ED 203 062

TTTLE

INSTITUTION

SPONS AGENCY

PUB DATE

NOTE

AVATLABLE FROM

DOCUMENT RESUME

CE 029 112

Characteristics of Enrollees under Age 22 Who Entered

CETA Proarams During Fiscal Year 1979. Program

Evaluations. Youth Knowledge Development Report

3.10.

Westat Research, Inc., Rockville, Md.

Employment and Training Administration (DOL),

Washington, D.C. Office of Youth Programs.

May 90

186p.: For related documents see CE 029 106.

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, DC 20402 (Stock No.

029-014-00149-0, $5.50).

!DRS PRICE MF01/PCOB Plus Postage.

DESCRIPTORS Adolescents: Background: Cost Effectiveness;

Demonstration Programs: Disadvantaged Youth:

Economically Disadvantaged: *Employment Programs:

Enrollment: *Enrollment Trends: Federal Programs:

Females: Job Placement: Minority Groups: *participant

Characteristics: Participant Satisfaction: Program

Effectiveness: Research: Research Methodology:

Research Utilization: Statistics: Surveys: *Young

Adults: Youth: *Youth Employment

IDENTIFIERS *Comprehensive Employment and Training Act: *Youth

Employment and Demonstration Projects Act

ABSTRACT

This report is one of the products of the knowledge

development effort implemented under the mandate of the Youth

Employment and Demonstration Projects Act of 1977 (YEDPA). It

describes an aspect of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act

(CETA) program--the personal characteristics, economic backgrounds,

and pre-CETA year experiences of participants under the age of 22

newly enrolled in CETA programs during October 1977 through September

1978. Chapters 1 and 2 of the report present a summary and highlights

of the report, and background information on the CETA program.

Chapter 3 of the report presents a comprehensive section on total

enrollment in all CETA programs followed by a discussion of new

enrollment totals for persons under the age of 22 in the various

initial program assignmeLts and by each title of funding. Enrollment

data are presented for fiscal years 1977 and '1978. In addition,

enrollees' levels of satisfaction with CETAAre described. Chapter 4

presents the personal and economic bacaround characteristizs of new

enrollees, while Chapter 5 describes their pre-CETA year experiences.

Data on enrollee groups of special interest are summarized in Chapter

6. A glossary is also included. (KC1

*********************************** ***********************************

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made

from the original document. ***********************************************************************
YOUTH KNOWLE

R

PROGRAM

Characteristics of

Who Entered C

Fisca

"rt
p

S

I

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

EDUCATION &WELFAE

NATIONAL INSTITUTE 7F

EDUCATION

THIS 00CUMENI A_EN REPRO

OUCEO EXA R.:CEIVED FROM

THE PERSON u ANIZATION ORIGIN- ATING IT POINTS VIEW OR OPINIONS

STt TED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EOUCATION POSITION OR POLICY
U.S. Department of Labor

Ray Marshall, Secretary

Employment and Training Administration

Ernest G. Green, Assistant Secretary for

Employment and Training Administration

Office of Youth Programs

Material contained in this publication is

in the public domain and may be

reproduced, fully or partially, without

permission of the Federal Government.

Source credit is requested but not

required. Permission is required only

to reproduce any copyrighted material

contained herein.

3
Youth Knowledge Development Report 3.10

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENROLLEES UNDER AGE 22

WHO ENTERED CETA PROGRAMS DURING FISCAL YEAR 1978

(OCTOBER 1977 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 1978)

Westat, Inc.

May 1980

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington. D.C. 20402

4
OVERVIEW

It is a natural tendency to focus on what is new and different.

The Youth Employment and Demonstration Project Act (YEDPA)

created two new programs administered by prime sponsors at

the local level, Youth Employment and Training Programs (YETP) and Youth Community Conservation and Improvement Project (YCCIP).

YETP and YCCIP have been intensively evaluated since their

implementation. Yet in the first year of operations, fiscal

1978, these programs accounted for less than one in seven

first time enrollments of youth under age 22 in local CETA

programs. The longstanding summer program accounted for more

than half while the remainder were in programs serving both

adults and youth.

A basic question is how these new YEDPA initiatives affected

the entire system at the local level. This report from the

Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey of fiscal 1978 CETA

enrollees provides some of the answers even though it focuses

only on initial assignments within CETA and does not contain

the outcome and experience data which will follow in later reports. Several important conclusions emerge:

First, there appears to have been some reduction in youth

service under comprehensive (adult and youth) programs as the

new programs solely for youth were added. In fiscal 1977,

youth represented 40.6 percent of participants in the local

programs not specifically designated for youth; in fiscal 1978,

the share declined to 37.9 percent. This decline in enrollments offset 15.9 percent of the increase under YEDPA.

Second, there was a major shift in the composition of activities

away from summer only programs. The summer program accounted

for 65 percent of new youth enrollments in 1977 but only 50

percent in 1978; the absolute number of new summer only enrollments declined, which was not reflected in participant counts

in the summer program, suggesting that an increased portion

of summer program enrollees were transferred from in-school

components. Put another way, the intensity or duration of

services for participants rose more than the number of participants.

Third, despite the significant increase in funding for the

new programs, the total new enrollments of young persons rose

by only 6.4 percent between fiscal 1977 and fiscal 1978.

Fourth, there was little change in the characteristics of

young persons served by CETA, although the changes which

occurred suggested somewhat greater targeting on youth most
in need. The minority share remained constant at 58 percent of all new enrollees. The dropout share rose from 11

to 15 percent. The percentage from families receiving cash

benefits increased from 34 to 43 percent. The percentage 17

and under declined slightly from 63 to 60 percent.

Fifth, despite the constancy in aggregate participation patterns, there was a definite pattern within categorical programs and activity clusters:

o Females tended to be overrepresented in classroom

training and underrepresented in PSE and OJT.

o Dropouts were most frequently represented in YCCIP

and least frequently served in the summer programs.

High school graduates were most often in OJT and PSE.

o Youth age 17 and under had their most significant

representation in the summer program and in YETP

and were very rarely served in the CETA components

not specifically targeted to youth.

6
Participation Share, Fiscal 1978

YETP

Classroom

YETP

OJT

YET? Work

Experience YCCIP Summer

Title IIB

Youth Work

Experience

Title IIB

Classroom

Title

IIB

OJT PSE

Male 45 58 50 75 49 51 45 65 65

Age 17 or

less

48 28 71 49 78 61 11 7 6

Nonwhite or

other minority

56 54 54 54 68 49 51 28 41

At or below 85 76 87 81 88 85 76 66 75

70% lower

living standard

1w

1 Dropouts 38 22 18 47 6 15 39 29 30

High School 27 48 24 24 17 25 54 66 67

Graduates
These patterns may well reflect the urgent nature of YEDPA

implementation. Any conclusions about systems adjustments

must await fiscal 1979 CLMS results. As a general rule,

however, the impact of YEDPA on local programming is less

significant than may be assumed from studies of YETP and

YCCIP alone.

This volume is one of the products of the "knowledge development" effort implemented under the mandate of the Youth Employ- ment and Demonstration Projects Act of 1977. The knowledge

development effort consists of hundreds of separate research, evaluation and demonstration activities which will result in

literally thousands of written products. The activities

have been structured from the outset so that each is selfstanding but also interrelated with a host of other activities. The framework is presented in A Knowledge Development Plan for the Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act

of 1977, A Knowledge Development Plan for the Youth Initiatives

Fiscal 1979 and Completinv the Youth Agenda: A Plan for Knowledge Development, Dissemination and Application fc.i: Fiscal 1980.

Information is available or will be coming available from these

various knowledge development efforts to help resolve an almost

limitless array of issues. However, policy and practical application will usually require integration and synthesis from a

wide range of products. A major shortcoming of past research,

evaluation and demonstration activities has been the failure

to organize and disseminate the products adequately to assure

the full exploitation of the findings. The magnitude and

structure of the youth knowledge development effort puts a

premium on structured analysis and wide dissemination.

As part of its knowledge development mandate, therefore, the

Office of Youth Programs of the Department of Labor will

organize, publish and disseminate the written products of all

major research, evaluation and demonstration activities supported directly by or mounted in conjunction with OYP knowledge development efforts. Some of the same products may

also be published and disseminated through other channels,

but they will be included in the structured series of Youth

Knowledge Development Reports in order to facilitate access

and integration.

The Youth Knowledge Development Reports, of which this is one,

are divided into twelve broad categories:

9
1. Knowledge Development Framework: The products in

this category are concerned with the structure of knowledge

development activities, the assessment methodologies which are emplcqad, validation of measurement instruments, the

transition of knowledge into policy, and the strategy for disseminating findings.

2. Research on Youth Employment and Employability

Development: The products in this category represent analyses

of existing data, presentation of findings from new data

sources, special studies of dimensions of youth labor market

problems and policy analyses.

3. Program Evaluations: The products in this category

include impact, process and benefit-cost evaluations of youth

programs including the Summer Youth Employment Program, Job

Corps, the Young Adult Conservation Corps, Youth Employment

and Training Programs, Youth Cc.ntununity Conservation and Improvement Projects, and the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit.

4. Service and Participant Mix: The evaluations and

demonstrations summarized in this category concern the matching

of different types of youth with different service combinations.

These include exl..lriments with work vs. work plus remediation

vs. straight remediation as treatment options. It also includes

attempts to mix disadvantaged and more affluent participants,

as well as youth with older workers.

5. Education and Training Approaches: The products in

this category present the findings of structured experiments

to test the impact and effectiveness of various education and

vocational training approaches including specific education

methodologies for the disadvantaged, alternative education

approaches and advanced career training.

6. Pre-Employment and Transition Services: The products

in this category present 'Ile findings of structured experiments

to test the impact and effectiveness of school-to-work transition activities, vocational exploration, job-search assistance and other efforts to bettel prepare youth for labor

market success.

7. Youth Work Experience: The products in this category

address the organization of work activities, their output, productive roles for youth and the impacts of various employment

approaches.

8. Implementation Issues: This category includes crosscutting analyses of the practIcal lessoas concerning "how-todo-it." Issues such as learning curves, replication processes

and programmatic "batting averages" will be addressed under

this category, as well as the comparative advantages of

alternative delivery agents.

10
9. Design and Organizational Alternatives: The products in this category represent assessments of demonstrations of

alternative program and delivery arrangements such as con- solidation, year-round preparation for summer programming, the use of incentives and multi-year tracking of individuals.

10. Special Needs Groups: The products in this category

present findings on the special problems of and adaptations needed for significant segments including minorities, young mothers, troubled youth, Indochinese refugees and the handicapped.

11. Innovative Approaches: The products in this category

present the findings of those activities designed to explore

new approaches. The subjects covered including the Youth

Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects, private sector initiatives, the national youth service experiment, and energy

initiatives in weatherization, low-head hydroelectric dam

restoration, windpcwer and the like.

12. Institutional Linkages: The products in this category

include studies of institutional arrangements and linkages as well as assessments of demonstratian activities to encourage such linkages with education, volunteer groups, drug abuse and

other youth serving agencies.

In each of these knowledge development categories, there will

be a range of discrete demonstration, research and evaluation

activities, focused on different policy, program and analytical

issues. For instance, all experimental demonstration projects

have both process and impact evaluations, frequently undertaken

by different-evaluation agents. Findings will be published as

they become available so that there will usually be a series of

reports as evidence accumW.ates. To organize these products,

each publication is classiili.d in one of the twelve broad

knowledge development cat(!3^1:ies, described in terms of the

more specific issue, activity or cluster of activities to which

it is addressed, with zal identifier of the product and what it

represents relative to other products in the demonstration.

Hem'e, the multiple products under a knowledge development

activity are closely interrelated and the activities in each

broad cluster have significant interconnections.

This volume should be assessed in conjunction with all the

studies of YETP and YCCIP in the "program evaluations" category,

but particularly Foundation for the 1980s--A Summary Assessment

of Youth Programs which presents the official program data on

11
7

all the new youth programs for their first two years, and also explores the substitution issues utilizing these data. Important information on youth participation is also provided in Findings of the National Longitudinal Survay of Young

Americans, 1979.

ROBERT TAGGART

Administrator

Office of Youth Programs

;12
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Overview

Chapter

1 SUMMARY AND HVIHLTGHTS

PAGE

ii

1.1 Introducti, 1

1.2 Enrollment totals (Chapter 3) 2

1.3 Satisfaction With CETA (Chapter 3) 3

1.4 Selected Personal and Economic Background

Characteristics (Chapter 4) 3

1.5 Pre-CETA Year Experiences (Chapter 5) 4

2 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION

2.1 Review of Legislation: CETA Programs

Serving Youth 6

2.2 General Labor Market Conditions 11

2.3 Introduction to This Report 14

2.4 Contents of This Report 17

3 NEW YOUTH ENROLLMENTS IN CETA PROGRAMS

3.1 Introduction 19

3.2 Estimated Total New Enrollment 19

3.3 Estimated Total New Enrollment For

Youth (Under the Age of 22) 21

3.4 Enrollments by Initial Program Assignment. . 24

3.5 YEDPA Enrollment Covered by the CLMS 26

3.6 Enrollment by Title of Funding 27

3.7 Satisfaction With CETA 29

4 SELECTED PERSONAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND

CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW YOUTH ENROLLEES

IN CETA PROGRAMS

4.1 Introduction 31

4.2 Personal and Economic Background Characteristics By Major IPA Aggregate 31

4.3 Personal and Economic Background Characteristics By Detailed Initial Program

Assignment 33

13
- 10 -

TABLE OF CONTENTS-(Continued)

Chapter Page

5 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCES OF YOUTH ENROLLEES

IN CETA PROGRAMS

5.1 Introduction 42

5.2 High School Completion and School Status

at Entry 42

5.3 Pre-CETA Year Employment Experiences 45

5.4 Pre-CETA Year School or Training

Experiences 49

5.5 Pre-CETA Year Earnings and Income 51

6 YOUTH ENROLLEE GROUPS OF SPECIAL INTEREST

6.1 Introduction 55

6.2 Minority Youth 55

6.3 School Dropouts 56

6.4 Disadvantaged Youth 57

Glossary of Selected Terms 59

Appendix A - Report Information 65

Appendix B - Data Tables 79

14
1. SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS

1.1 Introduction

The focus of this report is on persons under the age of

22 who were newly enrolled in CETA programs during FY 1978 (October

1977 through September 1978). For purposes of analysis, the programs which enroll young persons have been categorized into the

following three major aggregates: nonsummer youth programs, summer

youth programs, and other CETA programs. Nonsummer and summer programs are specifically targeted towards youth, while other CETA

programs are not specifically targeted towards youth.

Like other descriptive reports in the CLMS series on

characteristics of new CETA enrollees, the purpose of this report

is to describe the personal and economic background characteristics and the pre-CETA year experiences of persons selected by

prime sponsors for enrollment. This report is unique in the

series, since it deals exclusively with young enrollees (under the

age of 22).1

During FY 1978, four new programs were initiated by the

Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act (YEDPA) of 1977 --

two of which are included in the CLMS. Specifically, Youth Employment and Training Programs (YETP) and Youth Community Conservation

and Improvement Projects (YCCIP) are the YEDPA programs discussed

'For data on adults enrolled during FY 1978, see CLMS Report No. 10, Characteristics of Enrollees Who Entered Adult-Oriented CETA Programs During Fiscal Year 1978 (October 1977 through September 1978), prepared by Westat, Inc., for the Office of Program Evalu- iETUn, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, January 1980 (hereafter referred to as CLMS Report No. 10).
in this report. YETP and YCCIP, along with youth work experience

(YWE), comprise the aggregate of nonsummer youth programs. Classroom training (CT), on-the-job training (OJT), public service

employment (PSE), and direct referral comprise the aggregate of

other CETA programs.

1.2 Enrollment Totals (Chapter 3)

Total new FY 1978 enrollment, including persons of all ages, was approximately 2.4

million. Enrollment in CETA programs specifically targeted towards youth accounted for

1.3 million of this total, while enrollment

in adult-orilented CETA programs accounted for

1.1 million.

Total new FY 1978 enrollment into CETA of

persons under the age of 22 was about 1.6

million, over half (54%) of which was in

summer youth programs. About 400,00^ (26%)

were enrolled in nonsummer programs, while

almost 320,000 (20%) were enrolled in other

CETA programs.

New enrollments for the YEDPA programs

totaled approximately 222,400 -- 191,600

in YETP, and 30,800 in YCCIP.

Enrollment totals for persons under the age

of 22 increased between FY 1977 and FY 1978

for all major types of CETA activities:

work experience, classroom training, on-thejob training, public service employment, and

direct referral. Further, the implementation

For analysis of estimated total FY 1978 enrollment, the aggregate

used for youth (CETA programs specifically targeted towards youth)

is different than the aggregate presented elsewhere in the report

(CETA programs serving youth). Th' reason for this is that

those persons under the age of 22 in CT, OJT, PSE, and direct

referral are already included in enrollment totals for adultoriented CETA programs and would be double-counted if the aggregate of CETA programs serving youth were used.

2
of YETP (with CT, OJT, and WE components) and YCCIP (a work experience program) during FY 1978 served to add to new enrollment in- creases in the other CETA programs, CT and OJT, while more than offsetting a decrease in youth work experience enrollment.

1.3 Satisfaction With CETA (Chapter 3)

Of all FY 1978 enrollees under the age of 22, 91 percent were generally satisfied with their CETA experiences, with 22 percent of these reporting that they were very sat:s- fied.

Only nine percent reported general dissatis- faction with their CETA experiences, and a very small proportion (2%) of these said that they were very dissatisfied.

1.4 Selecte0 Personal and Economic Background Chaeact,,ristics (Chapter 4)

Summer programs enrolled a comparatively

high proportion of youth 15 years of age or less (39%). Nearly half (47%) of the

nonsummer program enrollees were between the ages of 16 and 17. A sizable pro- portion (91%) of enrollees in other CETA programs were between 18 and 21 years of age.

Of the three aggregates, summer programs enrolled the highest proportion (68%) of minorities. Just over half (52%) of the nonsummer program enrollees were minority youth. The percentage of minority en- rollees was also sizable (44%) in other CETA programs.

Over four-fifths of nonsummer (86%) and summer (88%) program enrollees were eco- nomically disadvantaged under CLMS, while

My

3 ji*
the comparable figure for youth in other

CETA programs was almost three-quarters

(74%).

There was little variation among all new

enrollees under the age of 22 in terms of

annual family income; between 48 and 50

percent of the enrollees had low pre-CETA

year family incomes (less than $6,000).

The proportions of enrollees who reported

no earnings during the pre-CETA year (54%)

or earnings under P1,000 (35%) were greatest

for summer programs, with its emphasis on

younger, primarily in-school youth. They

were least (27% no earnings and 18% under

$1,000) for other CETA programs which tend

to focus on older, out-of-school youth.

Some 38 percent of the enrollees in nonsummer programs reported no pre-CETA year

earnings, while nearly a third (33%) reported earnings of less than $1,000.

1.5 Pre-CETA Year Experiences (Chapter 5)

Since other CETA programs tend to enroll

older, out-of-school youth, this aggregate

had the highest proportion of high school

completers (61%) and school dropouts (33%)

of any aggregate. In contrast, summer

programs emphasize the enrollment of

younger, in-school youth, and accordingly,

this aggregate had the highest proportion

of enrollees who had not completed high

school and were still in school (77%). Compared to the other two aggregates, summer

programs also included the lowest proportion

of school dropouts (6%) and high school completers (17%). Percentages for nonsummer

programs fell somewhere in between those

for summer and other CETA programs, reflecting the mixture, within this aggregate, of

programs serving in-school and/or out-ofschool youth.

18

4
Generally, the nonsummer and summer programs

(which serve primarily in-school youth) enrolled comparatively high proportions of

those who were predominantly out of the labor

force during the pre-CETA years (69% and 86 %, respectively). In contrast, other CETA

programs which tend to serve older, out-ofschool youth were more likely to include

enrollees who had been predominantly (27%) or

substantially (19%) unemployed during the

pre-entry year.

Correspondingly, enrollees in nonsummer (66%)

and summer (81%) programs spent, on average,

most of the pre-CETA year out of the labor

force (the majority of this time was spent

in school). Enrollees in other CETA programs

reported spending approximately two-thirds of

the pre-CETA year in the labor force (either

employed or unemployed).

Given the enrollment of higher proportions

of predominantly employed youth, it is not

unexpected that median earnings for enrollees

assigned to other CETA programs were substantially higher than those reported by the primarily in-school nonsummer and summer enrollees

($1,320 compared to $370 and $0, respectively).

Reflecting the emphasis on economically disadvantaged status as a requirement for par- ticipation in most of the programs serving

youth, estimated median family incomes during

the pre-CETA year for new enrollees were

generally low (around $6,200), and differed

only slightly between the three aggregates.

'See Glossary for an explanation of the CLMS labor force status categories.

.19

5
2. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION

2.1 Review of Legislation: CETA Programs Serving Youth

Changes in legislative and furding provisions are important background factors to be considered in the analysis of CETA

participants. A substantial change took place during FY 1978

(October 1977 through September 1978) with expansion of the number

and capacity of employment and training programs serving persons

under 22 years of age. The Youth Employment and Demonstration

Projects Act (YEDPA) of 1977 initie.ed new programs specifically

for youth. These programs were to be operated in addition to the

programs already serving youth previously established under Titles

I, II, and III of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act

(CETA) of 1973, and Title VI of the Emergency Jobs and Unemployment Assistance Act of 1974. Passed in May 1977, the Economic

Stimulus Appropriations Act provided funding for a major expansion

of Title II and Title VI public service employment programs.

CETA of 1973

From its start, CETA has provided for programs specifically targeted towards young persons, although other CETA programs

which are essentially adult-oriented have also included a substantial number of youth. Economically disadvantaged youth were named

A detailed description of CETA activities may be found in Appendix A of CLMS Report No. 8, Characteristics of Enrollees Who

Entered CETA Programs During Fiscal Year 1977 (October 1976

through September 1977), prepared by Westat, Inc., for the

Office of Program Evaluation, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, March 1979 (hereafter referred

to as CLMS Report No. 8).

20

6
as a special target group under Title III of the Act, and beginning

in 1974, a summer employment program was created for young persons.

In addition, Title IV established a Job Corps for disadvantaged,

low-income youth.' Also, authorized under Title I, work experience

specified certain types of activities for youth (and adults).2

Other employment and training activities authorized under

Title I and Title II that enroll eligible persons of all ages, including many under 22 years of age are: classroom training, onthe-job training, public service employment, and direct referral.

Finally,.many young persons, along with others, are enrolled into

public service employment under Title VI of the Emergency Jobs and

Unemployment Assistance Act, passed in 1974.

YEDPA of 1977

The Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act was

signed on August 5, 1977, authorizing four new programs specifically targeted towards persons under 22 years of age. Three of

the new programs were established under a new Part C of CETA

Job Corps is a CETA program that is not covered by the CLMS.

2 For CLMS purposes, work experience is classified into adult work

experience (AWE) for persons 22 years of age or more, and youth

work experience (YWE) for persons 21 years of age or less. AWE

enrollees are excluded from the analysis in this report, but are

discussed in CLMS Report No. 10.

7
Title III, and the fourth program was established under a new

Title VIII. Initial funding for the four programs was set at

$1 billion and was provided by the Economic Stimulus Appropriations Act, approved on May 13, 1977. All four of these were

created as "demonstration" programs, with the purpose of providing

information and experience upon which national youth employment

policy could be based.

Specifically, the four new youth programs are:

Youth Community Conservation and Improvement

Projects (YCCIP),

Youth Employment and Training Programs (YETP),

Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects

(YIEPP), and

Young Adult Conservation Corps (YACC).

The new programs differ from one another in design, scope, objectives, and capacity. They differ from the previously established

CETA programs enrolling youth in that they are more specifically

targ!ted and/o more detailed in program design.

The Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey (CLMS) obtains data on only two of these four new youth programs -- YETP

and YCCIP. These are the two programs administered by virtually

all CETA sponsors on the basis of formula allocations of funds.1

The design and purpose of YETP and YCCIP are described below in

further detail.

1ln contrast, YIEPP is conducted by only a limited number of sponsors through competitive awards for such programs, while YACC is

conducted largely by the U.S. Departments of Interior and Agriculture under an agreement with the Department of Labor.
YETP

YETP was established under CETA Title III, Part C, Subpart 3, with the primary objective of enhancing the job prospects

and career preparation of low-income youth who have the most severe

problems entering the labor market. The year-round enrollment

level for YETP activities was initially planned at about 150,000

youth. Young persons aged 14 to 21 who are either unemployed,

underemployed, or in school at the time of enrollment are eligible

for participation in YETP. Also, YETP enrollees must be members

of families whose total income is at or below 85 percent of the

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) lower living standard income

level.1

YETP authorizes the same sort of employment and training

activities as allowed for youth under CETA Title I, except that

public service employment is specifically excluded. Providing

practical job experience is an essential part of YETP training,

and related education is to be made availe)le through close liaison

with local education agencies. Participants receive either a wage

or a training allowance, depending on whether most of their time is

spent on a job or in training. Most of the jobs offered through

YETP are short-term and/or part-time entry level positions, and pay

the minimum wage.

Prime sponsors may use as much as ten percent of available YETP funds for "special component" programs that serve youth,

of all economic backgrounds. The purpose of such programs is to

provide an indication of whether or not disadvantaged youth benefit

from participation in "nontargeted" programs. In addition, sponsors may offer services only, such as counseling, placement, and

'This income criterion is similar to that for all of the programs covered by this report, but at or below 85 (as compared to 70) percent of the lower living standard is a special requirement for

YETP enrollees.

923
job referral, to youth who do not meet the YETP family income

criterion or who are not being served through YETP "special component" programs.

Each prime sponsor is required to use at least 22 percent of available YETP funds for in-school youth programs conducted

in cooperation with local education agencies. Arrangements for

these programs may be flexible and contracts may be made with

junior colleges and other postsecondary schools, as well as other

agencies serving low-income or in-school youth. The in-school

programs must provide transition services, which aid in the transition from school to unsubsidized employment, and/or career employment experience (CEE), which is a combination of well-supervised

employment and certain transition services.1

YCCIP

YCCIP was established under CETA Title III, Part C, Subpart 2. As stated in the legislation, the main objective of the

program is to develop the vocational potential of jobless youth

through well-supervised work of tangible benefit to the community.

YCCIP ac.:ivities are to be funded for not more than 12 months.

le initial capacity of YCCIP was set at about 22,000 year-round

\ openings. Young persons aged 16 to 19 who are unemployed at the

time of enzollment are eligible for participation in YCCIP. Emphasis is to be placed on serving out-of-school youth, especially

those with the most severe problems in finding employment. Further,

within the eligible population, preference is to be given to economically disadvantaged youth, since this group (particularly among

1To be eligible to participate in in-school career employment experience, a person must be in need of such participation in order to

continue to attend school.

10
minorities) traditionally faces the greatest difficulties in obtaining jobs, and experiences relatively high unemployment and

school dropout rates.

More specifically, YCCIP is intended to provide eligible

youth with employment, work experience, skills training, and opportunities for community service. Emphasis is placed on the development and reinforcement of desirable work habits, and as an incentive

for youth to complete school, academic credit may be granted for

competencies gained through YCCIP. Specific projects are arranged

by community-based organizations and other private nonprofit

agencies. Youth participating in YCCIP may be involved in the rehabilitation or improvement of public facilities, neighborhood improvements, weatherization and basic repairs to low income housing,

energy conservatiuo and solar energy projects, or conservation of

natural resourc cn non-Federal public lands.

2.2 General Labor Market Conditions1

In addition to changes in CETA legislation and funding,

the general labor market conditions prior to CETA entry are a useful background factor to be considered in the analysis of data on

CETA participants. The 18-month period from January 1977 through

June 1978 is used as a reference period since it includes the entire preprogram year for a large majority of FY 1978 enrollees. In

The information presented in this section was obtained from the

December 1977 and August 1978 volumes of the Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data in the Monthly Labor Review on labor force participation, total employment, and unemployment are derived from the Current Population

Survey.
general, this period was one of continuing economic recovery from

the recession of 1974-1975, characterized by expanding labor force

participation and declining unemployment rates.

As evidence of this economic recovery, the civilian noninstitutional labor force grew steadily during the period to

100,573,000 in June 1978, an all-time high proportion (63.3%) of

the civilian noninstitutional population. While the participation

rate for men remained relatively constant during the period, the

rate for women continued to increase. Although the largest increases were shown for women, labor force participation rates among

youth aged 16 to 19 also increased. In June 1978, 9,612,000 persons aged 16 to 19 were in the labor force, representing an increase of 698,000 over January 1977, and a participation rate of

58 percent. Although more of these young people could be expected

to enter the labor force during the summer months, a month-by-month

comparison of January through June 1978, to the same months of 1977

reveals that not only were more of them in the labor force, but

also the participation rate was at least one percentage point

higher during each month of 1978 compared with 1977. A monthly

comparison of participation rates for youth aged 16 to 19 is presented below.

Month 1977 1978

January 54% 57%

February 55 56

March 56 57

April 56 57

May 56 58

June 57 58

The focus of this report is on persons less than 22 years of age.

However, available labor force participation data are generally

reported for two age categories: 16 to 19-year-olds and 20 to

24-year-olds. Data for the 20 to 24 age group are not discussed

here due to the influence of 22 to 24-year-olds and since persons

older than 21 are not eligible for CETA programs specifically

targeted towards youth.

12

90ti
The national unemployment rate, which was 7.4 percent in

January 1977, peaked at 7.6 percent in February 1977, and then

declined steadily to 5.7 percent in June 1978. This was the lowest

rate achieved since 1974. Even so, national unemployment rates'

remained relatively high for certain demographic groups, including

those groups that are of particular interest in this report. As

shown in Figure 2-1, the national unemployment rate for persons

aged 16 to 19 was more than twice the overall rate throughout the

period. It was 18.4 percent in January 1977 (as compared to 7.4%

overall) and was 14.2 percent in June 1978 (as compared to 5.7%

overall).

I

I

se45

49

.-

..---..

-....

.-

... --.....

... ......... 35

30

25

29

---:77:-----,-------- \,..... 15 - -- ..........- 10

5

a -.

J F M A N J J A SONDJF M A NJ

1977 Age 16 and Over White Youth National Nnemploynent Rate Nonwhite Youth

All Youth

Age 16-19

1978

Figure 2-1. Monthly unemployment rates, January 1977 through June

1978

1 These data reflect the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) definition of unemployed, which differs somewhat from the CLMS definition. The BLS definition includes in-school youth who are also

looking for work (typically, part-time work). In CLMS such persons are considered to be in school and are classified as not in

the labor force.

139

*mot
The unemployment rate for whites aged 16 to 19, which

was 16.7 percent in January 1977, had dropped to 11.6 percent in

June 1978. The corresponding rate for nonwhites aged 16 to 19

was more than double the rate for white youth.1 Further, unlike

the rate for white youth, the unemployment rate for nonwhite

youth was higher at the end of the 18-month period (37.1% in June

1978) than at the beginning (36.2% in January 1977). Nationally,

minorities continued to suffer the most severe unemployment of any

demographic group.

Not only do unemployment rates differ between the two

racial groups, but there are also differences between male and

female youth. Throughout the 18-month period, the unemployment

rate for males aged 16 to 19 was lower than that for females. In

January 1977, the unemployment rate for young males was 17.3 percent, while for young females the rate was 19.6 percent. By June

1978, unemployment rates for these two groups had dropped to 12.6

percent and 16.0 percent, respectively.

2.3 Introduction to This Report

2.3.1 Background

The Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey (CLMS) is

designed to collect and analyze data on a national sample of enrollees in programs authorized under the Comprehensive Employment

1Data from the CPS in the Monthly Labor Review are presented for

two groups based on race: "white" and "black and other." The

term "nonwhite" has been substituted in this section of the

report to differentiate between the categorization by race used

here, and the categorization based on minority status used throughout the rest of the report.

28

14
and Training Act (CETA),I The CLMS project has two main objectives. The first is to collect more detailed information on

personal, economic, and labor force characteristics of new CETA

enrollees than is available from the national prime sponsor

reporting system. The second principal objective is to provide

reliable estimates of the impact of CETA on participants, particularly on their labor force status and their earnings.

The CLMS is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Labor.

The Bureau of the Census is responsible for sampling, data collection, and data processing. Westat, Inc., a private firm, provides

technical support for instrument development, field operations,

analysis of survey results, and documentation of findings. More

detailed information on CETA and CLMS is presented in Appendix A

of CLMS Report No. 8.

This is the ninth in a series of reports on initial

interview data, presenting information on personal, economic, and

labor force characteristics of CETA participants at the time of

their entry into the program or during the pre-enrollment year.2

However, this report is unique in that it is the first in the

series devoted exclusively to the analysis of data on enrollees

under the age of 22. The reason for this separate report is the

increasing emphasis within CETA on programs specifically targeted

towards youth, as well as the continued sizable enrollment of young

persons into other CETA programs not specifically targeted towards

youth. Young persons who entered CETA during FY 1978 (October 1977

1For the period covered by this report, enrollments were funded

under Titles I, II, VI, and selected subparts of Title III of

CETA.

2See Appendix A for a complete listing of all CLMS reports

published to date.

15
through September 1978) are of primary concern here, although comparison data on young persons who entered CETA during FY 1977

(October 1976 through September 1977) are presented in Appendix B.

2.3.2 Initial Program Assignment (IPA)

The descriptions and analyses of CETA enrollees presented in this report are based on an initial program assignment

(IPA) designation. IPA is simply an enrollee's first program

activity assignment and is more specific than the functional activity designation used for CLMS sampling (these terms are defined in

Appendix A of CLMS Report No. 8). The IPA designation has recently

been adopted for analysis of initial CLMS interview data (beginning

with CLMS Report No. 8), while program activity is used in reports

concerning CLMS follow-up data.

The specific rules used for determining initial program

assignment are presented in Appendix A. It should be noted that

several of the IPA rules do not use age at entry as part of the

classification scheme, but simply consider title of funding, type

of program, or quarter of entry as the basis for determining initial program assignment. For this reason, a very small proportion

(2% or less) of the enrollees discussed in this report are over 21

years of age.

The detailed initial program assignments used for analysis purposes in this report, along with the three major IPA aggregates (nonsummer, summer, and other) are listed below. Due to the

nature of this particular report, it is necessary to further

classify new enrollees according to whether they were assigned to

a program that is specifically targeted towards young persons, or

whether they were assigned to a program that is not specifically

3o

16
targeted. Programs that are not specifically targeted enroll

persons age 22 or older (as well as persons under the age of 22).

Detailed IPAs

YETP (total)

YETP classroom training

YETP on-the-job training

YETP work experience

YCCIP

Youth work experience

Summer youth programs

Classroom training

On-the-job training

PSE (total)

PSE sustainment

PSE nonsustainment

Direct referral

No IPA shown

}

IPA Aggregates program Categories

Nonsummer youth programs

Summer youth programs

Other CETA programs

2.4 Contents of This Report

}

Specifically targeted

towards youth

Not specifically targeted

towards youth

This report analyzes the personal characteristics,

economic backgrounds, and pre-CETA year experiences of participants

under the age of 22 newly enrolled in CETA programs during October

1977 through September 1978 (FY 1978).

Chapter 3 of the report presents a comprehensive section

on total enrollment in all CETA programs, followed by a discussion

of new enrollment totals for persons under the age of 22 in the

various initial program assignments and by each title of funding.

Enrollment data are presented for fiscal years 1977 and 1978. In

addition, enrollees' levels of satisfaction with CETA are described.

Chapter 4 presents the personal and economic background characteristics of new enrollees, while Chapter 5 describes their pre-CETA

year experiences. Data on enrollee groups of special interest are

summarized in Chapter 6.

17 31
A limited glossary of terms used in this report can be

found at the end of the text, preceding the two appendices. Appendix A contains various information pertinent to this report, such

as rules for determining initial program assignment. Beginning

with this report, a new measure of disadvantaged status under CLMS

has been adopted, and a detailed definition is provided in Appendix A. In addition, a description of changes' in the meaning of

"total enrollment" under CLMS between FY 1977 and FY 1978 is included. Enrollee groups excluded from the analyses and the availability of certain data for the report are also described. Appendix B contains detailed data tables upon which the analyses are

based.

32

18
3. NEW YOUTH ENROLLMENTS IN CETA PROGRAMS

J.1 Introduction

To provide an overall perspective on new FY 1978 enrollment, the initial section of this chapter presents data on

total enrollment in CETA programs. This includef enrollment in

CETA programs specifically targeted towards youth, as well as

in adult-oriented CETA programs.

Thereafter, the chapter focuses on new FY 1978 enrollment of persons under the age of 22 in CETA programs serving

youth.' The data are presented by type of initial program assignment and by title of funding. The chapter concludes with a brief

summary of participants' reported levels of satisfaction with

CETA programs and services.

3.2 Estimated Total New Enrollment2

Figure 3-1 presents a comprehensive picture of new CETA

enrollment during FY 1978, as compared to FY 1977, by showing the

estimated totals for two enrollment aggregates -- adult-oriented

1 As noted in Section 2.3, this is the first CLMS report in which

the analyses are devoted exclusively to CETA enrollees under the

age of 22 in programs specifically targeted towards youth (i.e., in YETP, YCCIP, YWE, and summer programs) as well as in programs not specifically targeted towards youth (i.e., in CT, OJT, PSE, and direct referral). Comparable data for all adult-oriented

programs are presented in CLMS Report No. 10.

2 Enrollment totals exclude enrollees in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and the

four rural Concentrated Employment Programs (CEPs). These

jurisdictions are not included in the CLMS.

19 33
CETA programs, and CETA programs specifically targeted towards

youth.1

3000000

2E89900

.-

74 2000999

1500099

0I

1099900

509009

( FY 1977

Adult-Oriented CETA Programs

CETA Programa Specifically Targeted Towards Youth

Source: Table 1, Appendix B

FY 1978

Figure 3-1. Estimated total number of CETA enrollees by

enrollment year and by enrollment aggregate

1 It should be recognized that the aggregate for youth used in

this analysis of estimated total enrollment, CETA programs

specifically targeted towards youth, is different from that

presented elsewhere in the report (CETA programs serving youth).

The reason for this is that those persons under the age of 22

in CT, OJT, PSE, and direct referral are already included in

enrollment totals for adult-oriented CETA programs and would

be double-counted if the aggregate of CETA programs serving youth

were used. Recall that CETA programs specifically targeted towards

youth includes: YETP, YCCIP, YWE, and summer youth programs.
Overall, estimated total new enrollment in CETA rose

from 2,227,600 in FY 1977 to 2,380,200 in FY 1978, a proportional

increase of approximately seven percent. Enrollment levels between the two fiscal years are affected by several factors.

Percentage increases in enrollment from FY 1977 to FY 1978 are

somewhat deflated as a result of the exclusion in FY 1978 of

enrollees who received services only (see discussion on total

enrollment in Appendix A). The continuing expansion of Title II

and Title VI PSE enrollments during the first two quarters of

FY 1978 through funds made available under the Economic Stimulus

Appropriations Act of 1977, is reflected in the enrollment increase of 85,300 (or 8%) in adult-oriented CETA programs between

FY 1977 and FY 1978. The increase in new enrollment in CETA

programs specifically targeted towards youth from 1,181,600 in

FY 1977 to 1,248,900 in FY 1978 (about 6%) is, to a large extent,

attributable to the implementation of YETP and YCCIP during

FY 1978.

3.3 Estimated Total New Enrollment For Youth (Under

the Age of 22)

Turning to CETA programs serving youth,' Figure 3-2

on the following page presents new enrollment data for the three

major IPA aggregates.

1 Recall that included in CETA programs serving youth are programs

specifically targeted towards youth (nonsummer and summer youth

programs), as well as programs not specifically targeted towards youth (other CETA programs).
000009

2

zt 1500000

,5

z 1800008

I 500080

-

FY 1977 FY 1978

MIMI=

111111111111111 IMMO.

Sumer

Other

Nonauneer

Source: Table 2, Appendix

Figure 3-2. Estimated number of enrollees under the age of

22 by enrollment year and by major IPA aggregate

Overall, between FY 1977 and FY 1978, the enrollment

of persons under age 22 in CETA programs rose by 94,500, or six

percent. This increase reflects, as noted before, the implementation of YETP and YCCIP during FY 1978, although decreasing new

enrollments in youth work experience (of 20%) and summer youth

programs (of 11%) tend to diminish the impact of YEDPA on total

enrollment.

Of the three major IPA aggregates, only summer youth

shows a decline in enrollment from FY 1977 to FY 1978 (by about

109,300). This drop may be due to the fact that some prime sponsors

chose to keep new YEDPA enrollees in year-round programs rather than

transition them into seasonal summer youth programi. Due to the

initiation of YETP and YCCIP during FY 1978, nonsummer youth programs

overall show an increase in total enrollment (of about 176,600) over

22 36
FY 1977, despite the decrease in YWE enrollment. Interestingly,

given that YETP has classroom training and on-the-job training

components, total new enrollments in the other CETA programs not

specifically targeted towards youth (which include CT and OJT

activities) increased from 291,300 in FY 1977 to 318,400 in

FY 1978.

Quarterly enrollment data for the three major IPA

aggregates shown in Figure 3-3 reflect the build-up of the new

YEDPA programs starting in the second quarter of FY 1978,1 and

the seasonal concentration of the large summer program in the

last two quarters of the fiscal year. For CETA programs serving

youth, new enrollment during the second quarter of the fiscal

year was 57 percent higher than during the first quarter, due,

for the most part, to the large initial enrollment in YEDPA

programs during the second quarter. The impact of summer youth

enrollment can be seen by the increase of 86 percent from the

second quarter to the third quarter, reflecting May and June

entries to summer programs, and 62 percent from the third

quarter to the fourth quarter, reflecting large July starts in

the summer program.2

1 Only a handful of enrollees (approximately 18) entered YETP

and YCCIP during the first quarter of FY 1978 (October-December

1977) . 2 Under CLMS procedures, enrollment totals may include some individuals more than once. This is because all persons enrolled in

programs covered by the CLMS are eligible for sampling as new

enrollees if there is no record of their participation in CETA

within 30 days prior to their enrollment (entry) date.

23 ti
800090

640000

480000

320000

180000

RIME

11111111111111111111111 111111111111

Oe t -Dee 77 Jon-Mor 78

Summer Youth Programs

Other CETA Programs

Nonaummer Youth Programa

Source: Table 2, Appendix 6

Apr -Jun 78 Ju -Sep 78

Enrollment Quarter

Figure 3-3. Estimated number of enrollees under the age of 22

by enrollment quarter and by major IPA aggregate

3.4 Enrollments by Initial Program Assignment

Figure 3-4 on the following page presents enrollment

levels for persons under 22 years of age during FY 1977 and FY 1978

for the major types of CETA activities: work experience, classroom

training, on-the-job training, public service employment, and

direct referral.

As shown in the figure, youth enrollment in each type of

activity increased from FY 1977 to FY 1978. Also, even though

enrollment in youth work experience decreased (by about 45,800),

total youth enrollment in work experience activities increased

because of enrollment in YETP work experience and YCCIP (a work

experience program). Further, enrollments in classroom training

and on-the-job training activities increased, not only because of
the addition of CT and OJT components under YETP, but also because

of increased enrollments of persons under 22 years'of age in the

essentially adult-oriented on-the-job training and classroom

training programs.

In summary, youth enrollment in the major types of CETA

activities increased from FY 1977 to FY 1978. The YEDPA programs

served to add to the increases in CT and OJT which occurred in CETA

programs not specifically targeted towards youth, while more than

offsetting the decrease in youth work experience enrollment.1

400000

320000

240000

180000

80000

FY FY 077 1978 Work

Experience

1111111i1 III 61111111: YCCIP YETP

Other o on

nas.rmm

Training

Source: Table 2, Appendix B

FY FY

1977 1978 On-the-Job

Training

FY FY 1977 on

FY n

o on

Public Service Direct Employment Referral Enrollment Year and Type of Activity

Figure 3-4. Estimated number of enrollees under the age of 22 by enrollment year and by title of funding

1 It should be recognized that new enrollment alone is not a totally

reliable guide to the expansion or contraction of a particular

program, since program enrollment is affected substantially by changes in turnover rates and length of stay. That is, longer stays and reduced turnover will result in a reduced number of

new enrollments. In addition, under CLMS, there is no way to gauge the extent of interprogram and intraprogram substitution and its effect on new enrollment levels.

.3t)

25
3.5 YEDPA Enrollment Covered by the CLMS

The CLMS provides data on new enrollees in YETP and

YCCIP, two of the four YEDPA programs which were implemented during

FY 1978. Approximately 222,400 young persons were enrolled in

these two programs during FY 1978. Reflecting primarily funding

differences, about 86 percent of the new enrollment was in YETP,

while 14 percent was in YCCIP (see Figure 3-5 below).

Sixty-one percent of the YEDPA enrollees were assigned

to work experience programs under YETP. Since YCCIP is also a work

experience program, an overall total of 75 percent (61% plus 14%)

of the YEDPA enrollees included in the CLMS were assigned to work

experience' programs. Fifteen percent were in classroom training

programs under YETP, and about three percent were enrolled in YETP

on-the-job training programs.

YETI) 86%

Source: Table 2, Appendix B

Figure 3-5. Distribution of enrollees under the age of 22 in

YETP and YCCIP

40

26
3.6 Enrollment by Title of Funding

Title III was the source of funding for enrollments in

both summer youth and YEDPA programs, and therefore covers most of

the young persons enrolled during FY 1978. However, during the

first quarter of the fiscal year (October-December 1977), there

were no new enrollments funded under Title III, since there were no

summer youth programs and YETP and YCCIP had nut really been

launched.'

11

190

69

00

40

20

e

11111111111111 1 1

1111111111111

1111111111111 Ism II I

11111111111[11111111111illlailimml

11111WHIMIll 111111111111

043 I. -Dee 77 Jon-Mor 78

Title III

Titles II and VI

Title I

Sourcei Table 3, Appetidi I

Apr -Jun 78 Jul -Sop 78

Knroliment ()wirier

Figure 3-6. Distribution of enrollees under the age of 22

by enrollment quarter and by title of funding

I Recall that only a handful of enrollees (approximately 18) entered

YETP and YCCIP during October-December 1977.

2741
As can be seen from Figure 3-6 on the preceding page, FY 1978

enrollment under Title III began in the second quarter, when 45

percent of the new youth enrollees were in programs funded by this

title. This, of course reflects the sharp new build-up under

YEDPA. During the third and fourth quarters, the majority of

enrollments were funded under Title III as a result of the large

numbers of enrollees assigned to summer programs in those quarters

and the continued build-up of YETP and YCCIP.

As shown in Figure 3-7, between FY 1977 and FY 1978, the

proportion of total new youth enrollment funded under Title III

increased by six percent, and the proportion funded under Title I

dropped by nine percent. These fiscal year changes in the proportions of new youth enrollees funded under each title are, to a

large extent, attributable to the implementation of the Title IIIfunded YEDPA programs in FY 1978.

FY 1977

SOUrC44 Table 3, Appendix 8

Figure 3-7. Distribution of enrollees under the age of 22

by title of funding in FY 1977 and FY 1978

FY1978

Title II

11
3.7 Satisfaction With CETA

At the time of their initial interview (generally within

3 to 5 months after entry), enrollees are asked to rate their level

of satisfaction with CETA programs and services.1 Date in Table 3-1

below indicate how FY 1978 enrollees overall rated their CETA

experiences. Ninety-one percent of the enrollees reported that

they were generally satisfied, while 22 percent of these were very

satisfied. Only nine percent reported general dissatisfaction with

their CETA experiences, and only two percent of these said that

they were very dissatisfied.

Table 3-1. Distribution of enrollees under the age of 22 by

level of satisfaction with CETA

Level of Satisfaction Distribution

Estimated Total New Youth Enrollees

Percent Level of Satisfaction

Very satisfied

Satisfied

Dissatisfied

Very dissatisfied

1,567,300

100

22

69

72 Source: Table 4, Appendix B

The distributions of the youth enrollees' levels of

satisfaction varied somewhat among the different initial program

assignments (see Table 4, Appendix B). Of all IPAs, classroom

training had the highest proportion (27%) of enrollees who reported

that they were very satisfied, while YCCIP had the lowest proportion (14%). Summer program participants were most likely (72%)

1 It should be noted that these opinions were expressed by

participants either while they were enrolled in CETA or

shortly after they had terminated.
to have been satisfied, while enrollees assigned to direct

referral were least likely (57%) to have expressed satisfaction.

In contrast, enrollees assigned to direct referral (18%)

and YCCIP (14%) were the most likely to report that they were

dissatisfied, and also the most likely to report extreme dissatisfaction (5% for both). Enrollees in summer programs were

the least likely (6%) to express dissatisfaction, and also among

the least likely to express extreme dissatisfaction.

30
4. SELECTED PERSONAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND

CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW YOUTH ENROLLEES

IN CETA PROGRAMS

4.1 Introduction

In this chapter, persons under the age of 22 who were

newly enrolled in CETA during FY 1978 are described in terms of

selected personal and economic background characteristics.

4.2 Personal and Economic Background Characteristics By

Major IPA Aggregate

The characteristics of enrollees in CETA programs specifically targeted towards youth (i.e., nonsummer and summer programs) and in programs not specifically targeted towards youth

(i.e., other CETA programs) are highlighted below, and summarized

in Table 4-1. Generally, t'e targeted nonsummer and summer programs served higher proportions of females, persons under 18 years

of age, minorities, high school noncompleters, in-school youth,

and disadvantaged persons, compared to the nontargeted other CETA

programs.

Nonsummer Youth Proaran

Reflecting the mixture, within this aggregate,

of programs serving in-school and/or out-ofschool youth, 14 percent of the enrollees

were 15 years of age or less, nearly half

(47%) were between the ages of 16 and 17,

and 39 percent were 18 to 21-year-olds.
Correspondingly, three-quarters of the enrollees had not completed high school, while

66 percent were still in school at entry.

Summer Youth Programs

Since the emphasis within summer programs

is on serving in-school youth, it is not

unexpected that 39 percent of the enrollees

were 15 years of age or younger, 39 percent

of the enrollees were 16 to 17 years old,

and a much lower proportion (22%) were between the ages of 18 and 21.

A higher proportion of minority group

members were enrolled in summer programs

(68%) than in nonsummer or other CETA

programs.

Reflecting the predominant enrollment of

high school noncompleters and in-school

youth, summer programs included comparatively large percentages of enrollees who

reported no earnings during the pre-CETA

year (54%).

Other CETA Programs

In keeping with the fact that other CETA

programs primarily serve out-of-school

youth, comparatively small percentages of

the enrollees were age 15 or less (1%) or

16 to 17 years of age (9%), while a substantial majority (91%) were 18 to 21

years old.

Also reflecting the emphasis on serving

older, out-of-school youth, 61 percent had

completed at least high school, and over

four-fifths (82%) were out of school at

entry.

Enrollees in other CETA programs were less

likely to have been determined economically

disadvantaged under CLMS (74%) than enrollees in nonsummer or summer youth programs, and also less likely to have been

members of families receiving benefits at

the time of CETA entry (26%).

4 G

32
Table 4-1. Percent of enrollees under the age of 22 by major IPA

aggregate and by selected characteristics

Selected Characteristics

Major IPA Aggregate

Nonsuemer Summer Other Estimated Total New Youth

400,000 848,800 318,400 Enrollees Male 52 49 57 Ago. 15 or less 14 39 1 Ages 16-17 47 39 9 Ages 18-21 39 22 91 Minority 52 68 44 Completed <Nigh School 75 83 39 In School at Entry 66 91 18 Welfare/OMB/70Z 86 88 74 Family Receiving Benefits 42 50 26 Family Income 06,000 50 48 48 Enrollee Earnings SO 38 54 27 Sources Tables 6, 14, end 15, Appendix B.

4.3 Personal and Economic Background Characteristics By

Detailed Initial Program Assignment

Data indicate that many of the IPAs discussed in this

report tend to carve fairly distinct groups of enrollees. A

summary of enrollee characteristics for each initial program

assignment is p. rented below.

4.3.1 Nonsummer Youth Programs

Personal and economic background characteristics of enrollees in each nonsummer program are discussed in this section.

334~
Table 4-2, which presents a summary of these characteristics,

provides the basis for the discussion.

Table 4-2. Percent of enrollees under the age of 22 in nonsummer

youth programs by initial program assignment and by

selected characteristics

Selected Characteristics

Initial Program Assignment

Total Monsummer

Programs

Total YEDPA

Total

YETI, YETP- CT YETP

OJT YEWYCCIP YWE

Estimated Total Nev

Youth Enrollees 400,100 222,400 191,600 33,200 7,300 136,600 30,800 177,700 Male 52 52 49 45 58 50 75 51 Ages 16-17 47 54 55 40 24 61 47 38 Minority 52 55 54 57 54 53 54 50 Completed ,Sigh School 75 75 75 73 53 76 76 75 In School at Entry 66 65 (.9 45 51 76 37 68 Welfare/OMB/85X 90 90 91 89 79 92 88 90 Welfare/OMR/702 86 86 86 85 76 87 81 85 Family Receiving Benefits 42 42 42 44 24 43 36 42 Family Income <$6,000 50 49 49 52 33 48 47 5J Enrollee Earnings $0 38 43 44 46 32 44 36 31

Source: Tables 6 through 13, Appendix 8.

YETP

Virtually equal proportions of males (49%) and females

(51%) were enrolled in YETP programs during FY 1978. Reflecting

program eligibility requirements, YETP included a wider age range

of enrollees than did YCCIP (see Tables 8 and 12, Appendix B).

As would be expected, given the emphasis within YETP on serving

in-school youth, a considerably higher percentage of YETP enrollees (69%) were in school at program entry compared to YCCIP

(37%). Since economically disadvantaged status is generally a

requirement for participation in YETP programs, the following

characteristics are apparent for these enrollees.
Ninety-one percent of the new YETP enrollees

were economically disadvantaged under CLMS.1

Forty-two percent were members of families

receiving public benefits at program entry.

Approximately half (49%) of the YETP enrollees were from families with pre-CETA year incomes of below $6,000, while 44

percent of the enrollees reported personal earnings of zero during the pre-CETA year.

Some variation in enrollee characteristics may be observed across the individual YETP components. Generally, it

appears that YETP classroom training and on-the-job training focus

on older, out-of-school youth compared to YETP work experience,

which enrolls younger, in-school youth. Specific comparisons of

the characteristics of enrollees in YETP classroom training, YETP

on-the-job training, and YETP work experience are as follows.

YETP classroom training enrollees included:

Comparatively low percentages of males (45%) and 16 to 17-year-olds (40%).

A lower percentage (45%) of enrollees who

were in school at entry than any other YETP

component.

Similar proportions to those for YETP enrollees overall, in terms of economic background

characteristics.

Recall that for YETP, disadvantaged status is defined under CLMS

as "family receiving cash welfare and/or family income below the OMB poverty level and/or family income at oc below 35 percent of the lower living standard,' while for the rtner ,.-ccgcams discussed in this report, disadvantaged status inclu4.s below 70 percent of the lower living standard critetor Appendix A for a detailed definition of CLMS economioan
YETP on-the-job training enrollees generally differed

from those in the other YETP components: Specifically, YETPOJT included:

The highest percent of males (58%) and the

lowest percent of 16 to 17-year-olds (24%).

A lower proportion of high school noncompleters

(53%), along with a relatively low proportion

(51%) of enrollees who were in school at entry.

Lower proportions of enrollees (79%) who -were

determined economically disadvantaged under CLMS.

The lowest percentage of enrollees (24%) whose

families were receiving public benefits at

entry.

Enrollees with comparatively higher pre-CETA

year earnings and family incomes (only 32%

had earnings of zero and only 33% had incomes

of less than $6,000).

YETP work experience enrollees were more likely to have

been 16 to 17 years of age (61%) and high school noncompleters

(76%) than any of the other YETP enrollees. A correspondingly high

percentage (76%) were in school at the time of program entry.

Since enrollees in this program comprise over 70 percent of YETP

enrollees overall, the YETP-WE group resembled all YETP enrollees

in terms of economic background characteristics.

YCCIP

Turning to YCCIP, this program enrolled the highest

proportion of males (75%) of any YEDPA program assignment, reflecting the predominance of manual labor jobs in YCCIP. In addition,

It should be recognized that due to the limited number of enrollees in this category, serious cell size problems arise from

cross-classification of the data, and some of the information

may be of questionable reliability.

36 50
since this program is targeted on 16 to 19-year-olds, with preference given to those out of school, YCCIP included a relatively

low percentage of enrollees who were in school (37%) at the time

of program entry. Other notable characteristics of YCCIP enrollees include the following.

Approximately 36 percent were members of

families receiving public benefits, and

nearly half (47%) of the enrollees were from

families with pre-CETA annual incomes of less

than $6,000.

Since a majority of YCCIP enrollees were out

of school and thus more likely to have had

some earnings during the 12 months prior to

CETA entry, it is not surprising that, in

general, compared to YETP, YCCIP had a relatively low percentage of enrollees with

reported earnings of zero (36%).

YWE

Youth work experience enrollees generally resembled those

in the nonsummer programs, YETP (particularly YETP work experience)

and YCCIP, in terms of personal and economic background characteristics. However, in terms of age, school status, and earnings, YWE

enrollees differed.

A lower percentage of 16 to 17-year-olds (38%)

were enrolled in YWE than in most of the nonsummer programs.

YWE enrolled a larger percentage of in-school

youth (68%) compared to YETP-CT, YETP-OJT, or

YCCIP.

Also included in YWE was a smaller proportion

(31%) of youth with zero earnings for the preCETA year than any other nonsummer program.

37

51
4.3.2 Summer Youth Programsl

The purpose of summer programs is to provide subsidized

employment for youth during school vacation periods, with emphasis

placed on serving in-school youth. Thus, it is not unexpected

that almost 40 percent of the enrollees were 15 years of age or

younger, around 83 percent had not completed high school, and

approximately 91 percent were still in school at entry.

Since summer enrollees must be determined economically

disadvantaged to be eligible for program participation, the

following characteristics are apparent.

Eighty-eight percent were economically

disadvantaged under CLMS.

Half of the enrollees were members of

families receiving public benefits.

Approximately 48 percent reported preCETA year family incomes of less than

$6,000.

Summer programs serve primarily in-school youth, and not surprisingly, over half (54%) of these enrollees reported no earnings for

the pre-CETA year.

Summer youth programs is a major IPA aggregate as well as an individual IPA. Although some of the data presented in Section 4.2

on major aggregates are repeated, this more detailed discussion

relates characteristics data to program objectives and eligibility

requirements.

5 ti

38
4.3.3 Other CETA Programs

Table 4-3 below provides a summary of the personal and

economic background characteristics of new enrollees under the

age of 22 in other CETA programs not specifically targeted towards

youth.

Some variation in enrollee characteristics may be observed across individual IPAs within this aggregate. On-the-job

training, as well as the job-ready programs (public service employment and direct referral), served higher proportions of males and

lower percentages of minority group members, high school noncompleters, public benefit recipients, and enrollees with no preCETA year earnings than did classroom training.

Table 4-3. Percent of enrollees under the age of 22 in other CET4

programs by initial program assignment and by selected

characteristics

Selected Characteristics

Initial Program Assignment

Total

Other CITA

Programs CT OJT

Total

!IR PSC Sustalneent PSE Nonsustalneent

Direct Referral Estimated Total New

Youth Enrollee. 318,400 103,300 43,400 127,900 59,500 67,600 10,400 Male 57 45 65 65 62 67 59 Ages 16-17 9 10 1 5 5 4 16 Ages 18-21 91 89 93 95 95 95 84 Minority 44 51 2P 41 38 44 47 Completed (High School 39 46 34 32 28 36 45 In School at entry 18 17 II 15 17 14 2R Welfare/OMB/70Z 74 76 66 75 71 78 68 Family Receiving Benefits 26 30 16 25 23 27 23 family Income <$6,000 48 50 41 51 47 55 17 Enrollee Earnings $0 27 32 16 26 24 29 24 Sources Tables 15 through 21, Appendix S.
Specific comparisons of enrollees in classroom training,

on-the-job training, public service employment (sustainment and

nonsustainment), and direct referral are as follows.

Classroom training included:

Comparatively high percentages of females

(55%) and minorities (51%).

o A higher percentage of enrollees who had not

completed high school (46%), wer, members of

families receiving public benefi.L.:. (30%), and

reported no earnings for the pre-CETA year

(32%) than any IPA within the aggregate of

other CETA programs.

On-the-job training enrollees generally differed from

enrollees in the other CETA programs not specifically targeted

towards youth. In particular:

OJT included one of the highest proportions

of males (65%), and the lowest percentage of

minority youth (28%).

Nearly two-thirds (66%) were determined economically disadvantaged under CLMS. (This

proportion was lower than that for any IPA

within the aggregate of other CETA programs.)

Public service employment enrollees, overall, included a high proportion of males (65%) and a comparatively low proportion

of 16 to 17-year-olds (5%). In terms of other personal and economic background characteristics, PSE enrollees were similar to

those in the remaining IPAs comprising the aggregate of other CETA

programs.

5 4

40
Some variation does exist, however, between the characteristics of

those enrolled in PSE sustainment and PSE nonsustainment. Specifically:

PSE nonsustainment included a higher proportion of males (67%) compared to PSE

sustainment (62%), as well as a larger

percentage of minority group members

(44% compared to 38%).

A lower proportion of enrollees in PSE sustainment had not completed high school (28%

compared to 36% for PSE nonsustainment),

while a higher percent were still in school

at entry (17% compared to 14% for PSE nonsustainment).

According to program eligibility requirements, all PSE

nonsustainment enrollees must be economically disadvantaged, compared to only half of those enrolled in PSE sustainment. Reflecting these requirements, 78 percent of the nonsustainment enrollees

were determined economically disadvantaged under CLMS, while the

comparable figure for sustainment enrollees was 71 percent. Also,

enrollees in PSE nonsustainment were more disadvantaged than enrollees in PSE sustainment, as indicated by data on family income,

enrollee earnings, and receipt of public benefits.

Direct referral enrollees included comparatively high

percentages of 16 to 17-year-olds (16%), those who had not completed high school (45%), and those in school (28%). These enrollees appear less disadvantaged than classroom training or PSE

enrollees, as indicated by family income, enrollee earnings, and

public benefit recipient data.
5. PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCES OF YOUTH ENROLLEES

IN CETA PROGRAMS

5.1 Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to present data which

provide an indication of how CETA participants were faring during

the year before they entered the program. Pre-CETA experiences

of new enrollees under the age of 22 are described in terms of

high school completion and school status at the time of program

entry; pre-entry year employment and school or training experiences; and economic histories during the year prior to entry.

5.2 High School Completion and School Status at Entry

Data on high school completion and school status provide insight into the pre-CETA year experiences of youth enrollees.

For purposes of this analysis, the enrollees have been categorized

as: in-school youth (those who have completed less than high

school and are still in school); school dropouts (those who have

completed less than high school and are out of school);' and high

school completers (those who have completed high school or more).

Data for the three major IPA aggregates and each detailed IPA are

highlighted below and summarized in Table 5-1.

Specific (uestions about dropping out of school are not included

in the CLMS interviews, but it has been assumed here that persons

who had not completed 12 years of schooling and were not in school

at CETA entry may be considered dropouts. Persons still in school

and school dropouts together comprise the high school noncompleter

category. A definition of "in school" may be found in the Glossary

under school status.

u6

42
Highlights for enrollees in the major IPA aggregates include the following.

Compared with nonsummer and summer programs,

other CETA programs are primarily for older,

out-of-school youth, with around 60 percent

having completed at least high school and

33 percent classified as dropouts.

By contrast, the emphasis of summer programs

on serving younger, in-school youth is reflected in the fact that these programs

enrolled the highest proportion of enrollees

who were still in school (77%), and the

lowest proportions of dropouts (6%) and high

school completers (17%).1

The high school completion and school statuses

of enrollees in nonsummer programs reflect the

mixture, within this aggregate, of programs that

serve in-school and/or out-of-school youth.

Just over half (54%) of the nonsummer enrollees

were still in school. The remaining enrollees

were split somewhat evenly between dropouts

(21%) and completers (25%).

'It should be recognized that high school completion and school

status may be somewhat misleading in light of program eligibility

and targeting requirements that have been discussed. For example, summer youth programs (serving primarily in-school youth) include a small proportion of dropouts. It may be that sponsors chose to enroll these individuals so that the summer job would

serve as an incentive to return to school in the fall. Similarly, enrollees in summer programs who had completed high school may have been recent high school graduates for which the summer pro- gram served as a transition between high school and a post- secondary school activity.

67
Table 5-1. Distribution of enrollees under the age of 22 by high

school completion and school status and by initial

program assignment

Initial Program

Assignment

Estimated Total New Tooth

Enrollees Percent

High School Noncompleter

High School

In School Completer Out of School

(Dropout)

Nonsummer Youth Programs 400,100 100 54 21 25 TETT-CT 33,200 100 36 38 27 TETT-OJT 7,300 100 30 22 48 YETP -WE 136,600 100 58 18 24 YCCIP 30,800 100 29 47 24 YWE 177,700 100 60 15 25 Summer Youth Programs 848,800 100 77 6 17 Other CETA Programs 318,400 100 7 33 61 CT 103,300 100 7 39 54 OJT 43,400 100 5 29 66 PSE Sustainment 59,500 100 4 24 72 PSE Nonsustainment 67,600 100 3 34 63 Direct Referral 30,400 100 13 32 55 Source: Tables 6, 9 through 17, and 19 through 21, Appendix B.

Considering the detailed IPAs, of all nonsummer programs,

YCCIP, with its emphasis on serving out-of-school youth, enrolled

the highest proportion of school dropouts (47%), and correspondingly low percentages of in-school youth (29%) and high school completers (24%). As was true with respect to personal and economic

background characteristics, there is some distributional variation

among the YETP components in terms of high school completion and

school status.

YETP-OJT served the highest proportion of high

school completers (48%), while YETP-CT served

the largest percentage of school dropouts (38%).

44
YETP-WE included a comparatively high proportion of in-school youth (58%).

Reflecting the predominant enrollment of in-school youth

into YWE, a relatively high proportion of these enrollees had not

completed high school and were still in school (60%), and correspondingly low percentages were school dropouts (15%) or high school

completers (25%).

The high school completion and school statuses of enrollees in the detailed IPAs comprising the aggregate of other CETA

programs are highlighted below.

Between 3 and 13 percent of the enrollees in

CT, OJT, PSE, and direct referral had not completed high school and were still attending

school.

Nearly 40 percent of those assigned to

classroom training were school dropouts.

(This proportion was the highest of all

IPAs within the aggregate of other CETA

programs.)

Within this aggregate, PSE sustainment had

the highest proportion of high school completers (72%). This would be expected in

view of the implied job readiness of enrollees in this employment program.

5.3 Pre-CETA Year Employment Experiences

In this section, the labor force behaviors of new enrollees during the year before they entered the program are described in two ways: (1) labor force experiences of enrollees

5f)

45
during the pre-CETA year; and (2) average percent of time during

the pre-entry year that new enrollees spent in each labor force

status category.

5.3.1 Labor Force Experience During the Pre-CETA Yearl

Distributions of FY 1978 new enrollees under the age of

22 by their pre-CETA year labor force experience are presented

for each major IPA aggregate and detailed IPA in Tables 6 through

21, Appendix B.

Generally, the nonsummer and summer programs (which

serve primarily in-school youth) enrolled comparatively high proportions of those who were predominantly out of the labor force

during the pre-CETA year (69% and 86%, respectively). In contrast,

the other CETA programs which tend to serve older, out-of-school

youth were more likely to include enrollees who had been predominantly (27%) or substantially (19%) unemployed during the preentry year.

The pre-CETA year labor force experiences of enrollees

in the detailed IPAs may be summarized as follows.

Of the nonsummer youth programs, YETP work

experience and YWE included the highest

1 Enrollees are classified into five labor force experience groups

in order to distinguish between those with stable employment

records, those severely unemployed, those substantially unemployed, those predominantly not in the labor force, and a remaining category of those who cannot be readily classified in a predominant status. Classification by labor force experience is a

basis for gauging how enrollees in the various programs serving

youth fared during the year before entering CETA. See the Glossary for a detailed explanation of pre-CETA year labor force

experience.

46

60
proportions of enrollees who were predominantly out of the labor force (73% and 72%,

respectively).

By comparison, only 45 percent of the YCCIP

enrollees were predominantly out of the

labor force, reflecting the emphasis of this

particular program on out-of-school youth.

While summer programs enrolled the highest

proportion of youth who were predominantly

out of the labor force, PSE nonsustainment

included the lowest percentage of these enrollees (24%).

PSE nonsustainment, along with PSE sustainment and classroom training, enrolled comparatively high percentages of youth who

were predominantly or substantially unemployed during the pre-CETA year.

Reflecting the personal and economic background characteristics of enrollees in OJT,

the highest proportion of predominantly employed youth (14%) were enrolled in this

initial program assignment.

5.3.2 Average Percent of the Pr CETA Year That New Enrollees

Spent in Each Labor Force Status Category

As can be seen from Table 5-2, nonsummer and summer

youth program enrollees spent most of the pre-CETA year out of the

labor force (the majority of this time was spent in school).1

Enrollees in the other CETA programs not specifically targeted

towards youth generally reported spending approximately two-thirds

of the pre-CETA year in the labor force (either employed or unemployed).

1 CLMS defines as "not in the labor force" anyone whose main activity was attending school, regardless of whether they were also

working or looking for work. See the Glossary for a detailed explanation of the CLMS labor force status categories.

47 61
Table 5-2. Average percent of pre-CETA year that enrollees under

the age of 22 spent in each labor force status category by initial program assignment

Labor Force Status'

Initial Program An ignment

Nonsummer Youth Programs

Summer Youth

Programs

Other CETA Prtgrsms

YETP- CTYETP- OJT

YETP- WE YCCIP YWE CT OJT PSE

SwIt.

PSE

NonSuet. Direct Referral Estimated Total New

Youth Enrollees 33,200 7,300 136,600 30,800 177,700 848,800 103,300 43,400 59,500 67,600 30,400 Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed 18 27 15 23 19 9 31 44 34 28 35 Unemployed 24 22 14 28 14 10 30 22 31 41 25 Not to Labor Force

In school 40 41 62 39 59 72 22 71 24 19 30 Other NILF 17 10 8 11 9 16 1'3 11 12 11 IThe labor force status category "employed" includes employed and employed and in school. The labor force

status category "in school" includes in school and employed and in school or training.

Source: Tables 9 through 14, 16, 17, and 19 through 21, Appendix 8.

Data for the detailed IPAs can be summarized as follows.

The predominant enrollment of in-school

youth in the nonsummer programs, YETP work

experience and youth work experience, is

reflected in the fact that enrollees in

these programs reported spending a comparatively high average percent of time out

of the labor force (70% and 67%, respectively).

Since emphasis within YCCIP is placed on

serving out-of-school youth (especially

those with the most severe problems in finding employment), it is not unexpected that

these enrollees reported spending the highest average percent of time unemployed (28%)

compared to other nonsummer program enrollees.

In keeping with the targeting requirement to

enroll in-school youth, those in summer programs reported spending the highest average

percent of the pre-CETA year out of the labor

force (81%), and a considerable proportion

of this time in school (72%).

62

48
Reflecting per;::',n:11 and economic background chalristi-,F,. J.3T youth enrollees

reported sp:nding the highest average

percent of time employed (44%).

In contrast, corresponding to program eligibility requirements, PSE nonsustdinment

enrollees reported spending the highest

average percent of time unemployed (41%).

5.4 Pre-CETA Year School or Training Experiences

This section focuses on those enrollees under the age

of 22 who were not in the labor force at selected pre-CETA time

points because they were in school or training. Also discussed is

the type of school or training that enrollees were attending at 12

months and at three months prior to CETA entry.

5.4.1 School or Training Status at Selected Pre-CETA Time

Points

Figure 5-1 qn the following page illustrates the changes

that occurred in the percent of new enrollees assigned to nonsummer,

summer, and other CETA programs who were out of the labor force

during the preprogram year because they were in school or training.'

The time points selected for consideration are 12, 9, 6, 3 months,

one month, and the day prior to entry.

The proportion of nonsummer enrollees who were in schoz.1

or training fluctuated slightly throughout the pre-CETA year,

'Information, by detailed IPA, on the percent of enrollees in

school or training at selected time points during the pre-CETA

year is presented in Tables 5 through 21, Appendix B.

49 63
changing from 64 percent at 12 months prior to entry to 57 percent

the day prior to entry. The striking change from 12 to 9 and 6

months prior to entry for summer enrollees primarily reflects movement from summer vacation back to school. Reflecting the predominance of out-of-school youth in other CETA.programs, comparatively

low percentages of these enrollees were in school or training at

any time during the pre-CETA year, and the proportion gradually

decreased as the time of their entry into the program approached.

108

80

60

40

20

0

-- -------- --------

/ %--

/

/ / 1

1 //

1

---t- /

/ /

1-----

/

/1 1 /

1 .. / --------

__--- //

. :-.- .. .. ....

12

Summer Other

Nonsummer

1 9

I I 6 3

Months Prior to Entry

Source: Tables 6, 14. and 15, Appendix B.

1 1 1 Entr

Figure 5-1. Percent of enrollees under the age of 22 who were in

school or training at selected prf-CETA time points

by major IPA aggregate

64

50
5.4.2 Type of School or Training at Selected Pre-CETA Time

Points

Distributions of enrollees who were in school or training at selected pre-CETA time points b- type of school or training

are presented in Table 22, Appendix B. T. time points selected

for consideration are 12 and 3 months prier to CETA entry.

Due to the relationship between enrollment period and

school or training status, the proportions of enrollees in regular

school who were assigned to nonsummer or other CETA programs decreased from 12 to 3 months prior to entry, while the percentage

for summer youth increased. Comparatively high percentages of

enrollees who were in regular school at both time points were enrolled in nonsummer or summer youth programs. However, other CETA

programs, which tend to serve out-of-school youth, included larger

percentages of enrollees who were in college or in some other

school or training program, such as a technical institute or manpower training program.

5.5 Pre-CETA Year Earnings and Income

5.5.1 Median Enrollee Earnings

As shown in Table 5-3 on the following page, the estimated median earnings of new enrollees under the age of 22

during the pre-CETA year differed considerably by initial program assignment. FY 1978 enrollees assigned to programs not

specifically targeted towards youth reported median pre-CETA year

earnings which were substantially higher than those reported by

enrollees in the targeted nonsummer and summer youth programs.

65

53.
Table 5-3. Median pre-CETA year earnings of enrollees under the

age of 22 by initial program assignment

Initial Program

Assignment Median Enrollee

Earnings

CETA Programa Serving Youth (total)

Nonsummer Youth Pro rams (total)

YEDPA (total)

YETP (total)

YETP Classroom Training

YETP On-the-Job Training

YET, Work Experience YCCIP

Youth Work Experience

Summer Youth Programa

Other CETA Programs (total)

Classroom Training

On-the-Job Training

Public Service Employment (total)

PSE Sustainment PSE Nonsustainment

Direct Referral

190

J70 240 200

130 880

180 550 480

1,320 1.030 2,520

1,280

1,530

1,020 1,340 Source: Table 23 , Appendix B.

Of the enrollees in nonsummer programs, those assigned

to YETP-CT and YETP-WE reported the lowest pre-CETA median earnings

($180), which is not surprising since these enrollees reported

spending a relatively high average percent of the preprogram year

out of the labor force (Table 5-2).

Since primarily in-school youth are enrolled in summer

programs, and these individuals are unlikely to have had any earnings during the pre-entry year, it is not unexpected that the

median earnings for this group were zero.1

1 In other words, more than half reported zero earnings during the

pre-CETA year.

6G

52
OJT enrollees reported the highest median earnings

($2,520) of any IPA group. This is consistent with the fact that

OJT had the highest proportion of enrollees who were predominantly

employed during the pre-CETA year (Section 5.3.1).

5.5.2 Median Family In-!ome

As can be seen from Table 5-4 below, estimated median

family incomes during the pre-CETA year for new enrollees under

the age of 22 were generally low (around $6,200) and differed only

slightly between the major IPA aggregates.

Table 5-4. Median pre-CETA year family incomes of enrollees under

the age of 22 by initial program assignment

Initial Program Median Family

Assignment Income CETA Programs Serving Youth (total) 56.180 Nonsummer Youth Programs (total) 5,980 YLDPA (total) 6,240 TRIP (total) 6,180 YETP Classroom Training 5,800

YETI, On-the-Job Training 7,740 YETP Work Experience 6,140 YCCIP 6,300 Youth Work Experience 5.760 Summer Youth Programs 6,260

Other CETA Programs (total) 6.240 Classroom Training 6,000

On-the-Job Training 7,250 Public Service Employment (total) 5,800 rsc Sustainment 6,570 PSE Nonsustainmont 5,360 Direct Referral 8,870

Source: Table 24, Appendix g.
Considering the detailed IPAs, enrollees in YETP-CJT had

a substantially higher median family income ($7,740) than enrollees

in the other nonsummer programs, while YETP-CT and YWE enrollees

had comparatively low median family incomes of $5,800 and $5,760,

respectively. Summer program enrollees had a median pre-CETA

family income of $6,260, which was similar to the median family

income of nonsummer program Enrollees, overall.

Within the aggregate of other CETA programs, direct referral enrollees reported the highest pre-CETA year median family

income ($8,870), while PSE nonsustainment enrollees reported the

lowest ($5,360). These medians also, in fact, represent the

highest and the lowest for any IPA. The low median reported by

enrollees in PSE nonsustainment reflects the emphasis on economically disadvantaged status as an eligibility requirement for particiration in this program.

Fib

54
6. YOUTH ENROLLEE GROUPS OF SPECIAL INTEREST

6.1 Introduction

A central concern in this report has been to describe

the extent to which youth are served by CETA programs, and to

provide information on the types of young persons who were enrolled. In this chapter, certain groups of enrollees within the

CETA youth population that are of special interest due to eligibility criteria or targeting requirements are described in more

detail. The groups selected for analysis include minority youth,

school dropouts, and disadvantaged youth.'

6.2 Minority Youth

Table 25, Appendix B presents distributions of FY 1978

new enrollees under the age of 22 in the major IPA aggregates by

sex and minority status and by selected characteristics. Highlights of the characteristics of minority youth are as follows.

Among minorities, the proportion of enrollees

who were school dropouts was generally higher

for male minority group members than for

female minority group members, and compared to

other minorities, was usually highest for

Hispanic youth.

The proportion of enrollees who were economically disadvantaged under CLMS was higher for

minority youth than for white youth, and it was

especially high for black and Hispanic females.

Compared to white youth, higher proportions

of minority youth were predominantly out of

CLMS definitions of minority groups and school dropouts appear

in the Glossary and disadvantaged enrollees are described in

Appendix A.

55
the labor force during the pre-CETA year

and correspondingly, minority enrollees

reported spending a higher average percent

of time out of the labor force during the

pre-CETA year.

6.3 School Dropouts

Table 26, Appendix B presents FY 1978 data on selected

characteristics of enrollees in the major IPA aggregates by education and school status at entry. Specific characteristics of

school dropouts are as follows.

A high proportion of enrollees who were

school dropouts were male (approximately

63%), and almost half (49%) were members

of a minority group.

Of the enrollees who were school dropouts,

nearly a third were heads of families (13%

of a one-person household and 20% of a household of two persons or more), and almost a

third (33%) were primary wage earners.

Around 86 percent of the enrollees who were

school dropouts were economically disadvantaged under CLMS. This proportion is somewhat higher than for enrollees who had

completed at least high school.

School dropouts reported spending a higher

average percent of the pre-CETA year unemployed than enrollees who had completed at

least high school. High unemployment among

dropouts was further evidenced by more than

a third of these enrollees being predominantly unemployed during the year before

entry.

7'0

MG
6.4 Disadvantaged Youth

Table 27, Appendix B presents FY 1978 data on selected

characteristics of enrollees in the major IPA aggregates by preenrollment economic status. Highlights of the characteristics of

those youth who were determined disadvantaged under CLMS are as

follows.

Disadvantaged enrollees were more heavily concentrated in the younger age groups (around 63%

were 17 years of age or younger) and over 60

percent were members of a minority group.

A slightly higher proportion of disadvantaged

enrollees than nondisadvantaged enrollees were

school dropouts and a slightly larger percentage

were primary wage earners.

Over 70 percent of the disadvantaged enrollees

were predominantly out of the labor force during

the pre-CETA year (72%). Correspondingly, these

enrollees reported spending approximately 69

percent of the preprogram year out of the labor

force.
GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS

Several terms used in this CLMS report have specific

definitions which are not necessarily the same as those in use

elsewhere. In order to avoid confusion, the FY 1978 definitions

of these terms are presented below.

Annual Family Income Year Prior to Entry - For CLMS purposes, annual family income is defined as the total income of

an enrollee's family during the 12 months prior to the date of

CETA entry. This includes wages and salaries, net income from

business or farm, pensions, dividends, interest, rent, and any other money income received by family members 14 years of age or

older. For example, the CLMS includes the following items as income: wages and allowances from employment and training programs; Unemployment Insurance compensation (UI); cash public assistance

payments, such as AFDC; alimony; and payments for child support.1 The CLMS excludes as income: income-in-kind, such as food stamps or public hous ng; lump sum inheritances; and insurance payments.

Economically Disadvantaged - If an enrollee was a

member of a family receiving cash welfare during the month of

entry and/or their family's 12-month or three-month annualized income was below the OMB poverty level and/or their three-month

annualized family income was at or below 70 percent of the lower

living standard, the enrollee is categorized as "Yes" to "Receiving

Cash Welfare/Below OMB Poverty Level and/or At or Below 70% of the

Lower Living Standard Income Level," and is determined economically disadvantaged under CLMS!

1 Under CETA, some of these items are excluded from family income

calculations to determine eligibility. Major differences between the CLMS and CETA definitions of family income for the purposes of eligibility determination are discussed in the section on economically disadvantaged status, Appendix A.

Economically disadvantaged status for YETP enrollees includes the

family income at or below 85 percent of the lower living standard

criterion.

72ti
Enrollee Earnings Year Prior to Entry - For CLMS

purposes, enrollee earnings for the year before CETA entry include earnings from primary jobs during those periods in which

the enrollee said (in the initial interview) that his or her main

activity was working, earnings from any jobs during those periods

in which the enrollee said his or her main activity was school or

training, and earnings fromisecond jobs (i.e., jobs held at the

same time as primary jobs).

In School or Training - For CLMS purposes, an enrollee designated as being in school or training at a particular

time point may also have been in school and employed.

Labor Force Experience During Pre-CETA Year - Using

the CLMS computation of labor force status for periods of time

(see definition below), the labor force experiences of enrollees

are grouped into five categories.

Predominantly Employed - employed at least

90 percent of the pre-CETA year.

Predominantly Unemployed - unemployed (and

looking for work) at least 50 percent of the

pre-CSTA year.

Substantially Unemployed - unemployed (and

looking for work) between 25 and 49 percent

of the pre-CETA year.

Predominantly Not in the Labor Force - not

in the labor force at least 50 percent of

the pre-CETA year. 2

Combination - some combination of employment, unemployment, and nonparticipation

not classified in the above four categories.

!It should be noted that before FY 1978, earnings data presented

in CLMS initial reports included only earnings from primary

jobs during those periods in which the enrollee said (in the

initial interview) that his or her main activity was working.

For this reason, FY 1977 data used in this report for comparison

purposes were retabulated to include earnings from all sources.

2For CLMS purposes, enrollees are categorized as being "not in the

labor force" if their main activity was attending school, regardless of whether they were also working ";;looking for work.
Labor Force Status - Labor force status for time

points and time periods is computed, for CLMS purposes, as follows:

A history of each enrollee's activities (working,

school, training, none of these) during specific

periods is obtained at each CLMS interview. For

the initial interview, the period of interest is

from the date of interview (generally 3 to 5

months after entry) back to one year prior to the

day the individual became enrolled in CETA.

Detailed questions are then asked about each

working/in school or training/not working nor

in school or training episode. In the determination of labor force status for any particular day, the following rules are used in the

order shown:

1) If the enrollee was working, either full

or part time, as a main activity, he or

she is considered employed.

2) If the enrollee was in school or in a

training program as a main activity,

he or she is considered not in the

labor force.

3) If the enrollee was neither working nor

in school or training as main activity,

his or her labor force ctiluv icpenes on

answers to detailed ques:.-f,r. cwIcetning

the primary reason for 11:,t w,-king at that

time and whether or nos. work as being

sought.

a) If the enrollee's primary reason

for not working a. that ii.te was

"in hospital," "in ution,"

or "in armed force;,'' le labor

force status is "ni, ,n the labor

force."'

b) If the enrcilee's primary reason

for not worx,nq at that time was

"new job to beyin within 30 days,"

"on layoff," or "labor dispute,"

the labor Lorce status is "unem

ployed."

c) When other reasons (e.g., personal

family reasons, own illness, coulOn't

ail

?"61 4
find job, etc.) are given as the

primary reason for not working,

labor force status depends on the

enrollee's answer to the question

"Were you looking for work during

any part of the timei" If the enrollee said "yes,'' 'e or she is

considered "unemployed"; if the

answer was "no," the labor,force

status is "not in labor force."

Beginning with FY 1979 initial interviews, this

question of whether or not the enrollee was

looking for work will be asked with regard to

each month of every not working/school/training

spell so that the labor force status measure can

be made more precise.

Beginning with this reps.', any CLMS variable or

derived variable that involves "Iloor force

status at entry" is bated on labor force status

three days prior to entry. Thig allows for a more

rustic determinaticy, of litho.- force status at

entry for the presumably li,r7r lumber of participants enrolled in CETA progrPmh= on a Monday.

Minority Status - The minority status categories used

in this report are: white, black, wispanic, and other. The categories of "white" and "black" always .3xclude persons of Hispanic

origin. The category of "otr" includes, for example, Native

Americans, Asians, and Paciri1/4. if;landers.

School Status - Por CLMS purposes, school status

pertains to the attendance of enrollees in certain types of school

as determined from the CLMS activity record (completed during the

interview). These include regular schools (i.e., schools leading

to the completion of a high school degree, excluding vocational

high schools), colleges, and vocational high schools.

An enrollee is considered in school if:

1) The CETA entry date occurred in January

through May or September through December

and the enrollee was in any of these types

of school either one day before entry or

within 33 days after entry but prior

to termination; or

%)

62
2) The CETA entry date occurred in June

through August and the enrollee was in

any of these types of school either

the day before entry or at any time

after May 1.

All other enrollees are considered to be out of school

for CLMS purposes. rersons who had not completed 12 years of

schooling and were t).11: in school at the time of CETA entry are

considered to be d)opouts.

Special Veteran - This designation refers to a

veteran who served in Indochina or Korea, including the adjacent

waters, betwgen August 5, 1964 and May 7, 1975; and received other

than a dishonorable discharge.

Vietnam Era Veteran - This designation refers to a

veteran who was 34 years of age or under at the time of applica- tion to CETA; served in the armed forces between August 5, 1964

and May 7, 1975, inclusive; and received other than a dishonorable

discharge.
I.

REPORT INFORMATION (Appendix A)

Detailed Rules for Determining Initial Program Assignment (For Persons Under Age 22 Newly Enrolled in CETA

Between October 1977 and September 1978)

This section of the appendix presents rules for categorizing new enrollees according to their "initial program assignment." These rules use information from the CLMS control card

(form completed from required prime sponsor records) and from the

CLMS initial interview. It should be noted that these rules are

not the same as those used for program activity determinations.

Initial program assignment (IPA) generally uses information from

the control card -- title of funding, functional activity, services

received, age at entry, and quarter of entry -- to classify enrollees based on information available at the prime sponsor office

when the enrollee was selected into the CLMS sample (generally 1

to 4 months after CETA entry). In some cases, initial interview

data must be used to determine "age at entry."

For this report, the CLMS method for classifying CETA

enrollees according to initial program assignment is described

below.

Initial Program

Rule Assignment

A. If functional activity is summer: Summer

B. If enrollee entered through Title IIIsummer: Summer

C. If enrolled during April-September and

functional activity is YWE and age

at entry is 21 or below: YWE

D. Ir entered through Title III-YCCIP

or if functional activity is YCCIP: YCCIP

65 7"
E. If entered

or functional

Initial '. -am

Rule Assigl I. , through Title III-YETP

activity is YETP and

control card shows activity as:

(1) Classroom training (skills, educational, both, or unidentifiable): YETP classroom

training

(2) On-the-job training: YETP on-the-job

training

(3) Public service employment or

work experience: YETP work

experience

(4) Direct referral or if there

is no activity code: YETP unknown'

F. If the control card information shows

activity title as:

(1) Title III-YCCIP and age at

entry is 19 or below:

(2) Title III-summer and age at

entry is 21 or below:

(3) Title III-YETP and age at

entry is 21 or below and

control card shows acTIVity as:

(a) Classroom training (skills,

educational, both, or unidentifiable):

(b) On-the-job training:

(c) Public service employment

or work experience:

YCCIP

Summer

YETP classroom

training

YETP on-the-job

training

YETP work

experience

1 YETP unknown is included in the IPA category, YETP total, but is

not analyzed as a separate IPA in this report.

66
Initial Program

Rule Assignment

(d) Direct referral or if there

is no activity coke:

(4) Title VI project-type program

and age at entry is 21 or below:

(5) Title I, II, or VI nonprojecttype program and age at entry

is 21 or below:

G. If the control card information

shows age at entry is 21 or below

and activity as:

(1) Classroom training (skills,

educational, both, or unidentifiable):

YETP unknown

PSE nonsustainment <22

PSE sustainment <22

Classroom training <22

(2) On-the-job training: On-the-job training <22

(3) Placement into unsubsidized

employment: Direct referral <22

(4) PSE and

(a) Entered before April 1977: PSE sustainment <22

(b) Entered during AprilSeptember 1977 and

(1) Entered through

Titles I or II: PSE sustainment <22

(2) Entered through

Title VI projecttype program: PSE nonsustainment <22

(3) Entered through

Title VI nonprojecttype program: PSE sustainment <22

(4) If project and nonproject unknown or

title of funding

1 unknown: PSE unknown <22

1 PSE unknown is included in the IPA category, PSE total, but is

not analyzed as a separate IPA in this report.

67
Rule

(5) If there is no activity

code and

Initial Program

Assignment

(a) Entered through Title I

after September 1975 and

received job referral as

a service:

(b) Entered before April 1977

and functional activity

s PSE:

(c) Entered during April -

September. 1977 and functional activity y-1i PSE and

(1) Entered through

Titles I or II:

(2) Entered through

Title VI projecttype program:

(3) Entered through

Title VI nonprojecttype program:

(4) If project/nonproject

unknown or title of

funding unknown:

(d) If enrolled after September

1977 and

(1) Title I, II, or VI - sustainment:

(2) Title VI nonsustainment:

(3) Title unknown:

(e) If none of the

conditions set forth

above are met:

Direct referral <22

PSE sustainment <22

PSE sustainment <22

PSE nonsustainment <22

PSE sustainment <22

PSE unknown <22

PSE sustainment <22

PSE nonsustainment <22

PSE unknown <22

No initial program

assignmentl<22

H. If the control card information shows activity as:

Work experience and age at entry is

21 or below: YWE

'No IPA shown is included in the overall category, "CETA programs

serving youth," and in the major aggregate category "other. CETA

programs," but is not analyzed as a separate IPA in this report.

so

68
II. Economically Disadvantaged as Defined Under CLMS

Earlier CLMS reports have presented data on the disadvantaged status of new CETA enrollees. In these reports, enrollees were classified as "economically disadvantaged" if they

were receiving cash welfare at the time they entered CETA and/or

if the income of their family for the 12 months prior to entry

fell below the established 0MB poverty level guideline. However,

beginning with this report, a new measure of disadvantaged status

has been adopted, which incorporates a number of income-related

determinations. In addition, the base period to establish the

income used for making below 0MB poverty level determinations has

been changed. The new summary indicator of disadvantaged status

along with the change in the base period for income determinations

expand and refine the old CLMS definition of economically disadvantaged so as to approximate more closely the CETA definition of

economically disadvantaged.

For the programs of interest to this report, during

FY 1978, a person was considered economically disadvantaged under

CETA if he or she was: (1) a member of a family which received cash

welfare payments; or (2) was a member of a family that had a total

income which, in relation to family size, did not exceed either the

OMB poverty level or 70 percent of the BLS lower living standard

income level.' In addition, if a person was a foster child on behalf of whom State or loch government payments were made, he or

she was considered economically disadvantaged. Family income was

computed by annualizing all family income during the three months

prior to application, or, if the three-month period was unrepresentative due, for example, to seasonal unemployment, income was

computed for the 12 months prior to application.

'Under CETA, the criterion for YETP is at or below 85 percent of

the lower living standard.

696'1
In this report, several indicators of pre-enrollment

economic status are presented, including receipt of cash welfare

during the month of entry, family income below the OMB poverty

level, and family income at or below 70 percent of the lower

living standard. These indicators approximate the different

criteria for the determination of disadvantaged status under CETA

and together provide a CLMS definition of economically disadvantaged. Therefore, FY 1978 new enrollees assigned to CETA programs

serving youth were considered disadvantaged if they were members

of families receiving cash welfare and/or whose incomes were below

the OMB poverty level and/or at or below 70 percent of the lower

living standard.1

In order to closely relate CLMS computations to those

under CETA, either three-month annualized or 12-month income

(whichever was lower) was used in making the below OMB poverty

level determinations for this report.2 Percentages below the

1Generally, whenever disadvantaged status under CLMS is presented

in this report it is defined as stated above. However, CLMS

disadvantaged status specifically presented for YETP enrollees

includes the at or below 85 percent (as compared to 70%) lower

living standard measure, although the 70 percent criterion is

still used when YETP is incorporated into the aggregate IPA category of nonsummer youth programs.

2 The Bureau of the Census cannot make an assessment of the representativeness of three-month annualized or 12-month family income.

They provide data on the number of enrollees meeting the below

OMB poverty level criterion using either the three-month annualized or 12-month family income. However, exploratory research

shows that the differem:o in the percent of enrollees determined

economically disadvantaged under CLMS is L'elatively small (under

2%), when 12-month income is used in making the OMB poverty level

determination, or when three-month annualized income is used.

82

70
lower living standard income level were computed using only a

three-month annualized income.

It should be recognized that although the new CLMS definition of economically disadvantaged relates closely to the CETA

definition of economically disadvantaged, some minor differences

remain. In particular, the three-month annualized family income

used by the CLMS to make at or below lower living standard and

below OMB poverty level determinations is a lump sum income without

any of the CETA prescribed exclusions (e.g., veterans' payments,

workmens' compensation, and welfare payments).1 In addition, the

CLMS does not consider 12-month family income in computing percentages at or below the lower living standard. Further, the

CLMS definition of family differs slightly from the CETA definition since the CLMS does not specifically consider as family,

unmarried members of a household, or foster children or stepchildren receiving at least 50 percent of their support from their

foster or stepparents.2 Notwithstanding these definitional differences, CLMS economically disadvantaged is a reasonable proxy for

CETA economically disadvantaged.

'The inclusion of these payments would tend to inflate family income and perhaps result in an underestimation of the percent of

enrollees below the OMB poverty level and/or at or below 70 (or

85) percent of the lower living standard.

2The CLMS does not provide any data on foster child status and

thus, this information is necessarily excluded from the discussion. However, this lack of data would not substantially

change the results since foster children comprise only a very

small proportion of the CETA population.
III. Total Enrollment as Defined Under CLMS

When comparing enrollment totals between FY 1978 and

FY 1977, caution should be exercised since the CLMS definition of

"total enrollment" has been modified over the life of the survey.

Prior to FY 1978, some prime sponsors, and therefore the CLMS

sample, included as enrollees persons who received only CETA

services, i.e., those who were not assigned to a program. 1 Since

interest lies primarily with enrollees who were assigned to a

program, beginning with the first quarter of FY 1978, enrollees

who received only CETA services (except those who received job

referral as a service) were excluded from the sample. Thus, the

term'"total enrollment" has different meanings for the two fiscal

years presented in this report (FY 1977 and FY 1978).

Two IPA aggregates are affected by this definitional

change -- CETA programs serving youth, and other CETA programs --

the two classifications which include no IPA shown. As an indication of the effect of this change in definition, the estimated

total youth enrollment in FY 1977 was 1,472,800. The number of

those for whom no IPA was shown (including those who received

services only), was 88,600. In FY 1978, estimated total youth

enrollment was 1,567,300, while the total number of those for

whom no IPA was shown (excluding those who received services

only), was 13,400.2

Services received by enrollees may have included job referral,

counseling, work orientation, child care, transportation, or

health or medical services.

2 Some of this change would be attributable to more precise information in FY 1978 for specific IPA classification.

84

72
IV. Enrollee Groups Excluded From Analyses

Several enrollee groups have been excluded from the

analyses in this report. First, enrollees in STIP are not discussed. STIP is a unique, one-time program with enrollment overlapping more than one fiscal year. The STIP participants surveyed

will be covered in a separate, special CLMS report.

Second, enrollees for whom no assignment was shown and

enrollees in YETP unknown are also excluded from the detailed

analyses. Due, in part, to incomplete prime sponsor records,

little is known about these groups; it is probable that some of

these enrollees were actually assigned to a program, although their

participation was never recorded. It is also possible that they

received only a CETA-funded ancillary employment and training or

supportive service. Characteristics of enrollees in these groups

were examined and compared across quarters and with data for the

other IPA groups. No distinctive findings were observed and, in

fact, some similarities with every other program assignment group

were apparent.

Finally, it is estimated that approximately 800 young

persons were enrollee, in PSE programs of an unknown type during

FY 1978. Enrollees in PSE unknown are included in total PSE enrollment, but they are not analyzed as a separate IPA group within

this report. Due to the limited number of enrollees in this category, serious cell size problems arise from cross-classification

of the data, and the information is of questionable reliability.

V. Completeness of Data for YEDPA Enrollees

Due to CLMS sampling and interviewing procedures, this

report excludes those YEDPA enrollees who received only CETA

73 85
services (other than job referral). Further, current CLMS

practices do not permit identification of persons who received

only transition services (from school to work) or of those who

were assigned specifically to career employment experience (CEE)

programs.1 New enrollees are, however, included in the data

presented here if they received transition services and were also

assigned to YETP or YCCIP. CEE enrollees are included in YETP onthe-job training and YETP work experience totals. Information on

transition services and CEE is planned for inclusion in future

analyses of YETP and YCCIP enrollees.

In addition, information on in-school and out-of-school

YEDPA programs is not available for this report. Discussion of

enrollees' school status at the time of program entry is included,

however, in Chapter 4.

VI. Availability of Comparison Data for 1'Y 1977

Cumulative FY 1977 data are presented in some of the

appendix tables in this report so that FY 1978/FY 1977 comparisons

can be made. FY 1977 data have been retabulated using the new IPA

classifications and changes to CLMS variables. For this reason,

some of the numbers and percentages presented in this report differ

from those which appear for FY 1977 in CLMS Report No. 8.

In addition, some of the data used for analyses in this

report were not available for FY 1977. Specifically, the characteristic, "enrollee receiving unemployment insurance (UI)" has

been determined differently by the CLMS for various quarterly

1 CEE programs are those in which YEDPA enrollees receive transition services in combination with either YETP on-the-job training or YETP work experience.

74
cohorts of new enrollees.' In particular, for the four quarters

of FY 1978, data on the receipt of UI are available for the week

prior to entry, whereas these data are available only for the last

two quarters of FY 1977. For this reason, cumulative FY 1977 data

for "enrollee receiving unemployment insurance during week of

entry" are not presented in this retort.

Similarly, data on three-month aLnualized family income

were not available until the third quarter of , : 1977, and thus,

below OMB poverty level and at or below lower 1, i standard

determinations cannot be mad 6 comparable with thor, )r FY 1978.

Therefore, cumulative FY 197/ for "pre-enrollw 'conornic

status" are not presented in trlis report.

Although beginning with th, first quartaL of FY 1977,

PSE was reshaped into sustainment sni nonsustainment PS!: throl,gh

amendments to Title VI legislaticy*, 1.:unding for PSE non7,ustainment

did not become available until the ttaird quarter. The CLMS did

not classify PSE into sustainment and nonsustainment until that

time. Therefore, for the first and second quarters of ry 1977,

sustainment data were the same as total PSE data for those

quarters. Becaus the CLMS did not use the PSE nonsustainment

classification until the third quarter of FY 1977, and since PSE

unknown data are thus rell:vant only foe the last two quarters of

the fiscal year, FY 1977 data for :r SE nonsustainment and total

PSE (which inces 10S7; unknown) are not presented in this report.

Of r1,1-3e, no FY 1977 comparison data for YETP and YCCIP

exist, since the Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act

'Prior to the third quarter of FY 1977, enrollees were 11ked

during the initial interview about receipt of UI duriut: thyyear and ele month prior to entry.

75
was rot passed until August of 1977, and enrollment into these

programs did not really begin until January of 1978.1

VII. List of Previous Reports

Background information on CETA and CLMS, including

specific information on the CLMS study design, sample design and

selection, and data collection methodology is contained in the

first CLMS initial report2 and in the first CLMS technical

report. 3 Copies of the instruments used in the initial interview are also provided as appendices to those reports.

A summary list of all CLMS reports published to date is

as follows:

Report Number Topic

1 January-rArch 1975 New Enrollees

2 April-June 1975 New Fnrollees

3 July-September 1975 New Enrollees

4 Calend;,- Year 1975 New Enrollees

5 :nuar, -March 1Q76 New Enrollees

6 Fiscal Year 1976 New Enrollees

7 July 1976-March 1977 New Enrollees

8 Fiscal Year 1977 New Enrollees

Only a handful of enrollees (approximately 18) entered YETL7, and

YCCIP during' October- December 1977.

2 Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Surve;, Pacrt No. 1, Charact-17-

istics of CETA Participants Enrolled During Third Quarter of

FY 1975, prepared by Westat, Inc., for the Office of Progt...m

Evaluation, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, January 1976.

3 Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey, Technical Report: No. 1,

Methodology, prepared by Westat, Inc., for the Office of Program

Evaluation, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, March 1977.

8S

76
Report Number Topic

Technical Report

No. 1 CLMS Methodology

Follow-Up Report

No. 1 Terminees Who Entered CETA in

January-June 1975

Follow-Up Report

No. 2 Terminees Who Entered CETA During

Fiscal Year 1976
EXPLANATORY NOTES TO APPENDIX TABLES (Appendix B)

The following explanatory rotes apply to t1.0 tables

presented in this appendix.

(1) Data presented in this report are based on initial

interviews with enrollees and on data obtained from prime sponsor

records.

(2) In some tables, shortage of data restricts the

level of detail at which data can be analyzed. Parentheses in

appendix tables flag data cells with weighted totals of less

than 7,500 for all initial program assignments other than summer

youth, and data cells with weighted totals of less than 20,000

for summer youth programs. Cells containing weighted totals of

less than 15,000 were also flagged in tables combining summer

youth programs with other programs (e.g., CETA Programs Serving

Youth [total]). These minimum cell sizes are arbitrary figures,

and are used as estimates of the level below which the relative

standard error exceeds ten percent.

(3) A hyphen appearing in a cell represents zero or a

fraction of a percent which did not round to one.

(4) An asterisk appearing in a cell represents the

nonapplicability or noncomparability of data for a certain time

point or period. Specifically, asterisks are used in the following manner:

Summer youth enrollee data are not presented

for the first two C irters of FY 1978 since

no enrollments occur in this program during

that time period.'

I Therefore, cumulative FY 1978 data for summer youth program

enrollees represent half-year figures.

DO

79
Data for enrollees in YETP and YCCIP are not

presented for the first quarter of FY 1978

since these programs did not really begin

until January 1978.1 Also, since these

programs did not exist before FY 1978,

cumulative FY 1977 comparison data are not

available.

Although beginning with the first quarter of

FY 1977, PSE was reshaped into sustainment and

nonsustainment PSE through amendments to Title

VI legislation, funding for PSE nonsustainment

did not become available until the third quarter.

CLMS did not classify PSE into sustainment and

nonsustainment until that time. Therefore, for

the first and second quarters of FY 1977, sustainment data were the same as total PSE data

for those quarters. An asterisk appears for

the FY 1977 comparison data on PSE nonsustainment

since the data are available only for two

quarters of that fiscal year. Similarly, since

CLMS did not begin to classify PSE into sustainment and nonsustainment until the third

quarter of FY 1977, PSE unknown data are relevant

only for the last two quarters of the fiscal

year. Therefore, an asterisk appears for the

FY 1977 comparison data for PSE (total) since

this data includes PSE unknown.

An asterisk appears for cumulative FY 1977

comparison data on "receipt of unemployment

insurance during the week of entry" and "preenrollment economic status," since these data

are available or can be computed for only the

third and forth quarters of that fiscal year.

(5) Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred. Dollar

amounts are rounded to the nearest ten dollars.

1 A very small number of participants (approximately 18) were

enrolled in YEDPA programs prior to January 1978, but because

this number is so small, such enrollees are excluded from the

data tables and analyses in this report. Cumulative FY 1978

data for YEDPA enrollees thus represent only three quarters

of data.

80 91
(6) Enrollee totals for the different initial program assignments may vary between tables due to rounding. Also, in

tables involving multiple cross-tabulations of data, rounding at

each stage of tabulation may result in differences between a

"total" and the sum of its "parts."

(7) Percentage distributions for the same enrollee

characteristics may vary between tables due to rounding.

(8) STIP enrollees are excluded from the data tables

and analyses in this report. Enrollees in YETP unknown and PSE

unknown, and enrollees for whom no assignment was shown are

included in aggregate enrollment totals, as indicated in the

footnotes to the tables, but separate data on these enrollees do

not appear in the report.'

(9) For the variables listed below, multiple responses were recorded and tabulated. Since, in calculating percentages

for these variables, the base used is number of enrollees rather

than number of responses, the sum of percentages may exceed 100

percent.

Receipt of Public Benefit(s)

Perceived Barrier(s) to Employment

(10) Cumulative FY 1977 data are presented in some

tables so that FY 1978/FY 1977 comparisons can be made. However,

FY 1977 data have been retabulated using the new IPA classifications and changes to CLMS variables. For this reason, some of

the numbers and percentages presented in these tables differ from

those which appear for FY 1977 in CLMS Report No. 8.

I See Appendix A for a more detailed explanation.
Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

LIST OF TABLES

Estimated number and distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by major IPA aggregate: all CETA

participants newly enrolled in FY 1978 and FY 1977

Estimated number and distribution of enrollees by enrollm-mt period and by initial program assignment:

CETA youth participants (under age 22) newly enrolled

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

title of funding: CETA youth participants (under age

22) newly enrolled during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Distribution of enrollees by level of satisfaction with

CETA and by initial program assignment: CETA youth participants (under age 22) newly enrolled during FY 1978

Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in CETA programs serving

youth (total) during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and

by selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in nonsummer youth

programs (total) during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and

by selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YEDPA programs in

CLMS (total) during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and

by selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YETP (total) during

FY 1978 and FY 1977

Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and

by selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YETP classroom

training during FY 1978 and FY 1977

82

93
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table

10 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YETP on-the-job

training during FY 1978 and FY 1977

11 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YETP work experience during FY 1978 and FY 1977

12 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YCCIP during FY 1978

and FY 1977

13 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in youth work experience

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

14 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in summer youth programs

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

15 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in other CETA programs

(total) during FY 1978 and FY 1977

16 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in classroom training

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

17 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in on-the-job training

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

18 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in public service

employment ftotal) during FY 1978 and FY 1977
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table

19 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment perioe and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(undeL age 22) newly enrolled in PSE sustainment

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

20 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in PSE nonsustainment

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

21 Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in direct referral during

FY 1978 and FY 1977

22 Distribution of enrollees who were in school or training

at selected pre-CETA time points by initial program

assignment and type of school or training: CETA youth

participants (under age 22) newly enrolled during FY 1978

23 Median pre-CETA year earnings of enrollees by enrollment

period and by initial program assignment: CETA youth

participants (under age 22) newly enrolled during FY 1978

and FY 1977

24 Median pre-CETA year family income of enrollees by enrollment period and by initial program assignment: CETA youth

participants (under age 22) newly enrolled during FY 1978

and FY 1977

25 Distribution of enrollees by sex and minority status and

by major IPA aggregate and selected characteristics: CETA

youth participants (under age 22) newly' enrolled during

FY 1978

26 Distribution of enrollees by education and school status

at entry and by major IPA aggregate and selected characteristics: CETA youth participants (under age 22) newly

enrolled during FY 1978

27 Distribution of enrollees by pre-enrollment economic

status and by major IPA aggregate and selected characteristics: CETA youth participants (under age 22) newly

enrolled during FY 1978

84
Table 1. Estimated number and distribution of enrollees by en- rollment period and by major IPA aggregate: all CETA

participants newly enrolled in FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year Oct.-Dec. Jan.-Mar. April-June July-Sept. Major IPA Aggregates FY 1978 1977 1978 1978 1978 FY 1977 All CETA Programs (total) Estimated nurber 2,380,200 355,700 495,700 638,200 890,600 2,227,600 Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 CETA Programs Specifically Targeted

Towards Youths Estimated number 1,248,900 75,500 140,700 3/3,700 659,000 1,18:.600

Percent 52 21 28 59 74 53 Nonsummer Youth Programs

Estimated number 400,100 75,500 140,700 113,200 70,700 223,500 Percent 1 21 28 18 8 10 Sutraer Youth Programs

848,800 260,500 588,300 958,100

...etiolated number Percent 36 41 66 43 Adul: -Oriented CETA Programs2 Estimated number 1,131,300 280,200 355,000 264,500 231,600 1,046,000 Percent 48 79 72 41 26 47

1.

2

It should be recognized that the aggregate for youth presentod in this table on total enrollments (CETA Programs

Specifically Targeted Towards Youth) is different from that used in the other data tables for the report (CETA

Programs Serving Youth). The reason for this is that those persons under the age of 22 in classroom training,

on-the-job training, public rervice employment, and direct referral are already included in the enrollment totals

for Adult-Oriented CETA Programs, and would be douhle-counted if the aggregate of CETA Programs Serving Youth were used. Therefore, CETA Programs Specifically Targeted Towards Youth includes: Youth Employment and Training

Programs (YETP), Youth Community and Conservation Improvement Projects (YCCIP), youth work experience (WE), and summer youth programs.

This total includes classroom training, on-the-job training, adult work experience, public service employment,

direct referral,:and r. assignment shown. These programs are discussed in detail in CLMS risport_No... 10.
Table 2. Estimated number and distribution of enrollees by

enrollment period and by initial program assignment:

CETA youth participants (under age 22) newly

enrolled during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

Initial Program Assignment

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct.-Dee.

1977 jan.-march

1978 April-June1978 July-Sept.1978 CETA Programs Serving Youth (total)

Estimated number 1,567,300 152,600 239,900 447,600 727,200 1,472,800

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100

Monsummer Youth Programa

(total) --reiraiated number 400,100 75,500 140,700 113,200 70,700 223,500

Percent 26 49 59 25 10 15 YEDPA Programs in CLMS (total)

Estimated number 222,400 107,900 72,400 41,700

Percent 14 45 16 6 YETP (total)

1 --177711777-6umber 191,600 94,600 62,000 35,000

Percent 12 39 14 5 YETP - Classroom Training

Estimates number 33,200 12,200 12,700 4,300

Percent 2 5 3 1 YETP - On-the-Job Training

Estimated number 7,300 1,500 3,200 2,600

Percent (1) (1) (1)

YETP - Work Experience

Estimated numoer 136,600 74,000 40,300 22,300

Percent 9 31 9 3 YCCIP Estimated number 30,800 13,300 10,800 6,700

Percent 2 6 2 (1) Youth Work Experience

SstiMated numoer 177,700 75,500 32,800 40,400 29,000 223,500

'ercent 1.1 9 15 Sumner Youth Programs

Estimated numoer 848,800 260,500 588,300 958,100

Percent 54 58 81 65 Other CETA Programs (total):

Estimated numoer 318,400 77,100 99,300 73,800 68,200 291,300

Percent 20 51 41 L7 9 20 Classrcom Training

103,300 28,000 28,800 24,600 21,900 Estimated number 90,000

Percent 7 18 12 6 3 6 On-the-Job Training

43,400

3 9,200

6 11,8005 11,500

3 10,800

2 35,500

2 Estimated number

:cent

1 Includes YETP - Mo Assignment Shovn.

2 Includes No Assignment Shovn.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

86

97
Table 2. (continued)

Initial Program Assignment

1 FY 1978 Public Service Employment

(total )1 Estimated number

Percent PSE Sustainment

Estimated number

Percent PSE Nonsustainment Estimated number

Percent Direct Referral

Estimated number

Percent

127,900

B 59,500

4 67,600

4 30,400

2

3 Includes PSE Unknown.

Enrollment Period

FY Prior

Year FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan:::

1978 April-June1978 July-Sept.

1978

30,100 46,800 26,900 24,000

20 20 6 3 15,600 20,200 11,400 10,400 50.500

I0 B 3 1 14,400 26,000 13,500 13,600

9 11 3 2 5,800 8,100 8,200 8,300 26,700

(4) 3 2 1 2
Table 3. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

title of funding: CETA youth participants (under age

22) newly enrolled during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Title of Funding

Enrullaent Perind

FY I97R

Quarters o FY 1978

Pr ior

Ye ail FY 1977

Oct. -Dec. 1977

Jan. -March

I97R April-June

1978 July-Si pt. 1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 1.567.100

100

152,600

100 239.900

100 447,600

Ina 727,200

100 1.472.R00

100

Pert cut Title I 24 79 IS 22 10 3? Title II (4) (3) (I) 2 Title III 67 45 7t R6 61 Title VI 7 17 17 6 5

,90

88
Table 4. Distribution of enrollees by level of satisfaction with

CETA and by initial program assignment: CETA youth participants (under age 22) newly enrolled during FY 1978

initial Program Assignment

Estimated Total New

Enrollees Percent

Level of Satisfaction

Very Satisfied Satisfied D' tied Very

D istied CETA Programs Serving Youth (total) 1,567,300 100 22 69 7 2 Nonsummer Youth Programs (total) 400,100 100 21 68 8 2 YEDPA (total) 222.400 100 21 66 9 3 YETI, (total)1 191,600 100 23 66 8 3 YETP - Classroom Training 33,200 100 25 60 10 4 YETP - On-the-Job Training (7,300) (100) (19) (67) (10) (3) YETP - Work Rxperience 136,300 100 22 68 7 2 YCCIP 30,800 100 14 67 14 5 Youth Work Experience 177,700 100 20 71 7 2 Summer Youth Programs 848,800 100 20 72 6 2 Other CETA Programs (total)2 318.400 100 24 62 11 3 Classroom Training 103,300 100 27 60 10 3 On-the-Joh Training 43,400 100 24 63 9 4 Public Service Empinyment (total)3 127,900 100 22 63 11 4 PSE Sustainment 59,500 100 23 64 10 3 PSE Nonsustainment 67,600 100 21 62 13 4 Direct Refrrral 30,400 I 100 20 57 18 5

1 Includes YETP - No Assignment Shown.

2 Includes No Assignment Shown.

3 fncludes PSE Unknown.

100

89
Table 5. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in CETA programs serving

youth (total) during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1979

Prior Year

FY 1977

Oct.-Oec.

1977 Jen.-March

1978

April -June

1978 July-Sept,

1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 1,567.300

100

52

48

25

35 25

8

7

1 41

43

11

4

15

57

21

7 70

30

12 97

88 95

a

9 582689

8

3

5

3

2 SO

9

152,600

100

52 48

1427

31

14

14-

5134

12

(3)

12 49

31(8) 46

54

(2)

(3) 95

10

13

76

10

1356

2182

13(5)

(7)

(4)

(2) 88

(8)

239,900

100

56 44

7 35

24

12

13

-49

3711

(3)

9

5133

(6) 44

56

(2) (5) 95

12

1177

12

10

57

2183

10

(6)

7(3)

(2) 89

8

447,600

100

53

4725

33 28

3

6(1) 53

35

8

4

165420

9 70

30

(2) 98

7

7 36

8

9 56

2790

S

(2)

5

(2)

(2) 91

11

727,200

100

49

51

33

3820

s4(1) 29

5213

6

17 62

16

5 83

17

(2) 98

6

688

6

760

2792

6

(2)

4(2)

3 91

8

1,472,800

100

53

4726

3722

8

5 (1) 42

43

11

4

1360

20

7 76

24

(1) (1) 98

4a88

S

3 60

23

10

4

3

5

2

3 91

Percent PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex male

Female AM ALIE=

0 and Younger

16-17

18-19

20

2122 and older

Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic

Black, excluding Hispanic

Hispanic Ocher

Education at Entry

sth grade or Less

9th-l1th grade

12th or equivalent

Beyond high school

School Status at Entry

In scnool Out of school

Veteran Status at Encry

Special Vietnam era Other veteran

Nonveteran

Head of Family Statue at

aUL

Head of family

person 2 persons or more

Not 'lead of family

Family Size at Entry

123-6 7 or more Dependents at Entry

0

12-3 4 or more

Employment B (a) at Entry

Physical/Health

Criminal record

Limited English

None of the above

Other b (s) (This table is continued on the following page.)

90
Table 5. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year

FY 1977 Oct.-Dec. Jan.-March

19 78 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

1978 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

15

85

7822

86

14

80

20

89

11

35

15

22

5

7 25

1357

99

6

7 11

2112

1415 10

44

2110

9

1

25

75

7426

83

17

78 22

86

14

82

18

20

(5)

(6) 22

1062

(4) 96

(6)

(6) 10

11

181312

14

11

27

3117

14

(7)

C2)

(1)

2377

7525

84

16

79

2!

86

1.

82

18

18

'6)

(6) 2110

64

(2) 98

7 (6)

9 10

19

1212

1412

3725

1415(6)

(2)

(1)

16

84

77

23

86

14

82

18

89

11

86

14

20

55 23

10 59

(1) 99

5

5

7

9 22

1316

9

.0

14

12

S(1)

/I)

1090

80

20

86

14

81

19

90

10

86

14

25

5a29

1651

100

5

3

511 21

1415

1510

53

31

70

3 (1).

15 85

25

6

3 271363

761010

11

12

11 16

8

46

3110

8

(1)

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes

No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level

Yes At or Below 851 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No At or Below 701 of the Lower

'.iving Standard Income Level

Yes

No Aeceiving Cash welfare/Below

0MB Poverty Level and/or At

ar Below 55:1 of the Lower Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 70E of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Family Receiving Public Benefits)

3: Entry

AFDC Supplemental Security Income

Alec public assistance

Food stamps

housing assistance

lot receiving benefits

Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before

Entry

Yes

No Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entry

Less than 51,000

$1,000-1,999

52,000-2,999

53,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

36,000-7,499

57,500 -9,999 310,000-14,999

515,000 or more

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

to Entry

No earnings 50.01- 999

51,000 -1,999 52,000-3,999

34,000-5,999

36,000-7,999

S8,000 or more

(This table is continued on the following page.)

91 1 U2
Table 5. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics FY 1978 Oct.-Dec.1977 PRE -CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE Education and School Status

at Entry

Less than 12 years

In school 8th grade or less 12 (8) 9th-lIth grade 45 32 Out of school

8th grade or less 3 (4) 9th-l1th grade 12 17 12 years or more

In school Out of school

13

15

(6) 33 Labor Force Status at

Entry

14 13 pluyed

Employed and in school 1 (2) In school and employed 3 (9) Unemployed 40 30 In school or training 31 40 In armed forces Other out of labor force 10 (6)

School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

12 months prior 34 63 9 months prior 67 61 6 months prior 68 52 3 months prior 66 16 l month prior 60 44 Day prior to entry 34 48 Not in school or training at:

12 months prior 66 37 9 months prior 33 39 6 months prior 32 48 3 months prior 34 84 1 month prior 40 56 Day prior to entry 66 52 Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year

Predominantly employed

( >902 of time) 3 (6)

Predominantly unemployed

( >502 of time) 11 14 Substantially unemployed

(25-492 of time) 9 15 Predominantly not in labor

force (>502 of time) 70 56 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories 6 (9) Average Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

15 22 Employed

Employed and in school 2 3 In school and employed 12 16 Unemployed 16 19 In school or training 46 30 In armed forces 1. 1 Other out of labor force 9 8

Quarters of FY 1978

Jan.-March

1978 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

19 78 Prior

Year FY 1977

(5) 28

(4) 22

1129

14(1)

(4)

32 41

8

13

4

1316

13

13

(2) 44

31

9

55

(2)7 13

8

16

(1)

(2) 43

27

1.2

59 23 26 43 62 80

27 74 82

49 72 79 46 67 63

45 33 28

41 77 74

57 38 20

73 26 18 51 28 21

54 33 37

55 67 72

(4) (3) (2) 21 11 8 15 9 6 50 71 80 10 6 4

20 15 11 2 2 1 14 13 9 25 16 13 28 44 57

1. 1 9 10 9

11

51

2

914

13

13

2 44

32

9

28

72

747064

34

72ZS26

2() 36 66

11

13

1216 48

92 1u
Table 6. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and

by selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in nonsummer youth

programs (total) during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1977 Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 400,100 75,500 140,700 113,200 70,700 223,500

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

SexMale 52 47 51 54 54 51 Female 48 53 49 46 46 49 Age at Entry

14 28 11 11 12 19 15 and younger

16-17 47 45 54 41 45 40

18-19 28 20 27 33 30 28

20 7 (4) (5) 10 (8) 8 21 4 (3) (3) (4) (,, 4 22 and older - (1) - Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 48 47 44 55 46 47 Black, excluding Hispanic 37 36 40 33 41 39 Hispanic 11 13 12 9 (10) 12 Other 4 (3) (4) (4) (2) (2) Education at Entry

8th grade or less 13 19 11 10 15 12 9th-llth grade 62 67 63 62 55 62 12th or equivalent 21 12 23 22 24 19 Beyond high school 4 (2) (3) (6) (5) 7 Snhool Status at En:ry

66 79 67 60 61 68 In school Out of school 34 21 33 40 39 32 Veteran Status at Entry

Special Vietnam era - - - - (1) Other veteran 2 (1) (2) (1) (3) (1) Nonveteran 98 99 98 98 97 98 Heti of Family Status at

Entry Head of family

1 person 8 (5) 8 10 (8) 9 2 persons or more 8 (8) i 7 11 4 Not head of family 85 87 96 84 82 97 Family Size at Entry

9 (5) 8 10 (8) 9

2 9 (8) 8 9 11 8 3-6 59 60 58 ,s0 60 50 7 or more 24 26 26 21 21 23 Dependents at Entry

99 90 88 90 87 90 0

8 (8) 8 9 11 12 2-3 2 (1) (3) (2) (2) 5 4 or more - (1) - - - 4 Employment Barrier(s) at Stitt

5 (5) (5) (5) (6) 5 Physical/Health

Criminal record 3 (3) (3) (4) (2) 4 Limited English 2 (2) (2) (1) (4) (1) on of the above 90 92 90 90 88 90 Other barrier(s) 9 :8) 8 8 11 10 (This table is continued on the following page.)

93

104
Table 6. (Continued)

Oct.-Dec. Selected Characteristics FY 1978 1977 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes 14 15 No 84 85 Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level

78 82 Yes

No 22 18 At or Below 85% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

87 92 Yes

No 13 (8) At or Below 708 of the Lower tiving_Standard Income Laval

81 86 Yes

No 19 14 Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes 90 95 No 10 (5) Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 702 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

86 91 Yea

No 14 (9) Famil. Receivin Public Benefits'

at Entry

AFD 21 27 Supplemental Security Income 6 (6) 0th.. public assistance 6 (9) Food stamps 26 32 Housing assistance 11 12 Not receiving benefits 58 50 Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before

Entry

Yes 2 No 99 100 Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entry

7 (4) Less than 41,000

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-2,999

57

(4)

(8) $3,000-3,999 11 13 $4,000-5,999 20 22 $6,000-7,499 13 15 $7,500-9,999 14 15 $10,000-14,999 14 12 $15.000 or more 9 (6) Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

to Entry No earnings 38 28 $0.01- 999 33 45 $1,000-1,999 15 17 $2,000-3,999 10 (7) $4,000-5,999 3 (2) $6,000-7,999 (1) $8,000 or more

Enrollment Period

Qua f FY 1978

Jan. -Match

19 78 April-June

19 78 July-Sept.

197b Prior

Year

FY 1977

16 84

8020

90

10

84

16

91

9

86

14

21

6

6 26

1258

100

8(5)8 1021

13

1413

9

43

29

1410

(3)

(1)

16 84

76

24

86

14

82

18

89

13.

18 82

7327

77 23

68

32

86

14

85 79

15 21

18 21

(5) (7)

7 (4)

24 22

9 l9) 62 60

(2) 98 100

7 (8)

7 (3)

(6) (5)

ll (10)

21 18

ll 16

13 14 15 15 10 (10)

3830

18

11(3)

(1)

39

32

12 (10)

(5)

(1)

2179

25

6

6 24

1254

a

a

.7

5 11

9

22

11

1115

9

39

32

1410

(1) (1) (This table is continued on the following page.)

94 05
Table 6. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics FY 1978 Oct.-Dec. 1977 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

at Entry

Less than 12 years

In school 8th grade or less

9th-llth grade

Out of school

8th grade or less

9th-llth grade

12 years or more

To school Gut of school

Labor Force Status at

Entry Employed

Employed and in school.

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

12 months prior

9 months prior

6 months prier

3 months prior

1 month prior

Day prior to entry

Not in school or training at:

12 months prior

9 months prior

6 months prior

3 months prior

1 month prior

Day prior to entry

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year

Predominantly employed

(>90X of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>50X of time)

Substantially unemployed

(25 -492 of time)

Predominantly not in labor

force (>501 of rime)

Coabinatiiin of experiences,

not in above four categories

Average Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Statue Category

Employed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armee forces Other out of labor force

9 45

4 17

1213

12 (1)

7 2450

6

,4

5758

5458

57

3643

4246

42

43

3 1210

69

16

2 19

16 38

9

1758

(2) (8)

(4) 10

(5)

(2)

16

10 64

(3)

88

86

78 20

71 80

12

14 2280

29

20

14

225

10 42

7

Qu s of FY 1978

Prior Year

FY 1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

OM

8 (5) (9) 10

45 41 39 47

(4) (4) (6) (2) 18 21 16 14

14 16 13 11 12 14 16 15

11 12 18 10

(1) (1) (2) (1)

7 (4) (3) 7 17 32 38 36 60 46 25 52

(5) (5) 14

77 51 35 65

55 32 68 64

37 66 66 61 70 65 42 46

68 61 21 52 66 50 27 58

23 49 65 35 45 68 32 36 63 34 39 30 35 58 54

32 39 79 48

34 50 73 42

(3) (3) (4) 5 :2 15 14 12 12 8 (8) 11

'7 67 57

9 (6) 6

15 18 15

2 2 3 (2) 20 17 11 21

16 19 19 17 37 34 41 36

9 9 11 9 95

-LUG
Table 7. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants (under

age 22) newly enrolled in YEDPA programs in CLMS (total)

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Oct.-Dec. Jan.-March April-June July-Sept. Year Selected Characteristics FY 1978 1977 19 78 19 78 1978 FY 1977 Estimated Total New Enrollees 222,400 A 107,900 72,800 41,700

Percent 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex

Male 52 A 52 53 53 Female 48 48 47 47 Age at Entry

8 (6) (10) (8) 15 and younger

:6-17 54 59 50 50 18-19 29 27 31 29

20 5 (4) (5) (7) 21 (1) (3) (3) (5) 22 and older (1) - (1) (1) Minority Status

46 42 51 46 :Alice, excluding Hispanit.

Black, excluding Hispanic 39 42 35 37 Hispanic 12 12 11 (13) Other 4 (4) (3) (4) Education at Entry

10 10 (9) (11) 8th grade or less

9th-11th grade 65 63 58 62 120 or equivalent 23 25 19 24 Beyond nign school (3) (2) (3) (4) School Status at Entry

65

35 68

32 62

38

62

'38 Zn school Out of school Veteran Status at Entry

Special Vietnam era

Other veteran (2) (2) (2) '2) Nonveteran 98 98 98 97 Head of Fatally Status at

Entry Head of family

1 person 8 7 (7) (11) 2 persons or more 7 (6) (7) (9) Not head of family 85 S7 86 81 Family Size at Entry

a

9 5825

8

758

27

(8) (10) 59 24(11)

(11)

5720

123-6 7 or more Dependents at Entry

99

8 89

7 8710

37

(9) 02-3 4 or more

(3) A

(3)

- (2)

- (4)- Employment Barrier(s) at Entry

Physical/Health 6 A (5) (6) (7) Criminal record (3) (4) (5) Limited English (2) (2) (2) .:2) None of the above 90 A 91 89 87 Other barrier(s) 8 7 (8) (11) (This table is continued on the following page.)

1Lai7

96
Table 7. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes

No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level

Yes

No At or Below 85% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No At or Below 70% of the Lower Living Standard Income Leve

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or Al

or Below 85% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yea No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 70% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yea

No Family Receiving Public BousfitN

at Entry

AFDC Supplemental Security Income

Other public assistance

Food steeps

Housing assistance

Not receiving benefits

Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before

Entry

Yes No Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entry

Less than $1,000

$1,000-1.999

$2,000-2,999

$3,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,499

$7,500-9,999

$10,000-14,999

$15,000 or more

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

to Entry

No earnings

$0.01- 999

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,999

$8,000 or more

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Oct.-Dec. Jan.-March April-June July-Sept. FY 1978 1977 19 78 1978 1978

16 15 14 19 84 85 86

73 80 76 76

22 20 24 24

88 91 87 85

12 9 13 (15)

82 84 92 78

18 16 18 22

90 92 39 87 10 8 11 (13)

86 87 86 82

14 13 14 18

20 20 20 18

6 (6) (5) (5)

7 7 (7) (4) 25 27 24 22

12 12 10) (14)

58 57 58 62

(1) 100 100 99 100

8 8 (6) (9)

S (5) (6) (5)

6 (6) (5) (6) 10 10 (10) (8) 20 21 19 IS

13 12 14 (14)

14 15 13 (14)

15 13 18 (15)

9 9 (9) (11)

43 45 32 41

28 27 29 27

14 13 14 (16)

10 10 11 (10)

(3) (3) (3) (4)

(1) (1) (1) (2)

(I)

Prior

Year FY 1977

a

(This table is continued on the following page.)

97 1

1j3
Table 7. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

Qu f FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1977

Oct. -Dec. FY 1978 177Jan.-March

1978 April-June

1978

July -Sept.

1978 PRE*CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

S 44

20

1511

14 (1)

5 2449

7

61 49

5364

58

54

39

31 47

lb

42 46

(3)

13

1166

7

15

2:6

183910

*

*

*

*

*

,

*

*

A*

*

*

**

*

*

h

*

6

6*

*

*

*

(6)

45

(4) 18

1710

11(0

(6) 16

61

(5)

17

5339 10

68

6723

47

6130

3213

(3) 12

1267

7

IS

2v,16 39

-9

(4) 45

( 5) 2413

(10)

13(1)

(4) 29 45

(7)

54

3266

6360

39

46

68

34

3740

51

(3) 16 (10)

6'. (1)

15

3

.4

20

39

- 10

(6) 42

(5) 20

(15)

(13)

19

(1)

(3)

3924

(I5)

3168

65

5026

26

69

3235 50

74

74

,l)

(14)

(10)

68

(6)

14

3 13

1939

-

11

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Education and Scnool Status "r2%cr

Less than 12 years

In school 3th grade or less

9th-llth grade

Out of school dth grade or less

9th-1Ith grade

12 years or more

In school Out of school

Labor Force Status at lair

--tifoloyed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

Scnool or Training Status at

Selected ?re-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

12 months prior

9 months prior

6 months prior

J months prior

1 month prior

Day prior to entry

Sot in school or training at

12 morin. prior

9 .ntne prior

0 nonths prior

3 4ontns y for

pf.or

Day prior to entry

Labor Force Experience During

!re -CETA Year --77.7217777FTly employed

0902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>50X of time)

SubTtentially unemployed

(25-49Z of time)

Predominantly not in labor force (P50X of time)

Combination of experiences,

not in above four categorise

Averaja Percent of Pre-CETA Year

vw fnrollaes Spent in Each

Labor Force Statue Category

Employed

Employed and in scnool

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force 98

1u)
Table 8. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and

by selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YETP (total) during

FY 1978 and FY 1977

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Qua f FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1977 Oct.-Dec. 1977 Jan.-March

19 78 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

19 78 Estimated Total New Enrollees 1 191,600 94,600 62,000 35,000

Percent 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex

Male 49 48 49 49

Female 51 52 51 51 * NyLJPILEE

and younger

16-17

9 55

*

* (7)

61 (12)51 (10) 48

* 18-19 26 * 24 28 28

20 6 * (5) (5) (8) *

21 4 * (3) (4) (6) 22 and older (1) * - (1) (1) * Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 46 * 42 51 46 Black, excluding Hispanic 39 * 43 35 37 Hispanic 11 * 11 (11) (14) Other 4 (4) (3) (4) Education at Entry

8th grade or less 10 * 9 (9) (11) 9th-llth grade 65 * 64 58 61 12th or equivalent 23 * 25 20 24 Beyond high school (3) * (2) (3) (4) School Status at Entry

In school 69 73 66 64 Out of school 31 27 34 36 Veteran Status at Entry

Special

*

- - Vietnam era _ _ - . Other veteran (2) (1) (2) (2) Nonv sssss n 98 r 99 98 97 Mead of Family Status at

8 (7) (7) (11) Hied of family

1 person 2 persons or more 7 (6) (7) (9) Not head of family 86 87 86 80 Family Site at Entry

1 8 8 (8) (11)

2 8

. (7) (10) (11)

58 * 58 60 58 7 or more 25 * 28 23 (20) Dependants at Entry

90 91 89 88

1 8 (7) (9) (9) 2-3 (2) * (2) (1) (3) 4 or Mrs - -

. . Employment Berrier(s) at Entry

Physical/Health 6 * (5) (6) (7) Criminal record (3) * (3) (3) (5) * Limited English (2) * (2) (2) (2) None of the above 90 91 30 87 Other b (s) 8 * (7) (8) (10) lIncludee enrollees In YEW - no see gnment shown.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

99

110
Table 3. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes

No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level

Yes

No At or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No At or Below 702 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 95% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or below 702 of the Lower

Living standard Income Level

Yes

No Family Receiving Public Benefit(s)

at Entr

AFDC Supplemental Security Income

Other public assistance

Food scamps

Housing $$$$$ tante

Not receiving benefits

Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During WeeK before

Entry

Yes

No Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entry

Less than 51,000

51,000-1,999

52,000-2,999

53,000-3,999

54,000-5,999

56,000-7,499

57,500-9,999

510,000-14,999

515,000 or more

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

to Entry

No darning. 30.01- 999

51,000-1,999

$2,000-3,999

54,000-5,999

$6,000-7,999

58,000 or more

Quarters of FY 1978

Oct.-Dec. Jan.-March April-June July-Sept.

Prior

Year FY 1978 1977 1978 1978 19 78 FY 1977

15 14 14 (19) 85 86 86 81

79 82 76 75

21 18 24 25

99 91 98 85

11 9 (12) (15)

83 86 83 77

17 14 18 23

91 93 9C 87

9 (7) (10) (13)

86

14 88

12 86

14 81

(18)

20

6 21(6) 20

(5) (17)

(5)

7 (7) (8) (4) 25 27 24 22

12 13 (10) (15)

58 56 58 62

(1) 100 100 99 100

8 8 (6) (9)

S (5) (6) (5)

6 (6) (5) (6) 10 11 (10) (8) 20 21 19 (16)

14 12 15 (14)

14 15 13 (14)

15 14 17 (16)

8 8 (8) (11)

:4 47 43 42

28 27 29 27

14 13 14 (16)

10 10 '10) (9)

(3) (3) (3) (4)

(1) (1) (2) (This table is continued on the following page.)

100
Table 8. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

Quarters of FY 197b

Prior

Year FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June/978 July-Sept.

19M

w

PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

ac Entry

Lass than 12 years

In school 8th grade or lase 6 (6) (4) (6) 9th-11th grade 47 49 48 42 Out of school

8th grads or LOSS 4 (3) (4) (5) 9th-llth grads 17 15 20 (19) 12 years or more

In school 16 18 14 (15) Out of school 10 9 (9) (13) Labor Force Status at

Entry Employed 12 10 (12) (19) Employed and in school (1) (1) (1) (1) In school and employed

Unemployed

5 21

(6)

12 (5) 26

(3) 36 a In school or training

In armed forces

53 66 48 26 Other out of labor force 7 (5) (7) (15) School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

12 months prior 64 80 57 34 9 months prior 50 56 32 68 6 months prior 55 41 70 66 3 months prior 68 75 67 50 1 month prior 62 73 64 27 Day prior to entry 58 72 53 29 Not in school or training at:

12 months prior 36 20 43 66 9 months prior SO fa. 68 32 6 months prior 45 59 30 34 3 months prior 32 25 33 50 1 month prior 38 27 36 73 Day prior to entry 42 28 71 Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year --leaminantly employed

(>90Z of time) (3) (3) (2) (2) Praominantly unemployed

(>50X of time) 11 10 13 (13) Subitantially unemployed

(25-49X of time) 10 11 (9) (10) Predominantly not in labor

force (>50X of time) 70 71 58 69 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories 6 (6) (7) (5) Average Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in teen

Labor Porte Status Category

Employed 14 14 14 14 Employed and in school 2 2 3 3 In school and employed 17 20 15 13 Unemployed 16 14 18 19 In school or training 40 41 40 40 In armed forces Other out of labor force 10 9 10 11

101
Table 9. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and

by selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YETP classroom

training during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year

FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

19 78 Apr i1 -June 19M

July-Sept.

1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 33,200 12,200 12,700 8,300

Percent 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

SexHale 45 (45) (46) (42) Female 55 (55) (54) (58) Age at Entry

15 and younger (8) (4) (12) (7) 16-17 40 (44) (37) (39) 18-19 34 (32) (35) (34)

20 (13) (15) (10) (14)

21 (6) (5) (6) (7) 22 and alder Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 44 (46) (44) (39) Black, excluding Hispanic 44 (44) (44) (43) Hispanic (1') (9) (10) (15) Other (2) (1) (3) (3) Education at Entry

(12)

61

(12) (60) (13)

(59)

(12) (65) 8th grade or less

9th-llth grade

12th or equivalent 23 (25) (22) (20) Beyond high school (4) (3) (6) (2) School Status Entry

In school 45 (40) (51) (43) Out of school 55 (60) (49) (57) Veteran Status at Entry

Special Vietnam era other veteran (2) * . (2) (1) (4) Nonveteran 18 98 99 96 Head of Family Status at

Entr

(9) (10) 19) (9) had of Family

1 person 2 persons or more (11) (9) (11) (14) Not head of family 80 dl SO (76) Family Size at Entry

1 ;10) '10) (9) (10)

2 (12) ( '.1) (10) (18) 3-6 56 (56) (55) (57) 7 or more (22) (24) (26) (15) Dependents at Entry

79 76 85 (74)

1 (15) (18) (11) (17) 2-3 (6) (7) (4) (8) 4 or more - - En4loyment Ba (s) at Entry

Physical/Healin (9) (9) (8) (8) Criminal record (4) (2) (5) (4) Limited English (2) (2) (2) (3) None of the above 86 86 96 (84) Other barrierls) (12) (10) (13) (13) (This table is continued on the following page.)

102 1 1 3
Table 9. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Qu f FY 1978

Oct.-Dec.

1977

Jan. -March

19 78 19 78 July-Sept.

1978 Prior

Year

FY 1977 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS iLrknuyWa e Earner ac Entry

Yes No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

DNB Poverty Level

Yes

No At or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes No At or below 702 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 852 of the Lower IT;ing-Itandard Income Level

741s

No Receiving Cash Welfa. 18elow

DNB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 714 of the Lover

Living Standard Income Level

Yes No Family Receiving Public Banefit(s)

at Entry

C Supplemental Security Income

Other public assistance

Food stamps

Housing assistance

Not receiving benefits

Enrollee Receivil Unemployment

Insurance During week Before

Entry

Yes No Annual Family Income Year Prior

cc alt

han $1,000

51,000-1,999

$2,000-2,999

$3,000-3,999

$4,000..5,999

$6,000-7,499

$7,500...9,999 $10,000-14,999

$15,000 or mote

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

to Entr

earningi

$0.01- 999

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000..7,999

$8,000 or more

(20)

80

76

24

88

(12)

83

(16)

99

85

(15)

(20)

(5)

(5) 26

(14) 56

100

(10)

(8) (8)

(8) (18) (14)

(13)

(13)

(8)

46

(21) (14)

(13)

(5)

(1)

(18) 82

76

(24)

91

(9)

87 (13)

92

(8)

88

(12)

(19)

(4)

(5) (26)

(13) (58)

100

(10)

(8) (b)

(7) (23)

(15)

(12)

(9)

(9)

(45)

(19) (15)

(15)

(7)

(19) 81

76

(24)

d9

(11)

83

(17)

90

(10)

86

(14)

(20)

(4)

(4)

(25) (14)

(56)

100

(46)

(23)

(13)

(12)

(4) (2)

(22)

(78)

(77)

(23)

(84)

(16)

(80)

(20)

(85)

(15)

(81)

(19)

(22)

(6)

(5) (28)

(15)

(54)

100

(48)

(22)

(14)

(14)

(3) (This table is continued on the following page.)

103 114
Table 9. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

19 78 April-June

19 78 July-Sept.

1978 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

( 5 ) 31

(6) (27)

(4) (34)

(3) (33)

Education and School Status

at Entry Less than 12 years

In school 8th grade or less

9th-llth grade

Out of school

8th grade or less (8) (7) (8) (8) 9th-llth grade 30 (33) (26) (32) 12 years or more

In school (10) (8) (13) (7) Out of school (17) (20) (14) (16) Labor Force SLAWS at

Entry Employed (11) (10) (10) (14) Employed and in school (1) (1) (1) (2) Ln school and employed (4) (4) (4) (2) Unemployed 32 (30) (33) (35) In scnool or training 34 (37) (38) (26) Ln armed forces (1) Other out of labor force (18) (18) (15) (21) School or Training Status ar

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

12 months prior 46 (53) (47) (35) 9 months prior 17 (291 (32) (57) 6 months prior 45 (31) (56) (50) 3 months prior 42 (42) (50) (32) 1 month prior 37 (38) (49) (15) Day prior to entry 38 (41) (41) (28) Not in school 3r training at:

12 months prior 54 (47) (53) (65) 9 months prior 53 71 68 (43) 6 months prior 55 69 (44) (50) 3 months prior 58 (58) (50) (68) montn prior 63 (41) (51) (85) Day prior to entry 62 (59) (59) (72) Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year

Predominantly employed

0902 of time) (2) (2) (2) (1) Predominantly unemployed

(>5UX of time) (20) (22) (1.9) (20) Sub7tantially unemployed

(25-49X of time) (12) (15) (9) (13) Predominantly act in labor force (>50X of time) 57 (50) (59) (62) Combinatan of importances,

not in above four categories (8) (10) (10) (4) Average PIrcent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 16 17 16 14 Employed and in scnool 2 2 3 In school and employed 8 8 9 9 Unemployed 24 25 24 25 In achool or training

In armed forces

32 29 36

1 32

1 Other out of labor force 16 * 18 12 18 104 115
Table 10. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth particit.L.ts

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YETP on-the-job

training during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Selected Macao rrr i ss ics

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year

FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 AprilJune

1978

July -Sept.

19 78 Estimated Total Nov Enrollees (7,300) (1,500) (3,200) (2,600) Percent (100) (100) (100) (100) PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

SexMale (58) (72) (47) (62) Female (42) (28) (53) (38)

Atest Entry

1 5 and younger (4) (5) (8) 16-17 (24) (24) (25) (21) 18-19 (47) (57) (40) (49) 20 (14) (10) (13) (16)

21 (10) (5) (11) (12) 22 and older (2) (2) (2) Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic (46) (52) (32) (60) Black, excluding Hispanic (39) (38) (52) (24) Hispanic (13) (10) (12) (16) Other (2) (4) Education it Entry

8th grade or less (7) (5) (7) (8) 9th-1lth grade (46) (60) (52) (30) 12th or equivalent (4n) (34) (32) (53) Beyond high school (7) (9) (9) School Status at Entry,

(51) (49)

(48) (52)

(51)

(49)

(53) (47) In school Out of school Veteran Status at Entry

Spacial Vietnam era

Other veteran (5) (5) (4) (6) Nonveteran (95) (95) (96) (94) Head of Family Status at

(9) (5) (7) (12) k1.11

--Mid of family

1 person 2 persons or more (10) (15) (2) (17) Not head of family (81) (81) (90) (71) Family SLZ4 at Entry

1 (9) (10) (7) (12)

2 (11) (10) (9) (13) 3-6 (63) (61) (64) (61) 7 or more (17) (20) (19) (14) Dependants at Entry

(87) (95) (84) (84)

1 (12) (5) (16) (10) 2-3 (2) (5) 4 or more

Employment Barrier(s) at Entry

Physical/Health (7) (5) (9) (6) Criminal record

Limited English (1) (2) None of the above (92) (95) (88) (94) Other barrier(s) (4) (10) (2) (3) (This table is continued on the following page.)

: 105

1 1G
Table 10. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Oct.-Dec. Jan.-March April-June July -Sept. Year Selected Characteristics FY 1978 1977 19 78 19 78 1978 FY 1977

ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry (21) (5) (30) Yes (83) (79) (95) (70) No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level

Yes (65) (76) (58) (65) No (35) (24) (42) (35) At or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

(74) (86) (75) (66) Yes

No (26) (14) (25) (34) At or Below 702 of the Lower Living Standard Income Level

Yes (69) (82) (70) (61) No (31) (18) (30) (39) Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 852 of the Lower

Liming Standard Income Level

(79) (91) (79) (73) Yes No (21) (9) (21) (27) Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 702 of the Lower

Lrvise,Standard Income Level

Yes (76) (86) (77) (69) No (24) (14) (23) (31) Family Receiving Public Benefit(e)

at Entry AFDC (9) (9) (11) (6) Supplemental Security Income (1) (2) Other public assistance (5) (20) (2) Food stamps (11) (20) (9) (8) Housing assistance

Not receiving benefits

(8) (76) (10)

(61)

(3) (78)

(8) (83) r Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before

Entry

Yes (1) (2) Ho (99) (100) (98) (100) Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entry Less than $1,000 (3) (7) $1,000-1,999 (3) (2) (6) $2,000-2,999 (6) (10) (2) (8) 53,000 -3,999 (6) (1W (7) (3) $4,000-5,999 (15) (25) (13) (11) 56,000 -7,499 (15) (10) (20) (14) 57,500 -9,999 (12) (15) (12) (10) $10,000-14,999 (18) (15) (19) (20) $15,000 or more (21) (15) (17) (28) Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

to Entry No earnings (32) (24) (40) (27) 50.01- 999 (20) (19) (21) (20) $1,000-1,999 (16) (14) (16) (17) $2,000-3,999 (16) (24) (14) (14) $4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,999

(8)

(6) (19) (4)

(5)

(6) (10) $8,000 or more (2) (6) (This table is continued on the following page.)

106 11
Table 10. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year FY L977 Oct.-Dec.

L977 Jan.-March

L978 April-June

L978 July-Sept.

L978 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

(2) (28)

(5) (17)

(22)

(26)

(23)

(4) (38)

(25) (10)

a

a

a

(40)

(5) (20)

(10) (25)

(19)

(9) (34)

(39)

(2) (34)

(4) (18)

(16) (25)

(18)

(2) (45)

(3f)

(4)

(3) (15)

(6) (15)

(35) (27)

(33)

(3) (32)

(9) (23)

Education and School Status

at Entry

Less than 12 years

In school 8th grade or Less

9th-llth grads

Out of school 8th grade at less

9th-llth grade

12 years or more

In school Out of school

Labor Force Status at lala

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of Labor force

School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

12 months prior (37) a (48) OS) (34) 9 months prior (44) a (34) (35) (61) 6 months prior (48) a (38) (49) (54) 3 months prior (47) (43) (46) (50) 1 month prior (38) (48) (44) (23) Day prior to entry (28) (48) (33) (12) Not in school or training at:

1T months prior (63) (52) (65) (66) 9 months prior (56) a (66) (65) (39) 6 months prior (52) a (62) (51) (46) 3 months prior (53) a (57) (54) (50) month prior (62) (52) (56) (77) Day prior to entry (72) a (52) (67) (88) Labor Force Experience rutin',

Pre-CETA Year

(9) (10) (5) (15) re orTirTarMy employed

0902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(2502 of tine) (15) (19) (18) (8) Substantially unemployed

(25-492 of time) (17) (14) (19) (16) Predominantly not in Labor

force (2502 of time) (52) (43) (54) (55) Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories (7) a (14) (5) (6) Averts Percent of Pre-CLTA Year

New 'mollies Spent in Each

Labor Porta Status Category

Employed (22) a (35) (15) (21) Employed and in school (5) (6) (6) In school and employed (16) a (15) (11) (22) Unemployed (22) a (27) (25) (16) In school or groin/rig (25) (22) (28) (23) In armed forces Other out of labor force (10) a (1) (15) (11) 107 ils
Table 11. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in YETP work experience

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

Qu f FY 1978

Prior

Oct.-Dec. Jan.-March April-June July-Sepc. Year Selected Characteristics FY 1978 1971 19 78 19 78 19 78 FY 1917 Estimated Total New Enrollees 136,600 74,000 40,300 22,300

Percent 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex

Male 50 49 52 49 Female 50 51 48 51 Ate at Entry

15 and younger 10 (8) (13) (13) 16-17 61 65 56 55 18-19 22 22 (23) (22) 20 (4) (3) (4) (5)

21 (3) (2) (3) (4) 22 and older (1) (1) (1) Minot t St is WiTiTii....aing Hispanic 46 43 53 45 Black, excluding Hispanic 38 42 32 31 ..topanic 11 11 (11) (13)

(4) (4) (4) (5) Education at Entry

9

67 (9) 66

(9) 72 (12) 64 MTra d--1 or Less

9th -11th grAde

i2th or equivalent 22 24 (17) (21) Beyond high school (2) (1) (2) (4) School Status at Entry

In school 76 79 71 74 Ouc of school 24 21 29 (26) Veteran Status ac Entry

Special Vietnam in

Other veteran (1) (1) (2) (1) Nonveteran 99 99 98 99 Head of Family Status at

7 (6) (7) (11) family

1 person 2 persons or more 6 (5) (7) (6) Not head of family 87 89 86 93 Family Size at Entry

8 (7) (8) (11)

2 8 (6) (10) (9) 3-6 59 58 60 57 7 or more 26 29 22 (25) Dependents at Entry

93 94 91 93

1 6 (5) (8) (5) 2-3 (1) (1) (1) (2) 4 or more Employment B (s) at Entry

Physical/Health (5) (4) (5) (6) Criminal record (4) (3) (3) (6) Limited English (2) (1) (2) (2) None of the above 91 92 91 87 Ocher b (s) 8 (7) (8) (10) (This table is continued on the following page.)

108

.1. .I.
Table 11. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Occ. -Dec. Jan.-March April-June July -Sept. Year Selecced Characceriscics FY 1978 1977 1978 1978 1978 FY 1977 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Encry

Yes 14 13 (14) (17) No 86 87 86 83 Pre-Enrollmenc Economic Scacus

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Povercy Level

Yes 81 * 83 79 77

No 19 * 17 21 (23) Ac or Below 832 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes 90 * 91 90 88

No 10 * (9) (10) (12) Ac or Below 702 of the Lower Living Scandard income Level

Yes 84 * 85 84 79 * No 16 * 15 (16) (21) * Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Povercy Level and/or Ac

or Below 8S2 of the Lower

Living Scandard Income Level

92 * Yes 93 92 91 * No 8 * (7) (8) (9) * Receiving Cash Welfare /Below

OMB Povercy Level and/or Ac

or Below 702 of the Lower

Living Scandard income Level

Yes 87 * 88 88 84

No family Receiving Public Benefit(a)

13 * 12 (12) (16) * ac Encry

AFDC 20 21 22 (16) * Supplemencal Securicy Income 7 (7) (6) (5) Ocher public aaa i aaa nee 8 (8) (9) (5) * Food scamps 26 27 26 (22) * Housing 12 12 (10) (15) * Noc receiving benefice 57 56 55 62 Enroll.a Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week before

Entry

Yes (1) (1) No 100 100 99 99 Annual Family Income Year Prior

co Encry Lose chin 51,000 8 * (9) (7) (9) $1,000-1,999 (5) * (5) (6) (4) $2,000-2,999 * (6) (4) (5) $3,000-3,999 10 11 (10) (9) $4,000-5,999 20 * 20 22 (18) $6,000-7,499 14 a 12 (15) (16) $7,500-9,999 15 * 16 :13) (13) 510,000-14,999 15 * 15 (16) (16) $15,000 or more 8 (7/ (7) (9) Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

1S_PIPa

44

30

47

29 4132 al

(30) --REFiFnings

$0.01- 999

$1,000-1,999 14 12 (14) (17) $2,000-3,999 9 (9) (10) (7) $4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,999

98,000 or more

(2)

* (2) (2) (3)

(2)

a (This table is continued on the following page.)

109 120
Table 11. (Continued)

Selected Chara:teristics

PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

at Less than 12 years

In school 8th grade or less

9th-llth grade

Out of school dth grade or less

9th-llth grade

12 years or more

In school Out of school

Labor Force Status at

Entry, Employed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Tim! Points

In school or training at:

i2 months prior

9 months prior

6 months pr'.-1. 3 months ortor

l month prior

Day prior L. .-.try

Not it school or training at:

nths prior

9 months prior

6 months prior

3 months prior

1 month prior

Day prior to entry

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year 77717ly employed

(>90X of time)

PriTomLnantly unemployed

(>50X of time)

Sub7tantially unemployed

(25-49X of time)

Predominuntly not in labor

force (>50X of time)

Combinatilin of experiences,

not in above four categories Avarais Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Porte Status Category

Employed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1978 FY 1977 Oct.-Dec.

1977

Jan. -March

19 78 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

1978

652

(3) 15 *

(7) 53

(2)

13

(5) 53

(4)

19

(8) 50

(3) (14)

17 19 (13) (16)

7 (6) (6) (9)

12 * (10) (13) (1A)

(1)

6

*

* (1)

(7)

(1)

(5) -

(3) * 19 * (9) 24 38 * 58 * 71 51 (30) *

A -

* (5) * (3) (5) (11) *

69 * 85 60 34 * 54 * 59 34 75 * 57 * :2 74 75 * 75 * 81 72 59 *

59 * 79 70 (33) * 64 * 78 56 (33) *

31 * 15 40 66 * 46 * 41 56 (25) 43 58 25 (25) 25 19 28 41

31 * 21 30 57 * 36 22 :4 67

(2) (3) (2) (2)

9 (9) (12) (10) 10 11 (8) (9) 73 74 71 74 (5) (5) (6) (5)

13

2

*

* 13

2 14

3 13

2 * 20 * 23 17 14 14 * 13 16 16 42 42 42 46

-

*

8

* 9 9 8
Table 12. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled 3...1 YCCIP during FY 1978

and FY 1977

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1918

Prior

Year FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

19 78 Estimated Total New Enrollees 30,800 L3,300 L0,800 (6,700) Percent 100 100 100 (100) PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex male 75 76 76 (73) Female le at Entry

25

(2)

(24) (2)

(24)

(1)

(27) (1) 15 and younger

16-17 47 (43) (47) (57) 18-19 48 (53) (50) (38)

20 (2) (1) (2) (2) 21 (1) (2) (1) (I; 22 and older 1"":11/Itus

White, excluding Hispanic 46 (42) (50) (47) Black, excluding Hispanic 35 (ii) (35) (38) Hispanic (15) (20) (12) (12) Other (4) (5) (3) (3) Education at Entry

8th grade or less (11) (12) (12) (10) 9th-11th grade 65 60 70 (6:4 12th or equivalent (22) (27) (16) (22) Beyond high school (2) (1) (2) (3) School Status at Entry

In school 37 (28) (38) (51) Out of school 63 72 (62) (4q) Veteran Status at Entry

Special Vietnam era (2) Other veteran (4) (4) (4) (3) Nonveteran 96 96 96 (96) Head of Family Status at

Envy Head of family

L person (8) (10) (7) (10) 2 persona or more (6) (6) (7) (7) Not head of family 85 85 86 (83) Family Size at Entry

1 (9) (9) (8i (10)

2 (9) (9) (8) (10) 3-6 58 60 (56) (57) 7 or more (24) (22) (27) (22) Dependents at Entry

83 80 85 (85)

1 (9) !8) (11) (:0) 2-3 (8) (12) (4) (4) 4 or more Employmenr Barrier(s) at Entry

hysicalfIlealth (7) (7) (6) (6) Criminal record (6) (5) (8) (5) Limited English (2) (2) (1) (1) None of the above 86 86 86 (88) Other barrier(s) (10) (7) (10) (13) (This table is continued on the following page.)

111 12,,0
Table 12. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes

No Pre - Enrollment Economic Status Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level

Yes

No At or Below 852 of the over

Livin_g_ Standard Income Level

Yes

No At or below 70Z of the Lover Living Standard Income Leval

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and /or At or Below d3% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At or Mlow 70Z of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Family Receiving ?unlit Benefits)

Supplemental Security Income

Other puolic assistance

Food stamps

Housing stance Not receiving benefits

Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before

YdS

No Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entry

Less than $1,000

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-2,999

$3,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,499

$7,500-9,999

$10,000-14,999

$15,000 or more

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

to Entry

No earnings

$0.01- 999

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-3,999

$4,000-5,n99

56,000-7,999

$8,000 or more

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Oct.-Dec. Jan. -March April -June July-Sept. Yesr FY L978 L977 1978 078 L978 FY L977

(1.8) (18) (16) (20)

92 82 84 (80)

722869

(31) 74

(26)

.(77) (23)

85 88 83 (83)

(15) (12) (17) (17)

77 74 79 (80)

(23) (26) (21) (20)

88 89 87 (87)

(12) (11) (13) (L4) a

81 76 84 (84)

(19) (24) (16) (15)

(20) (18) (20) (22)

(6) (7) (6) (5)

(5) a (4) (6) (3) (23) (24) (20) (24) (11) (10) (9)

54 54 (52) (64)

(1) (1) (1) 99 99 99 (100)

(5) (7) (6) (6) (5) (4) (5) (5) (8)

(8) (9)

(9)

(7)

(9) (7)

(6) (20) (22) (L4) (24) (12) (10) (11) (15)

(13) (11) (14) (10

(14)

(15) (11)

(17)

(19)

(13) an

(13)

36 26

(33) (25)

(39)

(27)

(37)

(27)

(15) (15) (16) (12)

(13)

(6)

(5)

(14)

(4) (10)

(L2)

(5) (1) (13)

(8) (1) * (2) (This table is continued on th11.4ollowing page.)

ti

112
Table 12. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1977 Oct.-Dec.

1977

Jan. -March

19 78 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

19 78 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

at Entry

Less than 12 years

In school 8th grade or less

9th-llth grade

(3) 26

(3) (19)

(4) (26)

(1)

(38) Out of school 8th grade or less

9th-l1th grade

(8) 39

(8) (41)

(8) (44)

(8) (28) 12 years or more

In school (8) (6) (8) (12) Out of school (16) (22) (10) (13) Labor Force Status at

Entry

Employed (21) (22) (20) (21) Employed and in school (1) (2) In school and employed

Unemployed

(2) 45

(2) (40)

(2) (47) (51) In school or training (24) (27) (26) (14) In armed forces Other out of labor force (8) (7) (5) (13) School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at

40 (56) (35) (18) 12 months prior

9 months prior 40 (38) (26) (66) 6 months prior 42 (27) (49) (61) months prior 42 (35) (44) (51) 1 month prior 31 (31) (37) (23) Day prior to entry 25 (29) (28) (14) Not in school or training at:

i2 months prior 60 (44) (65) (82) 9 months prior 60 62 74 (34) 6 months prior 58 73 (51) (39) 3 months prior 58 65 (56) (49) 1 month prior 69 69 (63) (77) Day prior to entry 75 71 72 (86) Labor Force Experience During. Pre-CETA Year

(4) (4) (4) (5) r4-2.-minantly employed

(>901 of time)

Priaom' ly unemployed

(>501 of time) 25 (25) (28) (18) Sur Ily unemployed

(25-491 of time) (13) (15) (13) (9) Predomi ly not in labor

force (>501 of time) 45 (37) (45) (62) Comb" f experiences, not in above four cotes (13) (18) (10) (7) Average Percent of Pre -CETA Year

Nov Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 21 24 19 (18) Employed ane in school 2 3 2 (2) In school and employed 8 6 8 (10) Unemployed 28 28 32 (22) In school

. . 31 29 29 (38) In armed forces 1 1 1 Other out of labor force 10 10 9 (10) 113 124
Table 13. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in youth work experience

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1977 Oct. -Dec. 1977 Jan.-March

1978

April -June 1978

July-Sept.

1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 177.700 75,500 32,800 40,400 29,000 223,500

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex --Wale 51 47 49 56 56 51 Female 49 53 51 44 44 49 Age at Entry

23 28 26 37 (18) 19 15 and younger

16-17 38 45 36 36 39 40

18-19 27 20 24 21 32 28

20 9 (4) (9) (3) (9) 8 21 (4) (3) (5) (2) (2) 4 22 and older (1) Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 51 47 50 61 47 47 Black, excluding Hispanic 36 36 34 29 46 39 Hispanic 10 13 (10) (5) (7) 12 Other (4) (3) (6) (5) (2) Education at Entry

17 19 (17) (11) (21) 12 8th grade or less

9th-Ilth grade 58 67 61 50 46 62 12th or equivalent 19 12 (16) 29 26 19 Beyond high school 6 (2) (6) (11) (7) 7 School Status at Entry

In school 68 79 64 58 60 68 Out of school 32 37 42 40 32 Veteran Status at Entry

Special Vietnam era (1) (2) Other veteran (1) (2) (1) (3) (1) Nonveteran 99 99 97 99 97 98

Head of Family Status at

Entry Head of family

1 person 8 (5) (10) (14) (3) 9 2 persons or more (8) (7) (7) (14) Not head of family 84 37 92 80 82 97 Family Size at Entry

8 (5) (11) (14) (4) 9

12 9 (3) (9) (9) (10) 8 3-6 60 60 56 50 64 60 7 or more 23 26 24 (17) (22) 23 Dependents at Entry

90 30 86 .94 86 80 0

1 (8) (I (5) (13) 12 2-3 (2) (1) (-) (1) (1) 4 or more (1) Employment B (s) at Entry

PhysicaliMalth 5 (5) (6) (4) (4) 5 Criminal record (3) (3) (4) (3) (1) 4 Limited English (2) (2) (2) (6) None of the above 91 98 88 93 90 90 Other b (s) 9 (8) (10) (8) (12) 11 (This table is continued on the following page.)

114

-LA

91.-

")
Table 13. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Tel

No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level

es

No At or Below 85Z of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No At or Below 70Z of the Lover

Living Standard Incase Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level andfor At

or Below 85Z of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 70Z of the Lover

Living Standard Income Level

Yea

No Family Receiving Public Benafit(s)

at Entry

AFDC Supplemental Security Income

Other public sss i s tante

Food stamps

Housing

Not receiving benefits

Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before

.Entry Yes

No Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entry

Liss than $1,000

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-2,999

$3,000-3,999

$4 ,000 -$ ,999 $6,000-7,499

$7,500-9,999

$10,000-14,999

$15,000 or more

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

to Entry

No earnings

$0.01- 999

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,999

$11,000 or more

Quarters of TY 1978

FY 1978

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June

19 78 July-Sept.

1978 Prior

Year FY 1977

17 15 (20) 20 (16) 21 83 85 80 80 84 79

78 82 78 77 70

22 18 (22) 23 30

85 92 85 84 65

15 (8) (15) (16) 35

79 86 81 81 55

21 14 (19) 19 45

90 95 86 87 85 10 (5) (14) (13) (15)

85 91 83 84 75

15 (9) (17) (16) (25)

23 27 (21) (15) 27 25

6 (6) (6) (6) (9) 6

6 (8) (5) (5) (3) 6 27 32 25 23 (21) 24

9 12 (9) (8) (1) L2 58 50 61 68 57 54

(1) (3) 99 100 100 97 100

6 (4) (6) (8) (8) 7 5 (4) (6) (8) 5 8 (8) (12) (7) (4) 11

12 13 (10) (12) (13) 9 22 22 (21) 25 (18) 22

13 15 (14) (6) (18) 11

13 15 (10) (12) (14) 11

12 12 (12) (10) (15) 15

9 (6) (10) (12) (10) 9

31 28 35 30 37 39 40 45 37 31 39 32

17 17 (15) 24 (8) 14

9 (7) (9) (10) (10) 10

(3) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (1)

(l) (This table is continued on the following page.)

115 1:2G
Table 13. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

Ow f FY 1978

Prior Year FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

1978 PRE -CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE Education and School Status

at Entry

Lass than 12 years

In school 8th grade or less 14 16 (14) (7) (14) 10

9th -filth grade 46 58 45 33 35 47 Out of school

8th grade or less (3) (2) (3) (3) (7) (2) 9th-11th grade 12 (8) (17) (16) (3.0 14 12 years or more

In school 9 (5) (5) (17) (11) 11 Out of school 16 10 (16) 23 (22) 15 Labor Force Status at

Entry

Employed 9 (5) (9) (10) (18) 10 Employed and in school (1) (2) (1) (3) (I) In school and employed 10 16 (10) (3) (3) 7 Unemployed 23 10 (20) 38 37 26 In school or training 52 64 55 47 26 52 In armed forces Other out of labor force S (3) (6) (2) (13) 4 School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

12 months prior 69 88 78 46 40 65 9 months prior 66 86 61 34 67 64 6 months prior 65 78 30 67 67 61 3 months prior 42 20 72 67 30 46 l month prior 59 71 67 62 (14) 52 Day prior to entry 62 80 65 50 28 58 Not in school or training at:

12 months prior 31 12 (22) 54 60 35 9 months prior 34 14 39 66 33 36 6 months prior 35 22 70 33 33 39 3 months prior 58 80 28 33 70 54 l month prior 41 29 33 38 86 48 Day prior to entry 38 20 35 50 72 42 Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year Predominantly employed

(>90X of time) (3) (2) (2) (4) (5) 5 Predominantly unemployed

(>50X of time) 10 (5) (12) (15) (15) 12 Substantially unemployed

(25-49X of time) 8 (8) (13) (6) (7) 11 Predominantly not in labor

force (>50X of time) 72 81 68 62 66 67 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories 6 (4) (5) (12) (7) (6) Average Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 17 14 15 26 15 17 Employed and in scrwo?. ,

_ 2 1 1 3 (2) In school and employed 22 25 27 24 8 21 Unemployed 14 10 17 16 19 17 In school or training 37 42 31 26 44 36 In armed forces - - - - - Other out of labor force 8 7 9 7 10 9

tir 116
Table 14. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in summer youth programs

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

Selected Charact.ristics FY 1978

Quarter* of FY 1978

Prior Year

FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

19 78 April-June

19 78 July-Sept.19 78 Estimated Total New Enrollees 848,800 260,500 588,300 958,100

Percent 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex

Male 49 52 48 52 Female 51 48 52 48 Ali at Entry

15 and younger 39 37 40 35 16-17 39 36 40 45

18-19 17 21 15 14

20 3 (3) (2) 3 21 (2) (2) (1) (2) 22 and older (1) (1) (1) (2) Hinority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 32 52 24 38 Black, excluding Hispanic 50 36 56 47 Hispanic 12 8 13 10 Other 6 (4) 6 5 Education at Entry

8th grade or less 20 22 19 16 9th-l1th grade 63 57 66 67 12th or equivalent 12 12 12 12 Beyond high school 5 8 6 School Status at Entry

In school 91 89 92 93 Out of scnool 9 11 a 7 Veteran Status at Entry

Special Vietnam era

Other veteran (1) (1) (1) '1) Nonveteran 99 99 99 99 Head of Family Status at

4 (3) 4 6 --Rid of family

1 person

2 persons or more 4 (51 (1) Not head of family 92 92 92 93 Family Size at Entry

1 5 (4) 5 6

2 6 8 6 7 3-6 58 54 60 52 7 or more 31 34 29 26 Dependents at Entry

94 93 94 91

4 (6) 4 5 2-3 (1) (1) (2) (1) 4 or more 3 Employment B (s) at Entry

Physical/Health 3 (3) (3) 3 Criminal record (2) (2) (2) (2) Limited English 3 (2) (3) (2) None of tne above 92 93 92 93 Other b (s) 9 13 8 8 (This table is continued on the following page.)

117 1 23
Table 14. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Oct.-Dec.

1977 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yas

No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

0MB Poverty Level

Yes No At or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No At or Below 70% of the Lower Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

0MB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 85% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Casn Welfare/Below

0MB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 702 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes No Family Receiving Public Benefits)

EELL"

AFDC Supplemental Security Income

Other public assistance

Food stamps

Housing assistance

Not receiving benefits

Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before

Entry

Yes

No Annual Family Income Year Prior

u lna

Less than 51,000

51,000-1,999

52,000-2,999

$3,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

56,000-7,499

$7,500-9,999

$10,000-14,999

515,000 or more

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

t o Entry No earnings

$0.01- 999

51,000-1,999

$2,000-3,999

54,000-5,999

56,000-7,999

;8,000 or more

892

82

18

89

11

84

16

92

8

88

12

25

5 30

1650

100

4

36

1223

1.3 1715

7

54

35

74

(1)

Jan.-March

1978 April-June

19M

July-Sept.

1978 Prior

Year FY 1977

1090

81

19

89

11.

86

14

92

8

90

10

22

(6)

826

11 54

7 93

83

17

89

11

84

16

92

8

88

12

27

5932

1848

100 100

(5) 4

(5) (2)

(7) 5 (7) 14 24 22

11 14

19 16

17 15

(5) 8

45

41

a(4)

(1)

57 32

6

4

(1)

3 97

28

793250

6

59

1123

13

11

1/5

53

34

74

(2) (This table is continued on the following page.)

118
Table 14. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

Qua f TY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June1978 July-Sept. 1978 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education ano School Status

at Entry

Lass than 12 years

In school 8th grade or less 18 20 18 14 3th-Ilth grade 59 52 62 64 Out of school

9th grade or less (2) (2) (1) (2) 9th-11th grade 4

(4) (3) CP

12 years or more

In school 14 17 12 15 Out of school 3 (4) (3) (2) Labor Force Status at

Entry Employed 14 11 15 11 Employed and in school (1) In school and employed (1) (1) (2) (2) Unemployed 44 49 42 46 In school or training 29 29 29 32 In armed forces

Other out of labor force 11 10 12 9 School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

21 11 25 19 12 months prior

9 months prior 87 86 88 87 6 months prior 90 89 90 91 3 months prior 90 89 90 91 1 month prior 77 82 74 80 Day prior to entry 30 30 30 34 Not in school or training at:

79

1310

89

1411

75

12

10 81

13

9 12 months prior

9 months prior

6 months prior

3 months prior 10 11 10 9 1 month prior 23 18 26 20 Day prior to entry 70 70 70 66 Labur Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year

Predominantly employed

1>902 of time) (1) (1) (1) (2) Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time) 5 (6) S 5 Subitantially unemployed

(25-492 of time) 3 (6) 5 7 Predominantly not in labor

force (>502 of time) 86 85 87 94 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories (2) (2) (3) (2) Average Percent of Pre-CETA Year

Nev fiiro11ees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

8

110

9

1

13

8

1

9

8

111 Employed

Employed and in school

In school and employed . Unemployed 10 11 10 11 In school or training 62 55 64 61 In armed forces Other out of labor force 9 10 8 9 119 130
Table 15. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in other CETA programs

(total) during FY 1978 and 1977

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year

FY 1978 FY 1977 Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March1978 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 318,400 77,100 99,300 73,800 68,200 291,300

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex

Male Female

5743

56

43

6238

55 45

55 43

56

44 Age at Entry

(1)

9 43

(1) 10

42

(1)

8 43

(1) (9) 42

(1)

(8) 45

(1) 1043 15 and younger

16-17

18-19

20

21 23

25 23

25

222624

23

22

25

2224 22 and older Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 56 55 56 55 58 52. Black, excluding Hispanic

Hispanic Other

31

11(2)

3112

(2) 33

9 (2)

31

11 (3) 28

11(3)

35

10

3 Education at Entry

633

(5)

32

(7)

34

(6) 35

(4) 33

6 35 ith grade or less

9th -11th grade

12th or equivalent 47 49 48 43 50 46 Beyond high school i3 13 12 16 13 13 School Status at Entry

In school 18 14 12 20 28 23 Out of school 82 96 88 80 72 77 Veteran Status at Entry

Special Vietnam era

Other veteran

Nonveteran

3 91

(3)

(6) 90

(4)

(5) 90

(2)

(5) 93

(2)

(7) 91 Head of Family Status at

Entry Head of family

1 person 16 16 17 17 15 15 2 persons or more 18 18 18 15 16 14 Not head of family 66 66 64 67 68 Family Size at Entry

16 16 17 17 16 15 12 15 17 14 15 14 14 3-6 55 52 56 55 58 56 7 or more 14 15 12 13 13 15 Dependents at Entry

75 74 75 75 76 68

1 16 17 14 18 15 20

2-3 9 (8) 10 (7) (8) 10 4 or more (1) (1) (1) '2) Employment Barrier(s) at Entry

Physical/Health 9 10 8 (8) (9) 9 Criminal record 3 (4) (3) (3) (4) 4 Limited English None of the above

(2) 86

(2) 85

(2) 97(2) 87

(3) 86(2) 86 Other b (s) 8 (7) 9 (5) (8) 8 'Includes enrollees for whom no assignment wee shown.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

120
Table 15. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Charact c its ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes

No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Caah Welfare/Below

omis Poverty Level

Yes No At or Below 95% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No At or below 702 of the Lover Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving_Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At or Below au of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Caah Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 70Z of the Lover

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Family Receiving Public Beftefit(s)

at Entry Supplemental Security Income

Other public assistance

Food stamps

Housing

Not receiving benefits

Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before

Entry

Yes

No Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entry Less than $1,000

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-2,999

$3,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,499

$7,500-9,999

510,000-14,999

$15,00C or more

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

to Entry No earnings

$0.01- 999

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,999

58,000 or more

04a ccccc of FY 1978

FY 1978 Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

19 78 April-June

1978 July-Sept.19 78 Prior Year

FY 1977

34 35 34 34 32 52 56 65 66 66 68 48

66 67 68 66 65

34 33 32 34 35

75 75 77 74 74 25 25 23 26 26

70 69 72 69 69

30 31 28 31 31

78 78 80 78 76 22 22 20 22 24

74 74 76 73 72 26 26 24 27 29

13 12 13 13 13 14

4 '(4) (4) (3) (3) 3 4 44) (6) (3) (3) 5 13 12 14 13 13 16

8 (8) 8 (9) (6) 74 74 72 75 76 72

5 (7) (5) (5) (4) 95 93 95 95 96

7 (7) 8 (8) (7) 9

7 (7) 8 (5) (7) 10 11 1.0 (9) (8) 11

9 (9) 8 11 (8) 9 15 15 16 16 15 17 10 10 (7) (10) 9 10 10 10 (9) (10) 10

15 15 14 16 15 13

18 16 15 20 20 15

27 26 28 28 26 31

18 18 19 16 20 20

15 17 15 14 13 16 20 20 22 20 19 20

12 12 10 15 14 10

5 (4) (4) (5) (6) 3 (2) (2) (2) (3) (2) (1) (This table is continued on the following page.)

121 132
Table 15. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY L978

Quarters of FY 1978

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

19 78 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

at Entry

Less than L2 years

In school 8th grade or less

9th-lIth grade

Out of school 8th grade or less

9th-lIth grade

L2 years or more

In school Out of school Labor Force Status at

Entry Employed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

L2 months prior

9 months prior

6 months prior

3 months prior

: month prior

Day prior to entry

Not in school or training at:

12 months prior

9 months prior

6 months prior

3 months prior

month prior

Day prior to entry

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year

Predominantly employed

(>902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time)

Substantially unemployed

(25-492 of time)

Predominantly not in labor

force (>502 of time)

Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories

ge Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

(1)

6

528

12 49

21

(1) (2) 50

14

12

(5) 26

(7) 55

21

(2) (2) 50

15

10

(6) 29

(7) 53

20

(1)

(1) 53

14

11

29 39 34 29 36 26

25 27 14 20 12 19

17 17 16 16 18 15 71 51 66

71 64 74 75 73 86 80 88 81 83 83 84

84 82 85

8 10 (6) 27 22 34 19 22 19

31 31 26

15 14 15

29 29 28

4 4 3

7 8 5 31 29 36

16 18 15

2 3 3 10 10 9

April-June

1978 July-Sept.

19 78 Prior

Year FY 1977

(1)

(5) (6) 8 (5) (4) 5 30 26 27

14 21 14 45 42 45

20 24 19

(1) (2) (2) (1) 47 49 52

16 (10) 16

14 14 11

25 17 28 22 32 30

30 31 27

25 24 22 23 13 18

18 12 17

75 83 72 78 68 70

70 69 73

75 76 78

77 87 82

82 88 83

(9) (10) 8 24 24 31 19 16 18

33 36 33

15 15 10

31 29 25

3 4 3

7 7 7 29 29 34

16 L8 L8

2 3 2 L2 10 10 122 1
Table 16. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in classroom training

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year

FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 April -June

19 78 July-Sept.

1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 103,300 28,000 28,800 24,600 21,900 90,000

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex

Male 45 48 48 43 40 47 Female 55 52 52 57 60 53 Age at Entry

(1) (1) (1) (2) - (1) 15 and younger

16-17 1.0 (11) (12) (11) (9) 10

18-19 48 45 48 48 50 49

20 20 (19) (21) (22) (18) 20

21 21 (23) (18) (18) (24) 21 22 and older - - - Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 49 46 51 45 53 48 Black, excluding Hispanic 34 34 33 40 (31) 35 Hispanic 13 (15) (13) (12) (11) 12 Other (4) (5) (3) (3) (4) (5) Education at Entry

(7) (8) (10) (5) (4) (7) 8th grade or less

9th -11th grade 39 37 37 45 37 39 12th or equivalent 46 47 44 42 50 47 Beyond high school 8 (8) (8) (7) (9) (6) School Status at Entry

In school 17 (14) (16) (15) (26) 18 Out of school 83 86 84 85 74 82 Veteran Status at Entry

Special Vietnam era (2) (3) (1) (1) (1) (3) Other veteran (4)' (3) (4) (6) (4) (3) Nonvetersn 94 94 95 94 95 94 Head of Family Status at

Entry

16 (14) (18) (17) (16) 16 ead of family

1 person

2 persons or more 18 (16) (18) (20) (16) 14 Not head of family 66 70 65 62 68 71 Family Size at Entry

16 (14) (18) (17) (16) 16

2 16 (16) (15) (19) (14) 16

3-6 54 54 52 52 56 54 7 or more 14 (16) (15) (12) (14) 15 Detendents at Entry

74 76 75 71 76 68 19 (18) (17) (22) (16) 20

2-3 (6) (6) (7) (6) (7) 11 4 or more (1) (1) Employment 8 (s) at Entry

Physical/Health 10 (8) (11) (12) (9) 10 Criminal record (4) (4) (4) (3) (3) (5) Limited English (3) (4) (4) (2) (3) (3) None of the above 34 85 82 83 86 83 Other b (s) 10 (11) (11) (9) (10) 10 (This table is continued on the following page.)

123

134
Table 16. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Oct.-Dec. Jan.-March April-June

1977 1 1978 1978 July-Sept.

19M

Prior Year

FY 1977 ECONOMIC BACXCROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primer Wage Earner at Entry

es

No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

CMS Poverty Level

Yes

No At or Below 851 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No At or Below 702 of the Lower Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below asz of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

aMB Poverty Level and/or at

or Below 7b% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Family Receiving Public Benefit(s)

at AFDC Supplemental Security IncOme

Other public assistance

Food stamps

Housing assistance

Not receiving benefits

Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before

Entry

Yes

No Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entry Less than $1,000

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-2,999

$3,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,499

$7,500-9,999

$10,000-14,999

$15,000 or more

Enrollee Earnings Yesr Prior

co EPILL

No earnings

$0.01- 999

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,999

$8,000 or more

3268

69

31

78

22

7228

81

31 I 33 I 36 69 67 64

69 68 72

31 32 (28)

78 79 79

(22) (21) (21)

72 72 73

28 28 (27)

80 81 82

(20) (19) (18)

(28)

72

68

(32)

77

(23)

73

(27)

79

(21)

76 76 76 78 76

24 (24) (24) (22) (24)

16 1 (13: (16) (20) (18)

(4) (5) (4) (2) (4) (8) (!) (5) (4) (4) 16 (151 k15) (18) (18)

9 .8) (9) (10) (6) 70 58 71 68 71

(4) I (6) (2) !3) (3) 96 94 98 97 97

8 (7) (6) (8) (10)

8 (7) (8) (7) (8) 11 (12) (12) (9) (11)

9 (8) (8) (14) (7) 14 (15) (15) (16) (12) 10 (8) (12) (8) (13)

11 (12) (11) (10) (10)

14 (16) (13) (14) 00

15 (14) (15) (15) (16)

-

32 31 31 37 (31)

17 (17) (19) (15) (18)

14 (14) (16) (10) (12)

19 (20) (18) (18) (19)

13 (13) (11) (14) (13)

(3) (4) (2) (3) (5) (2) (1) (3) (3) (2)

5248

a

a

16

(3)

(6) 1759

9

9

13

9 16

0 11

12

12

3319

16

21

9 (2) (1) (This table is continued on the following page.)

124 1
Table 16. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

at Entry

Less than L2 years

In school 8th grade or less

9th-l1th grads

Out of school

8th grade or less

9th-llth grade

12 years or more

In school Out of school

Labor Force Status at

Entry

Emiloyed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year --17aWriaarly employed

(>902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time)

Substantially unemployed

(25-492 of time)

Predominantly not in labor

force (>50X of time)

Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories

FY 1978

(1) (6)

(6) 33 10

44

16

(1)

(2) 46

1719

Oct.-Dec.

1977

(1)

(7)

(7) 300)

48

(18)

(2) (2) 44

(19) (15)

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Jan.-March

19 78

(1)

(6) (9)

32

(9) 44

(14)

(2) 49

(19)

(17)

April-June

19 78

(1)

(5) (4) 40

(9) 41

(14)

(1) 45

(18)

(21)

July-Sept.

19 78

(I)

(7)

(4) (30) (18) 41

(17)

(1)

(3) 44

(13)

(22) School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

12 months prior 30 38 35 (25) (20) 9 months prior 27 34 (25) (17) (32) 6 months prior 24 27 (15) (26) (29) 3 months prior 17 11) (20) (18) (20) 1 month prior 16 (16) (16) (19) (14) Day prior to entry 19 (21) (20) (19) (16) Not in school or training at:

12 months prior 70 62 65 75 80 9 months prior 73 66 75 83 68 6 months prior 76 73 85 74 71 3 months prior 83 89 80 82 80 1 month prior 84 84 84 81 86 Day prior to entry 81 79 80 81 94

8 (11) (8) (6) (8) 26 (21) 30 (28) (25) 18 (21) (16) (19) (14)

33 34 31 32 36 15 (12) (15) (15) (17) Average Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 28 30 28 28 ?I; Employed and in school 3 4 2 3 3 In school and employed 5 7 5 2 8 Unemployed 30 28 33 32 2*, In school or training 17 18 16 18 18 In armed forces 2 2 1 1 2 Other out of labor force 14 12 14 16 13

Prior

Year FY 1977

(1)

(7)

(6) 33

944

16

(1) 49

1618

2826

21

1715

17

7274

7983

85

83

(7) 3219

30

12

26

3536 16

113 125

.:a.
Table 17. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in on-the-job training

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

Selected Chirac eee i tt ice

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year

FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March1978

April -June 1978 July-Sept.

1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 43,400 9,200 11,800 11,500 10,800 35,500

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex --Rale 65 (60) 71 (62) (65) 68 Female 35 (40) (29) (38) (35) 32 A(. at Entry

(1) (1) 15 and younger

16-17 (7) (4) (9) (8) (6) (II) 18-19 47 (43) (50) (47) (47) 41 20 24 (28) (19) (25) (26) 24

21 22 (24) (23) (19) (20) 24 22 and older

Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 72 (77) 72 74 (65) 68 Black, excluding Hispanic (17) (16) (18) (15) (18) (19) Hispanic (10) (6) (9) (9) (14) (11) Other (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) Education at Entry

(6) (8) (5) (6) (5) (6) 8th grads or less

9th-11th grads 28 (23) (33) (30) (24) 31 12th or equivalent

Beyond high school

55

(12)

(56) (13)

(55)

(6) (47)

(17) (61)

(10)

52

(11) School Status Entry

(17) 83

(10) 90

(12) 88

(18) 82

(28)

72 22

78 In school Out of school

V Status at Entry

Special Vietnam era (2) (3) (4) (3) (5) Other veteran (5) (8) (4) (4) (4) (6)

Nonv e 93 89 92 96 94 89 Head of Family Status at

Lntr

(16)

(16) (18)

(17)

(16)

(19) (14) (147 no

no

(12)

(17) d of family

1 person

2 persona or more

Not head of family 68 (65) 65 72 70 71 Family Slim at Entry

(16)

(14) (18)(14)

(16)

(13)

(14) (14)

(16)

(14)

(12)

(16)

123-6 57 (50) (61) (57) (58) 60 7 or more (14) (19) (10) (15) (12) (13) Dependants at Entry

76 (72) 78 76 76 69

(13) (15) (11) (14) (13) (19) 2-3 (11) (12) (10) (10) (12) (10) 4 or more (2) (2) Employment Barrier(s) at Entry

Physical/Health (8) (9) (6) (6) (9) (7) Criminal record (5) (6) (3) (4) (7) (1) Limited English (2) (1) (3) (I) (3) (4) Nona of the above 86 85 89 88 83 88 Other barrisr(s) (6) (3) (7) (5) (8) (8) (This table is continued on the following page.)

126 1

.4. 4d 4
Table 17. (Continued)

Selected Mersa oo i oo ics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Qua TT 1978

Prior Year

FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June1978 July-Sept.

19 78 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes 33 (36) (34) (32) (32) 54 No 67 (64) 66 68 (68) 46 Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

41,111vertzI.eve101

56 (59) (62) (51) (54) No 44 (41) (38) (49) (46) At or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yen 66 (66) 73 66 (59) No 34 (34) (27) (34) (41) At or Below 702 of the Lover Living Standard Income Level

Yee 61 (60) 68 (58) (56) No 39 (40) (32) (42) (44) Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes 70 (71) 76 70 (64) No 30 (29) (24) (30) (36) Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

0MB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 702 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes 66 (66) 70 (64) (63) No 34 (34) (30) (37) (37) Full Recall/1n Public Benefit(s)

Aligry (8) (8) (8) (7) (8) (7) Supplemental Security Income (3) (3) (3) (4) (2) Other public assistance (2) (2) (3) (2) (1) (4) Food stamps (8) (6) (9) (9) (9) (10) Housing assistance (3) (2) (3) (3) (3) (4) Not receiving benefits 84 87 82 85 84 82 Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week Before !ELUL

YOB (4) (8) (6) (3) (1) No 96 92 94 97 99 Annual Family Income Year Prior

(4) (6) (6) (1) (2) (8) to Entr ss than 01,000

$1,000-1,999 (6) (5) (7) (6) (5) (5) 02,000-2,999 (6) (5) (8) (5) (4) (8) 03,000-3,999 (9) (ILO (8) (9) (8) (10) 04,000-5,999 (16) (13) (18) (13) (19) (14) 06,000-7,499 (12) (17) (15) (9) (7) (10) 07,500-9,999 (9) (8) (11) (9) (9) (10) 010,000-14,999 (17) (19) (9) (18) (22) (15) 015,000 or more 22 (17) (17) (29) (24) (19) Enrollee Willow' Year Prior

to Entry

No earnings (16) (14) (13) (17) (19) 25 00.01- 999 (16) (21) (11) (13) (18) (16) 01,000-1,999 (13) (11) (14) (15) (11) (14) 02,000-3,999 22 (26) (28) (18) (18) 22 44,000-5,999 21 (15) (23) (26) (19) (16) 06,000-7,999 (9) (9) (8) (7) (11) (4) 08,000 or more (4) (4) (3) (5) (3) (2) (This table is continued on the following page.)

127 .11°
Table 17. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristic"

Qua f FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1978 FY 1977Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March1978 April-June

1978 July-Sept.1978 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

at Entry ny,thanan 12 ye's"

In school 8th grade or less (1) (2) (1) 9th -11th grade (4) (2) (5) (6) (4) (10) Out of school 8th grade or less (5) (6) (5) (6) (5) (6) 9th-I1th grade 24 C22) (28) (24) (20) (21) 12 years or more

In school (12) (6) (5) (11) (25) (12) Out of school 54 (63) (56) (52) (47) 51 Labor Force Status at

Entry

Fa played 32 (31) (31) (32) (36) 26 Employed and in school (2) (3) (3) (1) (1) In school and employed (2) (1) (1) (4) (1) (2) Unemployed 42 (43) (45) (39) (40) 50 In school or training (12) (13) (12) (9) (11) (14) In armed forces Other out of labor force (11) (8) (11) (13) (12) (7) School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at

12 months prior 29 (42) (34) (29) (12) 34 9 months prior 28 (36) (27) (23) (28) 32 6 months prior 24 (29) (12) (28) (28) 27 3 months prior 20 (11) (20) (25) (24) 25 1 month prior (17) (13) (17) (23) (14) (20) Day prior to entry (13) (14) (14) (13) (12) (16) Not in school or training at:

12 months prior 71 (58) 66 71 88 66 9 months prior 72 (64) 73 77 72 68 6 months prior 76 (71) 88 72 72 73 3 months prior 80 89 80 75 76 75 1 month prior 83 87 83 77 86 80 Day prior to entry 87 86 86 87 88 84 Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year --ireteinantly employed

(>902 of time) (14) (12) (12) (14) (17) (11) Predominantly unemployed

0502 of time) (16) (11) (16) (15) (22) 24 Sufi:untie'', unemployed

(25-492 of time) (15) (18) (17) (16) (10) (17) Predominantly not in labor

force ( >502 of time) 32 (37) (29) (32) (31) 34 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories 23 (22) (26) (23) (20) (14) Averege Percent of Pre-CITA Year

New Enrollee' Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 38 39 42 41 32 32 Employed and in school 6 4 4 4 10 4 In school and 'splayed 7 6 8 7 9 Unemployed 22 18 22 20 26 28 In school or training 14 17 14 13 13 18 In Armed forces 2 2 2 1 1 3 Other out of labor force 11 12 9 13 10 7 128
Table 18. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in public service

employment (total) during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year Oct.-Dec. Jan.-March April June July-Sept. Selected Characteristics FY 1978 1977 1978 1978 1978 FY 1977 . Estimated Total New Enrollees 1 127,900 30,100 46,800 26,900 24,000 a Percent 100 100 100 100 a PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex

tale 65 63 67 64 64 a Female 35 37 33 36 36 a Atio 4c Entry

(1) (1) (1) 15 and younger

16-17 (5) (6) (3) (7) (5) a id-19 39 41 39 35 41 a 20 25 (24) 24 (27) (25) a 21 31 29 34 30 (28) a 22 and older Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 59 57 57 60 64 Black, excluding Hispanic 32 34 36 28 (28) Hispanic S (9) (6) (9) (8) Other (1) (1) (1) (3) (1) Education at Entry

(5) (5) (5) (6) (4) 8th grade or less

9th-llth grade 27 (23) 30 (26) (30) 12th or equivalent 49 53 49 45 47 Beyond high school 19 (19) (16) (22) (20) School Status at Entry

In school 15 (9) (9) (2.2) (17) Out of school 85 91 91 79 73 Veteran Status at calla

Special (1) (1) Vietnam era (4) (4) (7) (3) (2) Other veteran 7 (8) (6) (6) (11) Nonveteran 88 88 87 91 86 Head of Family Status at IlLEL Hied of family

1 person 18 (17) 18 (20) (19) 2 persons or more 20 (23) 19 (16) (19) Not head of family 62 60 63 65 62 Family Site at Entry

18 (17) 18 (20) (19)

2 15 (22) (13) (13) (14) 3-6 54 48 57 56 56 7 or more 12 (13) (13) (12) (I1) Dependents at Entry

74 70 74 76 76

1 16 (19) (13) (17) (15) 2-3 10 (11) (12) (6) (9) 4 or more (1) (1) (1) (1) Employment Barrier(s) cc Intry

Physical/Health 9 !l2) (8) (7) (9) Criminal record (2) (3) (1) (3) (3) Limited English (I) (1) (1) (1) (1) None of the above 98 84 90 99 88 Other barrier(s) 6 (5) (7) (7) (5) 1/Aclude enrollees In POE unknown.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

129 140
Table 18. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year

FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1917

ton. -Match 1978 April-June

1918 July-Sept.1918

ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes 38 40 35 38 40

No 62 60 66 62 60 Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

Dllfi Poverty Level. Yes 68 68 68 67 68 a No 32 32 32 33 32 a At or Below 83X of the Loser

Living Standard Income Level

Yea 76 75 77 76 77 No 24 25 23 (24) (23) At or Below 70% of the Lower

Living Standard income Level

72 10 14 10 10 a Yes

No 28 30 26 30 (30) Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes 79 18 80 80 18 No 21 (22) 20 (20) (22) Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level sod/or At

or Below 70% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes 15 77 74 73 No 25 26 23 (26) (27) Family Receiving Public Benefit(s)

at Lot ry AFDC 11 (12) (12) (10) (8) Supplemental Security Income (4) (3) (5) (2) (3) Other public 8 $$ iatance (4) .3) (7) (2) (4) Food stamps 12 :t1) (14) (12) (8) Housing assistancs 8 (9) (8) (9) (6) Not receiving benefits 15 15 11 73 80 Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Week before

Entey

8 (9) (8) (8) (8) 112 No 92 91 92 92 92 Annual Family Income Year Prior

8 (7) (8) (10) (8) $1,000

$100-1,999 8 (9) (8) (3) (9) $2,000-1,999 10 (10) (10) (11) (10) $3,000-3,999 9 (10) (8) (10) (9) $4,000-5,999 16 (16) (16) (18) (14) $6,000-1,499 8 (9) (10) (5) (8) $1,500-1 999 10 (9) (11) (8) (10) $10,00u-,a,999 14 (12) (10 (15) (13) $15,000 or more 16 (18) (13) (17) (19) Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

26

19 26(16)

2820

(23)

(17) (26)

(23) A i4111111

nings

$0.01- 999

$1,000-1,994 11 (24) (15) (17) (12) $2,000-3,999

54,000-5,999

22

10 (19)

(10) 23

(9) (24)

(11) (22)

(10) $6,000-7,999 (4) (2) (4) (5) (6) $8,000 or more (2) (3) (2) (3) (1) (This table is continued on the following page.)

130

141
Table 18. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

at Entr --IiiiThan 12 years

In scnool 8th grade or less

9th-I1th grade

Out of school

8th grade or less

9th-l1th grade

12 years or more

In school Out of school Labor Force Status at

Entrpluyed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Tine Points In school or trainimat:

12 months prior

9 months prior

6 months prior

3 months prior

1 month prior

Day prior to enJry

Not in school or training at;

12 months prior

9 months prior

6 months prim

3 months prior

1 month prior

Day prior to entry

Labor Force Experience tILLUI

reR/171ear

nizammriy employed

(>90% of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time)

SuOcantially unemployed

(25-498 of time)

Predominantly not in labor

force (>508 of time)

Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories

Averaje Percent of lose-CITA Year

New Enrollees Sent in Koch

Labor Force StafiTiTitegory,

Employed and in echoul

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of Leber force

I

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

19 78 April-June

19 78 July-Sept.

1978

(1)

(2) (1) (3) (3) (4)

(5) (5) (4) (6) (4) 25 (23) 21 (23) (26)

12 (8) (6) (19) (23) 55 64 59 48 43

20 (20) 20 (18) (20) a (1) (1) (1) (1) a

(1) (1) (3) (3) 59

11 61

(11) 60

(10) 55

(14) 36

(26) a (1) (1) a 8 (7) (9) (8) (15)

27 36 30 (21) (18) a 28 35 24 (23) 33 a 2320

15

(23) (13)

(13)

(13) (16)

(12)

3228

(24) 33

(25)

(11)

a 12 (11) (11) (17) (9) a 73

72 64

65

70

76

79 77 82

67

a

a 77 77 87 68 67 a 80

8588

8787

89

84

8889

727683758991

a

a

a

6 (9) (3) (7) (7)

32 29 41 (26) (25)

23 26 22 (23) (21)

27 (23) 21 32 37

12 (14) (12) (11) (10)

27 28 25 30 27

3 4 4 3 2 6 6 4 9 8 37 35 43 32 32

16

4

7 17

4

7 14

4

6 16

4

7 18

S8 131

1
Table 19. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participant,

(under age 22) newly enrolled in PSE sustainment

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

selected aaracteristics

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Year

FY 1977 FY 1978

Oct. -Uec. 1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June

19 78 July-Sept.

1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 59,500 15,600 20,200 13.400 10,400 50,500

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

SexMale 62 65 59 66 (57) 62 Female 38 (35) 41 (34) (43) 38 Age at 0 and younger (1) - (2) (1) (1) - 16-17 (5) (4) (3) (8) (4) (4) 18-19 38 (42) 39 (28) (44) 40

20 24 (24) (20) (30) (24) 23

21 33 (30) (37) (33) (28) 34 22 and older - - - - Minority Status

Whits, excluding Hispanic 62 62 59 61 (67) 62 Black, excluding Hispanic 28 (26) (33) (24) (28) 29 Hispanic (8) (11) (6) (11) (5) (6) Other (.!) (1) (2) (4) (1) t3) Education at Entry

8th grade or less (5) (5) (4) (9) (1) (3) 9th-llth grade 23 (21) (22) (27) (24) 24 12th or equivalent 52 55 54 (44) (54) 50 Beyond high school 20 (18) (20) (20) (21) 23 School Status at Entry

In school 17 (9) (14) (23) (27) 27 Out of school 83 91 86 77 73 73 Veteran Status at Entry

dpecial (1) (1) (1) (1) Vietnam ere (4) (2) (7) (2) (1) (6) Other veteran (7) (8) (4) (5) (16) (6) Nonv 00000 n d8 88 90 92 32 38 Head of Family Status at

Inia

sad of family

1 parson 15 (13) (14) (18) (17) IS 2 persona or more 23 (32) (22) (18) 118) 18 Not head,of family 62 55 65 63 ,651 67 Family_5(te at Entry

13 (13) (14) (18) (181 /5

2 Id (29) (14) (15) (16) (141

3-1 56 071 63 56 (56) 39 more (10) (11) (10) (11) (10) ,12) Opclidente it Ent.L.y

72 68 72 15 76 64

17 (221 (13) '11) (151 2-3 (10) (10) (15) (7) (71 (131 4 or more

(1) (1) (1) (2) Employment Barrier(i) at Entry

Physical/Health (9) (13) (9) (6) (9) (8) Criminal record (2) (3) - (5) (3) (21 Limited English (1) (1) (2) (2) ,1) (21 None of the above 87 85 90 86 88 89 Other rrrrrr (o) (8) (6) (11) (8) (8) (6) .

(This table is continued on the following page.)

132 ic.)
Table 19. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1978 FY 1977

Oct. -Dec.

1977 Jan.-March19 78 April-June19 78 July-Sept.1978 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

36

62

6436

73

27

69

31

75

25

7129

(9)

(4)

(4)

(9)

(7) 77

(7) 93

(1)

(7) (9)

(9)

15

(8) (10)

1718

24

17

1824

(12)

(4)

(2)

(43)

57

62 (36)

71

(29)

66

(34)

73 (27)

70

(30)

(7)

(1)

(3)

(5) (6) 81

(9) 91

(5) (7) (11)

(11) (15)

(9) (11)

(13) (18)

(19)

(12)

(26)

(26) (14)

(3)

(1)

(33) 67

65

(35)

74 (26)

73

(27)

75

(25)

74 (26)

(12)

(6)

(7) (11)

(8) o9

(6) 94

(8)

(8)

(7)

(7) (14)

(10) (10)

(20) (16)

(28)

(16)

(17)

(22)

(10)

(4)

(3)

(38) 62

64 (36)

74 (26)

67

(33)

76

(24)

70

(30)

(B)

(3) (3) (12)

(9) 79

(5) 95

(8)

(7)

(9)

(9) (19)

(5) (6) (17)

(20)

(22) (19)

(14)

(24)

(12)

(6)

)41

(39)

(61)

(64)

(36)

(72) (28)

(68) (32)

74 (26)

(72)

(28)

(6)

(3) (3)

(6)

(5) 92

(10) 90

(8)

(7)

(7)

(7) (15)

(5) (14)

(16)

(21)

(27)

(23)

(12)

(22)

(12)

(5)

-

56 42

(12)

(5)

(3) (11)

(4)

77

(7) (8) (10)

(7) 18

(9) (10)

1516

2820

1620

(11)

(3)

(2)

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes

No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

-114=1L11112

es

No At or Below est of the Lower

Likiitiluuld=1income Level

es

No At or Below 70% of the Lower Living Standard income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare /below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below BS% of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

01111 Poverty Level and/or At or Below 70X of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Family Receiving Public Ilmneflt(e)

at EntryAFDC Supplemental Security Income

Other public assistance

Food stamps

Housing assistance

Not receiving benefits

Enrollee ReceivInk Unemploymedt

Insurance During week Before

Corr

No Annual Family Income Year Prior to.Entrt

14811 than $1,000

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-2,999

$3,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,499

$7,500-9,999

$10,000-14,999

$(5,00 or mute

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior 1.921111

$0.01. 999

$1,000-1,999

$2,000.0,999

94,000-5,999

$6,000-7,999

$8,000 or more

(This table is continued on the following page.)

I $ 133 144
Table 19. (Continued)

Selected Characteristics

Enrollment Period

FY 1978

Quarters of FY 1978

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan. -March

19 78 April -June

OM

July-Sept.

19 78 Prior

Year

FY 1977 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

at Entry

all than 12 years

In scnool 8th grade or less

9th-llth grade Out of school

8th grade or less

9th-llth grade

12 years or more

In school Out of school

Labor Force Status at

Entry Employed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

School or Trsinint Status dt

Selected Pre -CETA Time Point,

In school or training st:

12 months prior

9 months print

months prior

3 months prior

1 with prior

Day prior to entry

Not in school or training at:

12 months prior

9 months prior

6 months prior

3 months prior

1 month prior

Day prior to entry

Labor Force Experience During

Pre -CETA Year PMicToT=ly employed

(>902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time)

Subitantielly unemployed

(25-49Z of time)

Predominantly not in labor force (>502 of time)

Combinetain of experiences,

not in above four categories

A,,..._tralLa_Parcb!ni_lifFre-CETA Year -m71757-

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

(4) 20

1458

30

3325

22

Lb

1370

677S

78 84

87

(7) 26

2230

15

30

4

7 31

17

56

(5) (20)

(8) 66

(24)

(2) 58

(10)

(6)

(37) (36)

"19)

(12)

(11)

(10) 63

64 81

88

89

90

34

5

S 31

1/

3

5

(2)

(4)

(2) (18)

(8) 66

(20)

(1) 53 (16)

(2)

(9)

38 (34) (17)

(22) ,19)

(17)

6266

83

78 81

83

26

3 35

19

6

(4) (9) (23)

(19)

(45)

(20) (27)

(33)

(29)

(25) (15)

(2) (1) (22)

(26)

(49)

(20)

(1) (62)

(6)

(3) (9)

(20) 06)

(37)

(29) (10)

(6) dO 30

73 '64) 67 (63)

71 (71)

75 90

d5 94

(7) (7) (23) (20) (23) (21)

(32) (41) (15) (10)

26

3920

19

7

(3)

(3) :1

24 48

24

30

32 25

16

157670

68

75d4d5

(9)

33

18

32(9)

25

736

19
Table 20. Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in PSE nonsustainment

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Selected Characteristics

lorolloenr Period

FY 1978

1 Qua ccccc of FY 1978 Prior

Year FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978

April -June

1978 July-Sept.

1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 61,600 14,400 26,000 13,500 13,600

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sex Rale 67 61 13 61 69 Female 33 (39) (27) (38) (31) AVLEILLE

and younger (1)

16 -11 (4) (7) (2) (5) (6) 18-19 40 (40) 40 (41) (40)

20 26 (25) (27) (25) :26)

21 29 (28) 31 (28) (28) 22 and older

Minority Statue

White, excluding Hispanic 56 (51) 54 59 62 Black, excluding Hispanic 36 (42) 39 (32) (28) Hispanic (7) (6) (6) (8) (10) Ocher (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Education at Entry

8th gradw or lass (5) (4) (6) (4) (6) 9th -11th grade 31 (25) 35 (26) (35) 12th or equivalent 46 (51) 45 (46) (41) beyond high school 18 (20) (13) (24) (18) School Status at Entry

In school 14 (3) (5) (22) (26) Out of school 86 92 95 78 13

V Statue at Entry

Special Vietnam era (5) (5) (7) (4) (3) Other v ccccc n 8 (8) (8) (6) (1) Nonv ccccc n 87 81 85 90 90 Head of Family Status at

Ent a lid of family

1 person 21 (22) (20) (21) (20) 2 persons or more 17 (14) (18) (14) (20) Not head of family 62 64 62 64 59 Family Sias at Entry

21 (22) (20) (22) 120) 12 13 (14) (13) (11) (13) 3-6 52 (49) 52 56 56 1 or more 14 (15) (lb) (12) (11) Desendencs at Entry

75 71 75 11 75

12-3 4 or more

15 (10)

(1) (11)

(11)

(1) (13)

(10)

(1) il7)

(6)

(1) (14)

(10)

(1) Employment I (s) at Entry

Physical/HeaIch (9) (12) (8) (8) (9) Criminal record (3) (4) (2) (1) (3' Litticed English (1) (1) (1) (2) None of the above 88 84 90 91 88 Ocher barrier(s) (4) (5) (4) (6) (3) (This table is continued on the following page.)

1.G

135 1
Table 20. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics FY 1978

Oct.-Dec.

1977

ECONOMIC BACKCROUND CHARACTERISTICS

3862

71 29

7921

7426

82

IC

78 22

12

(4) (4) 14

(9) 73

(9)

91

(10)

(8)

(11)

(10) 16

(9)

(9) 13

14

2921

16 20

(8)

(4)

(2)

(38) 62

74

(26)

78

(22)

74

(26)

82 (18)

79

(21)

(17)

(4) (4)

(18)

(12) 63

(10)

90

(10)

(111

(9) (9) (18)

(8)

(7)

(12)

(16)

(35)

(20)

(21)

(12) (5)

(2) (4)

Primary Wage Earner AL Entry

Yea

No Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level

Yes No At or Below 85Z of the Lower

Living Standard lncome Level

Yes

No At or Below 102 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OM* Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or B4LOW 702 of the Lower Milli Standard Incga-Gvel

Yes

No Family Receiving Public Benefit(s)

at 74!"

AFDC Supplemental Security Income

Other public assistance

Food stamps

Housing assistance

Not receiving benefits

Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During week Before

Entry

es No Annual Family Income Year Prior

to Entr

han $1,000

$1,000-1,999

42,000-2,999

$3,000-3,999

$4,000-5,999

$6,000-7,499

$7,500-9,999

910,000-14,999

$15,000 or more

Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

co Cntr --N5-earnings

$0.01- 999

$1,000-1,999

$2,000-3,999

14,000-5,999

$6,000-7,999

11,000 or more

Quarters of FY 1978

Jan.-March

19 78 April-June

1978 July-Sept.

1978 Prior

Year FY 1977

36

64

7030

79

(21)

74

(26)

83

(17)

78 (22)

(12)

(5)

(6)

(16)

(8) 72

(9) 91

(28)

(24)

(14)

(231

(6)

(3)

(1)

(38) 62

70

(30)

78 (22)

74

(26)

33

(1.7)

79

(21)

(12)

(2) (1) (11)

(8) 77

(12) 88

(13)

(3)

(12)

(12)

(17)

(5)

(10)

(14)

(15)

(25)

(15)

(20)

,23) (11)

(4)

(2)

(40) 60

71. (29)

81. (19)

72

(28)

92

(18)

74

(26)

(10)

(3) (4) (10)

(8) 77

(6) 94

(26)

(23)

(13)

(22) (10)

(6)

11)

*

*

**

(This table is continued on the following page.)

136 Y "1 2
Table 20. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Qum rrrrr of FY 1978 Prior Oct.-Dec. Jan.-Match Apriljune July-Sept. Year Selected Characteristics rt 1978 1977 19 78 1918 19 78 FY 1977 PRE-CITA YEAR EXPERIENCE

Education and School Status

at Entr --iiiiihan 12 years

In school 8th grade or Less (1) (1) 9th-llth grade (2) (1) (2) (6) Out of school

8th grade or less (5) (4) (6) (3) (6) 9th-l1th grade 29 (25) 34 (24) (29) 12 years or sole

In school (11) (8) (4) (19) (21) Out of school 52 63 55 (52) (39) Labor Force Status at

Employed 18 (15) (20) (16) (21) a Employed and in school (1) (1) (2) In school and employed (1) (2) (1) Unemployed 61 65 66 (54) 37 In school or training (10) (13) (5) (17) (10) In armed forces (1) (1) Other out of labor force (9) (7) (8) (9) (12) School or T g_Statua at Selected Pre-CLTA Time Points

In school g at

24 (35) (24) (22) (17) 12 months prior

9 months prior 24 (35) (17) (20) (31) 6 months prior 22 (21) (11) (31) (30) a 3 months prior 18 (15) (11) (27) (22) a 1 month prior 13 (16) (6) (23) (12) Day prior to entry (11) (13) (6) (19) (10) a Not in school g at 12 months prior 76 65 76 78 83 a 9 months prior 76 65 83 80 69 a 6 months prior 78 73 69 69 10 3 months prior 82 85 89 73 78 month prior 87 84 94 77 88 Day prior to entry 89 87 94 81 90 a Labor Force Experience During

Pre -CITA Year

(5) (5) (4) (8) (6) 113:17717)1 employed

(>902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time) 38 (37) 47 (31) (29) Substantially unemployed

(25-492 of time) 24 (26) (25) (24) (21) Predominantly not in labor

force (>502 of time) 24 (24) (13) (32) (34) Combtnaticin of experiences,

not in above four categories (9) (8) (10) (6) (10) Average Percent of Pre-CITA Year

Nov Enrollees Sperm in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 25 21 25 28 25 Employed and in school 3 3 4 2 2 In school and employed s 7 2 8 7 Unemployed 41 39 49 35 34 In school or training 14 18 10 16 17 In armed forces 4 4 4 4 3 Other out of labor forts 8 9 6 7 9 137 LIS
Table 2 . Distribution of enrollees by enrollment period and by

selected characteristics: CETA youth participants

(under age 22) newly enrolled in direct referral during

FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics FY 1978

gasccers of FY 1978

Prior Year FY 1977 Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978

April -June

19M

July -Sept. 1978 Estimated Total New Enrollees 30,400

100

5941

(1) (16) 41

(23)

(20)

-

5431 (12)

(4)

(4) 41

42

(12) 28

72

- (2)

(6) 92

(13)

(12)

75 (13) (12)

60

(14) 80

(13)

(7)

-

(8)

(3)

(4) d6

(9)

(5,800)

(100)

(50)

(50)

(2) (17) (36)

(30)

(15)

- (52)

(32)

(14)

(3)

(3) (46)

(41)

(10) (24)

(74)

-

(3) (7) (90)

(17)

(6) (77) (17)

(10)

(66)

(7) (84)

(10)

(7)

-

(6) (5)

(2) (87)

(6)

8,100

100

(68) (32)

(1) (15)

(43)

(20) (20)

-

(59)

(27)

(10)

(4)

(6) (44)

(41)

(10)

(22)

(78)

.(2) (7) (90)

(16)

(18)

(65) (18)

(12)

(60)

(11)

(78)

(12)

(10)

-

(8)

(1)

(5) (87)

(12)

8,200

100

(57) (43)-

(16)

(43) (19)

(22)

-

(50) (32)

(12)

(6)

(2)

(40)

(40) (18)

(30)

(70)

-(1)

(5)

95

(12)

(10)

(78)

(12)

(12)

(59)

(17)

(80)

(14)

(6)

-

(6)

(2) (5)

(87)

(9)

8,300

100

(58)

(42)

(1) (15)

(41) (24)

(19)

_

(54)

(31)

(12)

(1)

(5) (37) (46)

(12)

(36)

(64)

- (3)

(5) 92

(7) (14)

(79)

(71 (14)

(591

(20) (79)

(16)

(4)

(1)

11u)

(4) (4) (84)

(8)

26,700

100

55 45

(1) (11) 43

(24)

(21)

- 45

40

(13)

(2)

(7) 36 42

(15)

(24) 76

-(5)

(3) 92

(10) (12)

78 (10)

(17)

56 (16)

71 (18)

(91

(3)

(7)

(3)

(3) 98

'91

Percent PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

SexMale Female Age se Entry

15 and younger

16 -17 18-19

20

2122 and older

Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic

Black. excluding Hispanic

Hispanic

Other Education at Entry

Bch grade or lose

9th -llch grade

12th or equivalent

Beyond high school

School Status at Entry

In school Out of school

V e Status at Encl. Specie Vietnam era

Ocher veteran

Nonvereran Head of Family Sratus at

A.1.1Et --Tad of family

1 person 2 persons or more

Not head of family

Family Size at Entry

123-6 7 or more Desendenes sr Entry

2-3 4 or more Employment B (a) at Entry

Physical/Health

Criminal record

Limited English None of the above

Other barrier(s)

(This table is continued on the following page.)

138 lla
Table 21. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Selected Characteristics

Qua f FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1977 FY 1978

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March 19M

April-June

19 78 July-Sept.

1978 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

Primary Wag. Earner at Entry

Yea 26 (30) (34) (22) (20) 46

No 74 (70) (66) (78) (80) 54 Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare /Below

OMB Poverty Level

Yes 59 (52) (67) (37) (58) No 41 (48) (33) (43) (42) At or Below 852 of the Lower Living Standard Ineme Love

Yes 68 (66) (70) (63) (71) No 32 (34) (30) (33) (29) At or Below 702 of the Lower

Living Standard Income 1.'7417

Yes 63 (55) (67) (60) (68)

110 37 (45) (33) (40) (32) Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 852 of the Lower

Living Standard Income Level

Yes 72 (69) ( 7 5 ) (70) (72) * No 28 (31) (25) (30) (28) Receiving Cash Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or At

or Below 702 TiWar

Living Standard Income Level

Yes 68 (61) (75) (63) (70) No 32 (39) (25) (33) (30) Family Receiving Public Benefit(s)

at Entry

AFDC (11) (10) (10) (9) (13) (12) Supplemental Security Income (3) (2) (1) (2) (3) (3) Other public assistance (4) (2) (6) (3) (4) (5) Food stamps (12) (10) (13) (7) (16) (18) Rousing assistance (9) (12) (8) (9) (9) (8) Not receiving benefits 71 (82) (76) (78) (74) 72 Enrollee Receiving Unemployment

Insurance During Qeek ielore

Le LLE Yes (2) (3) (1) (1) (2) No 98 (91) 99 99 98 Annual Family Income Year Prior

(6) (8) (8) (6) (3) (9) to Entr ---U-than $1,000 se $1,000-1,999 (4) (5) (9) (1) (4) (6) $2,000-2,999 (8) (12) (8) (9) (4) (7) $3,000-3,999 (8) (9) (5) (8) (8) (10) $4,000-5,999 (11) (4) (10) (13) (13) (18) $6,000-7,499 (9) (13) (8) (7) (8) (8) $7,500-9,999 (8) (11) (10) (4) (8) (11) $10,000-14,999 (16) (21) (12) (19) (14) (12) $15,000 or more 30 (17) (30) (32) (38) (18) Enrollee Earnings Year Prior

[2111[r

(24) (21) (31) (21) (22) (28) earnings

$0.01- 999 (21) (22) (23) (20) (20) (20) 51,000-1,999 (15) (14) (13) (16) (18) (16) $2,000-3,999 (16) (20) (20) (13) (12) (20) $4,000-5,999 (14) (13) (7) (13) (19) (13) 56,000 -7,999 (7) (7) (4) (11) (7) (21 $8,000 or more (3) (2) (3) (2) (3) (1) (This table is continued on the following page.)

139
Table 21. (Continued)

Enrollment Period

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior Oct.-Dec. Jan.-March April-June July-Sept. Year Selected Characteristics FY 1978 1977 19 78 1978 19 78 FY 1977 PRE-CETA YEAR EXPERIENCE

.itication and School Status at Entry

UM than 12 years

school dth grade or less (1) (2) 9th-llth grade (13) (18) (11) (10) (14) (10) Out of school dth grade or less (4) (3) (4) (2) (5) (6) 9th-llth grade 28 (28) (32) (30) (23) (27) 12 years or more

In school (15) (6) (10) (20) (22) (1Z) Out of school (45) (41) (38) (36) 44 Labor Force Status at

umployed 29 (25) (26) (28) (34) (24) Employed >rd 11 school (1) (2) (1) (1) (1) In school and eaployed (2) (5) (3) (:) (1) (1) Unemployed 43 (39) (41) (42) (48) 51 In school or training (15) (18) (21) (17) (7) (15) In armed forces Other out of labor force (9) (10) (8) (10) (10) (9) School or Training Status at

Selected Pre-CETA Time Points

In school or training at:

12 months prior 33 (48) (43) (33) (11) 32 9 months prior 35 (44) (33) (27) (40) 30 6 months prior 32 (38) (14) (39) (38) 29 3 months prior 29 (17) (29) (37) (30) (23) l month prior 25 (27) (29) (30) (16) (20) Day prior to entry (18) (22) (24) (19) (8) (16) Not in school or training at:

12 months prior 67 (52) (57) (67) (89) 68 9 months prior 65 (56) (67) (73) (60) 70 6 months prior 68 (62) (86) (61) (62) 71 3 months prior 71 (83) (71) (63) (70) 77 month prior 75 (73) (71) (70) (84) 80 Day prior to entry 82 (78) (76) 92 34 Labor Frrce Experience During

Pre-CETA Year -77;a71117111ny employed

(>90X of time) (12) (13) (6) (14) (13) Predominantly unemployed

(>50E of time) (20) (11) (28) (18) (20) (23) Subitantially unemployed

(25-492 of time) (15) (24) (15) (9) (13) k18) Predominantly not in labor

force (>50X of time) 38 (41) (34) (41) (36) 35 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories (16) (12) 117) (17) (18) (14) Average Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New &wallas, Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 31 27 28 34 34 28 Employed and in school 4 6 2 4 4 S In school and employed 10 14 10 11 5 8 Unemployed 25 21 32 21 24 28 In school or training 2C 20 18 19 23 18 In armed forces 1 1 1 3 2 Other out of labor force 10 12 9 10 7 11 140 /52
Table 22. Distribution of enrollees who were in school or training

at selected pre-CETA time points by initial program

assignment and type of school or training: CETA youth

participants (under age 22) newly enrolled during FY 1978

Initial Program Assignment

and I.rpe or 3cnaul or Training

Pre -CETA Ttme Ponta

12 Months 3 Months CETA PROGRAMS SERVING YOUTH (TOTAL)

Istimated Total New Enrollees

in icriodl ur Training Percent ieguldr 3cnool

In scnool or training only

tn school and employed

Culle

l" scnoui or training only

In school And employed

Vostional Righ School

In school or training only

In scnool and employed

3usihess tn scnod dr training only

In scnool ana cmployed

rechnical Institute

.n scnool r training only

In school and employed

Training

:n s,nooi .r training only

In scnool and employed

'Manpower Training Program

In scnool or training only

In scnool and employed

Aner icnuol or Training

1.n school Jr training only

:n scnool and employed

'CNSC:tER TUTH PROGRAMS (TOTAL)

lstimated Total New Snrollees

,n icnool or rraintng

Percent

,or liar Scnoul

)cn)oi )r training only

tn .chu0; :Ina employed

Zulle4e .n scnool 3r training only

ln school Ind enplo.,eo VocationJ1 Senoul In scnool .taining only

:n school ar: employed

:usiness ScnJol

In tcnool or training )nl:,

In school and employed

:ecnnical Institute

:n school or training on:y

In scnool and employed

On-the-Joh Training

In scnool or training only

In school anu employed

.:mover Training ?rogram

in scnool ur training only

In school and employed

Other Scrioul or Training

rn scnool Jr training only

In school and employea

528,400

100

(1)

(2.

(2)

257,600

100

.35

7

3(I)

(1)

(1)

(2)

1,040,900

100

82

6

6

(1)

(1)

(1)

216,900

100

'70

/)

(2)

(2)

(1)

(2) (This table is continued on the following page.)

141 -LD2
Table 22. (Continued)

Initial Program Assignment

and Type of School ar Training

Pre -GETA T ime Pointe

12 Months 3 Months YEDPA PROGRAMS IN ELMS (TOTAL)

Estimated Total New Enrollees

&El ;.hoof or Training

Percent Regular :knout

In school or training only

In s out and employed

College

In school or training only

In scnool and employed

':ocational digh School

In scnool or tratring only

:n school and employed

losiness School

:n school 3r trail ng cnly

:n ;cnoul and employed

Tecnnico. Institute In scnool or training only

:n scnool and employer'

Jr- the -.loo Training In school or training only

In scnool and employed

Manpower Training Program

In school or training only

In school and employed

,Aner Scnooi or Training

:n scnool or training only

In school and employed

YETP iTOTAL;1 Egttmated Total New Encu.lees

in Scnoo: or Training

Percent

iec.d;ar Scnool :n scnocl or training only

:n school and employed

in ,cnoul or training only

In scndol an employed

:ocalLonaL Sign School

In cenool or :raining onl?

T.r. school ano erap:oyed

3wstne$s zcnoul .1 icnoo. or traLnLna

In icnool and employed

Tecnnical Institute

:n icnoo or tra.nLng only

:n school and employed

)n-t.,e-.;do Training

:1 senool or training only

:1 icnool ind employed

lannower Training Proaram

.1 school or training only

In scnuol and employer'

Jther Sen,o1 cr [raining

In scnool or trntn1ng

'r ;chuol and employed

135,500

1.00

123,100

100

ad

7

(1)

(1)

(1)

142,500

100

33

129,700

100

94

S

(2)

ft)

Includes YET? - No Assignment Shown.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

142
Table 22. (Continued)

Initial Program Assignment

and Type of School or Training

Pre-CETA T as Points

12 Months 3 Months YET? - CLASSROOM TRAINING

Estimated Total New Enrollees

in Scnool or Training

Percent de ular School Th-Ft,r training only

In school and employed

Colz

seschool or training only

In school and employed

Vocational Hitch School In school or training only

:n school and employed

5.isiness School :h scnoo. or training only

:n s.hool and employed

Institute :1 sennol or :raining only

:n scnool and employed

)n -tne-Job Trainin in scnool or training only

:n school and employed

Manpower Training Program

In school or training only

In scnool and employed

.)tner School or'Training

In scnool or traintng only

In ichool and employed YETP - ON-THE-JOB TRAINING

:stimateo Total New Inrollees

in School :4 Training

,ercent aege:ar School

In scnooi or training only

in school and employed

college

:n acnool or training only

In schooi and employed

Vocational digh Scnool

in scnool or training only

In scnool and employed

losiness Scnool

In scnooi or training only

In school and employed

Technical Institote

In scnoca or trainulg only

In school and emoloyed

..)n-tie -joo IraLnint in acnooi or training only

In school and employed

Manpower :raining /rogram

:n school or training oni!,

in school and employed

',trier School or Training

:n scnool or training only

In srnool snd employed

15,500

100

BO

(8)

(2)

(2)

(2) (1)

(2,700)

(100)

(73)

(B)

(3) (11)

(3)

(3)

14,100 100

74

(9)

(4)

(2)

(4)

(1)

(3)

(2)

(1)

(3,400)

(100)

(72)

(6)

(9)

(6)

(2)

(2)

(This table is continued on the following page.)

143

154
Table 22. (Continued)

Pre -CETA T ms Points Init:al Program Assignment

and Type of School or Training 12 Months 3 Months YETP - WORK EXPERIENCE

94,600

100

89

(6)

(2)

(1)

102,300

100

36

8

(2)

(1)

Intimated Total Rev Enrollees

in ivnool ur training

percent Regular School

in scnool or training only

In scnool anu employed

Cullege

1n senooi or training only

:n scnool and Employed

':.:,c4tienai than Scnool :n scnool or training only

In school and employed

Rosiness iehool

:n icrisol or training only in scnool and enoloved

cinical :nst truce .n scnooi ur training only

:n scnool and Employed

On-tne-.)oo Training

.n scnool ar training only

In scnool and employed

:!annoyer Training ?ro)ram

:n scnool or triining only (1) 1n scnool and Employed

utner SCAOul ur Training

In school or training only (1.) (1)

:n scnool and Employed

it hate: Total Ntw Enrollees

:n acnuol ur Training 12.400 12,300

't 100 100 col or training only 85 75 :n Eenuol And employee (6) 7) :1 Renol or training snly (2) (5) In scnool and Employed (1) :,cationai ii4n :.hoot .A whoa! or onls (1) (2) :1 Ec,00l one ErployEa

ooilnosi .1 scnool or training only

:n scioul and employed

:E.-initial Institute .n Et.!sui or training, only (1.) (1) :n schoul and tmployea

on-the r:Liz Training

in school or training only

Ir senool no Emplcrieo

Manzuwer training ?ronram

.n scnool or training arils,

in sena°. and amployrd

irhEr Scnoul or Training

(1) (3)

In schuui or training only (4) (5) In scnool and employed

(This table is continued on the following page.[

144 1E,5-
Table 22. (Continued)

Initial Program Assignment

and Type of school or Training

YOUTH WORK EXPERIENCE

F.stimated Total New Enrollees in School or Training

Percent Aeoular School n scnoo ar training only

In school and employed

drool of training only

In school and employed

Vocational High School

In school or training only

In school and employed

Sostness School

:n scnuo or training only

:n scnool And employed

Technical Institute

:n scnoo ur training only

:n scnool and employed

en-tne-Joo Training

in school or training only

:n school and employed

Manpower Training Program

ln schooi or training only

:n scnool and employed

Aaer School or Training

In school or training only

In school and tmployed

iLstMER 1011H PROdRAMS Estimatia Total New 1nrollees

in icnool or Training

Percent

Scnool

.n scnoo or training only

In school and employed

College

scnool or training only

ln scnool and emoloyed

.:ational Riga School

In scnool or training only

In school and employed

business School In school or training only

In school and employed

Tecnnical Institute

.n scnoo or training only

In scnool end employed

On-the-Job Training

In school or treining only

In school and employed

Manpower Training Program

In school or training only

:n school and employed

Otner School or Training

In school or training only

In school and employed

Pre -CETA Time Points 12 Months 3 Months

122,100

10082

8

(3)

(1) (1)

(2)

(2)

177,100

100

(1)

74,400

100

(4)

760,600

10086

5

5 (1)

(1) (This table is continued on thelVdowing np,10.1

145
Table 22. (Continued)

Pre-CITA Time Points

Initial Program Assignment

and Type of a.nool or Training 12 Months 3 Months

OTHER CETA PROGRAMS (TOTAL)

93,700

100

5210

19

63,400

100

38

(5) 25

Estimated Total Mew Enroilees

in School or Training

Percent ular

%inddr,der training only

In scnool and employed

1.4211181 --171-Witool or training only

In scnool and employed (6) (8) 'locational High School

(2) (2) ln school or training only

:n school and employed

di.slaess School

(1) (1)

(1)

(2) :1 sc0001 or training only

:n scnool and employed

Tecnnical Institute In school or training only (3) (6)

In scnool and employed (1) (2)

On-tne-Job training

(1) (1) :n scnool or training only

In scnool and employed

Manpower :raining ProAram

:n school or training only (1) (5)

In school and employed

tner School or Training

In scnool or training only (3) (5)

In scnool and employed CLASSROOM :RAINING Estimated Total New Enrolees

in Scnooi or rrilnlrld 31,200 17,600

?errant 100 100

:.cool .3 scnoci ar training only 46 senvoi and employed (4)

ii3t301 or training only (11) (16) :n scnooi and employed (4) (7) /oeational Hith School

(2) (3) :n scnool ur training only

In school and employed (1) &Joints, School

(1) (1) in scnao or training only

:a scnool and employed

TecnnLcal Institute :n scnool or training only (3) (7) .n scnool ano employed on-the-lob Trainin;

(3) In scnool or training only (1) (1)

:n school and employed

Manpower Training Proeram

(1) (3) in school or training only

:r scnool and employed (1)

Otaer Scnool or Training

(3) (8) :n scnool or training only

:n school ano employe° (1)

Includes No Assignment Shown.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

146 1 J
Table 22. (Contirmed)

Pre-CITA Ties Points

Initial Program Assignment

and type of School or Training 12 Nonth 3 !loathe ON-THE-JOB TRAINING

12.600

100

(53)

(16)

(16)

(5)

(1)

(1)

(4)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(2)

34,700

6,800

100

(40)

(8) (18)

(9) (2)

(3)

(3)

(9) (2)

(2)

(5)

25.000

Estimated Total Nov Enrollees

in School or Training

Percent

L'ULIJY:j1:1122i Wrricioor training only

In scnool and employed

--TiTiThool or training only

In scnool and employed

':ocational High Scnool

In icnio. or training only

In school and employed Business School

.n scn:o or training only

In school ana employed

tec.Inical Institute .1 scnoo or training only

:n school and employed

)n-tne-loo Traininf

:n school or training only

In school and employed

Manoower Training Program

In scnool or training only

In scnool and employed

:Aber Scnool or Training

in school or training only

In scnool and employed

PUBLIC SERVICE EMPLOYMENT (TOTAL)1

Estimated total New Enrollees

in Scnool or training

i'ercePt 100 100

7. iLar Scnool schoo or training only 39 (25) schooi and employed (9) (5) :n school or training only 30 37 In scnool and employed (7) (9) Vocational High School

In school or training only (4) (3) In scnool and employed

iusiness Scnool In scnool or training only (2) (2) In school and employed (1) Technical Institute

In schoo or training only (3) (5) In school and employed (1) (1) On -tae -Job training

In school or training only (1) (2) In school and emplryed

Manpower Training Program

6 school or training mily (1) (6) In school and employed

Otner Scnool or training

In schbol or training only

to school and employed

(3) (5)

1 Includes PSE Unknown. (This table is continued on the following page.)

147 153
Table 22. (Continued)

:nitial Program Assignment

and type of Scnool or Training PSE iUSTAINMENT

Estimates Total New Enrollees

in School or Training

Percent Iegular School

:n scnool or training only

:n school and employed

Tolle e ---5717nool or training only

In scnool and employed

Vocational Rip School

In school or training only

In scnool and employed

_usinesa School

in scnou or training only

:n school and employed

-,cnnical Institute

.n acnoo or training only

In scnool snd employed

On-the-Job Training

:n scnool or training only

In scnool and employed

:,anpower Training ?rugram

:n scnool or training only

In scnool and employed

atner School ar :raining

.n acnoo or :raining only

:n.scuoul and employed

.:aNSUSTAil4M4MT Atimateu Total clew Enrollees

.n iehool or Training

Percent cvalar scnool

in sot or training only

In senoll and employed

ilege

:n scnucl or training only

in scnool ana employed

aiigr School

in scnool or training only

In scnool and emuluyed

3,aaness Scnoui

.1 irnuJ Jr training unit'

in school and employed Technical Institute

in scnool ar training anl/

In scnool and employed On7tne-Job trainin4

In scnool or training only

in school and employed

!lamp=2LT,'aining Program

:n scaoui ur training .)nly

In school and employed

Jtner School or Training

:n school or training only

:n scnool ana employed

10.

(36)

(10) (28)

(8)

(5)

(2)

(1)

(4)

(1)

(2)

(2)

16,600

100

(40)

(3) (33)

(7)

(3)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(4)

nr.,

3 Zo7.-ls

13,000

100

(25)

(7) (38)

(7)

(3)

(3)

(7) (1)

(1)

(5)

(3)

(1)

11,800

i)0

(25)

(1) (26)

(12)

(2)

(I)

(3)

(1)

(3)

(8)

i7) (This table is continued on the following pao0.1

148 lz-)3
Table 22. (Continued)

Initial Program Assignment

and Type of School or Training

Pre -CETA rims Points 12 Months 3 Mancha. DIRECT REFERRAL Estimated Total Mew Enrollees

in School ur Training

Percent An ular School

In senile ur training only

In school and employed

.9211111 --1-6-Whool or training only

In scnool and employed

iocational High School

in school or training only

In scnool and employed

3uSinesl School

.n scnooi ar training only

In school and employed

7rchni,al Institute

In school or training only

In school and employed

On-the-Job Training

In scnool or training only

In school and employed

Manpower Training ProArsm

fa school or training only

In scnool and employed

:that School or Training.

In school or training only

:n scnool and employed

9,900

1.00 (60)

(17)

(5)

(2)

8,800

100

(59)

(6) (23)

(7)

149 16
Table 23. Median pre-CETA year earnings of enrollees by enrollment

period and by initial program assignment: CETA youth

participants (under age 22) newly enrolled during FY 1978

and FY 1977

Initial Program Assignment

CETA Programa Serving Youth (total)

Nonsummer Youth Programs (total)

YEDPA (total)

YETP (total)1

YETP - Classroom Training

YETP - On-the-Job Training

YETP - Work Experience

YCCIP Youth Work Experience

Summer Yuuth Programs

Other CETA Programs (total)2

Classroom Training

On-the-Job Training

Public Service Employment (tutal)3

PSE Sustainment

PSE Nunaustainment

Direct Referral

1 Includes YET? - No Assign.ent Shown.

2 Includes No Assignment Shown.

Includes PSE Unknown.

Enrollsent Period quarters of FY 1978

Prior Oct.-Wc. Jan.-March April-June July-S. pt. Year WY 1978 1977 1978 19 78 1978 FY 1977.

190 $ 730 S30 280 $ 130 370 490 264 410 330 350 240 190 280 330

200 120 250 300

180 21".0 181' 80 880 1,480 470 1,160

180 100 270 290

550 710 410 480

480 490 420 6'0 340 350

120

1,320 1.340 1,220 1,460 1,300 940

1,030 1,170 1,010 850 1,080 900 2,520 2,270 2,830 2,660 2,140 1,604 1.280 1,340 1,120 1,570 1,040

1,530 1,750 1,370 1,650 1,070 1,010

1,020 760 900 1,530 1,030

1,340 1,450 840 1,580 1,480 1,120

1"I

150
Table 24. Median pre-CETA year family income of enrollees by

enrollment period and by initial program assignment:

CETA youth participants (under age 22) newly enrolled

during FY 1978 and FY 1977

Enrollment Period

Initial Program Assignment

Quarters of FY 1978

Prior

Year FY 1918 FY 1977

Oct.-Dec.

1977 Jan.-March

1978 April-June1978 July-Sept.

1978 CETA Programs Serving Youth (total) $6,180 $5,980 $5,900 $6,120 $6,330 $5,640

Nunsummer Youth Programs (total) 5,980 5,880 5,830 5,910 6,500 5.620

YEDPA (total) 6,260 5,910 6,420 6,500

YETP (total)) 6,180 5,920 6,350 6,550

YET? - Classroom Training 5,800 5,620 6,060 5,840

YETP - On-the-Job Training 7,740 6,700 7,360 9,520

YETP - Work Experience 6,140 5,500 7,660 6,450

YCCIP 6,300 5,860 6,970 6,220

Youth Work Experience 5,760 5.880 5,580 5,240 6,510 5.620

Summer Youth Programs 6,260 6,220 6,280 5.660

Other CETA Program* (total)2 6,240 6,140 6,040 6,190 6,730 5,600

Classroom Training 6,000 6,020 6,020 5.580 6,400 5,280

On-the-Job Training 7,250 6,920 6,230 8,550 8,860 6,660

Public Service Employment (total)3 5,800 5.680 5,960 5,520 6,035

Ib Sustuiument 6,570 6,240 6,090 5,810 7.540 6,140

PSE Nonitustainmeat 1,360 5,190 5.500 5,210 5,470 Direct Reterral 8,870 7,390 7,870 10,300 10,520 5,960

Include' YETP - No Assignment Shown.

IncluJes Nu Assignnieni Shown.

I n. W.I.. PS IlnYnrlrn.

151 1 tit
Table 25. Distribution of enrollees by Sex and minority status

and by major IPA aggregate and selected characteristics:

CETA youth participants (under age 22) newly enrolled

during FY 1978

Sex and Minority Status

Male Female Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics

White, ex.

Hispanic

Black, ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Other

White, ex.

Hispanic

Black, ex. Hispanic Hispanic Other CETA PROGRAMS SERVING YOUTH (TOTAL)

Estimated Total New Enrollees 364.600 320,700 88,900 32,000 1 282,000 354,500 87,300 37,300

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Age at Entry

25 25 30 (24) 22 25 33 (27) 15 and younger

16-17 32 37 36 (38) 34 38 24 (39) 18-19 25 24 22 (25) 28 23 31 (21) 20 9 7 (6) (6) 8 8 (7) (8) 21 8 6 (6) (7) 8 5 (5) (6) 22 and older

(1) (1) Education and School

Status at Imtry

-ass than 12 years

In school 8th grade or less 16 15 17 (14) 8 7 (17) (8) 9th-110 grade 36 49 45 (46) 41 54 41 53 Out of school 8th grade or less 5 (1) (4) (5) (3) (1) (5) (3) 9te-Ilth grade 17 12 (15) (9) 11 8 (10) (7) 12 years or more

In school 8 12 (7) (15) 15 16 (17) (19) Out of school 18 10 (12) (12) 22 14 (10) (10) Head of Family Status at

Entry --AW7d of family

I person 12 5 (4) 11 (4) (4) (6) 2 persons or more

9 6 (7) ,13) (10) 9 7 (6) (6) Not head of family 79 88 88 77 80 88 91 38 Primary Wage Earner at Entry

20 12 (14). (19) 19 12 (10) (12) No 80 88 86 81 81 88 90 Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

Yes 67 85 79 87 72 84 84 79 No 33 15 21 (13) 28 16 (16) i21) At or Below 852 of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level Yas 79 87 90 92 80 92 95 43 No 21 13 (10) (8) 20 8 (5) (.7) At or Below 702 of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level Yes 72 E3 85 91 74 87 92 i2 No 28 17 (15) (9) 26 13 (8) (18) Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

and/or at or Below 852

of the Lower Living

Standard Income Level Yes 82 91 92 94 84 94 96 83 No 18 9 (8) (6) 16 6 (4) (17) Receiving_ Cash Welfare/

Below 010 Poverty Level

and/or at or Below 702

of the Lower Living

Standard Income Level Yes 77 89 96 93 80 90 92 32 No 23 11 (14) (7) 20 10 (8) (18) (This table is continued on the following page.)

152
Table 25. (Continued)

Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics

Sex and Minority Status

Male Female White, ex.

Hispanic

Black, ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Other

White, ex.

Hispanic

Black, ex.

Hispanic Hispanic °that

CETA PROGRAMS SERVING YOUTH (TOTALL

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year VeMs77lantly employed

(>90E of time) 5 (2) (3) (5) (3) (2) (2) Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time) 13 12 (10) (6) 10 12 (8) (h Substantially unemployed

(25-492 of time) 12 10 (6) (6) 11 8 (7) (5. Predominantly not in labor

force (>50T of time) 63 72 71 72 67 74 79 87 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories 8 (3) (9) (11) 9 (4) (4) (1) Average Percent of Pre -CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed- 20 12 16 21 16 10 12 9 Employed and in school 2 1 2 1 2 7 2 In school and employed 13 11 10 14 15 8 10 13 Unemployed 17 18 15 12 15 17 12 9 In school or training 37 51 48 44 29 54 52 37 In armed forces 2 1 1 1. Other out of labor force 9 6 8 13 9 12 12 (This table is continued on the following page.)

153 -1
Table 25. (Continued)

Sex and Minority Status

Male Female Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics

White. ex.

Hispanic Black. ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Other White. ex.

Hispanic

Black, ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Other

RONSUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS Estimated unit New Enrollees 101,700 77,000 22,300 (6,300) 90,700 72,700 21,400 7.900

Percent 100 1,00 100 (100) 100 100 100

73-7R-77miager 16 18 (15) (21) 14 (9) (13) (8) 16-17 48 47 51 (47) 46 48 44 (39) 18-19 26 26 (29) (24) 29 30 (29) (33) 20 (6) (6) (2) (5) (6) (8) (11) (17)

21 (3) (2) (3) (2) (5) (5) (3) (2) 22 and older Education and School

Status at Entry

mess than 11 years

In school dth grade or less 13 11 (14) (9) (6) (5) (7) (5) 90-11th grade 41 49 48 (48) 43 47 48 (40) Out of school dth grade or less (7) (3) (4) (3) (3) (1) (2) (3) 9th-llth grade 18 18 (19) (20) 15 13 (10) 12 years or more

In school 8 10 (6) (10) 16 18 (13) (12) Out of school 12 (8) (8) (9) 16 16 (10) (30) Head of Family Status at PILLt

sad of family

11 (4) (5) (10) 13 (2) (4) (8) l person

2 persons or more (6) (5) (10) (8) 9 (9) (10) (7) Not node of family 83 92 85 (82) 78 89 85 (84) Primary .4ase iarner at Entry

1981

1189

(18) 82

(20) (80)

22

78

11, 89

(12) 88

(20)

its (80)

';0 Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below O1 Poverty Level

Yes 71 86 72 (76) 74 86 83 (77) No 29 14 (28) (24) 26 14 (17) (23) At or Below 852 of the

Lover Living Standard

Income Level

Yes 83 88 88 (06) 84 93 93 (83) No 17 12 (12) (14) 16 (7) (7) (17) At or Below 702 of the

lamer Living Standard

Income Level

Yes 75 84 78 (84) 77 89 88 (80) No 25 16 (22) (16) 23 11 (12) (20) Receivins Cash Welfare/

Below OKB_Poverty Level

and/or at or Below 852

of the Lover Living

Standard Income Level

86 94 89 (91) d8 94 95 (841

Yea

No 14 (6) (11) (9) 12 (6) (5) (10

Receiving Cat h Welfare/

Below OMB Poveity Level

and/or at or Below 702

of the :over Living

Standard name Level

79 91 80 (90) 82 92 (82) Yes

No 21 (9) (20) (10) 18 (8) (10) (18), (This table is continued on the following page.)

154

4.:-

vv
Table 25. ;Continued)

Major IPA Aggregate

and Seise:tad Characteristics

Sex and Minority Status

Male Fdgula

White. ex.

Hispanic

Black. ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Ocher

*its. ax.

Hispanic

tiONSUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS Labor Pores 'specie:me During

Pre-CZTA Year 11randy employed

(>90Z of time)

Predominantly ..w.aployed

(>50Z of time)

Suatantially unemployed

(23-49Z of time)

Predominantly not in labor

force (>50Z of time)

Combination of wiper'.

not in above four categories

Average Percent of Pre-CZTA Year

Mew Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed

Employed and in school

Ie school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces . Other out of Labor force

(4) 12

11

64

9

21

220

1732

8

(4) 14

(9) 69

(4)

14

3 141846

5

(4)

(8)

(9) 67

18

3 18

1340

7

(10)

(8) (74)

(9)

(2) 9 10

72

(8)

15

2 22

1434

14

Black. sx. Hispanic Hispanic Ocher

(3) 14 (10) 70

(2)

11

2 20

1841

8

(2)(8)

(8) 74

(8)

15

2 16

1243

11

(1)

(18)

(7)

(71)

(3;

13

1 111649

9 (This table is continued on the following page.)

155
Table 25. (Continued)

Sex and Minority Status

Male Female Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics

White, ex.

Hispanic

Black, ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Other

White. ex. HispanicBlack, ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Other SUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS

Estimated Total New Enrollees 153.700 193,800 47,700 21,200 122,500 232,500 51,200 26,300

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Age at Entry

47 35 49 (29) 40 35 50 (35) 15 and younger

16-17 38 41 (40) (42) 38 41 (20) (43) 18-19 (13) 20 (11) (21) (17) 16 (28) (16) 20 (2) (2) (4) (1) (4) (2) (3)

21 (2) (4) (3) (1) (3) 22 and older (1) (1) (2) Education and School

Status at Entry

Less tnan is years

In school 8th grade or less 29 20 (24) (17) (14) (9) (26) (9) 9th-llth grade 53 60 59 (54) (59) 66 47 (62) Out of school dth grade or less (3) (2) (4) (2) (1) (5) (3) 9th-llth grade (5) (4) (6) (4) (3) (3) (3) 12 years or more

In school (8) 12 (6) (17) (16) 16 (21) (22) Out of school (1) (3) (4) (4) (6) (4) (2) Head of Family Status at

P2la

--ATici of family

1 person (7) (4) (11) (4) (3) (2) (4) 2 persons or more (2) (5) (2) (8) (6) (5) (3) lot head of family 90 91 98 (80) 90 92 98 93 Primary wage Earner at Entry

Yee (7) (8) (4) (12) (8) (8) (4) (7)

10 93 92 96 (88) 92 92 96 93 Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

Yea 75 86 86 (91) 76 83 88 (81) No 25 14 (14) (9) 24 17 (12) (19) At or Below 851 of the

Lover Living Standard

Income Level

Yea 85 88 96 (96) 82 92 98 83 No 15 12 (4) (4) (18) (7) (2) (17) At or Below 70% of the

Lover Living Standard

Income Level

Yes

80 84 93 (96) 76 86 96 83 No 20 16 (7) (4) 24 14 (4) (17) Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

and/or at or Below 852

of the Lover Living

Standard Income Level

89 91 96 (96) 88 95 98 83 The No

(11) (9) (4) (4) (12) (5) (2) (17) Retetvina Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

end/or at or Below 702

of the Lower Liana

Standard Incline Level

Yes 85 89 93 (96) 84 90 96 83 No 15 (11) (7) (4) (16) 10 (4) (17) (This table is continued on the followin" cage.)

156 /VP*/
Table 25. (Continued)

Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics

Sex Ad Minority Status

wallI am. Male Vassals White, ax.

Hispanic

Slack, ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Other

White, as.

Hispanic

Slack, ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Other SUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS

Labor Porte Lap During Pre-CITA Year 117:dirrnnantly employed

(>902 of time) '4) (1) (1) (2) Priabmivantly unemployed

(>SOE of time) (6) (6) (6) (4) (6) (2) Suatant ially unemployed

(25-492 of time) (6) (6) (4) (8) (5) (4) (3) Predominantly not in labor

force ( >502 of time) 88 86 90 (80) 84 84 91 97 Combination of experi

not in above four categories (1) (1) (4) (12) (4) (3)

Average P f Pre-CETA Year Nov Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status C aaaaa cy

Employed 8 8 8 20 9 9 8 6 Employed and in school 1 1 2 In school and employed 13 11 9 13 14 5 8 14 Unemployed 10 12 10 6 9 11 7 4 In school or training 58 62 64 53 56 66 67 64

In armed f a Other out of labor force 10 7 8 11 8 9 11 (This table is continued on the following page.)

157 -1 f'3
Table 25. (Continued)

Sax and Minority Status

Male Female Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristic,

White, ex.

Hispanic

Black, ex. Hispanic Hispanic Other

White, ex.

Hispanic

Black, ex.

Hiapaaic Hispanic Other OTHER CETA PROGRAMS/

Estimated Total New Enrollees 109,200 49,900 18,900 (4,500) 68,800 49,300 14,700 (3,100) Percent 100 100 100 (100) 100 100 100 (100)

---511747ZUnger (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) 16-17 9 (8) (5) (6) (10) (8) (10) (5) 18-19 42 40 44 (45) 46 43 (43) (39) 20 22 27 (24) (18) 20 23 (21) (20)

21 26 25 (26) (29) 23 24 (24) (36) 22 and older

Education and School Status at Entry

Less than 11 years

In school 8th grids or less (11 (1) (2) (3) (2) 9th-llth grade (5) (7) (3) (4) (5) ( 6) (9) (8) Jut of school

dth grade or lees (7) (3) (8) (11) (4) (3) (11) (2) 9tn-Ilth trade 32 16 (36) (17) ltl 22 ( 3 0 ) (33) 12 years or more

In school 9 (11) (11) (12) 14 (15) (11) (11) Out of school :6 42 (40) (53) 59 54 (37) (46) Hrad of Family Status at

'2Eid of family

1 person 19 (13) (14) (26) 19 (10) (11) (20) 2 persons or more 20 (13) (19) (17) 14 20 (18) (20) ::ot herd of family 60 74 67 (57) 66 70 71 (59) Primary .4,144 Earner at Entry

Yee 38 27 (36) (46) 33 32 (29) (29) 62 73 64 (54) 67 68 71 (71) Pre-Enrollment Economic Statue

Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

Yes 54 78 67 (83) 61 84 72 (76) No 46 22 ( 3 3) (20) 39 (16) (28) (24) At or Below 85% of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level Yes 65 85 71 (82) 70 88 87 (37) no 35 (15) (21) (19) 30 (12) (13) (1.3) At or Below 70% of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level

Yee 59 80 72 (81) 65 85 80 (81) No 41 20 (28) (29) 35 (15) (20) (19) Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

and/or at or Below BS%

of the Lower Living

Standard /wee Level

Yee 68 87 83 (88) 74 91 88 (87) No 32 (13) (17) (12) 26 (9) (12) (13)

Receiving Cash Welfare/

BelOW 07114 Poverty Lew, and/or at or Salow 702 SLIbij.ovir

Sta ndard Income Level

63 84 77 (85) 69 89 83 (81) Yes

No 37 16 (23) (14) 31 (111 (17) (19)

lIneludeslloAssipMentlIttown. (This table is continued on the following page.)

158 d':j
Table 25. (Continued)

Sax amd Kiaerity Statue

Male female Major IPA Aggregate

end Selected Characteristics

White, ex.

Hispanic

Black, ex.

Hispanic Hispanic Other

(bite, ax.

Hispanic

Slack, ex.

liepaoic Hispanic Other OTHER CETA PROGRAMS Labor force Experience Want

Pre -CETA Year

-.11MT-.--staantly employed

(>902 of time) 12 (6) (11) (15) (7) (5) (4) (4) PrilOminamtly unemployed

(>502 of time) 23 34 (22). (31) 22 36 (25) (27) Sub Lally unemployed

(25-492 of time) 20 23 (19) (15) 20 (14) OV (18) Predominantly not in labor

force (>502 of time) 26 28 (30) (30) 34 36 (40) (43) Combination of (marl

not in above tour categories 18 (9) (18) (a) 18 !9) (10) (I) Averaje Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

38 24 33 (30) 79 18 21 (26) Employed

Employed and in school 4 3 5 (1) 5 3 2 (1) In school and employed

Unemployed

6

28

5

38 429 (10)

(35) 9

27

7 39 6

27

(5) (31) In school or training 12 21 21 (14) I5 21 20 (15) Ln armed forces 5 4 3 (4) Other out of labor force 7 5 6 (6) 15 13 23 (22)

1 70

159
Table 26. Distribution of enrollees by education and school status

at entry and by major IPA aggregate and selected characteristics: CETA youth participants (under age 22) newly

enrolled during FY 1978

Education and School Status at Entry

Major IPA Aggregate

sod Selected Characterietice

CETA PROGRAMS SERVING YOUTH (TOTAL)

Slum/cod Total New Enrollees

Percent

Sex

--1741e Female 4."52172"7. and younger

16-17

Id20

2122 and older HLTirev, =ding Hispanic

Slaca, excluding Hispanic

Hispanic

Other Head of F.mily Status at laILI

a of family

1 ?erson 2 persons ar more

Not head of family

Primary Wage Earner

iilaa

-Y-14 Pcs-Enrollmert Economic Statue

RecestrInn Cash Welfare/ Below OMB Poverr Level

Yes

Ho At or Below 852 of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level

Yes

No At or Below 702 of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level

Yes

No Raco1vinA_CAsh Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

and /or at or Below 85Z of the Lower Lttin

Standard income Level

Yes

No Rowdyism Cauh Welfare/

Solos OMB Pov.rtY Laval

and/or 41; of Falai, 702 of the Lower uiving

Stander4 Income Level

Yes

No

Les. ;nen 12 Years 12 Years or More

In School Out of School In School Ooc of School

894.900 233,300 201,800 237.200

100 100 100 100

52 6: 39 48

48 61 52 43 (4) 49

a 2642

19

58

(4) 45

It 12 26

!2 10 24

(1) (1) (1) 36 St 36 54 47 32 47

12 13 11 8

5 (6) (3)

13 to 17 8 16 95 82 68

S 33 le 32 95 67 82 68

82 72 63

18 :9 28 37

90 97 9l 73 10 13 19 27

85 82 76 65

15 18 24 )5

91 90 85 76

10 15 24

89 66 80 70

11 20 10 (This table is continued on the following page.)

160 l 4r6 4.
Table 26. (Continued)

Education and School Status at Entry

Wor IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characterimtics

Less Than 12 Years 12 Year or More

In School Out of School In School Out of ncnool CETA PROGRAMS SERVING YOUTNAIOTALI

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year iIre MIMrtly employed

( >902 of time) 7 (2) 8 Prelominancly unemployed

(>502 of time) 36 (4) 28 Sub7tantially unemployed

(25 -492 of time) 4 19 8 20 Predominantly not in labor

force ( >502 of time) 92 27 80 28 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categorims 2 11 (6) 16 Average Percent of Pre -CETA Year

!kV Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 7 28 12 30 Employed and in school 1 1 3 4 In school and employed 13 3 22 6 Unemployed 7 38 9 32 In school or training 63 13 48 15 In armed forces 1 3 Ocher out of labor force S IS S 10

(This table is continued on the following page.)

161 172
Table 26. (Continued)

Education and School Status at Entry

Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics

NONSUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS

Istiaated Total New Enrollees

Percent

Sex male

Female

1, ar nd younger 16-17

18-19

20

2122 and alder

iinorliv Status ate, exc uding Hispanic

Black, excluding Hispanic

Hispanic

tither Head of Family Status at

Entry Head of family

1 person

2 persons or more

Not head of family

Primary Wage Earner --7wi---

Pre - Enrollment Economic Statue Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

Yes

No At or Below 852 of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level

Yes No At or Below 702 of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

and/or at or Below 852

of the Lower Living

Standard Income Level

Yes

No lace/vine Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

and/or at or Below 702

of the Lower Willi&

Standard Income Level

Yes

No

Less Than L2 Years 12 Years or More

In School Out of School In School Out of Scnool

216,700

100 82,500

100 48,800

100 52,000

100

55 60 36 40

45 40 64 60

26 (2)

62 44 28 (6) 11 3b 50 53

(1) 11 (6) 27

(5) (6) (In

(1) (1) 46 52 45 52 39 33 43 35

12 12 (9) (8) (3) (5) (3) (6)

4 13 (12) on

( 2 ) 15 (6) '94 72 81 72

8 30 19 27

92 70 81 73

91 83 76 60

19 17 24 40

99 90 36 74

11 LO (14) 26

83 86 81 62

17 14 19 38

93 92 88 77

7 (8) (12) 23

89 89 85 66

11. 11 (15) 34 (This table is continued on the following page.)

162 17/J
Table 26. (Continued)

Major IPA Aggregate

eld Selected Characteristics

Education and School Status at Entry

Less Than 12 Years

In School Out of School

12 , : Mace

In School Out of School NONSUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year --Fre=si=tly employed

(>902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time)

Substantially unemployed

(25-492 of time)

Predominantly not in labor

force ( >502 of time)

Combination of exp ee i ee ces,

not in above four categories

Average Percent of Prs -CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Statue Category

Employed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed force' Other out of labor force

9

2 25

7 SO

7

(6) 33

l6 33

l2

26

23 35

17

1 l6

:l3

3 27

8 44

5

(8) 3l

1729

15

27

4

834

17

19 (This table is continued on the following page.)

163 174
Table 26. (Continued)

Education and School Status at Scary

Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics iummu YOUTH PROGRAMS

Estimated Total Hew Enrollees

Percent

iexMale

Female AAJaLr_t

and younger

15-17

18-L4

20

2122 and ilder %:norttv Status

.nite, exciuding Hispanic

Black, exciuding Hispanic

Hispanic

Other Mead of Fami,y Status at

Entry 77;c1 of family

1 person 2 persons or more

Mot head of family Pruner, Jae Earner

AC Entry

:es

la Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below O1 Poverty Level

Yes

No At or Below 852 of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level

Yes No At or Below 702 of the

Lower Living_ Standard Income Level

Yes

No Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below omg Poverty Laval

and/or at or Below 852

of the Lower Living

Standard Income Level

Yea

No Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

and/or at or Below 702

of the Lower Living

Standard Income Level

Yes

No

Less Than L2 Years L2 Years or More

In School Out of School In School Out of Scrloo/

658,600 45,200 115,900 29,100

100 100 100 100

52 57 37 (35) 48 (43) 63 (65) 49 (18) (1) 44 (27) 18 (12)

6 (43) 60 (56)

(2) (13) (20)

(6) (8) (6) (4) (1) (6)

33 (41) 27 (33) 50 (37) 53 (55)

12 (14) (12) (9)

5 (8) (8) i3)

(2) (10) (7) (18)

(2) (20) (8) (3) 95 70 85 79

4 (27) (14) (29) 96 73 86 71

83 87 74 82

17 (13) 26 (18)

90 92 82 81

10 (8) 18 (19)

86 86 76 72 (14) 24 (28)

93 94 87 87

7 (6) (13) (13)

90 92 82 10 (8) 18 (16)

(This tab:le is continued on the following page.)

164 1 75
Table 26. (Continued)

Education and School Status at Lucy

all Than 12 Years 12 Years or Hoeg

Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics In School Ouc of School In School Ouc of School SUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS

(2)

492

(4) (41)

(19)

(33)

(2)

(4)

(7) 84

(3) (25)

(14) (46)

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year Treo=Iinantly employed

(>902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time)

Suatantially unemployed

(25-492 of rime)

Predominantly not in labor

force (>502 of time)

Combination of experiences,

not in above tour categories (2) (4) (3) (13) Aver vie Percent of Pre-CETA Year ley snrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 5 22 11 24 Employed and in school 1 2 In school and employed 9 3 20 7 Unemployed 7 42 9 25 In school or training 68 13 52 28 In armed forces 3 Other out of labor force 8 19 6 13 (This table is continued on the following page.)

16517G
Table 26. (Continued)

Education and School Until, at Entry

Less Than 12 Years 12 Years. or More Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics In School Out of School In School Out of School

OTHER CETA PROGRAMS 1 Estimated total New Enrollees 19.600 105,600 37,100 156,100

Percent 1.00 100 100 1.00 SexMale 57 67 50 52 Female 43 33 50 48 Are at Entry

,) and younger (10)

1, -17 48 12 (7) (2) ld-19 (31) 47 50 40

20 (5) 20 21 27

21 (6) 21 22 31 Z2 and older

linoritY status 4nLte, excluding Hispanic 49 54 53 59 Slack, excluding Hispanic (35) 30 34 31 ALspanic (13) 14 (10) S Other iced of Family Status at

(3)

(6)

(2)

15

(2)

(17)

(2)

18 intro of family

i person 2 persons or more (5) 23 (9) 17 gut head of :amity 89 62 73 65 ELL22=211!larler

stTntry

Ye s (1.1.) 38 27 35 89 62 73 65 Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty Level

Yes 65 76 62 61 No (35) 24 38 39 At or Below 852 of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Leval

Yes 77 83 69 71 No (2;) 17 31 29 At or Below 702 of the

Lower Living Standard

Income Level

Yes 71 78 b6 65 No (29) 22 34 35 Receiving Cash welfare/ kelowevel

or of the Lower Living

Standard Income Level

Yes 78 86 73 74 No (22) 14 27 26 Receiving Cash Welfare/

Below OMB Poverty_Level

andfor at or Below 702

of the Lover Living

Standard Income Level

Yes 74 82 70 69 No (26) 18 30 31 1 includes No Assignment Shorn. '1 1

I s (This table is continued on the following page.)

166
Table 26. (Continued)

Major IPA Aggregate

and

Selected Characteristics

Education and School Status at Sultry Less Than L2 Years

In School Out of School

L2 Year. or More

OTHER CETA PROGRAMS

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year --Fredoi;17LIMy employed

(>902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

( >502 of time) Subitancially unemployed

(25-492 of tine)

Predominantly not in labor

force 05(6 of time)

Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories

Average Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed

Empl ved and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces Other out of labor force

15

4 18

10

44

9

9 36

2121

14

33

21 40

9

2 13

In School Out of School

(5)

(7) 27

(8) 22 69 24

(12) 17

15 32

7 4

21 5 11 33

39 13

1 3

5 10

173

167
Table 27. Distribution of enrollees by pre-enrollment economic

status and by major IPA aggregate and selected characteristics: CETA youth participants (under age 22)

newly enrolled during FY 1978

Prx-Enrollment Uonomic Status

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Level At or Below

85% of

1 the LLSIL At or Below

702 of the

LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Level and /or st or Below 852

of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty Level and/or at

or Below 70%

of the LLSIL Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics Yes No Its Nc Yes Nu Yes No Yes Vo CETA PROGRAMS SERVING YOUTHATOTAL)

Estimated Total Neu Enrollees 1,220,200 347,000 1,340,800 226,400 1,26G,106 306,800 1.387,800 179,400 1.32f.40% 2380100

Percent 100 100 100 10C 100 100 100 10C IV 100

Sex -761.1 51 55, 50 57 50 56 50 se 51' 56 Female w at Entry

49

26

45

16

50

27

43

12

50

28

44

14

50

27

42

10

50 44

2E 11 ana younger

16-17 36 32 35 32 35 32 35 31 35 33 lb-19 22 33 24 34 23 33 24 36 34

7 11 7 12 7 12 7 13 13 21 6 6 10 6 9 6 10 10 22 and older Minority Status

Th"lit777n=cving Hispanic 36 56 36 60 37 57 38 62 3E 58 Black, excluding Hispanic 47 31 45 31 46 33 45 4f 30 Hispanic 12 10 12 (6) 12 7 12 (6) 12 a Other (4) 4 (4) 5 (3) 4 (5) 5 (4) Education and School Status at Entry u-Trt an 12 years

In school 8th grads or less

9th -11th grade

15 45S 40

14 46

(4) 38

14 465 39

14 46(3) 35

14 46(4)

37 Out of school

8th grads or less 3 (2) 3 (2) 3 (3) 3 (2) 3 (2) 9th -11th grads 12 11 12 11 12 11 12 11 12 11 12 years or more

In school 12 16 12 17 12 16 12 17 12 16 Out of school 12 25 13 28 12 27 13 31 12 29 Head of Family Status at

Entry

9 5 7 8 6 8 (B) ,6) --Fad of family

1 person

2 persons or wort 8 6 8 (5) e 6 8 (5) (6) Not bead of family 82 89 84 88 84 88 84 87 97 Pamily Sise at bier

9 5 8 8 8 7 8 (e) 7

2 8 10 8 12 8 11 8 13 12 1-6 54 68 56 '0 55 69 Sb 69 55 71 or more 28 17 28 29 13 28 10 26 11 Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Vas 18 10 16 11 16 11 16 11 16 11 No 82 90 84 89 84 B9 84 89 84 f 89 WAIL is an abbreviation for lower living standard alums level.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

168 17a
Table 27. (Continued)

sjor IPA Aggregate

and elected Characteristics

Pre - Enrollment Economic Status

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below At or Below

OMB Poverty 852 of

1 the Level LLSIL

At or Below

702 of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash Welfare/Below

OHS Poverty

Level and/or at

or Below 852 of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Walfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Level and/or at

or Below 702 of the LLSIL

Yes No 1 Yes No ETA PROGRAMS SERVING YOUTH (TOTAL)

Labor Force Experience During.

Pre -CETA Year --1774717171;rly employed

(>902 of time)

Predominantly unemployed

(>501 of time)

SuSitantially unemployed

(25-492 of time)

Predominantly not in labor

force (>501 of time)

Combination of @spiel

not in above four categories Aver2e Percent of Pre-CITA Year

Nev Enrollees Spent to Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed

Employed and in school

In school and employed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed f Other out of labor force

2

9 72

5

13

1

12

17 17

10

610 1164

9

19

212

16 41

1

212972

6

14

11216 47

19

79

1263

9

20

310

15 42

19

Yes No Yes No

212

9 72

5

13

1

121647

19

610

12 62

9

20

3 1016

42

1

9

2

129

72

5

141

1216 47

1

9

(6) IC

12 60

10

22

4101539

1B

Yes No

2 7 12 10

9 12 72 60

5 10

13 21

1 3 12 10

16 16

47 40

1 1 9 a (This table is continued on the following page.)

180

169
Table 27. (Continued)

Pre-Enrciimtnt Economic. Status

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Leval At or Below

852 of

1 the LLSIL At or Below

702 of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

0l Poverty

Level and/or at

or Below 852 of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Level and/or at

or Below 702

of thu LLSIL

Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Ho NuhSUMMEN YOUTH PROGRAMS

EICIOWIti, Total New Enrollees 311.800 88.100 346,700 53,200 323,400 76,500 360,700 39,200 341.700 58,200

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Sex

Male 51 55 51 57 51 58 52 55 51 55 Female 49 45 49 43 49 42 48 45 49 44 Age at Entry

15 ano younger 15 11 15 (12) 15 11 15 (7) 15 (8) 16-17 49 42 49 38 49 40 48 38 49 40

16-19 25 35 26 38 26 35 27 41 26 38 20 6 0 7 (8) 6 10 7 (10) 6 (11)

21 (3) 3 (4) 3 (4) 3 (4) 3 (4) 22 and older Minority Status

White, excluding Hispanic 44 60 46 61 45 60 46 64 45 63 Black, excluding Hispanic 4: 25. 39 27 40 27 39 22 40 22

Hispanic 11 11 12 (8) 11 10 11 (9) 11 (11) Other 4 (4) 4 (4) 4 (3) 3 (5) 4 (4) Education and School Status

at Entry --girthan 12 years

lc school 8tn grads or less 10 7 10 (5) 10 (6) 9 (4) 0 (6) 9th-I1th grad. 40 46 41 46 40 46 34 47 36 Out of school 8th grade or less 5 (2) 4 (2) 4 (2) 4 (2) 4 (2) 9th-I1th grade 17 13 17 (14) 18 14 17 (14) 17 14 12 years or more

In school 12 13 12 (13) 12 12 12 (15) 12 (12) Out of school 10 24 11 26 10 26 11 30 10 30 Head of Family Status at

9 (3) 8 (5) 8 (4) 8 (6) 8 (4) kat

--Niid of family

1 person

2 persons or more 8 (6) 8 (5) 8 (6) 8 (6) 8 (7) Not head of family 82 91 84 90 84 89 84 89 84 89 Family Sise at Entry

10 (3) 8 (6) 9 (5) 8 (6) 9 (4)

2 8 11 8 (14) 8 12 8 (16) 8 14 3-6 56 68 57 72 56 71 58 68 57 69 7 or more 26 17 26 (9) 27 12 26 (10) 26 (12) Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes 19 (8) 18 (8) 18 ( 9) 17 (9) 18 (10) No 81 92 82 92 82 91 83 91 82 90 LLSIL is an abbreviation for lower living standard income level.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

170

181
Table 27. (Continued)

Major IPA Ageregate

and Selected Characteristics

Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receipt of

Welfare/8

OHM Pove Lave

Cash

slow

rty At or Be

85% of

1 LLSIL

low

the At or Below702 of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Level and/or at

or Below 852 of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

ONE Poverty

Laval aid /or at or Below 702 of the LLSIL

Yes No Yes No HORSUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year

omminantly employed

(>902 of time)

Pri7bminantly unemployed

( 502 of time)

Substantially unemployed

(25-592 of time)

Predominantly not in labor

force (>502 of time)

Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories

A Percent of Pre-CETA Year New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed

Employed and in school

In school end amp: yed

Unemployed

In school or training

In armed forces

Other out of labor force

3

1210 69

6

15

219

1639

9

(4)

11967

18

18

16 37

8

31210 69

6

15

219

1638

9

17

316

15 40

9

Yes No

1210 69

6

15

220

16 38

9

18

3 16

16

39

9

Yes No 1 Yes No

31210 69

15

2191638

9

(6) 3 (11) 12 (12) 10 65 69

(7) r.

18 15

3 2

17 19 16 16 37 38

9 9

20

3 1516

379 (This table is continued on the following page.)

11) J";, L1

171
Table 27. (Continued)

Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics

Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Selma

ORB Poverty

Level

At or Below

852 of the

LLSIL1 at or Below

of the

LLSIL

Receipt of Cash Receipt of Cash

Welfare /Below Welfare /Below ORB Poverty ORB ?overt,

Level and/or at Leval and/or at

or Below 852 or Below 702 of the LLS'L of the LISIL

Yes Nc Yes No Yes Nc SUMER YOUTH PROGRAMS

Estimated Total New Enrollees

Percent

Female 2.19.5!141LU

ant younger

16-.1? 18-19

2G

2122 and older Minority S

--07174V7i71171;ing Hispani:

Black, excluding Hispanic

Hispanic

Other Education and School atus at Entry

12 years

In school 8th grade or leas

9th-l1th grade

Out of school

8tn grade or less

9th -11th grade

12 years or more

In school Out of school

Head of Family Status at

!Att.* --614 of family

1 parson

2 persons or more

Not head of family

Family Size at Entry

1 5 (3) 5 (5) 5 (3)

2 6 (4) 6 I (8) 6 (8) 3-6 55 70 56 74 56 73 7 or more 33 22 33 i (13' 34 16

696,700

100

50

50

Yes

152,200 754,700 94,200 714,100 134,700

100 1(10 100 100 100

4? 49 52 49 49

51 51 i a8 51 51

42 29 41 1 42 25

38 42 38 38 44

16 23 16 '2 16 23

(2) (4) (2) 00 (2) (4)

(21 (3) (1) ;3, (1) (3)

(1) - (1) (1) (1)

29 44 31 4 1 30 45

52 43 31 44 51 47

13 (9) 1:1 (3) 13 (4:

6 (5) 6 (6) 6 (4)

+00 70,200

100

l ,20) 3b 'A

16 ;23)

(2) 41

(1) ' ' 1) 3151

12

S

21 (7) 20 (6) 20 (8) 19 (5) 57 64 59 63 59 62 59 64

(2) (1) (2) (3) (2) (3) (2) (3)

4 (3) 4 (1) i (2) 4 (1) 13 27 13 (21) 12 20 13 (22)

3 (3) 3 (6' 3 (6) 3 (3)

5 (2) 4 (L) 4 i3) 4 (3) 4 (2) 4 ,7,) 91 95 92 94 91 ::4

Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yee 9 (4) 8 (4) No 91 96 92 96 ;2 95

4 (4)

4 (1) 92 95

4 (5)

6 (7) 57 75

32 (i2)

(3) 92 97

Yes No

751,200

100 97,700

100

49 49

51 51

41 22

38 48

lA 23

(.) (4) (1) (3)

;1) I -

31 43

51 46

(6)

6 (6)

20 (7) 59 63

(2) (2)

4 (2)

13 22

3 (5)

4 (3)

4 (3) 92 94

5 (4)

6 (6) 56 78

33 (12)

(4)

92 96 LLSIL is an abbreviation for lover living staiderd income level.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

172

.) rl
Table 27. (Continued)

NOM.. Pre -Enrollment Economic Statue

War IPA Aggregate

and lelected Characteristics

.11=,

Receipt of Cash

Welfare /Below OMB Poverty

Leval At or Below

852 of

1 the LLSIL

....p,11,

At P.' Below 7L" of the

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Leval and/or at or Below 852

of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/1141ov OMB Poverty

Laval and/or at

or Below 702

of the LLSIL

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yee No SUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year

re dominantly employed

(>902 of time) (1) (1) (3) (3) (1) (2) (1) (2) Priaominantly unemployed

(>502 of time) 5 (5) 6 (3) 5 (5) 5 (2) 5 (4) Substantially unemployed

(25-49: of time) S (7) 5 (7) 5 (8) 5 (7) 5 (8) Predominantly not in labor

farce (>502 of time) 8b 84 EIL 85 87 81 86 85 87 82 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categories (2) (3) (2) (3) (2) (3) (2) (4) :.;) (4) Average Percent of Pre-CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 9 9 8 11 8 11 8 11 8 :o Employed and &r school- 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 In school and employed 10 10 10 8 10 8 1G 8 10 8 Unemployed

In school or training

1161

1161

1)61

863 :?

10

6. 10

61

86310

61

1G

62 Zr armed forces - . Other out of labor force 9 7 9 9 9 9 d 9 8 (This table is continued on the t-Nllow!ng page.)

184

173
TaL'e 27. (Continued)

Pre-Enrollment economic Status

Receipt of Cash

Welfare /Below OMB Poverty

Level At or Below

852 of the

LLSIL At or Below

702 of the

LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Level and/or at or Below 852

of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Level and/or at

or Below 702 of the LLSIL Major /PA .aregate

and Selected Characteristics Yes No Yes No 1es Nc Yes No Yes No OTHER a: fhOGNAME 2 Estimated Total Neu Enrollees 211,700 106,700 239,400 79,000 222,800 95,600 248,400 70,000 235,50U 82,900

Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Sex

hale 54 64 55 64 55 63 55 65 55 64 Female 46 36 45 36 45 37 45 35 45 36 114.72ianzi (1) (1) - (1) - (li - (1) -

r 6 8 (8) 8 9 8 (9) e (9) 16-1k 41 46 42 46 42 45 42 46 42 44

2, 22 23 22 24 22 24 22 24 22 24

21 28 22 26 21 26 22 26 21 26 22 22 and oioer

Minority Statu:

White, excluding Hispanic 46 71 49 74 48 71 49 76 49 74 flack, excluding hispanic 39 16 36 17 37 19 36 16 37 17 Hispanic 11 10 12 (8) 12 9 12 (7) 12 (8) Other (3) r2) (3) (2) (3) (2) (3) (1) (3) (2) Education and School Status

at Entry

Less than 12 years

In school 8th grade or less (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 9t6-11th grade 5 (6) S (5) 5 (5) 5 (6) 5 (6) Out of school 8th grade or less 7 (3) 6 (2) 6 (3) 6 (3) 6 (3) 4t6-11th grade 33 20 31 20 1 21 31 19 31 20 12 years or more

In school 10 13 11 14 11 13 11 14 11 13 Out of school 45 46 58 46 57 46 58 46 58 Head of Family Status at

P2=

Head of family

1 person 22 10 18 13 18 13 18 12 18 12 2 persons or more 23 11 21 (9) 21 10 20 (10) 21 10 Not head of family 55 79 62 78 61 77 62 78 61 78 Family Sise at Entry

22 10 18 13 18 13 18 13 18 12

2 16 16 15 16 15 16 15 17 14 17 3-6 47 64 52 64 51 63 52 63 51 64 7 or More 16 9 16 (8) 16 8 16 (7) 16 (8) Primary Wage Earner at Entry

Yes 46 20 39 20 40 22 31 20 40 21

No 54 80 61 80 60 78 61 80 60 79

1 LLSIL is an abbreviation for lower living standard income level.

2 Includes No Assignment Shown.

(This table is continued on the following page.)

174
Table 27. (Continued)

Major IPA Aggregate

and Selected Characteristics

Pre-Enrollment Economic Status

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/Below

OMB Poverty

Level At or Below

852 of

1 the LLSIL At or Below

70% or the LLSIL

Wolin of Cash

Welfare /Below m Poverty

Ley..' at or =aloe 852 of the LLSIL

Receipt of Cash

Welfare/lelov

OMB Poverty

Level and/or at

or Beloit 702 of the LLSIL

Yes No Yes Ye No Yes No Yes No OTHER CETA PROGRAMS

Labor Force Experience During

Pre-CETA Year 1Tacimulantly employed

( >902 of time) 6 13 7 14 6 _ 14 7 14 5 14 Predominantly unemployed

(>502 of time) 32 18 30 17 31 18 30 16 30 17 Suatantrally unemployed

(25 -491 of time) 20 19 20 18 20 16 20 18 20 18 Predominantly not in labor

force ( >502 of time) 30 32 30 33 30 32 31 3: 31 32 Combination of experiences,

not in above four categ 12 18 13 19 13 18 13 19 13 19 Average Percent of Pre -CETA Year

New Enrollees Spent in Each

Labor Force Status Category

Employed 26 35 28 35 27 35 28 36 27 35 Employed and in school 3 S 3 6 3 5 3 6 3 5 In school and employed S 8 6 9 6 8 6 9 6 9 Unemployed 36 24 34 23 34 24 34 23 34 24 In school or training 16 16 16 17 17 16 17 16 17 16 In armed forces 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 Other out of labor force 11 8 11 8 11 8 11 7 11 8

1 G

175