembered this particular evening, they claimed, because Williams’s 
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mother-in-law was found dead in an alley the next morning.

¶ 9 For each murder victim, the jury was instructed on intentional, strong-probability, and 

felony murder. For the intentional and strong-probability charges, the jury was instructed on both 

principal liability and accountability. The State’s lead argument was that petitioner personally 

killed Rhoten and Sommerville, but the State also argued that he was accountable for anything 

that his confederates did to further the common plan to rob Rhoten. The felony-murder charges 

were predicated on armed robbery, home invasion, and burglary. 

¶ 10 The jury returned general verdicts of guilty on both murders. Petitioner was sentenced to 

natural life in prison. We affirmed his convictions on direct appeal, rejecting claims of a Batson

violation and the improper use of Lamb’s and Haymon’s prior consistent statements. People v. 

Hunter, No. 1-91-0866 (June 26, 1996). 

¶ 11 II. Lamb’s testimony 

¶ 12 The State’s case against petitioner comprised the testimony of Lamb and Haymon. Their 

accounts differed on a few finer points of detail, some of which we will note along the way. But 

on the essential points, their accounts were consistent. And petitioner’s actual-innocence claim is 

based on Lamb’s affidavit. So we will focus on her testimony.

¶ 13 The jury heard that the murder charges against Lamb were still pending when she took 

the stand. (So too for Haymon.) Lamb testified that the State agreed to “talk to [her] judge” and 

recommend leniency, but otherwise “promised [her] nothing” in exchange for her testimony 

against petitioner. 

¶ 14 In November 1978, Lamb and Haymon were working as prostitutes and regularly using 

narcotics. Lamb had known petitioner for several years, as she “went with” his brother Evanew 

and, for a time, lived with Evanew in their mother’s house (where petitioner supposedly was on 
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the night of the murders). Rhoten was one of Haymon’s “johns.” Haymon had been staying at

Rhoten’s house but recently moved out. 

¶ 15 On the evening of the murders, Lamb and Haymon went to a neighborhood pool hall, 

where they ran into petitioner, Tenney, and Armstrong. Petitioner told Lamb to go outside, 

pointed a gun at her, and admonished her to stop using drugs, as if he was “playing a big brother 

role.” (Petitioner had been out of prison, after serving his sentence on a previous armed robbery, 

for a matter of weeks.) The five confederates got into Tenney’s car and drove to Rhoten’s house. 

At the time, Lamb thought they were going to pick up Haymon’s belongings. 

¶ 16 On the way there, petitioner asked Haymon if Rhoten had any money. When Haymon 

said yes, petitioner announced “that he was going to stick him up.” Here was petitioner’s plan: 

Lamb and Haymon would go inside, on the pretense of collecting Haymon’s things, and leave 

the front door open, so that petitioner, Tenney, and Armstrong could come in a few minutes later.

¶ 17 When they arrived, Lamb and Haymon approached the house next to Rhoten’s, spoke to a 

neighbor, and claimed, upon returning to the car, that Rhoten wasn’t home. Petitioner didn’t buy 

it, and he promptly told Haymon “what he was going to do to her” if she “didn’t get it right.” In 

her own testimony, Haymon said explicitly that petitioner threatened to kill her.

¶ 18 As expected, Rhoten let the women inside. Sommerville was with him in the front room 

of the house. Within minutes, as planned, petitioner came in through the front door, armed with a 

pistol, and with Tenney and Armstrong in tow. Petitioner pointed his gun at Rhoten’s head and 

declared that “it was a stick-up.” Rhoten reached for a gun under a chair, but petitioner hit him in 

the head with his pistol, picked up Rhoten’s gun, and gave it to Armstrong. Sommerville tried to 

help Rhoten, but Armstrong hit her on the head with a vase. She fell onto the couch and appeared 

to lose consciousness.
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¶ 19 Tenney stayed downstairs to watch over Sommerville. The others took Rhoten upstairs to 

his bedroom, where petitioner ordered him to lie down on his bed. Petitioner demanded money, 

and when Rhoten said he didn’t have any in the house, petitioner starting hitting him in the head. 

Haymon, Lamb, and Armstrong ransacked the bedroom at petitioner’s behest but didn’t find any 

money. Petitioner escalated the violence. He first ordered Haymon to beat Rhoten with a belt. 

Her efforts proved too timid for petitioner’s taste, so he ordered Lamb to take over, which she 

did. Petitioner then tied Rhoten to the bed and again demanded money, and again to no avail. So 

petitioner ruthlessly butchered Rhoten with a large knife, cutting his neck and body more than 30 

times, and stabbing him six times in the chest and four times in the back. 

¶ 20 Rhoten cried out that petitioner couldn’t kill him, or something to that effect, to which 

petitioner responded, “Motherfucker, you will die.” Petitioner put a pillow over Rhoten’s face 

and shot him once in the head. Suffice it to say that Rhoten’s wounds, as described in gruesome 

detail by the medical examiner, were fatal.

¶ 21 Petitioner went back downstairs and bashed Sommerville’s skull. Lamb said he used his 

gun; Haymon said he used a hammer. Either way, Sommerville died of cranial cerebral injuries 

caused by blunt trauma. Petitioner covered her body with a sheet and continued his search for 

money and valuables. The confederates left the house with jewelry, electronics, clothing, and 

other items, some of which may have been Haymon’s. On the way back to petitioner’s house, 

where they all spent the night, petitioner wrapped the knife and Rhoten’s keys (and possibly a 

hammer) in a sheet before tossing them out of the car.

¶ 22 III. Initial postconviction petition

¶ 23 Petitioner filed his initial pro se postconviction petition in 1995. The only claims relevant 

to this appeal are his allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel. Petitioner alleged that trial 
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counsel was ineffective on eight grounds, one of which was a failure to interview additional alibi 

witnesses. Petitioner did not attach affidavits from these alibi witnesses to his initial petition. He 

further alleged that direct-appeal counsel was ineffective for “fail[ing] to raise the specific issues 

indicated above.” We will have more to say about the details of these allegations later.

¶ 24 Assistant Public Defender (APD) Gwyndollette Ward-Brown was appointed to represent 

petitioner. The State moved to dismiss the petition as untimely. Counsel did not file a response, 

and the circuit court granted the State’s motion. On appeal, we accepted the State’s confession of 

error. In finding the petition untimely, the circuit court applied the wrong statute. We remanded 

for second-stage proceedings. People v. Hunter, No. 1-98-4801 (May 19, 2000).

¶ 25 IV. Proceedings after the 2000 remand

¶ 26 Following the 2000 remand, Ward-Brown was reappointed. She soon indicated at a status 

hearing that she was “seeking to file a second PC.” But she never did. More importantly, the case 

slipped through the cracks. To make a long story short, the circuit court never conducted secondstage proceedings on the initial petition—at least not until we ordered them again in 2013.

People v. Hunter, 2013 IL App (1st) 113194-U.

¶ 27 In the 13 years that it took to acknowledge and remedy this oversight, an understandably 

frustrated petitioner filed an avalanche of pro se pleadings, variously styled as postconviction 

petitions, amendments to his initial petition, habeas corpus petitions, and motions of all sorts. 

Over the years, he raised more than 100 claims of error, repeatedly moved to have the public 

defender’s office removed from his case, and made numerous futile attempts to have his petition 

“advanced,” “redocketed,” or to otherwise have his claims, including those raised in his initial 

petition, finally heard on the merits.

¶ 28 It will serve no relevant purpose to dwell at length on the convoluted and regrettable 
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history of these proceedings. Interested readers are referred to the thorough exposition in our 

2013 decision. See id. ¶¶ 37-78. To understand the limited issues before us, three points suffice.

¶ 29 First, the vast majority of claims raised in the subsequent pleadings were dismissed on 

grounds of res judicata, waiver, and other such procedural bars. What’s more, the pleadings were 

generally treated as successive petitions, subject to the cause-and-prejudice standard. But we 

held that all of these procedural rulings—many of which had been affirmed on appeal—were 

wrong, or at least premature, because the initial petition was never adjudicated on the merits. See 

id. ¶¶ 120-125. Thus, in amending the petition on a second remand, counsel was free to adopt 

any claims raised in the additional pro se pleadings that were dismissed on these spurious 

procedural grounds, provided of course that the claims, in counsel’s judgment, had at least 

arguable merit.

¶ 30 Second, in various pro se pleadings, petitioner attached the alibi affidavits that he failed 

to include in his initial petition, in support of his Strickland allegation against trial counsel. All in 

all, there were affidavits from 12 alibi witnesses, all dating from 1999-2000, and all identical in 

substance. (It was a form affidavit with blanks for the name and signature of each affiant.) The 

affidavits stated, in sum, that on the night of the murders, defendant was at his mother’s house, 

where she was hosting a card game. He stayed there the entire evening, except for a trip to the 

hospital. At no point did Lamb or Haymon come to the house.

¶ 31 Third, petitioner alleged a claim of actual innocence, based on an affidavit from Lamb. 

Lamb’s affidavit was of the same vintage as the alibi affidavits, late 1999, though oddly it bears 

two different notary stamps (from November 11 and December 16 of that year). The affidavit 

was initially attached to a petition filed in 2000, in support of an allegation that Lamb testified 

falsely. Petitioner later amended his claim, alleging his actual innocence, in a 2010 filing.
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¶ 32 Lamb attests that after she was arrested, she was “forced to give false statements and 

testify falsely at trial due to the fact that I was coerced and afraid for my life because I was on 

drugs, cocaine, heroin, tees and blues.” She goes on to say that she “was coerced into implicating 

Theaster Hunter in the murders of Ezekiel Rhoten and Sabrina Sommerville in return for my life, 

a lesser sentence. To my knowledge, Theaster Hunter did not kill Ezekiel Rhoten and Sabrina 

Sommerville.”

¶ 33 V. Belated second-stage proceedings 

¶ 34 After the 2013 remand, Ward-Brown was again reassigned to the case. Petitioner insisted 

from the very beginning (and is keen to reiterate on appeal) that he wanted “all” of his claims 

raised. And so he did. But counsel was not obliged to raise—and, we would add, was ethically 

obliged not to raise—claims that lacked arguable merit. People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d 192, 205 

(2004). And recall that over the years, petitioner raised more than 100 claims. So to put it mildly, 

there were voluminous pleadings for Ward-Brown to review. These proceedings, in part by 

petitioner’s own doing, would thus continue to be a slog for some time.

¶ 35 That said, Ward-Brown represented to the court that she did intend to file an amended 

petition in due course, however long that might take. For one, she was doing yeoman’s work. As 

she explained, she sought to compile all of petitioner’s (non-frivolous) claims into a single 

pleading, so that the circuit court could rule on them in one fell swoop and thus bring the 

proceedings to an expeditious, and long-overdue, resolution. 

¶ 36 And beyond that, Ward-Brown also needed to complete her ongoing investigation, which 

had two focal points. First, she was trying to locate and interview the various affiants. Second, 

Lamb supposedly made a videotaped statement in which she recanted her testimony, as she did 

in her affidavit, but ostensibly in more detail. Petitioner’s family was said to have access to the 
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video and was supposed to bring it to court, but so far it had not turned up. Naturally, WardBrown was waiting to hear what else Lamb might have to say.

¶ 37 After months of investigating in this vein, Ward-Brown filed a Rule 651(c) certificate and 

stood on the initial pro se petition, without amendment. There is no dispute that the certificate 

facially complied with the rule. 

¶ 38 Petitioner strenuously objected and asked (as he had done many times before) to have 

Ward-Brown, and the entire public defender’s office, removed from his case. He also asked to 

proceed pro se, a request that was initially denied. In response to these motions, Ward-Brown

noted that she “investigate[d] for several months,” contacted witnesses, and ultimately concluded 

that she would not amend the petition after all. As she summed it up, “I’m not going against his

petition as he’s written it, but I am not amending his petition. He’s correct on that.”

¶ 39 These remarks reflect a perhaps not uncommon predicament of appointed postconviction 

counsel: counsel finds, for whatever reason, that one or more pro se claims must be abandoned at 

the second stage; but counsel is guarded and reticent about the reasons for this determination, so 

as not to argue against her own client in court. As we read Ward-Brown’s remarks on the record 

here, she was trying to walk this fine line.

¶ 40 But there is more to this particular record than the proceedings in open court. Petitioner 

filed a complaint against Ward-Brown with the ARDC. (It was not his first.) And in one of his 

many motions to appoint a bar-association attorney, in lieu of the public defender’s office, he 

attached a letter that Ward-Brown sent to the ARDC in response to his complaint. The letter is 

dated about a month after the Rule 651(c) certificate was filed and directly addresses the basis 

for this determination. To this end, Ward-Brown reported the results of her efforts to contact the 

alibi witnesses and locate Lamb’s videotaped statement.
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¶ 41 As for the affidavits, Ward-Brown “spoke to family about their signatures on affidavits 

that were attached to [petitioner’s] pro se filings and they denied any knowledge.” Ward-Brown

went on to explain that petitioner “had affidavits from family members that were infants *** 

when the crime occurred.” Ward-Brown “still spoke to them and asked them if they signed them 

and of course they had not.”

¶ 42 As for the Lamb video, petitioner said “that his daughter had [it],” but when Ward-Brown

spoke to her, “[s]he did not know what [counsel] was talking about.” Ward-Brown also contacted 

the Center For Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University Law School, where the video 

had allegedly been sent at some point, but “they did not have any such tape.” 

¶ 43 It was for these reasons that Ward-Brown wrapped up her investigation and filed a Rule 

651(c) certificate. She would, if called upon, “argue all of Mr. Hunter’s contentions as if they are 

true even though in my review I have not found that to be the case.” But given the results of her 

investigation, she could not amend the petition. 

¶ 44 The Rule 651(c) certificate ushered in yet another round of vociferous complaints from 

petitioner about Ward-Brown. We will spare the reader the details. Of note, though, was a brief 

hearing at which Ward-Brown appeared pursuant to a subpoena. The topic at hand was the 

elusive Lamb video, which petitioner wanted, along with all the discovery in the case, so that he 

could amend his petition himself and proceed pro se. 

¶ 45 Petitioner claimed that a copy of the video was given to the public defender’s office, and 

then made its way to the appellate court and back to the public defender. Another copy was sent 

to Northwestern. Ward-Brown stated on the record that she did not have any such tape, and that 

she contacted Northwestern in search of the tape, but “they did not give me a tape.” The State, 

which had access to the same record as the public defender and the appellate court, denied any 
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knowledge of the alleged tape. The circuit court was “satisfied that the Public Defender’s office 

does not have any recantation tapes.” 

¶ 46 To make yet another long and convoluted story short, the circuit court denied petitioner’s 

repeated motions to appoint a bar-association attorney, but eventually granted his motion to 

proceed pro se. Petitioner filed an amended petition; the State moved to dismiss it; petitioner 

filed a response, largely reiterating the claims in his petition; and the court set the motion to 

dismiss for argument. All the while, petitioner continued to object that he did not receive all the 

discovery materials that he thought he was entitled to after electing to represent himself. But we 

will say no more about that protracted discovery dispute—or the rest of the miscellaneous pro se

filings that inundated the circuit court during this (and every other) phase of the proceedings.

¶ 47 The amended petition, in sum, included all the ineffectiveness allegations from the initial 

petition, along with additional ineffectiveness allegations against appellate counsel; the actualinnocence claim, based on Lamb’s affidavit; and many other claims that are not at issue.

Petitioner included the purported alibi affidavits.

¶ 48 The State’s motion to dismiss was short on substance. It emphasized that petitioner failed 

to include the alleged videotape of Lamb’s recantation, document its whereabouts, or provide a 

transcript of its contents. Remarkably, the motion said nothing at all about the (in)sufficiency of

Lamb’s affidavit as evidentiary support for petitioner’s actual-innocence claim.

¶ 49 The State asserted that the alibi affiants were known at the time of trial, and that their 

affidavits were cumulative of the alibi witnesses and “not dispositive of total vindication.” As for 

the underlying Strickland claim, the State asserted that petitioner was objecting to trial strategy. 

The remaining Strickland allegations were conclusory, unsupported, or “fail[ed] to contravene 

the appellate record.” But particulars aside, the important point for our purposes here is that the 
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State argued, or at least asserted, that the claims all failed on the merits.

¶ 50 Oral argument on the motion to dismiss was equally short on substance. It kicked off with 

petitioner (once again) accusing the State of lying to the court about discovery matters. The State 

recited its cursory motion, with no elaboration of any kind. Before petitioner could say a word in 

response to the State’s points, the court, no doubt tired of his antics, cut him off and announced 

its ruling: “I agree with the State 100 percent.” And that was that.

¶ 51 Petitioner’s motion to reconsider was denied. We accepted his late notice of appeal. So

here we are, reviewing an adjudication on the merits, some 24 years after we first remanded this 

case for second-stage proceedings.

¶ 52 ANALYSIS

¶ 53 I. Actual innocence

¶ 54 Petitioner argues that he has made a substantial showing of his innocence, based on 

Lamb’s affidavit. He argues that the circuit court thus erred in dismissing his actual-innocence 

claim at the second stage, and he requests a remand for an evidentiary hearing. 

¶ 55 A second-stage motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of the allegations. People v. 

Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 31. “All well-pleaded factual allegations not positively rebutted by 

the record” must be liberally construed in the petitioner’s favor and taken as true. Id. ¶¶ 31, 42. 

The court may not engage in fact-finding, make credibility judgments, or invoke the principle 

that recantations are “inherently unreliable” at this stage. Id. ¶¶ 31, 33, 42. 

¶ 56 A postconviction claim may be dismissed without an evidentiary hearing only if it fails to 

make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 381 

(1998). We review the circuit court’s ruling de novo, making “our own independent assessment 

of the allegations of the petition and supporting documentation.” Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 31. 
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And we may affirm the dismissal of a postconviction petition on any basis supported by the 

record. People v. Jones, 2021 IL App (1st) 182392, ¶ 39. We will avail ourselves of this rule 

here.

¶ 57 To establish a claim of actual innocence, the supporting evidence must be: (1) newly 

discovered; (2) material and not cumulative; and (3) of such conclusive character that it would 

probably change the result on retrial. People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47.

¶ 58 The Lamb affidavit reads as follows:

“On April 22, 1987, I, Dolores Lamb, was arrested and charged with two counts 

of murder and home invasion, and that I was forced to give false statements and testify 

falsely at trial due to the fact that I was coerced and afraid for my life because I was on 

drugs, cocaine, heroin, tees and blues. 

I, Dolores Lamb, was coerced into implicating Theaster Hunter in the murders of 

Ezekiel Rhoten and Sabrina Sommerville in return for my life, a lesser sentence. To my

knowledge, Theaster Hunter did not kill Ezekiel Rhoten and Sabrina Sommerville.”

¶ 59 As we can affirm on any basis in the record, we focus here on the prong of 

conclusiveness. The question for conclusiveness is whether, taking the affidavit as true, “it is 

more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted petitioner.” Id. ¶ 61.

¶ 60 Lamb’s affidavit claims “coercion” in that she feared a life sentence; she says she was 

forced to give false testimony in exchange for a lesser sentence. And she states that, “[t]o [her] 

knowledge,” petitioner did not commit the two murders in that house.

¶ 61 Taken literally, and in its ordinary usage, the phrase “to my knowledge” is equivalent to 

the phrase, “as far as I know.” Thus, on a literal interpretation, Lamb claims that although she 

testified that petitioner committed the murders, she did not, in fact, know that to be true. In this 
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sense, her testimony may have been “false,” as she said, but this does not make for a conclusive 

affidavit. It effectively erases Lamb’s testimony, but it offers nothing in its place; it thus leaves 

Haymon’s testimony intact, since there is no new evidence to contradict it. If this is what Lamb’s 

affidavit means, petitioner’s claim fails.

¶ 62 But we must liberally construe the affidavit in petitioner’s favor on a motion to dismiss. 

Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 31. And there is, in fairness, a more charitable interpretation of these 

words. After all, Lamb testified that she was in the room and witnessed the murders of Rhoten 

and Sommerville with her own eyes. She does not claim otherwise in her affidavit. So Lamb 

would know whether petitioner committed the murders. Claiming that petitioner did not commit 

the murders “to her knowledge” is an awfully odd and qualified way for Lamb to convey a fact 

that she (allegedly) knows to be true; still, we should be careful not to require too much by way 

of wordsmithing and eloquence from an affiant who might be less educated and without 

assistance of counsel. So we will assume, lending all favorable inferences to petitioner, that 

Lamb testified here that petitioner did not kill either Rhoten and Sommerville.

¶ 63 Unfortunately for petitioner, that assumption still does not get him the outcome he seeks. 

No doubt, this affidavit, accepted as true for now and as we have liberally construed it, would 

exonerate petitioner under a theory of principal liability for the deaths of these individuals. On a 

theory of principal liability, petitioner personally killed Rhoten (by stabbing and shooting him)

and Sommerville (by bashing her skull). Lamb’s affidavit says, albeit without any further detail,

that petitioner “did not kill” either of them. No rational juror, taking this statement as true, could 

convict petitioner on a theory of principal liability.

¶ 64 It is irrelevant that Haymon’s trial testimony, as the State says, “corroborated” Lamb’s 

testimony. That is just another way of saying that Haymon’s testimony contradicts Lamb’s new 
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recantation affidavit. So it does. But that contradiction does not make Lamb’s affidavit less than 

conclusive at the second stage, for the reasons our supreme court explained in Robinson, 2020 IL

123849, ¶ 57. Nearly four years after Robinson rejected this “fundamentally illogical” argument 

(id.), the State is still advancing it. It is long past time to stop.

¶ 65 In short, Lamb’s affidavit would warrant an evidentiary hearing—if principal liability 

were the only theory of guilt put before the jury. But it was not. The jury was also instructed on 

accountability for both murders, as well as felony-murder charges predicated on armed robbery, 

home invasion, and burglary. 

¶ 66 In addition to killing Rhoten and Sommerville, Lamb (and Haymon) testified that it was 

petitioner’s plan to rob Rhoten in the first place. He announced that plan in the car: after asking 

Haymon whether Rhoten had any money, and being told that he did, petitioner said “that he was 

going to stick [Rhoten] up.” Petitioner conceived of the plan to use the women to gain entry to 

Rhoten’s house. He conscripted the women, or at least Haymon, into the scheme by threatening 

to kill her if she failed to cooperate. He led the charge into the house once the women gained 

entry and announced that “it was a stick-up.” He subdued Rhoten, when he lunged for his gun, 

by hitting him in the head, and later by ordering him around under threat of violence. He 

demanded money and directed the activities of his confederates, or at least the women—who no 

doubt remembered the threat he had just issued in the car. He helped ransack the house for 

valuables and carry Rhoten’s belongings out of it.

¶ 67 Petitioner’s participation in the scheme to rob Rhoten, from start to finish, was more than 

enough to convict him of the murders on either a theory of accountability or of felony murder—

even if he did not personally kill either of the victims during the course of the home invasion and 

robbery. As detailed by Lamb (and Haymon), the murders were committed “in furtherance of [a]
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common design” to rob Rhoten, and petitioner “aid[ed] in the planning and commission” of that 

offense, as necessary for accountability. 720 ILCS 5/5-2(c) (West 1976). For much the same 

reasons, he participated in the commission of a “forcible felony” (more than one, in fact), and it 

was “in the course of or in furtherance of” their underlying crime that a “participant cause[d] the 

death of” the victims, as necessary for felony murder. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (West 1976).

¶ 68 Lamb’s statement that petitioner “did not kill” Rhoten or Sommerville is not conclusive 

on a theory of accountability or felony murder. See People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 39-

41 (affidavit stating petitioner “had nothing to do with this shooting” was not conclusive, for 

purposes of actual-innocence claim, where petitioner was convicted on accountability theory). 

Lamb does not deny that petitioner was one of the confederates who entered Rhoten’s home to 

rob him. She does not deny that petitioner conceived of the scheme and enlisted the others to 

help carry it out. Nothing she says calls into question that the murders were committed in the 

course of, and indeed in furtherance of, the plan to rob Rhoten.

¶ 69 Lamb does not recant anything but her testimony that it was petitioner who committed 

the actus reus of the murders. Her affidavit thus fails to establish that “it is more likely than not 

that no reasonable juror would have convicted petitioner” on the theories of accountability and 

felony murder on which the jury was instructed. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 61. 

¶ 70 We recognize that the jury returned general verdicts of guilty on the murders, without 

specific findings of accountability or felony murder. But “[i]t is ‘well settled’ that, when an 

indictment alleges multiple forms of a single murder, and a general verdict is returned finding 

defendant guilty of first degree murder, ‘the net effect is that the defendant is guilty as charged in 

each count.’ ” People v. Valdez, 2022 IL App (1st) 181463, ¶ 173 (quoting People v. Davis, 233 

Ill. 2d 244, 263 (2009)). These alternative grounds for liability were before the jury, the evidence 
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was more than sufficient to support both of them, and Lamb’s affidavit does not move the needle 

at all on either one. So even liberally construed, Lamb’s affidavit falls short of conclusive 

evidence of petitioner’s innocence. We affirm the dismissal of his actual-innocence claim on this 

basis.

¶ 71 II. Reasonable assistance of counsel

¶ 72 Since we have denied petitioner’s request for an evidentiary hearing, we must consider 

his alternative request to remand the case for another round of second-stage proceedings. In the 

last round, he argues, Ward-Brown failed to provide the reasonable assistance of counsel to 

which he is entitled. 725 ILCS 5/122-4 (West 2022); People v. Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d 34, 42 (2007).

¶ 73 A facially valid Rule 651(c) certificate creates a presumption of reasonable assistance, 

but that presumption is rebutted if the record shows that counsel failed to comply with one or 

more of the specific duties imposed by the rule. Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d at 52. Petitioner argues that 

Ward-Brown failed in three such respects. We review these contentions de novo. Id. at 41.

¶ 74 First, petitioner argues that Ward-Brown failed to shape his pro se allegations into proper 

legal form. In particular, the pro se petition alleged several claims of ineffective assistance of 

trial counsel. Because, he says, these claims were “based entirely on the record from trial,” they 

could—and should—have been raised on direct appeal. To avoid procedural default, it was 

therefore necessary to allege that direct-appeal counsel was ineffective for failing to raise them. 

Ward-Brown was thus obliged to add these necessary allegations. But she failed to do so.

¶ 75 Postconviction counsel does indeed have a duty to amend pro se claims as necessary to 

avoid procedural default; such amendments are a routine part of shaping the claims into their 

“proper legal form.” Id. at 44; People v. Kluppelberg, 327 Ill. App. 3d 939, 947 (2002). But this 

rule does not help petitioner for two reasons. For one, he did allege, in his pro se petition, that 
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direct-appeal counsel was ineffective for failing to assert his claims of ineffective assistance of 

trial counsel. And nearly all of these claims required evidence outside the trial record, so they 

could not be raised on direct appeal in the first place.

¶ 76 The pro se petition alleged that “appellate counsel *** failed to raise the specific issues 

indicated above.” (For the sake of clarity and specificity, we will use the phrase “direct-appeal 

counsel” to refer to the attorneys who handled petitioner’s direct appeal. We will use the phrase 

“appellate counsel” to refer to all attorneys currently representing petitioner in this appeal.) Read 

in context, this clearly refers to petitioner’s claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. 

¶ 77 But this allegation, we are told, is insufficient and thus required amendment. A bit of 

procedural history will put this argument in context. Apart from using the usual, generic term 

“appellate counsel,” the petition also referred by name to one Dennis Foley, a private attorney 

who was appointed to represent petitioner on direct appeal, after the public defender was given 

leave to withdraw. Foley also withdrew before filing a brief. (We will again spare the reader the 

details.) Petitioner’s direct appeal was dismissed for want of prosecution. It was reinstated—but 

only after he filed the initial pro se petition. The Office of the State Appellate Defender was then 

appointed and filed a brief in petitioner’s direct appeal.

¶ 78 So the argument, as we understand it, is this: The pro se allegation is limited to Foley’s 

ineffectiveness and does not apply to the assistant appellate defender who actually briefed the 

direct appeal. The pro se allegation went on to mention Foley by name, and it complained that 

Foley not only failed to raise certain issues, but in the end failed to raise any issues at all. By 

virtue of this additional detail and specificity, the facially generic allegation that “appellate 

counsel *** failed to raise the specific issues indicated above” did not survive the change in 

personnel from one particular appellate attorney to the next.
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¶ 79 We reject this argument, and emphatically so. Unlike an ARDC complaint, or a suit for 

malpractice, an ineffective-assistance claim is not a complaint about a particular attorney. It does 

not seek a remedy from, or a sanction against, any particular attorney, and so the identity of a 

defendant’s attorney generally does not matter. The question is simply whether the defendant 

received the competent representation that the sixth amendment guarantees at critical stages of a 

criminal case. And if he did not, he is entitled to a new proceeding. 

¶ 80 For purposes of an ineffective-assistance claim, the allegedly defective representation 

could have been provided by this attorney or that attorney, by one attorney, by multiple attorneys 

working as a trial or appellate team, or, as here, by multiple attorneys handling the relevant stage 

of the proceedings in succession. These are all perfectly routine scenarios in our experience. And 

whatever the case may be, generic allegations about the ineffectiveness of “trial counsel” are 

routinely deemed sufficient and taken to refer collectively to whatever attorney(s) happened to

fill that role. So too for “appellate counsel.”

¶ 81 Petitioner’s allegation that “appellate counsel *** failed to raise the specific issues 

indicated above” clearly alleges that his claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel should 

have been, but were not, raised in his direct appeal, and that the appellate representation he 

received was, for this reason, not competent by sixth-amendment standards. That allegation is 

sufficient; the additional references and detail pertaining to one specific attorney—attorney 

Foley—are just surplusage. Of course the pro se allegations could have been cleaned up. But the 

question is whether they suffered from a deficiency in legal form that required a routine 

amendment by counsel to avoid a procedural default. They did not.

¶ 82 If the State were to argue that a claim of ineffective assistance were defaulted or 

otherwise inadequate on this basis, we would not hesitate to reject the argument as frivolous. If a 
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claim were dismissed on this basis, we would not hesitate to reverse. There has been no such 

argument, and no such ruling, in this case; at no time have petitioner’s Strickland claims been 

rejected on this basis. Rather, it is petitioner who advances a novel and frivolous forfeiture 

argument, and then stands it on its head in the hope of securing another remand and keeping 

these proceedings alive.

¶ 83 That is reason enough to reject petitioner’s argument. But for the sake of completeness, 

we note that most of his claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel—six out of eight—were 

not based entirely on the trial record in the first place. They are as follows: trial counsel (1) was 

conflicted, on account of simultaneously representing Lamb and Haymon; (2) failed to interview 

additional alibi witnesses; (3-4) failed to obtain, and obstructed petitioner’s access to, “personal 

notes” taken by police officers; (5) failed to advise petitioner that neither the defense nor the 

State would call alibi witnesses; and (6) failed to conduct a complete investigation into a 

“plausible lead.”

¶ 84 A moment’s reflection shows that all of these allegations require an evidentiary basis that 

is, at least in part, outside the trial record: an affidavit from an alibi witness, for example; or one 

from defendant himself, attesting to counsel’s failure to advise him of this or that, or explaining 

what counsel did to obstruct the discovery process; or whatever the case may be. Nor is it 

surprising that the record does not disclose the name(s) of Lamb’s attorney(s). (Haymon 

happened to testify that her attorney was Neil Spector. Petitioner’s trial attorneys were Judith 

Stewart and Patrick Moriarty. To this extent, the trial record thus refutes petitioner’s claim.) 

¶ 85 A Strickland claim that is based on matters outside the trial record must be raised on 

collateral review. People v. Veach, 2017 IL 120649, ¶¶ 46-48; see People v. Erikson, 161 Ill. 2d 

82, 88 (1994) (claims based on what counsel should have done, but failed to do, typically depend 
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on matters outside trial record). Thus, an allegation that direct-appeal counsel was ineffective for 

failing to raise these particular Strickland claims—an allegation that the pro se petition already

included—was neither necessary to avoid procedural default nor even correct. 

¶ 86 Petitioner pulls other pro se claims out of the mix and asserts, baldly and incorrectly, that 

they were likewise based entirely on the trial record—for example, the State’s alleged Brady

violation. The same points apply to these claims, too, but we will not belabor them any further.

¶ 87 Of the remaining two claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, one alleged that 

counsel “lacked acuity” in formulating questions on cross-examination. To the extent that this 

claim is any better than frivolous, and we are not sure that it is, it should have been raised on 

direct appeal. But petitioner alleged as much in his postconviction petition. And his final claim is

nonsense: trial counsel should have “preserve[d]” his claims of ineffective assistance of trial 

counsel in a motion for new trial. For obvious reasons, there is no such requirement. So there 

was nothing for direct-appeal counsel to raise here, and thus no allegation that Ward-Brown 

needed to add to the pro se petition. And again, the pro se petition actually included this 

(unnecessary and legally incorrect) allegation to begin with. There was no need, and thus no 

duty, to amend the pro se allegations to avoid procedural default of any otherwise arguable 

claim. 

¶ 88 Second, petitioner argues that Ward-Brown unreasonably failed to attach the affidavits of 

his additional alibi witnesses to his petition. Because he included the alibi affidavits with several 

earlier pro se pleadings, they were readily available to Ward-Brown. Submitting them on his 

behalf, this time around, was thus a trivial ministerial task that she had no good reason to forego.

¶ 89 Petitioner’s argument ignores Ward-Brown’s letter to the ARDC (which petitioner 

himself made part of the record), written in response to one of his many complaints, in which she 
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disclosed that the alibi “affidavits” turned out to be fraudulent, and thus not really affidavits at 

all. The purported affiants who met with Ward-Brown disclaimed any knowledge of these

“affidavits,” denied signing them, and could not possibly serve as alibi witnesses because they 

were “infants” in November 1978.

¶ 90 Ward-Brown correctly concluded that she could not submit these documents as if they 

were competent evidence. She would have committed a serious ethical violation by doing so. We 

should not have to make this point in print, in response to an argument by appellate counsel. And 

we will give no quarter to any interpretation of Rule 651(c) that not only permits but requires an 

attorney to submit evidence, in a sworn pleading, that the attorney has discovered to be a fraud or 

fabrication—including, but not limited to, “affidavits” that the named “affiants” have expressly 

disavowed as outright forgeries. 

¶ 91 In considering Ward-Brown’s representations to the ARDC, we are not running afoul of 

the principle that the allegations and supporting affidavits are taken as true for the purposes of a 

second-stage motion to dismiss. (Ward-Brown herself was well aware of this principle; she cited 

it in her letter.) The issue before us is not whether the underlying Strickland claim should have 

survived the motion to dismiss and advanced to a hearing. The issue is whether Ward-Brown fell 

short of Rule 651(c) compliance when she “failed”—or better, declined—to submit the purported 

alibi affidavits on petitioner’s behalf. 

¶ 92 For this purpose, we may consider Ward-Brown’s representations to the ARDC, for the 

light that they shed on her decision not to submit these documents to the court. Ward-Brown’s 

letter is in the record, having been placed there by petitioner himself, as an exhibit to one of his 

motions. And we have no reason to believe that her representations were anything but a truthful 

and reliable statement of the results of her investigation. We note that these representations were
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made by an attorney “in connection with a disciplinary matter,” so Ward-Brown would have 

been subject to significant disciplinary sanctions if she “knowingly ma[d]e a false statement of 

material fact.” Ill. R. Prof. Cond. 8.1(a) (eff. Jan 1, 2010). 

¶ 93 We have said more than enough to dispose of petitioner’s claim. But we will add this, for 

good measure: when all was said and done, the alibi “affidavits” were submitted to the circuit 

court in support of the relevant Strickland claim. Petitioner attached them to his amended pro se

petition, the pleading that was ultimately the subject of the State’s motion to dismiss and the 

circuit court’s second-stage ruling. The State never argued that the claim failed because it lacked 

supporting affidavits; it argued, among other things, that the testimony of the purported affiants 

would have been cumulative and insufficient to show prejudice. The circuit court said it agreed 

with the State’s assessment. Petitioner does not challenge that ruling on appeal or contend that 

this claim merits an evidentiary hearing.

¶ 94 In short, petitioner’s evidence didn’t fall by the wayside. Even if we ignore everything 

that the affiants told Ward-Brown, for argument’s sake, a remand would accomplish nothing, 

since there is nothing here to be remedied. New counsel would simply resubmit affidavits that 

were already before the circuit court when it ruled on petitioner’s claim. We will not mandate 

this pointless exercise. 

¶ 95 Third, petitioner argues that Ward-Brown unreasonably failed to amend the initial pro se

petition to include his claim of actual innocence. Other “potentially meritorious” claims, too, he 

says, but he makes no effort at all to identify them, much less explain why they were potentially 

meritorious. (Recall that counsel has no duty to assert frivolous claims in an amended petition. 

Greer, 212 Ill. 2d at 205.) So we can leave this bald assertion aside and focus on petitioner’s 

claim of actual innocence.
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¶ 96 True, Ward-Brown did not adopt this claim. And we don’t know why. (Her remarks seem 

to suggest that it was her inability to confirm the existence of Lamb’s alleged recantation video.)

But it ultimately doesn’t matter. In contrast to People v. Addison, 2023 IL 127119, ¶¶ 7, 24, 40, 

for example, the amendments that counsel made, or failed to make, did not result in a claim 

being dismissed, at least in part, because of a procedural default. Here, petitioner’s innocence 

claim was adjudicated on the merits, and has now made its way to the appellate court for de novo

review—all without so much as an allegation of default or forfeiture from the State, much less a 

ruling on these grounds from the circuit court. 

¶ 97 And we have found that the claim fails on the merits, not because of a defective legal 

form that counsel could have fixed by amendment (see Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d at 43-44), but rather 

because petitioner’s evidentiary support for this claim—Lamb’s affidavit—is insufficient. That is 

not counsel’s fault. Nor is it a basis for mandating a pointless second-stage mulligan so that new 

counsel can simply present, once again, a claim whose dismissal on the merits has already been 

affirmed on appeal. Put differently, there is nothing here to remedy in another round of secondstage proceedings—except a failure that is chargeable to petitioner himself. 

¶ 98 Lastly, petitioner claims that his waiver of counsel in the second-stage proceedings was 

not valid, because Ward-Brown’s unreasonable assistance left him with no meaningful choice 

but to waive his statutory right to counsel and go it alone. This argument is intended to forestall 

an objection that petitioner waived his claims of unreasonable assistance by electing to proceed 

pro se. Given the procedural snafus that have plagued this case, we have found it prudent to give 

full consideration to all of petitioner’s complaints about the proceedings and about the 

representation he received after our last remand, without considering this potential objection. So 

we need not consider his waiver argument any further. 
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¶ 99 CONCLUSION

¶ 100 The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

¶ 101 Affirmed.