TENNESSEE BUREAU OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION

IN THE COURT OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION CLAIMS

AT NASHVILLE

DENNY WOODARD, ) Docket No. 2018-06-2162

 Employee, )

)

v. ) State File No. 69647-2018

)

FREEMAN EXPOSITIONS, LLC,

 Employer.

)

) Judge Joshua D. Baker

EXPEDITED HEARING ORDER

The Court held an expedited hearing on December 19, 2019, to consider whether 

Mr. Woodard would likely prevail at a final hearing against Freeman Expositions’s 

affirmative defenses of willful misconduct and illegal drug use. For the reasons below, 

the Court finds Mr. Woodard is likely to prevail and grants him medical and temporary 

disability benefits. The Court reserves the request for an attorney’s fee. 

Claim History

Mr. Woodard worked intermittently as a stagehand for Freeman through his union, 

the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (the Union). At center stage in 

this dispute is a top-heavy cart loaded with four-by-eight sheets of Masonite, Freeman’s

admonition to “push, don’t pull” the cart, and a failed drug test. 

On September 11, 2018, Mr. Woodard’s lead, Josh Tafoya, asked him to wheel a 

cart loaded with roughly fifteen sheets of Masonite, which is a material used by stage 

hands to protect flooring during set-up and dismantling. The cart had a rectangular 

bottom, four wheels, and a rail on its right side. Masonite sheets dwarfed the cart in both 

height and width, making the cart unstable. 

Video of the accident showed Mr. Tafoya following closely behind Mr. Woodard 

as he pushed the cart. In the video, Mr. Woodard struggled against the cart’s leftward 

trajectory while Mr. Tafoya walked away to take a phone call. While attempting to avoid 

FILED

Jan 15, 2020

11:12 AM(CT)

TENNESSEE COURT OF

WORKERS' COMPENSATION

CLAIMS
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obstacles by steering the cart to the right, the Masonite fell over on his left ankle and right 

arm. 

Mr. Woodard received some authorized treatment from Dr. Samuel Crosby, 

including surgery. Dr. Crosby diagnosed and treated arm and leg fractures, taking Mr. 

Woodard off work until October 23, 2018. At a follow-up visit on that date, Dr. Crosby 

felt that Mr. Woodard was doing well and transferred him to a short cast. He 

recommended follow-up in four weeks for likely transfer into a walking boot. However, 

Mr. Woodard received no further care. 

Freeman denied Mr. Woodard’s claim in mid-October after a drug test taken at the 

hospital the day of the accident was positive for oxycodone and marijuana. Mr. Woodard 

denied smoking marijuana on the day of the accident but admitted he smoked it at a 

Union picnic days before the test. Concerning oxycodone, Mr. Woodard said he received 

Percocet at the hospital to treat his pain, resulting in the positive test result. He 

acknowledged a history using pain pills for a prior work injury but stated that in recent 

years, due to fears of addiction, he had moved instead to CBD oil for pain treatment. Mr. 

Woodard denied being intoxicated on the date of the accident, and three witnesses,

including Mr. Tafoya, testified in depositions that Mr. Woodard did not seem to be under 

the influence of drugs that day. 

The same witnesses also testified about the cart and about Freeman’s “push, don’t 

pull” rule. Timothy Harris, shop steward for the Union, testified frankly after viewing 

the video, “It was the wrong material on the wrong cart.” When asked if he would agree 

that Mr. Woodard would not have been injured if he had followed the rule, he responded, 

“No, I don’t think that made a difference. The cart was dangerous. It would have turned 

over no matter what he did.” He also expressed “wonder” that Mr. Woodard “got as far 

as he did with [the cart] before it turned over.”

Although Mr. Tafoya thought the cart safe to use, he called it “squirrely” and said 

it can only safely be pushed, not pulled. Mike Clark, operations manager for Freeman, 

testified that Freeman’s “push, don’t pull” rule applies to “everything we have with 

wheels.” However, he acknowledged the Masonite was larger than the cart so moving it 

required gripping the Masonite and not the cart or a cart handle. He also said he 

“normally” pushed carts of Masonite by himself. 

Mr. Tafoya admitted taking a cell phone call just before Mr. Woodard’s accident.1 

He said that when he took the call he “had to be close to that timeframe that I, you know, 

told him to push [the cart] up there for me.” He also said that when he answered the call, 

 

1 Mr. Harris said that taking a cell phone call while working would violate the Union’s “Local 46 Policy.”
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Mr. Woodard said “he got it” in reference to pushing the cart.2 Mr. Woodard denies this. 

Concerning notice and enforcement of the rule, signs in the Freeman warehouse 

read, “SAFETY FIRST, PUSH don’t pull hand trucks.” Mr. Tafoya testified he warned 

others to be careful with the cart that injured Mr. Woodard, instructing them to “push 

don’t pull.” Further, Mr. Harris said he emphasized the rule in his speeches and corrected 

workers every time he saw them pulling rather than pushing a cart. He also testified that 

two people should have been moving the cart that injured Mr. Woodard. Mr. Woodard 

received no formal discipline for his alleged violation of the rule and testified he has still 

not been formally disciplined.

Regarding Mr. Woodard’s earnings at Freeman, the parties filed a wage 

statement. The statement showed that he earned $4,932.12 over the fifty-two weeks just 

before the accident. In that time, Mr. Woodard received pay from Freeman during 

fifteen, nonconsecutive weeks. In those weeks, his wages varied widely from a 

maximum of $656.00 per week to a minimum of $82.00. The wage statement listed his 

average weekly wage as $94.85 per week.

When asked about the sporadic nature of his work schedule and pay, Mr. Woodard 

said he worked “every time [the Union] called me,” but he was not called to work every 

week. On this issue, Mr. Harris characterized Union work as part-time employment. Mr. 

Tafoya agreed that Union workers have no control over how often they can work for

Freeman. 

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

To prevail at an expedited hearing, Mr. Woodard must provide sufficient evidence

to show that he is likely to prevail at a hearing on the merits. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-

6-239(d)(1) (2019). The Court finds he carried that burden. 

Mr. Woodard got hurt when a cart carrying Masonite fell over on his left ankle and 

right arm while working for Freeman. He broke his ankle in the fall. The Court holds his 

injury arose primarily out of and in the course and scope of employment. 

Freeman, however, contended Mr. Woodard’s injury was not compensable 

because it resulted from illegal drug use and willful misconduct, specifically violation of 

a safety rule. Workers’ Compensation Law provides that “no compensation shall be 

allowed for an injury ... due to [an] employee’s willful misconduct [or] ... illegal drug 

 

2

Freeman also had a safety rule requiring two people to work as a team when moving “heavy 

equipment.” The rule, however, did not define heavy equipment. 
4

use.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-110(a)(1) and (a)(3). As these are affirmative defenses, 

Freeman has the burden of proving its defenses. 

To show Mr. Woodard engaged in willful misconduct by violating a safety rule, 

Freeman must prove: (1) that Mr. Woodard had actual, as opposed to constructive, notice 

of the rule; (2) that he understood the danger involved in violating the rule; (3) that 

Freeman practiced bona fide enforcement of the rule; and (4) that Mr. Woodard lacked a 

valid excuse for violating the rule. Mitchell v. Fayetteville Pub. Utilities, 368 S.W.3d 

442, 452-53 (Tenn. 2012). 

In the Court’s view, Mr. Woodard did not violate the push, don’t-pull rule. The 

video shows, and his testimony corroborated, that he pushed the Masonite forward and to 

the right using his hands. The video does not show him pulling on a handle or pulling the 

Masonite toward himself. The Court agrees with Mr. Harris’s testimony that the accident 

happened because the wrong material was on the wrong cart not because of Mr. 

Woodard’s actions. 

Furthermore, evidence that Freeman enforced the push, don’t-pull rule was scant. 

While Mr. Tafoya said he warned people to be careful with this cart and Mr. Harris said 

he emphasized the rule in his safety speeches and corrected violations whenever he saw 

them, there was no evidence that Freeman disciplined anyone for breaking the rule. This 

included Mr. Woodard. The Court concludes Freeman is not likely to prevail on 

establishing a willful misconduct defense. 

Concerning Freeman’s illegal drug-use defense, Freeman acknowledged it is not 

entitled to the presumption under Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-110(c) that the proximate 

cause of this injury was illegal drugs. Without that presumption, Freeman must prove 

Mr. Woodard’s drug use was the proximate cause of his injury. 

Without expert testimony interpreting and explaining Mr. Woodard’s drug test 

results and how those drugs could have caused this accident, the Court accepts Mr. 

Woodard’s testimony and the testimony of the three other witnesses that he was not 

impaired. Thus, the affirmative defense of intoxication fails. Because both defenses 

failed, the Court holds Mr. Woodard would likely succeed at a hearing on the merits in 

proving compensability of his injuries and orders Freeman to provide treatment with Dr. 

Crosby. 

Mr. Woodard also seeks temporary total disability benefits from his injury date to 

October 23, 2018, a period of six weeks. To establish entitlement to temporary disability 

benefits, Mr. Woodard must show a compensable injury disabled him from working, a 

causal connection exists between his injury and inability to work, and the duration of his 

disability. Jones v. Crencor, 2015 TN Wrk. Comp. App. Bd. LEXIS 48, at *7 (Dec. 11, 

2015). Mr. Woodard met this burden as he will likely prevail at a hearing on the merits, 
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and Dr. Crosby took him off work for six weeks because of the injury. The Court, 

therefore, holds Freeman must pay him temporary total disability benefits for six weeks. 

Because temporary total disability benefits are owed, the Court must determine 

Mr. Woodard’s compensation rate. Freeman argued that his recovery is limited to the 

minimum compensation rate as he earned an average wage of $94.85 per week over the 

fifty-two weeks before his injury. Mr. Woodard argued he should receive benefits at the 

rate of $219.21 per week as he worked for Freeman only fifteen weeks over those fiftytwo weeks. The Court agrees with Mr. Woodard. 

The wage statement showed that Mr. Woodard worked an irregular schedule for 

Freeman in the year before his accident. During that time, he worked only fifteen weeks 

earning a total of $4,932.12. He had no control over when Freeman offered him work 

and testified without contradiction that he worked whenever they called him. Based on 

his testimony and the wage statement, the Court finds Mr. Woodard worked as a parttime or intermittent employee for Freeman. The average weekly wage of a part-time 

employee “should be determined by dividing the total actual wages of the 52-week period 

by the number of weeks in which the employee received wages.” Russell v. Genesco, 

651 S.W.2d 206, 208 (Tenn. 1983) (citing McKinney v. Feldspar Corp., 612 S.W.2d 157 

(Tenn. 1981); Gaw v. Raymer, 553 S.W.2d 576 (Tenn. 1977)). This calculation results 

in an average weekly wage of $328.81 and a compensation rate of $219.21. At this rate 

for fifteen weeks, the Court holds Freeman must pay Mr. Woodard $3,288.15 in 

temporary total disability benefits. 

Attorney’s Fees

Mr. Woodard also requested attorney’s fees. Attorneys’ fees at an expedited 

hearing should only be awarded in “extremely limited circumstances.” Thompson

v.Comcast Corporation (2018 TN Wrk. Comp. App. Bd. LEXIS 1), at *27. The best 

practice is to award fees after litigation is concluded when the parties and the Court “no

longer face uncertainties over future developments.” Id. While Mr. Woodard is claiming 

a wrongful denial, the Court’s view of whether that denial was wrongful could 

conceivably change if Freeman produced expert testimony concerning the proximate 

cause of this injury. The Court, therefore, reserves the request for an attorney’s fees. 

It is ORDERED as follows:

1. Freeman shall provide Mr. Woodard reasonable, necessary, and related medical 

treatment with Dr. Crosby.

2. Freeman shall pay Mr. Woodard $3,288.15 in temporary total disability benefits. 
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3. Mr. Woodard’s request for attorney’s fees is held in abeyance pending a 

Compensation Hearing. 

4. Absent an appeal to the Appeal’s Board, Freeman shall comply with this order 

within seven business days. 

5. This matter is set for a status conference on Monday, March 30, 2020, at 9:00 

a.m. (CDT). You must call 615-741-2113 to participate in the Hearing. 

Failure to call may result in a determination of issues without your further 

participation

ENTERED JANUARY 15, 2020. 

_____________________________________ 

 Joshua Davis Baker, Judge 

Court of Workers’ Compensation Claims
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APPENDIX

Exhibits:

1. Medical Records

2. Mr. Woodard’s Affidavit

3. First Report of Injury

4. Wage Statement

5. Mr. Harris’s Deposition Transcript

6. Mr. Tafoya’s Deposition Transcript

7. Mr. Clark’s Deposition Transcript

8. Video No. 1

9. Video No. 2

10.Defense Counsel Letter—October 10, 2018

11.Defense Counsel Letter—October 18, 2018

12.Settlement Agreement from 2008 Injury

13.Photographs

14.Union Labor Agreement

15.Mr. Woodard’s Interrogatory Responses

16.Freeman’s Interrogatory Responses

17.Drug Test Results

18.Excerpts from Mr. Woodard’s Deposition

Technical Record:

1. Petition for Benefit Determination

2. Dispute Certification Notice

3. Request for Expedited Hearing

4. Request for Admissions Responses
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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I certify that a copy of this Order was sent as indicated on January 15, 2020.

Name Certified 

Mail

Via

Fax

Via 

Email

Service sent to:

Denty Cheatham,

Employee’s Attorney

X X Cheatham, Palermo, & Garrett

43 Music Square West

Nashville, TN 37203

dcheatham.cpg@gmail.com

Daniel Todd,

Employer’s Attorney

X dan@dantoddlaw.com

_____________________________________

Penny Shrum, Clerk

Court of Workers’ Compensation Claims

WC.CourtClerk@tn.gov