1

22-192

Chhabra v. Blinken

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

2 held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 13th 3 day of December, two thousand twenty-two.

4

5 PRESENT:

6 AMALYA L. KEARSE,

7 MICHAEL H. PARK,

8 MYRNA PÉREZ,

9 Circuit Judges.

10 _____________________________________

11

12 Dr. Vijay Chhabra, Ranjna Chhabra,

13

14 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

15

16 v. 22-192

17

18 Antony J. Blinken, Secretary of State, United 

19 States Department of State, Alejandro 

20 Mayorkas, Secretary of DHS, United States 

21 Department of Homeland Security, Ur M. 

22 Jaddou, Director of USCIS, United States 

23 Citizenship & Immigration Services,

24

25 Defendants-Appellees.*

26

27 _____________________________________

28

29

* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
2

1 FOR PLAINTIFFS–APPELLANTS: THOMAS E. MOSELEY, Esq., 

2 Newark, NJ.

3

4 FOR DEFENDANTS–APPELLEES: VARUNI NELSON, Assistant 

5 U.S. Attorney (Layaliza 

6 Soloveichik, Assistant U.S. 

7 Attorney, on the brief) for

8 Breon Peace, U.S. Attorney, 

9 Eastern District of New 

10 York, Brooklyn, NY.

11

12 Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New 

13 York (Glasser, J.). 

14 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

15 DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

16 Plaintiffs-Appellants Dr. Vijay Chhabra (“Chhabra”) and Ranjna Chhabra appeal the 

17 district court’s order granting the government’s motion to dismiss and denying their motions for 

18 summary judgment and to amend their complaint. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the 

19 underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues on appeal.

20 Plaintiffs asked the district court to find that Chhabra’s conviction for tax evasion under 26 

21 U.S.C. § 7201, for which he was ordered removed from the United States, is not a crime involving 

22 moral turpitude (“CIMT”) and to direct that his visa to re-enter the United States be processed with 

23 “reasonable promptness” by the consular office in New Delhi, India. The government moved to 

24 dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); Plaintiffs moved 

25 for summary judgment and to amend their complaint. 

26 We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for 

27 failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Bldg. Indus. Elec. Contractors Ass’n v.

28 City of New York, 678 F.3d 184, 187 (2d Cir. 2012). We also review a denial of leave to amend 
3

1 de novo when denial is based on a determination that amendment would be futile. Smith v. Hogan, 

2 794 F.3d 249, 253 (2d Cir. 2015). 

3 We affirm because Plaintiffs’ claim is barred under the doctrine of consular 

4 nonreviewability. This Court has long held that “a consular officer’s decision to deny a visa is 

5 immune from judicial review.” Am. Acad. of Religion v. Napolitano, 573 F.3d 115, 123 (2d Cir. 

6 2009). Chhabra’s visa denial was based on a “facially legitimate and bona fide reason,” and so 

7 our review can go no further. Id. at 125. At bottom, Plaintiffs ask us to order the consular office 

8 in India to process Chhabra’s visa application to re-enter the United States, which we cannot do. 

9 The district court, furthermore, did not err in denying leave to amend. “Leave to amend 

10 may properly be denied if the amendment would be futile, as when the proposed new pleading 

11 fails to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” Anderson News, L.L.C. v. Am. Media, Inc.,

12 680 F.3d 162, 185 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal citations omitted). Plaintiffs sought to amend their

13 complaint to allege that the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”), not the consular office, 

14 determined that Chhabra’s conviction for tax evasion was a CIMT. 

15 But the CIMT designation was not independently made by DHS. Instead, this 

16 determination was made by an immigration judge and affirmed by the Board of Immigration 

17 Appeals (“BIA”) during Chhabra’s removal proceedings. This Court also denied review of the 

18 BIA’s affirmance. Chhabra v. Holder, 444 F. App’x 493, 494 (2d Cir. 2011). Plaintiffs now 

19 seek to collaterally attack a legal determination made in Chhabra’s removal proceedings through 

20 a claim brought under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). This is not permitted. See 

21 Singh v. USCIS, 878 F.3d 441, 445 (2d Cir. 2017) (explaining that indirect challenges to removal 

22 orders may not be brought under the APA). 
4

1 We have considered Plaintiffs’ remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

2 Accordingly, we AFFIRM the order of the district court. 

3 FOR THE COURT: 

4 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court