Part I11 

Driving Bibliographic Database 

1. Adebayo, A. Drunk-driving intervention in an urban community: an exploratory analysis. Br-J-Addict ; 

1988 Apr; 83(4): 423-9. 

2. Akamatsu, T.; Kusumoto, M.; Kamata, K.; Furumi, K.; Ohrnine, T.; Inoue, N.; Sato, K.; Kajiwara, M.; 

Nagamori, H. [An evaluation of the relationship between fatigue and intake of alcohols on the adult 

workers (I)--Analysis by inquiries and examinations]. Aruko~u-Kenkyuto-Yakubutsu-Ison ; 1984 Jun; 

19(2): 107-17. 

3. Alcohol and the driver. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA ; 1986 Jan 24-31; 255(4): 522-7. 

4. Alcohol and the driver Fetter]. JAMA ; 1986 Jul4; 256(1): 37. 

5. Aldenhovel, H. G. [Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and transarninases in the sera of drunk drivers--some 

empirical findings]. Blutalkohol ; 1985 Jul; 22(4): 290-7. 

6. Anda, R. F.; Remington, P. L.; Dodson, D. L.; DeGuire, P. J.; Forman, M. R.; Gum, R. A. (Bureau of 

Laboratory and Epidemiological Services, Michigan Department of Public Health). Patterns of selfreported drinking and driving in Michigan. Am-J-Rev-Med ; 1987 Sep-Oct; 3(5): 271-5. 

7. Argeriou, M.; McCarty, D.; Blacker, E. (Alcohol & Health Research Services, Inc., Stoneham, 

Massachusetts 02180). Criminality among individuals arraigned for drinhg and driving in 

Massachusetts. J-Stud-Alcohol ; 1985 Nov; 46(6): 525-30. 

8. Armsby, P.; Boyle, A. J.; Wright, C. C. (Road Traffic Research Centre, Middlesex Polytechnic, London, 

United Kingdom). Methods for assessing drivers' perception of specific hazards on the road. Accid-AnalPrev ; 1989 Feb; 21(1): 45-60. 

9. Armsby, Pauline; Boyle, A. J.; Wright, C. C. (Middlesex Polytechnic, Road Traffic Research Ctr, London, 

England). Methods for assessing drivers' perception of specific hazards on the road. Accident Analysis 

and hevention; 1989 Feb Vol21(1) 45-60; 1989; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. 

16 18-61 yr old drivers' perceptions of hazards were assessed using interview methods, the Q-sort, and 

variants of the repertory grid (RG). These techniques were judged on their ability to differentiate between 

old and young Ss, 2 groups with known differences in accident frequency. Results indicate that the fixed 

RG differentiated the most between old and young Ss, but all RG variants differentiated Ss to some extent 

None of the interview techniques produced useful information, and neither interviews nor the Q-sort 

discriminated between young and old Ss. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological 

Assn, all rights reserved). 

10. Avolio, Bruce J.; Barrett, Gerald V.; Sterns, Harvey L. Alternatives to age for assessing occupational 

performance capacity. Note: Experimental Aging Research. Summer 1984. Vol. 10, No. 2. p. 101-105. 

(5p.). Examines alternatives to functional age for assessing variations in levels of ability across the 

working lifespan. Presents arguments against the use of functional age in employment decision making, 

and points out that the courts have not accepted functional age as a reliable measure of job performance, 

but have relied instead on chronological age. Describes a model which uses expectancy tables to relate 

test scores to specific performance on a criterion task in order to arrive at an indicator of the probability of 

success. Essential to this model is the transformation of correlation coefficients between predictor and 

criterion scores @to probability estimates for individuals. Reviews empirical justification for evaluating 

the efficacy of intrinsic attributes in predicting older adult performance, including studies which have 

shown the utility of information-processing measures in predicting automobile accident involvement and 

investigations of aircraft fight proficiency. (LS). 

11. Bankston, William B.; Jenkins, Quentin A.; Thayer, Doyle, Cheryl; Thompson, C. Arol, Y. (Louisiana 

State U, Baton Rouge). Fear of the drunk driver: Analysis of an emergent social problem. Deviant 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CFAnONS 

Behavior; 1986 Vol7(2) 107-120; 1986; CODEN. DEBEDF; ISSN: 01639625. Note: Human. Analyzed 

public perceptions of drunk driving with respect to risk of being victimized, seriousness of the offense, 

and fear of being victimized in 1,852 Louisiana driver's license holders. Data from questionnaires indicate 

that, compared with other crimes (e.g., murder, rape), drunk driving ranked highest in its fear invoking 

quality; risk of being victimized was much higher for drunk driving than for other crimes. Correlations of 

fear with seriousness and risk were strong and positive. Implications for understanding fear of crime as a 

function of perceived risk and seriousness and for further legislation and policy action against drunk 

driving are discussed. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights 

reserved). 

12. Barakat, Sami Jamil; Mulinazzi, Thomas E. Elderly drivers: problems and needs for research. Note: 

Transportation Quarterly. Apr 1987. Vol. 41, No. 2. p. 189-206. (18p.). Discusses issues related to 

highway safety and elderly drivers, highlighting research needs. Reviews some of the common myths 

about the elderly, and summarizes data about elderly drivers presented at a recent workshop. Older people 

are involved in fatal accidents more often than the middle-aged, but less often than the population as a 

whole. They also are more likely to be impaired or die as a result of an accident than are younger people, 

except for very young children. The skills necessary for safe driving begin to deteriorate around age 55, 

but individual variability is great and most elderly seem to recognize their limitations and voluntarily 

curtail their driving. Testimony presented before the National Highway Safety Advisory Committee 

indicated that traffic and highway systems could be designed to give greater consideration to the needs 

and behavior of the elderly. Research on the driver and driving functions has been limited, and state 

licensing systems do not adequately screen individuals for their ability to drive safely. The use of human 

factors research on highway transportation has been hampered by the diverse nature of studies on aging 

and the complexity of the highway transportation system. In designing roadway systems and vehicles, the 

focus should be on developing ways of keeping older drivers on the highways as long as they can drive 

safely. (CM). 

13. Beck, K. H. (Department of Health Education, University of Maryland, College Park 20742). Monitoring 

parent concern about teenage drinking and driving: a random digit dial telephone survey. Am-J-DrugAlcohol-Abuse ; 1990; 16(1-2): 109-24. , 

14. Beck, Kenneth H.; Summons, Terry G. (U Maryland, Safety Education Ctr, College Park). A comparison 

of the social context for alcohol consumption of college students and convicted DWI offenders. Joumal of 

Alcohol and Drug Education; 1985 Win Vol 30(2) 31-39; 1985; CODEN: JADEDT; ISSN: 00901482. 

Note: Human. 272 college students (aged 17-45 yrs) and 261 convicted driving while intoxicated (DWI) 

offenders were surveyed with an anonymous questionnaire to determine which social context of alcohol 

consumption factors discriminated between the offenders and college students. Results reveal that DWI 

offenders tended to drink in their own home, alone, and to relieve stress, whereas college students were 

more likely to drink at a party, for the enjoyment of taste, and to get drunk. There were no major 

differences among various subgroups of college student alcohol abusers. Six measures of alcohol 

consumption and abuse (e.g., how often do you usually drink an alcoholic beverage?) were taken for the 

DWI offenders in an attempt to relate them to various social contexts for drinking. These measures 

revealed that drinking to relieve stress, aches and pains, and to get drunk were common contexts within 

which alcohol consumption and abuse took place for these offenders. Results are discussed in terms of 

alcohol abuse at younger age levels (18-20 yrs) being probably a form of episodic and recreational 

activity, while alcohol abuse in older ages (e.g., DWI offenders) is more likely a chronic problem. (19 ref) 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

15. Berger, Dale E.; Snortum, John R. (Claremont Graduate School). Alcoholic beverage preferences of 

drinking driving violators. Joumal of Studies on Alcohol; 1985 May Vol 46(3) 232-239; 1985; CODEN: 

JSALDP; ISSN: 0096882X. Note: Human Examined relationships between the preferred type of 

alcoholic beverage and various drinking-driving behaviors and attitudes in a sample of 1,000 licensed US 

drivers (aged 16+ yrs) interviewed in a national telephone survey. Results show that, generally, Ss who 

preferred beer drank to higher levels of intoxication, were more likely to drive after drinking, and tended 

to consider driving while intoxicated to be less serious; this was generally true regardless of sex, age, 

education, income, and marital status. It is concluded that findings contradict the perception of beer as a 

relatively harmless drink of moderation and challenge policies of special concessions for the legal 

purchasing age and advertising of beer. (32 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

16. Bemardelli, B.; Gennari, M.; Leo, C.; Grassi, G. (Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

Universita degli Studi di Pma). [Analysis and evaluation of blood alcohol values found in victims of 

fatal traffic accidents in the Pma region (1982-1986)l. Acta-Biomed-Ateneo-Parmense ; 1988; 59(3-4): 

57-66. 

17. Bjmeboe, A.; Bjmeboe, G. E.; Gjerde, H.; Bugge, A.; Drevon, C. A.; Mrland, J. (National Institute of 

Forensic Toxicology, Oslo, Norway). A retrospective study of drugged driving in Norway. Forensic-SciInt ; 1987 Apq 33(4): 243-51. 

18. Blaauw, Gerard J. (TNO Inst for Perception, Soesterberg, Netherlands). Driving experience and task 

demands in simulator and instrumented car: A validation study. Human Factors; 1982 Aug Vol 244) 

473-486; 1982; CODEN: HUFAA6; ISSN: 00187208. Note: Human. Studied the validity of research 

results obtained using the fixed-base vehicle simulator of the Institute for Perception (Dutch Institute for 

Applied Scientific Research) during straight-road driving. Absolute and relative validities were mainly 

evaluated in terms of system performance and driver behavior for 24 inexperienced and 24 experienced 

male drivers (aged 18-36 yrs), who had to perform lateral and longitudinal vehicle control both in the 

simulator and in an instrumented car on the road. Task demands for each control were varied with a free 

and forced accuracy instruction. Results show good absolute and relative validity for longitudinal vehicle 

control; lateral vehicle control offered good relative validity. Lateral control performance lacked absolute 

validity due to Ss' diminished perception of lateral translations (absence of kinesthetic feedback). Ss were 

easily able to perceive yaw rotations in the simulator. Performance in the simulator was a more sensitive 

discriminator of driving experience than was performance in the instrumented car on the road. (20 ref) 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

19. Blumenberg, Anne L.; Hull, Stephanie A.; Stoesz, David; Albert, Faye S. Age rating and automobile 

insurance: its impact on older Americans. Note: American Association of Retired Persons, Public Policy 

Institute, Washington, DC. Mar 1990. (60p.). 

20. Bourg, C. The mobility of the elderly in a southern metropolitan area. Note: Center for community 

studies, Fisk University, Nashville, TN. 1972. (281p.). AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 

000335. Although a fair amount of attention has been given to the provision of adequate and affordable 

housing for the elderly, relatively little has been done to ensure the transportation necessary to keep them 

from becoming captives in their lodgings. The three variables of Life-style, motility patterns, and 

behavioral maps all figure into a satisfactory solution to these problems. Demographic analysis of a 

sample population in Nashville-Davidson County in Tennessee indicates, as expected, that health and 

income directly effect motility, but also that men living by themselves are less able to get around than are 

women, even though the health of men are usually better. Even within the relatively small area of one 

county, noticeable differences of health and income exist between different subareas, such that an 

approach of "positive discrimination" may be the only way of treating their specific needs. Today's 

elderly are the Grst generation which grew up with access to the automobile for transportation, and they 

had particular difficulty dealing with the demands of traffic as their own skills derninished, and are 

especially disturbed by the prospect of losing their driver's licenses. Men drive more frequently than 

women to various destinations, except to visit children and relatives, and black elderly most frequently 

take trips out of town. Throughout, the text is illustrated with statistical tables, and a bibliography and 

sample of the indices used in gathering data are included in appendices. (SR). 

21. Bradstock, M. K.; Marks, J. S.; Forman, M. R.; Gentry, E. M.; Hogelin, G. C.; Binkin, N. J.; Trowbridge, 

E L. (Division of Nutrition, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333). Drinking-driving and 

health lifestyle in the United States: Behavioral Risk Factors Surveys. J-Stud-Alcohol ; 1987 Mar; 48(2): 

147-52. 

22. Briggs, J. E.; Patel, H.; Butterfield, K.; Honeyboume, D. (Department of Thoracic Medicine, Dudley Road 

Hospital, Birmingham, U.K). The effects of chronic obstructive airways disease on the ability to drive and 

to use a roadside alcolmeter. Respir-Med ; 1990 Jan; 84(1): 43-6. 

23. Brorsson, B. [Elderly drivers run a greater risk than middle-aged drivers of being involved in accidents]. 

Lakartidningen ; 1989 May 17; 86(20): 1915-7. 

24. Brown, Nina W. (Old Dominion U). Assessment measures that discriminate between levels of DUI 

clients. Psychological Reports; 1985 Jun Vol56(3) 739-742; 1985; CODEN: PYRTAZ; ISSN: 00332941. 

Note: Human. Administered the Adjective Checklist, the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List, the 

Depression Adjective Checklist, and the Profile of Mood States to 166 males (aged 17-63 yrs) who had 

been convicted of drunk driving (DUI) and were enrolled in an alcohol safety action program, to 
DFWING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

determine if Ss' scores would differ from those of the general population. Results indicate differences 

with regard to all 4 scales. Although a few individual scales showed significant differences between Ss 

with regard to treatment level, multiple discriminant analysis of combined test scales identified 2 factors: 

Intrapersonal Attributes, which accounted for 84% of the variance, and Personal Adequacy, accounting for 

15.9% of the variance. The combined test results correctly classified 62% of the Ss according to levels of 

problem drinking. (4 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights 

reserved). 

25. Bulstrode, S. J. (Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath, Great Britain). Car mirrors for 

drivers with restricted neck mobility. Int-Disabil-Stud ; 1987; 9(4): 180- 1. 

26. Butler, R. N. Driver's license restrictions: approach with caution [editorial]. Geriatrics ; 1989 Dec; 44(12): * * 

27. Carney, James. Can a driver be too old? Note: Time. Jan 16, 1989. Vol. 133, No. 3. p. 28. (lp.). 

Considers the possible hazards associated with increasing numbers of older drivers. A 1988 study by the 

Transportation Research Council discovered that elderly drivers rank second only to 16-to-24-year-olds in 

the number of accidents per mile driven, and the Insurance Information Institute found that drivers aged 

75 and over were more accident prone than all but those under 25. While younger drivers may suffer from 

poor judgment, the safety of elderly drivers is more likely to be affected by diminished vision and hearing, 

slowing reflexes, and decreasing attention spans. The driving errors most commonly committed by the 

elderly are: failing to yield to the right-of-way, making overly wide turns, and backing into other vehicles. 

Fourteen states, including Pennsylvania and Florida, have passed legislation requiring older drivers to take 

tests to get their licenses renewed. Attempts to stiffen requirements for older drivers may be affected by 

the inclination of the insurance companies to offer discount rates to drivers over 65 because of their more 

cautious driving habits. Suggests that revoking an older individual's driver's license would take away 

their independence. Recommends teaching elderly motorists to compensate for their physical liabilities. 

Mentions the American Association of Retired Persons' "55 Alivemature Driving" program which is 

taught in 17,OO classrooms across the United States. (AT). 

28. Christian, M. S. (Accident and Emergency Department, Wexham Park Hospital, Slough). Incidence and 

implications of natural deaths of road users. BMJ ; 1988 Oct 22; 297(6655): 1021-4. 

29. Christophersen, A. S.; Gjerde, H.; Bjmeboe, A.; Sakshaug, J.; Mrland, J. (National Institute of Forensic 

Toxicology, Oslo, Norway). Screening for drug use among Norwegian drivers suspected of driving under 

influence of alcohol or drugs. Forensic-Sci-Int ; 1990 Mar; 45(1-2): 5-14. 

30. Claybrook, Joan; Seaton, Michael; Powers, Patricia. Retesting older drivers: a question of necessity or 

discrimination? Note: State Government News. Mar 1989. Vol. 32, No. 3. p. 20-21. (2p.). NOTES: 

Included in special issue "The Politics of Aging". Presents opposing views on the need to require special 

training programs, testing requirements, or driving limitations on drivers over age 65. Joan Claybrook, 

president of Public Citizen, a consumer advocate group, argues that states should require periodic retesting 

of both younger (age 15-24) and older (age 54 and over) drivers because these groups are over-involved in 

crashes. In a counterar~ument. Michael Seaton and Patricia Powers of the American Association of 

Retired Persons (AARP )believe that since no one has yet determined a particular age at which driving 

skills begin to falter, states need to develop new means of identifying people of all ages who have 

impairments that affect their driving. They recommend a combination of roadway improvements to better 

accommodate older drivers, improved license screening and driver testing methods, innovative licensing 

programs, and the availability of alternative transportation for those who are unable to drive. (WD). 

3 1. Comors, Gerard J.; Maisto, Stephen A.; Ersner, Hershfield, Seth M. (U Texas Medical School, Houston). 

Behavioral treatment of drunk dnving recihvists: Short term and long term effects. Behavioural 

Psychotherapy; 1986 Jan Vol 14(1) 34-45; 1986; ISSN: 0 1413473. Note: Human. Investigated 36-mo 

posttreatment the relative effects of 2 behavioral treatment (BT) groups on short-term (knowledge and 

attitude change) and long-term (recidivism) variables among persons with multiple arrests for driving 

under the influence of alcohol (DUI). 62 male and 5 female Ss (aged 20-51 yrs) were randomly assigned 

to a BT that was highly individualized and focused on principles of self-control or to a general BT (which 

focused on alcohol education, relaxation training, and guided reevaluation of situations typically 

associated with DUI arrests). Each program lasted 24 wks. 61% of Ss did not perceive they had a drinking 

problem. Of those who did, the mean perceived duration was 6.4 yrs. Results show that Ss in both groups 

reported a more frequent use of portable breath test devices for assessing blood alcohol levels and 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

perceived an increased probability of being arrested if they drank and drove. In addition, Ss in the 

individualized gmups reported that they subsequently spent more time thinking about avoidmg DUI. One 

third of the Ss were rearrested for DUI during the follow-up period, although there were indications that 

rearrests may have been delayed as a function of the treatment interventions. Data suggest that drunkdriving recidivists may be responsive to behavioral treatment programs. (24 ref) (PsycLIT Database 

Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

32. Coopersmith, H. G.; Komer, Bitensky N. A.; Mayo, N. E. (Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, PQ). 

Determining medical fitness to drive: physicians' responsibilities in Canada [see comments]. Can-MedAssoc-J ; 1989 Feb 15; 140(4): 375-8. 

33. Copeland, A. R. Sudden natural death 'at the wheel'--revisited. Med-Sci-Law ; 1987 Apr; 27(2): 106-13. 

34. Comwell, M. (Banstead Place Mobility Centre, Surrey, Great Britain). The assessment of people with 

arthritis who wish to drive a car. Int-Disabil-Stud ; 1987; 9(4): 174-7. 

35. Coverston, David Yost. Security for senior citizens: how to make the golden years safer years. Note: 

Security Seminars Press, Ocala, FL. 1988. (194p.). Makes recommendations to assist senior citizens in 

maintaining their personal physical safety and security. Describes safety measures that should be taken in 

the home to prevent accidents, burglaries, and personal assault. Discusses safety issues related to driving 

an automobile. Suggests actions that can be taken to minimize the risk of being a victim of crime while 

traveling to and from the workplace, while on the job, and while in public places in the community. 

Discusses safety and security considerations pertaining to recreational activities, travel, and moving. 

Describes ways of preventing fires and what to do if one should occur. Highlights basic first aid 

procedures. Discusses different types of fraud to which the elderly may be vulnerable. Printed in large 

type. (CM). 

36. Cox, Jennifer L. (Jewish Home for the Elderly of Fairfield County, Fairfield, CT, US). Elderly drivers' 

perceptions of their driving abilities compared to their functional motor skills and their actual driving 

performance. Special Issue: Assessing the driving ability of the elderly: A preliminary investigation 

Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics; 1988 Vol 7(1-2) 51-82; 1988; ISSN: 02703181. Note: 

Human. Examined 115 male veteran drivers' (aged 65-95 yrs) perceptions of their driving abilities, 

comuared with their clinicallv tested functional skids in the area of motor abilities. and their actual in-car 

drivLg performance. The sp&ific motor abilities include: range of motion, muscle'strength, .grip strength, 

head and trunk control, reaction time (RT), proprioception, and light touch and localization. The results, 

although nonsignificant, indicate that the elderly Ss were aware of their abilities for range of motion, 

muscle strength, head and trunk control, grip strength, RT, proprioception, and light touch and 

localization The study also indicated that clinically tested motor skills and actual in-car driver 

performance can be predictive based on RT. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological 

Assn, all rights reserved). 

37. Cvetkovich, George; Earle, Timothy C. (Western Washington U, Bellingham, US). Decision making and 

risk taking of young drivers: Conceptual distinctions and issues. Proceedings of an International 

Symposium: Youth at risk for tca£6c accidents (1987, Santa Monica, California). Alcohol, Drugs and 

Driving; 1988 Jan-Mar Vol4(1) 9-19; 1988; ISSN: 08917086. Note: Human. Introduces the concepts of 

decision mes and information processing to explain why young drivers (aged 16-24 yrs) engage in 

risk-taking behavior (i.e., driving that places the S at a high statistical chance of experiencing an 

undesirable outcome). Ss' driving decision frames may not include safety issues; nonsafety issues may be 

given more importance than safety issues. Frames may include incorrect assumptions about risks, and 

these may be influenced by Ss' age, coping abilities, and task demands. It is suggested that research 

concentrate on information processing in driving situations. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

38. Czaja, Sara J.; Bm, Robin. Technology and the everyday life of older adults. Note: American Academy 

of Political and Social Science. Annals. May 1989. Vol. 503. p. 127-137. (llp.). NOTES: Included in 

special issue "The Quality of Aging: Strategies for Interventions". Suggests that older adults should be 

perceived as active users of new technologies rather than as passive recipients. Describes the various 

technologies encountered by older adults in the workplace, the home, medical environments, and the 

highway, and considers characteristics of older adults relevant to these environments. Reviews what is 

known about the physical, sensory, and cognitive capacities and limitations of older adults, and the 

implications of these for the design of technological systems. Finds that older people can learn to use 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

computers and other new technologies; however, their learning success is dependent upon the system's 

complexity and the training strategy employed. Concludes that failure to consider the diversity of the 

aging population limits the usefulness of any technological innovation and creates an increasingly large 

group of older adults frustrated by the changes that should have improved their quality of life. (WD). 

39. Dahl, C. G. Activities and satisfaction in elderly people. Note: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 

MN. 1978. (157p.). NOTES: In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of 

Philosophy. AVAILABILITY: University Microfilms Intemational. Ann Arbor, MI, Order No. 7823890. 

TWO hypotheses dealing with the use of leisure time by the retired are explored: that satisfaction with 

activities is a function of the correspondence between the reinforcer system of the environment and the 

needs of the individual; and that two measures of environmental reinforcers and individual needs 

developed for the vocational sphere can, with modification, be used in the avocational sphere. The two 

measures are the Minnesota Job Description Questionnaire and the Minnesota Importance Questionnaire. 

An Activity Description Questionnaire and an Activity Importance Questionnaire were developed as 

modifications of the two Minnesota questionnaires and distributed to 245 male and female senior citizens 

of the Mi~eapolis (St. Paul metropolitan area), ranging in age from 55 to over 84; 228 returned 

questionnaires were usable. When reliability and validity measures were applied to the two 

questionnaires, and a simple correlation was established between satisfaction and correspondence of needs 

and reinforcers, no support for the two hypotheses was found when responses were analyzed. Results 

indicated that seniors participated in 95 of the 98 activities listed but that 12 activities were most popular 

(church-going, cleaning, cooking or baking, driving or motoring, hiking or wallcing, listening to the radio, 

reading books or poetry, reading newspapers or magazines, shopping, talking on the telephone, visiting 

friends, and watching TV). Subjects reported greater satisfaction in previous work activities than in their 

present retirement activities, and considered ideal activities those that provided more opportunity for 

achievement and altruism and less emphasis on pleasant conditions. There was a statistically significant 

correlation between activity satisfaction and life satisfaction. Appendixes present the activity 

questionnaire, characteristics of the sample, percentage of time spent in certain activities, and modified 

cluster scores. (NJ). 

40. Driving after stroke [editorial]. Lancet ; 1986 Oct 18; 2(8512): 901-2. 

41. Driving and Parkinson's disease [editorial]. Lancet ; 1990 Sep 29; 336(8718): 781. 

42. Dunbar, J. A.; Penttila, A.; Pikkarainen, J. (University Department of Forensic Medicine, Royal Infirmary, 

Dundee). Drinking and driving: choosing the legal limits. Br-Med-J [Clin Res] . (Review); 1987 Dec 5; 

295(6611): 1458-60. 

43. Egberink, H. Oude; Lourens, P. F.; Van, Der Molen, H. H. (State U, Traffic Research Ctr, Groningen, 

Netherlands). Driving strategies among younger and older drivers when encountering children. Special 

Issue: Youth and traffic accident risk. Accident Analysis and Prevention; 1986 Aug Vol 18(4) 315-324; 

1986; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. Examined how 24 young drivers (aged 18-24 

yn) and 24 older drivers (aged 30-56 yrs) stated they behaved and how they actually behaved in traffic 

situations in which children were involved. A questionnaire assessed Ss' knowledge of their own behavior 

in driving situations involving children and their expectations about typical child behavior. Ss' actual 

behavior in the situations was assessed through video recordings of their behavior in driving a 1-hr 

standard track through residential areas. From the questionnaire it appeared that younger Ss reported more 

frequently dangerous behavior than older Ss. The recordings showed that younger Ss also behaved more 

dangerously during child encounters. This result could not be explained by differences in speed but could 

by the fact that younger Ss detected the children less frequently than older Ss. (20 ref) (PsycLIT Database 

Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

44. Eisenhandler, S. A. (Department of Sociology, University of Connecticut, Waterbury). The asphalt 

identikit: old age and the driver's license. Int-J-Aging-Hum-Dev . (Review); 1990; 30(1): 1-14. 

45. Eisenhandler, Susan A. Asphalt identikit: old age and the driver's license. Note: Intemational Journal of 

Aging and Human Development 1990. Vol. 30, No. 1. p. 1-14. (14p.). Posits that possession of a 

driver's license, and consequently the perogative of driving, equips elderly people with an "asphalt 

identikit" that allows them to maintain a non-age-related and nonstigmatized identity. Interview material 

from 50 adults aged 60-92 is used to illustrate the substantive issues of identity that underlie the practical 

activity of driving. Keeping a license and continuing to dnve may be the outcome of defining public 

tmportation as undignified and of an unwillingness to depend on others to schedule daily and weekly 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

activities. Many elderly acknowledged that physical deficits impeded their skill behind the wheel, and 

they imposed their own limits on driving but kept their driver's license for symbolic reasons. Ironically, 

while the symbolic tie between driving and being part of a larger, active world is instrumental in keeping 

identity intact, at the same time it presents some danger to the individual and others. On the whole, people 

seem reluctant to address safety concerns directly. Social and cultural reasons for the symbolic 

importance of automobiles are considered. (WD). 

46. Emmerich, E. [Statistical data for 1971-1982 on motor vehicle numbers, traffic discipline, road traffic 

accidents, license suspensions, license prohibitions and multiple traffic offenders with regard to 

drunkenness at the wheel]. Blutalkohol ; 1984 Jan; 21(1): 3-13. 

47. Evans, D. W.; Ginsburg, A. P. Contrast sensitivity predicts age-related differences in highway-sign 

discrirninability. Hum-Factors ; 1985 Dec; 27(6): 637-42. 

48. Evans, K. (Department of Medical and Surgical Neurology, Walton Hospital, Liverpool, U.K). 

Uncorrected refractive error among a hospital population. Ophthalmic-Physiol-Opt ; 1987; 7(3): 245-7. 

49. Evans, L. (Operating Sciences Department, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, MI 48090). 

Older driver involvement in fatal and severe rra£iic crashes. J-Gerontol ; 1988 Nov; 43(6): S186-93. 

50. Evans, Leonard (General Motors Research Labs, Operating Sciences Dept, Warren, MI, US). Older driver 

involvement in fatal and severe traffic crashes. Joumals of Gerontology; 1988 Nov Vol43(6) S186-193; 

1988; CODEN: JOGEA3; ISSN: 00221400. Note: Human. Based on national data, maintains that some 

driving risks increase at older ages to levels above their minimum values but that increases are small 

compared with correlative substantial reductions in distances driven. Reductions in mobility may be a 

more dominant correlate of aging than reductions in driving safety. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 

American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

51. Evans, Leonard. Older driver involvement in fatal and severe traffic crashes. Note: Journals of 

Gerontology. Nov 1988. Vol. 43, No. 6. p. S186-S193. (8p.). Examined the extent of older driver 

involvement in fatal and severe motor vehicle accidents, using data collected from national sources. The 

dependence on age and sex of 14 variables related to risk of severe and fatal crashes was investigated, 

including driver fatalities, involvement in severe crashes, threat to other road users, driver fatalities as a 

fraction of all fatalities, the role of motor vehicle fatalities as a cause of death, and effects on longevity. 

For a few measures, 65-year-old drivers were more at risk than 40-year-old drivers, although not more at 

risk than 20-year-old drivers. In no case did 65-year-old drivers pose a greater threat to pedestrians than 

40-year-old drivers. The magnitude of the decline in distance driven at older ages was far greater than any 

increase in driver risk, suggesting that reductions in mobility are more important in old age than 

reductions in driving safety. Rates of driver involvement in crashes were consistently higher for males 

than for females at all ages. (LS). 

52. Farrell, S. (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health 

Administration, Rockville, MD 20857). Policy alternatives for alcohol-impaired driving. Health-Educ-Q . (Review); 1989 Fall; 16(3): 413-27. 

53. Fenari, Joseph R.; Carter, Andrea L. (Mohawk Valley Community Coll, Utica, NY, US). Compliance by 

young and older drivers to the New York mandatory seat belt law: Does wisdom come with age? 

Psychological Reports; 1987 Dec Vol61(3) 697-698; 1987; CODEN: PYRTAZ; ISSN: 00332941. Note: 

Human. 66 college students and 55 elderly adults in New York state, which has a mandatory seat belt 

law, reported higher rates of seat belt use for long (71%) compared with short (52%) distances. However, 

general observations of these age groups indicated lower compliance rates than reported by the Ss. 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

54. Fenari, Joseph R.; Carter, Andrea L. Compliance by young and older bvers to the New York mandatory 

seat belt law: Does wisdom come with age? Note: Psychological Reports. Dec 1987. Vol. 61, No. 3. p. 

697-698. (2p.). Actual and self-reported seat belt use by college students and senior citizens was 

investigated in upstate New York 1 year after implementation of New Yok's seat belt law. Over a 

3-week period, daily observations were made on 350 to 400 students in a college parking lot and 120 to 

170 older drivers in the parking lot of a local mall. In addition, a brief survey was completed by 66 

students and 55 seniors. Both older and younger drivers had low rates of compliance with the law (36.2 

percent of students and 37.4 percent of seniors were observed using shoulder harnesses). Nevertheless, 

both students and seniors claimed that they usually wore seat belts when driving and when riding as a 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

passenger. Both age groups reported they used seat belts more often for long than short distances; 

self-reported use was similar for day and night time travel and for different local destinations. The 

inconsistency between observed and self-reported compliance is &cussed. (LS). 

55. Finesilver, J. S. The senior driver in the United States: a final report on licensing, driving record, training 

and insurability, including compendium of significant findings. Note: University of Denver, Denver, CO. 

Mar 02,1970. (65p.). AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000211. The two objectives of this 

study of drivers 65 years of age and older were to collect and organize statistical information relating to 

the accident involvement of the older driver compared to dnvers of all ages throughout the United States, 

and to provide a statistical background for the comparison of the older driver in different geographical and 

population settings. Accident statistics for 30 States and the District of Columbia revealed that senior 

drivers averaged 37 percent fewer accidents than they would if their proportion of accidents were in exact 

ratio to their propomon of the driving population. Senior drivers were involved in only 4.8 percent of all 

accidents, although they represent 7.4 percent of the total dnving population. They averaged lowest of all 

age groups in frequency of injury-producing accidents, and 7 percent fewer fatal accidents than their 

proportionate share of the driving population. Sections of the report identify scope of studies, timeliness of 

the project, influence and results of the project, correlations with other studies, the pressing need for 

increased safety for older pedestrians, significant findings, projections, and need for further investigations 

and programming. A chapter of conclusions precedes tables on national distribution of drivers and 

projections of the 65-plus population in the United States, and a compendium of significant findings in 

research studies and reports. (NJ). 

56. Finesilver, S. G. Compendium of studies on the senior driver in the United States including highlights and 

significant findings: a part of the final report. Note: University of Denver, College of Law, Denver, CO. 

Mar 1970. (269p.). AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000296. A compendium of 11 studies 

and reports on various facets of senior drivers is presented. The studies and reports focus on the old driver 

and his or her licensing and accident involvement in 30 States and the District of Columbia, a survey of 

insurance company officials regarding the insurability of senior drivers, insurance premium reductions for 

senior drivers in 1970, anticancellation insumce statues and their impact on senior driver, legal aspects of 

licensing, medical and health standards, improving the safe mobility of older persons, the driving ability 

of the elderly (reflected in a survey of traffic judges, safety professionals, and licensing officials), the 

driving record of older Americans, and the effect of the aging process on commercial drivers and pilots. 

Significant findings of the studies are included. (JG). 

57. Finesilver, S. G. The older driver: a statistical evaluation of licensing and accident involvement in 30 

states and the District of Columbia. Note: University of Denver, College of Law, Law Center, Denver, 

CO. Jan 1969. (40p.). AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000143. Accident statistics were 

collected and analyzed for 30 states and the Dismct of Columbia to determine the degree of involvement 

in accidents experienced by drivers 65 years and older. The results show that the older driver has less than 

a proportionate share of all accidents, fatal accidents, and injury accidents. In the categories of all 

accidents and injury accidents, the older driver has the lowest median accident involvement index of any 

age group. If the older driver has a driving problem, it would be with respect to fatal accidents, since the 

older drivers are involved in these accidents nearly in proportion to their percentage of the population. 

The scope of the study indicates that the trend is of national rather than local significance. Similar results 

are shown for States of varying size and geographic location. An overview of the selected States is 

presented. The appendixes include tables showing the number of licensed drivers and accident 

involvement indexes for the 30 States. (JG). 

58. Finesilver, S. G. A study of the various anti-cancellation insurance statues with emphasis on their effects 

upon senior drivers. Note: University of Denver, College of Law, Denver, CO. Sep 1969. (41p.). 

AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000300. A review of insurance anticancellation statues in 

various States was made, with emphasis placed on the older driver. Results of surveys taken in Kentucky, 

Wisconsin, Washington, Maryland, and California on cancellation and nomenewal of auto insurance 

policy practices are presented. Action which has been taken by various State legislatures in regulating 

cancellation policies fell in one of three categories; broad general guidelines issued by the State insurance 

department; statues which prohibit cancellation on specific grounds; and statutes which prohibit 

cancellation of policies on any grounds unless specifically excepted. The exceptions most frequently 

permitted by the various States are listed and discussed. A survey of insurance company officials 

examined their attitudes toward State legislation on insurance renewability and cancellation practices. The 

majority of officials believed that the legislation was not necessary or justifiable. Correspondence with 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

State officials concludes that statues preventing cancellation of insurance on the basis of age has been 

generally effective. The appendix contains suggested provisions for anticancellation laws and a summary 

of statutes. (JG). 

59. Finesilver, S. G. A summary of activities involving safety education for senior drivers. Note: University 

of Denver, College of Law, Denver, CO. Sep 01, 1968. (67p.). AVAILABILTTY: SCAN Microfiche No. 

CCF 000297. Various meetings, conferences, and training sessions involving safety education for senior 

drivers are summarized. The activities were the result of endeavors by the project director to create 

interest on the subject among law enforcement officials, safety officials, licensing and testing 

administrators, and senior citizen organizations. The appendix contains illustrative materials reflecting the 

project director's activities in various States throughout the country. (JG). 

60. Finesilver, S. G. A survey of the driving abilities of senior age profeskional drivers: progress report. Note: 

University of Denver, College of Law, Denver, CO. Sep 01, 1968. (30p.). AVAILABILITY: SCAN 

Microfiche No. CCF 000301. A survey of over 10,000 senior professional drivers is presented. When 

accident records were compared, senior professional drivers proved superior to younger drivers. 

Similarly, driving company officials reported that senior drivers ranked higher on overall driving skills. 

None the less, more than 50 percent of the companies had mandatory retirement policies. Reasons for the 

superior driving record of the elderly are numerous. Older drivers are less ag,mssive and tend to 

compensate for their deficiencies. The older driver usually has greater loyalty to the company and thus is 

more concerned with his driving. Compared to previous studies, this study appears to document an 

increase in the number of older drivers professionally employed. Techniques for imparting the superior 

driving skills of the older professional driver to the older driver in the general public should relay upon 

instilling a sense of responsibility in the driver. Safety bulletins and the survey form on older drivers are 

appended. (JRA). 

61. Finn, P.; Bragg, B. W. (Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA 02138). Perception of the risk of an accident 

by young and older drivers. Accid-Anal-Prev ; 1986 Aug; 18(4): 289-98. 

62. Finn, Peter, Bragg, Barry W. (Abt Assoc, Cambridge, MA). Perception of the risk of an accident by young 

and older drivers. Special Issue: Youth and traffic accident risk Accident Analysis and Prevention; 1986 

Aug Vol 18(4) 289-298; 1986; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. Examined whether 

misperception of risk could explain the high rates of traffic accidents among youths by comparing the 

perceptions of driving risk of 45 young male drivers (aged 18-24 yrs) with those of 48 older male drivers 

(aged 38-50 yrs). Three methods of estimating the risk of accident involvement were used: general 

questions about accident involvement, ratings of the riskiness of 10 driving situations illustrated in 

photographs, and ratings of the riskiness of 15 videotaped driving situations. Young Ss perceived their 

own chances of an accident to be sigmficantly lower than those of both their peers and older male Ss, 

while older male Ss saw their chances of accident involvement as being comparable to those of their male 

peers and less than those of young male drivers. Findings support the thesis that young male drivers are 

overrepresented in traffic accidents at least in part because they fail to perceive specific driving situations 

as being as risky as older drivers perceive them. (18 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

63. Fisher, J. H. Compatibility of roadway signs with visual and information processing capacities of aged 

drivers. Note: Wayne State University, Detroit, ML 1978. (250p.). NOTES: In partial fulfillment of the 

requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; Major: Psychology. AVAILABILITY: University 

Microfilms International, 300 N. Zeeb Rd, AM Arbor, MI 48106; Order No. 7908910. A review is made 

of previous research relating to the sensory/cognitive performance of aged persons, followed by a 

comparison of the sign reading performance of young and aged drivers. Comparisons were made of actual 

street driving performances to determine whether current route guidance signs are adequate sources of 

information in meeting the needs of aged drivers. A secondary objective was to relate the performance 

decrements of aged drivers to deficits in basic psychological functions. The field study measured 

variables in three categories: biographical data; laboratory measures; and driver road performance 

measures. Two groups of subjects were used: an aged group of 30 males (age 65 to 83 years) and a young 

group of 10 males (aged 19 to 35 years). AU testing was done at night. Analysis of biographical variables 

showed major differences in the driving habits of the two groups: the aged group reported estimated mean 

annual mileage one-third that of the young group, with a mean accident rate about three times higher than 

that computed for the young group. In laboratory testing, the aged group performed poorly in comparison 

to the control group on all vision tests, and information processing rate for the young group was 

significantly greater than for the aged group. Performance decrements in the aged were found to be even 
DRlVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

greater during the road testing. Evidence from the testing indicates that inadequate design standards are 

now being used for roadway guide sign production. Standards based on the assumption of 20140 vision are 

not applicable for nighttime viewing by aged drivers. Test measures used, tables predicting the results, 

and a bibliography are included. (JG). 

64. Fockler, S. K.; Cooper, P. J. (Traffic Safety Planning and Research, Insurance Corporation of British 

Columbia, North Vancouver, Canada). Situational characteristics of safety belt use. Accid-Anal-Prev ; 

1990 Apr, 22(2): 109-18. 

65. Fox, Margery D. (Fairfax Hosp, Occupational Therapy Dept, Falls Church, VA, US). Elderly drivers' 

perceptions of their driving abilities compared to their functional visual perception skills and their actual 

driving performance. Special Issue: Assessing the driving ability of the elderly: A preliminary 

investigation. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics; 1988 Vol 7(1-2) 13-49; 1988; ISSN: 

02703181. Note: Human. Explored the relationship between perceived ability and actual visual 

perception skills (peripheral vision, depth perception, color sensitivity, visual acuity, and figure-ground 

discrimination), perceived ability and driving performance, and actual visual perception skills and driving 

performance in a study of 115 male veteran outpatients (aged 65-95 yrs). All 115 Ss completed a 

questionnaire and testing of visual perception, cognitive, and motor skills. 32 completed the in-car 

evaluation. Results indicate that clinically tested visual perception skills and actual in-car driving 

performance can be predictive based on left and right peripheral vision, and browdgreen color sensitivity. 

Ss tended to overrate their driving abilities. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological 

Assn, all rights reserved). 

66. Fraser, D. Lung cancer risk and diesel exhaust exposure. Public-Health-Rev . (Review); 1986; 14(2): 

139-71. 

67. Friedland, R P.; Koss, E.; Kumar, A.; Gaine, S.; Metzler, D.; Haxby, J. V.; Moore, A. (Laboratory of 

Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892). Motor vehicle crashes in dementia of 

the Alzheimer type. Ann-Neurol ; 1988 Dec; 24(6): 782-6. 

68. Frier, B. M.; Wilson, I. M. Driving after stroke [letter]. Lancet ; 1986 Nov 29; 2(8518): 1280. 

69. Gjerde, H.; Mrland, J. Concentrations of carbohydratedeficient transfenin in dialysed plasma from 

drunken drivers. Alcohol-Alcohol ; 1987; 22(3): 271-6. 

70. Gjerde, H.; Mrland, J. (National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo, Norway). A two year prospective 

study of rearrests for drunken driving. Scand-J-Soc-Med ; 1988; 16(2): 11 1-3. 

71. Gjerde, H.; Smith, Kielland A.; Normann, P. T.; Morland, J. (National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, 

Oslo, Norway). Driving under the idluence of toluene. Forensic-Sci-Int ; 1990 Jan; 44(1): 77-83. 

72. Goding, G. S.; Dobie, R. A. (Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of 

Washington, Seattle 98195). Gaze nystagmus and blood alcohol. Laryngoscope ; 1986 Jul; 96(7): 713-7. 

73. Godthelp, Hans (TNO Inst for Perception, Soesterberg, Netherlands). Vehicle control during curve 

driving. Human Factors; 1986 Apr Vol 28(2) 211-221; 1986; CODEN: HUFAA6; ISSN: 00187208. 

Note: Human. Applied the time-to-line crossing (TLC) description of vehicle control, which was 

developed by the present author and colleagues (see PA, Vol 72:8241) to quantify the potential role of 

error-neglecting strategies in driving, in order to describe steering through a curve. When entering a curve, 

6 male drivers (aged 25-34 yrs) made an anticipatory steering action based on the perceived road 

curvature and the internal estimate of the vehicle characteristics. This process was analyzed in a field 

study in which Ss entered curves of different curvatures, with different speeds and with or without 

temporary withdrawal of visual feedback. It is concluded that the TLC analysis appears particularly suited 

to describe the quality of the anticipatory steering action and may serve as a general description of curve 

driving. (12 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

74. Godthelp, Hans; Milgram, Paul; Blaauw, Gerard J. (TNO Inst for Perception, Soesterberg, Netherlands). 

The development of a time related measure to describe driving strategy. Human Factors; 1984 Jun Vol 

26(3) 257-268; 1984; CODEN: HUFAA6; ISSN: 00187208. Note: Human. Describes the potential role 

of a fixed control strategy in automobile driving, using a preview prediction model. On the basis of this 

model the time-to-line-crossing (TLC) concept was developed, representing the time necessary for the 

vehicle to reach either edge of the driving lane. An experiment on straight road driving was conducted 

with 6 male drivers (aged 24-29 yrs) to analyze whether TLC would be helpful to understand a driver's 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

strategy in an occlusion task. Results indicate a close correspondence between TLC and Ss' self-chosen 

occlusion times. In addition to conventional measures such as lateral position data, TLC seems a valuable 

description of driving performance. (23 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological 

Assn, all rights reserved). 

75. Graca, J. L. (Geriatric Division, Denver Veterans Administration Medical Center, Colorado). Driving and 

aging. Clin-Geriatr-Med ; 1986 Aug; 2(3): 577-89. 

76. Gresham, S. M.; Evans, K. L. Project helping wheels: final report. Note: North Carolina State University, 

Center for Urban Affairs and Community Services, Raleigh, NC. Jun 30, 1973. (85p.). AVAILABILW 

SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000744. Project Helping Wheels was funded by the Administration on Aging 

in July 1971 and developed by the Center for Urban Affairs and Community Services of Wake County, 

North Carolina, to determine the reliability, economic practicability, and acceptability of a volunteer 

driving transportation program of elderly peers and to develop a community-based system of inexpensive 

reliable transportation for the elderly with no other means of transportation Older adult organizations 

were contacted for potential participation in the project Reimbursement of older volunteers using 

personal automobile to transport peers was found to be a reliable, acceptable means of transportation. 

Volunteers provided the greatest service in rural, low-income neighborhoods where there were few cars 

and no public transportation. The establishment of an inexpensive transportation system for the elderly 

involved working with existing agencies and transportation companies. Identification cards were 

developed and distributed to the elderly. In cooperation with the local bus franchise, reduced bus fares 

could be obtained by use of the cards, Reduced rate ambulance service was also developed. Appendixes, 

figures and tables, and a bibliography are attached. (JG). 

77. Groeger, J. A.; Brown, I. D. (MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, England). Assessing one's own 

and others' driving ability: Influences of sex, age, and experience. Accident Analysis and Prevention; 

1989 Apr Vol 21(2) 155-168; 1989; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. Investigated 

age and experience related to driving ability and the process of risk assessment and decision in older and 

younger drivers. 27 male and 27 female drivers evenly grouped according to age (18 with mean age 24.5 

yrs, 18 with mean age 39.6 yrs, and 18 with mean age 57.7 yrs) were given 2 questionnaires in which they 

placed (1) themselves on a percentile-type scale with respect to a target group and (2) a mark on a line of 

given length (100 mm) in a way that reflected their perceptions of themselves or others for a particular 

dimension. Results suggest that there was no tendency for Ss to overestimate their ability; males and 

females described their performance similarly; and age differences disappeared when driving experience 

was controlled. Young males reported greater recklessness and comparative lack of smoothness in driving. 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

78. Groeger, J. A.; Brown, I. D. (MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Assessing 

one's own and others' driving ability: influences of sex, age, and experience. Accid-Anal-Prev ; 1989 Apr, 

21(2): 155-68. 

79. Groeger, J. A.; Brown, I. D. Assessing one's own and others' driving ability: influences of sex, age, and 

experience. Note: Accident Analysis and Prevention. Apr 1989. Vol. 21, No. 2. p. 155-168. (14p.). 

80. Gulian, E.; Matthews, G.; Glendon, A. I.; Davies, D. R.; Et, Al (Aston U, Aston Business School, 

Birmingham, England). Dimensions of driver stress. Ergonomics; 1989 Jun Vol 32(6) 585-602; 1989; 

CODEN: ERGOAX; ISSN: 00140139. Note: Human. Developed a driving behavior inventory (DBI) to 

study dimensions of driver stress. The DBI was administered to 2 independent samples of drivers who 

commuted daily to work andlor for whom driving was part of their job. Study 1 involved 97 Ss (aged 

23-62 yrs) and Study 2 involved 112 Ss (aged 27-59 yrs). In both studies, driver stress was defined by 5 

factors which accounted for over 40% of the variance: driving aggression, dislike of driving, tension and 

frustration connected with successful or unsuccessful overtaking, irritation when overtaken, and 

heightened alertness and concentration. Multiple regression analyses pointed toward variables extraneous 

to driving as predictors of driver stress, among which life stresses appear to play a predominant role. 

(French, German & Japanese abstracts) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological 

Assn, all rights reserved). 

81. Gunderson, Mary. Which elderly drivers should stay on the road? Note: Senior Patient. Jul-Aug 1989. 

Vol. 1, No. 4. p. 63-68. (6p.). Suggests that some factors contributing to the high rate of motor vehicle 

accidents involving elderly drivers may not only be predictable, but also manageable. Many elderly 

people are shorter than average, and these small drivers are operating cars designed for medium-sized 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIO 

people, making it difficult to see road markings potentially dangerous situations. Medications are another 

consideration in driving performance, especially since the elderly are more likely to be taking multiple 

drugs. Blood alcohol concentration in a smaller body has a greater effect than the same amount of alcohol 

in a larger body. Only eight states have laws requiring doctors to report certain medical conditions that 

may affect driving. In 32 states, insurance companies are required to give a premium discount to each 

older driver who completes a driver training course. Proponents of the courses claim they help drivers to 

decide if they are still fit to drive. Other solutions are discussed, such as certain driving restrictions and 

the use of gadgets to aid the elderly driver. The role of the physician in assessing elderly individuals' 

ability to drive safely is considered (JM). 

82. Gumack, Anne M.; Werbie, Daniel L. (U Wisconsin-Parkside, Behavioral Science Div, Kenosha). 

Characteristics of youths arrested for drunk driving in two Wisconsin counties 1981 1984. Psychological 

Reports; 1985 Dec Vol 57(3, Pt 2) 1271-1276; 1985; CODEN: PYRTAZ, ISSN: 00332941. Note: 

Human. Examined 3,941 records of individuals convicted of driving while intoxicated in 2 counties in 

Wisconsin during 3 time periods over 3 yrs. Information pertaining to socioeconomic status (SES) 

characteristics as well as assessment finds were gathered from the records. Over 90% of the Ss were 

White, with the remaining 10% either Black or Hispanic. Nearly 40% of the Ss were under the age of 25 

yrs, another 40% were between the ages of 26 and 44 yrs, and the remaining 20% were over the age of 45 

yrs. Thus, the population was very young, making intervention through rehabilitation a prime 

consideration. Younger (under 25 yrs) drivers were less likely to be repeat offenders, less likely to be sent 

to treatment than the mffic safety alternative, less likely to be assessed as alcohol dependent, and more 

likely to be out of compliance with the law. They also tended more often to be arrested with lower blood 

alcohol concentrations. (16 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all 

rights reserved). 

83. Halpem, Diane F. Age differences in response time to verbal and symbolic traffic signs. Note: 

Experimental Aging Research. Winter 1984. Vol. 10, No. 4. p. 201-204. (4p.). Tested the hypothesis that 

the elderly would react more quickly to verbal traffic signs th& to symbolicones. Study participants were 

10 men and 10 women in young (age 19-29) and old (age 65-77) age groups. Sixteen traffic signs (eight 

pairs of verbal messages with matching symbolic messages) were presented after an experimenter read a 

kffic message aloud, and particpants-were asked to indicate whether or not the signmessage was the 

same as the one just read Half of the signs were yellow diamond-shaped warning signs and half were 

white rectangular regulatory signs. As anticipated, the reaction times of young participants were less than 

those of old participants. Young participants had virtually identical reaction times for symbolic and verbal 

messages, but older participan&responded much more quickly to verbal messages. Reaction times for 

warning signs were less than for regulatory ones. Discusses implications for traffic safety. (LS). 

84. Haraldsson, P. 0.; Carenfelt, C.; Laurell, H.; Tomros, J. (Depamnent of Oto~olaryngology, Karolinska 

Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Driving vigilance simulator test. Acta-Otolaryngol (Stockh) ; 1990 JulAug; 1 lO(1-2): 136-40. 

85. Harms, H.; Dietz, K. (Univ.-Augenklinik Tubingen). [Causes of inadequate vision in drivers and their 

significance in traffic]. Klin-Monatsbl-Augenheilkd ; 1987 Jan; 190(1): 3-7. 

86. Hedberg, G. E. (Work Physiology Unit, National Institute of Occupational Health, Umea, Sweden). The 

period prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints among Swedish professional drivers. Scand-JSoc-Med ; 

1988; 16(1): 5-13. 

87. Herrmann, W. M.; Baumgartner, P. Combined pharmaco EEG and pharmacopsychological study to 

estimate CNS effects of ketanserin in hypertensive patients. Neuropsychobiology; 1986 Vol 16(1) 47-56; 

1986; CODEN: NPBYAL; ISSN: 0302282X. Note: Human. Investigated central nervous system (CNS) 

effects of ketanse~ in hypertensive patients. A multidimensional research strategy was employed to 

investigate CNS effects on functional and performance measures, using 23 Ss mated chronically, 20 Ss 

treated acutely, and 37 Ss treated with placebo. Ss were aged 20-70 yrs. Results show that the type and 

incidence of CNS-related adverse drug reactions were so negligible that a clinically relevant impairment 

by adverse reactions was unlikely. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all 

rights reserved). 

88. Herzog, J.; Wiley, N.; Kettner, G. A study of the effects of rising energy prices on the low and moderate 

incocme elderly hal summary report. Note: Applied Management Sciences Federal Energy 

Administration, Washington, DC. 1975. (150p.). AVAILABILITY: U.S. Government Printing Office, 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

Washington, DC 20402; SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 001068. Intensive, short-term research was 

conducted of the effects of increased energy prices in 1973-74 on the quality of life, income and 

expenditure pattern, housing costs, and transportation utilization of the low and moderate income elderly. 

The impact on the institutionalized elderly and the nature of Federal and local agency programs with 

respect to the energy crisis and its impact on the elderly were also examined. The study methodology 

entailed review and analysis of existing or secondary data, some of which were not yet available for 

general public use. Major findings show that: (1) the elderly poor consume less energy than any other 

age-income group, income has more effect on energy consumption than does age per se; (2) poor 

households consume less gasoline, somewhat less electricity, and about the same amount of natural gas as 

do wealthier households; (3) elderly couples on low budgets spend significantly more, proportionately, on 

energy than couples on intermediate or high budgets; (4) the consumer price index (CPI) increase for fuel 

and utilities from 1973 to 1974 was more than double the overall increase; (5) energy price inflation and 

its impact on the elderly were greatest in New England and the Middle Atlantic States; and (6) the rapid 

rise in energy prices has caused a severe economic strain on the elderly and has undoubtedly affected 

other necessities, such as food, housing, and transportation. Recommendations are made in seven areas: 

special CPI for the elderly; automatic CPI increases in income transfer payments; taxation of energy 

sources; adjustments of utility rate structures; housing improvements; income support programs; and 

development of mass transit. (CI). 

89. Hindmarch, I.; Subhan, Z.; Stoker, M. J. (U Leeds, Human Psychophamacology Unit, England). 

Comparison of the effects of zimeldine, amitriptyline and placebo on brake reaction time. IRCS Medical 

Science Psychology and Psychiatry; 1983 May-Jun Vol ll(5-6) 532-533; 1983; ISSN: 0309152X. Note: 

Human. Examined the effects of 2 antidepressants, zimeldine (200 mg) and amitriptyline (50 mg), and 

placebo on the braking reaction time and psychomotor performance of 9 females (aged 30-45 yrs). Results 

indicate that amitriptyline significantly slowed brake reaction times and also impaired performance on the 

tracking task, while zimeldine did not affect performance. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

90. Hingson, R.; Howland, J.; Heeren, T.; Levenson, S. Effects of legal penalty changes and laws to increase 

drunken driving convictions on fatal traffic crashes. Bull-N-Y-Acad-Med . (Review); 1988 Sep-Oct; 

64(7): 662-77. 

91. Hofner, Klaus J. (Kuratoriums fur Verkehrssicherbeit, Verkehrspsychologischen Inst, Vienna, Austria). 

Ursachen von Verkehrsverstossen. 1 Reasons for traffic offenses. Arbeiten aus dem 

VeIlcehrspsychologischen Institut; 1982 Vol 19(6) 47-56; 1982. Note: Human. Observation, interviews, 

and spontaneous inquiries were used to determine characteristics of drivers who did and who &d not obey 

tmffic regulations. Typical law-abiding drivers were conscious of safety, below 30 or above 60 yrs of age, 

employed, drove "middle-class" cars, and had less-than-average driving experience. Typical offenders 

were more liable to take risks, were unaccepting of authority, had an emotional tie to their car, were aged 

45-50 yrs, were executives or self-employed, and drove powerful cars. (English abstract) (8 ref) (PsycLIT 

Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

92. Homel, Ross (Macquarie U, School of Behavioural Sciences, North Ryde, Australia). Young men in the 

arms of the law: An Australian perspective on policing and punishing the drinking driver. Accident 

Analysis and Prevention; 1983 Dec Vol 15(6) 499-512; 1983; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. 

Note: Human. Argues that young men, particularly those of an unskilled occupational status, are subject 

to more intensive surveillance by the police and more severe punishments for drinking and driving than 

other groups of road users. Evidence for this proposition is presented, drawing upon roadside survey, 

conviction, sentencing and police data on the ways in which drivers come to notice for a screening breath 

test. It is argued that the power granted to police and magistrates to exercise discretion in the performance 

of their duties has a pervasive influence in the production of the conviction and sentencing statistics, 

although road user characteristics (such as the times and frequency of driving) are of primary importance. 

It is hypothesized that police and magistrates tend to see young (unskilled) male drink-drivers as a greater 

threat to public safety than other classes of drinking drivers, and therefore these offenders are not as 

reachly redefined as "folk criminals" and accorded lenient treatment. Evidence suggests that the value of 

this tough approach to young men may be limited. (49 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1984 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

93. Hughes, P. K.; Cole, B. L. (U Melbourne, Victorian Coll of Optometry, Australia). What attracts attention 

when driving? Ergonomics; 1986 Mar Vol 29(3) 377-391; 1986; CODEN: ERGOAX; ISSN: 00140139. 

Note: Human. 25 observers (aged 18-26 yrs) reported what attracted their attention while driving along a 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

21.9 km route through a suburban district. A 2nd group of 25 observers (aged 21-47 yrs) made similar 

reports in the laboratory while watching a film of the same route. The results from the laboratory hid 

closely parallel those from the field, indicating that laboratory studies using a movie simulation provided a 

satisfactory means of studying the distribution of attention using a concurrent verbal report technique. The 

absence of a driving task had no substantial effect on attentive behavior, suggesting that the visual 

information presented by the movie film was sufficient to generate attentive processes characteristic of 

driving. Results show that advertising attracted a good proportion of attention; but in those sections of the 

route where there was little advertising, attention was directed to an even greater extent to other objects 

not related to driving. 30-50% of attention was given to such objects, perhaps reflecting the spare capacity 

of the observers, which indicates that restriction of advertising would not result in more attention being 

given to driving-related objects. Approximately 15-20% of attention was given to traffic control devices, 

which is not sufficient to ensure that all or even most traffic control devices are noticed. consideration is 

given to what action could be taken to increase the chance of traffic control devices attracting attention 

(French, German & Japanese abstracts) (27 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

94. Hutcherson, Dana G. Self monitoring of driving for the elderly: Evidence for use of a driving diary. 

Special Issue: Assessing the driving ability of the elderly: A preliminary investigation. Physical and 

Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics; 1988 Vol 7(1-2) 171-201; 1988; ISSN: 02703181. Note: Human. 

Explored a method of screening elderly individuals for deficits that may affect driving performances and 

to determine if more time consuming performance-based evaluation is necessary. A self-administered 

driving questionnaire and daily driving diary were completed by 49 Ss (aged 65-90 yrs); actual dnving 

performances of 24 Ss were observed and compared with data from the instruments. Characteristics, 

habits, and skills of the population were described and compared between insuuments. Correlations 

between self-report and observation and the finding that Ss were fairly compliant (71% of the diaries were 

90% or more complete) indicate that these screening methods merit further refinement and testing. 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

95. Irnbeau, Daniel; Wierwille, Walter W.; Wolf, Laurie D.; Chun, Gail A. (U Quebec, Trois-Rivieres, 

Canada). Effects of instrument panel luminance and chromaticity on reading performance and preference 

in simulated driving. Human Factors; 1989 Apr Vol 31(2) 147-160; 1989; CODEN: HUFAA6; ISSN: 

00187208. Note: Human. 24 men and women in 19-30, 31-50, and 51-73 yr old age groups read aloud 

words presented on 2 displays emulating written legends on automobile instrument panels while driving a 

simulated vehicle in nighttime condtions. The words were presented in 8 different chromaticities, 2 

brightness levels, 4 characters sizes, and 2 levels of word complexity. Color of illumination per se had a 

reliable effects on subjective preference. Word complexity significantly increased glance and response 

times. Brightness had an effect on performance only for the 2 smaller character sizes. Character size had 

marked effects on performance and subjective preferences. The 2 smaller character sizes yielded 

significant performance decrements for older drivers. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

96. International gerontology congress review. Note: Journal of the Association of Retired Persons 

International. Summer 1969. Vol. 5, No. 3. AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000210. This 

issue of the Journal of the Association of Retired Persons International was prepared as a special preview 

issue for the 8th International Congress of Gerontology, held in Washington, D.C. Congress article topics 

include the history of the Association, a Congress preview, speakers and sessions, participant 

characteritics and backgrounds, an editorial suggesting that spiritual issues be considered. General 

interest article topics include income levels among the aged, approaches to senility in England, safety of 

older drivers, happiness among the aged in foreign nations, gerontology news and developments, a 

calendar of events, definition of the gerontology field, and a report on the 1969 Biennial Conference of the 

National Council on the Aging. (RW). 

97. Irwin, Linda (Roanoke Memorial Hosp, Dept of Occupational Therapy, VA, US). Elderly drivers' 

perceptions of their driving abilities compared to their cognitive skills and driving performance. Special 

Issue: Assessing the driving ability of the elderly: A preliminary investigation. Physical and Occupational 

Therapy in Geriatrics; 1988 Vol 7(1-2) 83-100; 1988; ISSN: 02703181. Note: Human. Compared 115 

male veteran dnvers' (aged 65+ yrs) perceptions of their driving ability with clinically tested cognitive 

skills needed for driving and their actual driving performance. Ss completed a questionnaire and in-car 

evaluation and were tested for skills in the following areas: mental status memory, selective attention, 

following written directions, sign recognition, and judgment. Chi-square analysis of data revealed no 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIOh 

significant difference between (1) how drivers perceived their ability and their tested cognitive skills, (2) 

how drivers perceived their ability and their actual driving performance, and (3) individuals' tested 

cognitive skills and their actual driving performance. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

98. Ismailov, ShU, Frolova, L. V.; Liverko, I. V. [Clinico-epidemiologic aspects of chronic bronchitis among 

workers in the automobile transportation business]. Probl-Tuberk ; 1987; (6): 9-1 1. 

99. Job, R. F. (Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia). The application of 

learning theory to driving confidence: the effect of age and the impact of random breath testing. AccidAnal-Prev ; 1990 Apr; 22(2): 97-107. 

100. Joksch, H. C. (Mid-America Research Institute, Hartford, Connecticut 06106). Review of the major risk 

factors. J-Stud-Alcohol-Suppl. 10; 1985 Jul: 47-53. 

101. Jonah, Brian A. (Transport Canada, Road Safety Directorate, Ottawa). Accident risk and risk taking 

behaviour among young drivers. Special Issue: Youth and traffic accident risk. Accident Analysis and 

Prevention; 1986 Aug Vol 18(4) 255-271; 1986; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. 

Reviews evidence relevant to the hypotheses that young drivers (aged 16-25 yrs) are at greater risk of 

being involved in a casualty accident than older drivers and that this greater risk is primarily a function of 

their propensity to take risks while driving. The 1st hypothesis is supported by epidemiological research 

even when controlling for differences in the quantity and quality of road travel and driving experience. 

The 2nd hypothesis is supported by observational and self-report surveys of driving behavior. Some of the 

research and theory on risk perception and risk utility, possible mediators of risk taking, are also reviewed 

(94 ref) (PsycLlT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

102. Jonah, Brian A.; Dawson, Nancy E. (Transport Canada, Road Safety Directorate, Ottawa, ON, Canada). 

Youth and risk: Age differences in risky driving, risk perception, and risk utility. Alcohol, Drugs and 

Driving; 1987 Jul-Dec Vol 3(3-4) 13-29; 1987; ISSN: 08917086. Note: Human. Describes differences 

between younger and older drivers on a number of measures of risky driving taken during a national 

household survey ( N = 2,207) conducted in Canada. Young drivers (aged 16-24 yrs) were more likely to 

engage in risky driving habits and were more likely to have been involved in accidents and violations. 

Young drivers perceived fewer driving risks and placed less emphasis on safety. (PsycLIT Database 

Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

103. Jones, A. W.; Lund, M.; Andersson, E. (Department of Alcohol Toxicology, National Laboratory of 

Forensic Toxicology, University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden). Drinking drivers in Sweden who consume 

denatured alcohol preparations: an analytical-toxicological study. J-Anal-Toxic01 ; 1989 Jul-Aug; 13(4): 

199-203. 

104. Kaplan, 0. J. San Diego Senior Citizen's needs in transportation, recreation, and housing. Note: The 

Urban Observatory of San Diego, San Diego, CA. Jun 1973. (96p.). AVAILABILITY: NTIS, 5285 Port 

Royal Rd, Springfield, VA 22161; SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 001078. A preliminary attempt to identify 

the unrnet needs for transportation, recreation, and housing of persons 65 years or older in San Diego, 

California, is based on a survey of 500 elderly residents in 1973, interviews with knowledgeable persons 

in San Diego and throughout the country, and a review of pertinent literature. Recommendations for 

transportation include: expanding programs to enable older people to retain their driver's licenses and to 

operate their automobiles safely; making a monthly bus pass available for $7.50; malung a study of the 

aged who have no access to automobiles, cannot use buses, and cannot afford taxi service; establishing 

programs for those not being adequately served by existing forms of transportation; publicizing the Model 

Cities minibus program, and denying constmction permits to senior citizen housing projects not within 

several blocks of a bus line. Recommendations for recreation include establishing multipurpose centers 

for recreation, counseling, and other services, and expanding staffs serving the city's senior citizens. 

Housing recommendations emphasize that the city of San Diego should plan and develop a senior citizen 

housing complex over several city blocks in the downtown area. Appendixes present the senior citizens 

survey, the survey methodology, and survey cross-tabulations. (NJ). 

105. Katz, R. T.; Golden, R. S.; Butter, J.; Tepper, D.; Rothke, S.; Holmes, J.; Sahgal, V. (Northwestern 

University, Chicago, IL). Driving safety after brain damage: follow-up of twenty-two patients with 

matched controls. Arch-Phys-Med-Rehabil ; 1990 Feb; 71(2): 133-7. 

106. Kazakov, V. N.; Umanskii, VIa; Liakh, IuE; Klimenko, A. I. [A method of studying variations in the 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

common center of gravity (stabilometry)]. Fiziol-Zh ; 1989 Sep-Oct; 35(5): 82-4. 

107. Keltner, J. L.; Johnson, C. A. (Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at Davis 95616). 

Visual function, driving safety, and the elderly. Ophthalmology ; 1987 Sep; 94(9): 1180-8. 

108. Kirkham, Richard W.; Landauer, Ali A. (U Western Australia, Nedlands). Sex differences in the 

distribution of traffic law enforcement. Accident Analysis and Prevention; 1985 Jun Vol 17(3) 211-215; 

1985; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. All 9,765 instances of formal traffic law 

enforcement (TLE) during a 2-wk period in Western Australia were categorized by the type of offense and 

by the age and sex of the offender to investigate sex differences in the distribution of TLE. A number of 

apparent anomalies in the distribution of law enforcement were discovered. In particular, men under 25 

yrs of age were overrepresented in the enforcement figures and women underrepresented, even after 

allowing for exposure. (9 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights 

reserved). 

109. Kito, Tsuneo; Haraguchi, Masahiro; Funatsu, Taka*; Sato, Motoharu; Et, A1 (Kyushu U, Faculty of 

Literature, Fukuoka, Japan). Measurements of gaze movements while driving. Perceptual and Motor 

Skills; 1989 Feb Vol 68(1) 19-25; 1989; CODEN: PMOSAZ; ISSN: 00315125. Note: Human 

Investigated the gaze movements (GMTs) of 5 professional truck drivers (aged 25-5 1 yrs) driving through 

an intersection. GMTs of drivers in large vehicles were compared to those of drivers in small vehicles. 

When approaching an intersection, both groups of drivers made repeated saccadic GMTs (SGMTs). After 

entering the intersection, Ss directed SGMTs ahead in the direction of the turn. The number of GMTs was 

significantly greater in Ss with large vehicles. The distribution of GMTs when driving a large vehicle 

showed a peak at the point 50-60Deg. to the right and left of the median plane of the driver. (PsycLIT 

Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

110. Kivett, Vira R.; McCulloch, B. Jan. Support networks of the very-old: caregivers and carereceivers 

(Caswell 111): final report. Note: School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina, 

Greensboro, NC. Dec 1989. (198p.). 

11 1. Koh, D.; Guanco, Chua S.; Ong, C. N. (Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, 

National University of Singapore). A study of the mortality patterns of taxi drivers in Singapore. AnnAcad-Med-Singapore ; 1988 Oct; 17(4): 579-82. 

112. Korteling, J. E. (TNO Institute for Perception, Soesterberg, The Netherlands). Perception-response speed 

and driving capabilities of brain-damaged and older dnvers. Hum-Factors ; 1990 Feb; 32(1): 95-108. 

113. Laberge, Nadeau C.; That, Q. T.; Cleroux, R. wealth and automobile driving. Prehmary cost-benefit 

study]. Union-Med-Can ; 1986 Oct; 115(10): 708-14. 

114. Leaman, Alan; Fitch, Martin (Liverpool Royal Hosp, Casualty Dept, England). Impulsiveness and 

Venturesomness in young motorcyclists. Personality and Individual Differences; 1987 Vol 8(6) 945-946; 

1987; ISSN: 01918869. Note: Human. Assessed 72 male motorcyclists (aged 17-38 yrs) for risk taking 

personality characteristics using the Venturesomeness scale of the Impulsiveness Questionnaire developed 

by S. B. Eysenck (1978). Results indicate similar levels of Venturesomeness between Ss and their peers. 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

115. Legh, Smith J.; Wade, D. T.; Hewer, R. L. (Department of Neurology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol). 

Driving after a stroke. J-R-Soc-Med ; 1986 Apr, 79(4): 200-3. 

116. Licko, Vojtech; Thompson, Travis; Barnett, Gene (U California, Cardiovascular Research Inst, San 

Francisco). Asynchronies of diphenhydramine plasma performance relationships. Pharmacology, 

Biochemistry and Behavior, 1986 Aug Vol 25(2) 365-370; 1986; CODEN: PBBHAU; ISSN: 00913057. 

Note: Human. The relation between performance on driving-related tasks and plasma levels of 

diphenhydramine (DPH) was studied in 8 males (aged 22-36 yrs) over 24 hrs following oral 

administration. DPH plasma concentrations rose to peak levels in 1.5-2.5 k, declining to a nearly 

constant level by 12-24 hrs. For all behavioral measures, the shape of performance curves over time was 

similar to that of plasma, reaching maximum decrements in 1-4 k. The relation between plasma levels 

and performance was asynchronous varying with behavioral measure and dose. Results suggest that if 

DPH is administered in the therapeutic dosage range at the intervals typically recommended for cold 

symptoms and allergies, some aspects of human performance may be impaired (PsycLIT Database 

Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

117. Little, G. L.; Robinson, K. D. Relationship of DUI recidivism to moral reasoning, sensation seeking, and 

MacAndrew alcoholism scores. Psychol-Rep ; 1989 Dec; 65(3 Pt 2): 1171-4. 

118. Long, Gerald M.; Crambert, Rebecca F. Nature and basis of age-related changes in dynamic visual acuity. 

Note: Psychology and Aging. Mar 1990. Vol. 5, No. 1. p. 138-143. (6p.). 

119. Lucas, Blaustein, Mary J.; Filipp, Laura; Dungan, Cheryl; Tune, Larry (Johns Hopkins Hosp, Dementia 

Research Clinic, Baltimore, MD, US). Driving in patients with dementia. Journal of the American 

Geriatrics Society; 1988 Dec Vol36(12) 1087-1091; 1988; CODEN: JAGSAF; ISSN: 00028614. Note: 

Human. Administered a 20-item driving habits questionnaire to 53 patients in a dementia research 

(outpatient) clinic. Ss were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, or a combination 

of both disorders. 30% of the Ss had had at least 1 accident since the onset of symptoms of dementia. An 

additional 11 % were reported by caregivers to have caused accidents. Legal ramifications of these data are 

discussed. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

120. Lucas, Blaustein M. J.; Filipp, L.; Dungan, C.; Tune, L. (Dementia Research Clinic, Johns Hopkins 

Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21205). Driving in patients with dementia. J-Am-Geriatr-Soc ; 1988 Dec; 

36(12): 1087-91. 

121. Lucas, Blaustein Mary Jane; Filipp, Laura; Dungan, Cheryl; Tune, Larry. Driving in patients with 

dementia. Note: American Geriatrics Society. Journal. Dec 1988. Vol. 36, No. 12. p. 1087-1091. (5p.I. 

Investigates the scope and severity of driving problems among persons with dementia A 20-item 

screening questio~aire was completed by caregivers or relatives of 72 persons referred to the Dementia 

Research (outpatient) Clinic of the Johns HopW Hospital in Baltimore, Md. All the patients met clinical 

criteria for dementia, but 19 were excluded because they had never driven. Among the remaining 53 

(mean age 71.8), 30 percent had had at least one accident since the onset of dementia symptoms. An 

additional 11 percent were reported by caregivers to have "caused" accidents. At the time of the study, 30 

percent continued to drive, and 80 percent of those continued to drive alone. Forty-four percent regularly 

got lost while driving, and 75 percent consistently drove below speed limits. However, 60 percent of 

these drivers were considered safe drivers by their caregivers. Those who were still driving had higher 

Mini-Mental State Examination scores, but no tests distinguished between those who had had accidents 

and those who had not. The results suggest that driving by individuals with incapacitating dementing 

illness may be an unrecognized, potentially serious problem. A copy of the driving survey used is 

appended. (CM). 

122. MacDonald, S.; Pederson, L. L. (Addiction Research Foundation, University of Western Ontario, London, 

Canada). The characteristics of alcoholics in treatment arrested for Driving While Impaired. Br-J-Addict ; 

1990 Jan; 85(1): 97-105. 

123. Macdonald, S.; Pederson, L. L. (Addiction Research Foundation, University of Western Ontario, London, 

Canada). Occurrence and pattems of driving behavior for alcoholics in treatment. Drug-Alcohol-Depend ; 

1988 Oct; 22(1-2): 15-25. 

124. Macdonald, Scott; Pederson, Linda L. (U Western Ontario, Addiction Research Foundation, London, 

Canada). Occurrence and pattems of driving behaviour for alcoholics in treatment. Drug and Alcohol 

Dependence; 1988 Oct Vol 22(1-2) 15-25; 1988; CODEN: DADEDV; ISSN: 03768716. Note: Human. 

Surveyed 258 male Canadian alcoholics (aged 19-65 yrs) in treatment for alcoholism on Ss' driving 

behavior and examined Ss' official driver records. Ss drank and drove an averase of 8.6 days per mo at the 

legal level of impairment. 88.3% of Ss had driven while impaired. Ss were grouped as having been 

arrested 0 times, 1 time, or multiple times in the previous 10 yrs for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Ss 

with multiple DWI arrests drove while impaired more frequently, under a greater variety of situations, 

with more risky styles of driving, and had significantly more total collisions than Ss with 0 arrests. Results 

show that the number of DWI arrests was generally unrelated to worse driving when sober. (PsycIJT 

Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

125. MacDonald, W.; Owen, J. W. (Oxford Orthopaedic En,&eering Centre, Headington, England). The effect 

of total hip replacement on driving reactions. J-Bone-Joint-Surg [Br] ; 1988 Mar, 70(2): 202-5. 

126. Mathey, Franz J. (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-U Bonn, Psychologisches Inst, West Germany). 

Verkehrsbezogene Mobilitat alterer Menschen. / Traffic related mobility of elderly people. Zeitschrift fur 

Gerontologie; 1983 Nov-Dec Vol 16(6) 284-289; 1983; ISSN: 0044281X. Note: Human. In connection 

with successful aging and a high quality of life for elderly people, improvement of traffic-related mobility 
DRNING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF Cll'ATIONS 

is an important aim of gerontological efforts. On the other hand, the speed, variability, and complexity of 

modem traffic situations in large towns often lead to stress and anxiety among the elderly. Many older 

pedestrians and drivers therefore prefer to reduce their own active traffic participation. However, the 

traffic accident mte is increased for elderly pedestrians and drivers above 60 yrs of age. The older person's 

risky behavior is often caused or influenced by physiological or sensorimotor handicaps. Many of these 

handicaps can be avoided or retarded by compensation dynamics or by specific training. Some effective 

ways of influencing and correcting dangerous behavior tendencies among elderly people are discussed 

(23 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

127. Matthews, M. L.; Moran, A. R. (Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada). Age 

differences in male drivers' perception of accident risk: the role of perceived driving ability. Accid-AnalPrev ; 1986 Aug; 18(4): 299-313. 

128. Matthews, Michael L.; Moran, Andrew R. (U Guelph, Canada). Age differences in male drivers' 

perception of accident risk: The role of perceived driving ability. Special Issue: Youth and traffic accident 

risk Accident Analysis and Prevention; 1986 Aug Vol 18(4) 299-313; 1986; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 

00014575. Note: Human. Compared 23 young male drivers (aged 18-25 yrs) and 23 older male drivers 

(aged 35-50 yrs) in their perceptions of driving risk and confidence in driving ability. Ss responded to a 

questionnaire on accident risk and driving ability and rated risk of videotaped sequences depicting various 

elements of driving behavior. Although young Ss' estimates of accident involvement in the next year were 

higher than those of older Ss, young Ss gave lower mtings of accident risk for specific driving situations 

that demanded quick reflexes or substantial vehicle-handling skills. Young Ss rated their own risk of an 

accident and driving abilities as being the same as for older Ss. However, they saw their peers as being 

significantly higher at risk and having poorer abilities than themselves. Young Ss were more confident in 

their driving abilities than the older Ss. Young Ss showed a notable dissociation between perceived and 

actual ability and tended to view themselves as being immune from the effects of higher levels of risk, 

which they were prepared to ascribe to their peers but not to themselves. Results suggest that perceived 

risk and self-perceived driving abilities are interrelated. (25 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 

American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

129. McCarty, D.; Argeriou, M. (Alcohol and Health Research Services, Inc., Stoneham, Massachusetts 

02180). Rearrest following residential treatment for repeat offender drunken drivers. J-Stud-Alcohol ; 

1988 Jan; 49(1): 1-6. 

130. McLay, P. (Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Birmingham, UK). The parkinsonian and 

driving. Int-Disabil-Stud ; 1989; ll(1): 50-1. 

131. McLellan, B. A.; Vingilis, E.; Liban, C. B.; Stoduto, G.; McMuruy, R. Y.; Nelson, W. R. (Regional 

Trauma Unit, Sunnybrook Medical Centre, University of Toronto, Calgary, Alberta, Canada). Blood 

alcohol testing of motor vehicle crash admissions at a regional trauma unit. J-Trauma ; 1990 Apr, 30(4): 

418-21. 

132. Meier, Steven E.; Brigham, Thomas A.; Handel, Gregory (North Idaho Coll). Effects of feedback on 

legally intoxicated drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol; 1984 Nov Vol45(6) 528-533; 1984; CODEN: 

JSALDP; ISSN: 0096882X. Note: Human. Examined the effects of an intervention providing drinkers 

with immediate feedback on their levels of intoxication. It was hypothesized that feedback would reduce 

the probability of driving for intoxicated individuals. 72 college-aged patrons (aged 20.9 yrs) leaving a 

drinking establishment were given feedback about their blood alcohol level (BAL): 24 were administered 

a Breathalyzer and were then read a statement on the consequences of driving with their BAL, 27 were 

shown a large chart and had to determine their own BAL from their weight and number of dnnks 

consumed, and 21 were given no feedback. The 2 feedback groups were later collapsed Ss were also 

followed unobtrusively to determine whether they drove away from the premises. Findings reveal that 24 

of the feedback Ss (47%) were legally intoxicated, but, contrary to predictions, 83% still drove after 

learning that they were legally intoxicated. It is suggested that Ss' prior history with drinking and driving 

reduced the impact of the information about intoxication level. When self-reports of consumption were 

compared with Breathalyzer BALs, a correlation of .82 was obtained. (13 ref) (PsycLIT Database 

Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

133. Metzger, D. S.; Platt, J. J. (Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University School of 

Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102). Problem drinker drivers: client and service involvement 

correlates of treatment outcome. Int-J-Addict ; 1987 Feb; 22(2): 181-6. 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

134. Montgomery, D.; Hunter, J. A comparison of simulated and realistic emergency stop responses: relevance 

of driving assessment. Int-J-Rehabil-Res ; 1987; 10(4 Suppl5): 276-9. 

135. Morelock, S.; Hingson, R. W.; Smith, R. A.; Lederman, R. I. (Boston University School of Public Health, 

Ma 021 18). Mandatory seatbelt law support and opposition in New England--a survey. Public-Health-Rep 

; 1985 Jul-Aug; lOO(4): 357-63. 

136. Mortimer, Rudolf G.; Fell, James C. (U Illinois, Champaign, US). Older drivers: Their night fatal crash 

involvement and risk. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive 

Medicine (1988, Seattle, Washington). Accident Analysis and Prevention; 1989 Jun Vol 21(3) 273-282; 

1989; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. Used data from the 1983 Fatal Accident 

Reporting System and the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study to describe major problems in night 

driving that involved older drivers (aged 65+ yrs) in fatal crashes and to assess their risk. The rate of 

involvement in fatal crashes in darkness of older drivers was much less than for drivers, aged c25 yrs, but 

greater overall than for drivers, aged 25-64 yrs. The rate for older females was much less than for older 

males. The performance of older males indicates a substantial increase in risk of fatal crash involvement 

in darkness. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

137. Muggler, Bickel J.; Maag, F. [Loss of consciousness of unclear origin at the wheel]. Ther-Umsch ; 1985 

Sep; 42(9): 624-30. 

138. Muto, William H.; Wierwille, Walter W. (Xerox Corp, Office Products Div, Dallas, TX). The effect of 

repeated emergency response trials on performance during extended duration simulated driving. Human 

Factors; 1982 Dec Vol 24(6) 693-698; 1982; CODEN: HUFAA6; ISSN: 00187208. Note: Human 

Studied the effects of 30, 60, and 150 min of continuous driving on 12 Ss' (aged 18-31 yrs) RTs to 

repeated response trials in a simulated emergency: the sudden deceleration of a lead vehicle in a simulated 

car-following scenario. Mean RTs of early trials tended to be slower than both those of later and baseline 

trials. Data imply that repeated response trials can modify decrements normally associated with fatigue 

mechanisms and that studies using repeated response trials during driving may not yield valid indications 

of fatigue-induced performance decrements. (12 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1983 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

139. Netterstrm, B.; Danborg, L.; Kirchhoff, M. [TTraditional coronary risk factors in bus drivers]. UgeskrLaeger ; 1988 Jun 20; 150(25): 1542-5. 

140. Netterstrm, B.; Eriksen, L. S.; Juel, K. nrends in the occurrence of ischemic heart disease among bus 

drivers in Copenhagen]. Ugeskr-Laeger ; 1988 Jun 6; 150(23): 1404-6. 

141. Netterstrm, B.; Juel, K. (Danish Institute for Clinical Epidemiology, Copenhagen). Impact of work-related 

and psychosocial factors on the development of ischemic heart disease among urban bus drivers in 

Denmark. Scand-J-Work-Environ-Health ; 1988 Aug; 14(4): 231-8. 

142. Netterstrm, B.; Juel, K. psychiatric admissions among city bus drivers. A prospective study]. UgeskrLaeger ; 1989 Jan 30; 15 l(5): 302-5. 

143. Noordzij, P. C.; Meester, A. C.; Verschuur, W. L. (Leiden U, Faculty of Social Sciences, Netherlands). 

Night time driving: The use of seat belts and alcohol. Special Issue: Risky decision making in transport 

operations. Ergonomics; 1988 Apr Vol 31(4) 663-668; 1988; CODEN: ERGOAX; ISSN: 00140139. 

Note: Human. Confirmed reported findings that young drivers and drinking drivers were less likely to 

wear seat-belts at night. Results of a night-time survey of 1,246 drivers in the Netherlands show the lowest 

rate of belt use, 21%, being for young drivers with blood alcohol levels in excess of the legal limit (SO%). 

Those drivers who were most likely to become involved in a crash were least likely to protect themselves 

from injury. (French, German & Japanese abstracts) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1988 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

144. North, R. V. (Department of Optometry, University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, 

Cardiff, U.K). The relationship between the extent of visual field and driving performance--a review. 

Ophthalmic-Physiol-Opt . (Review); 1985; 5(2): 205-10. 

145. Noun, F. M.; Tinson, D. J.; Lincoln, N. B. (Stroke Research Unit, General Hospital, Nottingham, Great 

Britain). Cognitive ability and driving after stroke. Int-Disabil-Stud ; 1987; 9(3): 110-5. 

146. OBrien, S. J. The controversy surrounding epilepsy and driving: a review. Public-Health . (Review); 1986 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

147. Olson, Paul L,; Sivak, Michael (U Michigan Transportation Research Inst, Human Factors Div, AM 

Arbor). Perception response time to unexpected roadway hazards. Human Factors; 1986 Feb Vol 28(1) 

91-96; 1986; CODEN: HSJFAA6; ISSN: 00187208. Note: Human. Measured the perception-response 

(PR) time of unalerted Ss to an obstacle in their lane encountered while cresting a hill. Data were obtained 

from 64 Ss, of whom 49 were aged 18-40 yrs and 15 were aged 50-84 yrs. Measures were made of the 

time from 1st sighting of the obstacle until the accelerator was released, as well as accelerator-to-brake 

time. Results indicate a 95th percentile PR tirne of about 1.6 sec for both age groups. (4 ref) (PsycLIT 

Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

148. Opsata, Margaret. Older drivers and safety: the tough choices. Note: Fifty Plus. Feb 1988. Vol. 28, No. 2. 

p. 32-36. (5p.). Examines some of the issues that arise when a elderly driver becomes a safety hazard to 

self and others. Although elderly drivers have a lower overall accident rate than other drivers, they may 

have higher rates when mdes driven are taken into consideration. In addition, care accidents are often 

more devastating to older drivers. Although many older people stop driving voluntarily, others continue 

to drive despite significant impairments. Theoretically, anyone can notify the motor vehicle department 

that an older driver is a public hazard, and motor vehicle departments should be able to spot unqualified 

drivers when their licenses come up for renewal, but in practice few older drivers lose their licenses in 

these ways. Only 13 states have regulations to monitor the performance and safety of older drivers. 

Persons concerned about their own driving abilities or the abilities of an older friend or relative can look 

into defensive driving courses, use self-assessment booklets, review the possible side effects of 

medications, use outside authority figures who offer an impartial judgment, obtain alternative 

identification cards, provide alternative transportation, and lobby for stricter driver exams and 

enforcement. (LS). 

149. Ostrom, M.; Eriksson, A. (Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Umea, Sweden). Natural death 

while driving. J-Forensic-Sci ; 1987 Jul; 32(4): 988-98. 

150. Oude, Egberink H.; Lourens, P. F.; van, der Molen H. H. (Traffic Research Centre, University of 

Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands). Driving strategies among younger and older drivers when 

encountering children. Accid-Anal-Prev ; 1986 Aug; 18(4): 3 15-24. 

151. Paetkau, M. E.; Taerum, T.; Hiebert, T. (Muttart Diabetes Research and Training Centre, University of 

Alberta, Edmonton). Prevalence of illegal motor vehicle driving among visually impaired elderly patients 

in Alberta. Can-J-Ophthalmol ; 1988 Dec; 23(7): 301-4. 

152. Pandurovic, S.; Uzelac, Z.; Vukovic, B.; StrundzaLic, M.; Dunjic, D.; Denic, N. [Alcoholism in drivers]. 

Srp-Arh-Celok-Lek ; 1986 May-Jun; 114(5-6): 523-32. 

153. Panek, P. E.; Wagner, E. E. Hand Test personality variables related to automotive moving violations in 

female drivers. J-Pers-Assess ; 1986 Summer, 50(2): 208-11. 

154. Panek, Paul E.; Rearden, John J. (Eastern Illinois U, US). Age and gender effects on accident types for 

rural drivers. Journal of Applied Gerontology; 1987 Sep Vol6(3) 332-346; 1987; ISSN: 07334648. Note: 

Human. Classified types of accidents among rural drivers and determined if these accidents differed by 

age and gender, using newspaper accounts of police accident reports. Results indicate that men had 

significantly more following and skidding accidents. Women had significantly more intruding-approach 

accidents. Results also indcate (1) an increasing linear trend between age and laterally moving vehicle 

and attention-deficit accidents; (2) the incidence of intruding-approach accidents was high in all age 

groups; and (3) following and skidding accidents generally demonstrated a decreasing linear trend with 

age. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

155. Panek, Paul E.; Wagner, Edwin E. (Eastern Illinois U, Charleston). Hand Test personality variables related 

to automotive moving violations in female drivers. Journal of Personality Assessment; 1986 Sum Vol 

50(2) 208-211; 1986; CODEN: JNPABX; ISSN: 00223891. Note: Human. Administered the Hand Test 

and a self-report driving questionnaire to 170 women (aged 17-72 yrs) to determine if specific personality 

tnits would be significantly related to automotive moving violations. Results show that although 

personality traits derived from the Hand Test were associated with aggressive and directive behavior 

(direction, acting-out score) and number of moving violations, the relationships differed as a function of 

age. (10 ref) (PsycLTT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

156. Papacostas, C. S.; Synodinos, Nicolaos E. (U Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, US). Dimensions of driving 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

behaviour and driver characteristics. Applied Psychology An International Review; 1988 Feb Vol 37(1) 

3-13; 1988; ISSN: 0035340X. Note: Human. Among 216 university students of European, Chinese, 

Japanese, or other ethnic background, 4 dimensions of self-reported driving behavior were measured by 

questionnaire. Age, gender, and ethnicity were related to an usurpation of right-of-way dimension; gender 

and driving frequency to freeway urgency (preference for highway driving); ethnicity and preferred mode 

of travel to externally focused frustration; and gender to a destination-activity orientation. Externally 

focused frustration was consistently related to the Type A behavior pattern as measured by the Jenkios 

Activity Survey across age, gender, and ethnicity. (French abstract) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1988 

American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

157. Parsons, M. (Department of Neurology, General Infirmary at Leeds). Fits and other causes of loss of 

consciousness while driving. Q-J-Med ; 1986 Mar; 58(227): 295-303. 

158. Pastalan, L. A. Older driver rekesher course: instructor handbook. Note: The University of Michigan - Wayne State University, Institute of Gerontology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. 1976. (107p.). NOTES: Field 

testing supported by Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning, and U.S. National Highway Traffic 

Safety Administration. Provided here is all the information a professional driver training instructor needs 

to teach the Older Driver Refresher Course. The course was developed by the Institute of Gerontology and 

is tailored specifically to the needs and characteristics of experienced older drivers. Part one of this 

handbook contains information on older adults as drivers and as students. Physical, sensory, perceptual, 

and cognitive age-related changes and their effects on driving behavior are summarized. Techniques for 

teaching older students are discussed. Part two describes preparations an instructor must complete before 

teaching the course--selecting a location, preparing the room, organizing audiovisual presentations, 

planning optional individual in-car instruction, and obtaining handout materials. Part three presents lesson 

plans for the five course sessions. Each session is comprised of two 1-hour lessons. Topics covered 

include signs, signals, and pavement markings; other types of road users; intersections; on the open road; 

perceptual skills; adverse conditions, equipment, and equipment failure; local problem areas; and license 

renewal and restricted driving. Self-assessment exercises are appended, and a bibliography is provided 

(CI). 

159. Perry, Anthony R. (U Cincinnati, OH, US). Type A behavior pattern and motor vehicle drivers' behavior. 

Perceptual and Motor Skills; 1986 Oct Vol 63(2, Pt 2) 875-878; 1986; CODEN: PMOSAZ; ISSN: 

00315125. Note: Human. Examined whether impatience and a chronic sense of time urgency were 

associated with the driving performance of Type A (coronary-prone) individuals. 38 women and 32 men 

(aged 18-57 yrs) completed the Jenkins Activity Survey and a questio~aire concerning their driving. Ss 

exhibiting more Type A behavior tended to be more impatient, reported being involved in more accidents, 

and received more tickets for driving violations than Ss scoring lower on the Type A scale. (PsycLIT 

Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

160. Physical disability in 1986 and beyond. A report of the Royal College of Physicians. J-R-Coll-PhysiciansLond . (Review); 1986 Jul; 20(3): 160-94. 

161. Pierce, J. P.; Yong, C. S.; Dwyer, T.; Chamberlain, A. A survey of health promotion priorities in the 

community. Community-Health-Stud ; 1985; 9(3): 263-9. 

162. Pitariu, Horia The Holtman Inkblot Technique: A tentative study with professional drivers. XXLU 

International Con,pss of Psychology (1984, Acapulco, Mexico). Rewe Roumaine des Sciences Sociales 

Serie de Psychologie; 1985 Jan-Jun Vol 29(1) 75-81; 1985; ISSN: 00353892. Note: Human. 

Administered the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) to 110 long-distance professional drivers (aged 

28-54 yrs) who normally work under high-stress conditions. Personality variables commonly used in 

evaluating and predicting cognitive functioning, affective functioning, and self-identity were examined 

Performances obtained with the HIT were correlated with professional performance. It was found that 9 

HIT variables had predictive value for professional performance. Results indicate that the HIT can be used 

as a tool for predicting professional performance as well as for investigating human personality variables. 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

163. Ponds, R. W.; Brouwer, W. H.; van, Wolffelaar P. C. (Depamnent of Neuropsycholo~ and 

Psychobiology, State University Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands). Age differences in divided 

attention in a simulated driving task J-Gerontol ; 1988 Nov; 43(6): P151-6. 

164. Ponds, Rudolf W.; Brouwer, Wiebo H.; Van, Wolffelaar, Peter C. (U Limburg, Maastricht, Netherlands). 

Age differences in divided attention in a simulated driving task. Journals of Gerontology; 1988 Nov Vol 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

43(6) P151-156; 1988; CODEN: JOGEA3; ISSN: 00221400. Note: Human. Tested the hypothesis that 

aging impairs ability to divide attention, using 17 young adults (21-37 yrs), 17 middle-aged Ss (40-58 

yrs), and 41 old Ss (61-80 yrs). A dual task experiment involved 2 continuous performance tasks: 

compensatory tracking modeled after the everyday activity of car driving and a self-paced visual choice 

reaction time (RT) task requiring analysis of a visual display presented so that no eye movements were 

required when the 2 tasks were performed simultaneously. Results indicate that elderly Ss showed 

decreased ability to divide attention when compared with young and middle-aged Ss, who did not differ in 

ability to divide attention. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological hsn, all rights 

reserved). 

165. Preusser, David F. (Dunlap & hsoc, Norwalk, CT, US). Delaying teenage licensure. International 

Symposium: The social psychology of risky driving (1988, Santa Monica, California). Alcohol, Drugs and 

Driving; 1988 Jul-Dec Vol4(3-4) 283-295; 1988; ISSN: 08917086. Note: Human. Summarizes a 7 state 

survey of transportation needs among 52,304 public high school students (aged 14-18 yrs) with and 

without driver's licenses. Results show that while most Ss wanted to become licensed as soon as they 

could, the rate of licensure between states was extremely variable. Ss from states where teenagers could 

obtain licenses at an earlier age reported more driving, risky driving, and crashes and violations compared 

with Ss in states with a later licensing age. Delayed licensure and limited-privilege licenses for 15-17-yrolds are seen as effective approaches for limiting teen driving exposure, risky driving, and crash 

involvements. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological hsn, all rights reserved). 

166. Project Helping Wheels. Note: North Carolina State University, Center for Urban Affairs and Community 

Services, Raleigh, NC. n.d (16p.). AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000743. An 

Administration on Aging funded demonstration program, Helping Wheels, was designed to explore the 

use of older drivers in providing rides for their peers on a voluntary basis. The project initially explored 

the legal status of using senior citizens in chauffering roles. To determine the number of people who 

would volunteer to share rides, a Transportation Needs Survey Card was issued. Helping Wheels also 

worked in cooperation with such related community efforts as a friendly visitors program. Program 

participants were identified by the Senior Transportation in Raleigh (STIR) card. Project costs were 

calculated as between $8,000 and $10,000, with 50 drivers serving 1,000 riders over a distance of 100,000 

miles. Illustrations, copies of the driver application card, the transportation needs survey card, the 

year-to-date record card, and data on general operating expenses are provided for community 

organizations and State government agencies to learn about the Helping Wheels program. (JRA). 

167. Promisel, D. M.; Blomberg, R. D.; Nacht, M. L.; Silver, S. School bus safety-operator age in relation to 

school bus accidents: hal report. Note: Dunlap and Associates, Inc., Darien, CT. Dec 1969. (139p.). 

AVAILABILITY: Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, VA, 

22151; SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 001285. To determine if age is a significant factor in the assessment 

of school bus operator performance, a study was initiated to establish school bus accident reporting 

criteria, to analyze accident records as a function of age, and to identify factors that affect driver 

performance in relation to age. A literature search was performed and preliminary interviews were 

conducted to establish data collection requirements and the context for analysis. A data sampling plan 

was devised that resulted in the collection of student transportation data from 53 school districts in 9 

States. Computerized techniques were employed to analyze 4,003 driver cases; data were based on 

accident and driver records for the 1967-1968 school year. Although age was not an entirely, definitive 

predictor of accident rates, it was related to accidents in a complex manner. There were different 

relationships between age and accident rates for male and female drivers. Based on the findings, it is 

recommended that driver age limits be formulated in relation to all driver characteristics and not age 

alone, and that uniform, national school bus driver age limits be discouraged. Appendixes list information 

requirements definitions and school districts. Supporting data and a bibliography are included. (DP). 

168. Rachford, Douglas; Furth, H. G. (US Army Research Inst for the Behavioral Sciences, Alexandria, VA). 

Understanding of friendship and social rules in deaf and hearing adolescents. Journal of Applied 

Developmental Psychology; 1986 Oct-Nov Vol7(4) 391-402; 1986; ISSN: 01933973. Note: Human. 60 

deaf and 60 hearing children (aged 9-18 yrs) were interviewed regarding fnendship and social rules (a 

game rule, a school rule, driving law), using an interpreter with the deaf Ss. Summary scores for each of 

the 4 areas yielded age and hearing differences. The major findings were (1) the developmental pattern of 

responses was similar for deaf and hearing children; and (2) deaf children lagged behind hearing children 

in their social understanding, most in game rules, least in friendship. The results are related to a 

constructivist developmental perspective and to previous research (e.g., J. E. Youniss, 1980) on 
DRMNG BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF C

socialization of deaf children. (16 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological A

all rights reserved). 

169.Ragland, D. R.; Winkleby, M. A.; Schwalbe, J.; Holrnan, B. L.; Morse, L.; Syme, S. L.; Fis

J. M. Prevalence of hypertension in bus drivers. PLAOHN-J ; 1989 Feb; 37(2): 71-8. 

170. Rajecki, Ron. Go beyond points A and B: the rewards of tenific transportation. Note: Contempo

Long Term Care. Jul 1990. Vol. 13, No. 7. p. 34+. (3p.). 

171. Ramamurti, P. V.; Jamuna, D.; Ramamurti, Sujatha (Sri Venkateswara U, Tirupati, India). A study 

coronary prone behaviour among a sample of executives and non executives. Indian Joumal of Clin

Psychology; 1984 Mar Vol ll(1) 75-77; 1984; ISSN: 03032582. Note: Human. Investigated whethe

male executives evidenced more coronary heart disease-prone behavior than 30 male clerics (all a

35-55 yrs), using the Jenkins Activity Survey. Executives were found to have sigdicantly higher sc

on 4 factors (Type A behavior, speed-and-impatience, job-involvement, and hard-driving-and-competi

behavior), suggesting higher levels of coronary-prone behavior among the executives. (PsycLIT Datab

Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

172. Ranney, Thomas A.; Gawron, Valerie J. (Liberty Mutual Research Ctr, Hopkinton, MA). The effect

pavement edgelines on performance in a driving simulator under sober and alcohol dosed conditio

Human Factors; 1986 Oct Vol28(5) 511-525; 1986; CODEN: HLTFA.46; ISSN: 00187208. Note: Hum

12 male drivers (aged 21-55 yrs) drove a simulator at 3 levels of blood alcohol concentrations (0.0

0.07%, 0.12%). Alcohol impaired overall simulator performance and performance in the approach 

negotiation of curves. Roadway edgelines were associated with faster curve entry speeds and redu

amount of road used in curve negotiation, both interp~eted as positive effects. Additional bene

associated with wide edgelines were minimal. (PsycIJT Database Copyright 1987 Ameri

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

173. Reish, R.; Surti, V. H. A feasibility study of fi-ee bus service for a street corridor of Denver. N

University of Colorado, Center for Urban Transportation Studies, Denver, CO. Sep 1972. (39

AVAILABILITY: NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Rd, Springfield, VA 22161; SCAN Microfiche No. C

001135. Automobile users in one part of Denver, Colorado, were surveyed to ascertain the viability 

benefits of free bus transit service. It was hypothesized that free fare transit would increase bus rider

and decrease automobile transport to the extent that total transportation costs would be less with 

transit. This hypothesis was based upon 5 days a week operation from 6 am. to 9 p.m. The sur

instrument was distributed to both motorists and passengers at three major intersections at different ti

of day. Of 1,195 questionnaires handed out, 521 usable answers were analyzed. The survey hypoth

was supported in that total transportation costs were less under the free system. The margin of advant

however, was relatively small. It is suggested that free bus service be investigated in more depth 

feasible answer to increasing traftic and difficulties in urban areas. Supporting data and references 

provided. (DP). 

174. Retchin, S. M.; Cox, J.; Fox, M.; Irwin, L. (Depamnent of Internal Medicine, Medical College 

Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298). Performance-based measurem

among elderly drivers and nondrivers. J-Am-Geriatr-Soc ; 1988 Sep; 36(9): 813-9. 

175. Retchin, Sheldon M.; Cox, Jeonifer; Fox, Margery; Irwin, Linda (Virginia Commonwealth U, Med

Coll of Virginia, Richmond, US). Performance based measurements among elderly drivers 

nondrivers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society; 1988 Sep Vol 36(9) 813-819; 1988; COD

JAGSAF; ISSN: 00028614. Note: Human. 143 aged male veterans (mean age 70 yrs) were recru

from an outpatient clinic. 77 Ss were frequent drivers, 41 infrequent drivers, and 25 drove rarely or no

all. 116 Ss (84%) completed a comprehensive performance-based assessment. There were no signifi

differences between the 3 groups in age, formal cognitive testing, or prevalence of stroke hist

However, there were significant differences in grip strength, reaction time, static visual activity, dyna

visual acuity, and peripheral vision. Using stepwise ordinal logistic regression, dynamic visual acu

nondominant hand grip strength, and total horizontal peripheral visual field were significantly associ

with driving frequency, and together explained approximately 45% of the variance. (PsycLIT Data

Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

176. Retchin, Sheldon M.; Cox, Jennifer; Fox, Margery; Irwin, Linda. Performance-based measurem

among elderly drivers and nondrivers. Note: American Geriatrics Society. Joumal. Sep 1988. Vol

No. 9. p. 813-819. (7p.). Examined the association of psychomotor, visual, and cognitive impairm
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

with self-reported driving frequency. A total of 116 elderly male outpatients from McGuire Veterans 

Administration Hospital in Richmond, Va., completed a questionnaire and a full clinical assessment. 

Respondents included 61 frequent drivers, 38 occasional drivers, and 17 nondrivers. Several senescent 

psychomotor and visual changes were significantly related to driving frequency, including static and 

dynamic visual acuity, hand grip strength, peripheral vision, and reaction time. Dynamic visual acuity, 

nondominant hand strength, and total horizontal peripheral visual field together explained 45 percent of 

the variance in driving frequency. Cognitive impairment was not associated with self-reported driving 

status. It is concluded that psychomotor and visual impairments that affect driving frequency are subtle 

and may not be detected by conventional means. (LS). 

177. Reuben, D. B.; Sihan, R. A.; Traines, M. (Rhode Island Hospital, Division of General Internal 

Medicine, Providence 02902). The aging driver. Medicine, policy, and ethics. J-Am-Geriatr-Soc . (Review); 1988 Dec; 36(12): 1 135-42. 

178. Reuben, David B.; Silliman, Rebecca A.; Traines, Mark (Rhode Island Hosp, Div of General Internal 

Medicine, Providence, US). The a,oing driver: Medicine, policy, and ethics. Journal of the American 

Geriatrics Society; 1988 Dec Vol36(12) 1135-1 142; 1988; CODEN: JAGSAF, ISSN: 00028614. Note: 

Human. Discusses physiologic changes and common diseases of older persons that may affect driving 

ability, the current laws governing the aging driver, and the medical and ethical responsibility of the 

physician in driving decisions. It is suggested that when a physician is in doubt about a patient's ability to 

drive an automobile, a driving test should be recommended. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

179. Reuben, David B.; Silliman, Rebecca A.; Traines, Mark. Aging driver: medicine, policy, and ethics. Note: 

American Geriatrics Society. Journal. Dec 1988. Vol. 36, No. 2. p. 1135-1 142. (8p.). Reviews physical 

changes with aging that can affect driving ability, summarizes current laws governing aging drivers, and 

discusses the ethical responsibility of physicians in making decisions about patients' driving ability. 

Older persons may suffer impairments in vision and delayed reaction times, as well as other sensory 

losses. Some diseases common in the elderly, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological 

diseases, can also impair driving ability. Medications may also affect driving ability. State laws for 

obtaining and renewing a driver's license vary conside~ably. All states have established medical advisory 

boards or committees to assist licensing agencies, however, and almost all states require vision tests when 

obtaining and renewing a license. Seven states have specific restrictions pertaining to elderly drivers. The 

physician's moral responsibility is to determine a patient's medical competence to drive and to then 

consider the balance between the risks and benefits of advising against driving. Consideration must be 

given to both the patient's autonomy and the responsibility to society. Priority should be given to 

developing criteria for distinguishing older persons who are capable of driving from those who are not. 

Future actions by government, the insurance industry, and the automobile industry are likely to affect 

older persons' decisions to drive or not. (CM). 

180. Richou, H.: Rizzo. N. (I.N.M.R.. Le Mesnil-St-Denis). [A survev of 700 cases of blood alcohol when 

driving: ~edicoleial considerations and legal aspeck]. 'ADD-~ed-psychol (Paris) ; 1989 Dec; 147(10): 

1019-36. 

181. Rioux, Steven C.; Wapner, Seymour (Clark U). Commitment to use of automobile seat belts: An 

experimental analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology; 1986 Sep Vol 6(3) 189-204; 1986; ISSN: 

02724944. Note: Human. Examined seat belt use in 30 university students, faculty, and staff (aged 16-50 

yrs) with respect to individual differences in (1) degree of use; (2) cognitive, affective, and valuative 

aspects of the experience of seat belt use; and (3) factors precipitating seat belt use. Interviews were 

conducted with 10 nonusers, 10 variable-users, and 10 committed users. Results indicate that (a) 

committed users maintained use through imagining accidents, perception of accidents as dependent on 

external circumstances, and desire to be a good role model for children; (b) nonusers distanced themselves 

from an accident and/or injury by perceiving themselves as in control to avoid accidents and by 

psychologically minimizing the risks of personal injury; (c) variable-users had some of each of the 

characteristics of the other groups. (33 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological 

Assn, all rights reserved). 

182. Risch, H. A.; Burch, J. D.; Miller, A. B.; Hill, G. B.; Steele, R.; Howe, G. R. (NCIC Epidemiology Unit, 

University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Occupational factors and the incidence of cancer of the bladder 

in Canada. Br-J-Ind-Med ; 1988 Jun; 45(6): 361-7. 
DRlVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTAnONS 

183. Risser, Ralf (Austrian Road Safety Board, Vienna Inst for Traffic Psychology). Behavior in traffic conflict 

situations. Accident Analysis and Prevention; 1985 Apr Vol 17(2) 179-197; 1985; CODEN: AAPVB5; 

ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. Studied the behavior of drivers in traffic conflict (TC) situations to 

determine behaviors that raise the probability of accidents and investigated the relationship of TCs to 

accidents. 201 Ss were observed during a 1-hr standardized driving test, and 156 of these Ss were 

interviewed concerning their accident record for the past 5 yrs and their driving experience. Selected 

results show that more TCs were recorded on sites where accidents occurred more frequently and that 

driving errors correlated with Ss' accident records and TCs during the driving test. Ss performing 

awkward behaviors, such as hesitant or risky lane changes and cutting curves or comers, were often 

involved in TCs. Findings also reveal 4 types of drivers: Group 1 drivers, typically aged 18-24 yrs, 

committed many errors related to TCs and to their accident history. Group 2 drivers, generally aged 25-34 

yrs, had few TCs but many accidents. Group 3 drivers had many TCs and few accidents, were mostly 

younger than 25 yrs old, and had little driving experience. Group 4 drivers were ideal drivers; they had 

few accidents and few TCs, were generally older than 35 yrs old, and had over 100,000 km in driving 

experience. (22 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights 

reserved). 

184. Rockwell, T. H.; Wick, R. L. Jr, Balasubramanian, K. N. Effects of noxious gases on driver performance. 

Note: Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Oct 1974. (173p.). AVAILABILITY: NTIS, 5285 Port 

Royal Rd, Springfield, VA 22161; SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000915. An investigation was conducted 

of the nighnime driving performance of five healthy young drivers and five healthy aged drivers under the 

influence of CO (12 percent carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level). The age range of the young subjects was 

21 to 30 and that of the aged subjects was 60 to 65. The subjects acted as their own controls. Driving 

tasks included freeway driving, sign reading, car following, curve negotiation on rural roads, and novel 

occlusion tasks. The performance measures studied were related to drivers' visual behavior, spare visual 

capacity, velocity mean and variability, headway mean and variability, and peak lateral acceleration in 

curves. CO sigm£icantly affected the visual search behavior of both the young and the aged subjects but 

in a different way. Under CO, there was a decreased visual activity for the young subjects. The aged 

subjects, under CO, concentrated their search patterns on the road elements much closer to their vehicle. 

Significant differences in the driving behavior between the young and the aged were observed, and it was 

also noted that the effects of age and CO were not additive. The results supported the hypothesis with 

respect to young subjects; i.e., at night there were significant changes in their visual search pattem under 

CO resulting in their decreased visual activity. The older subjects were more active under CO but with 

different visual search patterns compared to the young. (EZ). 

185. Roine, R. P.; Eriksson, C. J.; Ylikahri, R.; Penttila, A.; Salaspuro, M. (Research Unit of Alcohol Diseases, 

Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland). Methanol as a marker of alcohol abuse. Alcoholism (NY) ; 

1989 APK 13(2): 172-5. 

186. Romelsjo, A. Decline in alcohol-related problems in Sweden greatest among young people. Br-J-Addict ; 

1987 Oct; 82(10): 11 11-24. 

187. Rothe, John Peter, Cooper, P. J.; De, Vries B. Safety of elderly drivers: yesterday's young in today's 

traffic. Note: Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, Canada 1990. (435p.). 

188. Rothke, Steven (Rehabilitation Inst of Chicago, Psychology Service, IL, US). The relationship between 

neuropsychological test scores and performance on a driving evaluation. International Journal of Clinical 

Neuropsychology; 1989 Vol 1 l(3) 134-136; 1989; ISSN: 01973681. Note: Human. Examined the 

potential contribution of neuropsychological assessment to the question of an individual's ability to 

operate a motor vehicle safely. Data were analyzed for 18 brain-damaged or brain-disordered patients 

(aged 25-69 yrs) who were administered a driver's examination (DE) and neuropsychological test battery. 

10 Ss who passed the DE performed better on the delayed verbal recall section of the Wechsler Memory 

Scale and required less time to complete the Tactual Performance Test with the dominant hand alone and 

across the 3 trials of the test. Tests involving psychomotor planning/problem solving also strongly 

correlated with the passlfail driving criterion. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological 

Assn, all rights reserved). 

189. Ruhle, R.; Wolff, H. (Institut fur Verkehrsmedizin, Medizinischer Dienst des Verkehrswesens der DDR). 

[Psychological aspects of traffic fitness of aging car drivers]. Z-Gesamte-Hyg ; 1990 Jul; 36(7): 346-50. 

190. Ryan, Barbara E,; Segars, Lance B. (County of San Diego Dept of Health Services, Alcohol Program, 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CXTATIONS 

CA). The first offender What is to be done? The San Diego County experience under new law. Abstracts 

and Reviews in Alcohol and Driving; 1984 Apr-Jun Vol5(2) 13-20; 1984. Note: Human. Describes the 

development of a county driver-improvement/alcohol-education program mandated under California law 

for 1st time driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders and evaluates the experience of 168 trainees 

(50.2% under aged 30 yrs and 83.3% male). Assessments of behaviors and problems of the majority of Ss 

show that providers should include discussion of varying drinking styles and strategies for modifying 

drinking behavior that are not limited to abstinence. It is suggested that even in the absence of any 

definitive evidence on program effectiveness, local agencies should design services based on a working 

knowledge of the DUI system in their locality. (8 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American 

Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

191. Ryden, John C. Elderly Driver Retraining and Certification Program. Note: Ryden Driving Institute, 

Annapolis Road, Suite 100, Lanham, Maryland, 20706. 06/01/85 to 11/01/85. This project will establish 

specifications for a driver education program for older adults with the intent of enabling older drivers to 

be certified for a longer period of time. Current recertification programs for older drivers will be 

evaluated. Training programs that are available for older drivers will also be reviewed. 

192. Ryden, John C.; Giligan, Stephen H. Continued safe driving program for experienced drivers: 

dissemination and commercialization plan; 6 Vols. Note: Ryden Driving Institute, Lanham, MD. Oct 30, 

1987. (261p.). Outlines the develpment, dissemination, and commercialization of a continued safe driving 

program for older drivers. Summarizes the objectives and accomplishments of the first two phases of the 

project, including assessing the feasibility of developing a new driver education course for older drivers, 

outlining the specifications for such a course, developing the actual course materials, and testing the 

course in different settings. Describes a marketing plan to target aging organizations, other driving 

schools, organizations which sponsor existing older driver education courses, and senior drivers. 

Identifies materials important for disseminating information about the course, such as press releases, 

summary decriptions of the course and teaching materials, selected findings from the feasibility study, and 

course documents. Also identifies the most important activities for marketing the course, including course 

offerings, speeches and presentations, and training and certifying instructors. Includes copies of the five 

course documents: a manual for experienced drivers, a class workbook, classroom and in-auto manuals for 

instructors, and a test booklet. (LS). 

193. Sarvela, P. D.; Pape, D. J.; Odulana, J.; Bajracharya, S. M. (Dept. of Health Education, College of 

Education, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901). Drinking, drug use, and driving among rural 

midwestem youth. J-Sch-Health ; 1990 May; 60(5): 215-9. 

194. Saunders, R. A.; Wheeler, T. J. Age factor in powered two-wheeled road traffic accidents? J-R-Soc-Health 

; 1987 Dec; 107(6): 227,230. 

195. Schlag, B. (Universitat ~ssen-~esamthochschule). Elderly automobile drivers--a problem with a future?]. 

ZGerontol ; 1986 Nov-Dec; 19(6): 410-8. 

196. Senior citizens transportation study. Note: I'IT Research Institute. n.d. (38p.). NOTES: For the Chicago 

metropolitan area AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000354. Survey materials designed to 

compile a statistical profile of the transportation habits of the senior citizens in the Chicago metropolitan 

area are contained in this document. Sponsored by the Department of Human Resources, the survey 

includes two questionnaires designed to elicit demographic and personal transportation data. Forms for the 

interviewer to record the number and type of trip made by each respondent during the course of a 

specified week are included, as well as record mp forms to be filled out by the respondents for a second 

specified week. Procedural instructions to the survey interviewers, who were either members of a senior 

citizens' club or building managers of senior citizen housing developments, are provided for each 

questionnaire. (CI). 

197. Shore, E. R.; McCoy, M. L.; Toonen, L. A.; Kuntz, E. J. (Department of Psychology, Wichita State 

University, Kansas 67208-1595). Arrests of women for driving under the influence. J-Stud-Alcohol ; 1988 

Jan; 49(1): 7-10. 

198. Shouksmith, George (Massey U, Palmerston North, New Zealand). Some differences in attitudes between 

good and poor professional drivers. Perceptual and Motor Skills; 1989 Apr Vol68(2) 626; 1989; CODEN: 

PMOSAZ; ISSN: 00315125. Note: Human. In a sample of 21 bus drivers (aged 21-30 yrs) who were 

rated as either "good or "poor" drivers by their supervisors, good drivers expressed more positive 

attitudes toward their jobs and toward regulatory rules in the UK highway code. (PsycLIT Database 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

199. Silverman, D. T.; Hoover, R. N.; Mason, T. J.; Swanson, G. M. (Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, 

National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892). Motor exhaust-related occupations and bladder 

cancer. Cancer-Res ; 1986 Apr, 46(4 Pt 2): 21 13-6. 

200. Simms, B. (Banstead Place Mobility Centre, Surrey, Great Britain). The assessment of the disabled for 

driving: a preliminary report. Int-Rehabil-Med ; 1985; 7(4): 187-92. 

201. Sivak, M.; Soler, J.; Trankle, U. (University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor 

48109-2150). Cross-cultural differences in driver self-assessment. Accid-Anal-Prev ; 1989 Aug; 21(4): 

371-5. 

202. Sivak, Michael; Soler, Jose; Trankle, Ulrich (U Michigan Transportation Research Inst, Ann Arbor, US). 

Cross cultural differences in driver risk taking. Accident Analysis and Prevention; 1989 Aug Vol 21(4) 

363-369; 1989; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. Investigated differences in 

simulated driver risk-taking behavior among 180 US, Spanish, and West German Ss. The task consisted of 

performing a simulated intersection crossing on a video display. Ss were shown an intersection with 

moving traffic on a horizontal road, and they were asked to attempt (under time pressure) a fixed number 

of crossings with a car moving vertically. The 60 Ss in all 3 countries included younger (aged 19-21 yrs), 

middle-aged (aged 35-45 yrs), and older (aged 65-75 yrs) persons of both sexes. Results suggest that there 

are differences among countries in the target risk-level of performance. However, the present findings 

imply that within each country all Ss (regardless of age and sex) tended to have the same target risk-level. 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

203. Skinner, Robert E.; Godwin, Stephen R.; Quint, Malcolm; Kassabian, Naod, (Ed; ). Transportation in an 

aging society: improving mobility and safety for older persons: Volume 1, committee report and 

recommendations; Volume 2, technical papers. Note: National Research Council, Transportation 

Research Board, Washington, DC. 1988. (528p.). SERIES TITLE: Transportation Research Board 

Special Report; No. 218. MEETING DATA: Includes papers from an international colloquium 

"Improving Mobility and Safety of Older Persons," held October 1987. Explores the needs and problems 

of older adults in relation to the roadway transportation system as drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. 

Provides background information on demographic trends, traffic safety, and aging and driving 

performance. Presents the recommendations of an expert panel on improving the roadway environment, 

vehicle safety, driver licensing and screening, and alternatives to the automobile, and on organizing future 

research efforts. Includes chapter references and appendixes containing data on estimated travel by age 

groups, a commentary on technology development, and a summary of research activities and expenditures 

by the federal government and private foundations. The second volume contains a series of 12 technical 

papers that address the importance of mobility, the travel behavior of older persons, intersection design 

and operation, sign legibility, roadway markings, vehicle design, headlights, consumer information, driver 

licensing, vision screening, and driver retraining. (LS). 

204. Skipper, Julie H.; WierwilIe, Walter W. (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY). Drowsy driver detection using 

discriminant analysis. Human Factors; 1986 Oct Vol 28(5) 527-540; 1986; CODEN: HUFAA6; ISSN: 

00187208. Note: Human. Investigated 14 driving variables (e.g., response time) for their potential use in 

predicting driver drowsiness and eyelid closure. A computer-controlled automobile simulator simulated a 

nighttime highway driving scenario for 20 drivers (aged 18-50 yrs) in both a rested and a partially 

sleepdeprived condition. Ss' responses to torque or displacement stimuli and their driving characteristics 

were recorded. Linear discriminant analyses classified alert and drowsy observations with relatively low 

false-alarm and miss rates. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights 

reserved). 

205. Smart, R. G. (Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Changes in alcohol problems as 

a result of changing alcohol consumption: a natural experiment. ~ru~-~lcohol-Depend ; 1987 Jan; 19(1): 

91-7. 

206. Smith, Bruce W.; Hiltner, John. Who are the elderly users of public transportation? A case study in 

Toledo, Ohio. Note: Journal of Applied Gerontology. Dec 1988. Vol. 7, No. 4. p. 504-513. (lop.). 

Analyzed differences between users and nonusers of public and agency transportation in Toledo, Ohio. A 

total of 150 men and women aged 60 and older were interviewed in 1982 to obtain information on basic 

socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, resources and capabilities in five general areas of wellbeing, and need for and use of 19 different services during the past 6 months. Respondents were also 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

asked whether they usually traveled by public transportation, agency vehicle, with family or friends, or by 

personal driving. Public or agency transportation was used by only 27.4 percent of respondents, but most 

respondents were satisfied with their access to transportation. Of the eight socioeconomic variables 

examined, only not driving and living alone were significantly related to the probability of public 

transportation ridership. Neither health, age, income, education, martial status, nor sex was significantly 

related to public transit usage when the other variables were held constant (LS). 

207. Smith, P. F.; Remington, P. L. (Division of Nutrition, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA). The 

epidemiology of drinking and driving: results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1986. 

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Group. Health-Educ-Q ; 1989 Fall; 16(3): 345-58. 

208. Snow, R. W.; Landrum, J. W. (Mississippi Alcohol Safety Education Program, Mississippi State 

University, Mississippi State 39762). Drinking locations and frequency of drunkenness among Mississippi 

DUI offenders. Am-J-Drug-Alcohol-Abuse ; 1986; 12(4): 389-402. 

209. Snow, R. W.; Wells, Parker E. (Mississippi Alcohol Safety Education Program, Mississippi State 

University, Mississippi State 39762). Drinking reasons, alcohol consumption levels, and drinking 

locations among drunken drivers. Int-J-Addict ; 1986 Jun; 21(6): 671-89. 

210. Snow, Ronald W.; Cunningham, Orville R. (Mississippi State U, Social Science Research Ctr, Mississippi 

Alcohol Safety Education Program). Age, machismo, and the drinking locations of drunken drivers: A 

research note. Deviant Behavior, 1985 Vol 6(1) 57-66; 1985; CODEN: DEBEDF; ISSN: 01639625. 

Note: Human. A questionnaire study examined the frequency with which 1,319 predominantly male 

drivers of various ages, who were convicted for driving under the influence of alcohol, drank in 7 

locations (own home, bar or lounge, friend's home, party, car, restaurant, parking lot); compared the 

drinking locations of younger and older Ss; and tested the hypothesis that the desire among young males 

to demonstrate their masculinity (machismo) would have a major impact on both drinking locations and 

motor-vehicle-crash death rates. Younger Ss tended to drink in a variety of away-from-home locations; 

after 25 yrs of age, the frequency of drinking in all types of places except S's own home decreased, and 

the home emerged as the most important drinking location for older Ss. Findings suggest that automobiles 

and parking lots may be drinking settings that are particularly conducive to the macho drinlung behaviors 

of young males. (8 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights 

reserved). 

211. Snow, Ronald W.; Wells, Parker, Elisabeth (Mississippi State U, Mississippi Alcohol Safety Education 

Program, Mississippi State). Drinking reasons, alcohol consumption levels, and drinking locations among 

drunken drivers. International Journal of the Addictions; 1986 Vol 21(6) 671-689; 1986; CODEN: 

INJABN; ISSN: 0020773X. Note: Human. Data collected from a driving under the influence offender 

sample (aged 15-80 yrs) showed that 4 drinking factors were regressed on alcohol consumption variables 

and frequency of drinking in 7 types of locations. Drinking for pleasure and oppositelsex drunkenness 

reasons are associated with both quantity consumed per occasion and away-from-home locations such as 

automobiles, bars, and parties, suggesting high traffic accident risk. Escapism reasons are related to 

quantity consumed per occasion but are only weakly associated with specific locations; sociability reasons 

are associated with drinking in friends' homes but are not related to high consumption levels. It is 

concluded that the diversity within the drunk-driving population with regard to reasons, consumption 

levels, and location can be used to match specific intervention strategies to a particular goup of offenders. 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

212. Stein, Anthony C.; Allen, R. Wade; Cook, Marcia L. (Systems Technology Inc, Hawthorne, CA). The 

interaction of alcohol and fatigue on driver simulator performance. 29th Annual Conference of the 

American Association for Automative Medicine (1985, Washington, DC). Proceedings of the American 

Association for Automotive Medicine; 1985 No 29 91-104; 1985. Note: Human. Examined the 

interactive effects of alcohol and fatigue on driving simulator performance of 12 male drivers (aged 21-55 

yrs) over a 2-hr period. A within-Ss design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the selected 

countermeasures on driving behavior at different blood alcohol levels (0.00, 0.75, and 0.12%) and 

attentional demand states (high and low). Arousal was inversely correlated with fatigue. Under the 

influence of alcohol, the driver's reaction time (RT) and RT variability decreased as attentional demand 

increased. The opposite, however, was true in the placebo condition. No explanation was found for this 

discrepancy. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

213. Stein, H. S.; Jones, I. S. (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, DC 20037). Crash 
DRMNG BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CEATIONS 

involvement of large trucks by configuration: a case-control study. Am-J-Public-Health ; 1988 May; 

78(5): 491-8. 

214. Stems, Harvey L.; Barrett, Gerald V.; Alexander, Ralph A.; Valasek, Diana L.; McIlvried, John L. Group 

driver training program to help older adults maintain safe and efficient driving skills: hal report. Note: 

University of Akron, Department of Psychology and Institute for Life-Span Development and 

Gerontology, Akron, OH. Oct 1984. (1 12p.). Presents the final report of a 4-year project to develop and 

test a program for training older adults (aged 55-75) on selective attention, perceptual style, and reaction 

time tasks in order to improve driving skills and reduce accident involvement. Describes the development 

of the diagnostic battery and the interrelationship of the diagnostic battery measures to actual driving 

behavior of the sample during the last 2 years of the project Presents results of a 2-year longitudinal 

study of participants from the project's first year, which found evidence of long-term effects from 

individual training on selected battery measures. Describes research done in the third and fourth year of 

the project, which adapted the training program to group administration and subsequently found that it 

was not effective. Concludes that, while the results indicate the effectiveness of older adult driver training 

programs, more complex apparatus and provisions for individual monitoring are necessary for driver 

training in a group situation. Includes a bibliography and appends a driving behavior questionnaire. (JG). 

215. Steward, J. M.; Cole, B. L. (Department of Optometry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia). 

What do color vision defectives say about everyday tasks? Optom-Vis-Sci ; 1989 May; 66(5): 288-95. 

216. Stokx, Leo C.; Gaillard, Anthony W. (TNO Inst for Perception, Soesterberg, Netherlands). Task and 

driving performance of patients with a severe concussion of the brain. Joumal of Clinical and 

Experimental Neuropsychology; 1986 Aug Vol 8(4) 421-436; 1986. Note: Human. Conducted 5 

experiments with 13 patients (aged 20-30 yrs) who had sustained a severe concussion of the brain more 

than 2 yrs previously and approximately 28 age-matched controls in choice reaction time (RT) tasks in the 

laboratory to investigate brain concussion patients' impaired reactive capacity. The focus of investigation 

was whether speci£ic stages in the chain of the information process were affected by the injury. In 

addition, driving skills were measured in an instrumented car to determine whether RT performance was 

predictive of car driving. Results indicate that, in general, concussion patients were much slower than 

control Ss, both in the RT and in the driving tasks. Results obtained in the RT tasks provide no conclusive 

evidence, however, that severe concussion of the brain affects particular stages in information processing. 

It is concluded that RT tasks appear to have predictive value for determining the ability to drive a car. (13 

ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

217. Streeter, L. A.; Vitello, D. A profile of drivers' map-reading abilities. Hum-Factors ; 1986 Apr; 28(2): 

223-39. 

218. Streeter, Lynn A.; Vitello, Diane (Bell Communications Research, Monistown, NJ). A profile of drivers' 

map reading abilities. Human Factors; 1986 Apr Vol 28(2) 223-239; 1986; CODEN: HUFA46; ISSN: 

00187208. Note: Human. Examined navigational preferences, habits, experiences, abilities, and routeselection strategies in 2 experiments. Exp I, using 33 females (aged 18-66 yrs), showed that self-reports of 

navigational proficiency were correlated with objective measures of spatial ability and that low-spatialability Ss relied on landmarks and preferred verbal to spatial directions. In Exp II,20 Ss (aged 25-60 yrs) 

were classified as expert, experienced, or novice regarding their familiarity with an area, and their route 

selections were compared with routes generated by standard graph-search procedures. A shortest-path, 

breadth-first route characterized half of the expert Ss' routes, whereas none of the graph-search procedures 

matched the experienced and the novice Ss' routes. A good predictor of whether people chose a particular 

road was whether the sum of A + B + C (where A equals the straight-line distance from the start to the 

road, B equals the distance traveled on the road, and C equals the straight-line distance from the departure 

point on the road to the destination) did not exceed the straight-line distance between start and destination 

by more than approximately 20%. Suggestions for improved navigational aids are presented. (15 ref) 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

219. Strybel, Thomas Z.; Nassi, Richard (U Arizona, Tucson). Daylight conspicuity of reversible lane signal 

systems. Human Factors; 1986 Feb Vol28(1) 83-89; 1986; CODEN: HUFA46; ISSN: 00187208. Note: 

Human. Compared the conspicuity of 2 traffic light systems for improving the use of peak-hour reversible 

and dual-use 2-way left-turn lanes. The systems considered were the conventional lane-use control signals 

and a new system of revolving beacons. Six drivers (aged 18+ yrs) were asked to identify various 

characteristics of signals at 2 distances (91 and 244 m) and 3 viewing angles (0,0.09, and 0.17 rad), which 

approximated a motorist's view from different positions on a $lane street. Finlngs show that at 0 rad, 
DRNING BlBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CnATIONS 

detection and recognition of both signal-light systems was quite good However, at more extreme viewing 

angles, the revolving beacon system was detected and recognized more often. It is concluded that the 

revolving beacon system would be more conspicuous to a driver attempting to enter the reversible lane. 

(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

220. Sturr, J. F.; Kline, G. E.; Taub, H. A. (Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, NY 13244-2340). 

Performance of young and older drivers on a static acuity test under photopic and mesopic luminance 

conditions. Hum-Factors ; 1990 Feb; 32(1): 1-8. 

221. Summary of findings and recommendations: workshop on highway safety and mobility of older drivers 

and pedestrians, Jun 11-12, 1985, Washington Plaza Hotel, Washington, D.C. Note: Highway Users 

Federation, 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036. 1985. (27p.). NOTES: Sponsored 

by Highway Users Federation and Automotive Safety Foundation; in cooperation with American 

Association for Automotive Medicine and eight other organizations. Summarizes findings and 

recommendations of a workshop on the highway mobility and safety of older drivers and pedestrians. 

Deftnes the purpose of the workshop and lists agencies and organizations involved in research on and 

discussion of issues concerning older drivers. Presents demographic and accident data on older drivers 

and pedestrians. Reviews medical conditions and concern pertinent to older drivers and pedestrians, 

including visual impairments and needs, medical assessments, the use of state medical advisory boards to 

address the situation, and legislative issues. Outlines highway safety technologies and countermeasures to 

accommodate and overcome problems experienced by the older driver and pedestrian, and discusses the 

role of delineation and the visibility of signing. Offers the perspectives of a state highway department 

official and a local traffic engineer. Includes summaries of the work-shop presentations and of 

participants' reactions. (LS). 

222. Taylor, J. F. (Department of Transport, London, U.K). Vision and driving. Ophthalmic-Physiol-Opt ; 

1987; 7(2): 187-9. 

223. Temple, Lori L. Perceptual and cognitive factors affecting driving ability of young and old drivers. Note: 

Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. 1989. (82p.). Attempted to determine 

which, if any, of a wide variety of perceptual and cognitive abilities would predict driving ability for 

younger and older adults. A total of 50 younger adults aged 18-59 (mean age 30.04) and 49 older adults 

aged 60-78 (mean age 67.02) completed perceptual tasks, peripheral vision measures, cognitive tasks, 

health measures, demographic measures, and subjective and objective measures of driving. Results 

showed that younger adults performed more efficiently on the perceptual and cognitive tasks than older 

adults; they responded faster, made fewer errors, and were less disrupted by competing stimuli. Younger 

adults did better on some, but not all, of the measures of driving requiring speeded responses. The 

perceptual and cognitive tasks that predicted driving performance were different for different age groups. 

A variety of perceptual, cognitive, and demographic measures predicted driving performance for the 

younger adults. Driving ability for older adults was predicted primarily by performance on perceptual 

tasks and cognitive tasks involving complex operations. Both years licensed and miles driven per year 

predicted driving ability, particularly for the younger drivers. Findings are discussed in terms of ways in 

which older drivers can improve their driving ability. References are included. (WD). 

224. Thevenon, A.; Grimbert, P.; Dudenko, P.; Heuline, A.; Delcambre, B. (Clinique Rhumatologique, Hopital 

de la Charite, Lille). weumatoid polyarthritis and automobile driving]. Rev-Rhum-Mal-Osteoartic ; 1989 

Jan; 56(1): 101-3. 

225. Thompson, S. J.; Fraser, E. J.; Howarth, C. I. (U Nottingham, England). Driver behaviour in the presence 

of child and adult pedestrians. Ergonomics; 1985 Oct Vol28(10) 1469-1474; 1985; CODEN: ERGOAX; 

ISSN: 00140139. Note: Human. To investigate driver behavior in the presence of child and adult 

pedestrians, vehicle speeds were measured outside 5 British junior schools, and their distance from the 

curb was recorded. Mean speed of all observed vehicles was 28.4 miles/hr with 36% traveling faster than 

the legal maximum of 30 miles/hr. The presence of children by the roadside had no effect on either the 

speed or position in the road of unobstructed passing vehicles. However, a mean speed reduction of 1 mph 

was observed when large groups of pedestrians (i.e., 10 or more) were present. Findings suggest that 

vehicle drivers are inadequately prepared for the unpredictable behavior of child pedestrians. The 

implications of this lack of care are discussed in relation to road-user education (French, German & 

Japanese abstracts) (9 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights 

reserved). 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

226. Trankle, U.; Gelau, C.; Metker, T. (Psychologisches Institut 11, University of Munster, Federal Republic of 

Gemany). Risk perception and age-specific accidents of young drivers. Accid-Anal-Prev ; 1990 Apr, 

22(2): 1 19-25. 

227. Transcript of the proceedings of the Conference on Transportation and the Aging. Note: ACE-Federal 

Reporters, Washington, DC 9700526, May 25-26, 1970. 1970. (208p.). AVAILABILITY: SCAN 

Microfiche No. CCF 000571. MEETING DATA: Interdisciplinary Research Utilization Workshop, May 

25-26,1970, Washington, DC. This report contains the proceedings of 1970 workshop on transportation 

needs of and programs for the elderly. Topics of interest include medical and physiological changes with 

age and their impact on transportation, psychosocial characteristics of the elderly person, the number of 

elderly automobile drivers and their presentations, consideration is given to the aging process, family 

relationships and housing patterns, the higher number of elderly persons in the general population due to 

an increasing life expectancy, economic needs and consumption pattern of the elderly, mobility as it 

relates to various activities (employment, shopping, traveling, health services, entertainment, and 

participation in social activities), and barriers to travel. Subjects also covered in the proceedings concern 

ways of meeting transportation needs, public transportation, the impact of an automobile-oriented world 

on older people, the importance of public transportation supply and demand, urban versus suburban 

driving habits, the impact of demographic characteristics on transportation utilization, and perceptions of 

the elderly regarding transportation alternatives. Concluding topics of the workshop focus on 

transportation demonstration projects, special transportation needs of the elderly, public transit ridership 

pattern, and transportation program evaluation (DP). 

228. Transportation and the elderly & handicapped: a literature capsule. Note: U.S. Department of 

Transportation, Technology Sharing Program Office, Washington, DC. Jan 1977. (86p.). 

AVAILABILITY: NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Rd, Springfield, VA 22161, Order No. SHR 2083. The 

literature selected for identification and annotation in this report on transportation and the elderly and 

handicapped has been organized according to needs, programs, planning, and policy. The discussion 

highlights research and planning in transportation for the elderly and handicapped. The overview includes 

a general introductory text on transportation, along with a comprehensive state-of-the-art study of 

transportation and older Americans. The majority of selections categorized under needs focus on 

considerations in the provision of transportation service and on transportation needs of the elderly and 

handicapped as drivers and pedestrians. Transportation programs serving the elderly and handicapped are 

described in program selections. The predominant transportation program for the elderly and handcapped 

is area-wide special transportation service. The concentration in planning selections is primarily on the 

design of transportation services for the elderly and handicapped. Subjects include management, demand, 

system costs, and accessibility design criteria. Included in the policy section are works which examine 

legislative, regulatory, and institutional aspects of transportation for the elderly and handicapped. (EZ). 

229. Transportation and the older person. Note: Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute. n.d. (12p.). 

AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000367. Transportation problems increase for most urban 

residents as cities grow, and particularly for the elderly. Older individuals are greatly affected by the 

increasing complexity of transportation system and by the accelerating pressure for speed. Certain agerelated physiological, psychological, and social changes interact with transportation changes to increase 

the risk and discomfort for the elderly. There are multiple reasons for the accentuated effect on the aged 

of modem transportation systems. The reasons lie within pattern developed over a lifetime, within 

sensory-perceptual-motor changes which take place with age, and within the society which devalues the 

aged. Public transportation facilities and pedestrian accomodations are particularly important to both male 

and female elderly, because of limitations on the use of the automobile. Finances, licensing, selfconfidence, and possibly the concern of their children reduce automobile driving with advancing age. 

Transportation innovations could actually favor the elderly individual. Either innovations or 

modifications of existing types of transportation need to be based on information regarding where people 

need and want to go and the characteristics of transportation which make it easy or difficult to get there. 

In discussing the role of transportation, attention is directed to meeting needs and using the talents of 

retired persons and community services. (EZ). 

230. Van, Der Flier, H.; Schoonman, W. (Dutch Railways, Dept of Industrial Psychology, Utrecht, 

Netherlands). Railway signals passed at danger: Situational and personal factors underlying stop signal 

abuse. Applied Ergonomics; 1988 Jun Vol 19(2) 135- 141; 1988; CODEN: AERGBW, ISSN: 00036870. 

Note: Human. Studied the role of situational and personal factors in registered cases in which railroad 

engineers have gone through stop signals in The Netherlands. The most frequently mentioned hazard was 
DRlVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

that of the signal being situated behind a bend. The direct cause of a case often seemed to be that a signal 

was overlooked or not anticipated. Personal factors (age, time on duty, length of service or track and 

rolling-stock experience) did not seem to be important variables. However, it was proven that previous 

incidents, worse performance with multiple choice reaction tests, and less job satisfaction were predictive 

of a future case. (PsycLlT Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

231. Voas, R. B.; Williams, A. F. (National Public Services Research Institute, Alexandria, Virginia 22314). 

Age differences of arrested and crash-involved drinking drivels. J-Stud-Alcohol ; 1986 May; 47(3): 244-8. 

232. Voas, Robert B.; Williams, AUan F. (National Public Services Research Inst, Alexandria, VA). Age 

differences of arrested and crash involved drinking drivels. Journal of Studies on Alcohol; 1986 May Vol 

47(3) 2A4-248; 1986; CODEN: JSALDP; ISSN: 0096882X. Note: Human. Reviewed research to 

determine the extent to which drivers arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) and crash-involved 

drivels impaired by alcohol are similar in age. Data indicate that younger drivers (40 yrs of age) are 

underrepresented in the DWI arrest population relative to their presence in the alcohol-related crash 

population. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

233. Wagenaar, A. C.; Webster, D. W. Preventing injuries to children through compulsory automobile safety 

seat use [published erratum appears in Pediatrics 1987 Jun;79 (6):863]. Pediatrics ; 1986 Oct; 78(4): 

662-72. 

234. Wagenaar, A. C.; Wiviott, M. B. Effects of mandating seatbelt use: a series of surveys on compliance in 

Michigan. Public-Health-Rep ; 1986 Sep-Oct; lOl(5): 505-13. 

235. Waller, J. A. (Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405). Driving patterns 

before and after hospitalization for heart disease. Accid-Anal-Prev ; 1987 Apr, 19(2): 105-14. 

236. Waller, J. A.; Goo, J. T. Accident and violation patterns of drivers with chronic medical conditions. Note: 

Bureau of Chronic Diseases: California Dept. of Public Health, and Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 

University of California at Berkeley. n.d. (35p.). AVAILABILITY: NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Rd, 

Springfield, VA 22161; SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 001227. Types of traffic accidents and violations 

were compared for 1,704 drivers with chronic medical conditions known to the California Department of 

Motor Vehicles and 921 drivers not known to have medical conditions. Information about each accident 

was obtained from written police accident reports, accident summary cards, and personal interviews 

between drivers and Deparunent of Motor Vehicles personnel. For each medical group, accidents were 

analyzed by time of occurrence, number of vehicles involved, speed of vehicles, directional components, 

number of persons injured, and types of errors or violations contributing to the accident. Data were 

analyzed by chi-square tests. All medical groups-diabetes, epilepsy, cardlovascular disease, alcoholism, 

mental illness, and drug use--had a greater number of accidents in which they were felt to be completely 

or partly at fault; all had an excess of accidents in which they were weaving, ran off the road, or were on 

the wrong side of the road when not attempting to pass, suggesting little or no steering control. Accidents 

of drivers with less severe conditions were notable for the frequency with which inattention was given as a 

reason. Among older (60 or above) drivers, larger proportions of accidents and violations resulted from 

failure to observe stop signals, violation of right of way, or improper turns, suggesting that increasing age 

entails decreasing ability to perceive the traffic environment, to make proper judgments about tnffic flow, 

or to convert perceptions into appropriate actions. Tables of statistical data are appended. (NJ). 

237. Waller, P. F.; Reinfurt, D. W. The who and when of accident risk: can driver license programs provide 

countermeasures? Note: University of North Carolina, Highway Safety Researfi Center, Chapel Hill, NC. 

Jun 1973. (67p.). NOTES: Reprint. AVAILABILITY: SCAN Microfiche No. CCF 000877. A measure 

of exposure, namely drivers interviewed by the North Carolina State Highway Commission in conjunction 

with their origin and destination surveys, was compared with a measure of accident involvement -- drivers 

in accidents during the same season of the year and in the same geographical location in which the 

exposure interviews were conducted. During the latter part of June 1971, the North Carolina State 

Highway Commission conducted an origin and destination survey in the area of Marion, North Carolina. 

The North Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles provided accident information for 1971. Exposure and 

accident trips included only passenger cars during weekdays. For both male and female dnvers, age 

trends for accident risk were comparable. Generally, young drivers up to age 25 were overrepresented in 

accidents compared to their presence in the population at risk. Males age 25 through 54 and females age 

25 through 44 were underrepresented in accidents. Risk increased after these ages, and there was a marked 

evaluation in risk after age 65. Between midnight and six in the morning was the highest risk time of day. 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

Most age and sex groups showed an evaluation in risk during this period, but the most marked evaluations 

were among the female and elderly drivers. (EZ). 

238. Walsh, J. Michael (National Inst on Drug Abuse, Clinical & Behavioral Pharmacology Research Program, 

Rockville, MD). Pharmacological sensitivities. International Symposium: Alcohol, drugs, and driving 

(1985, Los Angeles, California). Alcohol, Drugs and Driving Abstracts and Reviews; 1985 Jan-Jun Vol 

l(1-2) 111-113; 1985. Note: Human. Summarizes symposium findings with regard to variables (e-g., 

age, weight, tolerance) affecting individual sensitivities to drugs. It is noted that the number of variables 

that affect drug actions are increased by the aging process and that the issue of driver experience was 

discussed extensively. Recommendations are made for research in the areas of behavioral genetics, the 

effects of drugs on aggressiveness and risk-taking behavior, and the interactions between age, experience, 

drugs, and driving. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

239. Ward, C. M.; Stewart, A. W.; Cutfield, R. G. (North Shore Hospital, Auckland). Hypoglycaemia in insulin 

dependent diabetic patients attending an outpatients' clinic. N-ZMed-J ; 1990 Jul25; 103(894): 339-41. 

240. Wechsler, Henry; Rohman, Mary; Kotch, Jamie B.; Idelson, Roberta K. (Medical Foundation, Boston, 

MA). Alcohol and other drug use and automobile safety: A survey of Boston area teen agers. Journal of 

School Health; 1984 May Vol54(5) 201-203; 1984; CODEN: JSHEA2; ISSN: 00224391. Note: Human 

Administered a questio~aire to 623 10th-graders who were aged 16+ yrs to assess those who might be 

most at risk for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol (AL) or marihuana W). 

Measures of the usual quantity and frequency of AL use were combined into a drinking typology that 

classified Ss into 6 categories ranging from abstainers to heavy drinkers. A substantial propomon of Ss 

combined drug and/or AL use with driving. Between 43 and 50% had been a passenger with a driver who 

was under the influence of AL or MH at least once since the beginning of the school year. Many Ss did 

not appear to be aware of the dangers involved in driving under the influence of AL or MH, and about 1 in 

4 believed they could use AL and other drugs responsibly. Both Ss' behaviors and beliefs regarding 

drinking, drug use, and driving were significantly related to the extent of their involvement with AL and 

other drugs. Those characteristics most descriptive of Ss who drove under the influence of AL were (1) 

heavier AL use; (2) driving under the influence of MH, (3) riding as a passenger with a driver who was 

drinking; and (4) use of drugs other than MH, particularly cocaine and amphetamines. Implications for 

drug and AL education and traffic safety programs are discussed (6 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 

1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

241. Wells, Parker, Elisabeth; Miles, Shelly; Spencer, Barbara (Morris & McDaniel Management Consultants, 

Jackson, MS). Stress experiences and drinking histories of elderly drunken driving offenses. Journal of 

Studies on Alcohol; 1983 May Vol44(3) 429-437; 1983; CODEN: JSALDP; ISSN: 0096882X. Note: 

Human. As part of a larger study on the effectiveness of several treatment modalities in reducing the 

incidence of rearrest for driving while intoxicated (DWI) in Mississippi, 92 male drivers over age 60 yrs 

who had been arrested for DWI were interviewed, along with a control sample of 68 male nonoffenders 

over age 60 who were at risk (they were both drivers and drinkers). The mean age for both groups was 65 

yrs; 48% were Black and 52% were White. A measure of psychosocial stress history was developed from 

existing scales of stressful events and from such data as the treatment files of problem drinkers and elderly 

DWI offenders. 52 questions were used, based primarily on the Mommer-Fillcins Interview Schedule. 

Findings show relationships between 1st-time drunken-driving offenses and stressful life events and 

between the continuation of problem drinking and lower levels of social support. Comparative data for 

DWI offenders who had at least 1 DWI arrest before age 55 and those with no DW arrests before age 55 

are presented Loss of significant others and retirement were the major stressful life events, but such 

events cannot be construed as the cause of DWI because elderly 1st offenders reported more drinking 

problems than nonoffenders. Implications for treatment modalities are discussed (11 ref) (PsycLIT 

Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, aU rights reserved). 

242. Wilbers, Joachim (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-U Bonn Psychologisches Inst, Abteilung 

Entwicklungspsychologie, West Germany). Altere Menschen im Strassenverkehr Zukunftsaspekte. / 

Elderly people in traffic. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie; 1984 Nov-Dec Vol 17(6) 336-339; 1984; ISSN: 

0044281X. Note: Human. Conducted 2 surveys about traffic and public transportation in West Germany 

in 1976 and 1982. Results reveal 4 factors that are meaningful for gerontological research: Possession of a 

Driving License, Ownership of a Car, Availability of a Car in the Household, and Preferred 

Transportation. Data for different age groups are included. These 4 factors are indicators of mobility. Far 

more Ss in younger age groups had a driving license and ownership and availability of a car than people in 

older age groups. A comparison of 1976 and 1982 data showed that only a few older people had stopped 
DRIVING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF ClTATIONS 

using a car. It is predicted that elderly German people of the future will possess a driving license and drive 

a car in far greater numbers than is the current trend. Consequences for traffic planning and psychological 

research about accidents, services for the elderly, and intergenerational relations are noted. (7 ref) 

(PsycLTT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

243. Williams, A. F. (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, D.C). Fatal motor vehicle crashes 

involving teenagers. Pediatrician ; 1983-85; 12(1): 37-40. 

244. Williams, A. F. (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, DC 20037). Nighttime driving and 

fatal crash involvement of teenagers. Accid-Anal-Prev ; 1985 Feb; 17(1): 1-5. 

245. Williams, A. F.; Lund, A. K.; Preusser, D. F. (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, D.C. 

20037). Teenage driver licensing in relation to state laws. Accid-Anal-Prev ; 1985 Apr; 17(2): 135-45. 

246. Wilson, R. J.; Jonah, B. A. (Road Safetv and Motor Vehicle Directorate, Transmrt Canada. Ottawa, 

Ontario). Identifying impaired'drivers among the general driving population. J-stud-~lcohol ; 1985 Nov; 

46(6): 53 1-7. 

247. Wilson, W. T.; Wilson, P. (Cradield Inst of Technology, Bedford, England). Typology of rated driving 

and the relationship between self and other driver ratings. Accident Analysis and Prevention; 1984 OctDec Vol 16(5-6) 351-370; 1984; CODEN: AAPVB5; ISSN: 00014575. Note: Human. Two raters 

assessed the driving of 15 female and 15 male drivers (aged 20-62 yrs) over a 61-km mixed urban, rural, 

and motorway route on 87 variables. In addition, drivers were asked to assess their own driving on the 87 

variables. Good correlations were reported between raters, although differences were noted between self 

and observer ratings. Drivers tended to assess their own driving to be worse than it was rated by the 

observers. Factor analysis and subsequent examination of the factors resulted in the development of a 

3-level typology of driving. The 3 levels comprised simple vehicle manipulation, vehicle manipulation in 

relation to the road, and aspects of driving concerned with interaction with other road users--the social 

components of driving. The social components level accounted for over half the observed variance among 

drivers. Terms used to describe the social component factors included uncautious, inattentive, intolerant, 

competitive, and inconsiderate. It is concluded that the factors showed reasonable replicability across the 2 

raters and appear to provide a reasonable basis upon which to extend the development of a typology of the 

social aspects of driving. (10 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all 

rights reserved). 

248. Winter, Darlene J. Needs and problems of older drivers and pedestrians: an exploratory study with 

teachflearning implications. Note: Educational Gerontology. 1984. Vol. 10, No. 1-2. p. 135-146. 

(12p.). Reviews the characteristics and problems of older drivers and pedestrians and suggests ways in 

which government, industry, and educational programs can minimize these problems. The number of 

older drivers, particularly older inexperienced female drivers, is increasing. Projections are that older 

Americans will continue to drive their automobiles to satisfy their transportation needs. When accident 

rates include exposure factors (such as estimated miles driven annually), accident experience rises with 

age after the middle years. Older drivers and pedestrians experience deteriorating sensorimotor skills. 

Involvement of senior adults in drug- and alcohol-related fatalities and disabling injuries is beginning to 

be recognized. Physical, cognitive, and psychological characteristics of older adults are considered in 

relation to optimal instructional materials, methods, and settings for the communication of traffic safety 

information. Implications of characteristics of older people are explored for traffic safety programs, 

automobile design, signs and highway configurations, driver training and retraining, alcohol/drug 

education, and license registration and standardization. (LS). 

249. Wittenberg, R. (Sozialwissenschaftlichen Institut, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Numberg). 

[Attitudes to automobile ownership and feelings of insecurity of the elderly in traffic]. Z-Gerontol ; 1986 

Nov-Dec; 19(6): 400-9. 

250. Wittenberg, Reinhard (Friedrich-Alexander-U Erlangen-Numberg, Sozialwissenschaftliches Inst, 

Nuremberg, Fed Rep Germany). Einstellung zum Autobesitz und Unsicheheitsgefuhle alterer Menschen 

im Stra(senveIlcehr. (Attitudes toward car ownership and traffic anxiety among older people.). Zeitschrift 

fur Gerontologie; 1986 Nov-Dec 19(6) 400-409; 1986; ISSN: 0044281X. Note: Human. Discusses 

results of a trend analysis of traffic-related attitudes and anxieties of older Germans. These results reveal 

that older Germans continue to have positive attitudes concerning the instrumental and noninstmmental 

value of cars, but that their feelings of anxiety in traffic situations have been gradually increasing since 

1975. Sociodemographic variables influencing traffic-related attitudes and anxieties are identified. 
DRMNG BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE DATABASE OF CITATIONS 

(English abstract) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 

251. Wright, I. S. (American Federation for Aging Research, NY 10021). Keeping an eye on the rest of the 

body. Ophthalmology ; 1987 Sep; 94(9): 1196-8. 

252. Wynder, E. L.; Higgins, I. T. (Mahoney Institute for Health Maintenance, American Health Foundation, 

New Yo* City, New York 10017). Exposure to diesel exhaust emissions and the risk of lung and bladder 

cancer. Dev-Toxicol-Environ-Sci. 13; 1986: 489-501.