# Evaluating the Most Cost Effective Strategies for Disposing of Water D. Steven Tipton, P.E.

October 29-30,2012 Tight Oil Water Management 2012 Denver, CO

### ! Water source • Subsurface aquifers • Rivers, lakes or ponds • Rural or urban water supplies • Gray Water • Acid Mine Drainage 

### ! Water transport • Pipeline • Trucking 

### ! Water storage • Frac Tanks (500 bbls) • Modular Tanks (up to 40,000 bbls) • Portadam (size as required) • Pits or ponds (100,000+ bbls) 

### ! Water treatment and reuse • Biocides • Settling • Ecosphere • Electrocoagulation • Distillation • Crystallization 

### ! Water disposal • Evaporation • Water disposal wells



### . Acquire Transport Store Stimulate Flowback Dispose/ Recycle

# Water Transportation

# Water Storage

# Why Is Produced Water Storage Important?
! In the first 90 days after fracturing a well can produce 30 to 80% of its load back ! Newfield has flowed back wells at over 500 BWPH so having a place to store water is critical if it is to be recycled ! Water volumes which may be flowed back range from 30,000 to 400,000 BBL over the first 90 days ! To recycle water there has to be enough storage for both the dirty water and the processed clean water ! Water must be stored near the completion operation in sufficient quantities to be able to support the work ! Water must be stored in a manner that is economically and environmentally sound

# Storage Options
! Frac Tanks
! Impoundments
! Large Capacity Above Ground Moveable Tanks
! Portadam

# Frac Tanks Capacity 500 BBL 

## Transported by Truck Estimated Cost of Storage $0.06 to $0.09/BBL/day

# Impoundment – Lined Size can vary Operational Requirements Terrain 

## Cost to Construct $500,000 to $1,500,000 

## Estimated Cost of Storage $0.0278 to $0.0833/BBL/d 

## Permitting In Oklahoma 6 to 12 months In Texas 6 to 12 months Registered Engineer Plans Geomembrane Liner Monitoring

# Large Capacity Above Ground Moveable Tanks Size Can Range by type and make of tank Rectangular 2,200 to 15,400 BBL Circular 4,500 to 42,000 BBL Portadam Determined by user

# Load Recovery Flow Back • Capacity over 500 BPH • Replenish frac water supply 

## Trucking • Could have 100 trucks per day to haul water from a well flow 500 BPH • Break even with pumping changes with trucking costs and disposal fees

# Water Treatment and Reuse

# Recycling Challenge – Water Quality
! Fresh water • No problems with frac 

## ! Produced water & flow back water • Minerals can cause scale • Minerals can interfere with frac gel • Water quality varies widely • Newfield has fractured wells with 100% produced water with no problems 

## ! Study to determine water quality limits for recycling • Results specific to portion of basin • Results will point to type of water treatment needed 

## ! Environmental regulations becoming more stringent • Air emission rules apply to recycle pits • Recycle pit permitting becoming more difficult

## Formation Damage
• Potential for solids to compromise fracture geometry • Improper fracture propagation • Potential for reduction in production • Suspended colloids not removed by simple filtration 

## Scaling
• Increased potential with higher hardness • Theoretical calculations and experiments required 

# Concerns with Produced Water Reuse

Fluid Formulation
• Varied water quality • Polymer hydration issues in high salinity water • Greater issue with polymer crosslinking Source: Halliburton

# Water Treatment Technologies

created with IBM many eyes

# Treatment Options

15 Chemical Precipita-on0 • Involves0blending00flowback0or0produced0water0with0freshwater0during0fracturing.0 • Not0free0>0has0a0handling0cost0for0frac0tanks,0containment,0water0transfer,0etc.0

• Must0allow0enough0residence0-me0in0flow0back0pits0or0frac0tanks0for0solids0to0seAle.00 • Risks0associated0with0storing0raw0water0on0loca-on0for0long0periods0of0-me.0

• Bag0filters,0disk0filters,0or0sand0filters0can0be0used.000Other00types0available.0 • Issues0can0arise0from0expended0filter0sock0disposal0and0bacteria0introduc-on.00 • Water0sources0for0back0flushing0system0can0be0logis-cally0difficult0.0

• Involves0pH0adjustment0and0the0addi-on0of0polymers0or0other0flocculants.0 • Issues0can0arise0from0excess0sludge0forma-on0and0sludge0disposal.0 • Chemical0drum0or0tote0management0can0be0logis-cally0difficult0on0loca-on.0

• Involves0the0use0of0equipment0including0DAFs0or0clarifiers.0 • Typically0involves0chemical0precipita-on0in0conjunc-on0with0clarifica-on0equipment00 • Advantages0include0few0moving0parts0and0less0down-me0

• Sacrificial0plates0create0a0hydrolyzed0metal0sweet0 floc 0that0significantly0lowers0total0suspended0solids0(TSS),0greases0and0oil,0 and0in0some0cases0metals0count.0 • High0opera-ng0costs0rela-ve0to0other0TSS0treatment0systems.0
• Highest0effluent0water0quality.00Can0poten-ally0be0handled0in0freshwater0impoundments0with0approved0NPDES0permits.0 • Highest0opera-ng0costs0due0to0energy0requirements.0 • Energy0cost0can0be0mi-gated0by0running0off0of0compressor0sta-on0waste0heat0or0natural0gas.00 ~$1.500>0 $2.00/ bbl ~$2.000>0 $2.50/ bbl ~$2.000>0 $3.00/ bbl ~$2.500>0 $4.00/ bbl ~$3.500>0 $4.50/ bbl ~$4.500>0 $5.50/ bbl ~$5.500>0 $8.00/ bbl There are a number of treatment options available to producers, with options including dilution, settling, chemical treatment, filtration, clarification, electro-coagulation, and distillation.
Dilu-on0 SeAling0 Filtra-on0

Clarifica-on0 Electro> Coagula-on0 Dis-lla-on00 50K 100K 150K 200K 250K Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) 

### Filtration/ Hydrocyclones I X RO Brackish RO Brine Concentrators Crystallizers

Chemical Precipitation 

### High
Med
LowRelative Treatment Cost


### Electrocoagulation 

# Technology TDS Ranges

Source: Halliburton

# Water Treatment Comparison

0 Treatment Cost, $/bbl EC Distillation Evaporation

Ozone Ultrafiltration RO

Chemical Precipitation

Small percentage removal of TSS/HC passing on residuals Treatment Cost $/ BBL 

### High
Med
Low Filtration HydrocycloneWater Value Added TDS removal NOT necessary for most water reuse

0 2 4 6 8
Source: Halliburton

### • Fresh water supply • Fresh water storage • Water recycling technology

• Influent/ Effluent storage • Class II UWD well 

# Centralized Facility

Source: Halliburton

# Water Disposal
! Evaporation

! Salt Water Disposal Well

# Example Saltwater Disposal Well SWD Wellhead Example Well Bore Diagram

Source: Bosque Systems, LLC

# Saltwater Disposal Facility Layout Trucks Unloading Example Tank Battery

Source: Bosque Systems, LLC

# Saltwater Disposal Saltwater Disposal Water Type %

87% 13% Production Flowback 

## Disposal Delivery Method %

88% 12% Trucked Pipeline

Source: Bosque Systems, LLC

# Why Newfield Recycles Water
! Saving Fresh Water – 10 million barrels per year
! Saving Money – KCl savings of $30 million per year
! Limited supply of fresh water due to drought
! Reduce the need to dispose of produced water
! Potential to reduce transportation costs
! Environmentally responsible
! Improved social license

# How Much Water Has Been Recycled For Newfield ʼ s Britt Ranch Fracturing Operations 

# 50 Million Barrels

# Questions!?!?!