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[Senate Document 105-28]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

105th Congress                                                 Document
2d Session                                                    No. 105-28
________________________________________________________________________

 
         COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE
_________________________________________________________________________

MILLENNIUM

EDITION

1816-2000

Ordered to be printed with illustrations
October 2000
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE                                   51-737
WASHINGTON : 2000
  

                     COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

                 JESSE HELMS, North Carolina, Chairman

RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana            JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Jr., Delaware
CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska                PAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland
GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon              CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut
ROD GRAMS, Minnesota                 JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts
SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas                RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin
CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming                PAUL D. WELLSTONE, Minnesota
JOHN ASHCROFT, Missouri              BARBARA BOXER, California
BILL FRIST, Tennessee                ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey
LINCOLN D. CHAFEE, Rhode Island

                   Stephen E. Biegun, Staff Director

                 Edwin K. Hall, Minority Staff Director

                         Background Information

                                 on the

                     Committee on Foreign Relations

                                 of the

                          United States Senate

                                     

            Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Chairman

               Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., of Delaware,
                        Ranking Minority Member

  United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, First Session, 
                             106th Congress

                       Dedicated to the memory of

                     Admiral James W. ``Bud'' Nance

                              (1921-1999)

                             Staff Director

                              (1995-1999)

                        Minority Staff Director

                              (1991-1995)

                                

                For titles do not reflect honor on men,
                    but rather men on their titles.
?

                            C O N T E N T S

                              ----------                              
                                                                   Page

Preface..........................................................     1
The Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate...     3
    Origins of the Committee.....................................     4
    Historical Overview..........................................     5
    Membership...................................................    10
          Size...................................................    10
          Election...............................................    11
          Chairman...............................................    12
    Jurisdiction.................................................    13
          Sequential Referrals...................................    15
          Joint Referrals........................................    15
          Simultaneous Referrals.................................    17
          Informal Methods.......................................    18
          Intelligence Activities................................    18
          Transfers of Jurisdiction..............................    19
    Committee Powers and Responsibilities........................    19
          War Powers.............................................    20
          Treaties and Other International Agreements............    20
              (1) Treaties.......................................    20
                  Conditions and Stipulations....................    21
                  Procedure......................................    23
              (2) Other International Agreements.................    25
          Nominations............................................    26
          Bills and Resolutions..................................    30
          Legislative Oversight Activities.......................    33
          Interparliamentary Activities..........................    37
    Committee Procedure..........................................    39
          Rules of the Committee on Foreign Relations............    39
          Meetings and Hearings..................................    53
    Subcommittees................................................    55
          Standing Subcommittees.................................    55
          Study or Oversight Subcommittees.......................    59
          Ad Hoc Subcommittees...................................    60
    Staff........................................................    61
    Finances.....................................................    65

                               Appendices

  I. Alphabetical list of members of the Committee on Foreign Relatio71
 II. Composition of the Committee on Foreign Relations by Congresses.78
III. Chairmen of the Committee on Foreign Relations.................105
 IV. Staff Directors of the Committee on Foreign Relations..........109
  V. Excerpts from the Standing Rules of the Senate (Committee 
     Procedure).....................................................110
 VI. Selected Bibliography prepared by Congressional Research Service, 
     Library of Congress............................................119
VII. Authorizing Resolution, S. Res. 310............................129
                                PREFACE

                    By Senator Jesse Helms, Chairman

                                  and

         Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Ranking Minority Member

                     Committee on Foreign Relations

    From the beginning of the Republic, the process of foreign 
policy formulation in the United States has been unique. For 
most nations, the role of the legislative branch in foreign 
policy is limited to providing a rubber-stamp on the policies 
of the executive. The United States is different. The United 
States Constitution requires the President to seek the Senate's 
``advice and consent'' in the ratification of treaties and the 
approval of ambassadorial nominees. It is an arrangement that 
gives the Senate, and the Committee on Foreign Relations in 
particular, an essential role in the formulation of foreign 
policy.
    Since its founding on December 10, 1816, the Senate 
Committee on Foreign Relations has been at the center of 
foreign policy in America. Six Presidents of the United States 
have served on the Committee: Andrew Jackson, James Buchanan, 
Andrew Johnson, Benjamin Harrison, Warren Harding and John F. 
Kennedy. The Committee has also produced 19 Secretaries of 
State and the names of many of its Chairmen--Arthur Vandenberg, 
Henry Cabot Lodge, William Fulbright--are embossed in the great 
foreign policy debates of this Nation.
    While nearly 200 years have passed since its founding, many 
of the debates within the Committee on Foreign Relations, 
surprisingly, remain the same. In responding to international 
opportunities and challenges, the Committee must deliberate 
between conflict or diplomacy, engagement or isolationism, 
assistance or sanctions, and weigh every option in between. The 
Committee also considers treaties, the authorization of 
appropriations for international affairs, and nominations.
    In the latter half of the twentieth century, new issues vie 
for the Committee's attention. The proliferation of deadly 
weapons and technology, peacekeeping in regional and ethnic 
conflicts, the appropriate role of multilateral institutions, 
international terrorism, trafficking of illegal drugs, and the 
balance between international trade and U.S. moral and national 
security interests are critical issues in today's world. In an 
effort to make available to the public this discussion of 
foreign affairs by Members of the Senate, the Committee 
continues to publish transcripts of hearings held on these and 
other topics, and has produced a historical series based on 
heretofore classified sessions since 1947. These documents 
highlight the contribution of Congress to American foreign 
policy.
    A background document on the Committee was first published 
in 1966 in conjunction with the Committee's 150th anniversary. 
This document, now in its seventh edition, serves as a source 
of information on the Committee's procedures, membership, 
jurisdiction and other matters. It is our hope that this 
revised edition will serve as a useful introduction to the work 
of the Committee.
                   The Committee on Foreign Relations
                      of the United States Senate
    The Constitution of the United States divides 
responsibility for the conduct of American foreign policy 
between the President and Congress, and assigns to the Senate 
specific approval over treaties and nominations. The powers of 
Congress concerning foreign relations are derived from the 
following articles:

      The Constitution of the United States of America (Excerpts)

                               Article I
          Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted 
        shall be vested in a Congress of the United States 
        which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
        Representatives. * * *
          Section 8. The Congress shall have Power * * * To 
        regulate Commerce with foreign Nations * * * To define 
        and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high 
        Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations; To 
        declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and 
        make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water. * * * 
        To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper 
        for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and 
        all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the 
        Government of the United States, or in any Department 
        or Officer thereof. * * *
          Section 9. * * * No Money shall be drawn from the 
        Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by 
        Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the 
        Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be 
        published from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall 
        be granted by the United States: And no Person holding 
        any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, 
        without the Consent of Congress, accept any present, 
        Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from 
        any King, Prince, or foreign State.
          Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, 
        Alliance, or Confederation; * * *

                               Article II
          Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a 
        President of the United States of America. * * *
          Section 2. * * * He shall have Power, by and with the 
        Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, 
        provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and 
        he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and 
        Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other 
        public Ministers and Consuls, * * *.

                        Origins of the Committee
    During its early years the Senate was a small body that met 
often as a committee of the whole. It lacked standing 
committees, except for three which handled routine housekeeping 
duties. When specific issues arose, the Senate appointed ad hoc 
committees to examine them. One source estimates that there 
were ``over 200 separate committees dealing with foreign 
affairs between 1789 and 1816.'' \1\ The titles of these ad hoc 
committees varied, and not until 1812 did the term ``foreign 
relations'' appear in the legislative journals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ James W. Gould, ``The Origins of the Senate Foreign Relations 
Committee,'' Western Political Quarterly, XII (September, 1959).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    In the first session of the First Congress, President 
George Washington appeared in person before the Senate to seek 
its advice and consent on the terms of a treaty being 
negotiated with the Southern Indians. Unwilling to debate the 
issue or cast a vote in the presence of the President, Senator 
Robert Morris of Pennsylvania moved that the question be 
referred to an ad hoc committee. According to Senator William 
Maclay, after he had seconded the motion, ``the President of 
the United States started up with a violent fret. `This defeats 
every purpose of my coming here' were the first words that he 
said.'' Consideration was postponed for two days when the 
Senate resumed discussion and voted on the questions at hand, 
again with Washington present. This was the President's last 
attempt to participate in Senate deliberations, and thereafter 
presidential communications were generally delivered by written 
message.
    Although the Senate continued to name numerous committees 
each session, certain Senators gained reputations in particular 
fields and were repeatedly named to committees dealing with 
their areas of interest. From 1789 to 1797, nineteen committees 
with a total of sixty-eight members dealt with treaties. Yet 
only twenty-four senators filled those sixty-eight positions. 
Members of the majority Federalist party predominated in the 
early committees dealing with foreign relations.
    By 1816, the increased business of the Senate, especially 
in the handling of nominations, and the pressing needs of 
national defense that had arisen during the War of 1812, moved 
the Senate toward creation of standing committees. On December 
10, 1816, the Senate adopted a resolution introduced by Senator 
James Barbour of Virginia, establishing eleven standing 
committees:

          Resolved, That it shall be one of the rules of the 
        Senate that the following standing committees shall be 
        appointed at each session: a Committee on Foreign 
        Relations, a Committee on Finance, a Committee on 
        Commerce and Manufacturers, a Committee on Military 
        Affairs, a Committee on Militia, a Committee on Naval 
        Affairs, a Committee on Public Lands, a Committee on 
        Claims, a Committee on the Judiciary, a Committee on 
        the Post Office and Post Roads, a Committee on 
        Pensions.

    Three days later, Senator Barbour became the first chairman 
of the new five-member standing Committee on Foreign Relations.
    Since the Foreign Relations Committee was named first in 
the resolution, it has sometimes been referred to as the 
``ranking'' Senate Committee. However, the Senate does not rank 
committees. The only reflection of the relative importance 
attached by the Senate in the recent past to its various 
committees was contained in a Standing Rule of the Senate from 
1969 to the present, that ``no Senator may serve at any time on 
more than one of the following committees: Appropriations, 
Armed Services, Finance, or Foreign Relations.''

                          Historical Overview
    From its beginning, the Foreign Relations Committee 
attracted prominent leaders of the Senate and the nation. Six 
Presidents of the United States have served on the committee: 
Andrew Jackson, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, Benjamin 
Harrison, Warren Harding and John Kennedy. So too have nineteen 
Secretaries of State, from Henry Clay to Edmund Muskie.
    Although representing a separate branch of the government, 
the Committee has worked closely with the Department of State. 
During its early years, these relations were enhanced by the 
many Senators who served as Secretary of State. From 1816 to 
1877, all but two of the eighteen Secretaries of State had 
previously served in the Senate and nine had been members of 
the Foreign Relations Committee.
    But that close relationship has not prevented conflict 
between the Executive Branch and the Committee. Early on, the 
Committee's chairmen established that it would not be a rubber 
stamp for administration policies, and often said ``no'' to 
Presidential initiatives. Senator Nathaniel Macon of North 
Carolina, who served as chairman from 1825 to 1829, was a 
fierce opponent of any and all measures to expand the power of 
the new federal government. Indeed, it was said that during his 
entire tenure in Congress, Macon cast more ``no'' votes than 
did any ten other members combined.
    Another influential chairman of that era was Charles Sumner 
of Massachusetts, who served as chairman from 1861 to 1871. 
With administration attention focused on issues of civil war 
and reconstruction, Sumner exerted considerable influence over 
the nation's foreign affairs. During the presidency of Ulysses 
S. Grant, Sumner led the opposition which blocked Grant's 
efforts to annex Santo Domingo. As a result of his break with 
the administration, the Republican Caucus voted to remove 
Sumner as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, only the 
second time in the Senate's history when a committee chairman 
was removed against his will.\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \2\ In 1858 the Democratic Caucus had removed Senator Stephen A. 
Douglas as chairman of the Committee on Territories.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    In the late nineteenth century the Senate repeatedly 
demonstrated its authority over foreign policy through its 
ratification power. Between 1860 and 1897, the Senate rejected 
ten treaties, four of them with Great Britain. As Secretary of 
State John Hay observed, ``a treaty entering the Senate is like 
a bull going into the arena; no man can say just how or when 
the final blow will fall, but one thing is certain it will 
never leave the arena alive.'' Despite its reputation as a 
``graveyard of treaties,'' however, the Senate ratified the 
overwhelming number of treaties it received.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \3\ George H. Haynes, The Senate of the United States: Its History 
and Practice (Boston, 1938), 11:570.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Many a president has learned the difficult lesson that the 
Executive Branch rarely succeeds when it refuses to compromise 
with the Foreign Relations Committee. By far the most 
monumental struggle between the Committee and the presidency 
occurred when Woodrow Wilson submitted the Treaty of Versailles 
for ratification in 1919. Under the chairmanship of Henry Cabot 
Lodge of Massachusetts, the Foreign Relations Committee agreed 
to report the treaty, but with fourteen reservations drafted by 
Lodge to protect American sovereignty. These included language 
to ensure that the United States remain the judge of its own 
internal affairs; that the United States retain the right to 
withdraw from the League; that the League not restrict any 
individual rights of U.S. citizens; that the United States 
assume no obligation to go to war or deploy military forces 
through the League without consent of Congress; that Congress 
approve all U.S. officials appointed to the League; and that 
Congress control all appropriations of U.S. funds for the 
League.
    But President Wilson refused any compromise with Lodge, 
declaring: ``Never, never! I'll never consent to adopt any 
policy with which that impossible man is so prominently 
identified.'' \4\ Wilson then took his case directly to the 
people in a national speaking tour, during which he suffered a 
stroke. His efforts failed to sway the Senate, which in both 
1919 and 1920 rejected the treaty, and with it its provision 
for American participation in the League of Nations. Wilson 
could have easily won the Senate's consent to join the League 
if he had agreed to compromise with the Committee and accept 
Lodge's reservations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \4\ Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The 
American Encounter with the World Since 1776 (Houghton Mifflin, 1997), 
p. 144.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    During the two decades following World War I, the Foreign 
Relations Committee often reflected national sentiments for 
isolationism. In the 1920's its chairman, William B. Borah of 
Idaho, led the fight against United States membership in the 
World Court and other internationalist ventures. In the 1930's, 
chairman Key Pittman of Nevada sponsored neutrality legislation 
designed to keep the United States out of European conflicts. 
By 1940, however, such internationalists on the Committee as 
Walter George of Georgia and Tom Connally of Texas were 
successful in efforts to repeal neutrality legislation and to 
enact Lend-Lease and other measures designed to help in the 
struggle against the Axis powers. America's entry into World 
War II, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, converted the 
Committee's leading isolationists to internationalism. On 
January 10, 1945, Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan, a 
leader of Senate isolationists, delivered a ``speech heard 
round the world,'' in which he declared: ``I do not believe 
that any nation hereafter can immunize itself by its own 
executive action.''
    In 1947, Senator Vandenberg became chairman of the Foreign 
Relations Committee and a leading exponent of a bipartisan 
foreign policy. During the 80th Congress, with Republican 
majorities in the Senate and House and a Democratic President 
in the White House, the Senate approved the Marshall Plan, the 
Truman Doctrine, and other major cornerstones of America's 
postwar foreign policy.
    Coincident with Senator Vandenberg's chairmanship, the 
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 provided for the first 
professional committee staffs. The Foreign Relations Committee 
selected as its first chief of staff, Dr. Francis O. Wilcox, 
foreign policy specialist for the Legislative Reference 
Service. Prior to appointment of a professional staff, the 
Committee had relied heavily upon the Department of State. As 
Dr. Wilcox observed: ``Speeches had to be written there, 
committee reports to the Senate were prepared by the executive 
branch; there was no mechanism really by which the Senate could 
act independently, or could bring to bear the kind of helpful 
advice and counsel that a professional staff could bring.''
    The bipartisan approach to foreign policy had assumed 
strong presidential leadership in foreign affairs. But events 
during the 1960's, most significantly the growing 
disillusionment over the Vietnam War, led members of the 
Committee to call for increased Senate involvement in the 
making of foreign policy. In June 1969 the Senate adopted a 
``national commitments'' resolution proposed by committee 
chairman J. William Fulbright of Arkansas. This resolution 
defined American national commitments as resulting ``only from 
affirmative action taken by the executive and legislative 
branches of the United States Government by means of a treaty, 
statute, or concurrent resolution of both Houses of Congress, 
specifically providing for such commitment.'' In 1970 Congress 
repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which Presidents had 
used as a justification for military intervention in Vietnam. 
And in 1973, over a presidential veto, Congress enacted the War 
Powers Resolution, requiring the President to terminate any 
troop commitment within sixty days unless Congress approved its 
continuation. These actions were designed to restore the shared 
responsibility between the legislative and executive branches 
which the Constitution provides for the conduct of American 
foreign relations.
    In 1986, the Committee took a direct role in U.S. diplomacy 
when Chairman Richard Lugar of Indiana and Senator Paul Laxalt 
of Nevada helped negotiate the departure of Philippine dictator 
Ferdinand Marcos, following the ``People Power'' Revolution. 
And in the late 1980's and early 1990's, Chairman Claiborne 
Pell of Rhode Island forged a bipartisan coalition to enact 
some of the nation's most important and effective non-
proliferation laws, which to this day form the cornerstone of 
U.S. nonproliferation policy.
    In the late 1990's, Chairman Jesse Helms of North Carolina, 
and the Committee's Ranking Member, Senator Joseph R. Biden, 
Jr. of Delaware, together secured enactment of landmark 
legislation to fundamentally reform the U.S. foreign policy 
institutions for the post-Cold War world--shutting down two 
obsolete federal agencies (United States Information Agency 
(USIA) and Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ACDA)) and 
merging their functions into the Department of State and 
bringing a third (United States Agency for International 
Development (USAID)) under the direct control of the Secretary 
of State.
    Chairman Helms, a long-time critic of the United Nations, 
also collaborated with Senator Biden on legislation to pay the 
United States arrears to the United Nations in exchange for the 
U.N.'s agreement to implementation of a series of reform 
benchmarks. On January 21, 2000, Chairman Helms and Senator 
Biden led the Foreign Relations Committee to New York for a 
field hearing on U.N. reform--the first time the Committee had 
ever ventured as a group to visit an international institution. 
The previous day, Chairman Helms became the first sitting 
legislator to make a scheduled address before the United 
Nations Security Council, delivering an address on the United 
States' sovereign prerogatives and the American people's 
expectations for the United Nations reform.
    Accepting an invitation issued by Chairman Helms in that 
address, on March 30, 2000, the entire U.N. Security Council 
came to Capitol Hill for a day of meetings hosted by the 
Foreign Relations Committee. The Ambassadors of the United 
States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, Argentina, 
Bangladesh, Canada, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mali, Namibia, 
Netherlands, Tunisia, and Ukraine assembled in the Old Senate 
Chamber for a lecture from the Senate Historian on the Senate's 
unique role in U.S. foreign policymaking, and participated in a 
roundtable discussion of U.N. reform and peacekeeping with 
Committee members in the Committee's hearing room.
    In 1998, the Committee also took up one of the most 
important foreign policy matters to come before the Senate 
since the end of the Cold War--the expansion of NATO to include 
three new members from the former Warsaw Pact: Poland, Hungary 
and the Czech Republic. In stark contrast to President Wilson's 
clash with the Committee over the Treaty of Versailles, the 
approval of NATO expansion was a textbook example of bi-
partisan cooperation between a Democratic Administration and a 
Republican Senate.
    Unlike Wilson, who refused to accept any of the Committee's 
reservations to the Versailles Treaty, the Clinton 
Administration agreed to a series of conditions drafted by 
Senators Helms and Biden addressing a number of Senate concerns 
about the administration's approach to NATO expansion, 
including language requiring that ``the core purpose of NATO 
must continue to be the collective defense of the territory of 
all NATO members'' (rather than peacekeeping and other 
``nonmilitary'' goals); that a ``fire wall'' be built in the 
NATO-Russia relationship to ensure that Russia be given neither 
a voice nor a veto in NATO decisionmaking; and affirming that 
NATO does not require the consent of the United Nations, or any 
other international organization, to take action to defend its 
members' security. These conditions, negotiated following a 
series of eight committee hearings, ensured that by the time 
the expansion protocols reached the full Senate, all the major 
issues of contention had been resolved and the Senate 
overwhelmingly approved NATO expansion.
    However, the Senate said ``no'' to a number of Clinton 
Administration initiatives. Most notably in the 106th Congress, 
the Senate overwhelmingly rejected the Comprehensive Nuclear 
Test Ban Treaty--making it the first arms control treaty ever 
to be voted down in the U.S. Senate.
    The lesson is this: Presidents rarely win when they refuse 
to work with the Foreign Relations Committee, expecting it to 
rubber-stamp their initiatives. By contrast, when they have 
dealt with the Committee in partnership, rather than 
confrontation, they have seen many successes. As Senator Helms 
put it: ``The Senate Foreign Relations Committee has always 
been a source of frustration for utopian idealists in a rush to 
remake the world. And this, I believe is exactly what our 
Founding Fathers intended. The Senate is slow to action by 
design, a brake on impulsive instincts. And the Foreign 
Relations Committee was, I believe, intended to be the Senate's 
brake on foreign policy.''

                               Membership
Size
    The size of the Committee has varied considerably over the 
years. From five members in 1816 it grew, with occasional 
cutbacks, to 23 in 1946 when the Legislative Reorganization Act 
set it at 13. Since then it has been raised to 15 in 1953, to 
17 in 1959, to 19 in 1965, and to 20 in 1987. These increases, 
which were made in most other major standing committees at the 
same time, reflect partly the growing workload of the Committee 
and partly readjustments to the political complexion of the 
Senate--that is to say the numerical ratio of members of the 
majority party to those of the minority. Anticipating the 
eventual enactment of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 
1970 which established the size of the Committee at 15 members, 
the Committee was reduced to that number on January 14, 1969. 
Committee size and ratios are worked out by the party leaders 
with approval by the Senate. Beginning with 1971 the membership 
was as follows:

            16 (92nd Congress, January 28, 1971)
            17 (93rd Congress, January 4, 1973)
            17 (94th Congress, January 19, 1975)
            16 (94th Congress, September 19, 1975)
            15 (96th Congress, January 23, 1979)
            17 (97th Congress, January 5, 1981)
            17 (98th Congress, January 3, 1983)
            18 (98th Congress, February 9, 1984)
            17 (99th Congress, February 21, 1985)
            20 (100th Congress, January 6, 1987)
            19 (100th Congress, March 6, 1987) \5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \5\ A Senator was not appointed to fill the vacancy created by the 
death of Senator Zorinsky.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
            19 (101st Congress, January 3, 1989)
            19 (102nd Congress, January 3, 1991)
            20 (103rd Congress, January 5, 1993)
            18 (104th Congress, January 4, 1995)
            18 (105th Congress, January 7, 1997)
            18 (106th Congress, January 6, 1999)

Election
    The Senate rules provide that the membership on the 16 
standing committees shall be appointed, unless otherwise 
ordered, by ballot at the commencement of each Congress.
    The exact rule follows:

                               Rule XXIV
                       appointment of committees
          1. In the appointment of the standing committees, or 
        to fill vacancies thereon, the Senate, unless otherwise 
        ordered, shall by resolution appoint the chairman of 
        each such committee and the other members thereof. On 
        demand of any Senator, a separate vote shall be had on 
        the appointment of the chairman of any such committee 
        and on the appointment of the other members thereof. 
        Each such resolution shall be subject to amendment and 
        to division of the question. [Rule XXIV of the Standing 
        Rules of the Senate.]

    However, by unanimous consent the usual practice has been 
for the two major parties to submit slates of committee 
assignments for their party members in the form of Senate 
resolutions. The two party slates are normally submitted and 
voted on at the same time. Assignment to committees must take 
into account Rule XXV.4 of the Standing Rules of the Senate 
concerning service on committees.
    The ratio of majority to minority members of committees is 
arrived at prior to the submission of slates by agreement 
between the leaders of the two parties and generally reflects 
the political complexion of the Senate. For example, during the 
80th Congress the Senate was composed of 51 Republicans and 45 
Democrats and the composition of the committee was set at seven 
to six. Following the election in 1980, the Republicans became 
the majority party in the Senate for the first time since 1954 
(53 Republicans, 46 Democrats and one Independent). Therefore, 
the breakdown of the Committee became nine Republicans and 
eight Democrats. At the beginning of 1985, the Senate 
composition was 53 Republicans and 47 Democrats, leaving the 
membership of the Committee unchanged. During the 105th 
Congress, the Senate had 55 Republicans and 45 Democrats and 
the Committee alignment of 10 Republicans and 8 Democrats 
reflected this composition.
    The parties have differing procedures for arriving at their 
slates of nominees for committee membership. On the Republican 
side, the chairman of the Republican Conference appoints a 
committee on committees which in turn recommends assignments 
based on members' preferences and seniority. The Democratic 
caucus, composed of all Senate Democrats, appoints a steering 
committee, on the recommendation of the Democratic leader, 
which decides on the Democratic slate, taking into account the 
preferences of the members, seniority, and the custom of 
assigning two major committee seats to each Democratic Senator. 
Moreover, beginning with the 95th Congress, the Democratic 
caucus had agreed to choose chairmen of the standing committees 
by secret ballot unless waived. Although committees are 
appointed anew each Congress, it is traditional that Senators 
are reappointed to the committee to which they were assigned 
the previous Congress unless they specifically desire 
otherwise, or they have vacated their Senate seat, or party 
ratio changes enough to bump junior members. For example, in 
the 90th Congress, in order to reflect the change in the Senate 
ratio, a Democratic seat occupied by Senator Gale W. McGee was 
reassigned to the Republicans and filled by Senator John 
Sherman Cooper, and in September 1975 Senator Baker lost his 
seat on the Committee as a result of a Democratic victory in 
the New Hampshire election. Following the death of a Democratic 
Senator in late 1983 and the election of a Republican to 
succeed him, the Senate ratio changed and the size of the 
Committee was increased by one Republican in early 1984. 
Finally, after the Republicans obtained a majority following 
the 1994 elections, seats on the Committee were reapportioned 
in accordance with the new ratio allowing Republicans to 
increase their number to ten. Democrats, on the other hand, 
were forced to give up three seats leaving them with eight of 
the Committee's eighteen slots.
Chairman
    The chairman of the Committee is elected on the same slate 
as the Committee members of the majority party and is generally 
the most senior member in terms of Committee service of that 
party's committee slate. Inasmuch as Senate traditions prior to 
1970 prohibited a Senator from occupying more than one 
chairmanship, there have been instances where a lower ranking 
majority member (in terms of committee service) has been 
chairman such as 1941-46, when Senator Connally was chairman of 
the Foreign Relations Committee while two of his seniors on the 
Committee, Senator Walter F. George and Senator Robert F. 
Wagner, presided over the Finance and the Banking and Currency 
Committees, respectively; in 1947-48 when the senior Republican 
member, Senator Capper, was chairman of the Agriculture 
Committee and Senator Vandenberg presided over the Foreign 
Relations Committee; and again in 1985 when Senator Helms, the 
senior Republican, remained as Chairman of the Committee on 
Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, and Senator Lugar assumed 
the chairmanship of Foreign Relations. As a result of the 1986 
elections, the Senate leadership changed. At that time, Senator 
Helms exercised his right to the Ranking Minority Member 
position. This tradition was enacted into law by the 
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, subject to a 
``grandfather'' clause.
    Standing committees, such as the Committee on Foreign 
Relations, continue and have the power to act until their 
successors are appointed. For instance, although committees 
were not appointed by the Senate in the 88th Congress until 
February 25, 1963, the Foreign Relations Committee began 
meeting and transacting business on January 9, 1963, when 
Congress convened. This also occurred at the beginning of the 
99th Congress, when the Committee held hearings on American 
Foreign Policy, as well as a business meeting, before the vote 
on February 21, 1985 by the Senate to appoint committees. In 
1977 the new Members of the Senate were assigned to committees 
on a temporary basis. Therefore, Senators Zorinsky, Matsunaga 
and Danforth served on Foreign Relations from January 10 until 
February 11, 1977 when permanent Members were appointed.
    A complete listing of Committee members, composition, and 
chairmen is contained in Appendices I, II, and III. The list 
shows interesting party identifications as well, such as Anti-
Democrat, Jeffersonian Democrat, Native American, Oldline Whig, 
Union Republican, Farm-Labor, and Progressive. There are also 
six Presidents, ranging from Andrew Jackson to John F. Kennedy, 
and nine Vice Presidents from John C. Calhoun to Hubert H. 
Humphrey, who have served on the committee. From its membership 
also came 19 Secretaries of State, beginning with Henry Clay 
and the most recent being Edmund S. Muskie. In addition, a 
great many ambassadorships and positions in international 
organizations have been filled by former members of the 
Committee. It should also be pointed out that on April 24, 
1970, Senator J.W. Fulbright exceeded the length of service of 
Senator Shelby Cullom, who served from December 18, 1901 to 
March 4, 1913--the previous record for a Foreign Relations 
Committee chairman.

                              Jurisdiction
    The Constitutional provisions already cited form the basis 
for the Committee's jurisdiction. They are further elaborated 
in Rule XXV.1(j)(1) of the Standing Rules of the Senate as 
follows:

    (j)(1) Committee on Foreign Relations, to which committee 
shall be referred all proposed legislation, messages, 
petitions, memorials, and other matters relating to the 
following subjects;
          1. Acquisition of land and buildings for embassies 
        and legations in foreign countries.
          2. Boundaries of the United States.
          3. Diplomatic service.
          4. Foreign economic, military, technical, and 
        humanitarian assistance.
          5. Foreign loans.
          6. International activities of the American National 
        Red Cross and the International Committee of the Red 
        Cross.
          7. International aspects of nuclear energy, including 
        nuclear transfer policy.
          8. International conferences and congresses.
          9. International law as it relates to foreign policy.
          10. International Monetary Fund and other 
        international organizations established primarily for 
        international monetary purposes (except that, at the 
        request of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban 
        Affairs, any proposed legislation relating to such 
        subjects reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations 
        shall be referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, 
        and Urban Affairs).
          11. Intervention abroad and declarations of war.
          12. Measures to foster commercial intercourse with 
        foreign nations and to safeguard American business 
        interests abroad.
          13. National security and international aspects of 
        trusteeships of the United States.
          14. Oceans and international environmental and 
        scientific affairs as they relate to foreign policy.
          15. Protection of United States citizens abroad and 
        expatriation.
          16. Relations of the United States with foreign 
        nations generally.
          17. Treaties and executive agreements, except 
        reciprocal trade agreements.
          18. United Nations and its affiliated organizations.
          19. World Bank group, the regional development banks, 
        and other international organizations established 
        primarily for development assistance purposes.
    (2) Such committee shall also study and review, on a 
comprehensive basis, matters relating to the national security 
policy, foreign policy, and international economic policy as it 
relates to foreign policy of the United States, and matters 
relating to food, hunger, and nutrition in foreign countries, 
and report thereon from time to time.

    Every bill, resolution, executive communication, 
nomination, or report falling within these jurisdictional 
limits is referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. So 
are treaties, ipso facto, regardless of subject matter.
    In cases of conflicting or overlapping jurisdiction, Rule 
XVII of the Standing Rules of the Senate, provides that--

          * * * in any case in which a controversy arises as to 
        the jurisdiction of any committee with respect to any 
        proposed legislation, the question of jurisdiction 
        shall be decided by the Presiding Officer, without 
        debate, in favor of the committee which has 
        jurisdiction over the subject matter which predominates 
        in such proposed legislation; but such decision shall 
        be subject to an appeal.

    As a matter of fact, however, frequently these 
jurisdictional questions have been resolved, under unanimous-
consent agreements, by joint or sequential or simultaneous 
referrals. In other instances more informal methods have been 
used.
    With the exception of the Appropriations Committee, there 
is no standing committee with which the Foreign Relations 
Committee has not shared jurisdiction at one time or another.
Sequential Referrals
    A frequently used procedure is an agreement for the 
sequential referral of bills falling within several 
jurisdictions. Generally speaking, jurisdiction over fisheries 
and maritime issues is shared with the Commerce, Science, and 
Transportation Committee; national security matters with the 
Armed Services Committee; certain legal matters with the 
Judiciary Committee; foreign agricultural policy with the 
Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee; and volunteer 
service programs with the Health, Education, Labor, and 
Pensions Committee. Examples of such sequential referrals 
during the 96th Congress were: a bill to establish an Institute 
for Technology and Cooperation (which was referred to 
Governmental Affairs after being reported by Foreign 
Relations); and a bill increasing the U.S. quota in the IMF 
(which was ordered referred to Banking, Housing and Urban 
Affairs after being reported by Foreign Relations). In the 98th 
Congress sequential referrals included a crime control bill and 
one concerning terrorist acts (both with the Judiciary 
Committee).
    Sequential referrals are often coupled with a limitation on 
the time during which the secondary committee(s) must act or 
request the Senate for an extension of time.
Joint Referrals
    The most frequent joint referrals in the past had been with 
the Armed Services Committee and included the early military 
assistance acts, the 1951 Far Eastern investigation prompted by 
the dismissal of General MacArthur, the so-called ``area'' 
resolutions (Formosa, 1955; Middle East, 1957; Cuba, 1962; and 
Tonkin Gulf, 1964 which, to varying degrees, declared the vital 
interests of the United States in the particular area and 
authorized the President to take any steps deemed necessary to 
maintain peace there), and resolutions relating to troop 
deployments in Europe. Joint referrals involving other 
committees dealt with the following subjects: defining the act 
of state doctrine (Judiciary); implementing legislation for the 
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution 
Damage (Commerce); add-on retirement benefits (Post Office and 
Civil Service and Armed Services); an amendment to the Trading 
with the Enemy Act concerning trade with North Vietnam 
(Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs); establishing an Office 
of Foreign Policy and National Security Analysis (Armed 
Services); pertaining to nuclear proliferation (Joint Committee 
on Atomic Energy). In the 96th Congress, an amendment to the 
Foreign Assistance Act and the Public Service Act concerning 
international cooperation in health was jointly referred to 
Labor and Human Resources, Governmental Affairs and Foreign 
Relations; legislation to terminate the Interim Convention of 
North Pacific Fur Seals went jointly to Commerce, Science and 
Transportation and Foreign Relations; and a bill to establish 
an observer program on all fishing vessels was referred jointly 
to Commerce, Science and Transportation, Environment and 
Energy, and Foreign Relations. A new peak in joint referrals 
was reached in 1976 when S. 3637, the proposed ``National 
Materials Policy, Research, and Organization Act,'' was jointly 
referred to 11 standing committees, including Foreign 
Relations.
    One example of legislation referred jointly was S. 1627, 
which dealt with the implementation of the North American Free 
Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Introduced in 1993, this particular 
bill was referred to the committees on Agriculture, Nutrition, 
and Forestry, on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, on 
Foreign Relations, on Governmental Affairs, and on the 
Judiciary.
    On occasion both sequential and joint referrals have been 
used for the same measure, such as the bill for combating 
international terrorism, which, after being reported from the 
Governmental Affairs Committee, was referred jointly to Foreign 
Relations, Commerce, Science and Transportation, Intelligence 
and Judiciary Committees; and the Deep Sea Bed Hard Mineral 
Resources Act, reported from Energy and Natural Resources, 
Commerce, Science and Transportation, and Foreign Relations, 
and then jointly referred to Finance, and Environment and 
Public Works Committees, subject to a time limitation. In 1984, 
authorizing legislation for the intelligence community was 
jointly referred to Foreign Relations and Armed Services for a 
period of 30 days, after it had been reported by the 
Intelligence Committee.
    In the case of joint referrals, committees need not 
necessarily meet together during hearings and markup sessions 
but they must file a joint report setting forth their 
recommendations.
Simultaneous Referrals
    During the 94th Congress for the first time bills were 
referred simultaneously to Foreign Relations and other 
committees, establishing yet another method of dealing with 
jurisdictional problems in the Senate. One bill (S. 3151) would 
establish a program for gathering and analyzing information 
with respect to multinational enterprises and would require 
publication of such material on a regular basis. The unanimous 
consent agreement by which this bill was referred 
``simultaneously'' to the Foreign Relations and Commerce 
committees also specified that ``should either committee report 
the bill, the remaining committee will have 45 calendar days 
within which to file its report.''
    With respect to another item, S. Res. 434, the ``Treaty 
Powers Resolution,'' an order to refer it jointly to the 
committees on Foreign Relations, Rules and Administration, 
Appropriations, Judiciary and Budget was subsequently rescinded 
and the measure was then simultaneously referred to the same 
committees with the exception of Rules and Administration. The 
following colloquy in the Senate of May 6, 1976, clarifies that 
latter order:

          Mr. Griffin. What is the effect of this request?
          The Presiding Officer. The effect will be that each 
        committee to which the bill is referred would be 
        entitled to file a separate report without regard to 
        any other committee or without requiring a joint report 
        of the several committees.
          Mr. Griffin. Whereas under the agreement previously, 
        the several committees had to file a joint report; as I 
        understood it.
          The Presiding Officer. The Senator is correct.
          Mr. Griffin. If one of the named committees, under 
        the request now pending were to report the resolution, 
        would it then go on the calendar, or would it still be 
        pending in the other committee?
          The Presiding Officer. Under the practices of the 
        Senate, that report would be held in abeyance until the 
        other committee report and it would not go on the 
        calendar.
          Mr. Griffin. It would not go on the calendar.
          The Presiding Officer. The Senator is correct.
          Mr. Griffin. I wish to be certain of that because, if 
        it does go on the calendar, this arrangement would, in 
        effect, set up a kind of race among the committees to 
        anyone reporting it. It would then go on the calendar 
        and the referral to the other committee would be 
        academic.
          The Presiding Officer. That has been the practice of 
        the Senate in the past.
          Mr. Griffin. So it would not go on the calendar until 
        the other committees also reported?
          The Presiding Officer. The Senator is correct.

Informal Methods
    Informal methods include invitations to interested Senators 
(Senators not on the Committee who, by virtue of legislative or 
personal interest, have attended hearings on specific topics) 
to participate in the Committee's hearings and ask questions 
without, however, the right to vote in the Committee; 
correspondence with interested committees seeking their views 
on provisions falling within their expertise, as for instance 
with the Joint Committee on Taxation on double taxation 
conventions; or establishment of joint subcommittees as was 
done in 1974 by the Judiciary and Foreign Relations Committees 
to study wiretapping issues arising out of the confirmation 
hearings with Secretary Kissinger. In 1980 two Senators from 
the Foreign Relations Committee were appointed to serve as 
members of the Special Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee 
to Investigate Activities of Individuals Representing the 
Interests of Foreign Governments, which was created to 
investigate charges involving President Carter's brother.
Intelligence Activities
    Until the creation in 1976 of a Senate Select Committee on 
Intelligence, oversight of intelligence operations was a 
divided responsibility, exercised principally by a joint 
subcommittee of the Appropriations and Armed Services 
Committees. For a time in the late 1960's, members of the 
Foreign Relations Committee were invited to participate in such 
oversight meetings. In 1974, through an amendment to the 
Foreign Assistance Act commonly known as the Hughes-Ryan 
amendment, the Committee was given joint jurisdiction with 
several other committees over certain activities of the Central 
Intelligence Agency relating to covert operations. That 
arrangement, in turn, was superseded by the oversight 
provisions of the Intelligence Authorization Act of 1980, which 
placed the principal responsibility for oversight of 
intelligence activities, including covert operations, under the 
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
    The Senate Intelligence Committee was established in 1976 
in the wake of a series of public disclosures regarding 
activities of the CIA. Its creation had been a principal 
recommendation of the temporary Select Committee to Study 
Governmental Operations with respect to intelligence 
activities, chaired by Senator Church. S. Res. 400 mandates 
that at least two members of the Foreign Relations Committee 
are to serve as members of the Senate Select Committee on 
Intelligence. The Committee also is guaranteed referral of the 
Intelligence Authorization bill, if requested. Currently, 
Senator Lugar and Senator Kerry serve as the Committee's 
``cross-over'' members. Under the oversight provision of the 
Intelligence Authorization Act of 1980, Senate and House 
Intelligence Committees are charged to ``promptly call to the 
attention of its respective House, or to any appropriate 
committee or committees of its respective House, any matter 
relating to intelligence activities requiring the attention of 
such House or such committee or committees.''
Transfers of Jurisdiction
    With the informal acquiescence of the Senate, there have 
been instances in which transfers of jurisdiction have taken 
place. For instance, the language of the Reorganization Act of 
1946 assigned to Foreign Relations jurisdiction over 
``international financial and monetary organizations.'' Yet in 
1947 the respective chairmen of the Senate Banking and Currency 
and Foreign Relations committees agreed that since the Banking 
and Currency Committee originally handled the Bretton Woods 
Agreements Act, it would continue to consider legislation 
pertaining to the International Bank for Reconstruction and 
Development and the International Monetary Fund. In 1959, 
however, the Committee on Foreign Relations asserted its 
jurisdiction over these and subsequently established 
organizations such as the International Development 
Association, the Inter-American Development Bank, the 
International Finance Corporation and the Asian Development 
Bank. Conversely, the St. Lawrence Seaway legislation, 
initially referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations since 
agreement with a foreign nation was involved, in time became 
essentially domestic in nature. Thus, jurisdiction over seaway 
legislation has passed to the Environment and Public Works 
Committee, with the Foreign Relations Committee reserving its 
jurisdiction over international aspects.

                 Committee Powers and Responsibilities
    The principal areas of committee responsibilities can be 
broadly broken down as follows: (1) executive--recommending the 
advice and consent to treaties and nominations; (2) 
legislative--consideration of bills and resolutions; and (3) 
legislative oversight. There is, however, no hard and fast 
distinction between these activities since treaties, bills, and 
resolutions cannot be considered without exercising a degree of 
legislative oversight in the process.
War Powers
    The War Powers Resolution was passed in 1973 over the veto 
of President Nixon. The initiative came from Senator Jacob K. 
Javits within the Foreign Relations Committee, where extensive 
hearings were held. The resolution arose out of a concern that 
the power to declare war, as exclusively reserved to the 
Congress by the Constitution in article I, section 8, had 
eroded in modern times with Presidents assuming virtual 
independence from congressional constraints.
    The thrust of the resolution (Public Law 93-148) was to 
insure that the collective judgment of the Congress would be 
brought to bear on decisions involving the activities of United 
States Armed Forces which could lead to ongoing hostilities. It 
established a time limit for any military involvement in 
hostilities which were not affirmatively authorized by 
Congress, as well as a procedure through which the authority of 
Congress could be exercised to terminate U.S. involvement in 
hostilities at any stage. Attention and some disagreement have 
focused on the resolution's provisions concerning Presidential 
consultation with Congress in advance of military initiatives 
and Presidential reporting on the circumstances and 
justification for military actions within 48 hours after their 
occurrence. The Foreign Relations Committee has the principal 
responsibility for oversight of these matters within the 
Senate.
Treaties and Other International Agreements
    Treaties have traditionally constituted a large part of the 
Committee's work.\6\ Recently the number of treaties submitted 
for approval has averaged over 50 per Congress.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \6\ Treaties and Other International Agreements: The Role of the 
United States Senate, (See Appendix VI, Bibliography, page 119).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    During the postwar period, however, the number and 
importance of executive agreements increased noticeably, 
leading to congressional action in this field to increase 
timely oversight of such agreements.
            (1) Treaties
    Senate responsibility for treaties stems directly from 
article II, section 2, clause 2 of the Constitution, which 
states that the President ``shall have Power, by and with the 
Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided 
two-thirds of the Senators present concur.''
    The making of treaties involves a series of steps which 
generally include negotiation, signing, approval by the Senate, 
ratification by the President, deposit or exchange of 
ratifications with the other party(ies) to the treaty, and 
proclamation. Only upon the latter step does a treaty become 
legally binding upon the United States. The Senate is 
associated in this process principally at the ``advice and 
consent'' to ratification stage. Contrary to popular 
impression, the Senate does not ratify treaties; the President 
ratifies treaties upon receiving the advice and consent of the 
Senate to ratification.
    While the emphasis historically has been on the ``consent'' 
part of this clause, beginning in the immediate postwar period 
the Committee has repeatedly stressed the ``advice'' part and 
claimed a right to advise the President in the negotiation of 
treaties and the conduct of diplomacy. This interest has at 
times led to the formal adoption of Senate resolutions of 
advice, which are briefly discussed elsewhere.
    In performing its consent function to treaties the Senate 
has several options. Normally, the procedure for unconditional 
approval of a treaty is by adoption of a resolution of 
ratification which in the case of the limited nuclear test ban 
treaty reads as follows:

          Be it resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present 
        concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent 
        to the ratification of the treaty banning nuclear 
        weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and 
        under water, which was signed at Moscow on August 5, 
        1963, on behalf of the United States of America, the 
        United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, and 
        the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

    Conditions and stipulations.--The Senate may also qualify 
its approval of a treaty by requiring amendments to the text of 
the treaty itself, or more frequently, by imposing conditions 
known as reservations, understandings, declarations or 
provisos. The vehicle for this Senate action is the resolution 
of ratification, accession or acceptance which accompanies the 
treaty to the Senate floor from the Committee on Foreign 
Relations. According to generally accepted definitions, 
``amendments'' and ``reservations'' are proposed revisions in 
the obligations undertaken by the United States. ``Amendments'' 
are proposed changes in the actual text of the treaty. 
``Reservations'' are specific qualifications or stipulations 
which change U.S. obligations without necessarily changing 
treaty text. ``Amendments'' and ``reservations'' imposed by the 
Senate must be included in the U.S. instrument of treaty 
ratification in order to provide notice to our treaty partners 
of the Senate action. If the President or a treaty partner 
disagrees with the Senate's conditions, renegotiation of the 
treaty, consultations among the parties, or other action may be 
taken to resolve differences.
    In contrast, ``understandings'' are interpretative 
statements intended to clarify or elaborate, rather than amend, 
treaty text or undertakings. ``Understandings'' provide 
importance guidance to treaty partners, U.S. judges or other 
parties who may find it necessary to construe the Senate's 
intent concerning the relevant treaty. Generally, 
``understandings'' must also be included in the relevant U.S. 
instrument of ratification to ensure that our treaty partner 
understands the Senate's positions.
    ``Declarations,'' ``provisos,'' or other statements also 
reveal the Senate's position, opinion or intentions about 
matters related to the treaty in question, but generally not 
about its specific provisions. ``Declarations,'' ``provisos,'' 
and like statements are generally omitted from the instruments 
of treaty ratification which the U.S. government deposits with 
treaty partners in order to bring treaties into force, because 
they do not affect the treaty relationship to the same extent 
as ``amendments'' or ``understandings.''
    In recent years, the Senate made extensive use of 
conditions in approving treaties. For example, in approving the 
Chemical Weapons Convention, it included 28 conditions in the 
resolution of ratification. Resolutions for several other 
treaties, including the Convention on Nuclear Safety, the 
Amended Mines Protocol, and the Flank Document Agreement to the 
CFE Treaty, also contained significant conditions relating to a 
variety of issues. The Senate also made extensive use of such 
conditions with the Panama Canal treaties in 1978 and the SALT 
II Treaty in 1979. The final resolution of ratification on the 
first Panama Canal Treaty, the so-called ``Neutrality Treaty,'' 
included two amendments, six reservations, and five 
understandings, while the second treaty was approved with six 
reservations and six understandings. In the Committee's 
consideration of the SALT II Treaty, a somewhat different 
format was used for the resolution of ratification, but the 
total number of conditions and stipulations reported by the 
Committee was more than twenty.
    In addition, during the chairmanship of Senator Jesse 
Helms, the Committee on Foreign Relations routinely included a 
variety of additional conditions corresponding to several 
different kinds of treaties. For example, with extradition or 
mutual legal assistance treaties, conditions were included to 
forbid United States cooperation with the eventual 
International Criminal Court contemplated in the July 17, 1998 
Rome Statute, or release of information to foreign officials 
suspected of involvement in narcotics trafficking. Treaties 
reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations during Senator 
Helms' chairmanship also include routinely a proviso 
reiterating the supremacy of the United States Constitution.
    To emphasize the Senate's strong views about the principles 
of treaty interpretation, by the end of the 106th Congress, the 
Committee also routinely included in all resolutions of 
ratification a declaration incorporating by reference the 
principles of treaty interpretation set forth in Condition (1) 
of the resolution of ratification of the INF Treaty, approved 
by the Senate on May 27, 1988, and Condition (8) of the 
resolution of ratification of the Document Agreed Among the 
States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in 
Europe, approved by the Senate on May 14, 1997. This condition, 
known as the ``Biden-Byrd Condition,'' sets forth the 
constitutional principle that treaty interpretation will be 
governed by the ``shared understandings'' of the Executive and 
the Senate, as reflected in the Executive's formal 
representations to the Senate at the time the Senate gives its 
advice and consent.
    The Senate may also reject a treaty completely by failing 
to approve it with the necessary two-thirds vote. Few treaties 
have been rejected over the years. In the 106th Congress, on 
October 13, 1999, the Senate rejected the Comprehensive Nuclear 
Test-Ban Treaty. On March 8, 1983, the Senate rejected the 
Montreal Protocols to the Warsaw Convention on passenger 
carriage by air. The only other treaties rejected by the Senate 
during the last century were the protocol to the 1958 Geneva 
Law of the Sea Convention concerning the compulsory settlement 
of disputes which was rejected on May 26, 1960 by a vote of 49 
to 30; U.S. adherence to the Permanent Court of International 
Justice, which was rejected on January 29, 1935, by a vote of 
52 to 36; and the St. Lawrence Seaway, which was rejected on 
March 14, 1934, by a vote of 46 to 42. (The Seaway was 
subsequently authorized by Public Law 83-358, approved May 13, 
1954.)

    Procedure.--Before formal Senate consideration of a treaty 
may begin, the treaty must be transmitted to the Senate by the 
President for advice and consent. All treaties transmitted by 
the President to the Senate for advice and consent are referred 
to the Committee. Treaties conceivably could remain on the 
Committee calendar indefinitely absent action to approve them, 
reject them, or to return them to the President. Treaties 
reported by the Committee remain on the Senate's Executive 
Calendar for the duration of a Congress, or until otherwise 
disposed of. At the end of a Congress, treaties which remain on 
the Senate's Executive Calendar are automatically re-referred 
to the Committee in accordance with Senate Rule XXX.2.
    From time to time, Presidents may request the return of 
treaties pending before the Committee or the Senate, or the 
Committee itself may take the initiative to return certain 
treaties to the President. In either case, the usual procedure 
is for the Committee to report an executive resolution to the 
full Senate authorizing the return of the treaty or treaties to 
the President. That procedure is unusual, and was followed most 
recently in the 106th Congress, when the Committee reported 
Senate Resolution 267, directing the return of eighteen 
treaties to the President. Senate action on reservations, 
understandings, interpretations, statements, or amendments 
requires a majority of those present and voting. Final adoption 
of the resolution of ratification, however, requires the 
affirmative vote of two-thirds of the Senators present and 
voting.
    While there is no Senate rule requiring a roll call vote on 
treaties, the practice of taking record votes was begun in 1953 
after press attention during the previous year to the fact that 
three noncontroversial consular conventions were approved by 
the Senate at a time when only two Senators were present.\7\ 
The requirement for a record vote was also a part of the 
Bricker amendment maneuvers and was adopted as a de facto 
practice to weaken support for the Bricker amendment. However, 
in recent years, the Senate has resumed the practice of 
approving non-controversial resolutions of ratification for 
treaties by voice vote.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \7\ A discussion of this incident appears in ``A Note on Treaty 
Ratification,'' by Carl Marcy in The American Political Science Review, 
vol. XLVII, No. 4, December 1953, p. 1130.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Although generally there is a separate vote on each treaty, 
when a large number of similar treaties (fisheries, double 
taxation conventions, customs treaties, etc.) is on the 
executive calendar it has become a practice to consider them 
either ``en bloc''--that is, one vote on several resolutions of 
ratification--or to have a single vote, which, by unanimous 
consent, is shown separately in the Record for each treaty. 
This latter technique has been used at times even in the case 
of dissimilar treaties, over which no controversy existed, in 
order to expedite the business of the Senate.
    The Committee's treaty calendar is not necessarily an 
accurate reflection of the pending business before the 
Committee, because some treaties may have little prospect of 
Senate action. For instance, in 1947, at the beginning of the 
80th Congress, the Committee had 24 treaties pending before it, 
dating as far back as 1923. At the request of the chairman, 
Senator Vandenberg, the administration reviewed the treaty 
calendar and requested the return of 19 of these treaties, 
which was granted. These reviews have continued to take place 
from time to time as the occasion demands. At the close of the 
106th Congress, the oldest treaty pending on the Committee's 
calendar dated to August 27, 1949 (Treaty Doc. 81-19).
    Although treaties sometimes pend before the Committee for 
considerable periods, the great majority of treaties are 
promptly and favorably disposed of. In this connection, it has 
become the Committee's practice to leave a treaty pending for a 
sufficient period to allow the public time to study the treaty 
and to inform the Committee of its views and interest in 
testifying on the treaty in question.
            (2) Other International Agreements
    International agreements other than treaties--so-called 
executive agreements--have been used by Presidents since the 
earliest days of the Republic. Beginning with World War II the 
number and importance of such agreements burgeoned, leading to 
an increasing concern on the part of Congress about the 
constitutionality of commitments made in this manner. The loose 
use of the word ``commitment'' to justify overseas 
interventions finally led the Senate, on June 25, 1969, to 
adopt a statement of what it considered to be a ``national 
commitment.'' The problem was explored in hearings and 
executive session consideration over a period beginning in 
1967. These touched on such subjects as the 1940 destroyer-for-
bases deal, the British-French-United States tripartite 
declaration of 1950 on the Middle East, the so-called 
contingency plan for Thailand, and base agreements. In 1969, 
the Senate concurred in the Committee's recommendation of the 
``National Commitments Resolution,'' which resolved:

          That (1) a national commitment for the purpose of 
        this resolution means the use of the Armed Forces of 
        the United States on foreign territory, or a promise to 
        assist a foreign country, government, or people by the 
        use of the Armed Forces or financial resources of the 
        United States, either immediately or upon the happening 
        of certain events, and (2) it is the sense of the 
        Senate that a national commitment by the United States 
        results only from affirmative action taken by the 
        executive and legislative branches of the United States 
        Government by means of a treaty, statute, or concurrent 
        resolution of both Houses of Congress specifically 
        providing for such commitment. (S. Res. 85, 91st Cong.)

    One of the first concrete instances to engage the 
Committee's attention after adoption of the National Commitment 
Resolution was the extension of the so-called Spanish base 
agreement on August 6, 1970. As the Committee viewed it, this 
agreement contained an implicit commitment to defend Spain in 
the event of an attack, as well as substantial financial 
support for the Spanish Government. The Committee felt strongly 
that the agreement partook of the nature of a treaty and should 
be submitted to the Senate for advice and consent, and so 
advised the State Department. The executive branch proceeded 
otherwise, however, and after a series of executive and public 
hearings in which the Committee was assured that the agreement 
entailed no U.S. commitment to defend Spain, the Senate, on the 
Committee's recommendation, adopted a resolution (S. Res. 469, 
91st Cong., agreed to December 11, 1970) stating its sense that 
``nothing in the said agreement * * * shall be deemed to be a 
national commitment by the United States.'' In time, however, 
the Senate's expressions were taken into account and the 
renewal of the Spanish base agreement was submitted as a treaty 
in 1976.
    The Case Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-403) addressed itself 
directly to executive agreements and provides in part--

          The Secretary of State shall transmit to the Congress 
        the text of any international agreement (including the 
        text of any oral international agreement, which 
        agreement shall be reduced to writing), other than a 
        treaty, to which the United States is a party as soon 
        as practicable after such agreement has entered into 
        force with respect to the United States but in no event 
        later than sixty days thereafter.

In the event such agreements are classified, they are to be 
transmitted instead to the Committees on Foreign Relations of 
the Senate and International Relations of the House under an 
appropriate injunction of secrecy.
    The Committee viewed the Act as ``a significant step toward 
redressing the imbalance between Congress and the executive in 
the making of foreign policy * * * '' and ``an effective means 
of dealing with the prior question of secrecy and of asserting 
the obligation of the executive to report its foreign 
commitments to Congress.''
    In 1978, the Case Act was further amended to make clear the 
inclusion of oral agreements, to designate the Secretary of 
State as the official within the executive branch who decides 
what constitutes an international agreement, and to require a 
formal explanation from the President when agreements are not 
properly transmitted before the sixty-day deadline. Contrary to 
a widespread public perception, however, the Case Act does not 
provide for congressional veto of international agreements and 
does not require affirmative action by the Congress to approve 
international agreements before they enter into force.
Nominations
    The Committee's responsibility with respect to nominations, 
like that with respect to treaties, arises from article II, 
section 2, paragraph 2, of the Constitution (previously cited, 
page 3, above).
    Pursuant to this provision, the Senate refers to the 
Committee nominations of officials to positions in the 
Department of State, ambassadors and ministers, representatives 
to international organizations, and officials to other 
positions established by laws which are within the jurisdiction 
of the Committee. These include positions in the Agency for 
International Development, the Peace Corps, U.S. 
representatives in the various international banking 
institutions, and advisory bodies to these agencies. 
Appointments, promotions, and designations of Foreign Service 
Officers, as well, are referred to the Committee on Foreign 
Relations and constitute the bulk, numerically, of the 
nominations handled. For instance, in the 106th Congress, 
approximately 2000 nominations were referred to the Committee 
of which nearly 1800 were career officer promotions.
    A detailed description of the confirmation requirements and 
processes, together with relevant case histories, is set forth 
in the committee print, ``The Senate Role in Foreign Affairs 
Appointments.'' \8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \8\ The Senate Role in Foreign Affairs Appointments, (See Appendix 
VI, bibliography, page 119).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Available Committee records do not show the last time the 
Senate rejected a nomination within the jurisdiction of the 
Foreign Relations Committee. It may have been in 1889 when 
``the Senate refused to confirm Benjamin Harrison's nomination 
of Murat Halstead, an Ohio journalist, as Minister to Germany, 
because of a series of articles he had written denouncing the 
purchase of Senate seats.'' \9\ However, one nominee, Ernest W. 
Lefever, withdrew his own name from consideration as Assistant 
Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs 
after an adverse vote in Committee in June 1981. In March 1983, 
the nomination of Kenneth Adelman to be U.S. Arms Control and 
Disarmament Agency (ACDA) Director was reported unfavorably by 
the Committee, but was approved by the Senate by a vote of 57-
42. Other nominations have been withdrawn by the President as a 
result of controversies surrounding them, while still others 
have simply not been acted on by the Committee or the Senate, 
as, for instance, the withdrawal in 1973 of the nomination of 
G. McMurtrie Godley to be Assistant Secretary of State for East 
Asian and Pacific Affairs, and the non-action in 1974 on the 
nomination of Graham Martin to be Ambassador at Large for 
Micronesian negotiations and five others to be members of the 
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's General Advisory 
Committee. More recently, in 1997 the nomination of William 
Weld to be Ambassador to Mexico was withdrawn after the 
chairman prevailed in his decision not to schedule a hearing on 
the nomination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \9\ Harris, The Advice and Consent of the Senate, p. 291 (See 
Appendix VI, bibliography, page 119).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    All nominations not confirmed or rejected by the end of a 
session lapse with the adjournment or recess of the Senate for 
more than 30 days, unless otherwise ordered by the Senate. The 
President has the power to issue recess appointments when he 
deems it desirable. Such recess appointments, however, have to 
be submitted to the Senate not later than 40 days after the 
commencement of the next session in order for the incumbent to 
continue to receive a salary (5 U.S.C. 5503).
    The Committee on Foreign Relations has been continually 
interested in the caliber and qualifications of nominees. The 
rules adopted by the Committee to govern its consideration of 
nominations appear on page 30.
    On January 14, 1953, the Committee adopted a rule requiring 
an FBI investigation of nominees prior to the submission of 
names to the Senate. Only twice has the question of Committee 
access to the FBI files themselves come up. In the first case, 
that of Charles E. Bohlen in 1953, a subcommittee of two 
Senators reviewed a summary of the FBI file. In the second, 
that of Helmut Sonnenfeldt in 1973, a staff member was 
authorized to review his security files. In 1981, however, the 
Committee adopted a policy of requesting access for any member 
of the Committee who wished to review summaries of such files.
    On February 17, 1953, the Committee adopted a six-day rule, 
which calls for the passage of six calendar days after the 
receipt of a nomination by the Senate before the Committee will 
consider the nomination. This rule has been waived 
occasionally, mainly in the case of career appointments when 
the nominee was already abroad, in situations of urgent need to 
get the nominee to his post, or in the case of nominations 
received just before congressional adjournment.
    At about the same time, in 1953 the Committee commenced the 
practice of examining the appointees to all important positions 
in Washington and abroad whenever possible. Prior to this time 
hearings, executive or open, were held on a nomination only 
when someone requested to be heard on the nomination, and not 
as a matter of regular procedure. The practice initiated in 
1953 was acknowledged and further refined on July 30, 1957, 
when the Committee adopted a motion ``that from now on all 
nominees for ambassadorial and ministerial posts be heard in 
open session unless a majority of the Committee decrees 
otherwise.'' By custom, the Committee has allowed any committee 
members to request that any nominee be held off the agenda of a 
business meeting with the understanding that the nominee would 
be considered at the next meeting.
    In 1972 the Committee increased the number of nominations 
to be submitted to it by providing that the names of all 
persons granted the rank of ambassador be submitted for 
confirmation ``except that the personal rank of ambassador or 
minister may be conferred by the President in connection with 
special missions for the President of an essentially limited 
and temporary nature of not exceeding six months.'' That 
provision was further modified by the Foreign Service Act of 
1980 to require advance notice of Presidential intent to 
nominate such ambassadors with personal rank and to provide 
justifications for these appointments.
    The age-old question of political contributions by 
ambassadorial nominees was dealt with in the Department of 
State Authorization Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-126, signed 
October 18, 1973). Sec. 6 of that act required that each person 
appointed by the President as ambassador or minister should 
file a report of contributions made by such persons and by 
members of his immediate family. The Act of 1974 added the 
further requirement that ``The Chairman of the Committee on 
Foreign Relations of the Senate shall have printed in the 
Congressional Record each such report.''
    However, these provisions were revised by the Foreign 
Service Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-465, signed October 17, 
1980). Sec. 304(b)(2) of that act provides that:

          Each individual nominated by the President to be a 
        chief of mission, ambassador at large, or minister 
        shall, at the time of nomination, file with the 
        Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the 
        Speaker of the House of Representatives a report of 
        contributions made by such individual and by members of 
        his or her immediate family during the period beginning 
        on the first day of the fourth calendar year preceding 
        the calendar year of the nomination and ending on the 
        date of the nomination. The report shall be verified by 
        the oath of the nominee, taken before any individual 
        authorized to administer oaths. The chairman of the 
        Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate shall have 
        each such report printed in the Congressional Record. 
        As used in this paragraph, the term ``contribution'' 
        has the same meaning given such term by section 301(8) 
        of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (2 U.S.C. 
        431(8)) and the term ``immediate family'' means the 
        spouse of the nominee, and any child, parent, 
        grandparent, brother, or sister of the nominee and the 
        spouses of any of them.

    Section 304(4) of the 1980 Act also established the new 
requirement that:

          (4) The President shall provide the Committee on 
        Foreign Relations of the Senate with each nomination 
        for an appointment as a chief of mission, a report on 
        the demonstrated competence of that nominee to perform 
        the duties of the position in which he or she is to 
        serve.

The report of demonstrated competence, which sets forth the 
rationale for the selection and assignment of the chief of 
mission, is now provided to the Committee as a matter of 
regular course by the State Department prior to the scheduling 
of the prospective nominee's confirmation hearing.
    Subsequent amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act 
of 1971 also provided for reporting campaign contributions and 
overlap to a certain degree those of the Foreign Relations 
Authorization Act.
    At present, the Committee requires each nominee to file a 
signed statement prior to his confirmation hearing, covering 
the following areas: (A) Biographical Information, (B) 
Financial Information (including a confidential statement), (C) 
Future Employment Plans, (D) Conflict of Interest, and (E) 
Ethical Matters.
Bills and Resolutions
    Since the document, ``How a Bill Becomes a Law,'' issued 
periodically by Congress, describes the legislative process in 
detail, only a few aspects of it will be noted here.
    Legislative matters are comprised of bills, joint 
resolutions, concurrent resolutions and resolutions. Bills and 
joint resolutions both become law upon signature by the 
President and therefore carry equal weight. The basic 
distinction between them is a matter of intent. Bills are the 
most widely used legislative vehicles; joint resolutions are 
used mainly for the approval of international agreements, 
membership in international organizations, and expressing views 
of both Houses of Congress that are meant to have the force of 
law. Concurrent and simple resolutions express the sense of the 
Congress in the former case and the sense of the Senate or the 
House in the latter case. They do not require signature by the 
President and therefore do not have the force of law.
    Simple resolutions, while in a sense the lowest form of 
congressional action, can at times carry considerable weight, 
such as the Connally and Fulbright resolutions of 1943 pledging 
U.S. participation in a post World War II international 
organization; the Vandenberg resolution of 1948 which presaged 
the formation of NATO; and the National Commitments Resolution 
of 1969 which defined what the Senate will consider to be a 
commitment binding on the United States. In fact one Senate 
resolution was deemed to be so important as to have the nature 
of a treaty requiring a two-thirds vote for adoption--the 1946 
resolution by which the Senate advised the President to accept 
on behalf of the United States the compulsory jurisdiction of 
the International Court of Justice in certain matters. The use 
of Senate resolutions to advise the President, under the advice 
and consent clause of the Constitution, has become relatively 
widespread in the postwar period, as previously noted.
    To give such advice the maximum weight possible, the 
Committee has made it a practice to append a provision 
directing the Secretary of the Senate to transmit the 
resolution to the President for appropriate action and for a 
report on such action to the Senate within a specified time 
period.
    The most important recurring legislative responsibilities 
of the Committee are the bi-annual authorization bills for 
agencies and programs under the Committee's jurisdiction--
principally the State Department, Agency for International 
Development, Peace Corps, and the Overseas Private Investment 
Corporation. With the enactment of the Congressional Budget Act 
of 1974, all standing committees are required to submit to the 
Committee on the Budget, by March 15 each year, their estimates 
of the total amounts of new budget authority to be provided in 
such authorizing legislation, in order to enable the Senate, by 
May 15, to pass the first concurrent resolution on the Budget, 
setting levels of government spending and revenue for the 
fiscal year ahead. All authorizing legislation must also be 
reported to the Senate by the same date. Any money-carrying 
bills reported after May 15 are subject to a point of order 
unless a waiver is obtained by the adoption of a resolution by 
the Senate. These new procedures, which went fully into effect 
in 1976, are designed to give the Congress a better overview of 
the expected outlays and also revenues for the upcoming year. 
They have also affected the Committee's scheduling of 
legislation and other matters to give early priority to the so 
called money bills.
    Committee procedures with respect to bills, joint, 
concurrent and simple resolutions are the same.
    The Committee files written reports on major matters it 
sends to the Senate. Pursuant to the Foreign Relations 
Committee (and Senate procedures), Committee reports are 
technically prepared and submitted by the Chairman of the 
Committee. Therefore the Chairman maintains the ``power of the 
pen'' in drafting reports of the Foreign Relations Committee 
and there technically is no requirement for the Chairman to 
consult with the ranking member, or with any other Senator, in 
the preparation of such documents. Senators who do not concur 
with the views expressed by the Chairman in the Committee 
report, or who wish to add additional views of their own, are 
afforded the opportunity to append their views as separate and 
distinct annexes to the actual report.
    However, as a practical matter, most committee reports are 
negotiated with the ranking member and reflect his views, in 
addition to those of the Chairman. It has been the practice in 
recent years to allow clear differentiation of views on 
contentious issues within the main text of the report, rather 
than shunting alternate views into appendices to the Chairman's 
report. Examples of this include Exec. Rept. 104-10, the 
Committee's report on the resolution of ratification for START 
II that reflects differing views on the merits of the 1972 
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and on the importance of missile 
defense.
    In the case of the Committee report that was submitted in 
connection with the resolution of ratification for the Chemical 
Weapons Convention (Exec. Rept. 104-33), the Chairman allowed 
proponents of the treaty to prepare their own section of the 
report and to title it ``Majority Views.'' The Chairman, who 
opposed the treaty, prepared an alternate section of the report 
and titled it ``Minority Views.'' This unusual formulation was 
proposed by Senator Helms since he had agreed to schedule 
Committee consideration of the CWC despite his personal 
objections to this treaty. The Chairman nevertheless maintains 
final decisionmaking authority over the contents of all aspects 
of any Committee report (other than Minority or Additional 
Views). However, the Committee in recent years has sought to 
reflect the general practice of comity among Senators, even on 
issues as contentious as the Chemical Weapons Convention.
    Occasionally the Committee has filed adverse reports, 
recommending that a measure not be adopted. Senate Resolution 
116, by Senator Joe McCarthy of Wisconsin, would have expressed 
the sense of the Senate that prior to any conference between 
heads of state (referring to the proposed Geneva Summit 
Conference in 1955), the Secretary of State should secure the 
agreement of other parties at the Conference that one of the 
subjects for discussion should be the present and future status 
of the nations of Eastern Europe and Asia then under Communist 
control. The Committee's adverse finding was sustained by the 
Senate on June 22, 1955, by a vote of 4 to 77. Instances of 
adverse Committee reports were on a concurrent resolution 
disapproving of the proposed sale of F-16 aircraft to Pakistan 
in 1981, a joint resolution dealing with nuclear arms 
reductions in 1983, and a joint resolution concerning sales of 
avionics system kits to China in 1986. It should be noted that 
the Senate does not always sustain the Committee's adverse 
finding.
    As a general rule, measures of which the Committee does not 
approve are either tabled, held over, or postponed without any 
written explanation. However, in October 1983, the Committee 
reported unfavorably two joint resolutions concerning nuclear 
arms control. While portions of the resolutions were considered 
by the Senate, action on the resolutions was not taken.
    The Committee has occasionally reported a measure without 
recommendation, such as: the first International Wheat 
Agreement in 1948; a St. Lawrence Seaway bill in 1952; in 1965 
H.R. 30, a bill authorizing U.S. participation in a cultural 
and trade center in Florida; in 1968, an amendment to the 
Agriculture Act of 1956 relating to long-staple cotton, which 
was subsequently pocket-vetoed; S. Con. Res. 86 relating to 
sales of armaments to Egypt, Israel and Saudi Arabia in 1978; 
in 1979 a concurrent resolution opposing sanctions against 
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia; in 1981 a bill seeking a particular form of 
legislative settlement for outstanding property claims against 
the Government of Czechoslovakia. In 1999, legislation was 
introduced by Senator John McCain that was determined by the 
Senate Parliamentarian to have met the standard of the War 
Powers Resolution. Rather than allow the legislation to be 
automatically discharged from the Foreign Relations Committee, 
the committee met to consider the legislation, and reported it 
without recommendation.
Legislative Oversight Activities
    The Committee on Foreign Relations, along with other 
standing committees, is specifically charged with exercising 
legislative oversight by Rule XXVI of the Standing Rules of the 
Senate, which reads as follows:

          8. (a) In order to assist the Congress in--
                  (1) its analysis, appraisal, and evaluation 
                of the application, administration, and 
                execution of the laws enacted by the Congress, 
                and
                  (2) its formulation, consideration, and 
                enactment of such modifications of or changes 
                in those laws, and of such additional 
                legislation, as may be necessary or 
                appropriate,

        each standing committee (except the committees on 
        Appropriations and the Budget), shall review and study, 
        on a continuing basis, the application, administration, 
        and execution of those laws, or parts of laws, the 
        subject matter of which is within the legislative 
        jurisdiction of that committee. Such committees may 
        carry out the required analysis, appraisal, and 
        evaluation themselves, or by contract, or may require a 
        Government agency to do so and furnish a report thereon 
        to the Senate. Such committees may rely on such 
        techniques as pilot testing, analysis of costs in 
        comparison with benefits or provision for evaluation 
        after a defined period of time.
          (b) In each odd-numbered year each such committee 
        shall submit, not later than March 31, to the Senate, a 
        report on the activities of that committee under this 
        paragraph during the Congress ending at noon on January 
        3 of such year.

    It has already been noted that in recent years the 
Committee's legislative oversight activities have burgeoned. 
This has resulted from a variety of factors--the increasing 
number of programs within the Committee's jurisdiction, the 
numerous provisions in laws requiring the submission of 
determinations and reports, the transmittal of executive 
agreements as of 1973 and of budget rescissions and deferrals 
as of 1975, the notifications of proposed arms sales and arms 
transfers, reporting under the War Powers Resolution, 
submission of arms control impact statements, and other 
factors.
    A few statistics will serve to illustrate this growth. 
During the 92d Congress, 83 communications from the executive 
branch in the foreign affairs area were received by the Senate 
and referred to the Foreign Relations Committee. This number 
increased to 184 in the 93d Congress and reached over 500 at 
the end of the 106th Congress. During the 93rd Congress, 396 
executive agreements (not including classified agreements) were 
referred to the Committee; in the 98th Congress this number 
jumped to 461 and stood at approximately 300 by the end of the 
106th Congress. Thirty-one messages advising of budget 
rescissions and deferrals had been received during the 94th 
Congress as against none the previous Congresses. During the 
106th Congress, approximately 11 messages advising of budget 
rescissions and deferrals were received. Finally, in the 94th 
Congress, the Committee had received over 250 reports required 
by provisions of various laws whereas in the 106th Congress 
well over 2100 reports were received.
    The Committee is responsible for having this mass of 
material analyzed and for proposing remedial action where 
deemed necessary. Such action can take the form of amendments 
to existing laws or by means of a resolution of disapproval, as 
is provided for in such laws as the Arms Export Control Act. 
This area of Committee operations is largely invisible since 
only when some question is raised about an executive branch 
proposal does public action result, as for instance over the 
projected sale of Hawk missiles to Jordan and of Airborne 
Warning Aircraft to NATO in 1976 or armaments to Israel, Egypt, 
and Saudi Arabia in 1978, and again to Saudi Arabia in 1981.
    The Committee has developed varying techniques in 
exercising legislative oversight: scrutiny of foreign aid 
allocations and arms sales through the congressionally mandated 
notification process; day-to-day personal contacts with 
administration officials; correspondence with officials growing 
out of difficulties brought to the Committee's attention by the 
public or Government employees (a collection of such 
correspondence relating to the State Department was published 
in 1960 under the title ``Administration of the Department of 
State'' and supplemented in 1962); on-the-spot inspections 
abroad by Committee members or staff (generally followed by 
reports, either printed or confidential, to the Committee); 
special short-term studies of foreign policy problems (such as 
the investigation of events relating to the Dominican Republic 
intervention in 1965, U.S. security interests and policies in 
Southwest Asia in 1980, military presence in Panama in 1997, 
and the multiple afflictions facing Sudan in 1998); public 
hearings on proposals such as nuclear reactor sales to South 
Africa in 1976; and the establishment of special subcommittees 
to study in depth a particular area, problem, or program. 
Activities of legislative oversight subcommittees are described 
elsewhere.
    Contacts with administration officials can be formal or 
informal and normally take place at all levels throughout the 
year. It is customary for the Secretary of State to launch this 
process at the beginning of a year by giving the Committee a 
world review soon after the Congress convenes. It is also 
customary for the Secretary to appear before the Committee 
before the United States exercises military force and during 
times of international crisis. Heads of other departments, 
officers of the Armed Forces, under secretaries, assistant 
secretaries, and American ambassadors on Washington visits 
appear likewise on problems within their areas of 
responsibilities either before the full Committee or the 
appropriate subcommittee.
    Travel by Committee members and staff also serves the 
oversight function. Indeed Committee members are encouraged to 
visit other countries and to meet with government officials and 
other leaders in those countries in order to evaluate the 
effectiveness of United States overseas programs and meet their 
legislative oversight responsibilities. Members and staff of 
the Committee on Foreign Relations are required to report their 
findings to the Committee, and these reports are frequently 
printed as committee documents.
    The official travel expenses of members of the Committee 
and staff are paid either from the contingent fund of the 
Senate or by the use of U.S.-owned foreign currencies which are 
available to appropriate committees of the Congress engaged in 
carrying out their duties under the Standing Rules of the 
Senate. In accordance with Sec. 502 of the Mutual Security Act 
of 1954, as amended, and 22 U.S.C. 1754(b), as amended, each 
Senator and committee staff member who uses funds is required 
to submit an itemized report showing the amounts expended and 
the purposes for which expended. Such reports are open to 
public inspection.
    Also in the line of legislative oversight, as well as 
advising the executive, Senators and Representatives have been 
appointed to delegations, or as congressional advisers, to 
international conferences. This practice began as early as 
1814, when President Madison appointed Senator Thomas F. Bayard 
and Representative Henry Clay as two of the five members of the 
Peace Commission which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent. It was 
more marked throughout the 1900's, beginning with the 
appointments of Senators Connally and Vandenberg and 
Representatives Bloom and Eaton to the U.S. delegation to the 
United Nations Conference on International Organization at San 
Francisco in 1945.
    It was customary for the State Department to ask the 
Presiding Officer of the Senate to designate Senators to attend 
meetings of the governing bodies of U.N. specialized agencies; 
important conferences, such as the sessions of the Law of the 
Sea Conference; and special sessions of the U.N. General 
Assembly such as those sessions on disarmament and the 
environment. In this capacity, Senators serve as congressional 
advisers and gain some insight into the work of the 
organizations, including budget and financing questions. At the 
same time, they have an opportunity to share the concerns of 
the U.S. Congress on these issues. This practice diminished in 
the 1990's as congressional participation on U.S. delegations 
to international meetings has been directed more to those with 
significant domestic implications. For example, some of the 12 
Senators appointed to the Global Climate Change Observer Group 
attended the December 1997 meeting at Kyoto, Japan, on the 
Protocol on the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Control.
    Most international organizations also have annual or 
biennial meetings of their membership, and it has become 
customary also to include Members of Congress in the U.S. 
delegations to those sessions as observers or advisers, when 
deemed desirable. For instance, a few years after the United 
Nations came into being an informal arrangement was made 
between the House, Senate, and the Department of State whereby 
in non-election years, two members of the House International 
Relations Committee would be on the U.S. delegation to the 
United Nations General Assembly, and in election years, two 
Senators, generally members of the Senate Foreign Relations 
Committee would be U.S. delegates. The Senators serving on the 
U.S. delegation to the United Nations General Assembly have 
been as follows:

    1946--Senators Connally and Vandenberg.
    1947--Senators Vandenberg and Connally.
    1950--Senators Sparkman (not a committee member) and Lodge.
    1952--Senators Green and Wiley.
    1954--Senators (H. Alexander) Smith and Fulbright
    1956--Senators Humphrey and Knowland.
    1958--Senators Mansfield and Hickenlooper.
    1960--Senators Morse and Aiken.
    1962--Senators Gore and Allott (not a committee member).
    1964--Senators (Russell B.) Long and Carlson.
    1966--Senators Church and (Clifford P.) Case.
    1968--Senators Symington and Cooper.
    1970--Senators Pell and Javits.
    1972--Senators McGee and Pearson.
    1974--Senators Symington and Percy.
    1976--Senators McGovern and Baker.
    1978--Senators Ribicoff (not a committee member) and 
Pearson.
    1980--Senators Tsongas and Javits.
    1982--Senators Kasten and Johnston (not committee members).
    1984--Senators Mathias and Glenn.
    1986--Senators Pressler and Eagleton
    1988--Senators Boschwitz and Dodd
    1990--Senators Mack and Biden
    1992--Senators Pressler and Sarbanes
    1994--Senators Murkowski and Leahy
    1996--Senators Grams and Pell
    1998--Senators Grams and Biden
    2000--Senators Grams and Biden

Interparliamentary Activities
    Interparliamentary activities concern and involve the 
entire Congress. For instance, every Member of Congress is ipso 
facto a member of the Interparliamentary Union. Legislation 
authorizing the participation in such activities, however, has 
been referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations and it is, 
therefore, more directly responsible and involved than other 
committees. Moreover, as the principal committee dealing with 
international relations, the Committee has taken an active 
interest in assuring adequate preparation and representation at 
the various interparliamentary meetings.
    In addition, Public Law 86-42 and Public Law 86-420, which 
authorize participation in the Canada-United States and the 
Mexico-United States Interparliamentary Groups, respectively, 
include the provision that not less than four of the 12 
Senators appointed by the President of the Senate to 
participate in such meetings be from the Foreign Relations 
Committee. And in 1975, an amendment to the Act authorizing 
U.S. participation in the Interparliamentary Union specified 
that no less than two of the delegates shall be members of the 
Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
    The oldest formally organized interparliamentary body is 
the Interparliamentary Union, to which all nations with 
national parliamentary bodies may apply for membership. The 
Congress has participated in the Union since its establishment 
in 1889. Current legislative authority for such participation 
dates from 1935.
    The next oldest group with which the U.S. Congress has been 
associated is the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 
formed as the Empire Parliamentary Association in 1911. 
Although the Congress is, of course, not a member of this 
organization, the association has made it a practice to invite 
Congress to participate in that portion of its annual meetings 
devoted to a discussion of international issues. These 
invitations have been accepted by the Senate upon occasion. 
Senate resolutions have been passed to authorize participation.
    U.S. participation in the North Atlantic Assembly, formerly 
the NATO Parliamentarians' Conference, was authorized in 1956 
on a permanent basis. The law provides for the appointment of 
not to exceed 24 Members of the Congress (12 from each House) 
to each conference (Public Law 84-689).
    The Canada-United States Interparliamentary Group is an 
outgrowth of discussions in 1959 between United States and 
Canadian legislators authorized by Senate Resolution 359 in 
1958. Following these initial discussions, participation by the 
United States in parliamentary conferences with Canada was 
authorized on a permanent basis by Public Law 86-42, enacted in 
1959. The appointment each year of not to exceed 12 Senators 
and 12 Representatives is authorized for this purpose. The 
participating countries alternate in acting as host to the 
conferences.
    To balance the arrangement with its northern neighbor, the 
U.S. Congress in 1960 approved similar participation in a 
Mexico-United States Interparliamentary Group by Public Law 86-
420.
    In addition to the formal or regular meetings of the above-
described organizations, there are other contacts on informal 
or irregular basis. For instance, the Council of Europe has 
occasionally invited Members of Congress to meet with it. 
Likewise, it has become customary for a small congressional 
group to meet some years with a similar group from the British 
Parliament. In 1974, 1978 and 1985, the Congress entertained a 
parliamentary delegation from the Soviet Union. Additional 
bilateral exchanges have been suggested by certain countries 
and invitations for congressional visits have been received 
from others. In 1965, for the first time, the Senate, at the 
recommendation of the Committee, adopted a resolution 
authorizing the President of the Senate to respond, for the 
duration of the 89th Congress, to invitations officially 
received from foreign governmental or parliamentary bodies by 
naming official Senate delegates to accept such invitations and 
providing for the payment of expenses of such delegations, not 
to exceed $25,000 per delegation. Similar resolutions covering 
the 90th Congress (S. Res. 115) and the 91st Congress (S. Res. 
65) were passed by the Senate on May 19, 1967, and February 17, 
1969, respectively. After a lapse of five years, this authority 
was renewed in 1975 (S. Res. 86, agreed to February 24, 1975) 
and the financial ceiling raised to $35,000 per delegation. 
Delegation expenses are now paid out of the Senate's 
contingency fund (S. Res. 179, approved May 25, 1977).
    To deal with the reverse flow of official visitors to the 
United States, the Senate on March 6, 1958 agreed to S. Res. 
259, which provided $5,000 ``to provide assistance to Members 
of the Senate in the discharge of their responsibilities in 
connection with visiting foreign dignitaries, and for other 
purposes.''
    In March 1975, the amount was raised to $10,000 to cover 
the cost of inflation, the increase in the number of visitors, 
and to include officials of Intergovernmental Organizations in 
addition to foreign government officials. In June 1976 this sum 
was further raised to $15,000 in view of the large bicentennial 
influx of foreign dignitaries, and in 1977 to $25,000. In 2000, 
the Senate agreed to S. Res. 370 which increased the amount to 
$30,000.

                          Committee Procedure
    Up to the time of enactment of the Legislative 
Reorganization Act of 1970, the Committee on Foreign Relations 
had no formal rules of procedure additional to those contained 
in the earlier Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. The new 
act, however, provided that all committees, standing, select, 
or special, adopt rules and publish them in the Congressional 
Record no later than March 1 of each year (now Rule XXVI.2 of 
the Standing Rules of the Senate). The most recent rules are as 
follows:
Rules of the Committee on Foreign Relations
                      (adopted february 12, 1999)

                          RULE 1--JURISDICTION
    (a) Substantive.--In accordance with Senate Rule XXV.1(j), 
the jurisdiction of the Committee shall extend to all proposed 
legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters 
relating to the following subjects:
           1. Acquisition of land and buildings for embassies 
        and legations in foreign countries.
           2. Boundaries of the United States.
           3. Diplomatic service.
           4. Foreign economic, military, technical, and 
        humanitarian assistance.
           5. Foreign loans.
           6. International activities of the American National 
        Red Cross and the International Committee of the Red 
        Cross.
           7. International aspects of nuclear energy, 
        including nuclear transfer policy.
           8. International conferences and congresses.
           9. International law as it relates to foreign 
        policy.
          10. International Monetary Fund and other 
        international organizations established primarily for 
        international monetary purposes (except that, at the 
        request of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban 
        Affairs, any proposed legislation relating to such 
        subjects reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations 
        shall be referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, 
        and Urban Affairs).
          11. Intervention abroad and declarations of war.
          12. Measures to foster commercial intercourse with 
        foreign nations and to safeguard American business 
        interests abroad.
          13. National security and international aspects of 
        trusteeships of the United States.
          14. Ocean and international environmental and 
        scientific affairs as they relate to foreign policy.
          15. Protection of United States citizens abroad and 
        expatriation.
          16. Relations of the United States with foreign 
        nations generally.
          17. Treaties and executive agreements, except 
        reciprocal trade agreements.
          18. United Nations and its affiliated organizations.
          19. World Bank group, the regional development banks, 
        and other international organizations established 
        primarily for development assistance purposes.

    The Committee is also mandated by Senate Rule XXV.1(j) to 
study and review, on a comprehensive basis, matters relating to 
the national security policy, foreign policy, and international 
economic policy as it relates to foreign policy of the United 
States, and matters relating to food, hunger, and nutrition in 
foreign countries, and report thereon from time to time.
    (b) Oversight.--The Committee also has a responsibility 
under Senate Rule XXVI.8, which provides that ``* * * each 
standing Committee * * * shall review and study, on a 
continuing basis, the application, administration, and 
execution of those laws or parts of laws, the subject matter of 
which is within the jurisdiction of the Committee.''
    (c) ``Advice and Consent'' Clauses.--The Committee has a 
special responsibility to assist the Senate in its 
constitutional function of providing ``advice and consent'' to 
all treaties entered into by the United States and all 
nominations to the principal executive branch positions in the 
field of foreign policy and diplomacy.

                         RULE 2--SUBCOMMITTEES
    (a) Creation.--Unless otherwise authorized by law or Senate 
resolution, subcommittees shall be created by majority vote of 
the Committee and shall deal with such legislation and 
oversight of programs and policies as the Committee directs. 
Legislative measures or other matters may be referred to a 
subcommittee for consideration in the discretion of the 
Chairman or by vote of a majority of the Committee. If the 
principal subject matter of a measure or matter to be referred 
falls within the jurisdiction of more than one subcommittee, 
the Chairman or the Committee may refer the matter to two or 
more subcommittees for joint consideration.
    (b) Assignments.--Assignments of members to subcommittees 
shall be made in an equitable fashion. No member of the 
Committee may receive assignment to a second subcommittee 
until, in order of seniority, all members of the Committee have 
chosen assignments to one subcommittee, and no member shall 
receive assignments to a third subcommittee until, in order of 
seniority, all members have chosen assignments to two 
subcommittees.
    No member of the Committee may serve on more than four 
subcommittees at any one time.
    The Chairman and Ranking Minority Member of the Committee 
shall be ex officio members, without vote, of each 
subcommittee.
    (c) Meetings.--Except when funds have been specifically 
made available by the Senate for a subcommittee purpose, no 
subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations shall hold 
hearings involving expenses without prior approval of the 
Chairman of the full Committee or by decision of the full 
Committee. Meetings of subcommittees shall be scheduled after 
consultation with the Chairman of the Committee with a view 
toward avoiding conflicts with meetings of other subcommittees 
insofar as possible. Meetings of subcommittees shall not be 
scheduled to conflict with meetings of the full Committee.
    The proceedings of each subcommittee shall be governed by 
the rules of the full Committee, subject to such authorizations 
or limitations as the Committee may from time to time 
prescribe.

                            RULE 3--MEETINGS
    (a) Regular Meeting Day.--The regular meeting day of the 
Committee on Foreign Relations for the transaction of Committee 
business shall be on Tuesday of each week, unless otherwise 
directed by the Chairman.
    (b) Additional Meetings.--Additional meetings and hearings 
of the Committee may be called by the Chairman as he may deem 
necessary. If at least three members of the Committee desire 
that a special meeting of the Committee be called by the 
Chairman, those members may file in the offices of the 
Committee their written request to the Chairman for that 
special meeting. Immediately upon filing of the request, the 
Chief Clerk of the Committee shall notify the Chairman of the 
filing of the request. If, within three calendar days after the 
filing of the request, the Chairman does not call the requested 
special meeting, to be held within seven calendar days after 
the filing of the request, a majority of the members of the 
Committee may file in the offices of the Committee their 
written notice that a special meeting of the Committee will be 
held, specifying the date and hour of that special meeting. The 
Committee shall meet on that date and hour. Immediately upon 
the filing of the notice, the Clerk shall notify all members of 
the Committee that such special meeting will be held and inform 
them of its date and hour.
    (c) Minority Request.--Whenever any hearing is conducted by 
the Committee or a subcommittee upon any measure or matter, the 
minority on the Committee shall be entitled, upon request made 
by a majority of the minority members to the Chairman before 
the completion of such hearing, to call witnesses selected by 
the minority to testify with respect to the measure or matter 
during at least one day of hearing thereon.
    (d) Public Announcement.--The Committee, or any 
subcommittee thereof, shall make public announcement of the 
date, place, time, and subject matter of any hearing to be 
conducted on any measure or matter at least one week in advance 
of such hearings, unless the Chairman of the Committee, or 
subcommittee, determines that there is good cause to begin such 
hearing at an earlier date.
    (e) Procedure.--Insofar as possible, proceedings of the 
Committee will be conducted without resort to the formalities 
of parliamentary procedure and with due regard for the views of 
all members. Issues of procedure which may arise from time to 
time shall be resolved by decision of the Chairman, in 
consultation with the Ranking Minority Member. The Chairman, in 
consultation with the Ranking Minority Member, may also propose 
special procedures to govern the consideration of particular 
matters by the Committee.
    (f) Closed Sessions.--Each meeting of the Committee on 
Foreign Relations, or any subcommittee thereof, including 
meetings to conduct hearings, shall be open to the public, 
except that a meeting or series of meetings by the Committee or 
a subcommittee on the same subject for a period of no more than 
fourteen calendar days may be closed to the public on a motion 
made and seconded to go into closed session to discuss only 
whether the matters enumerated in paragraphs (1) through (6) 
would require the meeting to be closed followed immediately by 
a record vote in open session by a majority of the members of 
the Committee or subcommittee when it is determined that the 
matters to be discussed or the testimony to be taken at such 
meeting or meetings--
          (1) will disclose matters necessary to be kept secret 
        in the interests of national defense or the 
        confidential conduct of the foreign relations of the 
        United States;
          (2) will relate solely to matters of Committee staff 
        personnel or internal staff management or procedure;
          (3) will tend to charge an individual with crime or 
        misconduct; to disgrace or injure the professional 
        standing of an individual, or otherwise to expose an 
        individual to public contempt or obloquy, or will 
        represent a clearly unwarranted invasion of the privacy 
        of an individual;
          (4) will disclose the identity of any informer or law 
        enforcement agent or will disclose any information 
        relating to the investigation or prosecution of a 
        criminal offense that is required to be kept secret in 
        the interests of effective law enforcement;
          (5) will disclose information relating to the trade 
        secrets or financial or commercial information 
        pertaining specifically to a given person if--
                  (A) an Act of Congress requires the 
                information to be kept confidential by 
                Government officers and employees; or
                  (B) the information has been obtained by the 
                Government on a confidential basis, other than 
                through an application by such person for a 
                specific Government financial or other benefit, 
                and is required to be kept secret in order to 
                prevent undue injury to the competitive 
                position of such person, or

          (6) may divulge matters required to be kept 
        confidential under other provisions of law or 
        Government regulations.

    A closed meeting may be opened by a majority vote of the 
Committee.
    (g) Staff Attendance.--A member of the Committee may have 
one member of his or her personal staff, for whom that member 
assumes personal responsibility, accompany and be seated nearby 
at Committee meetings.
    Each member of the Committee may designate members of his 
or her personal staff, who hold a Top Secret security 
clearance, for the purpose of their eligibility to attend 
closed sessions of the Committee, subject to the same 
conditions set forth for Committee staff under Rules 12, 13, 
and 14.
    In addition, the Majority Leader and the Minority Leader of 
the Senate, if they are not otherwise members of the Committee, 
may designate one member of their staff with a Top Secret 
security clearance to attend closed sessions of the Committee, 
subject to the same conditions set forth for Committee staff 
under Rules 12, 13, and 14. Staff of other Senators who are not 
members of the Committee may not attend closed sessions of the 
Committee.
    Attendance of Committee staff at meetings shall be limited 
to those designated by the Staff Director or the Minority Staff 
Director.
    The Committee, by majority vote, or the Chairman, with the 
concurrence of the Ranking Minority Member, may limit staff 
attendance at specified meetings.

                            RULE 4--QUORUMS
    (a) Testimony.--For the purpose of taking sworn or unsworn 
testimony at any duly scheduled meeting a quorum of the 
Committee and each subcommittee thereof shall consist of one 
member.
    (b) Business.--A quorum for the transaction of Committee or 
subcommittee business, other than for reporting a measure or 
recommendation to the Senate or the taking of testimony, shall 
consist of one-third of the members of the Committee or 
subcommittee, including at least one member from each party.
    (c) Reporting.--A majority of the membership of the 
Committee shall constitute a quorum for reporting any measure 
or recommendation to the Senate. No measure or recommendation 
shall be ordered reported from the Committee unless a majority 
of the Committee members are physically present. The vote of 
the Committee to report a measure or matter shall require the 
concurrence of a majority of those members who are physically 
present at the time the vote is taken.

                            RULE 5--PROXIES
    Proxies must be in writing with the signature of the absent 
member. Subject to the requirements of Rule 4 for the physical 
presence of a quorum to report a matter, proxy voting shall be 
allowed on all measures and matters before the Committee. 
However, proxies shall not be voted on a measure or matter 
except when the absent member has been informed of the matter 
on which he is being recorded and has affirmatively requested 
that he or she be so recorded.

                           RULE 6--WITNESSES
    (a) General.--The Committee on Foreign Relations will 
consider requests to testify on any matter or measure pending 
before the Committee.
    (b) Presentation.--If the Chairman so determines, the oral 
presentation of witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes. 
However, written statements of reasonable length may be 
submitted by witnesses and other interested persons who are 
unable to testify in person.
    (c) Filing of Statements.--A witness appearing before the 
Committee, or any subcommittee thereof, shall file a written 
statement of his proposed testimony at least 48 hours prior to 
his appearance, unless this requirement is waived by the 
Chairman and the Ranking Minority Member following their 
determination that there is good cause for failure to file such 
a statement.
    (d) Expenses.--Only the Chairman may authorize expenditures 
of funds for the expenses of witnesses appearing before the 
Committee or its subcommittees.
    (e) Requests.--Any witness called for a hearing may submit 
a written request to the Chairman no later than 24 hours in 
advance for his testimony to be in closed or open session, or 
for any other unusual procedure. The Chairman shall determine 
whether to grant any such request and shall notify the 
Committee members of the request and of his decision.

                           RULE 7--SUBPOENAS
    (a) Authorization.--The Chairman or any other member of the 
Committee, when authorized by a majority vote of the Committee 
at a meeting or by proxies, shall have authority to subpoena 
the attendance of witnesses or the production of memoranda, 
documents, records, or any other materials. When the Committee 
authorizes a subpoena, it may be issued upon the signature of 
the Chairman or any other member designated by the Committee.
    (b) Return.--A subpoena, or a request to an agency, for 
documents may be issued whose return shall occur at a time and 
place other than that of a scheduled Committee meeting. A 
return on such a subpoena or request which is incomplete or 
accompanied by an objection constitutes good cause for a 
hearing on shortened notice. Upon such a return, the Chairman 
or any other member designated by him may convene a hearing by 
giving 2 hours notice by telephone to all other members. One 
member shall constitute a quorum for such a hearing. The sole 
purpose of such a hearing shall be to elucidate further 
information about the return and to rule on the objection.
    (c) Depositions.--At the direction of the Committee, staff 
is authorized to take depositions from witnesses.

                            RULE 8--REPORTS
    (a) Filing.--When the Committee has ordered a measure or 
recommendation reported, the report thereon shall be filed in 
the Senate at the earliest practicable time.
    (b) Supplemental, Minority and Additional Views.--A member 
of the Committee who gives notice of his intentions to file 
supplemental, minority, or additional views at the time of 
final Committee approval of a measure or matter, shall be 
entitled to not less than 3 calendar days in which to file such 
views, in writing, with the Chief Clerk of the Committee, with 
the 3 days to begin at 11:00 p.m. on the same day that the 
Committee has ordered a measure or matter reported. Such views 
shall then be included in the Committee report and printed in 
the same volume, as a part thereof, and their inclusion shall 
be noted on the cover of the report. In the absence of timely 
notice, the Committee report may be filed and printed 
immediately without such views.
    (c) Rollcall Votes.--The results of all rollcall votes 
taken in any meeting of the Committee on any measure, or 
amendment thereto, shall be announced in the Committee report. 
The announcement shall include a tabulation of the votes cast 
in favor and votes cast in opposition to each such measure and 
amendment by each member of the Committee.

                            RULE 9--TREATIES
    (a) The Committee is the only Committee of the Senate with 
jurisdiction to review and report to the Senate on treaties 
submitted by the President for Senate advice and consent. 
Because the House of Representatives has no role in the 
approval of treaties, the Committee is therefore the only 
congressional committee with responsibility for treaties.
    (b) Once submitted by the President for advice and consent, 
each treaty is referred to the Committee and remains on its 
calendar from Congress to Congress until the Committee takes 
action to report it to the Senate or recommend its return to 
the President, or until the Committee is discharged of the 
treaty by the Senate.
    (c) In accordance with Senate Rule XXX.2, treaties which 
have been reported to the Senate but not acted on before the 
end of a Congress ``shall be resumed at the commencement of the 
next Congress as if no proceedings had previously been had 
thereon.''
    (d) Insofar as possible, the Committee should conduct a 
public hearing on each treaty as soon as possible after its 
submission by the President. Except in extraordinary 
circumstances, treaties reported to the Senate shall be 
accompanied by a written report.

                          RULE 10--NOMINATIONS
    (a) Waiting Requirement.--Unless otherwise directed by the 
Chairman and the Ranking Minority Member, the Committee on 
Foreign Relations shall not consider any nomination until 6 
calendar days after it has been formally submitted to the 
Senate.
    (b) Public Consideration.--Nominees for any post who are 
invited to appear before the Committee shall be heard in public 
session, unless a majority of the Committee decrees otherwise.
    (c) Required Data.--No nomination shall be reported to the 
Senate unless (1) the nominee has been accorded a security 
clearance on the basis of a thorough investigation by executive 
branch agencies; (2) in appropriate cases, the nominee has 
filed a financial disclosure report and a confidential 
statement with the Committee; (3) the Committee has been 
assured that the nominee does not have any interests which 
could conflict with the interests of the government in the 
exercise of the nominee's proposed responsibilities; (4) for 
persons nominated to be chief of mission, ambassador-at-large, 
or minister, the Committee has received a complete list of any 
contributions made by the nominee or members of his immediate 
family to any Federal election campaign during the year of his 
or her nomination and for the 4 preceding years; and (5) for 
persons nominated to be chiefs of mission, a report on the 
demonstrated competence of that nominee to perform the duties 
of the position to which he or she has been nominated.

                            RULE 11--TRAVEL
    (a) Foreign Travel.--No member of the Committee on Foreign 
Relations or its staff shall travel abroad on Committee 
business unless specifically authorized by the Chairman, who is 
required by law to approve vouchers and report expenditures of 
foreign currencies, and the Ranking Minority Member. Requests 
for authorization of such travel shall state the purpose and, 
when completed, a full substantive and financial report shall 
be filed with the Committee within 30 days. This report shall 
be furnished to all members of the Committee and shall not be 
otherwise disseminated without the express authorization of the 
Committee. Except in extraordinary circumstances, staff travel 
shall not be approved unless the reporting requirements have 
been fulfilled for all prior trips. Except for travel that is 
strictly personal, travel funded by non-U.S. Government sources 
is subject to the same approval and substantive reporting 
requirements as U.S. Government-funded travel. In addition, 
members and staff are reminded of Senate Rule XXXV.4 requiring 
a determination by the Senate Ethics Committee in the case of 
foreign-sponsored travel.
    Any proposed travel by Committee staff for a subcommittee 
purpose must be approved by the subcommittee chairman and 
ranking minority member prior to submission of the request to 
the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member of the full Committee.
    When the Chairman and the Ranking Minority Member approve 
the foreign travel of a member of the staff of the committee 
not accompanying a member of the Committee, all members of the 
Committee shall be advised, prior to the commencement of such 
travel of its extent, nature, and purpose.
    (b) Domestic Travel.--All official travel in the United 
States by the Committee staff shall be approved in advance by 
the Staff Director, or in the case of minority staff, by the 
Minority Staff Director.
    (c) Personal Staff.--As a general rule, no more than one 
member of the personal staff of a member of the Committee may 
travel with that member with the approval of the Chairman and 
the Ranking Minority Member of the Committee. During such 
travel, the personal staff member shall be considered to be an 
employee of the Committee.
    (d) Personal Representatives of the Member (PRM).--For the 
purposes of Rule 11 as regards staff foreign travel, the 
officially-designated personal representative of the member 
(PRM) shall be deemed to have the same rights, duties, and 
responsibilities as members of the staff of the Committee on 
Foreign Relations. Furthermore, for the purposes of this 
section, each Member of the Committee may designate one 
personal staff member as the ``Personal Representative of the 
Member.''

                          RULE 12--TRANSCRIPTS
    (a) General.--The Committee on Foreign Relations shall keep 
verbatim transcripts of all Committee and subcommittee meetings 
and such transcripts shall remain in the custody of the 
Committee, unless a majority of the Committee decides 
otherwise. Transcripts of public hearings by the Committee 
shall be published unless the Chairman, with the concurrence of 
the Ranking Minority Member, determines otherwise.
    (b) Classified or Restricted Transcripts.--
          (1) The Chief Clerk of the Committee shall have 
        responsibility for the maintenance and security of 
        classified or restricted transcripts.
          (2) A record shall be maintained of each use of 
        classified or restricted transcripts.
          (3) Classified or restricted transcripts shall be 
        kept in locked combination safes in the Committee 
        offices except when in active use by authorized persons 
        for a period not to exceed 2 weeks. Extensions of this 
        period may be granted as necessary by the Chief Clerk. 
        They must never be left unattended and shall be 
        returned to the Chief Clerk promptly when no longer 
        needed.
          (4) Except as provided in paragraph 7 below, 
        transcripts classified secret or higher may not leave 
        the Committee offices except for the purpose of 
        declassification.
          (5) Classified transcripts other than those 
        classified secret or higher may leave the Committee 
        offices in the possession of authorized persons with 
        the approval of the Chairman. Delivery and return shall 
        be made only by authorized persons. Such transcripts 
        may not leave Washington, DC, unless adequate 
        assurances for their security are made to the Chairman.
          (6) Extreme care shall be exercised to avoid taking 
        notes or quotes from classified transcripts. Their 
        contents may not be divulged to any unauthorized 
        person.
          (7) Subject to any additional restrictions imposed by 
        the Chairman with the concurrence of the Ranking 
        Minority Member, only the following persons are 
        authorized to have access to classified or restricted 
        transcripts.
                  (i) Members and staff of the Committee in the 
                Committee rooms;
                  (ii) Designated personal representatives of 
                members of the Committee, and of the Majority 
                and Minority Leaders, with appropriate security 
                clearances, in the Committee's Capitol office;
                  (iii) Senators not members of the Committee, 
                by permission of the Chairman in the Committee 
                rooms; and
                  (iv) Members of the executive departments 
                involved in the meeting, in the Committee's 
                Capitol office, or, with the permission of the 
                Chairman, in the offices of the officials who 
                took part in the meeting, but in either case, 
                only for a specified and limited period of 
                time, and only after reliable assurances 
                against further reproduction or dissemination 
                have been given.

          (8) Any restrictions imposed upon access to a meeting 
        of the Committee shall also apply to the transcript of 
        such meeting, except by special permission of the 
        Chairman and notice to the other members of the 
        Committee. Each transcript of a closed session of the 
        Committee shall include on its cover a description of 
        the restrictions imposed upon access, as well as any 
        applicable restrictions upon photocopying, note-taking 
        or other dissemination.
          (9) In addition to restrictions resulting from the 
        inclusion of any classified information in the 
        transcript of a Committee meeting, members and staff 
        shall not discuss with anyone the proceedings of the 
        Committee in closed session or reveal information 
        conveyed or discussed in such a session unless that 
        person would have been permitted to attend the session 
        itself, or unless such communication is specifically 
        authorized by the Chairman, the Ranking Minority 
        Member, or in the case of staff, by the Staff Director 
        or Minority Staff Director. A record shall be kept of 
        all such authorizations.
    (c) Declassification.--
          (1) All restricted transcripts and classified 
        Committee reports shall be declassified on a date 
        twelve years after their origination unless the 
        Committee by majority vote decides against such 
        declassification, and provided that the executive 
        departments involved and all former Committee members 
        who participated directly in the sessions or reports 
        concerned have been consulted in advance and given a 
        reasonable opportunity to raise objections to such 
        declassification.
          (2) Any transcript or classified Committee report, or 
        any portion thereof, may be declassified fewer than 
        twelve years after their origination if:
                  (i) the Chairman originates such action or 
                receives a written request for such action, and 
                notifies the other members of the Committee;
                  (ii) the Chairman, Ranking Minority Member, 
                and each member or former member who 
                participated directly in such meeting or report 
                give their approval, except that the Committee 
                by majority vote may overrule any objections 
                thereby raised to early declassification; and
                  (iii) the executive departments and all 
                former Committee members are consulted in 
                advance and have a reasonable opportunity to 
                object to early declassification.

                      RULE 13--CLASSIFIED MATERIAL
    (a) All classified material received or originated by the 
Committee shall be logged in at the Committee's offices in the 
Dirksen Senate Office Building, and except for material 
classified as ``Top Secret'' shall be filed in the Dirksen 
Senate Building offices for Committee use and safekeeping.
    (b) Each such piece of classified material received or 
originated shall be card indexed and serially numbered, and 
where requiring onward distribution shall be distributed by 
means of an attached indexed form approved by the Chairman. If 
such material is to be distributed outside the Committee 
offices, it shall, in addition to the attached form, be 
accompanied also by an approved signature sheet to show onward 
receipt.
    (c) Distribution of classified material among offices shall 
be by Committee members or authorized staff only. All 
classified material sent to members' offices, and that 
distributed within the working offices of the Committee, shall 
be returned to the offices designated by the Chief Clerk. No 
classified material is to be removed from the offices of the 
members or of the Committee without permission of the Chairman. 
Such classified material will be afforded safe handling and 
safe storage at all times.
    (d) Material classified ``Top Secret,'' after being indexed 
and numbered shall be sent to the Committee's Capitol office 
for use by the members and authorized staff in that office only 
or in such other secure Committee offices as may be authorized 
by the Chairman or Staff Director.
    (e) In general, members and staff undertake to confine 
their access to classified information on the basis of a ``need 
to know'' such information related to their Committee 
responsibilities.
    (f) The Staff Director is authorized to make such 
administrative regulations as may be necessary to carry out the 
provisions of these regulations.

                             RULE 14--STAFF
    (a) Responsibilities.--
          (1) The staff works for the Committee as a whole, 
        under the general supervision of the Chairman of the 
        Committee, and the immediate direction of the Staff 
        Director; provided, however, that such part of the 
        staff as is designated Minority Staff, shall be under 
        the general supervision of the Ranking Minority Member 
        and under the immediate direction of the Minority Staff 
        Director.
          (2) Any member of the Committee should feel free to 
        call upon the staff at any time for assistance in 
        connection with Committee business. Members of the 
        Senate not members of the Committee who call upon the 
        staff for assistance from time to time should be given 
        assistance subject to the overriding responsibility of 
        the staff to the Committee.
          (3) The staff's primary responsibility is with 
        respect to bills, resolutions, treaties, and 
        nominations.
          In addition to carrying out assignments from the 
        Committee and its individual members, the staff has a 
        responsibility to originate suggestions for Committee 
        or subcommittee consideration. The staff also has a 
        responsibility to make suggestions to individual 
        members regarding matters of special interest to such 
        members.
          (4) It is part of the staff's duty to keep itself as 
        well informed as possible in regard to developments 
        affecting foreign relations and in regard to the 
        administration of foreign programs of the United 
        States. Significant trends or developments which might 
        otherwise escape notice should be called to the 
        attention of the Committee, or of individual Senators 
        with particular interests.
          (5) The staff shall pay due regard to the 
        constitutional separation of powers between the Senate 
        and the executive branch. It therefore has a 
        responsibility to help the Committee bring to bear an 
        independent, objective judgment of proposals by the 
        executive branch and when appropriate to originate 
        sound proposals of its own. At the same time, the staff 
        shall avoid impinging upon the day-to-day conduct of 
        foreign affairs.
          (6) In those instances when Committee action requires 
        the expression of minority views, the staff shall 
        assist the minority as fully as the majority to the end 
        that all points of view may be fully considered by 
        members of the Committee and of the Senate. The staff 
        shall bear in mind that under our constitutional system 
        it is the responsibility of the elected Members of the 
        Senate to determine legislative issues in the light of 
        as full and fair a presentation of the facts as the 
        staff may be able to obtain.

    (b) Restrictions.--
          (1) The staff shall regard its relationship to the 
        Committee as a privileged one, in the nature of the 
        relationship of a lawyer to a client. In order to 
        protect this relationship and the mutual confidence 
        which must prevail if the Committee-staff relationship 
        is to be a satisfactory and fruitful one, the following 
        criteria shall apply:
                  (i) members of the staff shall not be 
                identified with any special interest group in 
                the field of foreign relations or allow their 
                names to be used by any such group;
                  (ii) members of the staff shall not accept 
                public speaking engagements or write for 
                publication in the field of foreign relations 
                without specific advance permission from the 
                Staff Director, or, in the case of minority 
                staff, from the Minority Staff Director. In the 
                case of the Staff Director and the Minority 
                Staff Director, such advance permission shall 
                be obtained from the Chairman or the Ranking 
                Minority Member, as appropriate. In any event, 
                such public statements should avoid the 
                expression of personal views and should not 
                contain predictions of future, or 
                interpretations of past, Committee action; and
                  (iii) staff shall not discuss their private 
                conversations with members of the Committee 
                without specific advance permission from the 
                Senator or Senators concerned.

          (2) The staff shall not discuss with anyone the 
        proceedings of the Committee in closed session or 
        reveal information conveyed or discussed in such a 
        session unless that person would have been permitted to 
        attend the session itself, or unless such communication 
        is specifically authorized by the Staff Director or 
        Minority Staff Director. Unauthorized disclosure of 
        information from a closed session or of classified 
        information shall be cause for immediate dismissal and 
        may, in the case of some kinds of information, be 
        grounds for criminal prosecution.

                 RULE 15--STATUS AND AMENDMENT OF RULES
    (a) Status.--In addition to the foregoing, the Committee on 
Foreign Relations is governed by the Standing Rules of the 
Senate which shall take precedence in the event of a clear 
inconsistency. In addition, the jurisdiction and 
responsibilities of the Committee with respect to certain 
matters, as well as the timing and procedure for their 
consideration in Committee, may be governed by statute.
    (b) Amendment.--These Rules may be modified, amended, or 
repealed by a majority of the Committee, provided that a notice 
in writing of the proposed change has been given to each member 
at least 48 hours prior to the meeting at which action thereon 
is to be taken. However, Rules of the Committee which are based 
upon Senate Rules may not be superseded by Committee vote 
alone.

                                 ______
                                 
    These rules speak for themselves. It should be noted that 
attendance of members at Committee meetings is voluntary and 
not compulsory.
Meetings and Hearings
    Committee meetings are held at the call of the chairman. 
During consideration of important and complex measures, it is 
not unusual for the Committee to meet daily, both mornings and 
afternoons, the Senate permitting. Under normal circumstances, 
it is a routine courtesy to give standing committees permission 
to meet while the Senate is in session. Thus, for example, the 
Committee and its subcommittees met some 330 times during the 
93rd Congress, 311 times in the 98th Congress, and over 200 
times in the 106th Congress.
    Meetings and agenda are initiated by the chairman and 
ranking minority member with the advice of members. Members 
have the right to suggest meetings on particular subjects and 
that certain bills and resolutions be placed on the agenda or 
scheduled for hearings.
    In accordance with Senate rules (S. Res. 9, adopted 
November 7, 1975), all meetings are open to the public, except 
when the Committee, by majority vote, decides otherwise. 
Because of the sensitive nature of certain of the information 
required by the Committee, some hearings are voted to be closed 
to the public. Briefings by Department of State officials on 
negotiations in process or of current U.S. policy on various 
issues, for example, often fall into that category.
    The Committee holds hearings on legislation, nominations, 
treaties, general oversight, and current international 
situations which are of interest to the Chairman or 
Subcommittee Chairmen. By custom, but not by rule, the 
Committee has permitted administration representatives to 
appear on the first witness panel, to be followed by one or 
more panels of private witnesses. Every effort is made to 
maintain a two to one witness ratio, with two witnesses on the 
private panel appearing at the request of the majority for each 
witness appearing at the request of the minority to ensure that 
a diversity of views is heard on matters before the Committee.
    If there are numerous witnesses to be heard on a particular 
bill or treaty, the Committee may limit the oral presentation 
of witnesses to 10 minutes. The Committee has adopted a time 
limit for questioning witnesses by its own members so as to 
give every Senator an equal chance at examining a witness. On 
certain occasions, the Committee has also set a time limit on 
the period during which requests to be heard will be accepted 
by the Committee. Written statements, submitted by witnesses 
limited in their oral presentation, are printed in the hearing 
records, if of reasonable length and if received within a 
reasonable period after the hearings. Other information 
directly pertaining to a hearing has also been printed in 
hearing records. For example, during the 105th Congress, 
additional material was included in the printed record relating 
to NATO enlargement, and during the 106th Congress on the 
future of ABM. Major hearings and many others are printed by 
the Committee. However, it has become the practice of the 
Committee, for reasons of economy, not to print all hearings, 
especially on nominations. In many cases, brief hearings or 
principal witness statements are printed in the appendix to the 
Committee's report on the measure under consideration; in all 
cases, the typed transcript of public proceedings is available 
to the public to read in the Committee offices.
    Beginning in the fall of 1973, the Committee started a 
pioneering project of publishing its hitherto classified 
executive sessions dating from the 80th Congress in 1947, when 
pursuant to the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, 
verbatim records of committee meetings were ordered to be kept. 
This so-called historical series has become a continuing 
activity, complementing the Department of State's collection of 
diplomatic papers in the Foreign Relations of the United States 
series with a record of congressional action and views.

                             Subcommittees
    It is the tradition of the Committee on Foreign Relations 
to consider legislation, resolutions, treaties, and nominations 
in the full committee on the theory that most questions of 
foreign relations are not divisible by geographic or 
substantive matter. A major exception was made in 1975 with the 
creation of the Subcommittee on Foreign Assistance, which was 
given jurisdiction over all legislation on foreign aid and 
international financial institutions. In recent years, the 
Committee has returned to the practice of approving all 
legislation, treaties, and nominations on the full committee 
level.
    Standing, temporary, or ad hoc, and oversight subcommittees 
have been utilized by the Committee at various times. 
Subcommittees are appointed by majority vote of the Committee, 
unless otherwise authorized by law or Senate resolution.
Standing Subcommittees
    From 1950 to 1975, the Committee on Foreign Relations 
maintained a series of consultative subcommittees, 
corresponding to the organization of the Department of State to 
a greater or lesser degree at various times.
    The consultative subcommittee system was designed to foster 
more extensive consultations between the members of the Foreign 
Relations Committee and officers of the Department of State and 
to undertake independent studies in areas of special Committee 
interest. Since World War II the U.S. role in the world thrust 
new and important responsibilities upon the Congress. Moreover, 
the problems which confront the United States in various parts 
of the world increased tremendously in number and complexity. 
This meant that a degree of specialization in the work of the 
Committee on Foreign Relations became desirable. By organizing 
along subcommittee lines it was possible for the members to 
keep abreast of the more important developments within each of 
the geographic and substantive areas of concern in the conduct 
of foreign policy.
    While the word ``consultative'' has been dropped from the 
subcommittee system, the role of the subcommittees in 
developing specialized information has continued much the same.
    During the 106th Congress, the subcommittee structure was 
as follows:

    (Subcommittees are listed in the order of chairmen's 
seniority within the full committee.)
    (The Chairman and Ranking Minority Member of the full 
committee are ex officio members of each subcommittee on which 
they do not serve as members.)

    Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, Export and Trade 
                               Promotion
Chuck Hagel, Chair                  Paul S. Sarbanes, Ranking
Craig Thomas                        John F. Kerry
Bill Frist                          Barbara Boxer
Richard G. Lugar
Jurisdiction:
    The subcommittee's responsibilities encompass U.S. foreign 
economic policy, including export enhancement and trade 
promotion, and international economic growth and development. 
The subcommittee's jurisdiction includes measures that address:

          (1) the enhancement of American exports and promotion 
        of U.S. trade opportunities and commercial interests 
        abroad;
          (2) the promotion of and protection of economic 
        interests of U.S. citizens abroad;
          (3) international investment, management, 
        intellectual property, technological transfer and 
        general commercial policies;
          (4) international monetary policy, including U.S. 
        participation in international financial institutions; 
        and
          (5) U.S. bilateral humanitarian, development, 
        economic, trade and security assistance programs and 
        policies carried out by the Agency for International 
        Development and other U.S. agencies and U.S. voluntary 
        contributions to international organizations providing 
        assistance to foreign nations.

    The subcommittee is also responsible for matters and 
policies involving the use, development and protection of the 
environment, including the oceans and space.

                    Subcommittee on European Affairs
Gordon H. Smith, Chair              Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Ranking
Richard G. Lugar                    Paul S. Sarbanes
John Ashcroft                       Christopher J. Dodd
Chuck Hagel                         Paul D. Wellstone
Lincoln D. Chafee
Jurisdiction:
    The subcommittee deals with matters concerning the 
continent of Europe, including the newly independent states of 
the former Soviet Union and member states of the North Atlantic 
Treaty Organization. Matters relating to Greenland, Iceland, 
and the north polar region are also the responsibilities of 
this subcommittee.
    This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters, 
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and 
export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and 
oversight over U.S. foreign assistance programs that fall 
within this subcommittee's regional jurisdiction.

                Subcommittee on International Operations
Rod Grams, Chair                    Barbara Boxer, Ranking
Jesse Helms                         John F. Kerry
Sam Brownback                       Russell D. Feingold
Bill Frist
Jurisdiction:
    The subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters, 
problems and policies involving international operations. This 
jurisdiction includes the general oversight responsibility for 
the Department of State, the United States Information Agency, 
the Foreign Service, international educational and cultural 
affairs, foreign broadcasting activities, foreign buildings, 
United States participation in the United Nations, its 
affiliated organizations, and other international organizations 
not under the jurisdiction of other subcommittees. The 
subcommittee also has jurisdiction over general matters of 
international law, law enforcement, and illegal activities.

          Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs
Sam Brownback, Chair                Paul D. Wellstone, Ranking
John Ashcroft                       Robert G. Torricelli
Gordon H. Smith                     Paul S. Sarbanes
Rod Grams                           Christopher J. Dodd
Craig Thomas
Jurisdiction:
    This subcommittee deals with all matters and problems 
relating to the Middle East and Arab North Africa, including 
Arab-Israeli and inter-Arab issues, economic relations, and 
general security in the Persian Gulf, Mediterranean, the Middle 
East and North Africa. This subcommittee also deals with 
matters and problems relating to Afghanistan, Bangladesh, 
Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
    This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters, 
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and 
export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and 
oversight over U.S. foreign assistance programs that fall 
within this subcommittee's regional jurisdiction.

             Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs
Craig Thomas, Chair                 John Kerry, Ranking
Jesse Helms                         Russell D. Feingold
Chuck Hagel                         Paul D. Wellstone
Gordon H. Smith                     Robert G. Torricelli
Lincoln D. Chafee
Jurisdiction:
    The geographic scope of the subcommittee extends from China 
and Mongolia to Burma, inclusive of the mainland of Asia, 
Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, 
Australia and New Zealand, Oceania, and the South Pacific 
Islands.
    This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters, 
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and 
export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and 
oversight over U.S. foreign assistance programs that fall 
within this subcommittee's regional jurisdiction.

                    Subcommittee on African Affairs
Bill Frist, Chair                   Russell D. Feingold, Ranking
Rod Grams                           Paul S. Sarbanes
Sam Brownback
Jurisdiction:
    The subcommittee has geographic responsibilities 
corresponding to those of the Bureau of African Affairs in the 
Department of State. The subcommittee considers all matters and 
problems relating to Africa, with the exception of countries 
bordering on the Mediterranean Sea from Egypt to Morocco, which 
are under the purview of the Subcommittee on Near Eastern 
Affairs.
    This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters, 
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and 
export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and 
oversight over U.S. foreign assistance programs that fall 
within this subcommittee's regional jurisdiction.

    Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps, Narcotics and 
                               Terrorism
Lincoln D. Chafee, Chair            Christopher J. Dodd, Ranking
Jesse Helms                         Barbara Boxer
Richard G. Lugar                    Robert G. Torricelli
John Ashcroft
Jurisdiction:
    The geographic scope of this subcommittee extends from the 
Arctic Ocean to Tierra del Fuego, including the Caribbean. 
Problems which are of concern to the subcommittee include 
relations between the American nations, U.S.-Canadian affairs, 
boundary matters, the implementation of various treaties and 
conventions, economic relations and security matters affecting 
the Western Hemisphere, and the Organization of American 
States.
    This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters, 
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and 
export; crime; and oversight over U.S. foreign assistance 
programs that fall within this subcommittee's regional 
jurisdiction.
    This subcommittee also exercises general oversight over:

          (1) all of the activities and programs of the Peace 
        Corps;
          (2) all U.S. foreign policy, programs and 
        international cooperative efforts to combat the flow of 
        illegal drugs or substances; and
          (3) all U.S. foreign policy, programs and cooperative 
        efforts to combat international terrorism.

    In the recent past the practice was to follow preferences 
of Committee members with respect to subcommittee assignments 
which resulted in varied sizes and differing ratios between 
majority and minority members. However, beginning in the 95th 
Congress, ratios were set and minority members assumed 
different ``ranking'' positions on each subcommittee.
    Except for the practice noted above, that legislation is 
considered by full committee, there is no rule as to whether a 
matter is considered by the full committee or a subcommittee.
Study or Oversight Subcommittees
    In the past, when the Committee on Foreign Relations 
decided on a major oversight undertaking, requiring more staff 
and funds than available under its ordinary budget, the 
Committee has sought special authority and funds for the 
conduct of such studies. The first such study authorized by the 
Senate after passage of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 
1946 was a study of overseas information programs of the United 
States in 1952 (S. Res. 74, 82d Cong.) which ended in 1954. 
This study set the pattern for most of the subsequent studies 
during the 1950's, namely, studies of the United Nations 
Charter (S. Res. 126, 1953), of the technical assistance 
program (S. Res. 214, 1954), of disarmament issues (S. Res. 93, 
1955), of foreign assistance programs (S. Res. 285, 1956), and 
U.S. foreign policy (S. Res. 336, 1958). A subcommittee was 
appointed to conduct the study or oversight and included non 
Committee members as well as Committee members. The procedure 
generally was to collect and publish relevant documents; 
problem areas were explored in staff studies; questionnaires 
were sent to groups having special knowledge of the subject 
matter (American businessmen and reporters overseas, 
ambassadors, or retired Foreign Service Officers); on the spot 
surveys were made overseas, hearings were held on the 
accumulated data; and a final report was submitted to the 
Senate, giving the subcommittee's recommendations and 
conclusions.
Ad Hoc Subcommittees
    For many years Ad hoc subcommittees were the only kind of 
subcommittees appointed by the Committee on Foreign Relations. 
They were normally authorized to consider only one item or a 
related group of items, such as a series of double taxation 
conventions or broadcasting agreements. As the Committee began 
more and more to consider treaties and legislation as a whole, 
the appointment of ad hoc subcommittees decreased. No such 
subcommittees were appointed between 1959, when one was set up 
to consider certain broadcasting agreements, and 1965, when 
three ad hoc subcommittees were appointed to handle certain 
international organization matters, claims legislation, and 
double tax conventions. In 1967 four additional ad hoc 
subcommittees were set up to consider customs and maritime 
matters, human rights conventions, deployment of U.S. troops in 
Europe, and a Foreign Service Information corps. Since then, 
similar subcommittees have gone into passport matters, the 
International Grain Arrangement, the Genocide Convention, the 
International Wheat Agreement of 1971, and the operation of the 
War Powers Resolution.
    Ad hoc subcommittees cease to exist the moment the matters 
referred to them are disposed of or upon adjournment of 
Congress.
Staff
    The following provisions of the amended Standing Rules of 
the Senate are applicable to the Committee staff.

                               RULE XXVII
                            committee staff
          1. Staff members appointed to assist minority members 
        of committees pursuant to authority of a resolution 
        described in paragraph 9 of rule XXVI or other Senate 
        resolution shall be accorded equitable treatment with 
        respect to the fixing of salary rates, the assignment 
        of facilities, and the accessibility of committee 
        records. \10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \10\ See page 65, below, for paragraph 9 of rule XXVI.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
          2. The minority shall receive fair consideration in 
        the appointment of staff personnel pursuant to 
        authority of a resolution described in paragraph 9 of 
        rule XXVI.
          3. The staffs of committees (including personnel 
        appointed pursuant to authority of a resolution 
        described in paragraph 9 of rule XXVI or other Senate 
        resolution) should reflect the relative number of 
        majority and minority members of committees. A majority 
        of the minority members of any committee may, by 
        resolution, request that at least one-third of all 
        funds of the committee for personnel (other than those 
        funds determined by the chairman and ranking minority 
        members to be allocated for the administrative and 
        clerical functions of the committee as a whole) to be 
        allocated to the minority members of such committee for 
        compensation of minority staff as the minority members 
        may decide. The committee shall thereafter adjust its 
        budget to comply with such resolution. Such adjustment 
        shall be equitably made over a four-year period, 
        commencing July 1, 1977, with not less than one-half 
        being made in two years. Upon request by a majority of 
        the minority members of any committee by resolution, 
        proportionate space, equipment, and facilities shall be 
        provided for such minority staff.
          4. No committee shall appoint to its staff any 
        experts or other personnel detailed or assigned from 
        any department or agency of the Government, except with 
        the written permission of the Committee on Rules and 
        Administration.

    As of September 29, 1999, the Committee's annual budget 
which provides funding for the exercise of its legislative 
oversight and for all staffing is included in S. Res. 189, the 
omnibus committee funding resolution. From March 1 until 
September 30, 1999 temporary funding was authorized by S. Res. 
49. Portions of S. Res. 49 and S. Res. 189 are set forth on 
pages 66 and 68.
    Prior to 1981, staff funding was included in the budget and 
also in separate resolutions. For example, in 1958 the position 
of an interparliamentary assistant was authorized as visits of 
foreign dignitaries to Washington increased and as the Congress 
became more involved in interparliamentary activities. This 
position was made permanent in 1962.
    The size of the staff has increased over the years. At the 
beginning of the 80th Congress, when the Committee began to 
organize its independent professional staff, it employed four 
persons; as of October 2000, 48 persons, professional and 
clerical, were employed on a permanent basis.
    As a rule, the staff is assigned to the full committee, and 
subcommittees are not separately staffed. Members of the full 
committee staff have the responsibility for taking care of the 
needs of subcommittees.
    In accordance with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 
1946, as amended, members of the full committee staff were 
occasionally assigned to work primarily for the minority, but 
were also available for general committee assignments. However, 
in January 1979 the minority members of the Committee elected 
to establish a minority staff as stipulated in Rule XXVII.2. 
Since then, formal coordination of relations between the 
majority and minority staffs has been accomplished through the 
two staff directors, and various members of the staff 
performing administrative and clerical functions for the 
Committee have been considered as ``nondesignated.'' It should 
be noted that prior to the hiring of a minority staff in 1979, 
the Committee had appointed a personnel subcommittee in early 
1958 which made recommendations to the full committee, and 
filled professional staff vacancies at the discretion of the 
Chairman as they developed. This subcommittee consisted of the 
two ranking majority and minority members.
    In the case of long-term special oversight studies, 
however, it has been occasionally necessary to augment the 
regular Committee staff with specialists for a limited period 
of time. For shorter periods, consultants have been hired by 
the Committee, as in 1979 for consideration of the SALT II 
treaty, in 1981 for the nomination of Alexander M. Haig, Jr., 
to be Secretary of State, and in 1988 for consideration of the 
INF Treaty.
    S. Res. 60 of the 94th Congress (June 12, 1975) authorized 
the hiring of additional persons by Committee members on their 
personal staff to assist them on Committee matters. This 
resolution was superseded by the Legislative Branch 
Appropriations Act, 1978, which contains provisions for the 
hiring of Personal Representatives of Members as follows:

                       Public Law 95-94 [Excerpt]

AN ACT Making appropriations for the Legislative Branch for the fiscal 
         year ending September 30, 1978, and for other purposes
          Be it enacted by the Senate and House of 
        Representatives of the United States of America in 
        Congress assembled, That the following sums are 
        appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not 
        otherwise appropriated, for the Legislative Branch for 
        the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978, and for 
        other purposes, namely:
          * * * * * * *
    Sec. 111. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), the 
aggregate of the gross compensation which may be paid to 
employees in the office of a Senator during each fiscal year 
under section 105(d) of the Legislative Branch Appropriation 
Act, 1968, as amended and modified (2 U.S.C. 611(d)), is 
increased by an amount equal to three times the amount referred 
to in section 105(e)(1) of such Act, as amended and modified.
    (b)(1) In the case of a Senator who is the chairman or 
ranking minority member of any committee, or of any 
subcommittee that receives funding to employ staff assistance 
separately from the funding authority for staff of the full 
committee, the amount referred to in subsection (a) shall be 
reduced by the amount referred to in section 105(e)(1) of the 
Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1968, as amended and 
modified, for each such committee or subcommittee.
    (2) In the case of a Senator who is authorized by a 
committee, a subcommittee thereof, or the chairman of a 
committee or subcommittee, as appropriate, to recommend or 
approve the appointment to the staff of such committee or 
subcommittee of one or more individuals for the purpose of 
assisting such Senator solely and directly in his duties as a 
member of such committee or subcommittee, the amount referred 
to in subsection (a) shall be reduced, for each such committee 
or subcommittee, by the amount equal to (A) the aggregate 
annual gross rates of compensation of all staff employees of 
that committee or subcommittee (i) whose appointment is made 
approved, or recommended and (ii) whose continued employment is 
not disapproved by such Senator, if such employees are employed 
for the purpose of assisting such Senator solely and directly 
in his duties as a member of such committee or subcommittee 
thereof as the case may be, or (B) the amount referred to in 
section 105(e)(1) of the Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 
1968, as amended and modified, whichever is less.
    (3) In the case of a Senator who is serving on more than 
three committees, one of the committees on which he is serving, 
as selected by him, shall not be taken into account for 
purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2). Any such Senator shall 
notify the Secretary of the Senate of the committee selected by 
him under this paragraph.
    (c)(1) A Senator may designate employees in his office to 
assist him in connection with his membership on committees of 
the Senate. An employee may be designated with respect to only 
one committee.
    (2) An employee designated by a Senator under this 
subsection shall be certified by him to the chairman and 
ranking minority member of the committee with respect to which 
such designation is made. Such employee shall be accorded all 
privileges of a professional staff member (whether permanent or 
investigatory) of such committee including access to all 
committee sessions and files, except that any such committee 
may restrict access to its sessions to one staff member per 
Senator at a time and require, if classified material is being 
handled or discussed, that any staff member possess the 
appropriate security clearance before being allowed access to 
such material or to discussion of it. Nothing contained in this 
paragraph shall be construed to prohibit a committee from 
adopting policies and practices with respect to the application 
of this subsection which are similar to the policies and 
practices adopted with respect to the application of section 
705(c)(1) of Senate Resolution 4, 95th Congress, and section 
106(c)(1) of the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1977.
    (3) A Senator shall notify the chairman and ranking 
minority member of a committee whenever a designation of an 
employee under this subsection with respect to such committee 
is terminated.
    (d) The second sentence of section 105(d)(2) of the 
Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1968, as amended and 
modified, is amended--
          (1) by inserting after ``(i)'' the following: ``the 
        salaries of three employees may be fixed at rates of 
        not more than the rate referred to in subsection 
        (e)(1), (ii)''; and
          (2) by striking out ``(ii)'' and inserting in lieu 
        thereof ``(iii)''.

The amendments made by this subsection shall have no effect on 
section 6(c) of the Order of the President pro tempore issued 
on October 8, 1976, under section 4 of the Federal Pay 
Comparability Act of 1970.
    (e)(1) Section 106 of the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 
1977 (other than subsection (f) thereof) is repealed.
    (2) As an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate, 
section 705 of Senate Resolution 4, 95th Congress (other than 
subsection (h) thereof) is repealed.
    (f) This section, and the amendments made by subsection (d) 
and the repeals made by subsection (e), shall take effect on 
October 1, 1977.

    In accordance with a provision of the Legislative Branch 
Appropriations Act of 1965, the name, title, and total salary 
of each staff member is reported semiannually in the report of 
the Secretary of the Senate which is printed as a Senate 
document.
Finances
    In accordance with Rule XXVI of the Standing Rules of the 
Senate:

    1. Each standing committee, including any subcommittee of 
any such committee is authorized to hold such hearings, to sit 
and act at such times and places during the sessions, recesses, 
and adjourned periods of the Senate, to require by subpoena or 
otherwise the attendance of such witnesses and the production 
of such correspondence, books, papers, and documents, to take 
such testimony and to make such expenditures out of the 
contingent fund of the Senate as may be authorized by 
resolutions of the Senate. Each such committee may make 
investigations into any matter within its jurisdiction, may 
report such hearings as may be had by it, and may employ 
stenographic assistance at a cost not exceeding the amount 
prescribed by the Committee on Rules and Administration. The 
expenses of the committee shall be paid from the contingent 
fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman.

    Rule XXVI.9 requires that each committee report a 
resolution authorizing the committee to make expenditures out 
of the contingent fund of the Senate to defray its expenses, 
including the compensation of members of its staff and agency 
contribution (i.e., retirement, life and health insurances) 
related to such compensation during a budget period beginning 
on March 1 of each year and ending on the last day of February 
of the following year:
    Rule XXVI.9 reads as follows:

    9. (a) Except as provided in subparagraph (b), each 
committee shall report one authorization resolution each year 
authorizing the committee to make expenditures out of the 
contingent fund of the Senate to defray its expenses, including 
the compensation of members of its staff and agency 
contributions related to such compensation, during the period 
beginning on March 1 of such year and ending on the last day of 
February of the following year. Such annual authorization 
resolution shall be reported not later than January 31 of each 
year, except that, whenever the designation of members of 
standing committees of the Senate occurs during the first 
session of a Congress at a date later than January 20, such 
resolution may be reported at any time within thirty days after 
the date on which the designation of such members is completed. 
After the annual authorization resolution of a committee for a 
year has been agreed to, such committee may procure 
authorization to make additional expenditures out of the 
contingent fund of the Senate during that year only by 
reporting a supplemental authorization resolution. Each 
supplemental authorization resolution reported by a committee 
shall amend the annual authorization resolution of such 
committee for that year and shall be accompanied by a report 
specifying with particularity the purpose for which such 
authorization is sought and the reason why such authorization 
could not have been sought at the time of the submission by 
such committee of its annual authorization resolution for that 
year.
    (b) In lieu of the procedure provided in subparagraph (a), 
the Committee on Rules and Administration may--
          (1) direct each committee to report an authorization 
        resolution for a two-year budget period beginning on 
        March 1 of the first session of a Congress; and
          (2) report one authorization resolution containing 
        more than one committee authorization resolution for a 
        one-year or two-year budget period.

    The following are excerpts from S. Res. 49 and S. Res. 189 
which provide funds to be spent by the Foreign Relations and 
other Senate committees in budget year 1999-2001.

               [S. Res. 49, 106th Congress, 1st Session]

                       Approved February 24, 1999

                               RESOLUTION

  To authorize expenditures for the committees of the Senate for the 
           period March 1, 1999, through September 30, 1999.
            Resolved,

SECTION 1. AGGREGATE AUTHORIZATION.
    (a) In General.--For purposes of carrying out the powers, 
duties, and functions of the Senate under the Standing Rules of 
the Senate, and under the appropriate authorizing resolutions 
of the Senate, there is authorized for the period March 1, 
1999, through September 30, 1999, in the aggregate of 
$28,632,851, in accordance with the provisions of this 
resolution, for all Standing Committees of the Senate, for the 
Committee on Indian Affairs, the Special Committee on Aging, 
and the Select Committee on Intelligence.
    (b) Reporting Legislation.--Each committee referred to in 
subsection (a) shall report its findings, together with such 
recommendations for legislation as it deems advisable, to the 
Senate at the earliest practicable date, but not later than 
September 30, 1999.
    (c) Expenses of Committees.--
          (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), 
        any expenses of a committee under this resolution shall 
        be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate upon 
        vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee.
          (2) Vouchers not required.--Vouchers shall not be 
        required--
                  (A) for the disbursement of salaries of 
                employees of the committee who are paid at an 
                annual rate;
                  (B) for the payment of telecommunications 
                expenses provided by the Office of the Sergeant 
                at Arms and Doorkeeper, United States Senate, 
                Department of Telecommunications;
                  (C) for the payment of stationery supplies 
                purchased through the Keeper of Stationery, 
                United States Senate;
                  (D) for payments to the Postmaster, United 
                States Senate;
                  (E) for the payment of metered charges on 
                copying equipment provided by the Office of the 
                Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper, United States 
                Senate; or
                  (F) for the payment of Senate Recording and 
                Photographic Services.
    (d) Agency Contributions.--There are authorized such sums 
as may be necessary for agency contributions related to the 
compensation of employees of the committees from March 1, 1999, 
through September 30, 1999, to be paid from the appropriations 
account for ``Expenses of Inquiries and Investigations'' of the 
Senate.
          * * * * * * *

SEC. 10. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
    (a) General Authority.--In carrying out its powers, duties, 
and functions under the Standing Rules of the Senate, in 
accordance with its jurisdiction under rule XXV of the Standing 
Rules of the Senate, including holding hearings, reporting such 
hearings, and making investigations as authorized by paragraphs 
1 and 8 of rule XXVI of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the 
Committee on Foreign Relations is authorized from March 1, 
1999, through September 30, 1999, in its discretion--
          (1) to make expenditures from the contingent fund of 
        the Senate;
          (2) to employ personnel; and
          (3) with the prior consent of the Government 
        department or agency concerned and the Committee on 
        Rules and Administration to use, on a reimbursable or 
        nonreimbursable basis, the services of personnel of any 
        such department or agency.
    (b) Expenses.--The expenses of the committee for the period 
March 1, 1999, through September 30, 1999, under this section 
shall not exceed $1,697,074, of which amount--
          (1) not to exceed $45,000, may be expended for the 
        procurement of the services of individual consultants, 
        or organizations thereof (as authorized by section 
        202(i) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946); 
        and
          (2) not to exceed $1,000, may be expended for the 
        training of the professional staff of such committee 
        (under procedures specified by section 202(j) of the 
        Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946).
          * * * * * * *
                               __________
                               

               [S. Res. 189, 106th Congress, 1st Session]

                      Approved September 29, 1999

                               RESOLUTION

 Authorizing Expenditures by Committees of the Senate for the periods 
   October 1, 1999, through September 30, 2000, and October 1, 2000, 
                       through February 28, 2001
            Resolved,

SECTION 1. AGGREGATE AUTHORIZATION
    (a) In General.--For purposes of carrying out the powers, 
duties, and functions under the Standing Rules of the Senate, 
and under the appropriate authorizing resolutions of the Senate 
there is authorized for the period October 1, 1999, through 
September 30, 2000, in the aggregate of $52,933,922, and for 
the period October 1, 2000, through February 28, 2001, in the 
aggregate of $22,534,293, in accordance with the provisions of 
this resolution, for standing committees of the Senate, the 
Special Committee on Aging, the Select Committee on 
Intelligence, and the Select Committee on Indian Affairs.
    (b) Expenses of Committees.--
          (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), 
        any expenses of a committee under this resolution shall 
        be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate upon 
        vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee.
          (2) Vouchers not required.--Vouchers shall not be 
        required--
                  (A) for the disbursement of salaries of 
                employees of the committee who are paid at an 
                annual rate;
                  (B) for the payment of telecommunications 
                expenses provided by the Office of the Sergeant 
                at Arms and Doorkeeper and the Department of 
                Telecommunications;
                  (C) for the payment of stationery supplies 
                purchased through the Keeper of Stationery;
                  (D) for payments to the Postmaster;
                  (E) for the payment of metered charges on 
                copying equipment provided by the Office of the 
                Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper; or
                  (F) for the payment of Senate Recording and 
                Photographic Services.
    (c) Agency Contributions.--There are authorized such sums 
as may be necessary for agency contributions related to the 
compensation of employees on the committees for the period 
October 1, 1999, through September 30, 2000, and for the period 
October 1, 2000, through February 28, 2001, to be paid from the 
appropriations account for ``Expenses of Inquiries and 
Investigations'' of the Senate.
          * * * * * * *

SEC. 10. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS.
    (a) General Authority.--In carrying out its powers, duties, 
and functions under the Standing Rules of the Senate, in 
accordance with its jurisdiction under rule XXV of such rules, 
including holding hearings, reporting such hearings, and making 
investigations as authorized by paragraphs 1 and 8 of rule XXVI 
of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the Committee on Foreign 
Relations is authorized from October 1, 1999, through February 
28, 2001, in its discretion--
          (1) to make expenditures from the contingent fund of 
        the Senate;
          (2) to employ personnel; and
          (3) with the prior consent of the Government 
        department or agency concerned and the Committee on 
        Rules and Administration, to use on a reimbursable, or 
        nonreimbursable, basis the services of personnel of any 
        such department or agency.
    (b) Expenses for Fiscal Year 2000 Period.--The expenses of 
the committee for the period October 1, 1999, through September 
30, 2000, under this section shall not exceed $3,158,449, of 
which amount--
          (1) not to exceed $45,000, may be expended for the 
        procurement of the services of individual consultants, 
        or organizations thereof (as authorized by section 
        202(i) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946); 
        and
          (2) not to exceed $1,000, may be expended for the 
        training of the professional staff of such committee 
        (under procedures specified by section 202(j) of such 
        Act).
    (c) Expenses for Period Ending February 20, 2001.--For the 
period October 1, 2000, through February 28, 2001, expenses of 
the committee under this section shall not exceed $1,347,981, 
of which amount--
          (1) not to exceed $45,000, may be expended for the 
        procurement of the services of individual consultants, 
        or organizations thereof (as authorized by section 
        202(i) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946); 
        and
          (2) not to exceed $1,000, may be expended for the 
        training of the professional staff of such committee 
        (under procedures specified by section 202(j) of such 
        Act).
          * * * * * * *

                          A P P E N D I C E S

                                 ______
                                 

                               Appendix I

   Alphabetical List of Members of the Committee on Foreign Relations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Name                    State           Term of Service
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adams, Brock.................  Washington......                1987-1989
Aiken, George................  Vermont.........                1954-1975
Aldrich, Nelson W............  Rhode Island....                     1881
Allen, William...............  Ohio............     1839-1841, 1845-1846
Archer, William S............  Virginia........                1842-1847
Ashcroft, John...............  Missouri........                1995-2000
Atchison, David R............  Virginia........                     1850
Atherton, Charles G..........  New Hampshire...                1845-1847
Austin, Warren R.............  Vermont.........                1943-1946
Bachman, Nathan L............  Tennessee.......                1933-1937
Bacon, Augustus O............  Georgia.........                1899-1914
Bailey, Joseph W.............  Texas...........                1901-1903
Baker, Howard H., Jr.........  Tennessee.......          1975, 1977-1985
Barbour, James...............  Virginia........                1816-1825
Barkley, Alben W.............  Kentucky........     1938-1949, 1955-1956
Bell, Samuel.................  New Hampshire...                1826-1833
Benton, Thomas H.............  Missouri........                1847-1850
Berrien, John McPherson......  Georgia.........     1828-1829, 1841-1845
Beveridge, Albert J..........  Indiana.........                1905-1911
Bibb, George M...............  Kentucky........                1832-1833
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.........  Delaware........                1975-
Black, Hugo L................  Alabama.........                1929-1937
Bogy, Lewis V................  Missouri........                1875-1979
Borah, William E.............  Idaho...........                1911-1940
Boschwitz, Rudy..............  Minnesota.......                1981-1991
Boxer, Barbara...............  California......                1999-
Brandegee, Frank B...........  Connecticut.....                1915-1924
Breckinridge, John C.........  Kentucky........                1861-1863
Brewster, Owen...............  Maine...........                1951-1953
Bridges, Styles..............  New Hampshire...                1945-1947
Brown, Bedford...............  North Carolina..                1839-1841
Brown, Hank..................  Colorado........                1991-1997
Brown, James.................  Louisiana.......                1819-1823
Brown, Joseph E..............  Georgia.........                1883-1891
Brownback, Sam...............  Kansas..........                1997-
Browning Orville H...........  Illinois........                1861-1863
Buchanan, James..............  Pennsylvania....                1836-1845
Buchalew, Charles R..........  Pennsylvania....                1865-1867
Bulkley, Robert J............  Ohio............                1933-1936
Burnside, Ambrose............  Rhode Island....                1881-1883
Burton, Theodore E...........  Ohio............                1911-1915
Butler, Matthew C............  South Carolina..                1891-1895
Butler, William M............  Massachusetts...                     1925
Byrnes, James F..............  South Carolina..                     1941
Calhoun John C...............  South Carolina..                1840-1841
Call, Wilkinson..............  Florida.........                     1881
Cameron, J. Donald...........  Pennsylvania....                1895-1897
Cameron, Simon...............  Pennsylvania....                1867-1879
Capehart, Homer E............  Indiana.........                1954-1963
Capper, Arthur...............  Kansas..........                1925-1949
Carlson, Frank...............  Kansas..........                1959-1969
Carpenter, Matthew...........  Wisconsin.......                1879-1881
Carter, Thomas H.............  Montana.........                1907-1911
Case, Clifford P.............  New Jersey......                1965-1979
Cass, Lewis..................  Michigan........                1845-1851
Casserly, Eugene.............  California......                1869-1873
Chafee, Lincoln D............  Rhode Island....                1999-
Chambers, Ezekiel F..........  Maryland........                1826-1827
Chavez, Dennis...............  New Mexico......                1935-1938
Choate, Rufus................  Massachusetts...                1841-1845
Church, Frank................  Idaho...........                1959-1981
Clark, Bennett Champ.........  Missouri........                1939-1949
Clark, Clarence..............  Wyoming.........                1897-1917
Clark, Dick..................  Iowa............                1975-1978
Clark, Joseph S..............  Pennsylvania....                1965-1969
Clark, William A.............  Montana.........                1901-1907
Clarke, James P..............  Arkansas........                1911-1916
Clarke, John H...............  Rhode Island....                1851-1858
Clay, Henry..................  Kentucky........                1834-1841
Clayton, John M..............  Delaware........                1853-1857
Collamer, Jacob..............  Vermont.........                1861-1863
Conkling, Roscoe.............  New York........                1873-1881
Connally, Tom................  Texas...........                1931-1953
Cooper, John Sherman.........  Kentucky........                1967-1973
Coverdell, Paul..............  Georgia.........                1993-2000
Cranston, Alan...............  California......                1981-1993
Crittenden, John J...........  Kentucky........                1857-1859
Cullom, Shelby M.............  Illinois........                1895-1913
Cutting, Bronson.............  New Mexico......                1931-1935
Dagget, David................  Connecticut.....                1818-1819
Dana, Samuel W...............  Connecticut.....                1816-1817
Daniel, John W...............  Virginia........                1893-1903
Davis, Cushman K.............  Minnesota.......                1891-1901
Davis, Garrett...............  Kentucky........                1862-1867
Davis, James J...............  Pennsylvania....                1943-1945
Dillingham, William P........  Vermont.........                1912-1913
Dodd, Christopher J..........  Connecticut.....                1981-
Dodd, Thomas J...............  Connecticut.....                1961-1971
Dodge, Henry.................  Wisconsin.......                1850-1853
Dolph, Joseph N..............  Oregon..........                1887-1895
Doolittle, James R...........  Wisconsin.......                1861-1869
Douglas, Stephen A...........  Illinois........                1850-1863
Duffy, F. Ryan...............  Wisconsin.......                1933-1938
Eagleton, Thomas F...........  Missouri........                1985-1987
Eaton, William W.............  Connecticut.....                1875-1881
Edge, Walter F...............  New Jersey......                1924-1929
Edmunds, George F............  Vermont.........                1881-1891
Elliot, John.................  Georgia.........                1821-1825
Eustice, James B.............  Louisiana.......                1889-1891
Evans, Daniel J..............  Washington......                1985-1989
Evarts, William M............  New York........                1885-1891
Everett, Edward..............  Massachusetts...                1853-1855
Fairbanks, Charles W.........  Indiana.........                1901-1905
Fall, Albert B...............  New Mexico......                1917-1923
Feingold, Russell............  Wisconsin.......                1993-
Feinstein, Dianne............  California......                1995-1998
Ferguson, Homer..............  Michigan........                1953-1955
Ferris, Woodbridge N.........  Michigan........                1927-1928
Ferry, Thomas W..............  Michigan........                1881-1883
Fess, Simeon D...............  Ohio............                1928-1934
Fessenden, William P.........  Maine...........                1867-1869
Fish, Hamilton...............  New York........                1855-1857
Fogg, George G...............  New Hampshire...                1866-1867
Foot, Solomon................  Vermont.........     1857-1861, 1865-1867
Foote, Henry S...............  Mississippi.....                1849-1853
Foraker, Joseph B............  Ohio............                1897-1909
Forsyth, John................  Georgia.........                1832-1835
Foster, Lafayette S..........  Connecticut.....                1862-1865
Fowler, Joseph S.............  Tennessee.......                     1966
Frazier, James B.............  Tennessee.......                1907-1911
Frelinghuysen, F. T..........  New Jersey......                1873-1877
Frist, Bill..................  Tennessee.......                1997-
Frye, William P..............  Maine...........                1885-1911
Fulbright, J. W..............  Arkansas........                1949-1975
Gaillard, John...............  South Carolina..                1825-1826
George, Walter F.............  Georgia.........                1928-1957
Gillett, Fred H..............  Massachusetts...                1926-1931
Gillette, Guy M..............  Iowa............     1939-1945, 1951-1953
Glass, Carter................  Virginia........                1941-1946
Glenn, John..................  Ohio............                1977-1985
Glenn, Otis..................  Illinois........                1931-1933
Goff, Guy D..................  West Virginia...                1929-1931
Gore, Albert.................  Tennessee.......                1959-1971
Grams, Rod...................  Minnesota.......                1995-2000
Gray, George.................  Delaware........                1891-1899
Green, Theodore F............  Rhode Island....     1937-1947, 1949-1959
Gregg, Judd..................  New Hampshire...                1993-1995
Griflin, Robert P............  Michigan........                1973-1979
Griffey, Joseph F............  Pennsylvania....                1939-1947
Gurney, Chan.................  South Dakota....                1945-1947
Hagel, Chuck.................  Nebraska........                1997-
Hamlin, Hannibal.............  Maine...........                1871-1881
Hannegan, Edward A...........  Indiana.........                1847-1849
Harding, Warren G............  Ohio............                     1919
Harlan, James................  Iowa............                1867-1873
Harris, Ira..................  New York........                1861-1867
Harrison, Benjamin...........  Indiana.........                1886-1887
Harrison, Pat................  Mississippi.....                1925-1941
Hatch, Carl A................  New Mexico......                1945-1949
Hawkins, Paula...............  Florida.........                1984-1985
Hayakawa, S. I...............  California......                1979-1983
Helms, Jesse.................  North Carolina..                1979-
Henderson, John B............  Missouri........                1865-1867
Hickenlooper, Bourke B.......  Iowa............                1947-1969
Hicks, Thomas H..............  Maryland........                1863-1867
Hill, Benjamin...............  Georgia.........                1879-1883
Hill, Lister.................  Alabama.........                1945-1947
Hiscock, Frank...............  New York........                1891-1893
Hitchcock, Gilbert M.........  Nebraska........                1911-1923
Howe, Timothy O..............  Wisconsin.......                1872-1879
Huger, Daniel................  South Carolina..                1845-1847
Humphrey, Gordon J...........  New Hampshire...                1989-1991
Humphrey, Herbert H..........  Minnesota.......     1953-1965, 1973-1978
Humphrey, Muriel.............  Minnesota.......                     1978
Hunter, Robert M. T..........  Virginia........                1850-1851
Hunter, William..............  Rhode Island....                1819-1821
Jackson, Andrew..............  Tennessee.......                1823-1825
Javits, Jacob K..............  New York........                1969-1981
Jeffords, James M............  Vermont.........                1991-1995
Johnson, Andrew..............  Tennessee.......                1875-1877
Johnson, Hiram...............  California......                1919-1945
Johnson, Reverdy.............  Maryland........                1863-1869
Johnston, John W.............  Virginia........                1877-1883
Kassebaum, Nancy L...........  Kansas..........                1981-1996
Kean, John...................  New Jersey......                1901-1911
Kellogg, Frank B.............  Minnesota.......                1921-1923
Kenna, John E................  West Virginia...                1891-1893
Kennedy, John F..............  Massachusetts...                1957-1960
Kerry, John F................  Massachusetts...                1985-
King, John P.................  Georgia.........                1834-1839
King, Rufus..................  New York........                1816-1823
King, William R..............  Alabama.........     1829-1833, 1847-1850
Kirkwood, Samuel J...........  Iowa............                1877-1881
Knowland, William F..........  California......                1953-1959
Knox, Philander C............  Pennsylvania....                1917-1921
Lacock, Abner................  Pennsylvania....                1816-1819
LaFollette, Robert, Jr.......  Wisconsin.......                1929-1947
Langer, William..............  North Dakota....                1953-1959
Lapham, Elbridge G...........  New York........                1881-1885
Lausche, Frank J.............  Ohio............                1959-1969
Lee, Josh....................  Oklahoma........                1941-1943
Lenroot, Irvine L............  Wisconsin.......                1923-1927
Lewis, J. Hamilton...........  Illinois........                1931-1939
Lodge, Henry Cabot...........  Massachusetts...                1895-1924
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr.......  Massachusetts...                1947-1953
Long, Russell B..............  Louisiana.......                1956-1966
Lucas, Scott W...............  Illinois........                1945-1947
Lugar, Richard G.............  Indiana.........                1979-
Mack, Connie.................  Florida.........                1989-1991
Macon, Nathaniel.............  North Carolina..                1816-1829
Mangum, Willie P.............  North Carolina..     1832-1837, 1847-1853
Mansfield, Mike..............  Montana.........                1953-1977
Mason, James M...............  Virginia........                1848-1861
Mathews, Harlan..............  Tennessee.......                1993-1995
Mathias, Charles McC., Jr....  Maryland........                1981-1987
Matthews, Stanley............  Ohio............                1877-1879
McCarthy, Eugene J...........  Minnesota.......                1965-1969
McConnell, Mitch.............  Kentucky........                1987-1993
McCormick, Medill............  Illinois........                1921-1925
McCreary, James B............  Kentucky........                1903-1909
McCreery, Thomas C...........  Kentucky........                1873-1879
McCumber, Porter J...........  North Dakota....                1911-1923
McDougall, James A...........  California......                1863-1865
McDuffie, George.............  South Carolina..                1846-1847
McGee, Gale W................  Wyoming.........     1966-1967, 1969-1977
McGovern, George.............  South Dakota....                1973-1981
McLean, George P.............  Connecticut.....                1924-1929
McMahon, Brien...............  Connecticut.....                1949-1952
Miller, John F...............  California......                1881-1886
Mills, Elijah................  Massachusetts...                1823-1827
Mills, Roger Q...............  Texas...........                1895-1899
Money, Hernando..............  Mississippi.....                1899-1911
Morehead, James T............  Kentucky........          1843-1845, 1899
Morgan, John T...............  Alabama.........                1879-1907
Morse, Wayne.................  Oregon..........                1955-1969
Morton, Oliver P.............  Indiana.........                1867-1879
Moses, George H..............  New Hampshire...                1919-1933
Moynihan, Daniel P...........  New York........                1987-1995
Mundt, Karl E................  South Dakota....                1963-1972
Murkowski, Frank H...........  Alaska..........                1983-1995
Murray, James E..............  Montana.........                1936-1947
Muskie, Edmund S.............  Maine...........     1971-1975, 1979-1980
New, Harry S.................  Indiana.........                1919-1923
Niles, John M................  Connecticut.....                1838-1839
Norris, Moses................  New Hampshire...                1851-1855
Nye, Gerald P................  North Dakota....                1940-1945
O'Gorman, James A............  New York........                1913-1917
Oliver, George T.............  Pennsylvania....                1915-1917
Owen, Robert L...............  Oklahoma........                1923-1925
Patterson, James W...........  New Hampshire...                1867-1873
Payne, Henry B...............  Ohio............                1885-1891
Pearson, James B.............  Kansas..........                1971-1979
Pell, Claiborne..............  Rhode Island....                1965-1997
Pendleton, George H..........  Ohio............                1879-1885
Pepper, Claude...............  Florida.........     1937-1947, 1949-1951
Pepper, George Wharton.......  Pennsylvania....                1923-1927
Percy, Charles H.............  Illinois........                1972-1985
Phelps, Samuel S.............  Vermont.........                1850-1851
Pittman, Key.................  Nevada..........                1916-1940
Polk, Trusten................  Missouri........                1857-1862
Pomerene, Atlee..............  Ohio............                1913-1923
Pope, James P................  Idaho...........                1933-1938
Porter, Alexander............  Louisiana.......                1835-1837
Pratt, Thomas G..............  Maryland........                1856-1857
Pressler, Larry..............  South Dakota....                1981-1995
Preston, William C...........  South Carolina..                1841-1843
Rawlias, Joseph L............  Utah............                1901-1905
Rayner, Isidor...............  Maryland........                1911-1912
Reed, David A................  Pennsylvania....                1927-1934
Reed, James A................  Missouri........                1925-1929
Reynolds, Robert R...........  North Carolina..                1939-1945
Rives, William C.............  Virginia........     1833-1839, 1841-1843
Roane, William H.............  Virginia........                1839-1841
Robb, Charles S..............  Virginia........                1989-1998
Robinson, Arthur R...........  Indiana.........                1930-1934
Robinson, Joseph T...........  Arkansas........     1918-1919, 1923-1937
Root, Elihu..................  New York........                1909-1915
Sanford, Nathan..............  New York........                1826-1831
Sanford, Terry...............  North Carolina..                1987-1993
Sarbanes, Paul S.............  Maryland........                1977-
Saulsbury, Eli...............  Delaware........                1885-1889
Saulsbury, Willard...........  Delaware........                1914-1919
Schurz, Carl.................  Missouri........                1869-1875
Schwellenbach, Lewis B.......  Washington......                1937-1941
Scott, Hugh..................  Pennsylvania....                1971-1977
Sevier, Ambrose H............  Arkansas........                1845-1848
Seward, William H............  New York........                1857-1861
Sherman, John................  Ohio............                1883-1897
Shields, John K..............  Tennessee.......                1916-1925
Shipstead, Henrik............  Minnesota.......                1923-1947
Shively, Benjamin F..........  Indiana.........                1909-1916
Simon, Paul..................  Illinois........                1987-1995
Slidell, John................  Louisiana.......                1853-1861
Smathers, George A...........  Florida.........                1963-1965
Smith, Gordon................  Oregon..........                1997-
Smith, H. Alexander..........  New Jersey......                1947-1959
Smith, Marcus A..............  Arizona.........                1913-1921
Smith, William A.............  Michigan........                1909-1919
Snowe, Olympia J.............  Maine...........                1995-1997
Sparkman, John...............  Alabama.........                1951-1979
Spong, William B., Jr........  Virginia........                1971-1973
Spooner, John C..............  Wisconsin.......                1901-1907
Sprague, Peleg...............  Maine...........                1833-1835
Stockton, John P.............  New Jersey......                1873-1875
Stone, Richard (Dick)........  Florida.........                1977-1980
Stone, William J.............  Missouri........                1908-1918
Sumner, Charles..............  Massachusetts...                1859-1871
Sutherland, George...........  Utah............                1911-1917
Swanson, Claude A............  Virginia........                1913-1931
Symington, Stuart............  Missouri........                1961-1976
Taft, Robert A...............  Ohio............                     1953
Tallmadge, Nathaniel P.......  New York........     1834-1839, 1841-1845
Tazewell, Littleton W........  Virginia........                1825-1833
Thomas, Charles S............  Colorado........                1917-1919
Thomas, Craig................  Wyoming.........                1995-
Thomas, Elbert D.............  Utah............                1933-1951
Thompson, Fred...............  Tennessee.......                1995-1997
Tobey, Charles W.............  New Hampshire...                1951-1953
Tomlinson, Gideon............  Connecticut.....                1832-1833
Torricelli, Robert G.........  New Jersey......                1999-
Trible, Paul S., Jr..........  Virginia........                1985-1989
Troup, George M..............  Georgia.........                1817-1819
Tsongas, Paul E..............  Massachusetts...                1980-1985
Tunnell, James M.............  Delaware........                1941-1947
Turpie, David................  Indiana.........                1893-1899
Tydings, Millard E...........  Maryland........                1949-1951
Underwood, Joseph R..........  Kentucky........                1851-1853
Underwood, Oscar W...........  Alabama.........                1923-1927
Van Nuys, Frederick..........  Indiana.........                1933-1943
Vance, Zebulon B.............  North Carolina..                1883-1885
Vandenberg, Arthur H.........  Michigan........                1929-1951
Wade, Benjamin F.............  Ohio............                1865-1867
Wadsworth, James W., Jr......  New York........                1921-1925
Wagner, Robert F.............  New York........                1929-1949
Walker, Freeman..............  Georgia.........                1819-1821
Wallace, William A...........  Pennsylvania....                1877-1879
Walsh, Thomas J..............  Montana.........                1923-1933
Webster, Daniel..............  Massachusetts...                1846-1850
Weller, John B...............  California......                1853-1857
Wellstone, Paul..............  Minnesota.......                1997-
White, Hugh Lawson...........  Tennessee.......                1825-1833
White, Wallace H.............  Maine...........                1935-1949
Whyte, William Pinkney.......  Maryland........                1907-1908
Wiley, Alexander.............  Wisconsin.......                1945-1963
Wilkins, William.............  Pennsylvania....                1833-1835
Williams, John J.............  Delaware........                1960-1971
Williams, John Sharp.........  Mississippi.....                1913-1923
Willis, Frank B..............  Ohio............                1923-1932
Wilmot, David................  Pennsylvania....                1861-1863
Wilson, James F..............  Iowa............                1883-1885
Windon, William..............  Minnesota.......                1881-1883
Wofford, Harris..............  Pennsylvania....                1991-1995
Wolcott, Edward O............  Colorado........                1899-1901
Wright, Joseph A.............  Indiana.........                1862-1863
Zorinsky, Edward.............  Nebraska........          1977, 1979-1987
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                              Appendix II

           Composition of the Committee on Foreign Relations
                              by Congress
    The data for the 14th through the 77th Congress is taken 
from Eleanor Dennison (see bibliography) whose introductory 
statement is as follows:

          The party designations given are unavoidably subject 
        to error in the early period, owing to the vagueness of 
        party lines and the shifting of men from one party to 
        another on critical issues at that time. The 
        information as to party affiliation here included is 
        from the Biographical Dictionary of the American 
        Congress, 1774-1927, and the various Congressional 
        Directories. For the 28th to the 33d and the 35th and 
        36th Congresses the designations are those given in the 
        Congressional Globe. Where a designation in the latter 
        has differed from that in the Biographical Dictionary, 
        preference has been given to the Congressional Globe. 
        Other authorities employed are the Dictionary of 
        American Biography, 1928-36, Appleton's Cyclopaedia of 
        American Biography, 1888-1918, and the National 
        Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1893-1939.

                        14th Congress, 1816-1817

                         Committee (5 members)

                               2d Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman    Rufus King, New York (Fed.)
(Anti-                               Samuel W. Dana, Connecticut (Fed.)
  Dem. and States Rights)            Abner Lacock, Pennsylvania (Dem.)
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina 
(Dem.)

                        15th Congress, 1817-1819

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman    George M. Troup, Georgia (Dem.)
(Anti-                               Rufus King, New York (Fed.)
  Dem. and States Rights)            Abner Lacock, Pennsylvania (Dem.)
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina 
(Dem.)

                               2d Session

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina,     Rufus King, New York (Fed.)
Chairman                             Abner Lacock, Pennsylvania (Dem.)
  (Dem.)                             David Daggett, Connecticut (Fed.)
James Barbour, Virginia (Anti-Dem.)

                        16th Congress, 1819-1821

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

James Brown, Louisiana, Chairman     James Barbour, Virginia (Anti-
William Hunter, Rhode Island (Fed.)  Dem.)
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina      Freeman Walker, Georgia (Dem.)
(Dem.)

                               2d Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman    James Brown, Louisiana
  (Anti-Dem.)                        William Hunter, Rhode Island 
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina      (Fed.)
(Dem.)                               Rufus King, New York (Fed.)

                        17th Congress, 1821-1823

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

Rufus King, New York, Chairman       James Brown, Louisiana
(Fed.)                               James Barbour, Virginia (Anti-
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina      Dem.)
(Dem.)                               John Elliott, Georgia

                               2d Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman    Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina 
  (Anti-Dem.)                        (Dem.)
James Brown, Louisiana               Rufus King, New York (Fed.)
                                     John Elliott, Georgia

                        18th Congress, 1823-1825

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman    Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (Dem.)
  (Anti-Dem.)                        John Elliott, Georgia
Rufus King, New York (Fed.)          Elijah Mills, Massachusetts (Fed.)
  Excused December 16, 1823            Appointed December 16, 1823
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina 
(Dem.)

                               2d Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman    Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina 
  (Anti-Dem.)                        (Dem.)
Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (Dem.)     John Elliott, Georgia
                                     Elijah Mills, Massachusetts (Fed.)

                        19th Congress, 1825-1827

                         Committee (5 members)

                            Special Session

                         No committee appointed

                              1st Session

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina,     Elijah Mills, Massachusetts (Fed.)
Chairman                             Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee 
  (Dem.)                             (Dem.)
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia      Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)
(Dem.)                                 Appointed March 1, 1826
John Gaillard, South Carolina 
(Dem.)
  Died February 26, 1826

                               2d Session

Nathan Sanford, New York, Chairman   Samuel Bell, New Hampshire 
(Dem.)                               (Jeffersonian
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia        Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Ezekiel F. Chambers, Maryland 
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina      (Whig)
(Dem.)

                        20th Congress, 1827-1829

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina,     Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
Chairman (Dem.)                        (Jeffersonian Dem.)
Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)      Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee 
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia      (Dem.)
(Dem.)

                               2d Session

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia,     John McPherson Berrien, Georgia 
Chairman                             (Dem.)
  (Dem.)                             Samuel Bell, New Hampshire 
Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)      (Jeffersonian
Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)    Dem.)

                        21st Congress, 1829-1831

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia,     Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
  Chairman (Dem.)                      (Jeffersonian Dem.)
Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)      William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)
Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)

                               2d Session

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia,     Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
  Chairman (Dem.)                      (Jeffersonian Dem)
Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)      William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)
Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)

                        22d Congress, 1831-1833

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia,     William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)
  Chairman (Dem.)                    John Forsyth, Georgia (Dem.)
Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)  Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
                                       (Jeffersonian Dem.)

                               2d Session

John Forsyth, Georgia, Chairman      Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina 
(Dem.)                               (Dem.)
Rufus King, New York (Fed.)          Gideon Tomlinson, Connecticut 
George M. Bibb, Kentucky             (Dem.)

                        23d Congress, 1833-1835

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

William Wilkins, Pennsylvania,       John Forsyth, Georgia (Dem.)
  Chairman (Dem.)                    Peleg Sprague, Maine (National 
William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)    Rep.)
  Resigned February 22, 1834         Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina 
Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)          (Whig)
  Appointed May 12, 1834

                              2nd Session

Henry Clay, Kentucky, Chairman       Peleg Sprague, Maine (National 
(Whig)                               Rep.)
John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)           Resigned January 1, 1835
Willie P. Mangum, \1\ North          N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)
Carolina, (Whig)                     Alexander Porter, Louisiana (Whig)
                                       Appointed January 7, 1835

                        24th Congress, 1835-1837

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

Henry Clay, Kentucky, Chairman       Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina 
(Whig)                               (Whig)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)      John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)
                                     Alexander Porter, Louisiana (Whig)

                               2d Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,        John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)
  Chairman (Dem.)                    Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)      William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)

                               __________
\1\ Although Mangum supported Jackson at first, he subsequently broke 
with the administration. He refused to follow instructions from the 
North Carolina Legislature, and later resigned. Because of his 
opposition to Jackson in 1834 he is listed in the 23rd and 24th 
Congresses as a Whig.

                        25th Congress, 1837-1839

                         Committee (5 members)

                            Special Session

                         No committee appointed

                              1st Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,        John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)
  Chairman (Dem.)                    Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)      William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)

                               2d Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,        Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)
  Chairman (Dem.)                    William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)      William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)

                               3d Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,        Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)
  Chairman (Dem.)                    William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)      John M. Niles, Connecticut (Dem.)

                        26th Congress, 1839-1841

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,        Bedford Brown, North Carolina 
  Chairman (Dem.)                    (Dem.)
Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)          William H. Roane, Virginia (Dem.)
                                     William Allen, Ohio (Dem.)

                               2d Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,        John C. Calhoun, South Carolina 
  Chairman (Dem.)                    (Dem.)
Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)          William H. Roane, Virginia (Dem.)
                                     William Allen, Ohio (Dem.)

                        27th Congress, 1841-1843

                         Committee (5 members)

                            Special Session

                         No committee appointed

                              1st Session

William C. Rives,\2\ Virginia,       James Buchanan, Pennsylvania 
Chairman (Dem.)                      (Dem.)
William C. Preston, South Carolina   N.P Tallmadge,\3\ New York (Whig)
(Calhoun                             Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)
  nullifier)

                               2d Session

William C. Rives, Virginia,          James Buchanan, Pennsylvania 
Chairman (Dem.)                      (Dem.)
William C. Preston, South Carolina   N.P Tallmadge, New York (Whig)
(Calhoun                             Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)
  nullifier)

                               3d Session

William S. Archer, Virginia,         James Buchanan, Pennsylvania 
  Chairman (Whig)                    (Dem.)
John McPherson Berrien, Georgia      N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Whig)
(Whig)                               Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)

                               __________
\2\ Rives had supported Harrison for the Presidency, and the 
Congressional Biographical Directory states that he was elected as a 
Whig in 1841; but the Congressional Globe, 27th Cong., 1st sess., p. 1, 
lists him as a Democrat.
\3\ Listed as a Whig in the Congressional Globe, loc. cit. This change 
is not mentioned in the Congressional Biographical Directory.

                        28th Congress, 1843-1845

                         Committee (5 members)

                              1st Session

William S. Archer, Virginia,         James Buchanan, Pennsylvania 
  Chairman (Whig)                    (Dem.)
John McPherson Berrien, Georgia      N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Whig)
(Whig)                               Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)

                               2d Session

William S. Archer, Virginia,         James Buchanan, Pennsylvania 
  Chairman (Whig)                    (Dem.)
John McPherson Berrien, Georgia      James T. Morehead, Kentucky (Whig)
(Whig)                               Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)

                        29th Congress, 1845-1847

                         Committee (5 members)

                            Special Session

William Allen, Ohio, Chairman        Charles G. Atherton, New Hampshire 
(Dem.)                               (Dem.)
Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.)          Daniel E. Huger,\4\ South Carolina 
William S. Archer, Virginia (Whig)   (State
                                       Rights Dem.)

                              1st Session

William Allen, Ohio, Chairman        Charles G. Atherton, New Hampshire 
(Dem.)                               (Dem.)
  Excused June 15, 1846              George McDuffie, South Carolina, 
Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.) (Dem.)   Chairman
William S. Archer, Virginia (Whig)     Elected June 18, 1846
Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas (Dem.)

                               2d Session

Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas,         Charles G. Atherton, New Hampshire 
  Chairman (Dem.)                    (Dem.)
Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.)          Daniel Webster, Massachusetts 
William S. Archer, Virginia (Whig)   (Whig)

                        30th Congress, 1847-1849

                         Committee (5 Members)

Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas,         Edward A. Hannegan, Indiana (Dem.)
Chairman                               Elected Chairman, March 14, 
  (Dem.) Resigned March 14, 1848     1848, to
Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (Dem.)        succeed Sevier
Daniel Webster, Massachusetts        Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina 
(Whig)                               (Whig)
                                     James M. Mason, Virginia (Dem.)
                                       Appointed March 14, 1848

                              2nd Session

Edward A. Hannegan, Indiana (Dem.)   Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina 
Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (Dem.)    (Whig)
Daniel Webster, Massachusetts        William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)
(Whig)

                               __________
\4\ The Biographical Dictionary of the American Congress (H. Doc. 783, 
69th Cong., 2d sess., p. 1126) states that Huger resigned March 3, 
1845; but the Senate Journal for the 28th Cong., 2d sess., credits him 
with the Special Session.

                        31st Congress, 1849-1851

                         Committee (5 members)

                            Special Session

Thomas H. Benton, Missouri,          Daniel Webster, Massachusetts 
  Chairman (Dem.)                    (Whig)
Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.)          Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina 
Henry S. Foote, Mississippi (Dem.)   (Whig)

                              1st Session

William R. King, Alabama, Chairman   Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina 
(Dem.)                               (Whig)
  Excused July 26, 1850              Daniel Webster, Massachusetts 
Henry S. Foote, Mississippi (Dem.)   (Whig)
  Succeeded King as Chairman, July     Resigned July 22, 1850
26,                                  Robert M.T. Hunter, Virginia 
    1850                             (Dem.)
Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (Dem.)    Samuel S. Phelps, Vermont (Whig)
  Excused April 2, 1850              Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois 
David R. Atchison, Missouri (Dem.)   (Dem.)
  Appointed April 4, 1850; resigned    Hunter, Phelps, and Douglas were 
    July 26, 1850                    all
                                         appointed July 26, 1850

                               2d Session

Henry S. Foote, Mississippi,         Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois 
Chairman (Dem.)                      (Dem.)
Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina       Excused December 19, 1850
(Whig)                               James M. Mason, Virginia (Dem.)
Samuel S. Phelps, Vermont (Whig)     Henry Dodge, Wisconsin (Dem.)
                                       Appointed December 19, 1850

                        32d Congress, 1851-1853

                         Committee (5 members)

                            Special Session

Henry S. Foote, Mississippi,         Henry Dodge, Wisconsin (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.)                      James M. Mason, Virginia (Dem.)
Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina     John H. Clarke, Rhode Island 
                                     (Whig)

                              1st Session

James M. Mason Virginia, Chairman    Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina 
(Dem.)                               (Whig)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)  Joseph R. Underwood, Kentucky 
Moses Norris, New Hampshire (Dem.)   (Whig)

                               2d Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman   Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina 
(Dem.)                               (Whig)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)  Joseph R. Underwood, Kentucky 
Moses Norris, New Hampshire (Dem.)   (Whig)

                        33d Congress, 1853-1855

                       Committee (5-6-5 members)

                            Special Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman   John M. Clayton, Delaware (Whig)
(Dem.)                               Moses Norris, New Hampshire (Dem.)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)  Edward Everett, Massachusetts 
                                     (Whig)

                              1st Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman   John M. Clayton, Delaware (Whig)
(Dem.)                               John B. Weller, California (Union 
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)  Dem.)
John Slidell, Louisiana (State       Edward Everett, Massachusetts 
Rights Dem.)                         (Whig)

                               2d Session

                     Same committee reappointed \5\

                               __________
\5\ Committee reduced to 5 after motion to continue same committee as 
first session. There is no record of who was dropped; but presumably it 
was Everett, as he is at the bottom of the list.

                        34th Congress, 1855-1857

                         Committee (6 members)

                              1st Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman   John Slidell, Louisiana (State 
(Dem.)                               Rights Dem.)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)  John M. Clayton, Delaware (Whig)
  Expelled February 20 and           John B. Weller, California (Union 
    restored February 26, 1856       Dem.)
                                     Hamilton Fish, New York (Whig)

                               2d Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                               3d Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman   John B. Weller, California (Union 
(Dem.)                               Dem.)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)  Hamilton Fish, New York (Whig)
John Slidell, Louisiana (State       Thomas G. Pratt, Maryland (Whig)
Rights Dem.)

                        35th Congress, 1857-1859

                         Committee (7 members)

                            Special Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman   Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               John J. Crittenden,\6\ Kentucky 
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)  (Whig)
John Slidell, Louisiana (State       William H. Seward, New York (Rep.)
Rights Dem.)                         Solomon Foot, Vermont (Rep.)

                              1st Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                           2d Special Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                               2d Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                        36th Congress, 1859-1861

                         Committee (7 members)

                            Special Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman   Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               John J. Crittenden, Kentucky 
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)  (Whig)
John Slidell, Louisiana (State       William H. Seward, New York (Rep.)
Rights Dem.)                         Solomon Foot, Vermont (Rep.)

                              1st Session

 Same committee reappointed, except that Charles Sumner, Massachusetts 
                                (Rep.),
                         replaced Solomon Foot

                           2d Special Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                               2d Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                        37th Congress, 1861-1863

                         Committee (7 members)

                            Special Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois 
Jacob Collamer, Vermont (Rep.)       (Dem.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin        Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky 
                                     (Dem.)

                              1st Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       David Wilmot, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Orville H. Browning, Illinois 
Jacob Collamer, Vermont (Rep.)       (Rep.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin        Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky 
                                     (Dem.)

                               __________
\6\ Listed as ``Native American'' in Congressional Globe, 35th Cong., 
1st sess., p. 1.

                  37th Congress, 1861-1863 (continued)

                         Committee (7 members)

                               2d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.) 
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Expelled January 10, 1862
Jacob Collamer, Vermont (Rep.)       Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Old-line 
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin        Whig) Appointed January 10, 1862
(Rep.)                               Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
David Wilmot, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Orville H. Browning, Illinois 
(Rep.)

                               3d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       John B. Henderson, Missouri (Dem.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                      Appointed February 2, 1863
Lafayette S. Foster, Connecticut     Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Old-line 
(Rep.)                               Whig)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin        Joseph A. Wright, Indiana (Dem.)
(Rep.)                                 Withdrew January 23, 1863
David Wilmot, Pennsylvania (Rep.)    Thomas H. Hicks, Maryland (Dem.)
Orville H. Browning, Illinois          Appointed January 23, 1863
(Rep.)
  Retired February 2, 1863

                        38th Congress, 1863-1865

                         Committee (7 members)

                            Special Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    James A. Bayard, Delaware (Dem.)
Lafayette S. Foster, Connecticut     Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
(Rep.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin 
(Rep.)
Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Whig)

                              1st Session

       Same committee appointed, except that James A. McDougall,
                   California (Dem.), replaced Bayard

                               2d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Whig)
Lafayette S. Foster, Connecticut     Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               James A. McDougall, California 
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin        (Dem.)
(Rep.)

                        39th Congress, 1865-1867

                         Committee (7 members)

                            Special Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       Solomon T. Foot, Vermont (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Benjamin F. Wade, Ohio (Rep.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin        Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Whig)
(Rep.)                               Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)

                              1st Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       Benjamin F. Wade, Ohio (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin        Charles R. Buckalew, Pennsylvania 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
John B. Henderson, Missouri (Dem.)

                               2d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       Joseph S. Fowler, Tennessee (Union 
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Rep.)
Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)          George G. Fogg, New Hamphire 
Benjamin F. Wade, Ohio (Rep.)        (Rep.)
                                     Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
                                     James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin 
                                     (Rep.)

                        40th Congress, 1867-1869

                         Committee (7 members)

                              1st Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union 
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Rep.)
William Pitt Fessendan, Maine        James W. Patterson, New Hampshire 
(Rep.)                               (Rep.)
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.)   Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem)
James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)

                            Special Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                               2d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       James W. Patterson, New Hampshire 
  Chairman (Rep.)                    (Rep.)
William Pitt Fessenden, Maine        Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
(Rep.)                                 Resigned July 10, 1868
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.)   James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin 
James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)            (Rep.)
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union       Appointed July 15, 1868
Rep.)

                               3d Session

   Same committee reappointed except that James A. Bayard, Delaware 
                                (Dem.),
                           replaced Doolittle

                        41st Congress, 1869-1871

                         Committee (7 members)

                              1st Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,       Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union 
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Rep.)
William Pitt Fessenden, Maine        James W. Patterson, New Hampshire 
(Rep.)                               (Rep.)
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.)   Eugene Casserly, California (Dem.)
James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)

                            Special Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                               2d Session

 Same committee reappointed, except that Carl Schurz, Missouri (Rep.),
                           replaced Fessenden

                               3d Session

              Same committee reappointed as in 2d Session

                        42d Congress, 1871-1873

                         Committee (7 members)

                              1st Session

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania,         James W. Patterson, New Hampshire 
  Chairman (Rep.)                    (Rep.)
James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)            Carl Schurz, Missouri (Rep.)
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union     Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)
Rep.)                                Eugene Casserly, California (Dem.)

                            Special Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                               2d Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                               3d Session

   Same committee reappointed, except that Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin
                    (Union Rep.), replaced Casserly

                        43d Congress, 1873-1875

                        Committee (7-9 members)

                            Special Session

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania,         Frederick T. Frelinghuysen,
Chairman                               New Jersey (Rep.)
  (Union Rep.)                       Roscoe Conklin, New York (Union 
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Rep.)     Rep.)
Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)        Carl Schurz, Missouri (Rep.)
Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union 
Rep.)

                              1st Session

 Committee enlarged to 9. Same committee reappointed and the following 
                                 added:

John P. Stockton, New Jersey (Dem.)  Thomas Clay McCreary, Kentucky 
                                     (Dem.)

                               2d Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                        44th Congress, 1875-1877

                         Committee (9 members)

                            Special Session

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania,         Roscoe Conkling, New York (Union 
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Rep.)
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union     Thomas C. McCreary, Kentucky 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)        Lewis V. Bogy, Missouri (Dem.)
Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union    Andrew Johnson, Tennessee (Dem.)
Rep.)
F.T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey 
(Rep.)

                              1st Session

       Same committee reappointed, except that William W. Eaton,
                  Connecticut (Dem.), replaced Johnson

                               2d Session

               Same committee reappointed as 1st Session

                        45th Congress, 1877-1879

                         Committee (9 members)

                            Special Session

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania,         Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Thomas C. McCreary, Kentucky 
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union     (Dem.)
Rep.)                                Lewis V. Bogy, Missouri (Dem.)
Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Union Rep.)  William W. Eaton, Connecticut 
Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union    (Dem.)
Rep.)                                John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)

                              1st Session

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, Chairman     Stanley Matthews, Ohio (Rep.)
  (Union Rep.)                       Thomas C. MeCreary, Kentucky 
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union     (Dem.)
Rep.)                                William W. Eaton, Connecticut 
Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union    (Dem.)
Rep.)                                John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)
Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)     William A. Wallace, Pennsylvania 
                                     (Dem.)

                               2d Session

      Same committee reappointed, except that Samuel J. Kirkwood,
                      Iowa (Rep.), replaced Morton

                               3d Session

                Same committee reappointed as 2d Session

                        46th Congress, 1879-1881

                 Committee (9 members--5 Dem., 4 Rep.)

                              1st Session

William W. Eaton, Connecticut,       Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)
Chairman                             Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)
  (Dem.)                             Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa (Rep.)
John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)    Matthew H. Carpenter, Wisconsin 
John Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)          (Rep.)
Benjamin H. Hill, Georgia (Dem.)
George H. Pendleton, Ohio (Dem.)

                               2d Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                               3d Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                        47th Congress, 1881-1883

                 Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

                          1st Special Session

Ambrose E. Burnside, Rhode Island,   Thomas W. Ferry, Michigan (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)
Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)     John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
  Resigned May 17, 1881              Benjamin H. Hill, Georgia (Dem.)
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)    George W. Pendleton, Ohio (Dem.)
John F. Miller, California (Rep.)

                           2d Special Session

             Same committee with the following exceptions:

George F. Edmunds, Vermont, became   Elbridge G. Lapham, New York 
  Chairman                           (Rep.)
Nelson W. Aldrich, Rhode Island        Appointed for Conkling, October 
(Rep.)                               17, 1881
  Appointed for Burnside, October 
17, 1881

                              1st Session

   Same committee reappointed except that William Windon, Minnesota 
(Rep.), replaced Aldrich on December 16, 1881, and was made Chairman in 
                 place of Edmunds on day of appointment

                               2d Session

        Same committee reappointed, except that Wilkinson Call,
                     Florida (Dem.), replaced Hill

                        48th Congress, 1883-1885

                 Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

                              1st Session

John F. Miller, California,          John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Chairman (Rep.)                      George W. Pendleton, Ohio (Dem.)
John Sherman, Ohio (Rep.)            Zebulon B. Vance, North Carolina 
Elbridge G. Lapham, New York (Rep.)  (Dem.)
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)    Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)
James F. Wilson, Iowa (Rep.)

                               2d Session

                       Same committee reappointed

                        49th Congress, 1885-1887

                Committee\7\ (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

John F. Miller, California,          William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.)                      William M. Evarts, New York (Rep.)
  Died March 8, 1886                 John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Benjamin Harrison, Indiana (Rep.)    Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)
  Appointed April 5, 1886            Eli Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)
John Sherman, Ohio (Rep.)            Henry B. Payne, Ohio (Dem.)
  Made Chairman, April 5, 1886
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)
                               __________
\7\ Beginning with the 49th Congress, committee appointments were made 
for the duration of the Congress instead of by sessions.

                        50th Congress, 1887-1889

                 Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.)  John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)    Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        Eli Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)
William M. Evarts, New York (Rep.)   Henry B. Payne, Ohio (Dem.)
Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)

                        51st Congress, 1889-1891

                 Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.)  John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)    Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        Henry B. Payne, Ohio (Dem.)
William M. Evarts, New York (Rep.)   James B. Eustis, Louisiana (Dem.)
Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)

                        52d Congress, 1891-1893

                 Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.)  John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        Matthew C. Butler, South Carolina 
Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)       (Dem.)
Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.)   John E. Kenna, West Virginia 
Frank Hiscock, New York (Rep.)       (Dem.)
                                     George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)

                        53d Congress, 1893-1895

                 Committee (9 members--5 Dem., 4 Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama, Chairman    John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               John Sherman, Ohio (Rep.)
Matthew C. Butler, South Carolina    William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)
George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)         Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.)
David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)

                        54th Congress, 1895-1897

                 Committee (11 members--6 Rep., 5 Dem.)

John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.)  Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts 
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        (Rep.)
Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.)   John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
J. Donald Cameron, Pennsylvania      George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)    John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
                                     Roger Q. Mills, Texas (Dem.)

                        55th Congress, 1897-1899

                 Committee (9 members--4 Reps., 5 Dem.)

                 Special Session (and half of 1st) \8\

William P. Frye, Maine, Acting       John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Chairman                             George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)
  (Rep.)                             David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)
Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.)   John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)    Roger Q. Mills, Texas (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts 
(Rep.)

     Committee (11 members--6 Rep., 5 Dem.--appointed May 10, 1897)

Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota,         David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)
Chairman                               Excused last day of the Congress
  (Rep.)                             Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)          Appointed last day of the 
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)    Congress
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Roger Q. Mills, Texas (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)      Excused last day of the Congress
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)       Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)         Appointed last day of the 
George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)         Congress

                        56th Congress, 1899-1901

                 Committee (11 members--7 Rep., 4 Dem.)

Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota,         Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)
Chairman                             Edward O. Wolcott, Colorado (Rep.)
  (Rep.)                             John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)    Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
(Rep.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

                        57th Congress, 1901-1903

                Committee\9\ (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

                            Special Session

William P. Frye, Maine, Acting       Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)
Chairman                             John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
  (Rep.)                             John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)    Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
(Rep.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

                 Committee (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois,          John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Chairman (Rep.)                      Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     Joseph L. Rawlins, Utah (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Joseph W. Bailey, Texas (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)      Resigned March 3, 1903
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)       William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)
John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)      Appointed March 3, 1903
Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana 
(Rep.)
John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)

                               __________
\8\ By resolution of March 3, 1897, the committees of the 54th Congress 
were continued until the first Monday in December or until new 
committees should be appointed. The number did not remain the same 
because the Senate terms of some had expired. Committees of the 55th 
Congress were appointed May 10, 1897.
\9\ Committees of the 56th Congress were continued by resolution of 
March 2, 1901. Committees of the 57th Congress were appointed December 
18, 1901.

                        58th Congress, 1903-1905

               Committee\10\ (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

                   Special Session (and half of 1st)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois,          Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana 
Chairman (Rep.)                      (Rep.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)    Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)       Joseph L. Rawlins, Utah (Dem.)
John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)    William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)

                 Committee (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois,          Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana 
Chairman (Rep.)                      (Rep.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)    Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)       William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)
John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)    James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

                        59th Congress, 1905-1907

               Committee\11\ (12 members--7 Rep., 5 Dem.)

                            Special Session

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois,          John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Chairman, (Rep.)                     John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)    William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)       James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

                 Committee (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois,          John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Chairman, (Rep.)                     John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)    William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)       James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)
John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)

                        60th Congress, 1907-1909

                 Committee (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois,          Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Chairman, (Rep.)                     Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     James B. Frazier, Tennessee (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               William Pinckney Whyte, Maryland 
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)    (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)         Died March 17, 1908
John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)         William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)
Albert J. Beveridge, Indiana (Rep.)    Appointed April 23, 1908
Thomas H. Carter, Montana (Rep.)

                               __________
\10\ Committees of the 57th Congress were continued by resolution of 
March 3, 1903. Committees of the 58th Congress were appointed November 
25, 1903.
\11\ Committees of the 58th Congress continued by resolution, February 
27, 1905. Committees of the 59th Congress appointed December 18, 1905.

                        61st Congress, 1909-1911

                 Committee (14 members--9 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois,          Thomas H. Carter, Montana (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.)                      William Alden Smith, Michigan 
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        (Rep.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts     Elihu Root, New York (Rep.)
(Rep.)                               Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)    Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)         James B. Frazier, Tennessee (Dem.)
Albert J. Beveridge, Indiana (Rep.)  William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)
                                     Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana 
                                     (Dem.)

                        62d Congress, 1911-1913

                 Committee (15 members--9 Rep., 6 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois,          Theodore E. Burton, Ohio (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.)                      Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)        William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)
  Died August 8, 1911                Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana 
William P. Dillingham, Vermont       (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               James P. Clarke, Arkansas (Dem.)
  Appointed January 9, 1912          Isidor Rayner, Maryland (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts       Died November 25, 1912
(Rep.)                               Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska 
William Alden Smith, Michigan        (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               James A. O'Gorman, New York (Dem.)
Elihu Root, New York (Rep.)            Appointed January 4, 1913
Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota 
(Rep.)
George Sutherland, Utah (Rep.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

                        63d Congress, 1913-1915

                Committee (17 members--10 Dem., 7 Rep.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia,          Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
Chairman                             Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)
  (Dem.) Died February 14, 1914      Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)
Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)   Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts 
  Appointed March 10, 1914           (Rep.)
William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)    William Alden Smith, Michigan 
  Made Chairman March 2, 1914        (Rep.)
Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana (Dem.)  Elihu Root, New York (Rep.)
James P. Clarke, Arkansas (Dem.)     Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota 
Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska       (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               George Sutherland, Utah (Rep.)
James A. O'Gorman, New York (Dem.)   William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
John Sharp Williams, Mississippi     Theodore E. Burton, Ohio (Rep.)
(Dem.)

                        64th Congress, 1915-1917

                Committee (17 members--10 Dem., 7 Rep.)

William J. Stone, Missouri,          Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts 
Chairman (Dem.)                      (Rep.)
Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana (Dem.)  William Alden Smith, Michigan 
  Died March 14, 1916                (Rep.)
James P. Clarke, Arkansas (Dem.)     Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota 
  Died October 1, 1916               (Rep.)
Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska       George Sutherland, Utah (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
James A. O'Gorman, New York (Dem.)   Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut 
John Sharp Williams, Mississippi     (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               George T. Oliver, Pennsylvania 
Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)   (Rep.)
Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)          Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)        Appointed March 28, 1916
Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)   John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
                                       Appointed December 12, 1916

                        65th Congress, 1917-1919

                 Committee (14 members--9 Dem., 5 Rep.)

                    Special Session, first half \12\

William J. Stone, Missouri,          John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.)                      Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts 
Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska       (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               William Alden Smith, Michigan 
John Sharp Williams, Mississippi     (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota 
Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)   (Rep.)
Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)          William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)      Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut 
Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)   (Rep.)
Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

                Committee (17 members--10 Dem., 7 Rep.)

William J. Stone, Missouri,          John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.)                      Charles D. Thomas, Colorado (Dem.)
  Died April 12, 1918                Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts 
Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska       (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               William Alden Smith, Michigan 
  Made Chairman May 10, 1918         (Rep.)
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)       Porter J McCumber, North Dakota 
  Appointed May 10, 1918             (Rep.)
John Sharp Williams, Mississippi     William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut 
Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)   (Rep.)
Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)          Albert B. Fall, New Mexico (Rep.)
Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)      Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania 
Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)   (Rep.)
Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

                        66th Congress, 1919-1921

                Committee (17 members--10 Rep., 7 Dem.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts,    Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Harry S. New, Indiana (Rep.)
Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota     George H. Moses, New Hampshire 
(Rep.)                               (Rep.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)       Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska 
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut      (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               John Sharp Williams, Mississippi 
Albert B. Fall, New Mexico (Rep.)    (Dem.)
Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania      Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Atlee Pomerene, Ohio, (Dem.)
Warren G. Harding, Ohio (Rep.)       Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)
  Resigned January 11, 1921; not     Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
replaced                             John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)

                        67th Congress, 1921-1923

               Committee\13\ (15 members--9 Rep., 6 Dem.)

                            Special Session

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts,    Harry S. New, Indiana (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    George H. Moses, New Hampshire 
Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota     (Rep.)
(Rep.)                               Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska 
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)       (Dem.)
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut      John Sharp Williams, Mississippi 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
Albert B. Fall, New Mexico (Rep.)    Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania      Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)     John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)

                               __________
\12\ Committees of the 64th Congress continued by resolution, March 1, 
1917. Committees of the 65th Congress appointed March 12, 1917.
\13\ Committees of the 66th Congress continued by resolution, Jan. 18, 
1921. Committees of the 67th Congress appointed April 18, 1921. On 
April 18, 1921, a clause was added to Rule XXV of the Senate Rules 
providing that all standing committees were to continue until their 
successors were appointed.

                  67th Congress, 1921-1923 (continued)

                Committee (16 members--10 Rep., 6 Dem.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts,    Harry S. New, Indiana (Rep.)
  Chairman (Rep.)                    George H. Moses, New Hampshire 
Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota,    (Rep.)
(Rep.)                               Frank B. Kellogg, Minnesota (Rep.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)       Medill McCormick, Illinois (Rep.)
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut      Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania      John Sharp Williams, Mississippi 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
  Died October 12, 1921              Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
James W. Wadsworth, Jr., New York    Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
  Appointed October 21, 1921         John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

                        68th Congress, 1923-1925

        Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 7 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts,    James W. Wadsworth, Jr., New York 
  Chairman (Rep.),                   (Rep.)
  Died November 9, 1924              Irvine L. Lenroot, Wisconsin 
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)    (Rep.)
  Appointed December 3, 1924         Frank B. Willis, Ohio (Rep.)
George P. McLean, Connecticut        George Wharton Pepper, 
(Rep.)                               Pennsylvania (Rep.)
  Appointed December 3, 1924         Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)       Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
  Made Chairman, December 3, 1924    John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut      J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Oscar W. Underwood, Alabama (Dem.)
  Died October 14, 1924              Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)     Robert L. Owen, Oklahoma (Dem.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire       Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
(Rep.)                               L.)
Medill McCormick, Illinois (Rep.)

                        69th Congress, 1925-1927

        Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 7 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman    Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts 
(Rep.)                               (Rep.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)       Appointed December 14, 1926
George H. Moses, New Hampshire       Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Irvine L. Lenroot, Wisconsin (Rep.)  J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
Frank Willis, Ohio (Rep.)            Oscar W. Underwood, Alabama (Dem.)
George Wharton Pepper, Pennsylvania  Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               James A. Reed, Missouri (Dem.)
George P. McLean, Connecticut        Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)    L.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
William M. Butler, Massachusetts 
(Rep.)
  Term expired November 1925

                        70th Congress, 1927-1929

         Committee (18 members--9 Rep., 8 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman    Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)     J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire       Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               James A. Reed, Missouri (Dem.)
Frank Willis, Ohio (Rep.)            Pat Harrison. Mississippi (Dem.)
  Died March 30, 1928                Woodbridge N. Ferris, Michigan 
Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)          (Dem.)
  Appointed May 10, 1928               Died March 23, 1928
George P. McLean, Connecticut        Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
(Rep.)                                 Appointed April 28, 1928
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)    Thomas F. Bayard, Delaware (Dem.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)         Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts       L.)
(Rep.)
David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

                        71st Congress, 1929-1931

         Committee (15 members--8 Rep., 6 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

                      Special Session (continuing)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman    Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)
(Rep.)                               Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)     Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire       J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)    Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)         Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts       Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
(Rep.)                               L.)
David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Committee (20 members--11 Rep., 8 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor; appointed April 
                               22, 1929)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman    Robert La Follette, Jr.,
(Rep.)                                 Wisconsin (Rep.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)     Arthur Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire       Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)    J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
  Resigned November 21, 1929         Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)   Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)
  Appointed January 11, 1930         Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)         Hugo Black, Alabama (Dem.)
Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts       Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)   L.)
Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)
Guy D. Goff, West Virginia (Rep.)

                        72d Congress, 1931-1933

        Committee (22 members--11 Rep., 10 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman    Claude Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)     J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire       Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)         Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)   Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.)
Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)          Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)
Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin   Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)
Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan       Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
(Rep.)                               L.)
Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)
Otis Glenn, Illinois (Rep.)
Bronson Cutting, New Mexico (Rep.)

                        73d Congress, 1933-1934

         Committee (18 members--8 Dem., 9 Rep., 1 Farmer-Labor)

                      Special Session (continuing)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman        Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)       Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)     Robert La Follette Jr., Wisconsin 
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)     (Rep.)
Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.)        Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan 
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)    (Rep.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)     Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)   Bronson Cutting, New Mexico (Rep.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)       Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)     L.)

Committee (23 members--14 Dem., 8 Rep., 1 Farmer-Labor; appointed March 
                                9, 1933)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman        Robert J. Bulkley, Ohio (Dem.)
(Dem.)                                 Appointed June 10, 1933
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)       William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)     Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)     Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.)        David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)    Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)     Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin 
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)   (Rep.)
Nathan L. Bachman, Tennessee (Dem.)  Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)        Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan 
Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.)   (Rep.)
F. Ryan Duffy, Wisconsin (Dem.)      Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
James P. Pope, Idaho (Dem.)          L.)

                        74th Congress, 1935-1936

    Committee (23 members--16 Dem., 5 Rep., 1 Prog., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman        James E. Murry, Montana (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               Dennis Chavez, New Mexico (Dem.)
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)         Appointed May 31, 1935
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)     William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)     Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
Hugo L Black, Alabama (Dem.)         Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)    Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin 
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)     (Prog.)
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)   Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan 
Nathan L. Bachman, Tennessee (Dem.)  (Rep.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)        Bronson Cutting, New Mexico (Rep.)
Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.)     Died May 6, 1935
F. Ryan Duffy, Wisconsin (Dem.)      Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine 
James P. Pope, Idaho (Dem.)          (Rep.)
Robert J. Bulkley, Ohio (Dem.)         Appointed May 31, 1935
                                     Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
                                     L.)

                        75th Congress, 1937-1938

    Committee (23 members--16 Dem., 5 Rep., 1 Prog., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman        Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)
(Dem.)                                 Appointed May 11, 1937
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)       Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)
  Died July 4, 1937                   Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana 
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode        (Dem.)
Island (Dem.)                        F. Ryan Duffy, Wisconsin (Dem.)
  Appointed November 30, 1937        James P. Pope, Idaho (Dem.)
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)     James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)     Dennis Chavez, New Mexico (Dem.)
Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.)        Lewis B. Schwellenbach, Washington 
  Resigned August 20, 1937           (Dem.)
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)    William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
  Appointed February 2, 1938         Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)    Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)     Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin 
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)   (Prog.)
Nathan L. Bachman, Tennessee (Dem.)  Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan 
  Died April 23, 1937                (Rep.)
                                     Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine 
                                     (Rep.)
                                     Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
                                     L.)

                        76th Congress, 1939-1941

    Committee (23 members--16 Dem., 5 Rep., 1 Prog., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman        Theodore Francis Green, Rhode 
(Dem.)                               Island (Dem.)
  Died November 11, 1940             Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)     Robert R. Reynolds, North Carolina 
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)     (Dem.)
  Made Chairman November 25, 1940    Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania 
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)    (Dem.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)     Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)   William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
  Died April 9, 1939                   Died January 19, 1940
Bennett Champ Clark, Missouri        Gerald P. Nye, North Dakota (Rep.)
(Dem.)                                 Appointed February 8, 1940
  Appointed April 27, 1939           Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)        Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.)   Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin 
James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)      (Prog.)
Lewis B. Schwellenbach, Washington   Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)        Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine 
                                     (Rep.)
                                     Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
                                     L.)

                        77th Congress, 1941-1942

            Committee (23 members--16 Dem., 6 Rep., 1 Prog.)

Walter F. George, Georgia, Chairman  Bennett Champ Clark, Missouri 
(Dem.)                               (Dem.)
  Excused from Chairmanship June     Carter Glass, Virginia (Dem.)
30, 1941                             James F. Byrnes, South Carolina 
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)     (Dem.)
  Died June 22, 1941                   Resigned July 8, 1941
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)    Josh Lee, Oklahoma (Dem.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)       Appointed June 31, 1941
  Made Chairman June 30, 1941        James M. Tunnell, Delaware (Dem.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)          Appointed June 30, 1941
Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.)   Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)      Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)        Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin 
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode        (Prog.)
Island (Dem.)                        Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan 
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)    (Rep.)
Robert R. Reynolds, North Carolina   Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania       Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Gerald P. Nye, North Dakota (Rep.)
Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)

                        78th Congress, 1943-1944

            Committee (23 members--14 Dem., 8 Rep., 1 Prog.)

Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman        Bennett Champ Clark, Missouri 
(Dem.)                               (Dem.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)     Carter Glass, Virginia (Dem.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)    James M. Tunnell, Delaware (Dem.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)        Hiram W. Johnson, California 
James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)      (Rep.)
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)        Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode        Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin 
Island (Dem.)                        (Prog.)
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)    Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan 
Robert R. Reynolds, North Carolina   (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine 
Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania       (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (Rep.)
Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)         Gerald P. Nye, North Dakota (Rep.)
                                     James J. Davis, Pennsylvania 
                                     (Rep.)
                                     Warren R. Austin, Vermont (Rep.)

                        79th Congress, 1945-1946

            Committee (23 members--14 Dem., 8 Rep., 1 Prog.)

Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman        Lister Hill, Alabama (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               Scott W. Lucas, Illinois (Dem.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)     Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)    Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin 
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)        (Prog.)
James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)      Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan 
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)        (Rep.)
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode        Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine 
Island (Dem.)                        (Rep.)
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)    Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (Rep.)
Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania       Warren R. Austin, Vermont (Rep.)
(Dem.)                                 Resigned August 2, 1946
Carter Glass, Virginia (Dem.)        Styles Bridges, New Hampshire 
  Died May 28, 1946                  (Rep.)
James M. Tunnell, Delaware (Dem.)    Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Carl A. Hatch, New Mexico (Dem.)     Chan Gurney, South Dakota (Rep.)

                        80th Congress, 1947-1948

                 Committee (13 members--7 Rep., 6 Dem.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan,      Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., 
  Chairman (Rep.)                    Massachusetts (Rep.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)         Tom Connally, Texas (Dem.)
Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine (Rep.)  Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)    Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)
H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey       Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)
Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)  Carl A. Hatch, New Mexico (Dem.)

                        81st Congress, 1949-1950

                 Committee (13 members--8 Dem., 5 Rep.)

Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman        J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan 
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)     (Rep.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)        Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Millard E. Tydings, Maryland (Dem.)  H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey 
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)        (Rep.)
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode        Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa 
Island (Dem.)                        (Rep.)
Brien McMahon, Connecticut (Dem.)    Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., 
                                     Massachusetts (Rep.)

                        82d Congress, 1951-1952

                 Committee (13 members--7 Dem., 6 Rep.)

Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman        Arthur H. Vandenberg Michigan 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)       Died April 18, 1951
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode        Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Island (Dem.)                        H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey 
Brien McMahon, Connecticut (Dem.)    (Rep.)
  Died July 28, 1952                 Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa 
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)      (Rep.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)        Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., 
Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)         Massachusetts (Rep.)
                                     Charles W. Tobey, New Hampshire 
                                     (Rep.)
                                     Owen Brewster, Maine (Rep.)
                                       Appointed May 9, 1951

                        83d Congress, 1953-1954

                 Committee (15 members--8 Rep., 7 Dem.)

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin,          George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.)                        Appointed January 13, 1954
H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey       Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)
(Rep.)                                 Appointed January 13, 1954
Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)  Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
Charles W. Tobey, New Hampshire      Theodore Francis Green, Rhode 
(Rep.)                               Island (Dem.)
  Died July 24, 1953                 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)
Robert A. Taft, Ohio (Rep.)          John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)
  Died July 31, 1953                 Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)
William Langer, North Dakota (Rep.)  Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota 
Homer Ferguson, Michigan (Rep.)      (Dem.)
William F. Knowland, California      Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)
(Rep.)

                        84th Congress, 1955-1956

                 Committee (15 members--8 Dem., 7 Rep.)

Walter F. George, Georgia, Chairman  Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)
(Dem.)                                 Appointed May 8, 1956
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode        Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Island (Dem.)                        Alexander Smith, New Jersey (Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)      Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa 
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)        (Rep.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota        William Langer, North Dakota 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       William F. Knowland, California 
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)    (Rep.)
  Died April 30, 1956                George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
                                     Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)

                        85th Congress, 1957-1958

                 Committee (15 members--8 Dem., 7 Rep.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode        John F. Kennedy, Massachusetts 
Island,                              (Dem.)
  Chairman (Dem.)                    Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)      H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey 
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)        (Rep.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota        Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       William Langer, North Dakota 
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)           (Rep.)
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)    William F. Knowland, California 
                                     (Rep.)
                                     George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
                                     Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)

                        86th Congress, 1959-1960

                Committee (17 members--11 Dem., 6 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman   Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)
  Appointed Chairman February 6,     Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)
1959                                 Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode        Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa 
Island (Dem.)                        (Rep.)
  Resigned chairmanship February 6,  William Langer, North Dakota 
1959                                 (Rep.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)          Died November 8, 1959
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota        George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)           John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)      Appointed January 18, 1960
John F. Kennedy, Massachusetts 
(Dem.)
  Resigned December 22, 1960

                        87th Congress, 1961-1962

                Committee (17 members--11 Dem., 6 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman   Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)        Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota        Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa 
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       (Rep.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)           George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)    Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)        Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)        John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)

                        88th Congress, 1963-1964

                Committee (17 members--12 Dem., 5 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman   Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)        Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota        George A. Smathers, Florida (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa 
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       (Rep.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)           George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)    Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)        John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)        Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)

                        89th Congress, 1965-1966

                Committee (19 members--13 Dem., 6 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman   Joseph S. Clark, Pennsylvania 
(Dem.)                               (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)        Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island 
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       (Dem.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)           Eugene J. McCarthy, Minnesota 
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)    (Dem.)
  Resigned March 25, 1966              Appointed April 26, 1965
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)        Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)
Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)          Appointed March 25, 1966
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)           Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa 
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)    (Rep.)
Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)   George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
George A. Smathers, Florida (Dem.)   Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
  Resigned April 26, 1965            John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
                                     Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)
                                     Clifford P. Case, New Jersey 
                                     (Rep.)

                        90th Congress, 1967-1968

                Committee (19 members--12 Dem., 7 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman   Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island 
(Dem.)                               (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)        Eugene J. McCarthy, Minnesota 
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       (Dem.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)           Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa 
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)        (Rep.)
Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)        George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)           Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)    John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)   Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)
Joseph S. Clark, Pennsylvania        Clifford P. Case, New Jersey 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
                                     John Sherman Cooper, Kentucky 
                                     (Rep.)

                        91st Congress, 1969-1971

                 Committee (15 members--9 Dem., 6 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman   Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island 
(Dem.)                               (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)        Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)        Clifford P. Case, New Jersey 
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)           (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)    John Sherman Cooper, Kentucky 
Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)   (Rep.)
                                     John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
                                     Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)

                        92d Congress, 1971-1972

                 Committee (16 members--9 Dem., 7 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman   George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)          Resigned February 23, 1972
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       Clifford P. Case, New Jersey 
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)           (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)    John Sherman Cooper, Kentucky 
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)  (Rep.)
Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)        Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
Edmund S. Muskie, Maine (Dem.)       Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
William B. Spong, Jr., Virginia      James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
                                       Appointed February 23, 1972

                        93d Congress, 1973-1974

                Committee (17 members--10 Dem., 7 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman   Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota 
(Dem.)                               (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)        George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       Clifford P. Case, New Jersey 
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)           (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)    Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)  Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)        James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)
Edmund S. Muskie, Maine (Dem.)       Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
George McGovern, South Dakota        Robert P. Grfffin, Michigan (Rep.)
(Dem.)

                        94th Congress, 1975-1976

                Committee (16 members--10 Dem., 6 Rep.)

John Sparkman, Alabama, Chairman     Clifford P. Case, New Jersey 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)       Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)           Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)    James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)  Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)        Robert P. Griffin, Michigan (Rep.)
George McGovern, South Dakota        Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota          Excused Sept. 19, 1975, when
(Dem.)                                   committee ratio was changed
Dick Clark, Iowa (Dem.)                  from 7 to 6 Republicans
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware 
(Dem.)

                        95th Congress, 1977-1978

                Committee (16 members--10 Dem., 6 Rep.)

John Sparkman, Alabama, Chairman     Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               Muriel B. Humphrey, Minnesota 
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)           (Dem.)
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)    Appointed February 6, 1978
George McGovern, South Dakota        Clifford P. Case, New Jersey 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota        Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)
  Died January 13, 1978              Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
Dick Clark, Iowa (Dem.)              Robert P. Griffin, Michigan (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware       Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee 
(Dem.)                               (Rep.)
John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)
Richard Stone, Florida (Dem.)

                        96th Congress, 1979-1980

                 Committee (15 members--9 Dem., 6 Rep.)

Frank Church, Idaho, Chairman        Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)
(Dem.)                               Paul E. Tsongas, Massachusetts 
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)  (Dem.)
George McGovern, South Dakota          Appointed May 13, 1980
(Dem.)                               Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware       Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee 
John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)              (Rep.)
Richard Stone, Florida (Dem.)        Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)    S.I. Hayakawa, California (Rep.)
Edmund Muskie, Maine (Dem.)          Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
  Resigned May 7, 1980

                        97th Congress, 1981-1982

                 Committee (17 members--9 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Charles H. Percy, Illinois,          Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island 
Chairman (Rep.)                      (Dem.)
Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee      Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)   John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)
S.I. Hayakawa, California (Rep.)     Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)     Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)
Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland  Paul E. Tsongas, Massachusetts 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)    Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)
Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)     Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut 
Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)  (Dem.)

                        98th Congress, 1983-1984

                Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Charles H. Percy, Illinois,          Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island 
Chairman (Rep.)                      (Dem.)
Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee      Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)   John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)     Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland  Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Paul E. Tsongas, Massachusetts 
Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)    (Dem.)
Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)     Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)
Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)  Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut 
Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)    (Dem.)
Paula Hawkins, Florida (Rep.)
  Appointed Feb. 9, 1984

                        99th Congress, 1985-1986

                 Committee (17 members--9 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana, Chairman  Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)   Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware 
Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland  (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)    Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)
Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)     Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)
Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)  Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut 
Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)    (Dem.)
Paul S. Trible, Jr., Virginia        Thomas F. Eagleton, Missouri 
(Rep.)                               (Dem.)
Daniel J. Evans, Washington (Rep.)   John F. Kerry, Massachusetts 
                                     (Dem.)

                       100th Congress, 1987-1988

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island,        Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Chairman (Dem.)                      Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware       Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)    Larry Pressler, South Dakota 
Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)     (Rep.)
Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut     Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Paul S. Trible, Jr., Virginia 
John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)  (Rep.)
Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.)          Daniel J. Evans, Washington (Rep.)
Terry Sanford, North Carolina        Mitch McConnell, Kentucky (Rep.)
(Dem.)
Brock Adams, Washington (Dem.)
Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)

                       101st Congress, 1989-1990

                Committee (19 members--10 Dem., 9 Rep.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island,        Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Chairman (Dem.)                      Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware       Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)    Larry Pressler, South Dakota 
Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)     (Rep.)
Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut     Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Mitch McConnell, Kentucky (Rep.)
John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)  Gordon J. Humphrey, New Hampshire
Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.)          Connie Mack, Florida (Rep.)
Terry Sanford, North Carolina 
(Dem.)
Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)
Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)

                        102d Congress, 1991-1992

                Committee (19 members--11 Dem., 8 Rep.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island,        Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Chairman (Dem.)                      Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware       Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Larry Pressler, South Dakota 
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)    (Rep.)
Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)     Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)
Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut     Mitch McConnell, Kentucky (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Hank Brown, Colorado (Rep.)
John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)  James M. Jeffords, Vermont (Rep.)
Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.)
Terry Sanford, North Carolina 
(Dem.)
Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)
Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)
Harris Wofford, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

                        103d Congress, 1993-1994

                Committee (20 members--11 Dem., 9 Rep.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island,        Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Chairman (Dem.)                      Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware       Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Larry Pressler, South Dakota 
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)    (Rep.)
Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut     Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)
(Dem.)                               Hank Brown, Colorado (Rep.)
John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)  James M. Jeffords, Vermont (Rep.)
Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.)          Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.)
Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)  Judd Gregg, New Hampshire (Rep.)
Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)
Harris Wofford, Pennsylvania (Dem.)
Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin 
(Dem.)
Harlan Mathews, Tennessee (Dem.)

                       104th Congress, 1995-1996

                Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina,         Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, 
Chairman (Rep.)                      (Dem.)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)     Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware 
Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)    (Dem.)
Hank Brown, Colorado (Rep.)          Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.)       Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut 
Olympia J. Snowe, Maine (Rep.)       (Dem.)
Fred Thompson, Tennessee (Rep.)      John F. Kerry, Massachusetts 
Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.)         (Dem.)
Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.)          Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)
John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.)       Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin
                                     Dianne Feinstein, California 
                                     (Dem.)

                       105th Congress, 1997-1998

                Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina,         Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware 
Chairman (Rep.)                      (Dem)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)     Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.)       Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut 
Chuck Hagel, Nebraska (Rep.)         (Dem.)
Gordon H. Smith, Oregon (Rep.)       John F. Kerry, Massachusetts 
Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.)         (Dem.)
Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.)          Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)
John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.)       Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin 
Bill Frist, Tennessee (Rep.)         (Dem.)
Sam Brownback, Kansas (Rep.)         Dianne Feinstein, California 
                                     (Dem.)
                                     Paul D. Wellstone, Minnesota 
                                     (Dem.)

                       106th Congress, 1999-2000

                              1st Session

                Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina,         Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware 
Chairman (Rep.)                      (Dem)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)     Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.)       Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut 
Chuck Hagel, Nebraska (Rep.)         (Dem.)
Gordon H. Smith, Oregon (Rep.)       John F. Kerry, Massachusetts 
Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.)         (Dem.)
Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.)          Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin 
Sam Brownback, Kansas (Rep.)         (Dem.)
John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.)       Paul D. Wellstone, Minnesota 
Bill Frist, Tennessee (Rep.)         (Dem.)
                                     Barbara Boxer, California (Dem.)
                                     Robert G. Torricelli, New Jersey 
                                     (Dem.)

                              2nd Session

                Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina,         Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware 
Chairman (Rep.)                      (Dem)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)     Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Chuck Hagel, Nebraska (Rep.)         Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut 
Gordon H. Smith, Oregon (Rep.)       (Dem.)
Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.)          John F. Kerry, Massachusetts 
Sam Brownback, Kansas (Rep.)         (Dem.)
Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.)         Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin 
John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.)       (Dem.)
Bill Frist, Tennessee (Rep.)         Paul D. Wellstone, Minnesota 
Lincoln D. Chafee, Rhode Island      (Dem.)
(Rep.)                               Barbara Boxer, California (Dem.)
                                     Robert G. Torricelli, New Jersey 
                                     (Dem.)

                              Appendix III

             Chairmen of the Committee on Foreign Relations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Congress               Dates                   Senator
------------------------------------------------------------------------
14th                           1816-1817   James Barbour, Virginia.
15th                           1817-1819   James Barbour, Virginia.
                                           Nathaniel Macon, North
                                            Carolina (2d session).
16th                           1819-1821   James Brown, Louisiana.
                                           James Barbour, Virginia (2d
                                            session).
17th                           1821-1823   Rufus King, New York.
                                           James Barbour, Virginia (2d
                                            session).
18th                           1823-1825   James Barbour, Virginia (2d
                                            session).
19th                           1825-1827   Nathaniel Macon, North
                                            Carolina.
                                           Nathan Sanford, New York (2d
                                            session).
20th                           1827-1829   Nathaniel Macon, North
                                            Carolina.
                                           Littleton W. Tazewell,
                                            Virginia (2d session).
21st                           1829-1831   Littleton W. Tazewell,
                                            Virginia (2d session).
22d                            1831-1833   Littleton W. Tazewell,
                                            Virginia.
                                           John Forsyth, Georgia (2d
                                            session).
23d                            1833-1835   William Wilkins,
                                            Pennsylvania.
                                           Henry Clay, Kentucky (2d
                                            session).
24th                           1835-1837   Henry Clay, Kentucky.
                                           James Buchanan, Pennsylvania
                                            (2d session).
25th                           1837-1839   James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.
26th                           1839-1841   James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.
27th                           1841-1843   William C. Rives, Virginia.
                                           William S. Archer, Virginia
                                            (3d session).
28th                           1843-1845   William S. Archer, Virginia.
29th                           1845-1847   William Allen, Ohio.
                                           Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas
                                            (2d session).
30th                           1847-1849   Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas.
                                           Edward A. Hannegan, Indiana
                                            (2d session and part of 1st
                                            beginning Mar. 14, 1848).
31st                           1849-1851   Thomas H. Benton, Missouri
                                            (special session).
                                           William R. King, Alabama (1st
                                            session).
                                           Henry S. Foote, Mississippi
                                            (2d session and part of 1st
                                            beginning July 26, 1850).
32d                            1851-1853   Henry S. Foote, Mississippi
                                            (special session).
                                           James M. Mason, Virginia.
33d                            1853-1855   James M. Mason, Virginia.
34th                           1855-1857   James M. Mason, Virginia.
35th                           1857-1859   James M. Mason, Virginia.
36th                           1859-1861   James M. Mason, Virginia.
37th                           1861-1863   Charles Sumner,
                                            Massachusetts.
38th                           1863-1865   Charles Sumner,
                                            Massachusetts.
39th                           1865-1867   Charles Sumner,
                                            Massachusetts.
40th                           1867-1869   Charles Sumner,
                                            Massachusetts.
41st                           1869-1871   Charles Sumner,
                                            Massachusetts.
42d                            1871-1873   Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania.
43d                            1873-1875   Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania.
44th                           1875-1877   Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania.
45th                           1877-1879   Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania
                                            (special session).
                                           Hannibal Hamlin, Maine.
46th                           1879-1881   William W. Eaton,
                                            Connecticut.
47th                           1881-1883   Ambrose E. Burnside, Rhode
                                            Island (lst special
                                            session).
                                           George F. Edmunds, Vermont
                                            (2d special session).
                                           William Windon, Minnesota.
48th                           1883-1885   John F. Miller, California.
49th                           1885-1887   John F Miller, California.
50th                           1887-1889   John Sherman, Ohio.
51st                           1889-1891   John Sherman, Ohio.
52d                            1891-1893   John Sherman, Ohio.
53d                            1893-1895   John T. Morgan, Alabama.
54th                           1895-1897   John Sherman, Ohio.
55th                           1897-1899   William P. Frye, Maine
                                            (acting, special session).
                                           Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota.
56th                           1899-1901   Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota.
57th                           1901-1903   William P. Frye, Maine
                                            (acting, special session).
                                           Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
58th                           1903-1905   Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
59th                           1905-1907   Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
60th                           1907-1909   Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
61st                           1909-1911   Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
62d                            1911-1913   Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
63d                            1913-1915   Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia
                                            (died February 14, 1914)
                                           William J. Stone, Missouri
                                            (appointed Chairman March 2,
                                            1914).
64th                           1915-1917   William J. Stone, Missouri.
65th                           1917-1919   William J. Stone, Missouri.
66th                           1919-1921   Henry Cabot Lodge,
                                            Massachusetts.
67th                           1921-1923   Henry Cabot Lodge,
                                            Massachusetts.
68th                           1923-1925   Henry Cabot Lodge,
                                            Massachusetts (died Nov. 9,
                                            1924).
                                           William E. Borah, Idaho
                                            (appointed Chairman December
                                            3, 1924).
69th                           1925-1927   William E. Borah, Idaho.
70th                           1927-1929   William E. Borah, Idaho.
71st                           1929-1931   William E. Borah, Idaho.
72d                            1931-1933   William E. Borah, Idaho.
73d                            1933-1935   Key Pittman, Nevada.
74th                           1935-1937   Key Pittman, Nevada.
75th                           1937-1939   Key Pittman, Nevada.
76th                           1939-1941   Key Pittman, Nevada (died
                                            Nov. 11, 1940).
                                           Walter F. George, Georgia
                                            (appointed Chairman Nov. 25,
                                            1940).
77th                           1941-1943   Walter F. George, Georgia
                                            (excused from chairmanship
                                            June 31, 1941).
                                           Tom Connally, Texas.
78th                           1943-1945   Tom Connally, Texas.
79th                           1945-1947   Tom Connally, Texas.
80th                           1947-1949   Arthur H. Vandenberg,
                                            Michigan.
81st                           1949-1951   Tom Connally, Texas.
82d                            1951-1953   Tom Connally, Texas.
83d                            1953-1955   Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin.
84th                           1955-1957   Walter F. George, Georgia.
85th                           1957-1959   Theodore Francis Green, Rhode
                                            Island.
86th                           1959-1961   Theodore Francis Green, Rhode
                                            Island (resigned
                                            chairmanship Feb. 6, 1959).
                                           J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas
                                            (appointed Chairman Feb. 6,
                                            1959).
87th                           1961-1963   J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
88th                           1963-1965   J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
89th                           1965-1967   J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
90th                           1967-1969   J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
91st                           1969-1971   J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.\1\
92d                            1971-1973   J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
93d                            1973-1975   J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
94th                           1975-1977   John Sparkman, Alabama.
95th                           1977-1979   John Sparkman, Alabama.
96th                           1979-1981   Frank Church, Idaho.
97th                           1981-1983   Charles H. Percy, Illinois.
98th                           1983-1985   Charles H. Percy, Illinois.
99th                           1985-1987   Richard G. Lugar, Indiana.
100th                          1987-1989   Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.
101st                          1989-1991   Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.
102d                           1991-1993   Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.
103d                           1993-1995   Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.
104th                          1995-1997   Jesse Helms, North Carolina.
105th                          1997-1999   Jesse Helms, North Carolina.
106th                          1999-2001   Jesse Helms, North Carolina.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\On Apr. 24, 1970, Senator J.W. Fulbright became the longest-serving
  Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations.

                              Appendix IV

         Staff Directors of the Committee on Foreign Relations
    Following the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 the 
committee for the first time appointed a chief of staff (the 
title was changed to staff director in 1979). Those who have 
served in this position since 1947 are as follows:

  1947-1955........................  Francis O. Wilcox
  1955-1973........................  Carl M. Marcy
  1974-1977........................  Pat M. Holt
  1977-1978........................  Norvill Jones
  1979-1980........................  William B. Bader
                                     Albert A. Lakeland, Jr. (Minority)
  1981-1983........................  Edward G. Sanders
                                     Geryld B. Christianson (Minority)
  1983-1984........................  Scott Cohen
                                     Gerald B. Christianson (Minority)
  1985-January 17, 1986............  Jeffrey T. Bergner
                                     Geryld B. Christianson (Minority)
  January 20, 1986-1987............  M. Graeme Bannerman
                                     Geryld B. Christianson (Minority)
  1987-1988........................  Geryld B. Christianson
                                     James P. Lucier (Minority)
  1989-1990........................  Geryld B. Christianson
                                     James P. Lucier (Minority)
  1991-1992........................  Geryld B. Christianson
                                     James W. Nance (Minority)
  1993-1994........................  Geryld B. Christianson
                                     James W. Nance (Minority)
  1995-1996........................  James W. Nance
                                     Edwin K. Hall (Minority)
  1997-1998........................  James W. Nance
                                     Edwin K. Hall (Minority)
  1998-1999........................  James W. Nance,\1\ Stephen E.
                                      Biegun \2\
                                     Edwin K. Hall (Minority)
  1999-2000........................  Stephen E. Biegun
                                     Edwin K. Hall (Minority)

\1\ Deceased May 11, 1999
\2\ Appointed May 24, 1999

                               Appendix V

 Selected provisions of the Standing Rules of the Senate, relating to 
                         committee procedures.

                               RULE XXVI
                          committee procedure
    1. Each standing committee, including any subcommittee of 
any such committee is authorized to hold such hearings, to sit 
and act at such times and places during the sessions, recesses, 
and adjourned periods of the Senate, to require by subpoena or 
otherwise the attendance of such witnesses and the production 
of such correspondence, books, papers, and documents, to take 
such testimony and to make such expenditures out of the 
contingent fund of the Senate as may be authorized by 
resolutions of the Senate. Each such committee may make 
investigations into any matter within its jurisdiction, may 
report such hearings as may be had by it, and may employ 
stenographic assistance at a cost not exceeding the amount 
prescribed by the Committee on Rules and Administration. \1\ 
The expenses of the committee shall be paid from the contingent 
fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ Pursuant to section 68c of title 2, United States Code, the 
Committee on Rules and Administration issues ``Regulations Governing 
Rates Payable to Commercial Reporting Firms for Reporting Committee 
Hearings in the Senate.'' Copies of the regulations currently in effect 
may be obtained from the Committee.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    2. Each committee \2\ shall adopt rules (not inconsistent 
with the Rules of the Senate) governing the procedure of such 
committee. The rules of each committee shall be published in 
the Congressional Record not later than March 1 of each year, 
except that if any such committee is established on or after 
February 1 of a year, the rules of that committee during the 
year of establishment shall be published in the Congressional 
Record not later than sixty days after such establishment. An 
amendment to the rules of any such committee shall be published 
in the Congressional Record not later than thirty days after 
the adoption of such amendment. If the Congressional Record is 
not published on the last day of any period referred to above, 
such period shall be extended until the first day thereafter on 
which it is published.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \2\ The term ``each committee'' when used in these rules includes 
standing, select, and special committees unless otherwise specified.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3. Each standing committee (except the Committee on 
Appropriations) shall fix regular weekly, biweekly, or monthly 
meeting days for the transaction of business before the 
committee and additional meetings may be called by the chairman 
as he may deem necessary. If at least three members of any such 
committee desire that a special meeting of the committee be 
called by the chairman, those members may file in the offices 
of the committee their written request to the chairman for that 
special meeting. Immediately upon the filing of the request, 
the clerk of the committee shall notify the chairman of the 
filing of the request. If, within three calendar days after the 
filing of the request, the chairman does not call the requested 
special meeting, to be held within seven calendar days after 
the filing of the request, a majority of the members of the 
committee may file in the offices of the committee their 
written notice that a special meeting of the committee will be 
held, specifying the date and hour of that special meeting. The 
committee shall meet on that date and hour. Immediately upon 
the filing of the notice the clerk of the committee shall 
notify all members of the committee that such special meeting 
will be held and inform them of its date and hour. If the 
chairman of any such committee is not present at any regular, 
additional, or special meeting of the committee, the ranking 
member of the majority party on the committee who is present 
shall preside at that meeting.
    4. (a) Each committee (except the Committee on 
Appropriations and the Committee on the Budget) shall make 
public announcement of the date, place, and subject matter of 
any hearing to be conducted by the committee on any measure or 
matter at least one week before the commencement of that 
hearing unless the committee determines that there is good 
cause to begin such hearing at an earlier date.
    (b) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations) 
shall require each witness who is to appear before the 
committee in any hearing to file with the clerk of the 
committee, at least one day before the date of the appearance 
of that witness, a written statement of his proposed testimony 
unless the committee chairman and the ranking minority member 
determine that there is good cause for noncompliance. If so 
requested by any committee, the staff of the committee shall 
prepare for the use of the members of the committee before each 
day of hearing before the committee a digest of the statements 
which have been so filed by witnesses who are to appear before 
the committee on that day.
    (c) After the conclusion of each day of hearing, is so 
requested by any committee, the staff shall prepare for the use 
of the members of the committee a summary of the testimony 
given before the committee on that day. After approval by the 
chairman and the ranking minority member of the committee, each 
such summary may be printed as a part of the committee hearings 
if such hearings are ordered by the committee to be printed.
    (d) Whenever any hearing is conducted by a committee 
(except the Committee on Appropriations) upon any measure or 
matter, the minority on the committee shall be entitled, upon 
request made by a majority of the minority members to the 
chairman before the completion of such hearing to call 
witnesses selected by the minority to testify with respect to 
the measure or matter during at least one day of hearing 
thereon.
    5. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of the rules, 
when the Senate is in session, no committee of the Senate or 
any subcommittee thereof may meet, without special leave, after 
the conclusion of the first two hours after the meeting of the 
Senate commenced and in no case after two o'clock post meridian 
unless consent therefor has been obtained from the majority 
leader and the minority leader (or in the event of the absence 
of either of such leaders, from his designee). The prohibition 
contained in the preceding sentence shall not apply to the 
Committee on Appropriations or the Committee on the Budget. The 
majority leader or his designee shall announce to the Senate 
whenever consent has been given under this subparagraph and 
shall state the time and place of such meeting. The right to 
make such announcement of consent shall have the same priority 
as the filing of a cloture motion.
    (b) Each meeting of a committee, or any subcommittee 
thereof, including meetings to conduct hearings, shall be open 
to the public, except that a meeting or series of meetings by a 
committee or a subcommittee thereof on the same subject for a 
period of no more than fourteen calendar days may be closed to 
the public on a motion made and seconded to go into closed 
session to discuss only whether the matters enumerated in 
clauses (1) through (6) would require the meeting to be closed, 
followed immediately by a record vote in open session by a 
majority of the members of the committee or subcommittee when 
it is determined that the matters to be discussed or the 
testimony to be taken at such meeting or meetings--
          (1) will disclose matters necessary to be kept secret 
        in the interests of national defense or the 
        confidential conduct of the foreign relations of the 
        United States;
          (2) will relate solely to matters of committee staff 
        personnel or internal staff management or procedure;
          (3) will tend to charge an individual with crime or 
        misconduct, to disgrace or injure the professional 
        standing of an individual, or otherwise to expose an 
        individual to public contempt or obloquy or will 
        represent a clearly unwarranted invasion of the privacy 
        of an individual;
          (4) will disclose the identity of any informer or law 
        enforcement agent or will disclose any information 
        relating to the investigation or prosecution of a 
        criminal offense that is required to be kept secret in 
        the interests of effective law enforcement;
          (5) will disclose information relating to the trade 
        secrets of financial or commercial information 
        pertaining specifically to a given person if--
                  (A) an Act of Congress requires the 
                information to be kept confidential by 
                Government officers and employees; or
                  (B) the information has been obtained by the 
                Government on a confidential basis, other than 
                through an application by such person for a 
                specific Government financial or other benefit, 
                and is required to be kept secret in order to 
                prevent undue injury to the competitive 
                position of such person; or
          (6) may divulge matters required to be kept 
        confidential under other provisions of law or 
        Government regulations.
    (c) Whenever any hearing conducted by any such committee or 
subcommittee is open to the public, that hearing may be 
broadcast by radio or television, or both, under rules as the 
committee or subcommittee may adopt.
    (d) Whenever disorder arises during a committee meeting 
that is open to the public, or any demonstration of approval or 
disapproval is indulged in by any person in attendance at any 
such meeting, it shall be the duty of the Chair to enforce 
order on his own initiative and without any point of order 
being made by a Senator. When the Chair finds it necessary to 
maintain order, he shall have the power to clear the room, and 
the committee may act in closed session for so long as there is 
doubt of the assurance of order.
    (e) Each committee shall prepare and keep a complete 
transcript or electronic recording adequate to fully record the 
proceeding of each meeting or conference whether or not such 
meeting or any part thereof is closed under this paragraph, 
unless a majority of its members vote to forgo such a record.
    6. Morning meetings of committees and subcommittees thereof 
shall be scheduled for one or both of the periods prescribed in 
this paragraph. The first period shall end at eleven o'clock 
ante meridian. The second period shall begin at eleven o'clock 
ante meridian and end at two o'clock post meridian.
    7. (a)(1) Except as provided in this paragraph, each 
committee, and each subcommittee thereof is authorized to fix 
the number of its members (but not less than one third of its 
entire membership) who shall constitute a quorum thereof for 
the transaction of such business as may be considered by said 
committee, except that no measure or matter or recommendation 
shall be reported from any committee unless a majority of the 
committee were physically present.
    (2) Each such committee, or subcommittee, is authorized to 
fix a lesser number than one-third of its entire membership who 
shall constitute a quorum thereof for the purpose of taking 
sworn testimony.
    (3) The vote of any committee to report a measure or matter 
shall require the concurrence of a majority of the members of 
the committee who are present. No vote of any member of any 
committee to report a measure or matter may be cast by proxy if 
rules adopted by such committee forbid the casting of votes for 
that purpose by proxy; however, proxies may not be voted when 
the absent committee member has not been informed of the matter 
on which he is being recorded and has not affirmatively 
requested that he be so recorded. Action by any committee in 
reporting any measure or matter in accordance with the 
requirements of this subparagraph shall constitute the 
ratification by the committee of all action theretofore taken 
by the committee with respect to that measure or matter, 
including votes taken upon the measure or matter or any 
amendment thereto, and no point of order shall lie with respect 
to that measure or matter on the ground that such previous 
action with respect thereto by such committee was not taken in 
compliance with such requirements.
    (b) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations) 
shall keep a complete record of all committee action. Such 
record shall include a record of the votes on any question on 
which a record vote is demanded. The results of roll call votes 
taken in any meeting of any committee upon any measure, or any 
amendment thereto, shall be announced in the committee report 
on that measure unless previously announced by the committee, 
and such announcement shall include a tabulation of the votes 
cast in favor of and the votes cast in opposition to each such 
measure and amendment by each member of the committee who was 
present at that meeting.
    (c) Whenever any committee by roll call vote reports any 
measure or matter, the report of the committee upon such 
measure or matter shall include a tabulation of the votes cast 
by each member of the committee in favor of and in opposition 
to such measure or matter. Nothing contained in this 
subparagraph shall abrogate the power of any committee to adopt 
rules--
          (1) providing for proxy voting on all matters other 
        than the reporting of a measure or matter, or
          (2) providing in accordance with subparagraph (a) for 
        a lesser number as a quorum for any action other than 
        the reporting of a measure or matter.
    8. In order to assist the Senate in--
          (1) its analysis, appraisal, and evaluation of the 
        application, administration, and execution of the laws 
        enacted by the Congress, and
          (2) its formulation, consideration, and enactment of 
        such modifications of or changes in those laws, and of 
        such additional legislation, as may be necessary or 
        appropriate,
each standing committee (except the committees on 
Appropriations and the Budget), shall review and study, on a 
continuing basis the application, administration, and execution 
of those laws, or parts of laws, the subject matter of which is 
within the legislative jurisdiction of that committee. Such 
committees may carry out the required analysis, appraisal, and 
evaluation themselves, or by contract, or may require a 
Government agency to do so and furnish a report thereon to the 
Senate. Such committees may rely on such techniques as pilot 
testing, analysis of costs in comparison with benefits, or 
provision for evaluation after a defined period of time.
    (b) In each odd-numbered year, each such committee shall 
submit not later than March 31, to the Senate, a report on the 
activities of that committee under this paragraph during the 
Congress ending at noon on January 3 of such year.
    9. (a) Except as provided in subparagraph (b), each 
committee shall report one authorization resolution each year 
authorizing the committee to make expenditures out of the 
contingent fund of the Senate to defray its expenses, including 
the compensation of members of its staff and agency 
contributions related to such compensation, during the period 
beginning on March 1 of such year and ending on the last day of 
February of the following year. Such annual authorization 
resolution shall be reported not later than January 31 of each 
year, except that, whenever the designation of members of 
standing committees of the Senate occurs during the first 
session of a Congress at a date later than January 20, such 
resolution may be reported at any time within thirty days after 
the date on which the designation of such members is completed. 
After the annual authorization resolution of a committee for a 
year has been agreed to, such committee may procure 
authorization to make additional expenditures out of the 
contingent fund of the Senate during that year only by 
reporting a supplemental authorization resolution. Each 
supplemental authorization resolution reported by a committee 
shall amend the annual authorization resolution of such 
committee for that year and shall be accompanied by a report 
specifying with particularity the purpose for which such 
authorization is sought and the reason why such authorization 
could not have been sought at the time of the submission by 
such committee of its annual authorization resolution for that 
year.
    (b) In lieu of the procedure provided in subparagraph (a), 
the Committee on Rules and Administration may--
    (1) direct each committee to report an authorization 
    resolution for a two year budget period beginning on March 
    1 of the first session of a Congress; and
    (2) report one authorization resolution containing more 
    than one committee authorization resolution for a one year 
    or two year budget period.
    10. (a) All committee hearings, records, data, charts, and 
files shall be kept separate and distinct from the 
congressional office records of the Member serving as chairman 
of the committee; and such records shall be the property of the 
Senate and all members of the committee and the Senate shall 
have access to such records. Each committee is authorized to 
have printed and bound such testimony and other data presented 
at hearings held by the committee.
    (b) It shall be the duty of the chairman of each committee 
to report or cause to be reported promptly to the Senate any 
measure approved by his committee and to take or cause to be 
taken necessary steps to bring the matter to a vote. In any 
event, the report of any committee upon a measure which has 
been approved by the committee shall be filed within seven 
calendar days (exclusive of days on which the Senate is not in 
session) after the day on which there has been filed with the 
clerk of the committee a written and signed request of a 
majority of the committee for the reporting of that measure. 
Upon the filing of any such request, the clerk of the committee 
shall transmit immediately to the chairman of the committee 
notice of the filing of that request. This subparagraph does 
not apply to the Committee on Appropriations.
    (c) If at the time of approval of a measure or matter by 
any committee (except for the Committee on Appropriations), any 
member of the committee gives notice of intention to file 
supplemental, minority, or additional views, that member shall 
be entitled to-not less than three calendar days in which to 
file such views, in writing, with the clerk of the committee. 
All such views so filed by one or more members of the committee 
shall be included within, and shall be a part of, the report 
filed by the committee with respect to that measure or matter. 
The report of the committee upon that measure or matter shall 
be printed in a single volume which--
          (1) shall include all supplemental, minority, or 
        additional views which have been submitted by the time 
        of the filing of the report, and
          (2) shall bear upon its cover a recital that 
        supplemental, minority, or additional views are 
        included as part of the report.
    This subparagraph does not preclude--
          (A) the immediate filing and printing of a committee 
        report unless timely request for the opportunity to 
        file supplemental, minority, or additional views has 
        been made as provided by this subparagraph; or
          (B) the filing by any such committee of any 
        supplemental report upon any measure or matter which my 
        be required for the correction of any technical error 
        in a previous report made by that committee upon that 
        measure or matter.
    11. (a) The report accompanying each bill or joint 
resolution of a public character reported by any committee 
(except the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on 
the Budget) shall contain--
          (1) an estimate, made by such committee, of the costs 
        which would be incurred in carrying out such bill or 
        joint resolution in the fiscal year in which it is 
        reported and in each of the five fiscal years following 
        such fiscal year (or for the authorized duration of any 
        program authorized by such bill or joint resolution, if 
        less than five years), except that, in the case of 
        measures affecting the revenue, such reports shall 
        require only an estimate of the gain or loss in 
        revenues for a one-year period; and
          (2) a comparison of the estimate of costs described 
        in subparagraph (1) made by such committee with any 
        estimate of costs made by any Federal agency; or
          (3) in lieu of such estimate or comparison, or both, 
        a statement of the reasons why compliance by the 
        committee with the requirements of subparagraph (1) or 
        (2), or both, is impracticable.
    (b) each such report (except those by the Committee on 
Appropriations) shall also contain--
          (1) an evaluation, made by such committee, of the 
        regulatory impact which would be incurred in carrying 
        out the bill or joint resolution. The evaluation shall 
        include (A) an estimate of the numbers of individuals 
        and businesses who would be regulated and a 
        determination of the groups and classes of such 
        individuals and businesses, (B) a determination of the 
        economic impact of such regulation on the individuals, 
        consumers, and businesses affected, (C) a determination 
        of the impact of the personal privacy of the 
        individuals affected, and (D) a determination of the 
        amount of additional paperwork that will result from 
        the regulations to be promulgated pursuant to the bill 
        or joint resolution, which determination may include, 
        but need not be limited to, estimates of the amount of 
        time and financial costs required of affected parties, 
        showing whether the effects of the bill or joint 
        resolution could be substantial, as well as reasonable 
        estimates of the recordkeeping requirements that may be 
        associated with the bill or joint resolution; or
          (2) in lieu of such evaluation, a statement of the 
        reasons why compliance by the committee with the 
        requirements of clause (1) is impracticable.
    (c) It shall not be in order for the Senate to consider any 
such bill or joint resolution if the report of the committee on 
such bill or joint resolution does not comply with the 
provisions of subparagraphs (a) and (b) on the objection of any 
Senator.
    12. Whenever a committee reports a bill or a joint 
resolution repealing or amending any statute or part thereof it 
shall make a report thereon and shall include in such report or 
in an accompanying document (to be prepared by the staff of 
such committee) (a) the text of the statute or part thereof 
which is proposed to be repealed; and (b) a comparative print 
of that part of the bill or joint resolution making the 
amendment and of the statute or part thereof proposed to be 
amended, showing by stricken through type and italics, parallel 
columns, or other appropriate typographical devices the 
omissions and insertions which would be made by the bill or 
joint resolution if enacted in the form recommended by the 
committee. This paragraph shall not apply to any such report in 
which it is stated that, in the opinion of the committee, it is 
necessary to dispense with the requirement of this subsection 
to expedite the business of the Senate--
    13. (a) Each committee (except the Committee on 
Appropriations) which has legislative jurisdiction shall, in 
its consideration of all bills and joint resolutions of a 
public character within its jurisdiction, endeavor to insure 
that--
          (1) all continuing programs of the Federal Government 
        and of the government of the District of Columbia, 
        within the jurisdiction of such committee or joint 
        committee, are designed; and
          (2) all continuing activities of Federal agencies, 
        within the jurisdiction of such committee or joint 
        committee, are carried on;
so that, to the extent consistent with the nature, 
requirements, and objectives of those programs and activities, 
appropriations therefor will be made annually.
    (b) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations) 
shall with respect to any continuing program within its 
jurisdiction for which appropriations are not made annually, 
review such program, from time to time, in order to ascertain 
whether such program could be modified so that appropriations 
therefor would be made annually.

                              Appendix VI

      The Role of Congress in Foreign Policy: Selected References

            Prepared by the Congressional Research Service,
                          Library of Congress
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Destler, I. M.  Dateline Washington: Congress as Boss? Foreign 
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------``Executive-Congressional Conflict in Foreign Policy: 
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Ervin, Sam J., Jr.  Separation of Powers and Foreign Affairs In 
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Farnsworth, David N.  The Senate Committee on Foreign 
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        189 p. (Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, v. 49)
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------The Treaty Veto of the American Senate.  New York, G. P. 
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        p.
Franck, Thomas M.  Foreign Policy by Congress. New York, Oxford 
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------A Responsible Congress: The Politics of National 
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        264 p.
------Old Myths and New Realities and Other Commentaries.  New 
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        457 p.
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Hill, Norman L.  The New Democracy in Foreign Policy Making. 
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        Chapter 8 contains material on the Senate Foreign 
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Holt, Pat M.  The War Powers Resolution: The Role of Congress 
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        48 p.
Holt, William S.  Treaties Defeated by the Senate: A Study of 
        the Struggle between President and Senate over the 
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                              Appendix VII

                  Authorizing Resolution, S. Res. 310

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