TABLE IX

Evacuation Test Oxygen Consumption Expressed as mL/min,
STPD, and as mL/min, STPD, per kg Body Wt (in parentheses)

in 0.5 min Intervals from Start of Test.

Subject
Number 0.0-0.5 0.5-1.0 1,0-1.5 1.5-2.0
1 768 (12.5) 882 (14.4) 634 (10.3) 539 (8.8)
2 1019 (13.5) 1193 (15.8) 1413 (18.7) 1303 (17.3)
3 759 (14.3) 1032 (19.4) 657 (12.4) - -
4 903 (13.5) 1254 (18.8) 953 (14.3) 852 (12.8)
6 1263 (19.0) 1377 (20.8) 1339 (20.2) 1415 (21.3)
7 - - - - 757 (11.8) 597 (9.3)
8 1122 (15.5) 1057 (14.6) 1173 (16.2) 889 (12.3)
9 769 (14.3) 1047 (19.5) 720 (13.4) 695 (13.0)
10 1415 (18.1) 1201 (15.4) 1328 (17.0) 1104 (14.2)
11 859 (12.7) 944 (13.9) 516 (7.6) - -
13 1103 (23.1) 707 (14.8) 510 (10.7) 544 (11.4)
18 1336 (18.0) 1258 (17.0) 2022 (27.3) 1993 (26.9)
TABLE X

Evacuation Test Expired Carbon Dioxide Expressed as mL/min,
STPD, and as mL/min, STPD, per kg Body Wt (in parentheses)

0.5 min Intervals from Start of Test.

Subject
Number 0.0-0.5 0.5-1.0 1,0-1.5 1.5-2.0
1 1047 (17.0) 1253 (20.4) 806 (13.1) 634 (10.3
2 631 (8.4) 821 (10.9) 1061 (14.1) 941 (12.5)
3 722 (13.6) 1087 (20.4) 585 (11.0) - -
4 1094 (16.4) 1547 (23.2) 1159 (17.4) 1030 (15.4)
6 1186 (17.9) 1317 (19.9) 1274 (19.2) 1361 (20.5)
7 - - - - 674 (10.5) 457 (7.1)
8 772 (10.6) 722 (9.9) 812 (11.2) 591 (8.1
9 778 (14.5) 1188 (22.1) 706 (13.2) 669 (12.5)
10 1066 (13.7) 872 (11.2) 987 (12.7) 783 (10.0)
11 723 (10.8) 811 (12.0) 370 (5.5) - -
13 794 (16.6) 355 (7.4) 136 (2.8) 174 (3.4)
18 1231 (17.0) 1127 (15.6) 2144 (29.7) 2105 (29.2)



OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>

2500,

2250)

zon

17s!

I1s@e)

t2so)

752

sag

SUBJECT ND. 7

OO

25aq,

I17seB

a
n
8

N
“
8

25 a2 7 i1oa t2s tsa
WORKLORO <WRTTS >

Figure 24

SUBUECT NO. B

2s so 7s (oa t2s isa
WORKLORD <WATTS >

Figure 25

30


APPENDIX B

Individual Subject Graphs for
Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) vs. Workload (Watts)

26


APPENDIX C

Individual Subject Graphs for
Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Watts)

35


HR recorders (only 12 Holter recorders were available for the
test). The first 12 calibrated subjects who reported in on
the evacuation test day were instrumented. The same type
skin preparation was made as described above for disposable
Holter stress electrodes. Two EKG electrode placements, CM-5
and a modified V-1, were monitored. The CM-5 is manubrium to
v-5. The modified V-1 is below left clavical, just lateral
to the mid-clavicular line to V-l. A Burdick Electrocardio-

graph EK5A was used for calibration. In addition to the 12
instrumented subjects, 29 noninstrumented subjects
participated in the evacuation test. The 41 subjects were
seated in the CAMI evacuation facility as shown in Figure 1.
They were instructed to evacuate the facility through the
rear lefthand door using an evacuation slide. A bell-timer
signal initiated the actual evacuation. The evacuation was
recorded on videotape and evacuation times for each
individual and the total evacuation time were measured. At
the conclusion of the evacuation test, the Holter monitor
tapes for the 12 instrumented and calibrated subjects were
played on a Marquette Series 8000 T Holter Playback Analysis
System and HR values were determined for the evacuation test
period.

RESULTS
TABLE I

Calibration Data from Passenger Workload Study

Workload
(Watts) = 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Subject
Number Heart Rate (beats/min)
1 106 116 146 - - - -
2 84 94 100 106 120 132 148
3 128 132 144 - - - -
4 104 110 116 128 134 142 152
5* 110 118 130 140 - - -
6 94 104 118 124 138 146 -
7 124 132 146 - - - -
8 120 126 132 146 156 - -
9 110 118 130 150 - - -
10 88 96 104 108 122 126 144
11 104 116 130 144 - - -
12* 98 106 116 126 134 146 154
13 108 130 142 - - - -
14* 118 122 128 140 148 - -
16* 90 94 102 108 114 122 132
18 98 108 118 132 142 150 -

Those not measured during evacuation test.

Odd-numbered subjects are females, even-numbered subjects
are males.



2602
24BB
2202
2032
ean
1623
ihe --1--)
12BB)
1938
aaa

EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN>

4oR

SUBJECT NO. !

2s so 7s 12B 125 ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS>

Figure 50

SUBJECT NO. 2

2s Ls] 7s= (aa 2s ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 51

45


-————- —

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>/KG BODY WT.

wr.
- - u u u
a a fon 8 a

OXYGEN CONSUMPTIDN <ML/HIN)/KE BODY

SUBJECT NO. 16

25 se = 1a (2s (so
WORKLOAO <WATTS>
Figure 48
SuBUECT NO. 18
2 <a 7 rr tas iso
WORKLORO <WATTS>
Figure 49
43


250,
24g
2288)
2220)
1eaB)
isae)
IMBoe

tang

02 <ML/MIN>

12aa

g Boe
& saa

“eB
282

SUBJECT NO. 9

>

2600,
24aR
22RD
222g)
tease)
'soq
ise)
daae

HIRED COZ <ML/MIN>

EXP
n
a
a

“oa

a5 sa 7s (oe 125 Iso
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 58

SUBUECT NO. if

a= so 7s ee las: tse
WORKLORD <WaATTS>

Figure 59'

49


APPENDIX E

Individual Subject Graphs for
Expired co, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt. vs. Workload (Watts)

53


OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN)/KE BODY WT.

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN)/K& BODY WT.

is

SuUsVeCcT NO. I!

a= 2 7s ioe tas ise
WORKLORMD <WATTS >

Figure 44

SUBJECT NO. 12

a so 7s 13a 12 isa
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

‘Figure 45

ay


If the longer, more severe test period (20 min) is
desired, the test might be divided into a low level of work
(0.7 W/kg) for 15 min, followed by 2 min at an intermediate
level (1.2 W/kg), then 1 min at a peak level (1.5 W/kg), then
return to the intermediate level for the final 2 min of the
test. Under the assumption that this work profile is
acceptable, then other criteria could be developed for
evaluating the adequacy of a proposed device. Table VII
shows that the highest tidal volume recorded was 2.647
Liters, with two others approaching that level. This could
establish that a hood-type device with a breathable-gas
mixture should probably have a great enough volume to allow
for three Liters of free volume when the volume of the head
and neck is subtracted so that the hood would not collapse
and draw in ambient air during a single maximum inhalation.

By considering the data from the largest subject used in
the calibration runs (#16), estimates can be made for the 0
required and the CO absorption expected for the 20-min
profile as described“ above. This subject would have consumed
an estimated 29 Liters of 0,, with his maximum effort
requiring that 04 be provided at the rate of 2.1 L/min. He
would produce an“ estimated 24.7 Liters of CO,, which would
need to be absorbed, with the maximum wOrkload causing
production of expired CO, at the rate of 2.0 L/min. This
individual was very cloge to the 95th percentile male (his
weight was 100.7 kg; the 95th percentile male weighs 100.1
kg). This young subject was in exceptional physical
condition and very efficient for 0 utilization and CO
production. It was noted that on a bédy-weight basis (Tables
Iv and VI) several subjects have higher 0 consumption and
CO, production. To allow for margins of satety for subjects
wh might be less well conditioned than our 95th percentile
male, the device should probably provide 3.0 Liters of O, per
minute throughout the 20-min period and should probabty be
capable of absorbing 40 to 45 liters of CO, during this same
time period.

In order to provide a guideline for evaluation with
workloads based on body weight, one must include in the test
population at least one or two individuals who meet or exceed
the weight of the 95th percentile male in order to include
subjects who require the maximum amount of 0, and produce the
highest levels of CO,. A wide range of subject sizes must
also be included for~ other considerations, such as goodness
of fit and possible inboard leakage. The number of subjects
required for a satisfactory test is still undecided.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on this study and these recommendations, several
acceptance critera for a passenger protective breathing
device should be able to be established, such as:

13


SUBJECT NO. &

a
a

758 x

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>

25a

a 2s sa 7 iam tas iso
WORKLOAD <WRATTS>

Figure 26

SUBJECT NO. If
2saQ,

22sq
zpos 4
‘ -

seo
12a a

‘aoe

752

»

OXYGEN CONSUMPTIDN <ML/MIND>

soa

@ 2s sa 7s 1am 12s 1s@
WORKLORD <WATTS >

Figure 27

; 31


LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
Number Title Number
I Calibration Data from Passenger Workload Study . 3

II Subject Population Data . 1... 2. 2 1 eee ee 5
IilI Oxygen Consumption (mL/min, STPD). .....- 5

Iv Oxygen Consumption (mL/min, STPD) per kg Body

Weight . 2. 6 2 ee ee ee ee ew we ee 6

Vv Expired Carbon Dioxide (mL/min, STPD). .... « 6

vI Expired Carbon Dioxide (mL/min, STPD) per kg Body
Weight . 2. 6 2 6 2 ee we ee we ew ee et

VII Maximum Minute Volumes and Tidal Volumes Measured
During Workload Calibration Tests. . . .. +. .«- 7

VIII Evacuation Test Recorded Heart Rate and Workloads
Calculated from Heart Rate Data... 2... ee ee 8

IX Evacuation Test Oxygen Consumption Expressed as
mL/min, STPD, and as mL/min, STPD per kg Body
Weight in 0.5-min Intervals from Start of Test . 9

x Evacuation Test Expired Carbon Dioxide Expressed
as mL/min, STPD, and as mL/min, STPD per kg Body
Weight in 0.5-min Intervals from Start of Test . 9

XI Evacuation Test Maximum Workload per kg Body
Weight . 2... 6 6 2 ee we ee ee ee we ee 10

XII Workload, Heart Rate, and Percent of Predicted
Maximum Heart Rate (PPMHR) for the 16 Calibrated
Subjects, When Applying the Three Suggested
Workload Rates . 2. 2 2 1 6 ee © ee ww we ww 12

XIII Correlation Coefficients for the Graphs of
Workload Plotted Against other Variables .... 15


HEART RATE <BPM>

i7s

7

SUBJECT NO. 13

iv7s

125

75

HEART RATE <BPM>

25

2s sm 7s tap i2s ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS>

Figure 14

SUBJECT NO. 14

25 so T= (aa i2s iso
WORKLORD <WATTS >

Figure 15

24


TABLE XI
Evacuation Test
Maximum Workload per Kg Body Weight*

Subject Watts/Kg
Number Body Weight
1 0.993
2 1.300
3 1.467
4 1.110
6 1,538
7 0.544
8 0.606
9 1.547
10 1,192
il 0.945
13 1.655
18 1.911
Mean 1.234

*Take the maximum workload reached
during the 2-min data collection
period divided into 30-s increments
(Table VIII) and divide by body weight
in kilograms (Table II).

DISCUSSION

To establish a work profile to test the effectiveness of
a PPBE device, a set workload for all subjects should
probably be avoided. A workload suitable for a small (5th
percentile) female would not be an adequate test for a large
(95th percentile) male. An alternate approach would be to
base the imposed workload on a body-weight basis. This would
not only give a more reasonable test of the PPBE for a varied
subject population, but also facilitate the use of either a
bicycle ergometer (for which workload is externally applied)
or a treadmill (for which workload is dependent on body
weight) for providing the workload~°

One profile suggested by a member of the international
PPBE evaluation group would have two levels of physical
activity for all test subjects:

Level 1: t = 0 3: device donned,
t= 0 to 30s : subject seated,
t = 30 s to 3 min : effort expended at 60 W for

1 min, 80 W for 1 min, 30 s.

10



Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

A:

B:

Cs

D:

E:

APPENDICES

Individual Subject Graphs for Workload
Heart Rate

Individual Subject Graphs for Workload
Oxygen Consumption

Individual Subject Graphs for Workload
Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram Body Weight

Individual Subject Graphs for Workload
Expired Carbon Dioxide

Individual Subject Graphs for Workload
Expired Carbon Dioxide per Kg Body Weight

16

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.


For a high activity level (although not a maximum
effort) a value of 1.2 W/kg appears to be reasonable. ‘The
subjects during this test were not expending a maximum
effort; i.e., none were climbing over seatbacks, or pushing
and shoving to get to the exits, as has been described during
some emergencies. As shown in Table XI, the mean of the
maximum workloads for the 12 subjects who participated in the
evacuation test (2-min data collection period divided into
30-s increments) was 1.234 W/kg. If we apply the 1.2 W/kg to
the calibration data for the 16 subjects, it would result in
a mean of 67.7% of predicted maximum HR (Table XII) with two
subjects exceeding 75% of predicted maximum HR. This would
result in a workload of 58 W for the 5th percentile female
and 120 W for the 95th percentile male.

For the brief maximum exertion workload, a value of 1.5
W/kg is suggested. This would result in a mean of 73.3% of
predicted maximum HR for the 16 calibrated subjects. Three
of the 16 would have exceeded 80% of predicted maximum HR,
indicating that this workload level would constitute a high
exertion level. This 1.5 W/Kg value would result in a 73-W
workload for the 5th percentile female and a 150-W workload
for the 95th percentile male.

TABLE XII

Workload, Heart Rate, and PPMHR (Percent of Predicted
Maximum Heart Rate) for the 16 Calibrated Subjects,
When Applying the Three Suggested Workload Rates

0.7 W/kg Body Wt. 1.2 W/kg Body Wt. 1.5 W/kq Body We.

Sub Work Work Work
No. Load HR PPMHR Load HR PPMHR Load HR PPMHR

43 116 58.9 74 147 74.6 92 165 83.8
53 93 47.2 90 113 57.4 113 124 62.9
37 126 64.6 64 140 71.8 80 147 75.4
46 109 55.9 80 123 63.1 100 131 67.2
47 118 60.5 81 135 69.2 101 145 74.4
46 103 52.8 80 121 62.1 100 131 67.2
45 131 66.5 77 149 75.6 96 159 80.7
51 127 64.5 87 144 73.1° «109 154 78.2
38 112 57.4 64 130 66.7 80 140 71.8
10 55 97 49.7 94 114 58.5 117 124 63.6
11 47 115 59.0 81 138 70.7 102 152 77.9
12 50 107 55.4 86 124 64.2 107 134 69.4
13 33 112 58.0 57 135 69.9 72 149 77.2
14 70 131 67.9 120 151 78.2 150 162 83.9
16 70 102 52.8 121 120 62.2 151 130 67.4
18 52 110 55.8 89 129 65.5 111 141 71.6

WDIDNSWNE

Mean 57.9 67.7 73.3

12



HEART RATE <BPM>

SUBJECT NO. 16

17s
ise
a

2s
1a
7s
so
as

@ 2s se 7s tao l2s tsa

WORKLOAD <WATTS >
Figure 16
SUBJECT NO. 16

i7s

1sB

12s
a
i
vO tem
E =

sa

2s

a 2s se 7 122 izs tse

WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 17

25


Expired Carbon Dioxide

TABLE VI

(mL/min, STPD) per Kg Body Weight

Workload
(Watts)= _30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Subject
Number
1 10.9 18.9 22.1 - - - -
2 5.9 7.8 10.8 10.9 14.9 18.3 22.3
3 11.6 16.9 16.8 - - - -
4 17.4 18.4 20.8 23.0 29.2 36.6 38.6
5* 7.5 10.4 13.9 18.3 - - -
6 9.6 11.7 14.7 17.5 22.2 25.7 -
7 9.9 12.3 15.3 - - - -
8 9.5 12.6 13.6 17.5 20.9 - -
9 11.3 13.4 18.7 24.5 - - -
10 6.8 8.6 11.2 13.2 16.0 16.2 21.4
11 7.9 8.9 12.3 16.4 - - -
12* 7.6 11.3 15.5 16.7 20.2 26.7 33.4
13 6.8 11.0 14.7 - - - -
14* 9.0 9.6 10.6 12.9 14.6 - -
16* 7.6 8.0 9.9 12.4 15.6 17.9 20.0
18 10.2 12.9 17.1 20.6 24.2 27.3 -

* Those not measured during evacuation test.

Maximum Minute Volumes and Tidal Volumes Measured

TABLE VII

During Workload Calibration Tests

Subject
Number

WOIKRUEWNHe
*

10
11
12*
13
14*
16*
18

Maximum Maximum
Minute Volume Tidal Volume
(Liters/min) (Liters)
17.643 1,203
36.289 1.814
28.371 0.946
31.768 2.647
30.723 1.536
31.172 1.417
20.755 1.297
41.889 1.762
30.217 1.170
40.386 2.524
28.885 1.204
55.169 1.970
21.933 1.257
34.361 2.402
44.287 1.582
46.035 1.644

* Those not measured during evacuation test.



SUBJECT NO. 13

a 2s so 7 toa 12s (so
WORKLOAD <WATTS>

Figure 62

. SUBYUECT NO. 144

»

a 2s sa 7s tae tas iso
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 63

51


List of Figures

Figure Page
Number Title Number

68 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Watts Subject #3 ......4.. 55

69 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/m9n) per kg Body Wt.

vs. Workload (Watts Subject #4........ 55
70 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.

vs. Workload (Watts} Subject #5 ......4.. 56

71 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Wattsf Subject #6... ... 2.4. 56

72 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Watts Subject #7 ........ 57

73 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Watts? Subject #8... ..... 57

74 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Wattsf Subject #9 ......4.. «58

75 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Wattsf Subject #10. .....4.. 58

76 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (watts Subject #11. .....4.. 59

77 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Watts Subject #12. ......4. 59

78 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (wattsf Subject #13. ....... 60

79 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Watts Subject #14. ....... 60

80 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Watts Subject #16. ....... 61

81 Graph of Expired CO, (mL/min) per kg Body Wt.
vs. Workload (Wattsf Subject #18. ....... 61



17s

(7S

SUBYECT NO. 3

2s sa 7 itt
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 10

SUBJECT NO. 12

t2s

a= so 7: az
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 11

22

ise


EXPIRED (D2 <ML/MIN)>/KG BODY WT.

EXPIRED COZ <¢ML/MIN)/KG BODY WT.

“2

w
n

“a

(oe

BUBJECT NO. 8

>

25 so 7 ion i225 ino
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 74
SUBJECT NO. 12
«
a
z= ose 7= tag 12s ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS >
Figure 75

58


“2

- N N Ww Ww
n 8 n a nw

EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN>/KG BODY WT

“ua

EXPIRED ¢€O2 <ML/MIN)/KG BODY HT.
- - N Wu u
8 a 8 n a n

n

SUBUECT NO. 123
2s se 7 1228 2s iso
WORKLOAD <WATTS>
Figure 78
SUBJECT NO. 14
=
a
2s sa 7s" tae tas =e
WORKLOAD <WATTS >
Figure 79

60


EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN)/KG BODY WT.

EXPIRED CO2 ¢ML/MIN>/KG BODY WT.

Ww
n

N
3

£
8

W
8

N
8

SUBYECT ND.

2s so 75 ine las tse
WORKLOAD <WATTS >
Figure 80
SUBUECT NO. 16
2s =e 75 128 2s se
WORKLOAD <WATTS >
Figure 81
61


SUBUECT NO. 3
175

152
12s
1aa

7s

HERRT RATE <BPM>

so |

2s

i] 2s so 7 1aa 12s isa
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 4

SuUBYUECT NO. 4

i7s

75

HEART RATE <BPM>

a 25 =2 7s rr 125 <2
WORKLOAD <WATTS> :

Figure 5

19


Figure

Number
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

32

33

List of Figures

Title

Graph of Heart Rate (BPM) vs. Workload (Watts)
Subject #18. . 2. 2. 2 eee ew ee ee

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Graph of
Workload

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #1. ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #2. ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #3. ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #4, ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #5. ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #6. ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #7. ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #8. ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #9. ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #10 ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #11 ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #12 ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #13 ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)

(Watts) Subject #14 .....,

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #16 ....

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min)
(Watts) Subject #18 ....

vii

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

Page
Number

25

27

27

28

28

29

29

30

30

31

31

32

32

33

33

34

34


Figure
Number

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Diagram of Sub
Pacility ...

Graph of Heart
Subject #1...

Graph of Heart
Subject #2...

Craph of Heart
Subject #3. .

Graph of Heart
Subject #4...

Graph of Heart
Subject #5 ..

Graph of Heart
Subject #6...

Graph of Heart
Subject #7...

Graph of Heart
Subject #8 ..

Graph of Heart
Subject #9. .

Graph of Heart
Subject #10. .

Graph of Heart
Subject #11. .

Graph of Heart
Subject #12. .

Graph of Heart
Subject #13. .

Graph of Heart
Subject #14. .

Graph of Heart
Subject #16. .

LIST OF FIGURES

Title

ject Seating in the Evacuation

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Cs

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

rd

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

ed

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

Cr

Rate (BPM) vs. Workload

vi

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

(Watts)

Page
Number

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

21

22

22

23

23

24

24

25



Tables VIII through XI are for data obtained during the
evacuation test for those 12 subjects wearing HR recorders.

TABLE VIII

Evacuation Test Recorded Heart Rate and
Workloads Calculated from Heart Rate Data

Time to Heart Rate (BPM) in 0.5 min
Subject Evacuate Intervals from Start of Test
Number (in sec) 0.0-0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0
1 52 126 138 112 102
2 42 94 104 116 110
3 34 130 146 124 -
4 29 106 120 108 104
6 21 124 130 128 132
7 56 - - 126 112
8 36 122 120 124 114
9 20 120 142 116 114
10 11 114 104 110 100
11 31 120 126 96 -
13 9 156 112 90 94
18 58 118 114 156 154
Time to Calculated Workload (Watts) in 0.5
Subject Evacuate min Intervals from Start of Test
Number (in sec) 0.0-0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0
1 52 49 61 35 25
2 42 55 74 98 86
3 34 38 78 23 -
4 29 39 74 44 34
6 21 86 98 94 102
7 56 - - 35 10
8 36 40 35 44 22
9 20 49 83 43 40
10 11 93 71 84 61
11 31 55 64 19 -
13 9 79 33 10 14
18 58 68 60 138 135

+ Indicates that these data points were not reported
due to loss of recording because of artifacts or
other technical problems.

Once workload is determined, then calculations can be
made for the 0, consumption and expired co, during the
evacuation test.



Pigure

Number

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

List of Figures

Title

Graph of Expired CO
(Watts) Subject #2 °

Graph of Expired CO
(Watts) Subject #3 ¢

Graph of Expired co,
(Watts) Subject #4 ¢

Graph of Expired CO
(Watts) Subject #5 ¢

Graph of Expired co,
(Watts) Subject #6 ¢

Graph of Expired CO
(Watts) Subject #7 ¢

Graph of Expired CO
(Watts) Subject #8 ¢

Graph of Expired CO
(Watts) Subject #9 %

Graph of Expired co,
(Watts) Subject #107

Graph of Expired CO
(Watts) Subject #117

Graph of Expired co,
(Watts) Subject #12%

Graph of Expired co,
(Watts) Subject #13°

Graph of Expired CO
(Watts) Subject #14°

Graph of Expired CO4
(Watts) Subject #16¢

Graph of Expired co,
(Watts) Subject #187%

Graph of Expired CO
vs. Workload (Watts

Graph of Expired CO
vs. Workload (Wattsf

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

re

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

ee ee ee ee

(mL/min) vs. Workload

ee

(mL/min) vs. Workload

ee ee

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) vs. Workload

(mL/min) per kg Body Wt.

Subject #1. ...4..

(mL/min} per kg Body Wt.

Subject #2. .....-

ix

Page
Number

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

49

49

50

50

51

51

52

52

54

54


1)
2)
3)
4)

A single profile with realistic workloads;

A minimum volume for hood-type devices;

A minimum 0, flow for breathable gas-type devices; or
A minimum 6 absorption requirement.

The values recommendéd for these four parameters are:

1)

2)

3)
4)

A 20-min work profile consisting of:
15 min at 0.7 W/kg body weight,
2 min at 1.2 W/kg body weight,
1 min at 1.5 W/kg body weight,
2 min at 1.2 W/kg body weight,

*

The volume of the hood should exceed the volume that
encloses the head and neck by 3.0 Liters,

The device should provide 3.0 L/min 0, for 20 min.

The device should be capable of absorbing 45 L of co,.

* The subject population studied should include one or two
individuals who meet or exceed the weight of the 95th
percentile male.

TABLE XIII

Correlation Coefficients for the Graphs of Workload

Plotted Against Other Variables

Other Variables

[e) (6) co co
Conséimp- Conséimp- Produc- Produc-

Subject
Number HR tion tion/Kg tion - tion/Kg
1 -923 2948 2945 2945 962
2 2972 ~960 960 962 962
3* +923 +942 2942 -731 .736
4 993 ~996 7996 936 3936
5 +995 +978 2977 -990 -991
6 2992 993 993 985 985
7 2976 996 997 «996 2996
8 2971 .969 968 «973 -973
9 959 968 968 965 964
10 +969 2979 2979 969 2969
11 999 952 953 ~942 «943
12 998 953 954 960 «959
13 3992 997 998 2999 2999
14 -968 2973 2972 949 951
16 ~989 976 977 976 2976
18 «995 997 -997 .998 -998

*Third data collection period was from 4 min, 30 s to 5 min
rather than from 5 min, 30 s to 6 min due to too high a HR

14



NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the
Department of Transportation in the interest of information

exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability
for the contents or use thereof,



OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (ML/MIN>/KG BODY WT.

-
§ a0
3.
3
a
:
i.

SUBJECT NO. @

a

a= LS] 7= ioe ia 1sB
WORKLORD <WATTS >

Figure 36

SUBJECT NO. 4

az =o 7 tae tas ifa
WORKLOMD <WeTTSs> .

Figure 37

37


A STUDY OF PASSENGER WORKLOAD AS RELATED TO
PROTECTIVE BREATHING REQUIREMENTS

INTRODUCTION

Rs a result of the British Airtours B~737 accident at
Manchester on August 22, 1985, in which a number of deaths
were attributed to smoke and fume inhalation, attention was
again focused on the feasibility of providing passenger
protective breathing equipment (PPBE) . A joint effort to
reevaluate the need for PPBE was initiated by the British
Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) with participation by the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Transport Canada, and
the French Direction Generale de L'Aviation Civile (DGAC).
The initial meeting was held in England, September 28 -
October 2, 1986.

As a result of this meeting, the Civil Aeromedical
Institute (CAMI) undertook a study to evaluate workloads,
oxygen (0,) consumption, carbon dioxide (C02) production, and
respiratoty exchange rates for passengers during an emergency
evacuation. This study was undertaken to define possible
requirements for a protective breathing device. The results
of this study were initially presented to the participants in
the joint effort at a PPBE Workshop held at CAMI February 3-
5, 1987. The following report summarizes all salient CAMI
study findings and develops possible work profiles for
evaluation of passenger protective breathing devices.

METHODS

Tt is not possible to measure workload directly without
influencing (changing) the workload itself. Therefore, in
order to estimate workload, measurements of heart rate (HR)
were made on individual subjects and correlated to workload
(individual correlation coefficients between HR and workload
are reported in Table XIII). The subjects then participated
in a mock emergency aircraft evacuation, during which time
their HR was continuously monitored. The HR was then used to
estimate workload during the evacuation by using the
previously determined correlations.

For the workload/HR calibration tests, selected subjects
were physically fit and not at risk for the imposed workload.
A typical passenger population was not used for this study.
Subjects first reported to the CAMI clinic where they were
given a thorough physical examination including an
electrocardiogram (EKG). Medically qualified subjects
reported to the laboratory at a later date for the
workload/HR calibration test. Nine males and seven females
were selected as test subjects.

On the day of the workload/HR calibration test, subjects
received a brief physical examination and filled out a
questionnaire to ascertain that no medically significant


Min
mL

°
PPBE
PPMHR

r/min

STPD

List of Abbreviations Used in Text

Blood Pressure

Beats per Minute

Civil Aviation Authority

Civil Aeromedical Institute

Carbon Dioxide

Direction Generale de L'Aviation Civile
Electrocardiogram

Federal Aviation Administration

Heart Rate

Kilogram(s)

Liter (s)

Minute (s)

Milliliter(s)

Oxygen

Passenger Protective Breathing Equipment
Percent of Predicted Maximum Heart Rate
Revolutions per Minute

Second (s)

Standard Temperature and Pressure, Dry
Watt (s)

xi


SUBJECT NO. i!
250g,

240)
2222
23am
1am)
'eaea)
Ii4oe

cO2 <ML/MIN>

8 Bao

A san . a

“me

20a

a as sp 7: oD ian ise
WORKLOAD «WATTS >

Figure 60

SUSJECT NO. 12

2632
2488)
2283
2320)
eae)
(eae
1)
12am,
'aaa
aug

EXPIRED CO2 <ML/HIN>

“oo

a 2s LJ . 7s 168 12s isa
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 61

50



OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (ML/MIN>

2258)

1758

182m

753

zap

SUBJECT NO. IS

a

2sae,
22sa)
aamet
‘7s
(sae
\25e)
poe
752
san

as so 7 ia2 tas (sa
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 30

SUBJECT NO. 14

2s so 7s 1a tas 1s8
WORKLOAD <WATTS > :

Figure 31

33


HERRT RATE <BPM>

HEART RATE <BPM>

17s

7s

SUBJECT NO. 7

17s

7

2s sa 7s ion 12s ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 8

BSUBJECT NO. &

2s sa 7 tae '2e isa
WORKLOAD <WRTTS >

Figure 9

21


DXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>/KE BODY WT.

OXYGEN CONSUMPTIDN <ML/MIN)/KE BODY WT.

SUBJECT NO. &

25 eo 7s 1Be t2s sf
WORKLORO <WATTS >

Figure 38
SUBUECT NO. &
a
ry
as se 7 1ae i2s ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS >
Figure 39

38


HEART RATE <(BPM>

HEART RATE <BPM>

SUBJECT NO. &

ise

7s

s2

Ss 2s sa 7=
WORKLORO <WATTS >

Figure 6

SUBYECT NO. &

ise

sa

12

a 25 sa / 75
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 7

20

tas


EXPIRED (D2 <ML/MIN)/KG BODY WT.

EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN)/KG BODY WT.

“a

a2

20

“2

Ba

2s

SUBJECT ND. 7

a

25 i] 7= 1om i2s ino
WORKLORD <WATTS>

Figure 72

SUBJECT NO. @

2s LS) 7= igo tas is@
WORKLOAD <WAT TS >

Figure 73

57


Figure
Number
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

49

50

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of
Body Wt.

Graph of

List of Figures
Title

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #1. .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #2. .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #3. .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #4. .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #5. .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #6. .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #7. .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #8. .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #9. .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #10 .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #11 .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #12 .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #13 .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #14 .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #16 .

Oxygen Consumption (mL/min) per kg
vs. Workload (Watts) Subject #18 .

Expired CO, (mL/min) vs. Workload

(Watts) Subject #1 7... 6. ee ee ew ew

viii

Page
Number

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

40

40

41

41

42

« 42

43

43

45



Level 2: t = 0 : device donned,
t = 0 to 12 min 30 s: subject seated,
t = 12 min 30 s to : effort expended at 60 W for

15 min 1 min, 80 W for 1 min, 30 s.

Another suggested test also has two levels of
conditions:

Level 1: 20 min at sea level to 10,000 ft with a minimum
workload, but within that 20 min, 5 min at an
average workload of 80 W, when any one of the
following transient conditions shall occur:

180 W for 30 s or
150 W for 1 min or
100 W for 2 min,

Level 2: 5 min at sea level with an average workload of 80
Watts and at any time the following transient
conditions shall occur -

180 W for 30" or
150 W for 1' or
100 W for 2°.

PPBE must function properly under the most severe
conditions for which intended. If the most severe test were
chosen for the test protocol (Level 2 for the first example
and Level 1 for the second example above), then it could be
assumed that the device would be adequate for a less severe
condition (Level 1 for the first example and Level 2 for the
second example above). Therefore, there would be need for
only one test protocol.

The duration of the test is yet to be agreed upon (15
minutes or 20 minutes), however, some workloads can be
identified which could be pertinent to any profile.
Physiological considerations and levels of work noted in the

CAMI evacuation study suggest that the following workload
eriteria be considered:

For a low level of work, simulating donning and staying
seated after an emergency has been declared (as in an in-
flight situation), a workload of 0.7 watts/kg body weight
could be applied. This was selected because it approximates
a 50-watt workload for a "standard" 70 kg man, which is
considered a light workload and is one that could be expected
to be maintained for some period of time. This rate would
equate to a 34-W workload for the 5th percentile female (48.6
kg) and to a 70-W workload for the 95th percentile male
(100.1 kg). As shown in Table XII, this would have resulted
in HR's which, when averaged, would produce a HR of 57.9% of
predicted maximum BR for the subjects used in the calibration
tests. |

11


EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN>

EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN>

2502
24am
z2aag
zoom
temm
sae
1480)
'2za5
iaon
san
5a
yee

SUBJECT NO. 7

a

2600
242m)
2228
2en2
tea)
15a
ise
12aa)
igen
ago
[t--)
“ee

25 so 7s i132 t25
WORKLOAD <WwATTS >

Figure 56

SUBJECT ND. @

t

25 sa 7s 12B Jas
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 57

48


EXPIRED COZ <ML/MIN)/KG BODY WT.

EXPIRED <O2 <ML/MIN)/KG BODY WT.

£
8

N
n

£
8

Wu
n

N
n

Ns
8

SUBUECT NO. 3

as sa 7= 1oe i2s ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 68

SUBJECT ND. 4

2s so 7s tag i2s isa
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 69

55


2500,
2252)
23m

' zee
sow

eed

78

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIND>

SUBUECT NO. 2

a

4

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (ML/MIND>
8
8

2x =a 75 1am
WORKLOAD <WwAT TS >

Figure 20

SUBJECT NO. 4

a= sa 7s ioe
WORKLORD <WATTS >

Figure 21

28


ee ee

i

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION ¢ML/MIND

DXYGEN CONSUMPTION (ML/MIN?

252B,
Raeel
' asa

a

SUBJECT NO. &

coed

' 75a

1sao)

taser

seaer

25 bY] 7s

WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 22

SusvECT NO. &

2s sa 7

WORKLOPD <WATTS>

Figure 23

29

isa


APPENDIX D

Individual Subject Graphs for
Expired co, (mL/min) vs. Workload (Watts)

44


APPENDIX A

Individual Subject’Graphs for
Heart Rate (BPM) vs. Workload (Watts)

17


25o0,
24a2
22am
23a8)
saan
1308)
i4oa
12e@
\eaa
Soe

EXPIRED COZ <ML/MIN>

“ae

SusvecT NO. =

z25aa,
2420
2222
2200)
(eae,
mt.
14Ba)
laze
1aae)
aan

& san

“ou

RED C02 <¢ML/MIN>D

208

so 75.
WORKLOMD <WATTS >

Figure 54

SUBJECT NO. &

£2 75
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 55

47


EXPIRED <O2 <ML/MIN)/KG BOOY WT.

EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN)/KG BODY WT.

£
a

Nu
8

aa

3s

SUBJECT NO. &

=e

a= =o 7s ir) t2s
WORKLORD <WATTS >
Figure 70
SUBJECT NO. BS
a
*
“
as =e 7s 128 tae tse
WORKLOAD <WwATTS>
Figure 71

56



I ee ee

ABSTRACT . . .

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES.

TABLE

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. . .

INTRODUCTION .
METHODS. . . .«
RESULTS. . . ©
DISCUSSION . .
CONCLUSIONS. .
REFERENCES . .

APPENDICES . .

eee

OF CONTENTS

iv

iii

iv

vi

xi

10
13
15
16


OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN)/KG BODY NT.

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN/KS BODY HT.

BUBYECT NO. I

2 so 7: 1Be las (sa
WORKLORD <WATTS>

Figure 34

SusUECT ND. 2.

z= Lt 7: tom tas tee
WORKLOMD <WATTS>

Figure 35

36


OXYBEN CONSUMPTION ¢(ML/MIN>

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION ¢ML/MIN>

1 7s0}

(som
lesa
toag)
753
sua

SUBJECT NO. 16

2500

2252

2220

1788)

l2se@

752

saa

25a

2s aa 7 tae 12s 1s
WORKLORPD <WATTS >

Figure 32

SUBJECT NO. !8

25 so 7s 1ae 12s ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS>

Figure 33

34


EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN)/KG BODY WT.

EXPIRED COZ <ML/MIN)/KG BODY WT.

a)

bel}

3s

SUBJECT NO. 11

- as so 75 'on 12 (so
WORKLOAD <WATTS>

Figure 76

SUBJECT NO. 12

>

2 as se 75 1a 125 iso
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 77

59


FWD

Sr a
ROW
ROW
ROW

HUHEEY

ff

Coo a
[Ss gs ([xtet

mw in = CXT_[_]
Row ii) = Lita x 7]

ew iz [XT T_]
ROW 13 Lx [xT ]

i

<— EXIT 10 sine___]

TO
AFT

Figure 1. Evacuation simulator seating profile. Numerals identify test
subject and seating position at the beginning of the evacuation.
"X's" indicate the positions of supernumerary subjects used
in the test. Row pitch = 32 in. Evacuation aisle width = 17 in.



EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN>

EXPIRED COZ <ML/MIN>

2e2g,
242g

2202

2220)

tI ]--)

yom

zea

SUBUECT NC. 2

2500
24a0)
22a2
zeame
a-T--1-.)
\eaa
hell)
l2aaa
1208)
=]-]-.]
saa
“aw

2aa

2s sa 7s 1am tas ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 52

SuUBYUECT NO. 4

2s sa 7s iao tas isa
WORKLORD, < WATTS >

Figure 53

46

i
'



24ao|

isos

EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN>

“oe

202

SUBJECT NO. 16

25aD
24Re
2220
; 208)
teao
isan)
I4Re

cO2 <ML/MIN>

g ean
bo

as sD 7 13e (25 tse
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 64

BUBYJECT NO. 1@

25 sa 75 ioe tas (soa
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 65

52



TABLE IV
Oxygen Consumption (mL/min, STPD) per Kg Body Weight

Workload
(Watts)= _30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Subject
Number
1 9.1 13.5 15.3 - - - -
2 11.1 12.6 16.4 15.9 20.2 22.0 26.2
3 12.9 16.5 18.0 - ~ - -
4 11.7 15.1 18.6 21.7 24.5 27.3 29.7
5* 11.7 13.1 16.6 18.8 - - -
6 11.6 13.6 16.5 19.2 22.2 25.9
7 11.2 13.4 15.2 - - - -
8 13.0 18.6 19.5 24.0 28.4 - -
9 12,1 13.5 17.5 20.9 - - -
10 9.4 13.0 16.3 18.0 20.4 21.5 25.7
11 9.9 11,2 14.2 18.3 - - -
12* 10.0 13.6 17.7 18.1 20.6 25.6 31.5
13 14.2 18.1 21.4 - - - -
14* 8.7 11.4 13.4 15.8 16.5 - -
16* 9.3 9.8 11.5 14.8 17.1 19.1 20.4

18 12.8 15.5 18.6 21.3 23.5 25.9 -
* Those not measured during evacuation test.

TABLE V
Expired Carbon Dioxide (mL/min, STPD)

Workload

(Watts)= 30° 50 70 90 110 130 150

Subject

Number
1 672 1160 1360 - - - -
2 448 589 816 822 1125 1382 1683
3 616 898 891 - - - -
4 1161 1225 1386 1536 1949 2439 2575
5* 507 702 933 1233 - - -
6 639 773 973 1162 1472 1706 -
7 637 792 984 - - - -
8 689 911 985 1267 1516 - -
9 605 720 1003 1315 - - -
10 534 671 873 1026 1245 1263 1667
11 536 603 835 1112 - - -
12* 541 807 1106 1193 1444 1905 2381
13 323 525 704 - - - -
14* 902 953 1062 1285 1461 - -
16* 763 801 997 1247 1566 1807 2014
18 755 958 1269 1524 1793 2028 -

* Those not measured during evacuation test.



ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance of several
individuals who made the conduct of this study possible.

We thank Mr. Gary R. Sharp and members of the Aeromedical
Clinical Branch for conducting the preselection physical
examinations and also Mr. Sharp for his assistance in medical
monitoring and data collection during the tests. We
appreciate the assistance of Mr. Joseph Young during the data
collection phases of both the calibration tests and the
evacuation test. We also acknowledge the valuable

contributions of Mr. Paul Rasmussen during the evacuation
test.


ae

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>

2sa0,
z22s5q}
zeae
17se}
1 soa}
asa
LB -)--]-) 9
7508
saa

2s0

SUBYECT NO. !

2500,

1258)

1@a0)

75a

2s so 7s 1mB ‘2s 15s
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 18

SUBYECT ND. 2

as so 7s 128 2s it~
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 19

27


3.

REFERENCES

Ellestad, Myrvin H., M.D., Stress Testin Principles and
Practices, Ed. 2. F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, 1983.
saactices, Ed. 2.

Froelicher, Victor F., Jr., M. D., Chapter 87,
"Techniques of Exercise Testing," in Heart, Arteries, and

Veins, 5th Edition. J. Willis Hurst, Ed., McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, 1982,

Froelicher, Victor F., or., M.D., Exercise Testing and
Training. Yearbook Medical Pub. Inc., Chicago, 1984,

15


Technical Report Documentation Page

1, Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3, Recipient's Catalog No.
DOT/FAA/AM/87/2

4. Title and Subtitle S. Report Dote
A STUDY OF PASSENGER WORKLOAD AS RELATED TO
PROTECTIVE BREATHING REQUIREMENTS G. Performing Orgonizotion Code

(8. Performing Organizotion Report No.

7, author's) FA, Higgins, J.T. Saldivar, P.J. Lyne,
and G,.E. Funkhouser

9. Performing Organization Name ond Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute
P.O. Box 25082 TT. Contract or Grant No.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Nome and Address
Office of Aviation Medicine
Federal Aviation Administration

800 Independence Avenue, S.W. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Washington, D.C, 20591

15. Supplementary Notes
Research leading to preparation of this report was performed under tasks
AM-B-86-PRS-71 and AM-B-87-PRS~-81.D.

16. Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate workloads, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide
production, and respiratory exchange rates for passengers during an emergency
aircraft evacuation, This was accomplished tn an effort to formulate possible
qualification standards for a passenger protective preathing device intended to
protect from smoke and fumes.

Recommendations were:

1) Establish a work profile for testing devices of:
15 minutes at 0.7 watts/kg body weight,*
2 minutes at 1.2 watts/kg body weight,
1 minute at 1.5 watts/kg body weight,
2 minutes at 1.2 watts/kg body weight.

2) ‘The volume of the hood should exceed the volume that encloses the head and
neck by 3.0 Liters.

3) The device should provide 3.0 L/min O9 for 20 minutes.

4) The device should be capable of absorbing 45 L of C02.

*The subject population studied should include one or two individuals who meet or
exceed the weight of the 95th percentile male.

17. Key Words 18, Distribution Statement

Passenger Protective Breathing Equipment Document is available to the public
Emergency Evacuation, through the National Technical
Smoke/Fume Environment. Information Service, Springfield,

Virginia 22161

19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20, Security Classif. (of this page) Zi. No, of Pages | 22, Price
Unclassified Unclassified 72
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

di


OXYBEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN)/KG BOOY WT.

- - uo. uw w
8 n a- | 8 a

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (ML/MIN>/KG BODY HT.

SUBJECT NO. 7

>

2s =o 7 128 tas
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 40

SUBVECT NO. @

2s so 7= 1a2 12
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 41

39


17s

7

HEART RATE <(BPM>

as

SUBUECT NO. It

2s so 7 tas 2s (se
WORKLOAD <WwATTS >
Figure 12
SUBJECT NOD. 12
2s s2 7s iaa l2s isa

WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 13

23


OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>

2528,

2250)

22am)

17s

1282)

(9am)

752

SUBJECT NO. It

2se0Q,
2252)
zene
t7s2}
1 sam)
12a]
tang
750
som

253

2s so 7 (ap tas itso
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 28

SUBJECT NO. 12

2s so Ss ioe 12s isa
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 29

32


HERRT RATE <BPM>

HEART RATE (BPM>

17s

75

7s

ise

75

SB

SUBYECT NO. 1

>

25 Ly] 7= 1aa 12s isa
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 2

SUBUECT NO. 2

25 sa 7s 1aa fas ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 3

18



changes had occurred since the initial physical exam. ‘The
EKG and HR electrode skin sites were cleaned with alcohol and
mild. abrasion; NaCl-pumice-type electrode paste was applied
to the skin sites, then disposable electrodes were applied.
These electrodes were applied to a neutral ground site, to
the manubrium and to V positions -3, -4 and -5. Leads CM~3,
CM-4, and CM-5 were simultaneously recorded on a _ Bosch*
Electrocardiograph Model 103A with the selected: lead
displayed continuously on a Bosch Electrocardioscope Model
ESC 502 with pulse rate meter. Blood pressure (BP) was
monitored every other minute using the Bosch Electronic Blood
Pressure Monitor Model EBM 502 in the manual mode.

Subjects were seated at a Godart Type GM-EM bicycle
ergometer and the pedal stroke length adjusted. The
electrode leads were then connected to the Bosch recorder and
the BP cuff placed on the right arm. They were then fitted
with a mouth piece and nose clip for the collection of
expired respiratory gases. Inspired room air was provided
from a Collins 120-Liter Gasometer. The test was begun ky
having the subject pedal at 50 r/min, a rate which was
maintained throughout the test. The beginning workload was
set at 30 watts. Workload was increased by 20-watt
increments each 2 min until (a) HR reached 80% of predicted
maximum HR for male subjects or 75% for female subjects’, or
(o) until the medical monitor stopped the test due to
abnormal EKG recordings or too high HR“, or (c) the end of
the 150-W workload. During the final 30 s of each 2-min
workload period, expired respiratory gases were collected by
means of a modified Douglas valve connected to a 40-Liter,
plastic Douglas-type gas bag. Measurements of the expired
air were made using a Perkin Elmer Model 1100 Medical Gas
Analyzer (mass spectrometer) for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen. During this period recordings were also made of
inspired tidal volume, minute volume, and respiratory rate.
Heart rate and EKG were monitored continuously, with the
final 30 s of each 2-min period used for data collection.
Beginning with the first minute, BP was monitored every other
minute. At the conclusion of each test, subjects were kept
in the laboratory until HR and BP returned to normal.

Tab.e I gives the results of workload vs. HR for the 16
subjects calibrated. Data for each subject were plotted (see
appendix A) and best fit linear regression coefficients
determined. By using the individual point of intercept and
slope, workload could be determined for any given HR.

After all calibration runs were completed, an evacuation
test was scheduled in which 12 of the calibrated subjects
were instrumented with portable Marquette Series 8500 Holter

* Brand names are given only to describe the experimental
procedure, and are not meant to imply recommendation or
endorsement.


- - N N W u
8 n 8 a 8 “

EXPIRED CO2 <ML/MIN)/KS BODY WT.

42

EXPIRED COZ <ML/MIN>/KG BODY WT.
w
8

SUBJECT NO. 1

2 sa ° 7 ipa tas ise
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 66

SUBJECT NO. 2

2 se 7s ioe las tse
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 67



OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN>/KG BODY WT.

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN)/KE BODY HT.

W
n

SUBJECT ND. @

>

2s sa 7s \aa tas ise
WORKLORO <WATTS >

Figure 42

SUBJECT NO. If

25 sa 7k tae las isa
WORKLOAD <WATTS >

Figure 43

40


OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN)/KG& BODY HT.

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION <ML/MIN)/KB BODY WT.

BSUBYECT NO. 13

as 2 7s iaa tas timo
WORKLOAD <WATTS>

Figure 46

SUBUECT NO. 14

as sa 7=. 128 las 1s
WORKLOMD <WATTS >

Figure 47

42



The subject population data are presented in Table II.
The other parameters determined from the baseline workload
calibration tests are presented in Tables III through VII.

Weight
(kgs)
eit6
75.41
53.18
66.68
67.36
66.34
64.30
72.57
53.64
78.02
67.70
71.33
47.74
99.79
100.70

TABLE II
Subject Population Data

Subject Sex Age
Number (M/P) (Yrs)
1 F 22

2 M 22

3 F 27

4 M 24

5* F 27

6 M 24

7 F 22

8 M 20

9 F 25

10 M 25
11 F 25
12* M 32
13 F 29
14* M 29
16* M 29
18 M 22

74.16

Height
tem)

168
179
158
173
160
168
164
178
169
180
163
168
164
188
188
183

* Those not measured during evacuation test.

TABLE IIT
Oxygen Consumption (mL/min, STPD)
Workload
(Watts) = 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Subject
Number
1 561 829 942 - - - -
2 838 947 1235 1198 1525 1659 1974
3 685 880 958 - - - -
4 781 1004 1237 1449 1635 1819 1981
5* 786 883 1117 1266 - - -
6 767 904 1097 1272 1474 1721 -
7 720 862 975 - - - -
8 968 1351 1417 1743 2063 - -
9 649 724 940 1122 - - -
10 736 1015 1271 1405 1594 1677 2004
11 670 758 959 1238 - - -
12* 716 973 1265 1291 1471 1823 2250
13 676 865 1020 - - - -
14* 869 1133 1340 1576 1650 - -
16* 936 985 1157 1492 1724 1923 2056
18 951 1147 1378 1576 1746 1924 -

* Those not measured during evaczation test.