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Technical P1per 365 

BEHAVIORAL FORECASTING FOR REAL TRAIN 

COMBINED ARMS 

Steven M. Medlin 

/ -

ENGAGEMENT SIMULATION TECHNICAL AREA 

~l[f] 

U. S. Army 

Res <' arch ln!'titute for the 8t.'h .wi<lr al and Social Scienct""s 

May 1979 

A p p roved lor publoc reh•ese , d ittriiJu t ion u n lim ited. 

0 . 

-- ------~
U. S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 

FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 

A fi~ld Op~rating Ag~ncy und~r th~ Jurisdiction of th~ 

D~puty Chi~f of Staff for P~rsonn~l 

JOSEPH ZEIIlNER 

Technical Director 

NOTICES 

WILLIAM L. HAUSER 

Colonel, US Army 

t:ommander 

DISTRIBUTION: Pro~y dostnbutoon of thoa report haa *n medl by ARI. Pie- ectctr.aa corntaponde,_ 

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ATTN PEAI-P. 5001 Eosenhower Avenue. Alexenrtroa, V~rgonoa 22333. 

FINAL Q!Sf!OS!T!ON: Thta ntport mey be deltroyed when ot ia no longer .-ded. p.._ do not ntturn it to 

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.!':iSUJ_ The londongs on thoa report ere not to be con11rued • en officiel DlcNrtnwnt of the Army position, 

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I. REPORT NUtABER(!:f;4/!R.I -rr;q..1 Technical Paper 365 ~ r GOVT ACCESSION NO. lMENT'S CAT ALOG NUioiBER 

4 . TITLE (_,d Subtitle) 

1 2)- ~EHAVIO~L fORECASTING 

~ -- FOR REALTRAIN COMBINED ARMS 

7 . AUTHOR(e) 

~ St ,;. M-fedlin j - ; -:-PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 

U.S. Army Researc h Institute for the Behavioral 

and Social Sciences, 5001 Eise nhower Ave., / 

Ale x . , VA 22333 

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II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

1t. KEY WORDS (Continue on re .. erae aide It naceuary .,d Identity by bloclr nUDiber) 

Forecasting 

Performance benchmarks 

Engagement simulation (ES) 

[JO. A• 'Mil ACT rc-taoue - ,._ - II, __ ..., -l-Ily by bloclr ,...,._) 

<~ The feasibility of board war gaming as a forecasting technique was investigate d 

to determine behavioral benchmarks against which unit performance in e ngagement 

simulation (ES) exercises could be compared. Using the Fort Cnrson Forecasting 

Game, board exercises identical to REALTRAIN engagement simulation field exerc ises were conducted. Results indicated a few small differenc es between the 

two types of data; in general , howe v er, the data from fie ld a nd board exercises 

were comparable. This initial research effort to d evelop a feasible behavioral 

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20. (Continued)

forecasting procedure for unit performance in engagement simulation exercises

indicates that board war gaming has potential to meet these needs.

I

Distrtb~ t .—

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Unclassified

jj SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(RIuen Oat. Ent.r.d)

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Technical Paper 365

L BEHAVIORAL FORECASTING FOR REALTRAIN

COMBINED ARMS

Steven M. Medlin

Angelo Mirabelia, Team Chief

Submitted by:

Robert 1. Root, Acting Chief

ENGAGEMENT SIMULATION TECHNICAL AREA

Approved By:

Frank J. Harris, Acting Director

ORGANIZATIONS AND SYSTEMS

RESEARCH LABORATORY

Joseph Zeidner

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria , Virginia 22333

Office, Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

Department of the Army

May 1979

Army Prolect Number Unit Training and

20762722A784 Education

frçpr~ied for pu~ Ic u-else..; dlstvfbutlon unUmItSd.

iii

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ARI Research Reports and Technical Papers are intended for sponsors of

R&D tasks and other research and military agencies. Any findings ready for

implementation at the time of publication are presented in the latter part of

the Brief. Upon completion of a major phase of the task, formal recommendations for official action normally are conveyed to appropriate military

agencies by briefing or Disposition Form.

iv 

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FOREWORD

The research presented in this paper is part of a broader program

conducted by the Technical Area of the Army Research Institute for the

Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) . One goal of this project is to

provide quantitative methods for evaluating unit proficiency. The means

for achieving this goal include basic research in criterion-referenced

test methodology , models of measurement and scaling, and decisionmaking

implications of test score interpretation.

Related , ongoing programs within the Technical Area include evaluation of small combat units under simulated battlefield conditions ( REALTRAIN , ARTEP) , qualification of tank crews and platoon gunnery (IDOC )

and improvement of the reliability of ARTEP evaluation.

Anticipated future research under the Training and Education Project

includes the development of a computer model for performance evaluation;

and development of measurement, scaling, scoring, decisionmaking, and

quality control models for use in performance evaluations when criterionreferenced testing procedures are employed .

The author wishes to thank itT James Fishback , MM Ron Nelson , LTC

Eliot Parker, and the 4th Battalion of the 40th Armor from Fort Carson ,

Cob ., for their contributions to the project. In addition , David Mannaman of I inton Corporation provided valuable assistance in the data collection under Contract DAHCl9—7~—C-OO24 . The research program is responsive to the requirements of Army Project 2Q762722A764 .

a

~ JEPH Z~Thf1ER

Technical Director

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BEHAVIORAL FORECAST ING FOR REALTRAIN COMBINED ARMS

BRIEF

Requirement:

To assess board war games for use in generating benchmark performance

data against which unit performance in engagement simulation (ES) field

exercises can be evaluated .

Procedure :

Using the Fort Carson Forecasting Game , board war game exercises

identical in content to the field exercises in the Combined Arm s Test

conducted at Fort Carson , Cob ., in March 1978 were carried out. The

field and board exercises were compared to determine similarities and

differences between the two types of exercises. Results were obtained

in terms of maneuver routes , casualties suffered , and casualties inflicted by each type of weapon system.

Findings :

Al though the maneuver routes of the field exercises were slightly

more complex than the board game routes, the routes from the two types of

exercises were similar. Casualties suffered were almost identical for

field and board game exercises, and casualties inflicted by each type of

weapons system were also quite similar. The only sizable differences

were the percentages of casualties infl icted by tanks and by artillery.

The similarities suggest that board war gaming is a feasible technique

for developing benchmarks; the diff’.. c~~es indicate that the board war

game needs revisions to provthe m..re accurate forecasts.

Utilization of Findings :

Results provide empirical evidence that board war gaming can yield

process and product da ta comparable to data collected during engagement

simulation field exercises. After the technique is validated , it can be

used to develop performance benchmarks against which unit performance can

be evaluated.

vii

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BEHAVIORAL FORECASTING FOR REALTRAIN COMBINED ARMS

CONTEN TS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

METHOD 3

Subjects 3

Design 4

Procedure 4

RESULTS 5

Manuever Routes 5

Casualties Incurred 15

Casualties Inflicted 22

DISCUSSION 26

APPENDIX A. FORT CARSON GAME RULES 29

B. DESCRIPTION OF EXERCISES AND OPORDS 37

C. DESCRIPTION OF FORCE MIXES 87

D. ORDER OF THE EXERCISES 89

E. CASUALTIES AND WEAPON SYSTEM EFFECTS 91

DiSTRIBUTION 109

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Exercise dEsign 3

2. Summary of number and type of casualties inflicted

by each weapon system in CATEST field exercises 20

3. Percentage of casualties inflicted by each weapon

system in CATEST field exercises 20

4. Summary of number and type of casualties inflicted

by each weapon system in all forecast exercises 21

5. Percentage of casualties inflicted by each weapon

system in all forecast exercises 21

6. Percentages of NCS casualties inflicted by

weapon type in field exercises 24

7. Percentages of NCS casualties inflicted by

weapon type in forecast exercises 25

E-l. Weapon system effect for CATEST 1 91

ix

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CONTENTS (continued )

Page

Table E-2. Weapon system effect for CATEST 2 92

E- 3. Weapon system effect for CATEST 3 93

E-4. Weapon system effect for CATEST 4 94

E-5. Weapon system effect for CATEST 5 95

E-6. Weapon system effect for CATEST 6 96

E-7. Weapon system effect for CATEST 7 97

E—8. Weapon system effect for CATEST 8 98

E-9. Weapon system effect for forecasting exercise 1 . . 99

E-lO. Weapon system effect for forecasting exercise la . . 100

E—ll. Weapon system effect for forecasting exercise 2 . . 101

E— l2. Weapon system effect for forecasting exercise 2a . . 102

E—1 3. Weapon system effect for forecasting exercise 3 . . 103

E—l 4. Weapon system effect for forecasting exercise 4 . . 104

E—15. Weapon system effect for forecasting exercise S . . 105

E—l 6. Weapon system effect for forecasting exercise 5a . . 106

E-l7. Weapon system effect for forecasting exercise 6 . . 107

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Forecasting exercise 1 7

2. REALTRAIN exercise 1 8

3. Forecasting exercise 2 9

4. REALTRAIN exercise 2 10

5. Forecasting exercise 3 11

6. REALTRAIN exercise 3 12

7. Forecasting exercise 4 13

8. REALTRAIN exercise 4 14

9. Forecasting exercise 5 16

10. REALTRAIN exercise 5 17

11. Forecasting exercise 6 18

12. REALTRAIN exercise 6 19

x

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BEHAVIORAL FORECASTIN G FOR REALTRAIN COMBINED ARMS

INTRODUCTION

As part of its continuing effort to improve the training and evaluation of two-sided tactical field/maneuver exercises, the Army Research

Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (AR I) conducts research

on tactical engagement simulation (ES) . As part of the ES research program, a supporting system of evaluation is being developed , using engagement simulation exercises as the test bed. To evaluate performance in ES

exercises, performance benchmarks must be defined that will make the

evaluation system criterion—referenced.

One of the curren t model ing efforts, the Combat Operations Training

Effectiveness Analysis Model (COTEAM), uses the concept of situationspecific forecasting to provide performance benchmarks. Situation specific means that forecasting must be geared to particular exercise conditions (e.g., force ratios, terrain , and weapons mix). It also means that

resulting standards must be in the form of probability distributions,

tolerance limits, or principle-derived sets of correct solutions to tactical problems. The dynamics of two-sided game play ing do not permit exact, deterministic standards. The aim of the forecasting efforts is to

generate , in one or more of the above formats, expectations about tactical processes and casualties for units participating in ES exercises.

The methods being developed or adapted for generating these benchmarks

include (a) military experts DELPHI, a small group process technique for

developing and integrating forecasts or predictions of experts; (b) board I - war games; and (c) computerized ES models. If the forecasts obtained

using these methods agree with those observed in ES exercises, these

methods can be used to develop performance criteria against which unit

performance in ES exercises can be compared.

The initial step in developing a method to simulate ES exercises is

to assess similarities between data collected using the forecasting method

and data collected during ES exercises. Significant differences can be

determined statistically or by using the Turing test.1 According to the

Turing test, if military experts are given forecast outcomes and outcomes

from actual ES exercises , and they cannot tell the simulated data from

the real data , then the two data sources are considered to be identical.

Some preliminary steps have been taken in the validation process.

The first questions to be considered are these : Can experts make these

kinds of forecasts? Can forecasts be derived from a board game? And if

the answers are yes to these two questions , how closely do the forecasts

approximate observed ES data? As part of the REALTRAIN validation of

1

Turing, A. N. Computing Machinery and Intelligence , Mind , 59, 433-460 ,

1950 .

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rifle squads conducted at Fort Ord , Calif., in May 1977,

2 pilot work on

forecasting was begun . Military experts were asked to forecast the outcomes of specific ES exercises. The data indicate that experts can make

this type of forecast and that their forecasts are sensitive to such factors as the training/combat readiness level of the unit being evaluated .3

The second attempt at developing a method to produce accurate forecasts was conducted during the Arinor/Antiarmor/Combined Arms Engagement

Simulation Exerc ises , at Fort Carson, Cob ., from January to April 1978.

Using sccn,arios (e.g., force mix, operation order (OPORD ), wc.~ther , terrain) identical to those used during the actual field exercises, data

were collected using the Fort Carson Forecasting Game , a board war game.

The game was developed specifically for the Fort Carson exercises. A

1:3,125 pictomap of the exercise lanes was used as the game board . A

hexagonal grid overlay, with each hexagon corresponding to 50 m of terrain , was placed over the map to help standardize movement rates, detection distances , and range of weapon effectiveness. (See Appendix A for

the game rules , which give movement rates , detection distances , etc.) In

the two-player version of the game (there is also a six-player version ),

each player maneuvers his f orces on a separate board , out of sight of the

other player. Play is controlled by a single controller, who insures observance of the rules , keeps exercise time moving, delivers indirect fire ,

provides detections , and assesses casualties . Although the controller may

seem to have considerable power , most of his functions are clearly and

precisely explicated in the rules. The only subjective decision involves

detections, and i.f the controller is unbiased and has had some experience

with the actual exercise terrain , his decisions on detections can be fa ir ,

accurate, and easy to make.

The six—player version uses two platoon leaders, two game boards , and

an isolated company/team commander on each side. The data presented in

this report were collected using two—player games. The six-player game

was conducted three times for developmental testing only, not for comparison with field exercises.

The purpose of the research effor t was to explore the similarities

and differences between field exercise and board game results. Only pilot

data could be collected because of the limited time and resources available. No formal validation of board gaming as a forecasting technique was

intended ; rather , the study was directed at determining the feasibility of

board gaming as a forecasting technique.

2

Banks , J. H., Hardy , G. D., Scott , T. D., Kress, G., & Word , L. E.

REALTRAIN Validation for Rifle Squads : Mission Accomplishment. ARI Research Report 1192, October 1977.

3

Mirabella , Angelo. Criterion—Referenced System Approach to Evaluation

of Combat Units . Paper presented at the 19th Military Training Association , San Antonio , Tex., October 19, 1977.

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METHOD

Subjects

Military officers (01/02/03) from the 4th Battalion of the 40th

Armor played the Fort Carson Forecasting Game as part of their training.

Two captains played exercises la, 2a , and 5a (Table 1) bef ore serving as

company/team commanders during the combined arms test (CATEST) phase of

L the Fort Carson REALTRAIN field exercises. After the field exercises

were finished, three lieutenants from the same unit played the game.

Exercises 1, 2, and 3 were played by two of the officers , at which time

one of them was replaced , and the replacement played against one of the

experienced game par ticipants (exercises 4, 5, and 6). (Note that exercis.es 1 and la, 2 and 2a , 5 and 5a are the same exercises played by

different players. Appendix B describes the exercises and OPORDS, Appendix C the force mixes , and Appendix D the order of exercises.)

Table 1

Exercise Design

Exercise no. Players Mission/force mix

1 A and B Attack fr om N , defend in SI

la D and E equal forces

2 A and B Attack from S, defend in Ni

2a D and E equal forces

3 A and B Attack from N , defend in S/

equal forces

4 A and C Attack from S , defend in N/

equal forces

5 A and C Meeting engagement!

5a D and E equal forces

6 A and C Attack from N , defend in Si

attack team has two tank

platoons , defender has none

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Design

The forecasting experiment was designed to be as similar as possible

to the actual field exercises. As often as possible, the same players

were used , and they were given OPORDS (Appendix B), force mixes (Appendix C), and weather conditions identical to those used in the field , with

minor exceptions as noted in the appendixes. The weapon ranges and kill

characteristics used were those developed for the REALTR.AIN system.4 The

exercises were played in the same order that they were conducted in the

field (Appendix D). The game board was a 1:3,125 map of the terrain used

for the field exercises.

Procedure

The game rules were given to the participants the day before the

first exercise so the players could learn the rules. The rules were

briefly explained and questions were answered before the start of the

first game. OPORDS were issued and the players were allowed approximately 45 minutes to develop their tactics and to take their defensive

positions or assemble at their assembly areas CM). Each player used a

separate game board, out of sight of the opposing force . The controller

indicated when it was time for the game to begin and announced “game

time ” at appropriate intervals. For example, for the first move of the

game , the controller mi ght announce , “It is time 000. Take 5 minutes

worth of moves , as allowed by the rules.” The players would move their

forces; detections (if any) would be determined by the controller, clues

(if any ) would be given by the controller , and direct and indirect fire

(if any) would be played according to the rules (Appendix A) and as enforced by the controller . Play continued in this manner until one side

or the other reached its objective , or ~

until the game was ended because

one (or both) teams suffered excessive casualties. Since the game served

a tra ining fun ction as well as a data collection/research function , the

controller usually allowed the games to continue until one of the teams

was reduced to only one or two operational vehicles. An abbreviated

after action review (AAR) was conducted , in which each player viewed the

other player ’s game board; they discussed tactics , errors in planning,

and general impressions of the exercise.

During the exercise , the players traced the movements of their

forces on acetate placed over the game board and hex overlays. The con—

troller kept a net control sheet (NCS) that recorded kills-—target iden—

tification and type of weapon system (e.g., tank , heavy antitank , TOW ,

individual soldier ), firer identification and type of weapon system, time

of the engagement , and effects of the engagement.

4

U.S. Army Armor School, U.S . Army Infantry School, and ARI . REALTRAIN :

Tactical Training for Combined Arms Elements. Training Circular 71-5,

January 1975.

4
RESULTS

The results presented are of two basic types: the maneuver routes

of the two opposing forces and casualty data.5 The statistics presented

are purely descriptive for several reasons. First, the data are of such

a nature that inferential statistics cannot be used . Although maneuver

routes can be quantified and deviations between observed and forecast

routes can be computed , the differences would be artifactual. In each of

the exercises, both in the field and for the board game , several maneuver

routes were available, any of which would be reasonable. Thus, a comparison of maneuver routes would add no information. Furthermore , for both

the maneuver routes and the casualty data , the sample size was too small

(n = 2 at best) to permit statistical comparison.

The second reason for not using inferential statistics is more fundamental : The results of the statistics may be misleading. Although significant differences may be found , the forecasted and observed exercises

may not be different to military experts. If these experts cannot tell

the difference between forecasted and observed exercise data , does it

ma tter if the data are statistically different?

A third reason for not using inferential statistics is that the cutoff point for the end of the exercise was determined differently for the

field exercises and the forecasting game. The field exercises were limited by time constraints, weather , and equipment problems. The forecasting procedures did not have any of these problems, and since the game

served a training function as well as an experimental/data collection

function , the controller typically let the exercise continue until one

team had only one or two operational vehicles remaining.

Maneuver Routes

Maps of the Fort Carson terrain with the maneuver routes for both

teams indicated are presented in Figures 1 through 12. Pairs of maps are

presented for six of the exercises. The blue team (solid lines) is the

attacking force , which always starts at the assembly area (AA) . The red

team (dashed lines) is the defensive force (except in Figures 9 and 10,

in which both forces are attacking), and the dots indicate the initial

defensive positions. Arrows indicate the direction of movement, and a

slash across the route signifies the final position of the unit moving

along that route. The final position may be the place where the unit was

destroyed , the place where the unit stopped until the end of the exercise ,

or the place where the unit was when the exercise was terminated. Note,

5

Because of the limited personnel available to serve as data collectors, the only process measures that could be collected were the maneuver routes. Other process measures—-detections , halts, overwatches,

searches——can be collected in the game if a data collector is assigned

to each player and trained to perform the data collector ’s duties.

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however , that casualties are not specifically indicated on the maneuver

routes; these maps are intended to show maneuver routes, not where casualties occurred.

Since the Fort Carson forecasting technique uses the concept of

situation—specific forecasting , field and forecast maneuver routes must

be compared for each exercise individually , rather than across all exercises. Comparing Figures 1 and 2, the REALTRAIN map has considerably

more loops and “split points,” or places where the forces separated onto

different paths. (Note the loops in the lower right area of the maneuver

routes and in the middle left near the 08 map marking.) The attack routes

are almost identical—-both attackers used the creekbed as an approach

route. The defensive positions are quite similar also; the forecast exercise team used a slightly more spread-out defense than the field exercise team , but both defenses are set up on the same area.

In forecast and REALTRAIN exercise 2 (Figures 3 and 4), the defensive

postures taken are comparable. Both defenders chose the same terrain to

defend , and used essentially the same defensive tactics, i.e., havir~

g dismounted infantry at the forward edge of the defense, tanks as the main defensive positions, and T~ ’Js and tanks in overwatch. The attack routes are

also similar; both are two—pronged attacks up creekbeds, with the main

thrust directed at the hills near the 08 map marker.

A comparison of the two types of exercise 3 (see Figures 5 and 6)

yielded major differences between the field and forecast data, because

the field maneuver routes were more complex. In forecast exercise 3

(Figure 5), the attacking team sent all of its units down the western

flank of the attack lane. Even though he was taking considerable fire

and was losing many of his forces , the team leader did not develop a new

attack plan , nor did he adjust his original plan to the emerging engagement situation . Consequently, his forces were destroyed by the defending

team , which suffered minimal casualties. In contrast, Figure 6 shows a

complex field exercise , with many split points , some looping or wandering

about , and considerable defensive adjustment to counter the thrust of the

attack. (Note personnel carriers (PCS) 23 and 89, and TOWs 43 and 51.)

Although the attack routes for exercise 4 are the same in the field

and forecast exercises (Figures 7 and 8), the field maneuver routes look

considerably more complex. In forecast exercise 4, one of the players

was a novice to the game and REALTRAIN exercises. As the attacking team

commander , he made several mistakes——poor use of infantry , poor use of

artillery, and poor adaptability. He did not use his infantry to clear

the area ahead of his tanks ; as a result, his tanks were ambushed by infantry and tanks. His artillery was not used to fire at specific sighted

targets, but was called in areas where enemy units may have been , even

though no detections were made in the area. Finally , and most important,

he did not adapt his attack plan to the exigencies of the situation. He

lost vehicles in a certain area and then sent more vehicles into the same

area , where they, too, were destroyed . The field exercise commanders did

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not make these mistakes; thus, the field exercise (Figure 8) is tactically more complex.

REALTRAIN exercise 5 (Figure 10) maneuver routes are considerably

more complex than in forecast exercise 5 (Figure 9). In the field exercise, several units-—infantry , TOW 36, TOW 43——wandered about, while

others——infantry , PC 24 , PC. 50, PC 23——missed the engagement almost entirely. Only TOW 15 was used in overwatch . In the forecast exercise ,

no one was lost or missed the action; hence, the map looks somewhat simpler. Note also the use of all four TOWs in overwatch , a much better

use of the TOW ’s capabilities than in the field exercise. And finally ,

the attack from the north included an approach on the eastern flank ,

near Hi ghway 11. This exercise was the only one in which a player or

field commander realized that that attack route was a viable alternative.

If the field commanders had had considerably more experience with the

board game before the field exercises , they might have seen this possibility and used that attack route. Thus, the game can serve a useful

training function as well as a data collection function.

The data from field and forecast exercise 6 (Figures 11 and 12) are

almost identical. The attack routes are the same, although the field exercise shows a few more split points and routes of maneuver. The defensive placement of the TOWs and infantry are also comparable , because the

forecast positions are only a few hundred meters at most from the field

exercise positions.

Several of the maps also show the way in which the game players and

field exercise commanders adjusted their defensive postures to counter

the main thrust of the attack. Figures 1 through 4 show these defensive

adjustments clearly. For example, in Figure 1, PCs 37 and 34 moved back

from their original positions and headed west to engage the infantry, who

broke through the defensive line. Similarly, in Figure 4, TOW 43 withdrew to the main defensive line to help counter the attack.

Casual ties Incurred

Table 2 swnmarizes the number and type of casualties inflicted by

each weapon system during the CATEST field exercises , and Table 3 presents the data as percentages. Tables E-l through E-8, in Appendix E,

show the information in detail for each field exercise. Casualties as a

function of time are listed across the top of each table; the first event

is the first casualty, the second event is the second casualty , etc. The

events, or casualties , are numbered ; the target team and type are indicated ; and the type of weapon system inflicting the casualty is shown.

Tables E— 9 through E-17 present the same information for the forecasting

exercises, which is summarized in Tables 4 and 5.

Because of the small sample size and the different cutoff rules for

the end of the exercises, it is not reasonable or informative to compare

a specific forecasting exercise to the corresponding field exercise . By

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Table 2

Summary of Number and Type of Casualties Inflicted by

Each Weapon System in CATEST Field Exercises

TarSet

Weapon TOW TI( APC ~ Ton truck INF. Total

Artillery 4 21 3 4 18 50

TOW 5 20 3 2 2 32

Tanks 2 11 5 13 31

APC

LAW 2 11 1 4 18

90mm 4 14 2 20

M60 1 1 11 13

Infan try 2 1 45 48

Grenade 1 1 9 11

Other

Total 18 80 15 6 104 223

Table 3

Percentage of Casualties Inflicted by

Each Weapon System in CATEST Field Exercises

— Target

Weapon TOW TX APC I Ton truck INF . Total

Ar tillery 2 9 1 2 8 22

TOW 2 9 1 1 1 14

Tanks 1 5 2 6 13

APC

LAW 1 5 0 2 8

90mm 2 6 1 9

M60 0 0 5 6

Infantry 1 0 20 22

Grenade 0 0 4 5

Other

Total 8 36 7 3 47

Note. Totals may differ due to rounding error.

20

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Table 4

Summary of Number and Type of Casualties Inflicted by

Each Weapon System in All Forecast Exercises

Target

L Weapon TOW TX APC * Ton truck INF . Total

Artillery 7 18 6 5 36

TOW 6 20 6 32

Tanks 5 22 9 45 81

ABC 1 - 2 3

LAW 8 6 14

90mm 14 5 19

M60

Infantry 76 76

Grenade

Other

Total 18 82 33 128 261

Table 5

Percentage of Casualties Inflicted by

Each Weapon System in All Forecast Exercises

Target

Weapon TOW TK APC I Ton truck INF. Total

Artillery 3 7 2 2 14

TOW 2 8 2 12

Tanks 2 8 3 17 31

APC 0 1 1

LAW 3 .2 5

90mm 5 2 7

M60

Infantry 29 29

Grenade

Other

Total 7 31 13 49

Note. Totals may differ due to rounding error.

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collapsing across all field exercises and across all forecasting exercises, however , reasonable comparisons can be made. As Tables 3 and 5

indicate, the percentages for the types of casualties incurred are extremely close. For the field exercises, the percentages of TOWs , tanks ,

PC5, I-ton trucks (jeeps), and Infantry are 8, 36, 7, 3, and 47, respectively (Table 3, last row). The same percentages for the forecast exercises are 7, 31, 13, 0, and 49 (Table 5, last row). (Note that I—ton

trucks were not played in the forecasting game.) These results are remarkably close and attest to the similarity of the outcomes.

Examination of the individual cells in Tables 3 and 5 reveals that

even the percentages for specific types of casualties (e.g., tank , TOW ,

infantry) as inflicted by specific weapon systems (tank , TOW , 90mm, etc.)

are similar. The major differences are in the percentages of infantry

killed by tanks and infantry killed by infantry . For the field exercises, these percentages are 6% and 20%, respectively, whereas for the

forecasting exercises these percentages are 17% and 29%. When casualties

inflicted by grenades and machinegun s are included in the field exercise

data , the percentage increases from 20% to 29%, equal to that from the

forecast data. (In the forecasting game no distinction was made between

the types of weapon the infantry used to neutralize other infantry.)

Casualties Inflicted

The total percentages of casualties inflicted by each weapon system

are presented in the last column of Tables 3 and 5. These are the per—

centages of actual kills recorded by each weapon system. The two major

discrepancies occur in the casualties inflicted by artillery and tanks.

Artillery accounts for 22% of casualties in field exercises and 14% in

forecasting exercises , whereas tanks account for 13% of casualties in the

field and 31% in the game. Infantry, if machine guns and grenades are

included, accounts for 33% and 29% of the casualties in the field and

game , respectively.

The difference in artillery casualties is difficult to interpret.

In the field exercises, artillery simulators were sometimes slow and in—

accurate. During the forecasting procedure, however , artillery was delivered quickly and accurately. It would seem reasonable that artillery

casualties would be greater in the forecasting exercises than in the

field , but the data indicate just the opposite. One reason for this re—

suit may be that the firemarkers who deliver the artillery and help to

assess casualties head toward personnel to deliver the artillery, rather

than dropping it where it should be delivered . In future field exercises, better and more accurate fire control procedures may help to ciar—

if y this discrepancy . Other explanations involve the game and its participants. First, the players (01/02) may not have known how to use

artillery as well as the company/team commanders (03) in the field. Second , the kill radius for artillery may have been less in the game than in

the field. Third , the players may not have been able to locate the opposition as precisely in the game as they could in the field. Finally, the

22

5 - S

, 

A,

,,
absence of a fire support team (FIST) may have been responsible for fewer

artillery casualties in the gaines. In the field exercises, the FIST ’s

only function was to call artillery fire. The players may have been overloaded with responsibilities and either forgot to use artillery or misused

it because of the time and attention their other duties required.

The large difference in percentages of tank casualties , 13% for field

exercises to 31% for forecasting exercises, is not as difficult to inter—

pret. The discrepancy is due mainly to the large percentage of infantry

casualties inflicted by tanks in the forecasting exercises (17%) and the

relatively small percentage in the field exercise (6%). This result is an

artifact of the different training functions served by the two sets of exercises. The REALTRAIN exercises primarily teach maneuvering , command ,

and control. Tanks are not provided with antipersonnel shells. In the

forecasting exercises, however , training includes all facets of a platoon

leader ’s and tank commander ’s duties. Thus, in the game , the players

were allowed to use antipersonnel shells, such as the Beehive; consequently, many more infantry casualties were recorded in forecasting exercises than in field exercises.

The percentages of casualties, as recorded on the net control sheet

(NCS) , for both field and forecasting exercises are presented in Tables 6

and 7. Note that these percentages are slightly different from the total

percentages in Tables 3 and 5. This difference occurs because Tables 6

and 7 include casualties that are not kills, such as a hi t that causes

loss of communications or immobilizes a vehicle. Again, in view of the

limited number of exercises, direct comparisons of individual exercises

would be misleading. By collapsing across field exercises and across

forecasting exercises, reasonable comparisons can be made. As Tables 6

and 7 show, the overaLl percentages of casualties inflicted by weapon

type for the forecasting exercises are similar to those observed in the

CATEST and in the REALTRAIN data from Europe.

The only sizable differences are those for casualties inflicted by

tanks and artillery. In the game, 27.7% of casualties were inflicted by

tanks , and only 13.9% and 21.7% were inflicted by tanks in the CATEST and

REALTRAIN exercises, respectively. The reason for this difference was

given-previously : The game permitted use of antipersonnel shells, and

thus more infantry casualties and more overall casualties resulted . Artillery accounted for 13.9% of casualties in the forecasting exercises

and 27.4% and 24.2% of casualties in the CATEST and REALTRAIN , respectively. The explanation for these differences is the same as that presented above for total percentage of actual kills caused by indirect

fire.

Considered together , the casualty data from the forecasting game are

remarkably similar to those observed in the CATEST and REALTRAIN field

exercises. The discrepancies are small, not very numerous , and can be

reasonably well explained . Thus, the initial phase of the Forecasting

Game validation procedure seems to be successful.

23

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_______________________ 

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DISCUSSION

As part of ARI ’s engagement simulation research , an evaluation system for unit performance during two-sided tactical operations is being

developed to help determine the unit’s combat readiness and/or training

deficiencies and proficiencies. To make this system criterion-referenced ,

performance benchmarks must be defined . The present modeling effort, the

Combat Operations Training Effectiveness Analysis Model (COTEAM) , uses

the concept of situation—specific forecasting to provide performance

benchmarks . The aim is to generate expectations about casualties and

tactical processes and to compare ES exercise outcomes with these expectations to help estimate deficiencies and/or readiness levels. If empirical validity can be established for the expectation generation procedure , then the expectations generated should agree with the observed

values from the ES combat test bed. This procedure can then be used to

determine benchmarks and distributions of outcomes to which the observed

ES outcomes can be compared.

In the present study, the Fort Carson Forecasting Game was used to

generate expectations. Using scenarios as similar as possible to those

used in the field exercises, Army officers played the forecasting game.

The maneuver routes and casualty data from the field and forecasting exercises are comparable ; the few differences are small and fairly well

explained in retrospect. If the forecasting and field exercises were

more closely matched (i.e., identical) and controlled , the forecasting

data would be even more similar to the field data.

A brief overview of all the exercise maps suggests that the major

difference between forecast and field maneuver routes is that the field

exercise routes are more complex. The field maneuver routes show more

“split points,” i.e., places where forces separated onto different paths

(compare the attacking forces for field and forecast exercises 1, 2, 3,

4, and 5), and more wandering or looping about (compare field and forecasting exercises 1, 2, and 5). This result could be due partly to the

procedures used to construct the maneuver routes. In the forecasting

game , the players traced their routes as they moved; in the field exercises, 18 data collectors followed assigned sections of the forces (e.g.,

one followed the attacking heavy tank section , one accompanied a TOW ,

etc.) and mapped their routes onto 1:25,000 maps. These routes were then

transferred to a 1:3,125 map to be coded and interpreted and to clarify

discrepancies .

An alternative, or adjunct , interpretation of this result is that

during the game each player knew where all of his forces were and could

keep them together , organized , moving on their maneuver routes, and focused on the objective . During the field exercises , however , the

company/team commander could not control his forces as closely . His

forces , and particularly the infantry, tended to lose contact with the

other elements of the team and wandered about without much direction or

purpose . For instance, if the infantry heard a vehicle nearby , they

would race off to that vehicle regardless of their ultimate objective .

26
Over all exercises, and considering there is only one example of

each field exercise and one example of each forecasting game , the maneuver routes seem comparable. The next step in the validation procedure is

to give the maneuver maps of observed and forecast exercises (along with

other data , such as casualties) to military experts and ask them to state

whether a particular set of data is field exercise data or forecasting

data from the game. If they cannot accurately determine which exercises

are real and which are simulated , then the two types of data are assumed

to be from the same distribution of outcomes. If they can distinguish

between the two data sources , then efforts will be directed at determining how the experts could tell the difference . Was it the complexity of

the maneuver routes? Was it the defensive positions taken? Was it the

reactions of the forces to encountering opposition? In—depth interviews

and questionnaires will attempt to discern those aspects of the maneuver

routes that are different between the observed and forecasted exercises.

In the casualty data , only two differences of any magnitude were

encountered--the greater casualty-inflicting ability of the tank in the

forecasting procedure and the greater lethality of artillery in the field

exercise. Both of these discrepancies were partially explained by differences in the procedures used in the field and in the game . Further refinement of these two areas is warrant-ed .

Par ticular attention should be paid to the ind irect f ire procedures

used in future ES exercises. The data may be interpreted to suggest that

the firemarkers who delivered the aitillery may have had a tendency to

head toward vehicles and/or personnel to drop the artillery simulators

instead of delivering the fire where it was directed . Another possibility is that assessing casualties caused by indirect fire is a dif ficul t

and inaccurate procedure. The data may also be interpreted to suggest t that game players were not able to pinpoint the opposition as precisely

as participants in the field exercises were .

The discrepancy in casualties inflicted by tanks is primarily due to

the difference in number of infantry kills by tanks in the game and in

the field . In the forecasting game, antipersonnel tank shells were permitted and used effectively to neutralize opposing infantry. The REAL—

TRAIN exercises did not allow antipersonnel shells. These tanks were not

encouraged to fire on personnel and , in fact, did not often fire on infantry . This subtle pressure to discourage tanks from firing on infantry

probably was due to the difficulty of assessing casualties, particularly

infantry, produced by tank antipersonnel shells. In future forecasting

ef forts, great care must be taken to insure that all variables in the

field exercises are carefully, accurately, and completely replicated in

the forecasting exercises. Even minor differences in rules, weapon effects, weather , OPORDS, or other variables could cause the forecasting

procedure to provide inaccurate expectations.

The first step in validating a forecasting procedure , therefore,

seems to be successful. Because of the severe restrictions on sample

size , no inferential statistics could be conducted; even if it were

27

- -

-5 - - —

.5 .5 .5. 

-
possible to perform some statistical tests, the results might have been

misleading. It is not important if there are any “significant differences ,” statistically speaking; it is important that the forecasting procedure generates expectations that are not significantly different, to an

information processor , from the outcomes observed in field exercises. If

military experts cannot distinguish between generated outcomes and observed outcomes, and if they cannot distinguish between the two sets of

process data collected during the exercises prior to the final outcomes,

then is it relevant to the validity of the forecasting procedure that

there are “significant differences” between the two types of data?

The next step in the validation process is to provide military experts with process (maneuver routes) data and product (casualty) data

from forecast exercises and field exercises . If the experts cannot tell

which data are generated by the game and which are observed in the field ,

then , to an information processor , the data are the same , and the data

sources are indistinguishable. If the experts can tell which data are -

generated , then detailed interviews should be conducted with the experts

to determine what aspects of the forecasting data indicated that it was

not observed field exercise data. The information is used to redesign

the forecasting procedures , and the validation procedure is conducted on

the revised forecasting procedure. This iterative process continues until the forecasting technique is empirically validated against ES outcomes. When a forecasting procedure is validated, the technique will be

used to create a distribution of outcomes , a benchmark, to which ES outcomes can be compared. In this manner, the ES evaluation system will become criterion—referenced , and unit performance in tactical operations

can be evaluated systematically and scientifically .

Once the forecasting procedure is validated , further research in

this direction should attempt to determine what additional information

about tactical behavior the military experts need to distinguish between

generated and observed data. These data may include fire patterns of vehicles, indirect f ire placement, coninunication, or various other sources.

Learning what additional data are necessary for the experts to be able to

differentiate between forecast and observed data will lead to a better

understanding of the dynamics of tactical behavior and development of an

improved basis for revision of board simulations to match field exercises.

28

___ .5- 

5
APPENDIX A. FORT CARSON GAME RULES

Order of Events—

Pre—Gai~~

1. Issue OPORD

2. Assign fo rce mix.

3. Establish weather conditions .

4. Planning by players (using maps only)

(a) Plan of attack

(b) Indirect fire

(c) Assemble at assembly area (On board game)

In each time period of the game

1. Firing

(a) casualty assessment

(b) signature detection

2. Movement

(a) Cues, if any

(b) Opportunity fire

Casualty assessment

Signature detection

3. Indirect fire

(a) Casualty assessment

(b) Adjust smoke screen

29

4,

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~

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~ ~~~- -

~ 5 ss . ~~ - - 

~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —~~~~~~~ 

- 5.

~ - - _ -

~~ ( -

5.

- 

~~~~~

- 

/
Fort Carson Game Rules*

Movement rates (in hexes per minute);

—50 meters per hex—

Terrain Vehicles Infantry

Road 8 2

Open , clear terrain 5 2

Trails , Streambeds (dry) 5 2

Incline 2 1

Forest 1 1

Soft or marshy ground 1 1

Special movement conditions :

1. Vehicles cannot climb Peanut Hill or North Hill .

2. Vehicles can enter streambeds only at road—stream junctions or

at the end of a stream . It takes one minute of game time to enter or

leave a streambed even at these places .

3. Inclement weather (rain , snow) decreases vehicle movement rates

to 6 , 3, 3, 1, 1, and 0. Depending upon the severity of the weather

(a controller judgement made prior to game play when describing weather —

conditions), streambeds may be impossible for vehicles and/or infantry .

4. Not more than two vehicles may occupy the same hex at any time .

*All rules are subject to change at controllers ’ discretion .

30

—-.5 -

~:‘

-

“ ~~~~~~~

5.5.

/
Fort Carson Game Rules

Detection distances (in hexes) :

—50 meters per hex—

Rate of Travel

(hexes/min) Vehicles Infantry

Mech Thk fire

Track Plt Pit 1 3 team squad

In woods—

0 1 2 2 00 0 0

1 2 4 4 1 1 1 1

Edge of woods— 3 6 6 1 1 1 1

Open , clear terrain or road—

0 30 40 40 23 4 6

1 35 50 50 11 13 15 19

2 40 60 60 21 23 25 29

5 

8 

50 

60 

70 

80 

70 

—— 

—— —— —— —— —— ————

Special detection rules :

1. Sightings must follow line of sight rulings by controller.

Distances m ay be decreased by factor of 2 or 4 , depending on weather conditions specified by controller prior to game play .

2. Auditory clues must be exercised cautiously . No auditory clues ,

except loud firings , should be given to moving vehicles with motors running.

3. Sightings from high places must be determined by controller , who

considers distance , intervening terrain , visibility , etc.

4. Only hexes directly adjacent to streambeds may see into the stream—

bed and personnel in the streambed may not see out of the streambed.

5. Any type of motion by a possible detecting unit decreases the

detection distance by 1⁄2, except for auditory clues as noted in 2.

6. Personnel able to receive auditory clues may not receive these

clues if friendly vehicles are moving or have motors running within 1

or 2 hexes of the observer.

31

____________________________ - - .~

_ _ _

.5
Fort Carson Caine Rules

Ran ge of weapons (in hexes): Maximum Effective

—50 meters per hex— Range

M-16 6

M—60 12

TOW 60

LAW 4

DRAGON 20

TANK 40

155mm 292

Claymores 1

Grenade 1

SO cal. 32

90mm recoilless rifle 8

Terrain & weathe r condit ions m ay dictate smaller ranges than indicated

above .

32

- .

~ -.5.

.

~~:-- ~~~~~~~~

- ~~ - -

‘

.

~ 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~

‘ 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ff’ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ . ,j 

i
Fort Carson Game Rules

Rules governing firing :

1. Units can fire only if line of sigh t to the target is available .

2. Units cannot fire and move in the same minute.

3. Units can fire only within the range and at the rate of their

weapon’s capabilities .

4. If two opposing forces detect each other simultaneously, one

force is randomly selected to fire first. If the second force is not

destroyed, it may then fire or move, at that player’s discretion.

5. [f a stationary unit detects a moving unit and is able to fire ,

the stationary unit may conduct an opportunity fire at the end of that

time period (if the stationary unit does not move during that time period).

An opportunity f ire may be conducted regardless of whether or not the

moving target is out of sight by the end of that time period .

6. Hit and casualty probabilities are determined from Kinton ’s

chart and assessed according to REALTRAIN rules. The probability of

detecting a weapon ’s signature is also determined from Kinton’s probability

chart. If a signature is detected , that unit may be fired upon by the

detecting unit (provided the detecting unit does not move during that- time

period). 

.

33

—- - - —- - —~~ ---- 5 — —’~~~~~’ r- —- —.---- - - - —- -.—-—-- -— .. - . -

~~

~~~~~~~~ -- 5. -

~~~~~~

_

’ -

~~~ 

é~

;,.)

__ 

__ 

/,
Fort Carson Caine Rules

Kill characteristics :

(using Kinton ’s probability tables)

TANK -

TOW (DRAGON ) anything hit & all personnel within 10 meters

106 recoilless rifle are destroyed

90mm recoilless rifle — destroys vehicles and personnel within 5 meters;

first hit on tank destroys mobility, comin , 1⁄2 of

personnel, second hit kills tank

LAW — 3 hits on tank, loses mobility , then commo., then everything. Two

hits on vehicles, first hit kills half of personnel.

Grenade - 5 meter kill range

AT — 10 meter kill range

Claymore — 15 — 20 meter kill range

81mm mortar (1) — All personnel within two hexes are killed

Artillery — 1 hex, tank immobilized , all else destroyed;

2 hexes , lose conuno., personnel killed;

4.2” mortar — 1 hex, lose comnmo., personnel destroyed ;

2 hexes, personnel destroyed

(0Note : REALTRAIN does not use probabilities to assess indirect fire

casualties , these occur with probability 1- .

Note : The kill characteristics depend upon obstacles (trees , hills , etc.)

between weapon and target.

34
Fort Carson Game Rules

Indirect fire :

1. Preplanned fire with a specific time period indicated is delivered

at the end of that time frame .

2. Preplanned fire without a specific time indicated is delivered

two minutes after it is requested.

3. Opportunity fire , new coordinates given during the engagement ,

is delivered three minutes after it is requested .

4. Adjustments on previous fires of above types are delivered one

minute after they are requested .

5. On command fire, new coordinates given during the engagement but

not fired upon until a request for fire is made , is delivered one minute

after It is requested. (Note that a three minute delay must occur after

the new coordinates are given before a request for fire may be given.)

Any request for fire that occurs before on command fire is requested (but

after the on command coordinates are given) cancels the on command fire

and coordinates.

6. Only one indirect fire delivery can occur per minute.

7. Neither force may exceed its indirect fire allowance.

8. One—third of each force ’s indirect fire allowance is smoke.

9. The placement of indirect fire is given in a single six—digit

coordinate that is converted to hex numbers by the controller/data collector,

who thea passes th.i hex number on to the senior controller. The senior

controller “splashes” the indirect fire at the end of the appropriate time

frame and assesses casualties.

10. The placement of smoke is given in two adjacent six—digit coordi—

nates. These coordinates indicate the front of the smoke screen. The

controller/data collector converts these coordinates to hex numbers and

passes the hex numbers on to the senior controller, who impacts the smoke

and assesses its movement as a function of the prevailing weather conditions. If the wind is ~O knots or greater , the smoke is blown away and has

no effect . If there is no wind , the smoke screen covers the impact hexes

(only) for ten minutes of game time . A flanking wind relative to the smoke

screen front produces a linear screen of narrow width but great length .

(Place smoke in the four impact hexes , then for each of the next four minutes place smoke in the next adjacent hexes in the direction of wind flow.)

A quartering , head , or tail wind relative to the smoke screen front produces a wide , but not very long smoke screen . (Place smoke in the four

impact hexes, then for each of the next four minutes place smoke in the

adjacent four hexe s in the direction of wind flow.) After all the appropriate

35

• ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - — ~~~~~~ -_ -_—-. j__n___J-,1__ ~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _.~~.. ‘ - - - - - 

-

~~~~~

- -:

~~~~~;

~ .;.)~~~~~~~~ - -‘ ~~~~ 

- 

‘

- .5

~ ~

: . ;4-

___________ /
smoke markers have been laid , start removing them in the same order in

which they were laid; beginning with the impact hexes , remove one set

of smoke markers at the end of each minute of game time .

I

.1 36
APPENDIX B. DESCRIPTION OF EXERCISES AND OPORDS

OPORD 30 Offense N/S lane , Exercises 1. & 3

Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vie 1:50 ,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone : Local

Task Organization: TF 4/40 AR

‘N Armor Th Mach

C/4—40 AR (—) CSC/l—8 Inf (-.)

1/A/1—8 Inf 1/C/4—40 AR

TOW Sec B/l—8 Inf FIST (—) CSC/1—8 Inf

FIST (—) C/1—8 Inf TOW Sec CSC/1—8 Inf

COB . TF CON

B/4—40 AR A/1—45 Arty DS/O/OGS

FIST (—) (155 Sp)

AVLB (GS )

Hvy Mtr (GS)

REDEY E (-) (CS)

FIST (—) (CS) - Sets (—) (OS)

Grd Srv Rdr (GS)

1. Situation

a. Enemy Forces: Enemy Mech/Armor units have been observed in the

vicinity of 075700 and are preparing defensive positions along the ridge—

line from 062695 to 073680.

b. Friendly Forces :

(1) 1st Bde -

(2) TF 1/8 tnf

(3) TF 2/34 Arra

(4) A 1/45 Arty

c. Attachment and Detachments: Scts to 1st Bde IT Con

2. Mission: Task force 4/40 will attack H—Hour, D—Day to seize and secure

the high ground in the vicinity of 068688. 0/0 continue the attack south .

37

4’-

~~~~~~~~ . - . -~ - - - -

j-

~~~~

_ ‘

,_ _ I~ -

- .5 4

~A - - -
3. Execution:

a. Concept of operation :

(1) Maneuver: Task force 4/40 Armor presently located at 104719

will conduct offensive operations H—Hour D—Day to secure the high ground in

the vicinity of 068688. Presently friendly forces are occupying the LD.

Team elemen ts will maneuver along axis MID to seize and secure objective

APPLE . On ce the objective is secured , Task Force 4/40 will consolidate

on the ground and be prepared to continue offensive operation 0/0.

( 2) Fire Support: Priority of fires to Team Mach, fire support

ASR is 49 H.E . and 3 Smoke missions.

b. Team Mech attacks along axis MID and secures objective from 12

to 4 o’clock .

c. Company B attacks along axis MID following Team Mech and secures

objective from 8 to 12 o’clock .

d. Team Armor attacks along axis MID following Company B, once on the

objective secure from 4 to 8 o’clock .

e. Scout Plt (CS) — Screen TF flank east of Hwy 11 and repor t and

maintain any enemy contact .

1. Mvy Mortar Plt (CS) — Task force control consolidate with Battalion

TOC.

g. REDEYE GS to task force control priorities to TOC , Trains and MSR ,

in th at order.

h. GRD SVR RDR (GS) — Task force control 0/0 be prepared to screen

to the front of the objective once secured.

i. AVLB (GS) Task Force control. -

j. Reserves : Non e

k. Coordinating Instructions : Report all crossings of Phase Lines

and enemy contact . -

4. Service Support:

a. Resupply of all classes will be conducted daily at 0600 hours .

b. Casualties will be reported to IT TOC and evacuated by Battalion

Medical Platoon.

c. POW Evac per unit SOP .

38

-
5. Command and Signal:

a. Signal : Current CEOI in effect , Yellow and Violet smoke available

for signalling.

b. Command :

(1) Bn TOC will be initially located at 100726 .

(2) Command will follow Team A in the attack.

Acknowledge

I

L. JACKSON

Commanding

.

1

39

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OPORD 40 Defense N/S lane , Exercises 1 & 3

Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vic 1 :50,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone: Local

Task Organization : TF 4/40 Ar

Thf Armor TM Mech

C/4—40 Ar (—) CSC/1—8 m i (—)

1IA/1—8 Inf 1/C/4—40 Ar

TOW Sec B/1—8 Inf FIST (—) CSC/1—8 Inf

FIST (—) C/l—8 mi TOW Sec CSC/1—8 Inf

COB TF CON

B/4—40 Ar A/ 1—45 Arty DS/O/OGS

FIST (—) (155 Sp)

AVLB (CS)

livy Mtr (CS)

RE DEYE (—) (CS)

FIST (—) (CS)

Grd Srv Rdr (CS)

1. Situation

a. Enemyj~

orces: Have been attacking from the north in an effort to

seize Pueblo. They have been located in grid square 0972 and are expected

to continue their attack along Hwy 115 .

b. Friendly Forces : -

(1) let Bde

(2) 17 1/8 Inf

- (3) TF 2/34 Arm

(4) A/1—45 Arty

c. Attachments and Detachments: Scts to let Bde Task Force Control

2. Mission :

TV 4/40 Armor defends in sector from H—Hou r D—Day 0/0 implement plan

green .

41

_________________________________________ 

4 - -.5- — . & -

______________________ 

.5 - .5 - - -
3. Execution:

a. Concept of operations:

(1) Maneuver: Task Force 4/40 de fends in sector with Company B

in the wes t , Team Mech/Armor in the center and Team Mach/Armor in the east.

(2) Fire Support : Priority of fire to Team Mech/Armor.

b. Team : Mach/Armor

Defend in sector , vie 063693 to 078680 in the center , 0/0 implement

plan green .

c. Company B:

Defend in sector vIe 063693 to 050710 in the west 0/0 implement plan

green.

d. Team: Mach/Armor

Defend in sector vie 078680 to 090670 in the east 0/0 implement

plan green.

e. Scout PLT (CS):

Scout left flank and report any enemy contact.

f. Mv Mort Pit (CS):

Task Force Control priority of fires to CO B.

g. REDEYE CS to task force control priorities to Trains , TOC , and

MSR in that order.

h. Ground Svr Radar (GS) Task force control 0/0 be prepared to screen

forward of the FEBA . -

i. AVLB (CS) : Task force control 0/0 bridge any waterways/gulches.

j. A/ 1—45 Arty DS 0/0 CS priority of fires to Mech/Armor. ASR will

be 49 HE and 3 smoke missions.

k. Reserves: None

1. Coordinating Instructions:

(1) Maintain enemy contact once established

(2) 0/0 implement plan green

(3) Th Cdrs must provide screening forces fo rward of the FEBA.

42

p

‘I

- ,

~

._~~~ P•*- _ - -~ .

- - -
(4) Direct coordination with elements on flanks authorized.

(5) All task force control elements per SOP .

4. Service Support

a. Resupply daily 1600 all classes

b. Report casualties to IT TOC and Evac to Bde medical sector

c. Evac all POW to Bde holding compound.

5. Command and Signal

a. Signal -

(1) Current CEOI in effect.

(2) Yellow and Violet Smoke for signalling authorized.

b. Command: Bde Command CP initially in vic 068682

Acknowledge .

B. E. MIDDLETON

Command ing

Annexes :

- A — Plan Green

43

S. - - — - -- -.~ .5_ si,,. -r ’t-- —wjM y.-t.----~- .-~ -

/

~~~ *

_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7
ANNEX A — Counterattack Plan Green

On order, Commanders will withdraw a heavy tank section and one infantry

squad to the rear of the de fensive position and utilize this force as the

counterattacking force for plan green . Counterattack must be a sweeping

flank attack .

44

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~~~ —________________ -
OPORD 10 Offense S/N lane , Exercises 2 & 4

Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vie 1:50 ,000 2nd DMATC edi tion

Time Zone: Local

Task Organization : TF 4/40 Ar

Th Armor TM Mech

C/4—40 AR (—) CSC/1—8 Inf (—)

l/A/1—8 Inf 1/C/4—40 AR

TOW Sec B/1—8 Inf FIST (—) CSC/1—8 Inf

FIST (— ) C/1—8 Inf TOW Sec CSC/1—8 Inf

COB TF CON

B/4—4 0 Ar A/ 1—45 Ar ty DS/O/OCS

FIST (—) (155 Sp) - AVLB (CS)

Hvy Mtr (CS)

REDEYE (—) (CS)

FiST (—) (GS )

Sets (—) (CS)

Crd Srv Rdr (GS)

1. Situation

a. Enemy forces: Enemy armored forces have been delaying in sector

and establishing defensive positions in the vicinity of Agony Ridge for the

past four days .

b. Friendly forces :

(1) 1st Bde

(2) TF 1/8 Inf

(3) 11 2/34 Arm

(4) 1/45 Arty

c. Attachmen t & Detachments: Task Org .

2. Mission: 17 4/40 Armor attack H—Hou r D—Day to secure high ground

vicinity 092723. 0/0 continue to attack north.

3. Execution:

a. Concept of operation

(1) Maneuver: Task force 4/40 Armor will conduct offensive

operations to secure the high ground in the vicinity of 092723. Once the

- 46

~1

- 4_

~~ .5: -

- - .

d.ê

~ - - -

~~~~ .5 - 

‘

—.5,

- -
objective is secured , Task Force 4/40 will consolidate on the ground and

be prepared to continue offensive operation 0/0.

(2) Fire Support. Priority of fires to Team Mech/Armor, fire support

ASR is 49 }L.E. and 3 Smoke missions.

b. Team Mech/Armor attack along axis RED and secure objective from 12

to 4 o’clock .

c. Company B attacks along axis RED following Team Mech/Armor and

secures objective from 8 to 12 o ’clock .

d. Team Mach/Armor attacks along axis RED following Company B , once

on the objective secure from 4 to 8 o’clock .

e. Scout Plt (GS) — Screen 17 flank east of Hwy 11 and report and maintain any enemy contact .

f. Hvy Mortar Plt (CS) — Task Force control consolidate with Battalion

TOC.

g. REDEYE CS to task force control priorities to TOC, Trains , and MSR ,

in that order.

h. GRD SVR RDR (CS) — Task Force control 0/0 be prepared to screen to

the front of the objective once secured.

i. AVLB (GS) Task Force control .

j. Reserves: None

k. Coordinating Instructions : Report all crossings of Phase Lines and

enemy contact .

4. Service Support:

a. Resupply of all classes will be conducted daily at 0600 hours .

b. Casualties will be reported to TV TOC and evacuated by Battalion

Medical Platoon .

c. POW Evac per unit SOP .

5. Command and Signal:

a. Signal : Current CEOI in effect , Yellow and Violet smoke available

for signalling.

b. Command :

(1) Bn TOC will be initially located at 071679 .

47

- - -- - 

_ - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

.5 - .5

- - -~~~~~~~~~~~~“
(2) Command will follow Team A in the attack .

Acknowledge

L. JACKSON

Commanding

48

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49 

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1

~~~
OPORD 20 Defense S/N lane , Exercises 2 & 4

Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vic 1:50,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone: Local

Task Organization: TI 4/40 Ar

Tm Armor TM Mach

C/4—40 Ar (—) CSC/1—8 Inf (—)

1/A/ 1—8 Inf 1/C/4—40 Ar

TOW Sec B/ 1— 8 Inf FIST (—) CSC/1—8 Inf

FIST (—) C/ 1— 8 Inf TOW Sec CSC/ 1— 8 Inf

COB TF CON

B/4—40 Ar A/ 1—45 Arty DS/O/OGS

FIST (—) _ (155 Sp)

AVLB (CS)

Hvy Mtr (CS)

REDEYE (—) (CS )

FIST (— ) (GS)

Crd Srv Rdr (GS)

1. Situation

a. Enemy Force s: Have been attacking from the south in an effort to

seize Colorado Springs. The attack is expected to continue within 24 hours

in vie Hill 6465 grid 068680 along axis Hwy 115 .

b. Friendly Forces:

(1) 1st Bde

(2) TF 1/8 Inf

(3) 112/34 Arm

(4) A/ 1—45 Arty

c. Attachments and Detachments: Sets to 1st Bde Task Force Control

2. MIssion:

TI 4/40 Armor defends in sector from H—Hour D—Day 0/0 implement green

plan.

3. Execution:

a. Concept of operations:

(1) Maneuver: Task Force 4/40 de fends in sector with Company B in

the vest , Team Mach/Armor in the center and Team Mach/Armor in the east.

t --~~~— -.

~~~~~ -——.5—- -

~ - - 

50 

- .5 

- ‘ 0a~ , ~~~~ ~ —

.5- 

- -

~~~~~~

‘ “1
(2) Fire Support: Priority of fire to Team Mech/Armor

De fend in sector , vIe 086 726 to 092723 in the center , 0/0 implement

plan green .

c. Company B:

Defend in sector vie 086727 to 080730 in the west 0/0 implement

plan green .

d. Team Mech/Armor:

Defend in sector vie 092723 to 111711 in the east 0/0 implement

plan green .

e. Scout PLT (CS) :

Scout left flank and report any enemy contact.

f. liv Mort Plt (CS):

Task Force Control priority of fires to CO B.

g. REDEYE CS to task force control priorities to Trains, TOC , and MSR

in that order.

h. Ground Svr Radar (CS) Task force control 0/0 be prepared to screen

forward of the FEBA.

i. AVLB (CS):- Task force control 0/0 bridge any waterways/gulches.

j. A/ 1—45 Arty DS 0/0 CS priority of fires to Mech/Armor. ASR will be

49 HE and 3 smoke missions.

k. Reserves: None

1. Coordinating Instructions

(1) Maintain enemy contact once established

(2) 0/0 implement plan green

(3) TM Cdrs must provide screening forces

(4) Direct coordination with elements on flanks authorized

(5) All task force control elements per SOP .

4. Service Support

a. Resupply daily 1600 all classes

51

..— ~~~~~ — —-.5 —‘-

.5 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- -,

~ - - .5; ~~~ -‘ 

-

..

~~~~~~~ -- _ .‘-~~~~~~~

-

~~~

-

- - -,
b. Report casualties to IT TOC and Evac to Bde medical sector

c. Evac all, POW to Bdc holding compound.

5. Command and Signal

a. Signal

(1) Current CEOI in effect.

(2) Yellow and Violet Smoke for signalling authorized.

b. Command: Bde Command CP initially in vie 094728.

Acknowledge .

B. E. MIDDLETON

Commanding

Annexes :

A — Plan Green

52

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

.

- -

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~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ANNEX A — Counterattack Plan Green

On orde r , Commanders will withdraw a heavy tank section and one infantry

squad to the rear of the de fensive position and utilize this force as the counterattacking force for plan green . Counterattack must be a sweeping

flank attack..

• 1

.5 53 -

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

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~~

~-
OPORD 1Q Offense S/N lane , Exe rcise 5

Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vie 1:50 ,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone : Local

Task Organization : TF 4/40 Ar

TM Armor TM Mech

C/4—40 AR (—) CSC/1—8 Inf (— )

1/A/ 1—8 Inf 1/C/4—40 AR

TOW Sec B/1—8 In! FIST (—) CSC/1—8 In!

FIST (—) C/1—8 Inf TOW Sec CSC/1—8 Inf

COB TF CON

B/4—40 Ar A/ 1—45 Arty DS/O/ OGS

FIST (—) (155 Sp)

AW.B (CS)

livy Mtr (CS)

REDEYE (—) (CS)

FIST (—) (CS )

Sets (—) (CS)

Grd Srv Rdr (CS)

1. Situation

a. Enemy forces: Enemy armored forces have been delaying in sector

and establishing defensive positions in the vicinity of Agony Ridge for

the past four days.

b. Friendly forces :

(1) 1st Bde

(2) TV 1/8 Inf

(3) TF 2/34 Arm

(4) 1/45 Arty

c. Attachment & Detachments: Task Org.

2. Mission: I’F 4/40 Armor attack H—Hour D—Day to secure high ground

vicinity 079709 . 0/0 continue the attack north .

4 3. Execution :

a. Concept of operation

(1) Maneuver : Task force 4/40 Armor will conduct offensive

55 ‘.5.

.5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~“ - t.. . - 1L~~~ 9~

A~ - -

~~~~~~~~ 0 - -

.5 

- .-?*~~~~~- - é ~~~~.:

___
operations to secure the high ground in the vicinity of 079709 . Once the

objective is secured , Task Force 4/40 will consolidate on the ground and be

prepared to continue offensive operation 0/0.

(2) Fire Support: Priority of fires to Team Mech , fire support ASR

is 49 li.E. and 3 Smoke missions.

b . Team Mech attack along axis RED and secure objective from 12 to-4

o’clock .

c. Company B attacks along axis RED following Team Mech and secures

objective from 8 to 12 o ’clock .

d. Team Armor attacks along axis RED following Company B, once on the

objec tive secure from 4 to 8 o ’clock.

e. Scout Plt (CS) — Screen IT flank east of Hwy 11 and report and maintai n any enemy contact .

f. Hvy Mortar Pit (GS) — Task Force control consolidate with Battalion

1DC.

g. REDEYE CS to task force control priorities to TOC, Trains, and MSR, .5

in that order.

Ii. GRD SVR RDR ( GS ) — Task Force control 0/0 be prepared to screen to

the front of the objec tive once secured.

I. ALVB (CS) Task Force control .

j. Reserves: None

k. Coordinating Instructions : Report all crossings of Phase Lines

and enemy contact .

4. Service S

~pport:

a. Resupply of all classes will be conducted daily at 0600. hours .

b. Casualties will be reported to TV TOC and evacuated by Battalion

Medical Platoon.

c. POW Evac per unit SOP .

5. Command and Signal:

a. Signal: Current CEOI in effect , Yellow and Violet smoke available

for signalling .

56

- - ~~~;

%j ’ -

.5

- 4
b. Command : .5

(1) Un TOC will be initially located at 072677

(2) Command will follow Team Armor in the attack .

Acknowledge

L. JACKSON

Commanding

57

-- —- - ______ -

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-/
OPORD 30 Off ense N/S lane , Exercise 5

Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vie 1:50 ,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone : Local

Task Organization : IT 4/40 AR

TM Armor TM Mech

C/4—40 ~R (—) CSC/1—8 Inf (—)

1/A/i—S i’~f l/C/4—40 AR

TOW Sec B/1— 8 In! FIST (—) CSC/1—8 In!

FIST (—) C/1— 8 Inf TOW Sec CSC/1—8 In!

COB TF CON

E/4—40 AR A/1—45 Arty DS/O/OGS

FIST (—) (155 Sp)

AVLB (CS)

ilvy Mtr (CS)

REDEYE (—) (CS)

FIST (—) (GS)

Sets (—) (CS)

Grd Srv Rdr (CS)

1. SituatIon

a.- Enemy Forces : Enemy Mech/Arinor units have been observed in the

vicinity of 056682. .5

b . Friendly Forces :

(1) 1st Ude

(2) IT 1/8 Inf

(3) IT 2/34 Arm

(4) A 1/45 Arty

c. Attachment and Detachments: Sets to 1st Bde TF Con

2. Mission: Task force 4/40 will attack H—Hour , D—Day to seize and secure

the high ground in the vicinity of 056682 0/0 continue the attack south .

3. Execution:

a. Concept of operation :

(1) Maneuver: Task force 4/40 Armor presently located at 082708

will conduct offensive operations H—Hour fl—Day to secure the high ground in

the vicinity of 056682. Presently friendly forces are occupying the LD.

59

:4

-t - - - ~~— - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Va . .t_ .5 - — .,

- -, - - —

.5 - 4 - ~~

-- - - .5s-.

- .5-

- - 

-

~~ /

_____ 

.5 - -

— —

~~

~—
Team elements will maneuve r along axis MID to seize and secure objective .5

APPLE. Once the objective is secure d Task Force 4/40 will consolidate on

the ground and be prepared to continue offensive operation 0/0.

(2) Fire Support: Priority of fires to Team Armor , fire support

ASR is 49 N .E. and 3 Smoke missions.

b. Team Armor attack along axis MID and secure objective from 12 to

4 o ’clock.

c. Company B attacks along axis MID following Team Armor and secures

objective from 8 to 12 o ’clock .

d. Team Mech attacks along axis MID following Company B , once on the

objective secure from 4 to 8 o ’clock .

e. Scout Pit (CS) — Screen TF flank east of Hwy 11 and report and

maintain any enemy contact.

f. Hvy Mortar Pit (CS) — Task force control consolidate with Battalion

TOC.

g. REDEYE GS to task force control priorities to TOC , Trains , and MSR ,

in that order.

h. CRD SVR ROR (GS) — Task force control 0/0 be prepared to screen to

the front Of the objective once secured.

i. AVLB (GS) Task Force control .

J. Reserves: None —

k. Coordinating Instructions : Report all crossings of Phase Lines and

enemy contact .

4. Service Support:

a. Resupply of all classes will be conducted daily at 0600 hours.

b. Casualties will be reported to IT TOC and evacuated by Battalion

Medical Platoon .

c. POW Evac per uni t SOP.

5. Command and Signal:

a. Signal: Current CEOI in effect , Yellow and Violet smoke available

for signalling.

60

- 

- -
b. Command :

(1) En -TOC will be initially located at 085716.

(2) Command will follow Team Mcch in the attack .

Acknowledge .

L. JACKSON

Commanding

61

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OPORD 40 Defense N/S lane , Exercise 6

Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vie 1:50 ,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone: Local

Task Organization: TF 4/40 Ar

Th Armor TM Mach

C/4—40 Ar HQ CSC/ 1—8 b E (—)

1/A/ i— 8 In! 1/c/4—40 Ar

TOW Sec FIST (—)

FIST (—) TOW Sec

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COB TF CON

B/4—40 Ar A/1—45 Arty DS/O/OGS

FIST (—) (155 Sp)

AVLB (CS)

Hvy Mtr (CS)

REDEYE (—) (GS)

FIST (—) (GS )

Grd Srv Rdr (GS )

1. Situation -

a. Enemy Forces: Have been attacking from the north in an effort to

seize Pueblo. They have been located in grid square 0972 and are expected

to continue their attack along Hwy 115 .

b . Friendly Forces:

(1) 1st Bde

(2) IT 1/8 Inf

(3) TF 2/34 Arm

(4) A/1—45 Arty

c. Attachments and Detachments: Sets to 1st Bde Task Force Control

2. Mission:

TF 4/40 Armor defends in sector from N—Hour D—Day .

3. Execution:

a. Concept of operations:

(1) Maneuver: Task Force 4/40 defends in sector with Company B in

the vest , Team Armor in the center and Team Mach in the east.

63

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(2) Fire Support: Priority of fire to Team Armor.

b . Team Armor

De fend in sector vie 053688 to 063676 in the center.

c. Company B:

Defend in sector vie 045700 to 053688 in the west.

d. Team Mech

Defend in sector 063676 to 069660 in the east.

e. Scout Pit (CS):

Scout left flank and report any enemy contact.

f. Mv Mort Pit (CS):

Task Force Control priority of fires to CO B.

g. REDEYE CS to task force control priorities to Trains , TOC, and MSR ,

in that order.

h. Ground Svr Radar (GS) Task force control 0/0 be prepared to screen

forward of the FEBA.

i. AVLB (GS): Task force control 0/0 bridge any waterways/gulches.

3. A/1—45 Arty DS 0/0 GS priority of fires to Team Armor. ASR will be

49 N.E. and 3 smoke missions.

k. Reserves: None

1.. Coodinating Instructions :

(1) Maintain enemy contact once established

(2) TM Cdrs must provide screening forces forward of the FEBA

(3) No forces will operate forward of PL Turkey

(4) Direct coordination with elements on flanks authorized

(5) All task force control elements per SOP.

4. Service Support:

a. Resupply daily 1600 all classes

b. Report casualties to TF TOC and Evac to Bde medical sector

c. Evac all POW to Bde holding compound .

64

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5. Command and Signal:

a. Signal

(1) Current CEOI in effect .

(2) Yellow and Violet Smoke for signalling authorized .

b. Command : Bde Command CP initially in vie 055675.

Acknowledge

B. E. MIDDLETON

Commanding

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Time Zone : Local

Task Organization : IT 4/40 AR

TM Armor TM Mech

C/4—40 AR HQ CSC/1—8 In! (—)

1/A/1—8 Inf 1/C/4—40 AR

TOW Sec B/1—8 Inf FIST (—) CSC/ 1— 8 In!

FIST (—) C/1—8 Inf TOW Sec CSC/1—8 bnf

2/C/4—40

COB TF CON

B/4—40 A/1—45 Arty DS/O/OCS .5

FIST (--) (155 Sp) .5

AVLB (GS)

livy Mtr (CS)

REDEYE (—) (GS)

FIST C—) (CS)

Sets (—) (CS) - Grd Srv Rd r (CS)

1. Situation : -

a. Enemy Forces: Enemy Mech/Armor units have been observed in the

vicinity of 050680 and are preparing defensive positions along the ridgeline

from 050685 to 090675 .

b. Friendly Forces :

(1) 1st Bde

(2) TF 1/8 Inf

(3) TF 2/34 Arm

(4) A 1/45 Arty

c. Attachment and Detachments: Scts to 1st Bde TF Con

2. Mission: Task force 4/40 will attack H—Hour , D—Day to seize and secure

the high ground in the vicinity of 058682. 0/0 continue the attack southwest.

3. Execution:

a. Concept of operation :

(1) Maneuver: Task force 4/40 Armor presently located at 104719

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will conduct offensive operations 11—flour D—D ~y to secure the h igh ground

in the vicinity of 058682 . Presently friendly forces are occupy1n~ the LB. - Team elements will attack in zone to seize and secure objective APPLE, Once

the objective is sec ured , Task Force 4/40 will consolidate on the ground

and be prepared to continue offensive operation 0/0 .

(2) Fire ,,

~~pport: Priority of fires to Team MECH , f ire support

ASR is N.E. 49 and 3 Smoke missions .

b. Team MECH attack in zone and secure objective from 12 to 4 o ’clock .

c. Company B attacks in zone following Team MECH and secures objective

from 8 to 12 o ’clock .

d. Team Armor attacks in zone following Company B , once on the objec—

tive secure from 4 to 8 o’clock .

e. Scout Pit (GS) — Screen IT flank east of Hwy 11 and report and

maintain any enemy contact .

f. Ilvy Mortar Pit (CS) — Task Force control consolidate with Battalion

TOC.

.5 g. REDEYE CS to task force control priorities to TOC, Trains , and MSR , in that order.

h. GRD SVR RDR (CS) — Task Force control 0/0 be prepared to screen

to the front of the objective once secured.

I. AVLB (CS) Task Force control .

j. Reserves: None

k. Coordinating Instructions : Report all crossings of Phase Lines

and enemy contact.

4. Service Support:

a. Resupply of all classes will be conducted daily at 0600 hours .

b. Casualties will be reported to IT TOC and evacuated by Battalion

Medical Platoon .

c. POW Evác- per unit SOP .

5. Comman d and Sig~~ l:

*. Signal : Current CEOI in effect , Yellow and Violet smoke available

for signalling.

68

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ - --
b. Command:

(1) En TOC will be initially located at 100726 .

(2) Command will follow Team Armor in the attack.

Acknowledge

L. JACKSON

Commanding

I

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OPORD 10 Offense S/N lane, Exercise 8

Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vie 1:50,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone: Local

Task Organization : TF 4/40 Ar

Th Armor TM Mech

C/4—40 AR (—) CSC/1—8 In! (—)

1/A/1—8 In! 1/C/4—40 AR

TOW Sec B/1— 8 Inf FIST (—) CSC/1—8 Inf

FIST (—) C/1—8 In! TOW Sec CSC/1—8 In!

COB TF CON

B/4—40 Ar A/1—45 Arty DS/O/OCS

FIST (-.) (155 Sp)

AVLB (CS)

Hvy Mtr (GS)

REDEYE (—) (CS)

FIST (—) (CS)

Scts (— ) (CS)

Grd Srv Rdr (CS)

1. Situation -

a. Enemy forces : Enemy armored forces have been delaying in sector

and establishing defensive positions in the vicinity of Agony Ridge for

the past four days.

b . Friendly forces :

(1) 1st Bde

(2) TF 1/8 Inf

(3) TF 2/34 Arm

(4) 1/45 Arty

c. Attachment & Detachments : Task Org .

2. Mission: iT 4/40 Armor attack H—Hour D—Day to secure high ground

vicinity 074704. 0/0 continue the attack north.

3. Execution:

a. Concept of operation

(1) Maneuver: Task force 4/40 Armor will conduct offensive operations

71 

,- ------..-.

~~~~—— —--

~~~~ --- .—•_ ~~~~~ *_ -, . 

- - - - - .5

- 

~~~~
to secur e the high ground in the vicinity of 074704. Once the objective is

secured , Task Force 4/40 will consolidate on the ground and be prepared to

continue offensive operation 0/0 .

I (2) Fire Support: Priority of fires to Team Armor. Fire support

F ASR is TED and 3 Smoke missions.

b. Team Armor attack in zone and secure objective from 12 to 4 o ’clock.

I c. Company B attacks in zone following Team Armor and secures objective

from 8 to 12 o’clock .

I d. Team Mech attacks in zone following Company B , once on the object ive

I secure from 4 to 8 o ’clock.

I e. Scout Pit (CS) — Screen IT flank east of Hwy 11 and report and

I maintain any enemy contact.

I f. Hvy Mortar Pit (CS) — Task Force control consolidate with Battalion

I g. REDEYE GS to task force control priorities to TOC, Trains , MSR ,

I in that order.

I h. CRD SVR RDR (CS) — Task Force control 0/0 be prepared to screen to

I the front of the objective once secured.

1. AVLB (GS) Task Force control.

j. Reserves : None

I k. Coordinating Instructions : Report all crossings of Phase - Lines and

enemy contact .

4. Service Support:

a. Resupply of all classes will be conducted daily at 0600 hours .

I b . Casualties will be reported to IT TOC and evacuated by Battalion

I Medical Platoon .

C. POW Evac per unit SOP.

5. Command and Signal:

a. Signal : Current CEOI in effect , Yellow and Violet smoke available

for signalling.

72

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(1) Bn CP will be initially located at 066656 and will follow 

Tm Annor. 

Acknowledec 

L. JACKSON 

Commanding 

73 
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Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vie 1:50 ,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone : Local

Task Organization : TF 4/40 Ar

TM Armor TM Mach

L C/4—4 0 Ar (— ) CSC/1—8 In! (—)

1/A/ 1—8 Inf FIST (—) CSC/1—8 Inf

TOW Sec B/1—8 En! TOW Sec CSC/1—8 Inf

FIST (—) C/1—8 In!

COB TF CON

B/4—40 Ar A/1—45 Arty DS/O/OGS

FIST (—) (155 Sp)

AVLB (CS)

Uvy Mtr (CS)

REDEYE (—) (CS)

F~

IST (—) (GS)

Crd Srv Rdr (CS)

1. Situation

a. Enemy Forces: Rave been attacking from the south in an effort to

seize Colorado Springs . The attack is expected to continue within 24 hoursin vic Hill 6465 grid 068680 along axis Hwy 115.

b . Friendly Forces:

(1) 1st Ede

(2) TF 1/8 tuf

(3) TF 2/34 Arm

(4) A/1—45 Arty

c. Attachments and Detachments: Sets to 1st Bde Task Force Control

2. Mission:

TF 4140 Armor defends in sector from H—Hour D—Day .

3. Execution:

a. Concept of operations:

(1) Maneuver Task Force 4/40 defends in sector with Company B

in the wes t , Team Mech in the center and Team Armor in the east.

75

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(2) Fire Support : Priority of fire to Team Mccli

b. Team Mech

De fend in sector , vie 073707 to 080693 in the center.

c. Company B:

Defend in sector vie 060710 to 073707 in the west

d . Team Armor

Defend in sector vie 080693 to 091687 in the east.

e. Scout PLT (CS) :

Scout left flank and report any enemy contact.

f. Mv Mort Pit (CS) :

Task Force Control priority of fires to CO B.

g. REDEYE CS to task force control prioritic~ to Trains, TOC , and MSR , in that order.

h . Ground Svr Radar (GS) Task Force Control 0/0 be prepared to screen

forward of the. FEBA.

i. AVLB (GS) : Task Force Control 0/0 bridge any waterways/gulches .

j. A/ 1—45 Arty DS 0/0 CS priority of fires to Tm Mech . ASR will be

49 HE and 3 smoke missions.

k. Reserves: None

1. Coordinating Instructions

(1) Maintain enemy contact once established

(2) TM Cdrs must provide screening forces .5

(3) Direct coordination with elements on flanks authorized

(4) All task force control elements per SOP

(5) Do not place security forces forward of PL PRUNE .

4. Service Support

a. Resupply daily 1600 all classes

b. Report casualties to TF TOC and Evac to Bde medical sector

c. Evac all POW to Bde holding compound .

76
5. Command and Signal

a. Signal

(1) Current CEOI in effect.

(2) Yellow and Violet smoke for signalling authorized .

L b. Command : Bn Command CP initially in vie 094728.

B • E. MIDI)LETON

Commanding

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Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vie 1:50 ,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone : Local

Task Organization : TF 4/40 AR

TM Armor TM Mach

C/4—40 AR (—) CSC/1—8 In! (—)

1/A/1—8 in! 1/C/4—40 Alt

TOW Sec B/ 1—8 Inf FIST (.-) CSC/1—8 In!

FIST (—) C/ 1—8 Inf TOW Sec CSC/1—8 Inf

COB TF~~)N

B/4—40 AR A/1—45 Arty DS/0/OGS

FIST (—) (155 Sp)

AVLB (GS)

livy Mtr (CS)

REDEYE (—) (CS)

FIST (—) (CS)

Sets (—) (CS)

Ord Srv Rdr (GS)

1. Situation:

a. Enemy Forces : Enemy Mech/Armor units have been observed in the

vicinity of 056682 .

b. Friendly Forces:

(1) 1st Bde

(2) IT 1/8 In!

(3) IT 2/34 Arm

(4) A 1/45 Arty

c Attachment and Detachments: Sets to 1st Bde TF Con

2. Mission: Task force 4/40 will attack H—Hour , D—Day to seize and secure

the high ground in the vicinity of 056682 . 0/0 continue the attack south .

3. Execution:

a Concept of operation :

(1) Maneuver: Task force 4140 Armor presently located at 098728

will conduct offensive operations H—Hou r D—Day to secure the high ground in

the vicinity of 056682 . Presently friendly forces are occupying the LD.

-

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Team elements will maneuver in zone to seize and secure objective APPLE.

Once the objective is secured Task Force 4/40 will consolidate on the

ground and be prepared to continue offensive operation 0/0.

(2) Fire Support: Priority of fires to Team Armor. Fire support

ASR is TBD and 3 Smoke missions .

b. Team Armor attack in zone and secure objective from 12 to 4 o ’clock .

c. Company B attacks in zone following Team Armor and secures objective

from 8 to 12 o’clock .

d. Team Mech attacks in zone following Company B , once on the objec—

tive secure from 4 to 8 o’clock .

e. Scout Pit (CS) — Screen IT flank east of Hwy 11 and report and maintain any enem y contact .

f. ilvy Mortar Pit (GS) — Task Force control consolidate with Battalion

TOC.

g. REDEYE CS to task force control priorities to TOC , Trains, and MSR , in that order.

h. CRD SVR RDR (CS) — Task force control 0/0 be prepared to screen

to the fr ont of the objective and secured.

i. AVLB (GS) Task Force control .

j. Reserves: None

k. Coordinating Instructions: Report all crossings of Phase Lines

and enemy contact.

4. Service Support:

a. Resupply of all classes will be conducted daily at 0600 hours .

b. Casualties will be repoted to IT TOC and evacuated by Battalion

Medical Platoon .

c. POW Evac per unit SOP .

5. Command and Signal:

a. Signal : Current CEOI in effect , Yellow and Violet smoke available

for signalling.

80

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

-
b • Conun and : -

(1) Mn CP will be initially located at 085716 and will follow

Tm Armor.

(2) Command will follow Team Mach in the attack .

Acknowledgc

L. JACKSON -

Cowman ding

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Reference : Map Ft Carson and Vie 1:50,000 2nd DMATC edition

Time Zone : Local

Task Organization : TF 4/40 Ar

TM Armor TM Mech

C/4—40 AR (—) CSC/1—8 In! (—)

1/A/1—8 In! 1/C/4—40 AR

TOW Sec B/1—8 In! FIST (—) CSC/1— 8 In!

FIST (—) C/1—8 In! TOW Sec CSC/1—8 In!

COB TF CON

B/4—40 Ar A/1—45 Arty DS/O/OGS

FIST (—) (155 Sp)

AVLB (CS)

I-Ivy Mtr (CS)

REDEYE (—) (CS)

FIST (—)

Sets (—) (CS)

Crd Srv Rdr (CS)

1. Situation

a. Enemy forces: Enemy armored forces have been delaying in sector

and establishing defensive positions in the vicinity of Agony Ridge for

the past four days .

b . Friendly forces :

(1) 1st Bde

(2) IT 1/8 Inf

(3) TF 2/34 Arm

(4) 1/45 Arty

c. Attachment & Detachments: Task Org .

2. Mission: IT 4/40 Armor attack H—Hour D—Day to secure high ground

vicinity 092715. 0/0 continue the attack north .

3. Execution:

a. Concept of operation :

(1) Maneuver: Task force 6/40 Armor will conduct offensive

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operations to secure the high ground in the vicinity of 092715. Once the

objective is secured , Task Force 4/40 will consolidate on the ground and be

prepared to continue offensive operation 0/0.

(2) Fire Support: Priority of fires to Team Mech fire support ASR

is T.B.A. and 3 Smoke missions.

b . Team Mech attack In zone and secure objective from 12 to 4 o’clock.

c. Company B attacks in zone following Team Mcch and secures objective

from 8 to 12 o’clock .

d . Team Armor attacks in zone following Company B , once on the objective secure from 4 to 8 o’clock.

e. Scout Pit (CS) — Screen IT flank east of Hwy 11 and report and

maintain any enemy contact .

f. Hvy Mortar Pit (CS) — Task Force. control consolidate with Battalion

TOC.

g. REDEYE CS to task force control priorities to TOC , Trains , and MSR, in that order.

h. CRD SVR RDR (CS) — Task Force control 0/0 be prepared to screen

to the front of the objective. once secured.

I. AVLB (CS) Task Force control .

j. Reserves: None.

k. Coordinating Instructions : Report all crossings of Phase Lines and

enemy contact.

4. Service Support:

a. Resupply of all, classes will be conducted daily at 0600 hours .

b. Casualties will be reported to IT TOC and evacuated by Battalion

Medical Platoon .

c. POW Evac per unit SOP .

5. Command and Signal:

a. Signal : Curren CEOI in effect , Yellow and Violet smoke available

for signalling.

84

-
I b. Command :

(1) Bn IDC will be initially located at 070662 and will follow

Tm Mech .

(2) Command will follow Team Armor in the attack .

L Acknowledge

L. JACKSON

Commanding

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APP~ 4DIX C. DESCRIPTION OF FORCE MIXES

During the field exercises , each force was a company (—) team composed

of a team headquarters , tank platoon, two rifle squads , TOW section, and

fire support team (FIST). The FIST contains a forward observer, assistant

forward observer, and driver. Headquarters sections were composed of the

company team commander (CTC) and crew members of his vehicles. On one

team, the CrC was an armor captain who used his tank and crew . On the other

team, the CrC was an infantry captain who used his jeep , driver , and radio

telephone operator. These force mixes were used for exercises 1, 2 , 3, 4 ,

5, and 7. In exercIses 6 and 8 , both tank platoons were given to the

attacking team. During the forecasting exercises, two minor changes were

made in. the force mixes — no FIST teams were used and the infantry CTC was

in an APC instead of a jeep.

• 1

r

r

87

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e

I
APPENDIX D. ORDER OF THE EXERCISES

In the field exercises , six of the eight exercises were attack/defend

missions. For exercises 1, 2, 3, and 4, each team had a tank platoon , while

for exercises 6 and 8 , both tank platoons were assigned to the attacking

team . Exercises 5 and 7 were meeting engagements. Mission assignments

were counterbalanced so each force had to attack an equal number of times,

and the direction of attack was also counterbalanced , in case one direction

of attack was more difficult than the other.

Exercise No. Tm A Tm B Force Mix

1 attack N to S defend in S each team has tank platoon

2 defend in N attack S to N each team has tank platoon

3 defend in S attack N to S each team has tank platoon

4 attack S to N defend in N each team has tank platoon

5 attack N to S attack S to N each team has tank platoon

6 defend in S attack N to S B has both tank platoons

7 attack S to N attack N to S each team has tank platoon

8 attack S to N defend in N A has both tank platoons

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I HUDA (DAM) DOT-C) 1 USAEC, Ft Monmouth , ATTN: AMSEL -PA P

1 HODA SDAPC PMZ ~~ 1 USAEC, Ft Monmout l,. ATTN: AMSEL SI—CR

1 HOD/s IOACH-PP ? A) 1 USAEC . F, Monmouth. ATTN. C. Fec) Os-. Br

1 HODA (DAPE HRE) 1 USA Materia ls Sys AriaS Agc’., Aberdeen. ATTN AMXSY P

I HODA fDAPE-M PO-C) 1 Edgewood Arsenal . Aberdeen, ATTN: SARCA HI H

I HODA (DAPE ow 1 USA Ord CS, & Sc)’.. Aberdeen. ATTN: ATSL—TEM- C

1 HODA (DAPE-HRL) 2 USA Hum Engr Lab , Aberdeen. ATTN Libra ry/Dir

1 HOI)A )DAPE CPS) I USA Combat Arms Tng Bd, Ft Bennsn.j, ATTN; Ad Supervisor 4

1 HODA (OAFD MEAl 1 USA Infantry Hum Rsch Unit . Ft Beaning, ATTN: Chic)

1 HODA (DARD ARS-P) 1 USA Infantry Bd Ft Benning, ATTN: STESC IF- I

I HODA (OAPC PAS-A) 1 USASMA . Fl Bliss , ATIN: ATSS LRC

1 HOD/s (DUSA OR) 1 (iSA Air Del Sch. Ft Bliss , AITN: ATSA CTD ME

1 ll(IDA IOAM (l ROR) 1 USA Ai r Oct ScSi , Ft Bliss . ATTN Tech Liii

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I HOI)A ) DA 1O P )) 1 USA Air Del Bd , Ft B5iss . ATIN; STEBD -P0

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1 Mil Aist Hum Re.. OOL)R&E . 0/sD (E&LS) 1 USA Cmd A General Stf Colleqe , Ft Leavenworth. ATTN ATSW-SE -

ilQ L)SA RAL . AP() Si’atII”. ATTN ARA GP R I USA Cs-nd & General SI) College , Ft Leavenw i s - Il ,. ATTN: Es -f Advisor

1 HO First Army. A TTN: AFKA-OI TI 1 (ISA Ci,niliined A n u s Cmbt Os-. A,-,, Ft Li’as’i’,iwo.th. ATTN: DepCrf,

7 HO Fift h Ar my, Ft Sam Hous too 1 USA Combin ed Arms Cmbt Des Act . Ft Leavenwor th. AnN: CCS

1 I), . As-mv 5,5 Stud ses Otc , ATTN OAVCSA (DSP) 1 USA Combined Arms Cntht Os-. Act Ft Leavenworth. AITN: ATCASA

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1 Ols-., Awt Sect ol the As -my )R&D) 1 SJSAM ERDC . Ft Belvoi r , ATTN: SISFB- - - flO

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I (JSASA. Arliii ,Iton , A TTN IARO-T 1 USA Topographic Lab. Ft Belvo ir . ATTN : ETI TO—S

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I US WAC Cti & Sc’., Ft McCIel)an , ATT N: Li), 1 iSA Intelligence CI, & Sctt . Ft Huachuca , ATTN ATSI- TEll GS

I US WAC Cs, & Sc’., Ft McClell an, AT TN: Tn’. Dir . 1 USA Intelligence Ct’ & Sch. Ft Huachur,a, ATTN: ATSI -CTS-OR

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