In cooperation with

North Carolina Department

of Environment and

Natural Resources, North

Carolina Agricultural

Research Service, North

Carolina Cooperative

Extension Service, Fishing

Creek Soil and Water

Conservation District, and

Halifax County Board of

Commissioners

Soil Survey of

Halifax County,

North Carolina

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided

into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and

management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map,

identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map

legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a

general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the

general soil map. These maps

can be useful in planning the use

and management of small areas.

To find information about your

area of interest, locate that area

on the Index to Map Sheets,

which precedes the soil maps.

Note the number of the map

sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map

units symbols that are in that

area. Turn to the Contents, which

lists the map units by symbol and

name and shows the page where

each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the

Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

3

How to Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, and local

agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has leadership for the Federal

part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1993. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1993. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1993. This soil survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the North Carolina

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the North Carolina Agricultural 

Research Service, the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, the Fishing 

Creek Soil and Water Conservation District, and the Halifax County Board of

Commissioners. It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Fishing Creek Soil

and Water Conservation District. The Halifax County Board of Commissioners provided

financial assistance for the survey, and the Fishing Creek Soil and Water Conservation

District provided clerical assistance.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The first soil survey of Halifax County was published in 1918 by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture (8). This survey updates the first survey, provides more detailed maps on

aerial photographs, and contains more interpretive information.

All programs and services of the Natural Resources Conservation Service are

offered on a nondiscriminatory basis, without regard to race, color, national origin,

religion, sex, age, marital status, or handicap.

Cover: Cotton on Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. Cotton is an important crop in

Halifax County.
5

Contents

Cover ....................................................................... 1

How to Use This Soil Survey ................................. 3

Contents.................................................................. 5

Foreword ................................................................. 9

General Nature of the County ................................ 11

How This Survey Was Made................................... 14

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 17

1. Wedowee-Pacolet ........................................ 17

2. Tatum-Herndon ............................................ 17

3. Wedowee-Emporia ...................................... 18

4. Dothan-Fuquay ............................................ 18

5. Emporia-Goldsboro-Gritney......................... 19

6. Grantham-Exum .......................................... 20

7. Noboco-Goldsboro-Gritney .......................... 20

8. Roanoke-Dogue........................................... 21

9. State-Altavista ............................................. 22

10. Chewacla-Riverview .................................. 22

11. Chastain-Bibb ............................................ 22

Detailed Soil Map Units ....................................... 25

AaA—Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 25

AyA—Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 26

BaA—Bethera loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ........ 28

BcA—Bojac loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 28

BoB—Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent

slopes .......................................................... 29

CbA—Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, frequently flooded ............................ 30

ChA—Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded .................................... 31

CwA—Chewacla and Wehadkee soils, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded ............... 32

DgA—Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 33

DoA—Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 34

DoB—Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 34

EmA—Emporia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 36

EmB—Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 37

EmC—Emporia fine sandy loam, 6 to 10

percent slopes ............................................. 38

ErB—Emporia-Urban land complex, 0 to 6

percent slopes ............................................. 38

EwB—Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6

percent slopes ............................................. 39

ExA—Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 40

FuB—Fuquay sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes ......... 41

GoA—Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes ............................................. 42

GrA—Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ..... 43

GtB—Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 44

GtC—Gritney fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent

slopes .......................................................... 44

GyB2—Gritney sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 45

HeA—Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 46

HrB—Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 47

HrC—Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent

slopes .......................................................... 48

LgA—Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 49

LyA—Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes ............................................. 49

MrA—Marlboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 50

MrB—Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 51

NaA—Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 51

NkB—Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6

percent slopes ............................................. 52

NoA—Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 54

PaB—Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 55

PeB2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 55

RaA—Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes .......................................................... 56

RmA—Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded .................................... 57

RoA—Roanoke loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded .................................... 57
6

SeA—Seabrook loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded................................... 58

StA—State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 59

StB—State fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 59

TaA—Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 60

TbE—Tatum silt loam, 10 to 25 percent

slopes .......................................................... 62

TmB2—Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 62

TmC2—Tatum silty clay loam, 6 to 10 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 63

TtA—Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded................................... 64

TuB—Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 65

Ud—Udorthents, loamy...................................... 65

WaA—Wahee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

rarely flooded ............................................... 66

WeB—Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 67

WeC—Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent

slopes .......................................................... 67

WeE—Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 25 percent

slopes .......................................................... 68

WnF—Winton fine sandy loam, 25 to 45

percent slopes ............................................. 69

Prime Farmland .................................................... 71

Use and Management of the Soils...................... 73

Crops and Pasture ............................................. 73

Woodland Management and Productivity ........... 79

Recreation .......................................................... 82

Wildlife Habitat ................................................... 83

Engineering ........................................................ 86

Soil Properties ...................................................... 93

Engineering Index Properties ............................. 93

Physical and Chemical Properties ..................... 94

Soil and Water Features ..................................... 95

Formation of the Soils ......................................... 97

Factors of Soil Formation ................................... 97

Processes of Horizon Differentiation ................ 100

Classification of the Soils ................................. 103

Soil Series and Their Morphology ........................ 103

Altavista Series ................................................ 104

Aycock Series .................................................. 104

Bethera Series ................................................. 105

Bibb Series ....................................................... 106

Bojac Series ..................................................... 106

Bonneau Series ............................................... 107

Chastain Series ................................................ 107

Chewacla Series .............................................. 108

Dogue Series ................................................... 109

Dothan Series .................................................. 110

Emporia Series ................................................ 110

Exum Series..................................................... 111

Fuquay Series .................................................. 112

Goldsboro Series ............................................. 112

Grantham Series .............................................. 113

Gritney Series .................................................. 114

Helena Series .................................................. 115

Herndon Series ................................................ 115

Lignum Series .................................................. 116

Lynchburg Series ............................................. 121

Marlboro Series................................................ 122

Nahunta Series ................................................ 122

Nankin Series ................................................... 123

Noboco Series ................................................. 124

Pacolet Series .................................................. 125

Rains Series..................................................... 125

Riverview Series .............................................. 126

Roanoke Series................................................ 126

Seabrook Series .............................................. 127

State Series ..................................................... 128

Tarboro Series .................................................. 128

Tatum Series .................................................... 129

Tomotley Series................................................ 129

Turbeville Series ............................................... 130

Udorthents ....................................................... 131

Wahee Series................................................... 131

Wedowee Series .............................................. 132

Wehadkee Series ............................................. 132

Winton Series................................................... 133

References .......................................................... 135

Glossary .............................................................. 137

Tables .................................................................. 153

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ......... 154

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ....... 155

Table 3.—Growing Season............................... 155
7

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent

of the Soils ................................................. 156

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre

of Crops and Pasture ................................. 157

Table 6.—Woodland Management and

Productivity ................................................ 160

Table 7.—Recreational Development ............... 165

Table 8.—Wildlife Habitat ................................. 169

Table 9.—Building Site Development ............... 172

Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities ........................... 176

Table 11.—Construction Materials ................... 180

Table 12.—Water Management ........................ 183

Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties ......... 187

Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties

of the Soils ................................................. 195

Table 15.—Soil and Water Features ................. 199

Table 16.—Classification of the Soils ............... 202

Issued 2006

9

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in

Halifax County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The

survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements

needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the

environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and

agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed

for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers,

developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites

for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance.

Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife

management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them

understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special

restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to

identify soil properties that are used in making various decisions for land use or land

treatment. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify

and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is

responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow over bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Wet soils are poorly suited to

septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to

basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.

Mary K. Combs

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

11

HALIFAX COUNTY is located in the northeastern part of

North Carolina (fig. 1). It is separated from

Northampton County by Lake Gaston and Roanoke

Rapids Lake to the north and by the Roanoke River to

the northeast. It is bounded on the east by Bertie

County and on the southeast by Martin County. It is

separated from Nash and Edgecombe Counties by

Fishing Creek to the south. It is bounded on the west

by Warren and Franklin Counties.

Halifax County is the third largest county in North

Carolina. It covers 722 square miles, or 468,026 acres.

In 1990, the population of the county was 55,516 (14).

General Nature of the County

This section gives general information about Halifax

County. It describes the history and development;

physiography, relief, and drainage; and climate.

History and Development

In 1758, Halifax County was formed from part of

Edgecombe County. It was named in honor of Charles

Montague, Earl of Halifax and President of the British

Board of Trade. The area was originally inhabited by

Indians. The Tuscarora was the dominant tribe. A

community of Haliwa-Saponi Indians is currently

located near the town of Hollister.

In 1758, the town of Halifax, which is situated on

the Roanoke River, was established as the county

seat. The majority of the early settlers were English

colonists who moved south from Virginia. Some of the

earliest land grants, recorded in the 1720’s, were for

areas along the Roanoke River and near the mouth of

Kehukee and Quankey Creeks. In 1722, Highland

Scots came from Virginia and settled along the

Roanoke River in areas between Caledonia and

Palmyra. They named their settlement Scotland Neck.

Halifax served as the center of the North Carolina

State Government, and the Halifax Resolves were

adopted by the Provincial Congress on April 12, 1776.

Soil Survey of

Halifax County, North Carolina

By Deborah T. Anderson, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Clare D. Cole,

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Soils surveyed by Deborah T. Anderson and Eugene W. Mellette, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, and by Clare D. Cole, Richard D. Hayes, and Karl Shaffer,

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, North Carolina

Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Fishing

Creek Soil and Water Conservation District, and Halifax County Board of Commissioners

Figure 1.—Location of Halifax County in North Carolina.
12 Soil Survey

In Halifax, on November 12, 1776, the Provincial

Congress drafted and approved North Carolina’s first

State constitution and approved the first governor.

During the Civil War, Halifax was used as a supply

depot and had an arms factory. Cornwallis briefly

occupied the town during his northward march to

Virginia (1). After the war, Halifax and the Roanoke

Valley continued to prosper through use of the

Roanoke River and the large areas of fertile farmland

adjoining the river. Around the 1840’s, because of the

movement of new settlers westward and the arrival of

the railroad, eastern North Carolina decreased in

importance. Halifax County is now primarily an

agricultural community, but textiles, forestry, paper

manufacturing, and tourism also contribute to the

economy.

Roanoke Rapids, which was founded in 1895 along

the Roanoke River, is the largest city in Halifax County.

Enfield is the oldest town in the county. It served as

the county seat for Edgecombe County before the

formation of Halifax County. Other cities and towns in

Halifax County include Scotland Neck, Weldon,

Littleton, Hobgood, and Hollister.

Agriculture dominates the economy of Halifax

County. In 1994, about 105,700 acres was cultivated

for crops and about 19,000 acres was used as pasture

and hayland. Cotton was grown on about 39,400 acres

(fig. 2), peanuts on 25,470 acres, corn on 18,800

acres, soybeans on 13,400 acres, small grain on

12,500 acres, tobacco on 3,120 acres, and sorghum

on 550 acres (7). The rest of the acreage is idle land

or is part of the conservation reserve program. The

timber industry also is important to the local economy.

About 250,000 acres in the county is commercial

woodland (12). Loblolly pine is the dominant species.

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage

The majority of Halifax County is in the Coastal

Plain physiographic province. The western part of the

county is in the Piedmont province. The Fall Line

region separates these two physiographic regions. The

Coastal Plain province has two distinct divisions—the

Atlantic Coast Flatwoods and the Southern Coastal

Plain. The Atlantic Coast Flatwoods, approximately

126,300 acres in size, is in the southeastern part of

the county. It is generally characterized by broad,

smooth landscapes. Poorly drained and somewhat

poorly drained, loamy soils and soils that have a high

content of silt are the dominant soils. The Southern

Coastal Plain, approximately 169,400 acres in size, is

dominantly on nearly level and gently sloping

landscapes. Well drained and moderately well drained,

loamy and clayey soils are the dominant soils. The Fall

Line region, approximately 71,100 acres in size, is

mostly on gently sloping to moderately sloping

landscapes. Well drained, loamy and clayey soils are

the dominant soils. The Southern Piedmont,

approximately 101,226 acres in size, is generally on

gently sloping to moderately steep landscapes. Well

drained, clayey soils are the dominant soils.

The county slopes eastward. According to U.S.

Geological Survey topographic maps, the highest point

in the county, located east of Littleton near Roper

Springs, is 391 feet. The lowest elevation, where the

Roanoke River flows out of the southeastern part of

the county, is 20 feet. The depth to hard bedrock is 14

or 15 feet in the Piedmont region and ranges from 200

to 300 feet in the Coastal Plain region. The depth to

soft bedrock is less than 5 feet in some areas of the

Piedmont.

Halifax County is drained mainly by Fishing Creek

and, to a lesser extent, by the Roanoke River. Major

tributaries of Fishing Creek include Butterwood Creek,

Little Fishing Creek, Marsh Swamp, Beech Swamp,

Beaver Dam Swamp, Burnt Coat Swamp, and Bear

Swamp. Kehukee Creek, Looking Glass Creek,

Quankey Creek, Chockayotte Creek, Conocanara

Swamp, and Cypress Swamp are the major tributaries

of the Roanoke River.

Climate

Halifax County has long, hot summers because

moist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico persistently

covers the area. Winters are cool and fairly short. A

cold wave occurs rarely and moderates in 1 or 2 days.

Precipitation is fairly heavy throughout the year, and

prolonged droughts are rare. The amount of summer

precipitation, mainly occurring as afternoon

thunderstorms, is adequate for all crops.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Arcola, North

Carolina, in the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows

probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last

freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the

growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 40 degrees F

and the average daily minimum temperature is 31

degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which

occurred at Arcola on January 21, 1985, is -7 degrees.

In summer, the average temperature is 76 degrees

and the average daily maximum temperature is 87

degrees. The highest recorded temperature, which

occurred at Arcola on July 1, 1959, is 104 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They
Halifax County, North Carolina 13

are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month,

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that

the average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The total average annual precipitation is about

44.55 inches. Of this, 23.61 inches, or about 53

percent, usually falls in April through September. The

growing season for most crops falls within this period.

In 2 years out of 10, the rainfall in April through

September is less than 19 inches. The heaviest 1-day

rainfall during the period of record was 8.18 inches at

Arcola on October 6, 1972. Thunderstorms occur on

about 44 days each year and most occur in July.

The average seasonal snowfall is 6.2 inches. The

greatest snow depth at any one time during the period

of record was 11 inches. On an average of 2 days, at

least 1 inch of snow is on the ground.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 54 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 85 percent. The sun shines

60 percent of the time possible in summer and 55

Figure 2.—An area of Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to cotton.
14 Soil Survey

percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the

southwest. Average windspeed is highest, 9.3 miles

per hour, in March.

Severe local storms, including tornadoes, strike

occasionally in or near the survey area. They are short

in duration and cause variable and spotty damage.

Every few years in summer or autumn, a tropical

depression or the remnant of a hurricane that has

moved inland causes extremely heavy rainfall for 1 to

3 days.

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils in Halifax County. The information includes a

description of the soils and their location and a

discussion of the suitability, limitations, and

management of the soils for specified uses. Soil

scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape

of slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants growing on the soils; and the

kinds of bedrock. They studied many soil profiles. A

soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or

horizons, in a soil. It extends from the surface down

into the material from which the soil formed.

Soils occur in an orderly pattern that results from

the combined influence over time of climate, parent

material, relief, and plants and animals. Each kind of

soil is associated with a particular kind of landscape or

with a segment of the landscape. By observing the

soils and relating their position to specific segments of

the landscape, soil scientists develop a concept, or

model, of how the soils were formed. This model

enables the soil scientists to predict with a

considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil at a

specific location on the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,

soil scientists must determine the boundaries between

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of

soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soillandscape relationship, are sufficient to verify

predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify the soils. After describing the soils and

determining their properties, the soil scientists

assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).

Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic

class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely

defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for

comparison to classify soils systematically. The

system of taxonomic classification used in the United

States is based mainly on the kind and character of

soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within

the profile. After the soil scientists classified and

named the soils in the survey area, they compared the

individual soils with similar soils in the same

taxonomic class in other areas so that they could

confirm data and assemble additional data based on

experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area are generally collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. The

data from these analyses and tests and from fieldobserved characteristics and soil properties are used

to predict behavior of the soils under different uses.

Interpretations are field tested through observation of

the soils in different uses under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Soil conditions are predictable over long periods of

time, but they are not predictable from year to year.

For example, soil scientists can predict with a

relatively high degree of accuracy that a given soil will

have a high water table within certain depths in most

years, but they cannot assure that a high water table

will be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.

Soil boundaries are drawn on aerial photographs

and each delineation is identified as a specific map

unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in accurately

locating boundaries.

Map Unit Composition

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an

area dominated by one major kind of soil or an area

dominated by two or three kinds of soil. A map unit is

identified and named according to the taxonomic

classification of the dominant soil or soils. Within a

taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for

the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however,

the soils are natural objects. In common with other

natural objects, they have a characteristic variability in
Halifax County, North Carolina 15

their properties. Thus, the range of some observed

properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a

taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic

class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including

areas of soils of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

for which it is named and some soils that belong to

other taxonomic classes. In the detailed soil map units,

these latter soils are called inclusions or included soils.

In the general soil map units, they are called minor

soils.

Most inclusions have properties and behavioral

patterns similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in

the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and

management. These are called noncontrasting

(similar) inclusions. They may or may not be

mentioned in the map unit descriptions. Other

inclusions, however, have properties and behavior

divergent enough to affect use or require different

management. These are contrasting (dissimilar)

inclusions. They generally occupy small areas and

cannot be shown separately on the soil maps because

of the scale used in mapping. The inclusions of

contrasting soils are identified in the map unit

descriptions. A few inclusions may not have been

observed and consequently are not mentioned in the

descriptions, especially where the soil pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all of the kinds of soils on the

landscape.

The presence of inclusions in a map unit in no way

diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the soil data.

The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes of soils but rather to separate the

landscape into segments that have similar use and

management requirements. The delineation of such

landscape segments on the map provides sufficient

information for the development of resource plans, but

onsite investigation is needed to plan for intensive

uses in areas that are less than 2 to 5 acres in size.

17

The general soil map shows broad areas that have

a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each

map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural

landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major

soils and some minor soils. It is named for the major

soils. The soils making up one unit can occur in

another but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas

of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,

areas where the soils are not suitable can be

identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or a building or other

structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from

place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other

characteristics that affect management.

1. Wedowee-Pacolet

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained soils

that have a loamy surface layer and a clayey subsoil;

on piedmont uplands

This map unit is in the western part of Halifax

County. The landscape is characterized by upland

ridges and side slopes that are dissected by numerous

drainageways.

This map unit makes up about 15 percent of the

county. It is about 66 percent Wedowee soils, 18

percent Pacolet soils, and 16 percent soils of minor

extent.

The Wedowee soils are gently sloping to

moderately steep. The surface layer is dark brown

sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends

to a depth of about 36 inches. In sequence downward,

it is yellowish brown sandy loam, strong brown clay

that has yellowish red mottles, strong brown clay that

has brownish yellow and red mottles, and strong

brown clay loam that has brownish yellow, white, and

red mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of

about 63 inches. It is mottled strong brown, brownish

yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay

loam.

The Pacolet soils are gently sloping. The surface

layer is yellowish brown sandy loam about 8 inches

thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 35

inches. The upper part of the subsoil is red clay, and

the lower part is red clay loam. The substratum

extends to a depth of about 63 inches. It is mottled

white, reddish yellow, and red saprolite of sandy clay

loam.

The minor soils include Helena, Chewacla, and

Wehadkee soils. Helena soils are at the head of

drainageways and along drainageways. Chewacla and

Wehadkee soils are on flood plains.

Most of the gently sloping areas are used as

cropland. The moderately sloping areas are used as

cropland or woodland. The moderately steep areas are

mainly used as woodland. The slope, a hazard of

erosion, and permeability in the subsoil are the main

limitations affecting the use and management of the

Wedowee and Pacolet soils.

2. Tatum-Herndon

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained soils

that have a loamy surface layer and a clayey subsoil;

on piedmont uplands

This map unit is in the southwestern part of Halifax

County. The landscape is characterized by upland

ridges and side slopes that are dissected by numerous

drainageways.

This map unit makes up about 7 percent of the

county. It is about 47 percent Tatum soils, 22 percent

Herndon soils, and 31 percent soils of minor extent.

The Tatum soils are gently sloping to moderately

steep. The surface layer is about 6 inches thick. It is

strong brown silty clay loam that has yellowish red

mottles. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 35

inches. It is red silty clay that has brownish yellow

mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of about

50 inches. It is mottled yellow, light gray, weak red, and

red saprolite of silt loam. Soft bedrock is at a depth of

General Soil Map Units
18 Soil Survey

about 50 inches. It is mottled light gray and red,

strongly weathered slate rock.

The Herndon soils are gently sloping and

moderately sloping. The surface layer is dark grayish

brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface

layer is light yellowish brown silt loam about 4 inches

thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 45

inches. In sequence downward, it is strong brown silty

clay, strong brown silty clay that has red mottles,

yellowish red silty clay that has yellow mottles, and

mottled strong brown, yellowish red, yellow, and red

silty clay loam. The substratum extends to a depth of

about 61 inches. It is mottled light gray, yellow, pinkish

white, and red saprolite of silt loam.

The minor soils include Lignum, Chewacla, and

Wehadkee soils. Lignum soils are on broad flats, at the

head of drainageways, and along drainageways.

Chewacla and Wehadkee soils are on flood plains.

Most of the gently sloping areas are used as

cropland. The moderately sloping areas are used as

cropland or woodland. The moderately steep areas are

mainly used as woodland. The slope, a hazard of

erosion, the depth to soft bedrock, the shrink-swell

potential, and permeability in the subsoil are the main

limitations affecting the use and management of the

Tatum soils. The slope, a hazard of erosion, and

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting the use and management of the Herndon

soils.

3. Wedowee-Emporia

Nearly level to moderately steep, well drained soils

that have a loamy surface layer and a clayey or loamy

subsoil; on uplands of the Fall Line

This map unit is in the central part of Halifax

County, in the Fall Line region. The landscape is

characterized by upland ridges and side slopes.

This map unit makes up about 10 percent of the

county. It is about 35 percent Wedowee soils, 34

percent Emporia soils, and 31 percent soils of minor

extent.

The Wedowee soils are gently sloping to

moderately steep. The surface layer is dark brown

sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends

to a depth of about 36 inches. In sequence downward,

it is yellowish brown sandy loam, strong brown clay

that has yellowish red mottles, strong brown clay that

has brownish yellow and red mottles, and strong

brown clay loam that has brownish yellow, white, and

red mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of

about 63 inches. It is mottled strong brown, brownish

yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay

loam.

The Emporia soils are nearly level to moderately

sloping. The surface layer is brown fine sandy loam

about 10 inches thick. The subsurface layer is

yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 7 inches thick.

The subsoil extends to a depth of about 58 inches. The

upper part of the subsoil is yellowish brown sandy clay

loam, and the lower part is yellowish brown clay that

has gray, red, and brownish yellow mottles. The

substratum extends to a depth of about 67 inches. It is

mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong brown, and red

clay loam that has thin strata of sandy loam.

The minor soils include Chewacla, Wehadkee, and

Nankin soils. Chewacla and Wehadkee soils are on

flood plains. Nankin soils are on the higher knobs and

ridges.

Most of the nearly level and gently sloping areas

are used as cropland. The moderately sloping areas

are used as cropland or woodland. The slope, a

hazard of erosion, and permeability in the subsoil are

the main limitations affecting the use and management

of the Wedowee and Emporia soils. The Emporia soils

also have a perched water table and a shrink-swell

potential.

4. Dothan-Fuquay

Nearly level and gently sloping, well drained soils that

have a sandy surface layer and a loamy subsoil; on

uplands of the Fall Line

This map unit is in the central part of Halifax

County, in the Fall Line region. The landscape is

characterized by broad, smooth, upland ridges.

This map unit makes up about 5 percent of the

county. It is about 37 percent Dothan soils, 27 percent

Fuquay soils, and 36 percent soils of minor extent.

The Dothan soils are nearly level and gently

sloping. The surface layer is brown loamy sand about

9 inches thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish brown

loamy sand about 8 inches thick. The subsoil extends

to a depth of about 72 inches. In sequence downward,

it is yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has

yellowish red mottles and few plinthite nodules,

yellowish brown sandy clay that has yellowish red

mottles and common plinthite nodules, red sandy clay

that has yellowish red mottles and common plinthite

nodules, and reticulately mottled red, yellowish red,

and pinkish gray sandy loam that has pockets of

sandy clay loam.

The Fuquay soils are nearly level and gently

sloping. The surface layer is brown sand about 9
Halifax County, North Carolina 19

inches thick. The subsurface layer is light yellowish

brown loamy sand about 16 inches thick. The subsoil

extends to a depth of about 70 inches. In sequence

downward, it is yellowish brown sandy loam that has

strong brown mottles; light yellowish brown sandy

loam that has very pale brown mottles; yellowish

brown sandy clay loam that has red and light brownish

gray mottles and common plinthite nodules;

reticulately mottled red, light brownish gray, and strong

brown sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay

and common plinthite nodules; and reticulately mottled

red, light brownish gray, and strong brown sandy loam

that has pockets of clay loam and common plinthite

nodules.

The minor soils include Bibb, Chastain, Emporia,

Goldsboro, and Wedowee soils. Bibb and Chastain

soils are on flood plains. Emporia and Wedowee soils

are on side slopes and the narrower ridges. Goldsboro

soils are on flats, in depressions, and along

drainageways.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. A hazard

of soil blowing, the droughtiness of the sandy surface

layer, a water table that is perched above the plinthic

layer, and the permeability in the lower part of the

subsoil are the main limitations affecting the use and

management of the Dothan and Fuquay soils.

5. Emporia-Goldsboro-Gritney

Nearly level to moderately sloping, well drained and

moderately well drained soils that have a loamy

surface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; on

uplands of the Coastal Plain

This map unit is in the central part of Halifax

County. The landscape is characterized by broad,

smooth, upland ridges, flats, and depressions with

side slopes adjacent to drainageways and flood plains

(fig. 3).

This map unit makes up about 28 percent of the

county. It is about 34 percent Emporia soils, 12

percent Goldsboro soils, 11 percent Gritney soils, and

43 percent soils of minor extent.

The Emporia soils are nearly level to moderately

sloping and are well drained. The surface layer is

brown fine sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The

subsurface layer is yellowish brown fine sandy loam

about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of

about 58 inches. The upper part of the subsoil is

yellowish brown sandy clay loam, and the lower part is

yellowish brown clay that has gray, red, and brownish

yellow mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of

about 67 inches. It is mottled yellowish brown, gray,

Figure 3.—A generalized landscape of Halifax County showing the relative location of some important soils and depth to the

seasonal high water table.
20 Soil Survey

strong brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of

sandy loam.

The Goldsboro soils are nearly level and are

moderately well drained. The surface layer is brown

fine sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil

extends to a depth of about 72 inches. In sequence

downward, it is brownish yellow sandy clay loam;

yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has strong

brown mottles; yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has strong brown and gray mottles; mottled yellowish

brown, gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam; and

mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong brown, and red

sandy clay loam.

The Gritney soils are gently sloping to moderately

sloping and are moderately well drained. The surface

layer is yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 6

inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about

57 inches. In sequence downward, it is yellowish

brown sandy clay loam; yellowish brown clay that has

yellowish red mottles; mottled yellowish brown, light

gray, red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown

clay; and mottled yellowish brown, light gray, red,

brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown clay that

has pockets of sandy clay loam. The substratum

extends to a depth of about 60 inches. It is mottled

yellowish brown, light gray, red, brownish yellow, and

dark yellowish brown clay loam.

The minor soils include Bonneau, Chastain, Bibb,

and Rains soils. Bonneau soils are in areas

intermingled with the Emporia and Gritney soils.

Chastain and Bibb soils are on flood plains. Rains soils

are on flats, in depressions, and along drainageways.

Most of the nearly level and gently sloping areas

are used as cropland. The moderately sloping areas

are used as cropland or woodland. The slope, a

hazard of erosion, a perched water table, the shrinkswell potential, and permeability in the subsoil are the

main limitations affecting the use and management of

the Emporia and Gritney soils. A high water table is

the main limitation affecting the use and management

of the Goldsboro soils.

6. Grantham-Exum

Nearly level, poorly drained and moderately well

drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a

loamy subsoil; on uplands of the Coastal Plain

This map unit is in the southeastern part of Halifax

County. The landscape is characterized by broad,

smooth, upland flats and depressions.

This map unit makes up about 7 percent of the

county. It is about 32 percent Grantham soils, 26

percent Exum soils, and 42 percent soils of minor

extent.

The Grantham soils are poorly drained. The surface

layer is very dark gray loam about 8 inches thick. The

subsurface layer is about 4 inches thick. It is light

brownish gray loam that has yellow mottles. The

subsoil extends to a depth of about 75 inches. In

sequence downward, it is light brownish gray loam that

has brownish yellow and strong brown mottles; light

gray loam that has brownish yellow and strong brown

mottles; light brownish gray loam that has light gray,

brownish yellow, and red mottles; and light brownish

gray clay loam that has brownish yellow and strong

brown mottles.

The Exum soils are moderately well drained. The

surface layer is gray silt loam about 9 inches thick. The

subsurface layer is light yellowish brown silt loam

about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of

about 62 inches. The upper part of the subsoil is

yellowish brown silt loam. The next part is yellowish

brown loam that has light brownish gray mottles. The

lower part is yellowish brown loam that has light

brownish gray and strong brown mottles.

The minor soils include Nahunta, Aycock, Gritney,

Emporia, Chastain, and Bibb soils. Nahunta soils are

in areas intermingled with the Grantham soils. Aycock

soils are on the higher knobs and ridges. Gritney and

Emporia soils are on side slopes and the narrower

ridges. Chastain and Bibb soils are on flood plains.

Most drained areas of this map unit are used as

cropland. Areas of poorly drained soils that are not

artificially drained are used as woodland. A high water

table and permeability in the subsoil are the main

limitations affecting the use and management of the

Grantham and Exum soils.

7. Noboco-Goldsboro-Gritney

Nearly level to moderately sloping, well drained and

moderately well drained soils that have a loamy

surface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; on

uplands of the Coastal Plain

This map unit is in the southeastern part of Halifax

County. The landscape is characterized by broad,

smooth, upland ridges, flats, and depressions with

side slopes adjacent to drainageways and flood plains.

This map unit makes up about 4 percent of the

county. It is about 18 percent Noboco soils, 17 percent

Goldsboro soils, 16 percent Gritney soils, and 49

percent soils of minor extent.
Halifax County, North Carolina 21

The Noboco soils are nearly level and are well

drained. The surface layer is yellowish brown fine

sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The subsurface

layer is about 8 inches thick. It is very pale brown fine

sandy loam that has brownish yellow mottles. The

subsoil extends to a depth of about 64 inches. In

sequence downward, it is yellowish brown sandy clay

loam; yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has

yellowish red and pale yellow mottles; yellowish brown

sandy clay loam that has light gray, yellowish red, and

strong brown mottles; and yellowish brown sandy clay

loam that has light gray, yellowish red, and red mottles

and pockets of sandy clay.

The Goldsboro soils are nearly level and are

moderately well drained. The surface layer is brown

fine sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil

extends to a depth of about 72 inches. In sequence

downward, it is brownish yellow sandy clay loam;

yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has strong

brown mottles; yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has gray and strong brown mottles; mottled yellowish

brown, gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam; and

mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong brown, and red

sandy clay loam.

The Gritney soils are gently sloping to moderately

sloping and are moderately well drained. The surface

layer is yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 6

inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about

57 inches. In sequence downward, it is yellowish

brown sandy clay loam; yellowish brown clay that

has yellowish red mottles; mottled yellowish brown,

light gray, red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish

brown clay; and mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown clay

that has pockets of sandy clay loam. The substratum

extends to a depth of about 60 inches. It is mottled

yellowish brown, light gray, red, brownish yellow, and

dark yellowish brown clay loam.

The minor soils include Emporia, Bonneau, Rains,

and Bethera soils. Emporia soils are on side slopes

and the narrower ridges. Bonneau soils are in areas

intermingled with the Noboco soils. Rains and Bethera

soils are on flats, in depressions, and along

drainageways.

Most of the nearly level and gently sloping areas

are used as cropland. The moderately sloping areas

are used as cropland or woodland. A high water table

is the main limitation affecting the use and

management of the Noboco and Goldsboro soils.

The slope, a hazard of erosion, a perched water table,

the shrink-swell potential, and permeability in the

subsoil are the main limitations affecting the use and

management of the Gritney soils.

8. Roanoke-Dogue

Nearly level, poorly drained and moderately well

drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a

clayey subsoil; on fluvial terraces

This map unit generally occurs along the Roanoke

River and its major tributaries and commonly occurs in

areas adjacent to the State-Altavista general soil map

unit. The landscape is characterized by broad, smooth

flats and depressions. The map unit may be

occasionally flooded for brief periods.

This map unit makes up about 6 percent of Halifax

County. It is about 31 percent Roanoke soils, 29

percent Dogue soils, and 40 percent soils of minor

extent.

The Roanoke soils are poorly drained. The surface

layer is very dark gray loam about 5 inches thick. The

subsurface layer is about 3 inches thick. It is grayish

brown loam that has yellowish brown mottles. The

subsoil extends to a depth of about 52 inches. It is

gray clay that has light yellowish brown and strong

brown mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of

about 70 inches. It is mottled light brownish gray and

yellowish red loam.

The Dogue soils are moderately well drained. The

surface layer is dark grayish brown silt loam about 4

inches thick. The subsurface layer is light yellowish

brown loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends

to a depth of about 53 inches. In sequence downward,

it is yellow loam; brownish yellow clay loam that has

strong brown mottles; brownish yellow clay that has

strong brown and light gray mottles; mottled brownish

yellow, strong brown, and light gray clay; and mottled

strong brown and light gray sandy clay loam that

has pockets of sandy clay. The substratum extends to

a depth of about 62 inches. It is mottled yellow,

brownish yellow, strong brown, and light gray sandy

clay loam.

The minor soils include Chastain, Bibb, Wahee, and

Winton soils. Chastain and Bibb soils are on flood

plains. Wahee soils are in areas intermingled with the

Roanoke soils. Winton soils are on bluffs along the

Roanoke River and on side slopes adjacent to

drainageways and flood plains.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. A

high water table and permeability in the subsoil are

the main limitations affecting the use and management

of the Roanoke and Dogue soils. In addition, the

Roanoke soils have a hazard of occasional

flooding and the Dogue soils have a shrink-swell

potential.
22 Soil Survey

9. State-Altavista

Nearly level and gently sloping, well drained and

moderately well drained soils that have a loamy

surface layer and a loamy subsoil; on fluvial terraces

This map unit generally occurs along the Roanoke

River, Fishing Creek, and the larger streams in Halifax

County and commonly occurs in areas adjacent to the

Chewacla-Riverview general soil map unit. The

landscape is characterized by broad, smooth ridges,

flats, and depressions. The map unit may be rarely

flooded, and some areas along Fishing Creek may be

flooded more often.

This map unit makes up about 10 percent of the

county. It is about 49 percent State soils, 10 percent

Altavista soils, and 41 percent soils of minor extent.

The State soils are nearly level and gently sloping

and are well drained. The surface layer is dark

yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 6 inches thick.

The subsoil extends to a depth of about 53 inches. The

upper part of the subsoil is strong brown sandy clay

loam, and the lower part is strong brown fine sandy

loam. The substratum extends to a depth of about 75

inches. It is very fine sandy loam. It is strong brown in

the upper part and yellowish brown in the lower part.

The Altavista soils are nearly level and are

moderately well drained. The surface layer is dark

brown fine sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The

subsurface layer is brownish yellow fine sandy loam

about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of

about 50 inches. The upper part of the subsoil is

strong brown sandy clay loam. The next part is strong

brown sandy clay loam that has gray and red mottles.

The lower part is mottled reddish yellow, gray, and

strong brown fine sandy loam. The substratum

extends to a depth of about 62 inches. It is mottled

reddish yellow, gray, and strong brown sandy loam

that has thin strata of sandy clay loam.

The minor soils include Chastain, Bibb, Chewacla,

and Wehadkee soils. These soils are on flood plains.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. A hazard

of erosion and a high water table are the main

limitations affecting the use and management of the

State soils. The hazard of rare flooding and a high

water table are the main limitations affecting the use

and management of the Altavista soils.

10. Chewacla-Riverview

Nearly level, somewhat poorly drained and well

drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a

loamy subsoil; on flood plains

This map unit is adjacent to the Roanoke River.

The landscape is characterized by nearly level, broad,

smooth flats that are dissected by slightly higher,

nearly level ridges in some areas. The map unit may

be frequently or occasionally flooded for brief to long

periods.

This map unit makes up about 2 percent of Halifax

County. It is about 54 percent Chewacla soils, 25

percent Riverview soils, and 21 percent soils of minor

extent.

The Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained.

The surface layer is dark brown loam about 4 inches

thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 60

inches. In sequence downward, it is dark yellowish

brown silty clay loam that has brown mottles, dark

yellowish brown clay loam that has grayish brown and

strong brown mottles, dark brown loam that has gray

mottles, strong brown clay loam that has gray mottles,

and mottled gray, strong brown, and red clay loam.

The substratum extends to a depth of about 72 inches.

It is mottled dark brown and gray loam.

The Riverview soils are well drained. The surface

layer is very dark grayish brown loam about 6 inches

thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 32

inches. The upper part of the subsoil is strong brown

fine sandy loam, and the lower part is strong brown

clay loam. The substratum extends to a depth of about

50 inches. In sequence downward, it is strong brown

fine sandy loam, brown fine sandy loam, dark brown

loam, and strong brown fine sandy loam.

The minor soils include Wehadkee soils. These soils

are in depressions and areas of back swamps.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The

hazard of frequent or occasional flooding and a high

water table are the main limitations affecting the use

and management of the Chewacla and Riverview

soils.

11. Chastain-Bibb

Nearly level, poorly drained soils that have a loamy

surface layer and a clayey or sandy subsoil; on flood

plains

This map unit is along major creeks and streams on

the Coastal Plain. The landscape is characterized by

nearly level, broad, smooth flats. The map unit may be

frequently flooded for brief to very long periods.

This map unit makes up about 6 percent of Halifax

County. It is about 49 percent Chastain soils, 33

percent Bibb soils, and 18 percent soils of minor

extent.

The surface layer of the Chastain soils is very dark

grayish brown clay loam about 5 inches thick. The

subsoil extends to a depth of about 54 inches. In
Halifax County, North Carolina 23

sequence downward, it is grayish brown silty clay that

has strong brown mottles, gray clay that has strong

brown mottles, gray clay that has strong brown and

yellowish red mottles, and dark gray clay that has

strong brown mottles. The substratum extends to a

depth of about 72 inches. It is light brownish gray silty

clay that has dark gray and strong brown mottles.

The surface layer of the Bibb soils extends to a

depth of about 10 inches. The upper part of the

surface layer is dark grayish brown loam, and the

lower part is grayish brown fine sandy loam. The

substratum extends to a depth of about 66 inches. The

upper part of the substratum is light brownish gray fine

sandy loam that has yellowish brown mottles. The next

part is gray fine sandy loam. The lower part is dark

gray coarse sand.

The minor soils include Altavista, Roanoke, and

Tomotley soils. These soils are on the higher terraces

adjacent to rivers and streams.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The

hazard of frequent flooding and a high water table are

the main limitations affecting the use and management

of the Chastain and Bibb soils.

25

The map units on the detailed soil maps represent

the soils in the survey area at a mapping scale of

1:24,000. The map unit descriptions in this section,

along with the soil maps, can be used to determine the

suitability and potential of the dominant soils within the

map unit for specific uses. They also can be used to

plan the management needed for those uses. More

information on each map unit is given under the

heading “Use and Management of the Soils.”

The map units on the detailed soil maps represent

areas on the landscape and consist mainly of the

dominant soils for which the units are named.

Symbols identifying the soils precede the map unit

names in the map unit descriptions. The descriptions

include general facts about the soils and give the

principal hazards and limitations to be considered in

planning for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer or of the underlying material, all the soils

of a series have major horizons that are similar in

composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer or of the underlying material. They also

can differ in slope, wetness, degree of erosion, and

other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis

of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil

phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil

maps are named as phases of soil series. The name

of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature or

features that affect use or management. For example,

Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded, is

a map unit of the Tatum series that identifies surface

texture, degree of erosion, and slope group as the

dominant soil features affecting use or management.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils. These map units are called soil complexes or

undifferentiated groups.

A soil complex consists of two or more contrasting

soils, or miscellaneous land areas, in such an intricate

pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be

shown separately on the soil maps. The pattern and

proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all

areas. Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or

more dominant soils that could be mapped individually

but are mapped as one unit because similar

interpretations can be made for use and management.

The pattern and proportion of the soils in a mapped

area are not uniform. An area can be made up of only

one of the major soils, or it can be made up of all of

them. Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

frequently flooded, is an undifferentiated group in this

survey area.

Most map units include small scattered areas of

soils other than those for which the map unit is named.

Some of these included soils have properties that

differ substantially from those of the major soils. Such

differences could significantly affect use and

management of the soils in the map unit. The included

soils are identified in each map unit description. Some

small areas of strongly contrasting soils may be

identified by a special symbol on the soil maps.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables (see “Contents”) give

properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities,

and suitabilities for many uses. The Glossary defines

many of the terms used in describing the soils.

AaA—Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, rarely flooded. This nearly level, very deep,

moderately well drained soil is on broad, smooth flats,

in depressions, and along drainageways on fluvial

terraces along the Roanoke River, Fishing Creek, and

the larger streams in the county. Individual areas are

long and narrow and range from about 5 to 50 acres in

size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 12 inches—brownish yellow fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

12 to 23 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

23 to 36 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has gray and red mottles

Detailed Soil Map Units
26 Soil Survey

36 to 50 inches—mottled reddish yellow, gray, and

strong brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

50 to 62 inches—mottled reddish yellow, gray, and

strong brown sandy loam that has thin strata of

sandy clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from

December through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

State, Tomotley, and Dogue soils. The well drained

State soils are in the slightly higher areas. The poorly

drained Tomotley soils are in the slightly lower areas.

Dogue soils have a clayey subsoil. They are

intermingled with the Altavista soil in some areas.

Some areas along Fishing Creek may be more than

rarely flooded (fig. 4). Also included are small areas of

soils that have major properties, use, and

management similar to those of the Altavista soil but

have more silt in the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions

make up about 15 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Altavista soil, the major

crops are corn, soybeans, peanuts, cotton, and small

grain. The hazard of flooding and the high water table

are the main limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation

may be delayed during wet periods. Artificial drainage

systems may be needed to remove excess water.

Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue,

and conservation tillage help to maintain tilth and

conserve moisture. In areas where slopes are 3

percent, conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve moisture and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 96 feet.

The hazard of flooding and the high water table are

the main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Because of the hazard of rare flooding, sites for

dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be

selected on more suitable soils.

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 9A.

AyA—Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.

This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil is on

broad, smooth, upland ridges of the Coastal Plain.

Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from

about 10 to 30 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

6 to 10 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 26 inches—yellowish brown loam that has

reddish yellow mottles

26 to 42 inches—yellowish brown loam that has

reddish yellow, yellowish red, and red mottles

42 to 60 inches—yellowish brown loam that has

reddish yellow, yellowish red, red, and gray

mottles

60 to 74 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish

brown, red, and gray clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 3.5 to 6.0 feet from

January through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Exum and Nahunta soils. The moderately well drained

Exum soils and the somewhat poorly drained Nahunta

soils are on flats, in depressions, and along

drainageways. Also included are small areas of soils

that have major properties, use, and management

similar to those of the Aycock soil but have a surface

layer of fine sandy loam. Dissimilar inclusions make up

about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Aycock soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, and tobacco. The

hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting

cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing

crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and
Halifax County, North Carolina 27

maintain tilth. In areas where slopes are 3 percent,

conservation practices, such as no-till planting,

stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field

borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 84 feet.

The high water table and the moderately slow

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

Figure 4.—Flooding along Fishing Creek in an area of Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, rarely flooded.
28 Soil Survey

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing

drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing

foundations, and land shaping so that surface water

and runoff are directed away from dwellings can

minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing a

drainage system around the septic tank absorption

field may be needed to minimize problems caused by

wetness and prevent the contamination of ground

water. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption

field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8A.

BaA—Bethera loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This

nearly level, very deep, poorly drained soil is on broad,

smooth, upland flats, in depressions, and along

drainageways of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas

are irregular in shape and generally range from about

10 to 200 acres in size. A few areas are as much as

500 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—very dark gray loam

Subsoil:

7 to 13 inches—light brownish gray silt loam that has

reddish yellow mottles

13 to 35 inches—gray clay that has reddish yellow

mottles

35 to 52 inches—gray silty clay that has light yellowish

brown and reddish yellow mottles

52 to 63 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has

light gray and reddish yellow mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Slow or moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Very slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: Within a depth of 1.5 feet from

December through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Lynchburg, Grantham, and Rains soils. These soils

have a loamy subsoil. The somewhat poorly drained

Lynchburg soils are in the slightly higher areas.

Grantham and Rains soils are intermingled with the

Bethera soil in some areas. Dissimilar inclusions make

up about 20 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In drained and cultivated areas of this Bethera soil,

the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The high water table and the slow or moderately slow

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be

needed to remove excess water, but a lack of suitable

outlets and the permeability can restrict the use of

many drainage systems.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The high water table, competition from

undesirable plant species, and a hazard of windthrow

are the main limitations affecting woodland. The use of

equipment may be restricted to periods when the soil

is dry. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to

remove excess water, but a lack of suitable outlets can

restrict the use of many drainage systems. Intensive

site preparation, such as chopping, burning, and

bedding, can help to establish seedlings, reduce the

seedling mortality rate, and reduce the competition

from undesirable plant species. Thinning stands

carefully, avoiding damage to surficial root systems,

and periodically removing windthrown trees may be

needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site

index for loblolly pine is 92 feet where the soil is

drained. Based on a 50-year site index, the mean site

index for sweetgum is 95 feet where the soil is

undrained.

The high water table and the slow permeability in

the subsoil are the main limitations affecting building

site development and septic tank absorption fields in

areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to

footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land

shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed

away from dwellings can minimize some of the

problems caused by wetness. Installing a drainage

system around the septic tank absorption field may be

needed to minimize problems caused by wetness and

prevent the contamination of ground water. A lack of

suitable outlets may be a problem in some areas.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIw in drained areas

and VIw in undrained areas. Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, the woodland ordination symbol

is 10W in drained areas. Based on sweetgum as the

indicator species, it is 8W in undrained areas.

BcA—Bojac loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes. This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil

is on broad, smooth ridges on fluvial terraces along
Halifax County, North Carolina 29

Fishing Creek. Individual areas are irregular in shape

and range from about 10 to 50 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 12 inches—brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer:

12 to 18 inches—brownish yellow loamy fine sand

Subsoil:

18 to 31 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

31 to 39 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

39 to 53 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

53 to 74 inches—yellow loamy fine sand that has

yellow mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from

November through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

State and Tarboro soils. These soils are intermingled

with the Bojac soil in some areas. State soils have

more clay in the subsoil. The somewhat excessively

drained Tarboro soils are sandy throughout. Also

included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Bojac soil but have a sandy surface layer that is

more than 20 inches thick. Dissimilar inclusions make

up about 20 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Bojac soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, and soybeans. The

droughtiness of the thick, sandy surface layer, a

hazard of soil blowing, the low available water

capacity, and the leaching of plant nutrients are the

main limitations affecting cropland. Irrigation may be

needed during dry periods. Blowing sand may damage

young plants. Planting winter cover crops, managing

crop residue, conservation tillage, establishing

windbreaks, and including close-growing grasses and

legumes in the cropping system help to control soil

blowing, maintain tilth, and conserve moisture.

Fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, should be used in split

applications.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy

surface layer and competition from undesirable plant

species are the main limitations affecting woodland.

Seedling mortality is a concern during dry periods.

Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning,

and applying herbicides, can help to establish

seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and

reduce the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 80 feet.

The high water table is the main limitation affecting

building site development and septic tank absorption

fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system

around the septic tank absorption field may be needed

to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent

the contamination of ground water. A specially

designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIs. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8S.

BoB—Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent

slopes. This nearly level and gently sloping, very

deep, well drained soil is on broad, smooth, upland

ridges of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are

irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 300

acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer:

9 to 23 inches—pale brown loamy fine sand

Subsoil:

23 to 31 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

31 to 36 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam that

has yellowish red and light yellowish brown

mottles

36 to 54 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has red and gray mottles

54 to 66 inches—mottled red, gray, and yellowish

brown sandy clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from

December through March
30 Soil Survey

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Emporia, Noboco, and Fuquay soils. Emporia and

Noboco soils do not have a sandy surface layer that is

more than 20 inches thick. They are intermingled with

the Bonneau soil in some areas. Fuquay soils have

more than 5 percent plinthite, by volume, in the

subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 13

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Bonneau soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, tobacco, and

corn. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy surface

layer, a hazard of soil blowing, and the leaching of

plant nutrients are the main limitations affecting

cropland. Irrigation may be needed during dry periods.

Blowing sand may damage young plants. Planting

winter cover crops, managing crop residue,

conservation tillage, establishing windbreaks, and

including close-growing grasses and legumes in the

cropping system help to control soil blowing, maintain

tilth, and conserve moisture. Fertilizers, particularly

nitrogen, should be used in split applications.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy

surface layer is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Seedling mortality is a concern during

dry periods. When dry, the sandy layers are soft and

may limit the use of equipment. Based on a 50-year

site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 80

feet.

The high water table is the main limitation affecting

building site development and septic tank absorption

fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept

runoff from the higher areas can also minimize

problems caused by wetness that affect septic tank

absorption fields. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIs. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8S.

CbA—Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, frequently flooded. These nearly level, very

deep, poorly drained soils are on flood plains of the

Coastal Plain. Because these soils react similarly to

most kinds of use and management, they were not

separated in mapping. Typically, this map unit is about

50 percent Chastain soil, 30 percent Bibb soil, and 20

percent other soils. In some mapped areas Chastain

and Bibb soils both occur, and in others only one of

the soils occurs. Individual areas are long and broad

and range from about 50 to 300 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this Chastain soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam

Subsoil:

5 to 12 inches—grayish brown silty clay that has

strong brown mottles

12 to 25 inches—gray clay that has strong brown

mottles

25 to 36 inches—gray clay that has strong brown and

yellowish red mottles

36 to 54 inches—dark gray clay that has strong brown

mottles

Substratum:

54 to 72 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has

dark gray and strong brown mottles

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this Bibb soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown loam

5 to 10 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

10 to 20 inches—light brownish gray fine sandy loam

that has yellowish brown mottles

20 to 36 inches—gray fine sandy loam

36 to 66 inches—dark gray coarse sand

Important soil properties of this Chastain soil—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Very slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: Within a depth 1.0 foot from

November through May

Important soil properties of this Bibb soil—

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil

and moderately rapid in the lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Very slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 0.5 to 1.0 foot from

December through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Chewacla and Riverview soils. The somewhat poorly

drained Chewacla soils and the well drained Riverview

soils have a loamy subsoil. They are on natural levees

along the larger streams or in the slightly higher areas.
Halifax County, North Carolina 31

Also included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Chastain and Bibb soils. These soils have a loamy

subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5 percent

of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The map

unit is rarely used as cropland or pasture.

The hazard of flooding and the high water table are

the main limitations affecting cropland in areas of

these Chastain and Bibb soils. A lack of suitable

outlets may restrict the use of artificial drainage

systems.

In wooded areas, these soils are primarily

unmanaged. The hazard of flooding, the high water

table, competition from undesirable plant species, a

hazard of windthrow, and the high content of clay in

the upper 10 inches of the Chastain soil are the main

limitations affecting woodland. The use of equipment

may be restricted to periods when the soils are dry.

The lack of suitable outlets may restrict the use of

artificial drainage systems. Intensive site preparation,

such as chopping, burning, and bedding, can help to

establish seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate,

and reduce the competition from undesirable plant

species. Thinning stands carefully, avoiding damage to

surficial root systems, and periodically removing

windthrown trees may be needed. Unsurfaced roads

may be impassable during wet periods because of the

high content of clay in the upper 10 inches of the

Chastain soil. Logging during the drier periods helps to

prevent rutting of the surface layer and possible root

damage from compaction. Based on a 50-year site

curve, the mean site index for sweetgum is 95 feet in

areas of the Chastain soil and 90 feet in areas of the

Bibb soil.

The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and

the very slow permeability in the Chastain soil are the

main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this map

unit. Because of the hazard of frequent flooding, sites

for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should

be selected on more suitable soils.

The land capability subclass is VIIw in areas of the

Chastain soil and Vw in areas of the Bibb soil. Based

on sweetgum as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 8W in areas of both soils.

ChA—Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded. This nearly level, very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soil is on flood plains along

the Roanoke River. Individual areas are long and

irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 200

acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam

Subsoil:

4 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

that has brown mottles

14 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam that

has grayish brown and strong brown mottles

26 to 38 inches—dark brown loam that has gray

mottles

38 to 47 inches—strong brown clay loam that has gray

mottles

47 to 60 inches—mottled gray, strong brown, and red

clay loam

Substratum:

60 to 72 inches—mottled dark brown and gray loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from

November through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Chastain, Bibb, Wehadkee, and Riverview soils. The

poorly drained Chastain, Bibb, and Wehadkee soils

are in depressions and the slightly lower areas.

Chastain soils have a clayey subsoil, and Bibb soils

have a sandy substratum. The well drained Riverview

soils are in the slightly higher areas. Dissimilar

inclusions make up about 20 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Chewacla soil, the major

crops are corn and soybeans. The hazard of flooding

and the high water table are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be

needed to remove excess water. Planting winter cover

crops, managing crop residue, and conservation

tillage help to maintain tilth and conserve moisture.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The hazard of flooding, the high water

table, competition from undesirable plant species, and

a hazard of windthrow are the main limitations

affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be

restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial

drainage systems may be needed to remove excess

water. Intensive site preparation, such as bedding and
32 Soil Survey

applying herbicides, can help to establish seedlings,

reduce the seedling mortality rate, and reduce the

competition from undesirable plant species. Thinning

stands carefully, avoiding damage to surficial root

systems, and periodically removing windthrown trees

may be needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the

mean site index for yellow-poplar is 96 feet.

The hazard of flooding and the high water table are

the main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Because of the hazard of occasional flooding, sites for

dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be

selected on more suitable soils.

The land capability subclass is IIIw. Based on

yellow-poplar as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 7W.

CwA—Chewacla and Wehadkee soils, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded. These nearly

level, very deep, somewhat poorly drained and poorly

drained soils are on flood plains along the major rivers

of the Coastal Plain and occur throughout the

Piedmont. Because these soils react similarly to most

kinds of use and management, they were not

separated in mapping. Typically, this map unit is about

40 percent Chewacla soil, 35 percent Wehadkee soil,

and 25 percent other soils. In some mapped areas

Chewacla and Wehadkee soils both occur, and in

others only one of the soils occurs. Individual areas

are long and irregular in shape and range from about

25 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this Chewacla soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam

Subsoil:

4 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

that has brown mottles

14 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam that

has grayish brown and strong brown mottles

26 to 38 inches—dark brown loam that has gray

mottles

38 to 47 inches—strong brown clay loam that has gray

mottles

47 to 60 inches—mottled gray, strong brown, and red

clay loam

Substratum:

60 to 72 inches—mottled dark brown and gray loam

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this Wehadkee soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—grayish brown loam that has strong

brown and yellowish red mottles

3 to 7 inches—grayish brown silt loam that has dark

yellowish brown, strong brown, and red mottles

Subsoil:

7 to 21 inches—light brownish gray silty clay loam that

has dark yellowish brown and strong brown

mottles

21 to 28 inches—gray clay loam that has strong brown

and red mottles

28 to 33 inches—gray clay loam that has red mottles

Substratum:

33 to 44 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has

yellowish brown mottles

44 to 50 inches—gray sandy loam

50 to 60 inches—gray sandy clay loam

Important soil properties of this Chewacla soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from

November through April

Important soil properties of this Wehadkee soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Very slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from

November through May

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Riverview, Bibb, and Chastain soils. The well drained

Riverview soils are on natural levees along the larger

streams or in the slightly higher areas. The poorly

drained Bibb and Chastain soils are intermingled with

the Chewacla and Wehadkee soils in some areas.

Chastain soils have a clayey subsoil, and Bibb soils

have a sandy substratum. Dissimilar inclusions make

up about 15 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The map

unit is rarely used as cropland or pasture.

The hazard of flooding and the high water table are

the main limitations affecting cropland in areas of

these Chewacla and Wehadkee soils. A lack of

suitable outlets may restrict the use of artificial

drainage systems.

In wooded areas, these soils are primarily

unmanaged. The hazard of flooding, the high water

table, competition from undesirable plant species, and
Halifax County, North Carolina 33

a hazard of windthrow are the main limitations

affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be

restricted to periods when the soils are dry. The lack of

suitable outlets may restrict the use of artificial

drainage systems. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and bedding, can help to establish

seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and

reduce the competition from undesirable plant species.

Thinning stands carefully, avoiding damage to surficial

root systems, and periodically removing windthrown

trees may be needed. Based on a 50-year site curve,

the mean site index for yellow-poplar is 96 feet in

areas of the Chewacla soil and 100 feet in areas of the

Wehadkee soil.

The hazard of flooding and the high water table are

the main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of these

soils. Because of the hazard of frequent flooding, sites

for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should

be selected on more suitable soils.

The land capability subclass is IVw in areas of the

Chewacla soil and VIw in areas of the Wehadkee soil.

Based on yellow-poplar as the indicator species, the

woodland ordination symbol is 7W in areas of the

Chewacla soil and 8W in areas of the Wehadkee soil.

DgA—Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.

This nearly level, very deep, moderately well drained

soil is on broad, smooth flats, in depressions, and

along drainageways on fluvial terraces along the

Roanoke River and its major tributaries. Individual

areas are irregular in shape and range from about 10

to 150 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches—yellow loam

13 to 17 inches—brownish yellow clay loam that has

strong brown mottles

17 to 31 inches—brownish yellow clay that has strong

brown and light gray mottles

31 to 40 inches—mottled brownish yellow, strong

brown, and light gray clay

40 to 53 inches—mottled strong brown and light gray

sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay

Substratum:

53 to 62 inches—mottled yellow, brownish yellow,

strong brown, and light gray sandy clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from

January through March

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Wahee, Roanoke, and Altavista soils. The somewhat

poorly drained Wahee soils and the poorly drained

Roanoke soils are in the slightly lower areas. Altavista

soils have a loamy subsoil. They are intermingled with

the Dogue soil in some areas. Dissimilar inclusions

make up about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Dogue soil, the major

crops are soybeans, cotton, corn, and small grain. The

high water table and the moderately slow permeability

in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting

cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet

periods. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to

remove excess water, but the permeability can restrict

the use of many drainage systems. Planting winter

cover crops, managing crop residue, and conservation

tillage help to maintain tilth and conserve moisture. In

areas where slopes are 3 percent, conservation

practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop

rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed

waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help

to conserve water and control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 90 feet.

The high water table, the moderately slow

permeability in the subsoil, and a moderate shrinkswell potential are the main limitations affecting

building site development and septic tank absorption

fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system

around the septic tank absorption field may be needed

to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent

the contamination of ground water. Increasing the size

of the septic tank absorption field can help to minimize

the permeability limitation. Placing extra reinforcement
34 Soil Survey

in footings and foundations and backfilling with sandy

material can minimize the damage caused by the

shrinking and swelling of clay. A specially designed

septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 9A.

DoA—Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes.

This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil is on

broad, smooth, upland ridges in the Fall Line region of

the upper Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular

in shape and range from about 15 to 250 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown loamy sand

Subsurface layer:

9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

17 to 37 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has yellowish red mottles and few plinthite nodules

37 to 45 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay that has

yellowish red mottles and common plinthite

nodules

45 to 61 inches—red sandy clay that has yellowish red

mottles and common plinthite nodules

61 to 72 inches—reticulately mottled pinkish gray, red,

and yellowish red sandy loam that has pockets of

sandy clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil

and moderately slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from

January through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Goldsboro and Fuquay soils. The moderately well

drained Goldsboro soils have less than 5 percent

plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil. They are on flats, in

depressions, and along drainageways. Fuquay soils

have a sandy surface layer that is more than 20 inches

thick. They are intermingled with the Dothan soil in

some areas. Also included are small areas of soils that

have major properties, use, and management similar

to those of the Dothan soil. These soils have less than

5 percent plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil or have

few or common ironstone concretions on the surface

and in the upper part of the subsoil. Dissimilar

inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Dothan soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, soybeans, tobacco,

and small grain (fig. 5). A water table that is perched

above the plinthic zone during wet periods, the

droughtiness of the thick, sandy surface layer, and a

hazard of soil blowing are the main limitations affecting

cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet

periods, and irrigation may be needed during dry

periods. Blowing sand may damage young plants.

Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue,

conservation tillage, establishing windbreaks, and

including close-growing grasses and legumes in the

cropping system help to control soil blowing, maintain

tilth, and conserve moisture.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy

surface layer and competition from undesirable plant

species are the main limitations affecting woodland.

Seedling mortality is a hazard during dry periods.

Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning,

and applying herbicides, helps to control the

competition from undesirable plant species. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 88 feet.

The perched water table and the moderately slow

permeability in the lower part of the subsoil are the

main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Installing drainage systems next to footings,

adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so

that surface water and runoff are directed away from

dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness.

Installing a drainage system around the septic tank

absorption field may be needed to minimize problems

caused by wetness and prevent the contamination of

ground water. Increasing the size of the septic tank

absorption field can help to minimize the permeability

limitation. A specially designed septic system may be

needed.

The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine

as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

DoB—Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes.

This gently sloping, very deep, well drained soil is on

upland ridges in the Fall Line region of the upper

Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape

and range from about 15 to 250 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—
Halifax County, North Carolina 35

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown loamy sand

Subsurface layer:

9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

17 to 37 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has yellowish red mottles and few plinthite nodules

37 to 45 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay that has

yellowish red mottles and common plinthite

nodules

45 to 61 inches—red sandy clay that has yellowish red

mottles and common plinthite nodules

61 to 72 inches—reticulately mottled pinkish gray, red,

and yellowish red sandy loam that has pockets of

sandy clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil

and moderately slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from

January through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Nankin and Fuquay soils. Nankin soils have less than

5 percent plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil; have

common or many ironstone concretions in and on the

surface layer and in the upper part of the subsoil; have

a clayey subsoil; and are on the slightly higher knobs.

Fuquay soils have a sandy surface layer that is more

Figure 5.—An area of Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to peanuts.
36 Soil Survey

than 20 inches thick. They are intermingled with the

Dothan soil in some areas. Also included are small

areas of soils that have major properties, use, and

management similar to those of the Dothan soil. These

soils have less than 5 percent plinthite, by volume, in

the subsoil; have a thinner subsoil; or have few or

common ironstone concretions on the surface and in

the upper part of the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions

make up about 15 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Dothan soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, soybeans, tobacco,

and small grain. The hazard of water erosion, a water

table that is perched above the plinthic zone during

wet periods, the droughtiness of the thick, sandy

surface layer, and a hazard of soil blowing are the

main limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be

delayed during wet periods, and irrigation may be

needed during dry periods. Blowing sand may damage

young plants. Planting winter cover crops, managing

crop residue, conservation tillage, establishing

windbreaks, and including close-growing grasses and

legumes in the cropping system help to control runoff,

water erosion, and soil blowing, maintain tilth, and

conserve moisture. Conservation practices, such as

no-till planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour

farming, field borders, grassed waterways, and

terraces and diversions, can also help to conserve

water and control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy

surface layer and competition from undesirable plant

species are the main limitations affecting woodland.

Seedling mortality is a concern during dry periods.

Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning,

and applying herbicides, helps to control the

competition from undesirable plant species. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 88 feet.

The perched water table and the moderately slow

permeability in the lower part of the subsoil are the

main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Installing drainage systems next to footings,

adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so

that surface water and runoff are directed away from

dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness.

Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the

higher areas can also minimize problems caused by

wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

EmA—Emporia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes. This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil

is on broad, smooth, upland ridges of the upper

Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape

and range from about 10 to 150 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray,

red, and brownish yellow mottles

Substratum:

58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong

brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of

sandy loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the

upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately

slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from

November through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Goldsboro and Bonneau soils. The moderately well

drained Goldsboro soils are on flats, in depressions,

and along drainageways. Bonneau soils have a sandy

surface layer that is more than 20 inches thick. They

are intermingled with the Emporia soil in some areas.

Also included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Emporia soil but have a thicker subsoil. Dissimilar

inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Emporia soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, tobacco, and

soybeans. A water table that is perched during wet

periods is the main limitation affecting cropland.

Cultivation may be delayed during wet periods.

Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue,
Halifax County, North Carolina 37

and conservation tillage help to maintain tilth and

conserve moisture.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 75 feet.

The perched water table, the slow or moderately

slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil, and

a moderate shrink-swell potential are the main

limitations affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Installing drainage systems next to footings,

adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so

that surface water and runoff are directed away from

dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness.

Installing a drainage system around the septic tank

absorption field may be needed to minimize problems

caused by wetness and prevent the contamination of

ground water. Increasing the size of the septic tank

absorption field can help to minimize the permeability

limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in footings and

foundations and backfilling with sandy material can

minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and

swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine

as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 7A.

EmB—Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes. This gently sloping, very deep, well drained

soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the Coastal

Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range

from about 5 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray,

red, and brownish yellow mottles

Substratum:

58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong

brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of

sandy loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the

upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately

slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from

November through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Gritney, Marlboro, and Bonneau soils. The moderately

well drained Gritney soils have a clayey subsoil. They

are on shoulders and side slopes. Marlboro soils have

a clayey subsoil. Marlboro and Bonneau soils are

intermingled with the Emporia soil in some areas.

Bonneau soils have a sandy surface layer that is more

than 20 inches thick. In some areas eroded soils that

have a surface layer of sandy clay loam are

intermingled with the Emporia soil. Also included are

small areas of soils that have major properties, use,

and management similar to those of the Emporia soil

but have a thicker subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make

up about 12 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as pasture or woodland.

In cultivated areas of this Emporia soil, the major

crops are cotton, tobacco, peanuts, corn, and

soybeans. The hazard of erosion and a water table

that is perched during wet periods are the main

limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be

delayed during wet periods. Planting winter cover

crops and managing crop residue help to control

runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation

practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop

rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed

waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help

to conserve water and control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 75 feet.

The perched water table, the slow or moderately

slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil, and

a moderate shrink-swell potential are the main

limitations affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Installing drainage systems next to footings,

adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so

that surface water and runoff are directed away from
38 Soil Survey

dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness.

Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the

higher areas can also minimize problems caused by

wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation.

Placing extra reinforcement in footings and

foundations and backfilling with sandy material can

minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and

swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 7A.

EmC—Emporia fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent

slopes. This moderately sloping, very deep, well

drained soil is on upland side slopes of the Coastal

Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range

from about 10 to 75 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray,

red, and brownish yellow mottles

Substratum:

58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong

brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of

sandy loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the

upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately

slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from

November through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Gritney, Winton, and Bonneau soils. The moderately

well drained Gritney soils have a clayey subsoil and

are on shoulders. The moderately well drained Winton

soils are in the steeper areas. Bonneau soils have a

sandy surface layer that is more than 20 inches thick.

They are intermingled with the Emporia soil in some

areas. In some areas eroded soils having a surface

layer of sandy clay loam are intermingled with the

Emporia soil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Emporia soil, the major

crops are peanuts, tobacco, cotton, and corn. The

slope, the hazard of erosion, and a water table that is

perched during wet periods are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Planting winter cover crops and

managing crop residue help to control runoff and

erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation practices,

such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop rotations,

contour farming, field borders, grassed waterways,

and terraces and diversions, can also help to conserve

water and control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 75 feet.

The perched water table, the slow or moderately

slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil, the

slope, and a moderate shrink-swell potential are the

main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Installing drainage systems next to footings,

adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so

that surface water and runoff are directed away from

dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness.

Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the

higher areas can also minimize problems caused by

wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation.

Designing dwellings so that they conform to the

natural slope and land shaping can help to overcome

the slope limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in

footings and foundations and backfilling with sandy

material can minimize the damage caused by the

shrinking and swelling of clay. A specially designed

septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 7A.

ErB—Emporia-Urban land complex, 0 to 6

percent slopes. This map unit consists of areas of

Emporia soil and Urban land that are too small and too

intermingled to be mapped separately at the selected
Halifax County, North Carolina 39

scale. Typically, this map unit is about 40 percent

Emporia soil, 30 percent Urban land, and 30 percent

other soils. It occurs most extensively in and around

Roanoke Rapids but also occurs in Enfield. Individual

areas are irregular in shape and range from about 15

to 300 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this Emporia soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray,

red, and brownish yellow mottles

Substratum:

58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong

brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of

sandy loam

Important soil properties of this Emporia soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the

upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately

slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from

November through April

Urban land consists of areas where the original soil

has been covered by concrete, asphalt, buildings, or

other impervious surfaces. Slopes are modified for the

land use and commonly range from about 0 to 3

percent.

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Goldsboro, Lynchburg, Rains, Turbeville, Marlboro,

Bonneau, Wehadkee, Chastain, Bibb, and Chewacla

soils. The moderately well drained Goldsboro,

somewhat poorly drained Lynchburg, and poorly

drained Rains soils are on flats, in depressions, and

along drainageways. Turbeville and Marlboro soils

have a clayey subsoil. Turbeville, Marlboro, and

Bonneau soils are intermingled with the Emporia soil

in some areas. Bonneau soils have a sandy surface

layer that is more than 20 inches thick. The poorly

drained Wehadkee, Chastain, and Bibb soils and the

somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils are on flood

plains. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15 percent

of this map unit.

This map unit is used as urban land. It is not used

as cropland or woodland.

The perched water table, the slow or moderately

slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil, and

a moderate shrink-swell potential are the main

limitations affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of the Emporia

soil. Installing drainage systems next to footings,

adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so

that surface water and runoff are directed away from

dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness.

Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the

higher areas can also minimize problems caused by

wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation.

Placing extra reinforcement in footings and

foundations and backfilling with sandy material can

minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and

swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

This map unit is not assigned a land capability

subclass or a woodland ordination symbol.

EwB—Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6

percent slopes. This map unit consists of areas of

Emporia and Wedowee soils that are too small and too

intermingled to be mapped separately at the selected

scale. These gently sloping, very deep, well drained

soils are on upland ridges and side slopes in the Fall

Line region of the upper Coastal Plain. Individual areas

are irregular in shape and range from about 15 to 150

acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this Emporia soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray,

red, and brownish yellow mottles

Substratum:

58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong

brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of

sandy loam

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this Wedowee soil are as follows—
40 Soil Survey

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

10 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish

red mottles

19 to 26 inches—strong brown clay that has brownish

yellow and red mottles

26 to 36 inches—strong brown clay loam that has

brownish yellow, white, and red mottles

Substratum:

36 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown, brownish

yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay

loam

Important soil properties of this Emporia soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the

upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately

slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from

November through April

Important soil properties of this Wedowee soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Goldsboro and Bonneau soils. The moderately well

drained Goldsboro soils have a loamy subsoil and are

on flats, in depressions, and along drainageways.

Bonneau soils have a loamy subsoil and a sandy

surface layer that is more than 20 inches thick. They

are intermingled with the Emporia and Wedowee soils

in some areas. In some areas soils that have a cobbly

or gravelly surface layer or eroded soils that have a

surface layer of sandy clay loam are intermingled with

the Emporia and Wedowee soils. Also included are

small areas of soils that have major properties, use,

and management similar to those of the Emporia and

Wedowee soils. These soils have more than 5 percent

ironstone concretions or plinthite, by volume, in the

subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 20

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as pasture or woodland.

In cultivated areas of these Emporia and Wedowee

soils, the major crops are cotton, tobacco, peanuts,

corn, and soybeans. The hazard of erosion and a

water table that is perched in the Emporia soil during

wet periods are the main limitations affecting cropland.

Cultivation may be delayed during wet periods.

Planting winter cover crops and managing crop

residue help to control runoff and erosion and maintain

tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till planting,

stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field

borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, these soils are managed primarily

for loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 75 feet in areas of the Emporia soil and

87 feet in areas of the Wedowee soil.

The perched water table, the permeability in the

subsoil, and a moderate shrink-swell potential in the

Emporia soil are the main limitations affecting building

site development and septic tank absorption fields in

areas of this map unit. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept

runoff from the higher areas can also minimize

problems caused by wetness that affect septic tank

absorption fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank

absorption field can help to minimize the permeability

limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in footings and

foundations and backfilling with sandy material can

minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and

swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 7A in areas of the Emporia soil and 9A in

areas of the Wedowee soil.

ExA—Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This

nearly level, very deep, moderately well drained soil is

on broad, smooth, upland flats, in depressions, and

along drainageways of the Coastal Plain. Individual

areas are irregular in shape and range from about 10

to 150 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—gray silt loam
Halifax County, North Carolina 41

Subsurface layer:

9 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

15 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

25 to 33 inches—yellowish brown loam that has light

brownish gray mottles

33 to 62 inches—yellowish brown loam that has light

brownish gray and strong brown mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 2.0 to 3.0 feet from

December through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Nahunta, Grantham, and Aycock soils. The somewhat

poorly drained Nahunta soils and the poorly drained

Grantham soils are in the slightly lower areas. The well

drained Aycock soils are in the slightly higher areas.

Also included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Exum soil but have a surface layer of fine sandy

loam. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 17 percent

of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Exum soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, and soybeans. The

high water table is the main limitation affecting

cropland. Artificial drainage systems may be needed

to remove excess water. Planting winter cover crops,

managing crop residue, and conservation tillage help

to maintain tilth and conserve moisture.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting woodland.

Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning,

and applying herbicides, can help to establish

seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and

reduce the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 82 feet.

The high water table and the moderately slow

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing

drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing

foundations, and land shaping so that surface water

and runoff are directed away from dwellings can

minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing a

drainage system around the septic tank absorption

field may be needed to minimize problems caused by

wetness and prevent the contamination of ground

water. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption

field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 8A.

FuB—Fuquay sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes. This

nearly level and gently sloping, very deep, well drained

soil is on broad, smooth, upland ridges in the Fall Line

region of the upper Coastal Plain. Individual areas are

irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 100

acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown sand

Subsurface layer:

9 to 25 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

25 to 36 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam that has

strong brown mottles

36 to 42 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam

that has very pale brown mottles

42 to 51 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has light brownish gray and red mottles and

common plinthite nodules

51 to 62 inches—reticulately mottled red, light

brownish gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam

that has pockets of sandy clay and common

plinthite nodules

62 to 70 inches—reticulately mottled red, light

brownish gray, and strong brown sandy loam that

has pockets of clay loam and common plinthite

nodules

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil

and slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: Low

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from

January through March

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Emporia and Dothan soils. Emporia soils have less

than 5 percent plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil and

have a subsoil that is thinner than that of the Fuquay

soil. Emporia and Dothan soils are intermingled with
42 Soil Survey

the Fuquay soil in some areas. Dothan soils have a

sandy surface layer that is less than 20 inches thick.

Also included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Fuquay soil. These soils have less than 5 percent

plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil. Dissimilar

inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Fuquay soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, and tobacco.

The droughtiness of the thick, sandy surface layer, a

hazard of soil blowing, the low available water

capacity, and the leaching of plant nutrients are the

main limitations affecting cropland. Irrigation may be

needed during dry periods. Blowing sand may damage

young plants. Planting winter cover crops, managing

crop residue, conservation tillage, establishing

windbreaks, and including close-growing grasses and

legumes in the cropping system help to control soil

blowing, maintain tilth, and conserve moisture.

Fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, should be used in split

applications.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy

surface layer is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Seedling mortality is a hazard during

dry periods. When dry, the sandy layers are soft and

may limit the use of equipment. Based on a 50-year

site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 80

feet.

The perched water table and the slow permeability

in the lower part of the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing

drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing

foundations, and land shaping so that surface water

and runoff are directed away from dwellings can

minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing

diversions that intercept runoff from the higher areas

can also minimize problems caused by wetness that

affect septic tank absorption fields. Increasing the size

of the septic tank absorption field can help to minimize

the permeability limitation. A specially designed septic

system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIs. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8S.

GoA—Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes. This nearly level, very deep,

moderately well drained soil is on broad, smooth,

upland flats, in depressions, and along drainageways

of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in

shape and range from about 10 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 18 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

18 to 25 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has strong brown mottles

25 to 35 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has gray and strong brown mottles

35 to 52 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, and

strong brown sandy clay loam

52 to 72 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong

brown, and red sandy clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 2.0 to 2.5 feet from

December through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Emporia, Noboco, Lynchburg, and Rains soils. The

well drained Emporia and Noboco soils are in the

slightly higher areas. The somewhat poorly drained

Lynchburg soils and the poorly drained Rains soils are

in the slightly lower areas. Also included are soils

having a clayey subsoil that are intermingled with the

Goldsboro soil in some areas. Dissimilar inclusions

make up about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Goldsboro soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, and corn. The

high water table is the main limitation affecting

cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet

periods. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to

remove excess water. Planting winter cover crops,

managing crop residue, and conservation tillage help

to maintain tilth and conserve moisture.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 88 feet.

The high water table is the main limitation affecting
Halifax County, North Carolina 43

building site development and septic tank absorption

fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system

around the septic tank absorption field may be needed

to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent

the contamination of ground water. A specially

designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 9A.

GrA—Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes.

This nearly level, very deep, poorly drained soil is on

broad, smooth, upland flats, in depressions, and along

drainageways of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas

are irregular in shape and range from about 50 to 500

acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark gray loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 12 inches—light brownish gray loam that has

yellow mottles

Subsoil:

12 to 17 inches—light brownish gray loam that has

brownish yellow and strong brown mottles

17 to 21 inches—light gray loam that has brownish

yellow and strong brown mottles

21 to 45 inches—light gray loam that has brownish

yellow and strong brown mottles

45 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam that has

light gray, brownish yellow, and red mottles

60 to 75 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that

has brownish yellow and strong brown mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Very slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from

December through May

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Exum, Nahunta, and Bethera soils. The moderately

well drained Exum soils and the somewhat poorly

drained Nahunta soils are in the slightly higher areas.

Bethera soils have a clayey subsoil. They are

intermingled with the Grantham soil in some areas.

Also included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Grantham soil but are very poorly drained.

Dissimilar inclusions make up about 13 percent of this

map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In drained and cultivated areas of this Grantham

soil, the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small

grain. The high water table and the moderately slow

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be

needed to remove excess water, but a lack of suitable

outlets and the permeability can restrict the use of

many drainage systems.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The high water table, competition from

undesirable plant species, and a hazard of windthrow

are the main limitations affecting woodland. The use of

equipment may be restricted to periods when the soil

is dry. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to

remove excess water, but the lack of suitable outlets

can restrict the use of many drainage systems.

Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning,

and bedding, can help to establish seedlings, reduce

the seedling mortality rate, and reduce the competition

from undesirable plant species. Thinning stands

carefully, avoiding damage to surficial root systems,

and periodically removing windthrown trees may be

needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site

index for loblolly pine is 86 feet.

The high water table and the moderately slow

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing

drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing

foundations, and land shaping so that surface water

and runoff are directed away from dwellings can

minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing a

drainage system around the septic tank absorption

field may be needed to minimize problems caused by

wetness and prevent the contamination of ground

water. The lack of suitable outlets may be a problem in

some areas. Increasing the size of the septic tank

absorption field can help to minimize the permeability

limitation. A specially designed septic system may be

needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIw in drained areas

and VIw in undrained areas. Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, the woodland ordination symbol

is 9W.
44 Soil Survey

GtB—Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes. This gently sloping, very deep, moderately

well drained soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of

the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in

shape and range from about 25 to 350 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

14 to 27 inches—yellowish brown clay that has

yellowish red mottles

27 to 42 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown

clay

42 to 57 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown

clay that has pockets of sandy clay loam

Substratum:

57 to 60 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown

clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from

December through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Emporia, Noboco, Marlboro, and Goldsboro soils. The

well drained Emporia and Noboco soils have a loamy

subsoil and are in the slightly higher and smoother

areas. Noboco and Marlboro soils have a subsoil that

is thicker than that of the Gritney soil. The well drained

Marlboro soils are in the slightly smoother areas.

Goldsboro soils have a loamy subsoil and are on flats,

in depressions, and along drainageways. In some

areas eroded soils having a surface layer of sandy

clay loam are intermingled with the Gritney soil. Also

included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Gritney soil but have more silt in the subsoil.

Dissimilar inclusions make up about 20 percent of this

map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Gritney soil, the major

crops are corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, and

peanuts. The hazard of erosion, a water table that is

perched during wet periods, and the slow permeability

in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting

cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet

periods. Planting winter cover crops and managing

crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and

maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 84 feet.

The perched water table, the slow permeability in

the subsoil, and the moderate shrink-swell potential

are the main limitations affecting building site

development and septic tank absorption fields in areas

of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to

footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land

shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed

away from dwellings can minimize problems caused

by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept runoff

from the higher areas can also minimize problems

caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption

fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption

field can help to minimize the permeability limitation.

Placing extra reinforcement in footings and

foundations and backfilling with sandy material can

minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and

swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 8A.

GtC—Gritney fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent

slopes. This moderately sloping, very deep,

moderately well drained soil is on side slopes of the

Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape

and range from about 25 to 50 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

14 to 27 inches—yellowish brown clay that has

yellowish red mottles
Halifax County, North Carolina 45

27 to 42 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown

clay

42 to 57 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown

clay that has pockets of sandy clay loam

Substratum:

57 to 60 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown

clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from

December through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Emporia soils. These well drained soils have a loamy

subsoil. They are in the smoother areas. In some

areas eroded soils having a surface layer of sandy

clay loam are intermingled with the Gritney soil. Also

included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Gritney soil but have more silt in the subsoil.

Dissimilar inclusions make up about 10 percent of this

map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Gritney soil, the major

crops are corn, soybeans, cotton, and tobacco. The

slope, the hazard of erosion, a water table that is

perched during wet periods, and the slow permeability

in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting

cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet

periods. Planting winter cover crops and managing

crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and

maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 84 feet.

The perched water table, the slow permeability in

the subsoil, the slope, and a moderate shrink-swell

potential are the main limitations affecting building site

development and septic tank absorption fields in areas

of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to

footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land

shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed

away from dwellings can minimize problems caused

by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept runoff

from the higher areas can also minimize problems

caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption

fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption

field can help to minimize the permeability limitation.

Designing dwellings so that they conform to the

natural slope and land shaping can help to overcome

the slope limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in

footings and foundations and backfilling with sandy

material can minimize the damage caused by the

shrinking and swelling of clay. A specially designed

septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IVe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 8A.

GyB2—Gritney sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded. This gently sloping, very deep,

moderately well drained soil is on upland ridges and

side slopes of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are

irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 50 acres

in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has red mottles

Subsoil:

4 to 15 inches—yellowish brown clay that has red

mottles

15 to 26 inches—mottled yellowish brown, red, and

light gray clay

26 to 38 inches—mottled yellowish brown, red, light

gray, and dark red clay that has pockets of sandy

clay loam

Substratum:

38 to 46 inches—mottled yellowish brown, red, light

gray, and dark red sandy clay loam that has

pockets of sandy clay

46 to 60 inches—mottled yellowish brown, red, light

gray, and dark red sandy clay

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid
46 Soil Survey

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from

December through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Emporia soils. These well drained soils have a loamy

subsoil. They are in the slightly higher and smoother

areas. In some areas noneroded soils have a surface

layer of sandy loam. Also included are small areas of

soils that have major properties, use, and

management similar to those of the Gritney soil but

have more silt in the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions

make up about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Gritney soil, the major

crops are corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, and

peanuts. The hazard of erosion, a water table that is

perched during wet periods, the slow permeability in

the subsoil, and poor tilth are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Planting winter cover crops and managing

crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and

maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species and the high content of clay in the upper 10

inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting

woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier

periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer

and possible root damage from compaction. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 80 feet.

The perched water table, the slow permeability in

the subsoil, and a moderate shrink-swell potential are

the main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Installing drainage systems next to footings,

adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so

that surface water and runoff are directed away from

dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness.

Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the

higher areas can also minimize problems caused by

wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation.

Placing extra reinforcement in footings and

foundations and backfilling with sandy material can

minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and

swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IVe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 8C.

HeA—Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.

This nearly level, very deep, moderately well drained

soil is at the head of drainageways and along

drainageways of the Piedmont. Individual areas are

irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 50 acres

in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 8 inches—very pale brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 15 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay that has

red mottles

15 to 20 inches—reddish yellow clay that has gray and

red mottles

20 to 26 inches—mottled gray, reddish yellow, and red

clay

26 to 37 inches—gray clay that has white and reddish

yellow mottles

37 to 48 inches—mottled gray, white, and reddish

yellow clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay

loam

Substratum:

48 to 62 inches—mottled gray, white, and reddish

yellow saprolite of sandy clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from

January through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Chewacla and Wehadkee soils. The somewhat poorly

drained Chewacla soils and the poorly drained

Wehadkee soils have a loamy subsoil. They are on
Halifax County, North Carolina 47

flood plains. Also included are soils having a loamy

subsoil that are intermingled with the Helena soil in

some areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Helena soil, the major

crops are tobacco, soybeans, and corn. A water table

that is perched during wet periods and the slow

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Planting winter cover crops, managing

crop residue, and conservation tillage help to maintain

tilth and conserve moisture. In areas where slopes are

3 percent, conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species and the high content of clay in the upper 10

inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting

woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier

periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer

and possible root damage from compaction. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 84 feet.

The perched water table, the slow permeability in

the subsoil, and a high shrink-swell potential are the

main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Installing drainage systems next to footings,

adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so

that surface water and runoff are directed away from

dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness.

Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the

higher areas can also minimize problems caused by

wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation.

Placing extra reinforcement in footings and

foundations and backfilling with sandy material can

minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and

swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 8A.

HrB—Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.

This gently sloping, very deep, well drained soil is on

upland ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont.

Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from

about 10 to 50 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—strong brown silty clay

19 to 31 inches—strong brown silty clay that has red

mottles

31 to 39 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has

yellow mottles

39 to 45 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red,

yellow, and red silty clay loam

Substratum:

45 to 61 inches—mottled light gray, yellow, pinkish

white, and red saprolite of silt loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Lignum soils. These moderately well drained and

somewhat poorly drained soils are on flats, at the head

of drainageways, and along drainageways. In some

areas eroded soils that have a surface layer of silty

clay loam or soils that have soft weathered bedrock

within a depth of 60 inches are intermingled with the

Herndon soil. Also included are small areas of soils

that have major properties, use, and management

similar to those of the Herndon soil but have a red

subsoil or a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make

up about 5 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Herndon soil, the major

crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting

cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing

crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and

maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and
48 Soil Survey

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species and the high content of clay in the upper 10

inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting

woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier

periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer

and possible root damage from compaction. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 81 feet.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil is the

main limitation affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8A.

HrC—Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes.

This moderately sloping, very deep, well drained soil is

on side slopes of the Piedmont. Individual areas are

irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 50 acres

in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—strong brown silty clay

19 to 31 inches—strong brown silty clay that has red

mottles

31 to 39 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has

yellow mottles

39 to 45 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red,

yellow, and red silty clay loam

Substratum:

45 to 61 inches—mottled light gray, yellow, pinkish

white, and red saprolite of silt loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Lignum soils. These moderately well drained and

somewhat poorly drained soils are on flats, at the head

of drainageways, and along drainageways. In some

areas eroded soils that have a surface layer of silty

clay loam or soils that have soft weathered bedrock

within a depth of 60 inches are intermingled with the

Herndon soil. Also included are small areas of soils

that have major properties, use, and management

similar to those of the Herndon soil but have a red

subsoil or a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make

up about 5 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Herndon soil, the major

crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The slope and the hazard of erosion are the main

limitations affecting cropland. Planting winter cover

crops and managing crop residue help to control

runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation

practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop

rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed

waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help

to conserve water and control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species and the high content of clay in the upper 10

inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting

woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier

periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer

and possible root damage from compaction. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 81 feet.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil and the

slope are the main limitations affecting building site

development and septic tank absorption fields in areas

of this soil. Increasing the size of the septic tank

absorption field can help to minimize the permeability

limitation. Designing dwellings so that they conform to

the natural slope, land shaping, and installing the

septic tank absorption lines on the contour can help to

overcome the slope limitation. A specially designed

septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 8A.
Halifax County, North Carolina 49

LgA—Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.

This nearly level, deep, moderately well drained and

somewhat poorly drained soil is on broad, smooth,

upland flats, at the head of drainageways, and along

drainageways of the Piedmont. Individual areas are

irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 100

acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—grayish brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 7 inches—light gray silt loam that has yellow

mottles

Subsoil:

7 to 13 inches—yellow silt loam that has brownish

yellow and pale brown mottles

13 to 22 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that

has gray mottles

22 to 34 inches—brownish yellow silty clay that has

light gray and strong brown mottles

34 to 46 inches—mottled pale brown, gray, and strong

brown silty clay

Substratum:

46 to 58 inches—mottled pale olive, pale yellow, and

white saprolite of silty clay loam

Soft bedrock:

58 to 63 inches—mottled pale olive, pale yellow, and

white, strongly weathered slate rock

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 1.0 to 2.5 feet from

December through May

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Chewacla and Wehadkee soils. The somewhat poorly

drained Chewacla soils and the poorly drained

Wehadkee soils have a loamy subsoil. They are on

flood plains. In some areas soils that have soft

weathered bedrock within a depth of 40 inches are

intermingled with the Lignum soil. Also included are

areas that have 15 percent rock fragments on the

surface and in the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make

up about 15 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Lignum soil, the major

crops are tobacco, corn, and soybeans. A water table

that is perched during wet periods and the very slow

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Planting winter cover crops, managing

crop residue, and conservation tillage help to maintain

tilth and conserve moisture. In areas where slopes are

3 percent, conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve moisture and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The perched water table and competition

from undesirable plant species are the main limitations

affecting woodland. The perched water table may

restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil

is dry. Intensive site preparation, such as chopping,

burning, and applying herbicides, helps to control the

competition from undesirable plant species. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 76 feet.

The perched water table and the slow permeability

in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting building

site development and septic tank absorption fields in

areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to

footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land

shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed

away from dwellings can minimize problems caused

by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept runoff

from the higher areas can also minimize problems

caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption

fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption

field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 7W.

LyA—Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes. This nearly level, very deep, somewhat poorly

drained soil is on broad, smooth, upland flats, in

depressions, and along drainageways of the Coastal

Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range

from about 15 to 300 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—pale brown sandy clay loam that has

light gray and brownish yellow mottles

19 to 50 inches—mottled gray, strong brown, and red

sandy clay loam
50 Soil Survey

50 to 68 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has

brownish yellow, strong brown, and red mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from

November through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Goldsboro and Rains soils. The moderately well

drained Goldsboro soils are in the slightly higher

areas. The poorly drained Rains soils are in the slightly

lower areas. Also included are soils having a clayey

subsoil that are intermingled with the Lynchburg soil in

some areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 17

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In drained and cultivated areas of this Lynchburg

soil, the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small

grain. The high water table is the main limitation

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be

needed to remove excess water, but a lack of suitable

outlets can restrict the use of many drainage systems.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The high water table and competition

from undesirable plant species are the main limitations

affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be

restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial

drainage systems may be needed to remove excess

water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the

use of many drainage systems. Intensive site

preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding,

can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling

mortality rate, and reduce the competition from

undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site

curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 86 feet.

The high water table is the main limitation affecting

building site development and septic tank absorption

fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system

around the septic tank absorption field may be needed

to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent

the contamination of ground water. The lack of suitable

outlets may be a problem in some areas. A specially

designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 9W.

MrA—Marlboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes. This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil

is on broad, smooth, upland ridges of the Coastal

Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range

from about 5 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

16 to 48 inches—yellowish brown clay that has

yellowish red mottles

48 to 52 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light

gray, yellowish red, and red mottles

52 to 66 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

yellowish red, and red clay

66 to 74 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

yellowish red, and red clay

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from

December through March

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Emporia and Goldsboro soils. Emporia soils have a

loamy subsoil that is thinner than that of the Marlboro

soil. They are intermingled with the Marlboro soil in

some areas. The moderately well drained Goldsboro

soils are on flats, in depressions, and along

drainageways. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 30

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as pasture or woodland.

In cultivated areas of this Marlboro soil, the major

crops are tobacco, cotton, peanuts, corn, soybeans,

and small grain. The high water table is the main

limitation affecting cropland. Cultivation may be

delayed during wet periods. Planting winter cover

crops, managing crop residue, and conservation

tillage help to maintain tilth and conserve moisture.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as
Halifax County, North Carolina 51

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 82 feet.

The high water table and the moderate permeability

in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting building

site development and septic tank absorption fields in

areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to

footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land

shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed

away from dwellings can minimize problems caused

by wetness. Installing a drainage system around the

septic tank absorption field may be needed to

minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent

the contamination of ground water. Increasing the size

of the septic tank absorption field can help to minimize

the permeability limitation. A specially designed septic

system may be needed.

The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine

as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8A.

MrB—Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes. This gently sloping, very deep, well drained

soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the Coastal

Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range

from about 10 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

16 to 48 inches—yellowish brown clay that has

yellowish red mottles

48 to 52 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light

gray, yellowish red, and red mottles

52 to 66 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

yellowish red, and red clay

66 to 74 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray,

yellowish red, and red clay

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from

December through March

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Emporia, Gritney, and Goldsboro soils. Emporia soils

have a loamy subsoil that is thinner than that of the

Marlboro soil. They are intermingled with the Marlboro

soil in some areas. The moderately well drained

Gritney soils are on shoulders and in the more sloping

areas. The moderately well drained Goldsboro soils

are on flats, in depressions, and along drainageways.

Also included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Marlboro soil but have a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar

inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Marlboro soil, the major

crops are tobacco, cotton, peanuts, corn, soybeans,

and small grain. The hazard of erosion and the high

water table are the main limitations affecting cropland.

Cultivation may be delayed during wet periods.

Planting winter cover crops and managing crop

residue help to control runoff and erosion and maintain

tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till planting,

stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field

borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 82 feet.

The high water table and the moderate permeability

in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting building

site development and septic tank absorption fields in

areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to

footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land

shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed

away from dwellings can minimize problems caused

by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept runoff

from the higher areas can also minimize problems

caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption

fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption

field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8A.

NaA—Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.

This nearly level, very deep, somewhat poorly drained

soil is on broad, smooth, upland flats, in depressions,

and along drainageways of the Coastal Plain.

Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from

about 15 to 300 acres in size.
52 Soil Survey

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown loam that has

light brownish gray and yellowish brown mottles

19 to 25 inches—light yellowish brown loam that has

gray, brownish yellow, and strong brown mottles

25 to 42 inches—gray clay loam that has yellowish

brown and yellowish red mottles

42 to 56 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish

yellow, very pale brown, and light gray mottles

56 to 69 inches—light gray clay loam that has

brownish yellow mottles

69 to 75 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish

yellow mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 1.0 to 1.5 feet from

December through May

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Exum and Grantham soils. The moderately well

drained Exum soils are in the slightly higher areas.

The poorly drained Grantham soils are in the slightly

lower areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 23

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In drained and cultivated areas of this Nahunta soil,

the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The high water table and the moderately slow

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be

needed to remove excess water, but a lack of suitable

outlets and the permeability restrict the use of many

drainage systems.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The high water table and competition

from undesirable plant species are the main limitations

affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be

restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial

drainage systems may be needed to remove excess

water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the

use of many drainage systems. Intensive site

preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding,

can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling

mortality rate, and reduce the competition from

undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site

curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 87 feet.

The high water table and the moderately slow

permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing

drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing

foundations, and land shaping so that surface water

and runoff are directed away from dwellings can

minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing a

drainage system around the septic tank absorption

field may be needed to minimize problems caused by

wetness and prevent the contamination of ground

water. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption

field can help to minimize the permeability limitation.

The lack of suitable outlets can restrict the use of

many drainage systems. A specially designed septic

system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 9W.

NkB—Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6

percent slopes. This nearly level and gently sloping,

very deep, well drained soil is on upland ridges and

side slopes in the Fall Line region of the upper Coastal

Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range

from about 10 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loamy sand

that has common ironstone nodules (fig. 6)

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish

red and red mottles and common ironstone

nodules

14 to 25 inches—yellowish red clay that has strong

brown mottles and common ironstone nodules

25 to 44 inches—red clay that has strong brown

mottles and common ironstone nodules

44 to 52 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red,

and red clay that has few ironstone nodules

Substratum:

52 to 64 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red,

and red sandy clay loam that has pockets of

sandy clay

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium
Halifax County, North Carolina 53

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Dothan and Emporia soils. These soils have a loamy

subsoil. They are intermingled with the Nankin soil in

some areas. Dothan soils have more than 5 percent

plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil. Also included are

small areas of soils that have major properties, use,

and management similar to those of the Nankin soil

but have a thicker subsoil. Soils in some areas do not

have a gravelly surface layer or do not have common

Figure 6.—Ironstone nodules on Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes.
54 Soil Survey

ironstone nodules in the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions

make up about 15 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Nankin soil, the major

crops are tobacco, cotton, peanuts, corn, soybeans,

and small grain. The hazard of erosion and the

moderately slow permeability in the subsoil are the

main limitations affecting cropland. Planting winter

cover crops and managing crop residue help to control

runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation

practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop

rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed

waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help

to conserve water and control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species and the high content of clay in the upper 10

inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting

woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier

periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer

and possible root damage from compaction. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 80 feet.

The moderately slow permeability in the subsoil is

the main limitation affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8A.

NoA—Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes. This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil

is on broad, smooth, upland ridges of the lower

Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape

and range from about 15 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 18 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam that

has brownish yellow mottles

Subsoil:

18 to 30 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

30 to 42 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has yellowish red and pale yellow mottles

42 to 54 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has light gray, yellowish red, and strong brown

mottles

54 to 64 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has light gray, yellowish red, and red mottles and

pockets of sandy clay

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 2.5 to 4.0 feet from

December through March

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Exum and Goldsboro soils. These moderately well

drained soils are on flats, in depressions, and along

drainageways. Exum soils have more silt in the subsoil

than the Noboco soil. Also included are small areas of

soils that have major properties, use, and

management similar to those of the Noboco soil but

have a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Noboco soil, the major

crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, tobacco, and

soybeans. The high water table is the main limitation

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Planting winter cover crops, managing

crop residue, and conservation tillage help to maintain

tilth and conserve moisture.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 90 feet.

The high water table is the main limitation affecting

building site development and septic tank absorption

fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system

around the septic tank absorption field may be needed

to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent
Halifax County, North Carolina 55

the contamination of ground water. A specially

designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine

as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

PaB—Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.

This gently sloping, very deep, well drained soil is on

upland ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont.

Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from

about 10 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 27 inches—red clay

27 to 35 inches—red clay loam

Substratum:

35 to 63 inches—mottled white, reddish yellow, and

red saprolite of sandy clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are

at the head of drainageways and along drainageways.

In some areas eroded soils that have a surface layer

of sandy clay loam are intermingled with the Pacolet

soil. Also included are small areas of soils that have

major properties, use, and management similar to

those of the Pacolet soil but have a yellow subsoil or a

thicker subsoil. Soils in some areas have a surface

layer of gravelly sandy loam. Dissimilar inclusions

make up about 15 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Pacolet soil, the major

crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting

cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing

crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and

maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve moisture and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species and the high content of clay in the upper 10

inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting

woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier

periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer

and possible root damage from compaction. Based on

a 50-year site index curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 85 feet.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil is the

main limitation affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8A.

PeB2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded. This gently sloping, very deep, well

drained soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the

Piedmont. Individual areas are irregular in shape and

range from about 10 to 50 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

2 to 21 inches—red clay

21 to 28 inches—mottled yellow, white, and red sandy

clay loam

Substratum:

28 to 64 inches—mottled yellow, white, brown, and red

saprolite of sandy clay loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are

at the head of drainageways and along drainageways.

In some areas noneroded soils that have a surface
56 Soil Survey

layer of sandy loam are intermingled with the Pacolet

soil. Also included are small areas of soils that have

major properties, use, and management similar to

those of the Pacolet soil but have a yellow subsoil or a

thicker subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Pacolet soil, the major

crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The hazard of erosion and poor tilth are the main

limitations affecting cropland. Planting winter cover

crops and managing crop residue help to control

runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation

practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop

rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed

waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help

to conserve water and control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species and the high content of clay in the upper 10

inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting

woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier

periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer

and possible root damage from compaction. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 70 feet.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil is the

main limitation affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 6C.

RaA—Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes. This nearly level, very deep, poorly drained

soil is on broad, smooth, upland flats, in depressions,

and along drainageways of the Coastal Plain.

Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from

about 10 to 500 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has

brownish yellow and reddish yellow mottles

15 to 28 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has

brownish yellow and reddish yellow mottles

28 to 40 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish

yellow and reddish yellow mottles

40 to 55 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish

yellow, reddish yellow, and yellowish red mottles

55 to 72 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish

yellow and reddish yellow mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from

November through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Bethera and Lynchburg soils. Bethera soils have a

clayey subsoil. They are intermingled with the Rains

soil in some areas. The somewhat poorly drained

Lynchburg soils are in the slightly higher areas.

Dissimilar inclusions make up about 7 percent of this

map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In drained and cultivated areas of this Rains soil,

the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The high water table is the main limitation affecting

cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet

periods. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to

remove excess water, but a lack of suitable outlets can

restrict the use of many drainage systems.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The high water table, competition from

undesirable plant species, and a hazard of windthrow

are the main limitations affecting woodland. The use of

equipment may be restricted to periods when the soil

is dry. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to

remove excess water, but the lack of suitable outlets

can restrict the use of many drainage systems.

Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning,

and bedding, can help to establish seedlings, reduce

the seedling mortality rate, and reduce the competition

from undesirable plant species. Thinning stands

carefully, avoiding damage to surficial root systems,

and periodically removing windthrown trees may be

needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site

index for loblolly pine is 90 feet.

The high water table is the main limitation affecting

building site development and septic tank absorption
Halifax County, North Carolina 57

fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system

around the septic tank absorption field may be needed

to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent

the contamination of ground water. The lack of suitable

outlets may be a problem in some areas. A specially

designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 9W.

RmA—Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded. This nearly level, very deep,

well drained soil is on flood plains along the Roanoke

River and the major streams of the Piedmont and the

Coastal Plain. Individual areas are long and narrow

and range from about 15 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 15 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

15 to 18 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

18 to 32 inches—strong brown clay loam

Substratum:

32 to 38 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

38 to 42 inches—brown fine sandy loam

42 to 50 inches—dark brown loam

50 to 63 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from

December through March

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Chewacla soils. These somewhat poorly drained soils

are in depressions and along drainageways. Also

included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Riverview soil but have more silt in the subsoil.

Dissimilar inclusions make up about 10 percent of this

map unit.

Most of the map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as pasture or woodland.

In cultivated areas of this Riverview soil, the major

crops are corn and soybeans. The hazard of flooding

and the high water table are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during

wet periods. Planting winter cover crops, managing

crop residue, and conservation tillage help to maintain

tilth and conserve moisture.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The hazard of flooding and competition

from undesirable plant species are the main limitations

affecting woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and bedding, can help to establish

seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and

reduce the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 100 feet.

The hazard of flooding and the high water table are

the main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Because of the hazard of occasional flooding, sites for

dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be

selected on more suitable soils.

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 11A.

RoA—Roanoke loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded. This nearly level, very deep,

poorly drained soil is on broad, smooth flats, in

depressions, and along drainageways on fluvial

terraces along the Roanoke River and its major

tributaries. Individual areas are irregular in shape and

range from about 10 to 500 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—very dark gray loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 8 inches—grayish brown loam that has yellowish

brown mottles

Subsoil:

8 to 52 inches—gray clay that has light yellowish

brown and strong brown mottles

Substratum:

52 to 70 inches—mottled light brownish gray and

yellowish red loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Very slow
58 Soil Survey

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from

November through May

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Dogue, Wahee, and Tomotley soils. The moderately

well drained Dogue soils and the somewhat poorly

drained Wahee soils are in the slightly higher areas.

Tomotley soils have a loamy subsoil. They are

intermingled with the Roanoke soil in some areas.

Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5 percent of this

map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In drained and cultivated areas of this Roanoke soil,

the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and the

very slow permeability in the subsoil are the main

limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be

delayed during wet periods. Artificial drainage systems

may be needed to remove excess water, but a lack of

suitable outlets and the permeability restrict the use of

many drainage systems.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The hazard of flooding, the high water

table, competition from undesirable plant species, the

high content of clay in the upper 10 inches of the soil,

and a hazard of windthrow are the main limitations

affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be

restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial

drainage systems may be needed to remove excess

water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the

use of many drainage systems. Intensive site

preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding,

can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling

mortality rate, and reduce the competition from

undesirable plant species. Unsurfaced roads may be

impassable during wet periods because of the high

content of clay in the upper 10 inches of the soil.

Logging during the drier periods helps to prevent

rutting of the surface layer and possible root damage

from compaction. Thinning stands carefully, avoiding

damage to surficial root systems, and periodically

removing windthrown trees may be needed. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 98 feet where the soil is drained. Based on a

50-year site curve, the mean site index for sweetgum

is 90 feet where the soil is undrained.

The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and

the very slow permeability in the subsoil are the main

limitations affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Because of the hazard of occasional flooding, sites for

dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be

selected on more suitable soils.

The land capability subclass is IIIw in drained areas

and IVw in undrained areas. Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, the woodland ordination symbol

is 10W in drained areas. Based on sweetgum as the

indicator species, it is 7W in undrained areas.

SeA—Seabrook loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded. This nearly level, very deep,

moderately well drained soil is on broad, smooth flats,

in depressions, and along drainageways on fluvial

terraces along Fishing Creek. Individual areas are

irregular in shape and range from about 15 to 50 acres

in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown loamy sand

Substratum:

9 to 24 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand

24 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand

that has light gray mottles

31 to 36 inches—light yellowish brown coarse sand

that has light gray mottles

36 to 63 inches—yellowish brown coarse sand that

has light brownish gray mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: Very low

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 2.0 to 3.0 feet from

December through March

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Altavista and Tarboro soils. Altavista soils have a

loamy subsoil. They are intermingled with the

Seabrook soil in some areas. The somewhat

excessively drained Tarboro soils are in the slightly

higher areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 25

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture. Some areas are

excavated for sand.

In cultivated areas of this Seabrook soil, the major

crops are soybeans and corn. The hazard of flooding,

the high water table, the droughtiness of the thick,

sandy layer, a hazard of soil blowing, the low available

water capacity, and the leaching of plant nutrients are

the main limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may

be delayed during wet periods, and irrigation may be

needed during dry periods. Blowing sand may damage

young plants. Planting winter cover crops, managing
Halifax County, North Carolina 59

crop residue, conservation tillage, establishing

windbreaks, and including close-growing grasses and

legumes in the cropping system help to control soil

blowing, maintain tilth, and conserve moisture.

Fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, should be used in split

applications.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy layer

and the low available water capacity are the main

limitations affecting woodland. The droughtiness may

cause seedling mortality during dry periods. When dry,

the sandy layers are soft and may limit the use of

equipment. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean

site index for loblolly pine is 81 feet.

The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and a

poor filtering capacity are the main limitations affecting

building site development and septic tank absorption

fields in areas of this soil. Because of the hazard of

rare flooding, sites for dwellings and septic tank

absorption fields should be selected on more suitable

soils.

The land capability subclass is IIIs. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 8S.

StA—State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes. This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil

is on broad, smooth ridges on fluvial terraces along

the Roanoke River, Fishing Creek, and the larger

streams in the county. Individual areas are irregular in

shape and range from about 15 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 15 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

15 to 44 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

44 to 53 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

53 to 66 inches—strong brown very fine sandy loam

66 to 75 inches—yellowish brown very fine sandy

loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from

December through June

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Altavista soils. These moderately well drained soils are

on flats, in depressions, and along drainageways. Also

included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the State soil but have a red subsoil. Soils in some

areas have more clay or more sand in the subsoil.

Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5 percent of this

map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this State soil, the major crops

are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, corn, and small grain.

There are no significant limitations affecting cropland.

Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue,

and conservation tillage help to maintain tilth and

conserve moisture.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 86 feet.

The high water table is the main limitation affecting

building site development and septic tank absorption

fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system

around the septic tank absorption field may be needed

to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent

the contamination of ground water. A specially

designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine

as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

StB—State fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes. This gently sloping, very deep, well drained

soil is on ridges on fluvial terraces along the Roanoke

River, Fishing Creek, and the larger streams in the

county. Individual areas are irregular in shape and

range from about 15 to 75 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 15 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam
60 Soil Survey

15 to 44 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

44 to 53 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

53 to 66 inches—strong brown very fine sandy loam

66 to 75 inches—yellowish brown very fine sandy

loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from

December through June

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Altavista and Bojac soils. The moderately well drained

Altavista soils are on flats, in depressions, and along

drainageways. Bojac soils have a sandy subsoil. They

are intermingled with the State soil in some areas. In

some areas eroded soils that have a surface layer of

sandy clay loam are intermingled with the State soil.

Also included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the State soil but have a red subsoil. Soils in some

areas have more clay in the subsoil. Dissimilar

inclusions make up about 20 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this State soil, the major crops

are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, corn, and small grain.

The hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting

cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing

crop residue help to maintain tilth and conserve

moisture. Conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve moisture and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 86 feet.

The high water table is the main limitation affecting

building site development and septic tank absorption

fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems

next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and

land shaping so that surface water and runoff are

directed away from dwellings can minimize problems

caused by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept

runoff from the higher areas can also minimize

problems caused by wetness that affect septic tank

absorption fields. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

TaA—Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes.

This nearly level, very deep, somewhat excessively

drained soil is on broad, smooth ridges on fluvial

terraces along Fishing Creek. Individual areas are

irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 150

acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy sand

Substratum:

9 to 29 inches—strong brown loamy sand

29 to 60 inches—brownish yellow coarse sand

60 to 82 inches—light yellowish brown coarse sand

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Very rapid

Available water capacity: Very low

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Seabrook and Bojac soils. The moderately well

drained Seabrook soils are on flats, in depressions,

and along drainageways. Bojac soils have a loamy

subsoil. They are intermingled with the Tarboro soil in

some areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture. Some areas are

excavated for sand (fig. 7).

In cultivated areas of this Tarboro soil, the major

crops are peanuts, corn, and soybeans. The

droughtiness of the thick, sandy layer, a hazard of soil

blowing, the low available water capacity, and the

leaching of plant nutrients are the main limitations

affecting cropland. Irrigation may be needed during dry

periods. Blowing sand may damage young plants.

Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue,

conservation tillage, establishing windbreaks, and

including close-growing grasses and legumes in the

cropping system help to control soil blowing, maintain

tilth, and conserve moisture. Fertilizers, particularly

nitrogen, should be used in split applications.
Halifax County, North Carolina 61

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy layer

and the low available water capacity are the main

limitations affecting woodland. The droughtiness may

cause seedling mortality during dry periods. When dry,

the sandy layers are soft and may limit the use of

equipment. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean

site index for loblolly pine is 72 feet.

A poor filtering capacity is the main limitation

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields in areas of this soil. Locating all

septic tank drainage lines away from water sources

helps to prevent the contamination of nearby groundwater supplies. Backfilling septic tank drainage lines

with finer textured material may be needed. A specially

designed septic system also may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIs. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 7S.

Figure 7.—An area of Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes, that has been mined for sand.
62 Soil Survey

TbE—Tatum silt loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes.

This strongly sloping and moderately steep, deep, well

drained soil is on side slopes of the Piedmont.

Individual areas are long and narrow and range from

about 10 to 75 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 26 inches—red silty clay

26 to 40 inches—red silty clay that has brownish

yellow mottles

40 to 49 inches—mottled brownish yellow and red silty

clay loam

Substratum:

49 to 54 inches—mottled brownish yellow, light gray,

and red saprolite of silt loam

Soft bedrock:

54 to 63 inches—mottled light gray and red, strongly

weathered slate rock

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

dissimilar soils. Eroded soils having a surface layer of

silty clay loam and soils having soft weathered

bedrock within a depth of 40 inches are intermingled

with the Tatum soil in some areas. Also included are

small areas of soils that have major properties, use,

and management similar to those of the Tatum soil but

have a yellow subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up

about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as pasture. The map unit is rarely used

as cropland. The slope is the main limitation affecting

the use and management of cropland.

In wooded areas, this Tatum soil is managed

primarily for loblolly pine. The slope, the hazard of

erosion, competition from undesirable plant species,

and the high content of clay in the upper 10 inches of

the soil are the main limitations affecting woodland.

The slope may limit the use of equipment. Logging

roads and skid trails should be installed on the

contour. Water bars and culverts can help to prevent

erosion on sloping roads. Filter strips can help to

prevent stream sedimentation. Stream crossings, if

possible, should not be used. If stream crossings are

necessary, culverts should be installed. When

harvesting is completed, logging roads, skid trails, and

logging decks should be seeded. Intensive site

preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicides, helps to control the competition from

undesirable plant species. Unsurfaced roads may be

impassable during wet periods because of the high

content of clay in the upper 10 inches of the soil.

Logging during the drier periods helps to prevent

rutting of the surface layer and possible root damage

from compaction. Based on a 50-year site curve, the

mean site index for loblolly pine is 75 feet.

The slope is the main limitation affecting building

site development and septic tank absorption fields in

areas of this soil. Designing dwellings so that they

conform to the natural slope and land shaping can

help to overcome the slope limitation. A specially

designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IVe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 7R.

TmB2—Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded. This gently sloping, deep, well

drained soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the

Piedmont. Individual areas are irregular in shape and

range from about 10 to 75 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—strong brown silty clay loam that has

yellowish red mottles

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches—red silty clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

20 to 35 inches—red silty clay that has brownish

yellow mottles

Substratum:

35 to 50 inches—mottled yellow, light gray, weak red,

and red saprolite of silt loam

Soft bedrock:

50 to 62 inches—mottled light gray and red, strongly

weathered slate rock

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet
Halifax County, North Carolina 63

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Lignum soils. These moderately well drained and

somewhat poorly drained soils are on flats, at the head

of drainageways, and along drainageways. In some

areas noneroded soils that have a surface layer of silt

loam or a gravelly surface layer are intermingled with

the Tatum soil. Soils having soft weathered bedrock

within a depth of 40 inches and soils having soft

weathered bedrock below a depth of 60 inches are

intermingled with the Tatum soil in some areas. Also

included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Tatum soil but have a yellow subsoil or a thicker

subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Tatum soil, the major

crops are soybeans, tobacco, and corn. The hazard of

erosion and poor tilth are the main limitations affecting

cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing

crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and

maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species and the high content of clay in the upper 10

inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting

woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier

periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer

and possible root damage from compaction. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 75 feet.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil, a

moderate shrink-swell potential, and the depth to soft

bedrock are the main limitations affecting building site

development and septic tank absorption fields in areas

of this soil. Increasing the size of the septic tank

absorption field can help to minimize the permeability

limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in footings and

foundations and backfilling with sandy material can

minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and

swelling of clay. Areas of the deeper, included soils

may be better suited to absorption fields. A specially

designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 7A.

TmC2—Tatum silty clay loam, 6 to 10 percent

slopes, eroded. This moderately sloping, deep, well

drained soil is on side slopes of the Piedmont.

Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from

about 10 to 75 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—strong brown silty clay loam that has

yellowish red mottles

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches—red silty clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

20 to 35 inches—red silty clay that has brownish

yellow mottles

Substratum:

35 to 50 inches—mottled yellow, light gray, weak red,

and red saprolite of silt loam

Soft bedrock:

50 to 62 inches—mottled light gray and red, strongly

weathered slate rock

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Lignum soils. These moderately well drained and

somewhat poorly drained soils are at the head of

drainageways and along drainageways. Noneroded

soils that have a surface layer of silt loam or a gravelly

surface layer, soils that have soft weathered bedrock

within a depth of 40 inches, and soils that have soft

weathered bedrock below a depth of 60 inches are

intermingled with the Tatum soil in some areas. Also

included are small areas of soils that have major

properties, use, and management similar to those of

the Tatum soil but have a yellow subsoil or a thicker

subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 10

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Tatum soil, the major

crops are soybeans and corn. The slope, the hazard of

erosion, and poor tilth are the main limitations affecting

cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing
64 Soil Survey

crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and

maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species and the high content of clay in the upper 10

inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting

woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier

periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer

and possible root damage from compaction. Based on

a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly

pine is 75 feet.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil, the slope,

a moderate shrink-swell potential, and the depth to

soft bedrock are the main limitations affecting building

site development and septic tank absorption fields in

areas of this soil. Increasing the size of the septic tank

absorption field can help to minimize the permeability

limitation. Designing dwellings so that they conform to

the natural slope and land shaping can help to

overcome the slope limitation. Placing extra

reinforcement in footings and foundations and

backfilling with sandy material can minimize the

damage caused by the shrinking and swelling of clay.

Areas of the deeper, included soils may be better

suited to absorption fields. A specially designed septic

system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IVe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 7A.

TtA—Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded. This nearly level, very deep,

poorly drained soil is on broad, smooth flats, in

depressions, and along drainageways on fluvial

terraces along the Roanoke River, Fishing Creek, and

the larger streams in the county. Individual areas are

irregular in shape and range from about 50 to 150

acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

that has dark gray and strong brown mottles

9 to 23 inches—light gray clay loam that has yellowish

brown and strong brown mottles

23 to 31 inches—gray clay loam that has yellowish

brown mottles

31 to 40 inches—gray sandy loam that has yellowish

brown mottles and pockets of sandy clay loam

Substratum:

40 to 45 inches—mottled gray, yellow, and yellowish

brown fine sandy loam

45 to 51 inches—light gray loamy sand that has yellow

and yellowish brown mottles

51 to 60 inches—light gray sand

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from

November through April

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Roanoke soils. These soils have a clayey subsoil. They

are intermingled with the Tomotley soil in some areas.

Some areas along Fishing Creek may be more than

rarely flooded. Also included are small areas of soils

that have major properties, use, and management

similar to those of the Tomotley soil but are somewhat

poorly drained. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In drained and cultivated areas of this Tomotley soil,

the major crops are corn and soybeans. The hazard of

flooding and the high water table are the main

limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be

delayed during wet periods. Artificial drainage systems

may be needed to remove excess water, but a lack of

suitable outlets can restrict the use of many drainage

systems.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The hazard of flooding, the high water

table, competition from undesirable plant species, and

a hazard of windthrow are the main limitations

affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be

restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial

drainage systems may be needed to remove excess

water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the

use of many drainage systems. Intensive site
Halifax County, North Carolina 65

preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding,

can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling

mortality rate, and reduce the competition from

undesirable plant species. Thinning stands carefully,

avoiding damage to surficial root systems, and

periodically removing windthrown trees may be

needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site

index for loblolly pine is 97 feet.

The hazard of flooding and the high water table are

the main limitations affecting building site development

and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Because of the hazard of rare flooding, sites for

dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be

selected on more suitable soils.

The land capability subclass is IIIw in drained areas

and IVw in undrained areas. Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, the woodland ordination symbol

is 10W.

TuB—Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes. This gently sloping, very deep, well drained

soil is on ridges on old fluvial terraces of the Roanoke

River in the area of Roanoke Rapids and Weldon.

Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from

about 20 to 150 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 12 inches—mottled strong brown and yellowish

red sandy clay loam

12 to 17 inches—red clay loam

17 to 24 inches—red clay

24 to 44 inches—red clay that has brown mottles

44 to 59 inches—dark red clay

59 to 86 inches—dark red clay that has strong brown

mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Emporia and Gritney soils. Emporia soils have a loamy

subsoil that is thinner than that of the Turbeville soil.

They are intermingled with the Turbeville soil in some

areas. The moderately well drained Gritney soils are

on shoulders. Eroded soils that have a surface layer of

sandy clay loam are intermingled with the Turbeville

soil in some areas. Also included are small areas of

soils that have major properties, use, and

management similar to those of the Turbeville soil but

have a yellow subsoil or a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar

inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland, pasture, or urban land.

In cultivated areas of this Turbeville soil, the major

crops are peanuts, tobacco, cotton, corn, and

soybeans. The hazard of erosion is the main limitation

affecting cropland. Planting winter cover crops and

managing crop residue help to control runoff and

erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation practices,

such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop rotations,

contour farming, field borders, grassed waterways,

and terraces and diversions, can also help to conserve

water and control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 80 feet.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil and a

moderate shrink-swell potential are the main

limitations affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation.

Placing extra reinforcement in footings and

foundations and backfilling with sandy material can

minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and

swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system

may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 8A.

Ud—Udorthents, loamy. These nearly level to

moderately sloping, well drained and moderately well

drained soils are on uplands and fluvial terraces where

natural soil material has been excavated or covered by

earthy fill material. Individual areas are irregular in

shape and range from about 5 to 50 acres in size.

Udorthents generally occur in cut and fill areas or in

areas of borrow pits where soil material has been

removed and placed on an adjacent site. Other areas

of Udorthents include quarries, sand pits, landfills, and

recreational areas, such as playgrounds. Because of

the variable nature of the soils, a typical pedon is not

given.
66 Soil Survey

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate to slow

Available water capacity: Low to high

Surface runoff: Medium to rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate to severe

High water table: Variable; commonly at a depth of 4 to

6 feet from December through March

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained soils on

flats, in depressions, and along drainageways. Some

soils have a clayey or sandy subsoil. Dissimilar

inclusions make up about 25 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used for urban development or as

recreational areas. The highly variable soil properties

are the main limitation affecting the use and

management of cropland.

In wooded areas, this map unit is primarily

unmanaged. The highly disturbed areas and the

variable soil properties are the main limitations

affecting woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and bedding, can help to establish

seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and

reduce competition from undesirable plant species.

Because of the variability of this map unit, a mean site

index is not given.

The high water table and the variability of the soil

properties are the main limitations affecting building

site development and septic tank absorption fields in

areas of this map unit. Sites for dwellings and septic

tank absorption fields should be selected on more

suitable soils.

The land capability subclass is VIIs. This map unit is

not assigned a woodland ordination symbol.

WaA—Wahee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

rarely flooded. This nearly level, very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soil is on broad, smooth

flats, in depressions, and along drainageways on

fluvial terraces along the Roanoke River and its major

tributaries. Individual areas are irregular in shape and

range from about 10 to 50 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam that

has light gray and reddish yellow mottles

13 to 31 inches—mottled light yellowish brown, light

brownish gray, reddish yellow, and red clay

31 to 48 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

reddish yellow mottles

Substratum:

48 to 60 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

reddish yellow mottles

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: Slight

High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from

December through March

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Altavista, Dogue, and Roanoke soils. The moderately

well drained Altavista and Dogue soils are in the

slightly higher areas. Altavista soils have a loamy

subsoil. The poorly drained Roanoke soils are in the

slightly lower areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up

about 25 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In drained and cultivated areas of this Wahee soil,

the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and the

slow permeability in the subsoil are the main

limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be

delayed during wet periods. Artificial drainage systems

may be needed to remove excess water, but a lack of

suitable outlets and the permeability restrict the use of

many drainage systems.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. The high water table and competition

from undesirable plant species are the main limitations

affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be

restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial

drainage systems may be needed to remove excess

water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the

use of many drainage systems. Intensive site

preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding,

can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling

mortality rate, and reduce the competition from

undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site

curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 86 feet.

The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and

the slow permeability in the subsoil are the main

limitations affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Because of the hazard of rare flooding, sites for

dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be

selected on more suitable soils.
Halifax County, North Carolina 67

The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 9W.

WeB—Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes. This gently sloping, very deep, well drained

soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the

Piedmont. Individual areas are irregular in shape and

range from about 10 to 250 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

10 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish

red mottles

19 to 26 inches—strong brown clay that has brownish

yellow and red mottles

26 to 36 inches—strong brown clay loam that has

brownish yellow, white, and red mottles

Substratum:

36 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown, brownish

yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay

loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are

at the head of drainageways and along drainageways.

In some areas eroded soils that have a surface layer

of sandy clay loam are intermingled with the Wedowee

soil. Also included are small areas of soils that have

major properties, use, and management similar to

those of the Wedowee soil but have a red subsoil or a

thicker subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5

percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest

is mainly used as woodland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Wedowee soil, the major

crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting

cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing

crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and

maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till

planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming,

field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and

diversions, can also help to conserve water and

control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 87 feet.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil is the

main limitation affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

WeC—Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent

slopes. This moderately sloping, very deep, well

drained soil is on side slopes of the Piedmont.

Individual areas are long and narrow and range from

about 10 to 75 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

10 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish

red mottles

19 to 26 inches—strong brown clay that has brownish

yellow and red mottles

26 to 36 inches—strong brown clay loam that has

brownish yellow, white, and red mottles

Substratum:

36 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown, brownish

yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay

loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are

at the head of drainageways and along drainageways.

In some areas soils that have a loamy subsoil are
68 Soil Survey

intermingled with the Wedowee soil. Also included are

small areas of soils that have major properties, use,

and management similar to those of the Wedowee soil

but have a red subsoil or a thicker subsoil. Dissimilar

inclusions make up about 5 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as cropland or pasture.

In cultivated areas of this Wedowee soil, the major

crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain.

The slope and the hazard of erosion are the main

limitations affecting cropland. Planting winter cover

crops and managing crop residue help to control

runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation

practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop

rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed

waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help

to conserve water and control erosion.

In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for

loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant

species is the main limitation affecting use and

management. Intensive site preparation, such as

chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to

control the competition from undesirable plant species.

Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for

loblolly pine is 87 feet.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil and the

slope are the main limitations affecting building site

development and septic tank absorption fields in areas

of this soil. Increasing the size of the septic tank

absorption field can help to minimize the permeability

limitation. Designing dwellings so that they conform to

the natural slope, land shaping, and installing the

septic tank absorption lines on the contour can help to

overcome the slope limitation. A specially designed

septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 9A.

WeE—Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 25 percent

slopes. This strongly sloping and moderately steep,

very deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of the

Piedmont. Individual areas are long and narrow and

range from about 15 to 50 acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

10 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish

red mottles

19 to 26 inches—strong brown clay that has brownish

yellow and red mottles

26 to 36 inches—strong brown clay loam that has

brownish yellow, white, and red mottles

Substratum:

36 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown, brownish

yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay

loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are

at the head of drainageways and along drainageways.

In some areas soils that have a loamy subsoil are

intermingled with the Wedowee soil. Also included are

small areas of soils that have major properties, use,

and management similar to those of the Wedowee soil

but have a red subsoil or have a surface layer of

gravelly sandy loam. Dissimilar inclusions make up

about 10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest

is mainly used as pasture. The map unit is rarely used

as cropland. The slope is the main limitation affecting

the use and management of cropland.

In wooded areas, this Wedowee soil is managed

primarily for loblolly pine. The slope, the hazard of

erosion, and competition from undesirable plant

species are the main limitations affecting woodland.

The slope may limit the use of equipment. Logging

roads and skid trails should be installed on the

contour. Water bars and culverts can help to prevent

erosion on sloping roads. Filter strips can help to

prevent stream sedimentation. Stream crossings, if

possible, should not be used. If stream crossings are

necessary, culverts should be installed. When

harvesting is completed, logging roads, skid trails, and

logging decks should be seeded. Intensive site

preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicides, helps to control the competition from

undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site

curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 87 feet.

The slope is the main limitation affecting building

site development and septic tank absorption fields in

areas of this soil. Designing dwellings so that they

conform to the natural slope and land shaping can

help to overcome the slope limitation. A specially

designed septic system may be needed.
Halifax County, North Carolina 69

The land capability subclass is VIe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 9R.

WnF—Winton fine sandy loam, 25 to 45 percent

slopes. This steep, very deep, moderately well

drained soil is on bluffs along the Roanoke River and

on side slopes of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas

are long and narrow and range from about 20 to 100

acres in size.

Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy

loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 9 inches—pale brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—pale yellow sandy clay loam

14 to 23 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam that

has strong brown mottles

23 to 38 inches—brownish yellow clay loam that has

gray and strong brown mottles

38 to 57 inches—mottled brownish yellow, gray, and

strong brown clay loam

57 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown and light gray

sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy loam

Important soil properties—

Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

High water table: At a depth of 2.0 to 3.5 feet from

December through May

Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of

Chewacla soils. These somewhat poorly drained soils

are on flood plains. In some areas soils that are well

drained or have a clayey subsoil are intermingled with

the Winton soil. Also included are small areas of soils

that have major properties, use, and management

similar to those of the Winton soil but have slopes of

15 to 25 percent. Dissimilar inclusions make up about

10 percent of this map unit.

Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The map

unit is rarely used as cropland or pasture. The slope is

the main limitation affecting the use and management

of cropland.

In wooded areas, this Winton soil is managed

primarily for loblolly pine. The slope, the hazard of

erosion, and competition from undesirable plant

species are the main limitations affecting woodland.

The slope may limit the use of equipment. Logging

roads and skid trails should be installed on the

contour. Water bars and culverts can help to prevent

erosion on sloping roads. Filter strips can help to

prevent stream sedimentation. Stream crossings, if

possible, should not be used. If stream crossings are

necessary, culverts should be installed. When

harvesting is completed, logging roads, skid trails, and

logging decks should be seeded. Intensive site

preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicides, helps to control the competition from

undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site

curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 80 feet.

The slope, the perched water table, and the

moderate permeability in the subsoil are the main

limitations affecting building site development and

septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. In the

less sloping areas, designing dwellings so that they

conform to the natural slope, land shaping, and

installing the septic tank absorption lines on the

contour can help to overcome the slope limitation.

Installing drainage systems next to footings,

adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so

that surface water and runoff are directed away from

dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness.

Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the

higher areas can also minimize problems caused by

wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields.

Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field

can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A

specially designed septic system may be needed.

The land capability subclass is VIIe. Based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland

ordination symbol is 10R.

71

In this section, prime farmland is defined and the

soils in Halifax County that are considered prime

farmland are listed.

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important

farmland defined by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the

Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and

fiber. Because the acreage of high-quality farmland is

limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes

that government at local, State, and Federal levels, as

well as individuals, must encourage and facilitate the

wise use of our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland soils, as defined by the U.S.

Department of Agriculture, are soils that are best

suited to food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops.

Such soils have properties that favor the economic

production of sustained high yields of crops. The soils

need only to be treated and managed by acceptable

farming methods. The moisture supply must be

adequate, and the growing season must be sufficiently

long. Prime farmland soils produce the highest yields

with minimal expenditure of energy and economic

resources. Farming these soils results in the least

damage to the environment.

Prime farmland soils may presently be used as

cropland, pasture, or woodland or for other purposes.

They are used for food or fiber or are available for

these uses. Urban or built-up land, public land, and

water areas cannot be considered prime farmland.

Urban or built-up land is any contiguous unit of land 10

acres or more in size that is used for such purposes

as housing, industrial, and commercial sites, sites for

institutions or public buildings, small parks, golf

courses, cemeteries, railroad yards, airports, sanitary

landfills, sewage treatment plants, and water-control

structures. Public land is land not available for farming

in National forests, National parks, military

reservations, and State parks.

Prime farmland soils usually receive an adequate

and dependable supply of moisture from precipitation

or irrigation. The temperature and growing season are

favorable. The acidity or alkalinity level of the soils is

acceptable. The soils have few or no rocks and are

permeable to water and air. They are not excessively

erodible or saturated with water for long periods and

are not frequently flooded during the growing season.

The slope ranges mainly from 0 to 8 percent.

The following map units are considered prime

farmland in Halifax County. The location of each map

unit is shown on the detailed soil maps. The extent of

each unit is given in table 4. The soil qualities that

affect use and management are described in the

section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” This list does not

constitute a recommendation for a particular land use.

Some soils that have a high water table qualify as

prime farmland only in areas where this limitation has

been overcome by drainage measures. The need for

these measures is indicated in parentheses after the

map unit name in the following list. Onsite evaluation is

necessary to determine whether or not this limitation

has been overcome by corrective measures.

The soils identified as prime farmland in Halifax

County are:

AaA Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, rarely flooded

AyA Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

ChA Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

 occasionally flooded (where drained)

DgA Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

DoA Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes

DoB Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes

EmA Emporia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

EmB Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

EwB Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

ExA Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

GoA Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

GrA Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where

drained)

GtB Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

HeA Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

HrB Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

LyA Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes (where drained)

Prime Farmland
72

MrA Marlboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

MrB Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

NaA Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

(where drained)

NkB Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent

slopes

NoA Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

PaB Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

PeB2 Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded

RaA Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes

(where drained)

RmA Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded

StA State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

StB State fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

TmB2 Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,

eroded

TtA Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded (where drained)

TuB Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

WeB Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
73

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis for predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,

highways and other transportation systems, and parks

and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat.

It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations

of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent

construction failures caused by unfavorable soil

properties.

Generally, the soils in Halifax County that are well

suited to crops also are well suited to urban uses. The

data concerning specific soils in the county can be

used in planning future land use patterns. The

potential for farming should be considered relative to

any soil limitations and the potential for nonfarm

development.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain

or create a land use pattern that is in harmony with

nature.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use

it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very

firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

J. Wayne Short, district conservationist, and Bobby G. Brock,

conservation agronomist, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, helped prepare this section.

In 1992, according to North Carolina Agricultural

Statistics, Halifax County had about 105,700 acres of

cropland and 19,000 acres of pasture and hayland.

Cotton was grown on about 39,400 acres, peanuts on

25,470 acres, corn on 18,800 acres, soybeans on

13,400 acres, small grain on 12,500 acres, tobacco on

3,120 acres, and sorghum on 550 acres (7). The

remaining acreage is idle land or is part of the

conservation reserve program. Almost all of the

pasture and hayland is planted to tall fescue.

General management needed for crops and pasture

is suggested in this section. The crops or pasture

plants best suited to the soils are identified; the system

of land capability classification used by the Natural

Resources Conservation Service is explained; and the

estimated yields of the main crops and hay and

pasture plants are listed for each soil.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider the detailed

information given in the description of each soil under

the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in the

tables. Specific information can be obtained from the

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service or the North Carolina Cooperative Extension

Service.

Cropland Management

Soil erosion is a hazard affecting cropland and

pasture on soils that have slopes of more than 2

percent, such as Emporia, Gritney, Marlboro,

Herndon, Pacolet, State, Tatum, Turbeville, and

Wedowee soils. Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan, Fuquay,

Seabrook, and Tarboro soils are subject to soil

blowing.

The economic production of crops needs to include

protecting soil from erosion so that future production is

sustainable. Erosion is damaging for various reasons.

As topsoil is lost, soil productivity and tilth are reduced.

Costly and potentially harmful pesticides, fertilizers,

and lime are removed from the field in addition to the

Use and Management of the Soils
74 Soil Survey

valuable topsoil and organic matter. Erosion degrades

water quality by increasing the amount of sediments

and attached pollutants deposited in streams, lakes,

and reservoirs. Effectively controlling erosion helps to

maintain soil productivity and improve water quality.

The uncontrolled runoff of water is the primary

cause of soil erosion in Halifax County. For many soils,

a lack of available water is the main factor limiting crop

yields. The quantity of roots in the soil and soil texture

greatly influence the amount of water a soil can hold.

Proper resource management systems can reduce

soil loss and conserve moisture.

Resource management systems provide a

protective surface cover, help to control runoff, and

increase the rate of water infiltration. Maintaining a

plant cover for an extended period of time helps to limit

the amount of soil lost through erosion. A conservation

cropping system that includes a substantial plant

cover should be implemented. A plant cover can be

provided by crop residue, cover crops, or grasses

grown in rotation.

Conservation tillage includes planting crops in a

cover of mulch and disturbing the surface as little as

possible. It is recommended for any soil, especially for

soils that have an erosion problem. The sustained

practice of no-till farming that keeps ground cover on

80 percent or more of the surface can improve the

physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil

(fig. 8).

Terraces and diversions help to control erosion by

intercepting the excess runoff of surface water and

safely diverting it to suitable outlets. Grassed

waterways, which are generally planted to tall fescue,

safely dispose of the water runoff. Field borders

consisting of fescue help to filter sediments from water

runoff. These measures are practical and highly

effective on soils that have a uniform slope pattern,

such as Bonneau, Dothan, Emporia, Fuquay, Gritney,

Herndon, Marlboro, Pacolet, State, Tatum, Turbeville,

and Wedowee soils. Contour tillage is an effective

conservation measure on the sloping soils in Halifax

County when it is used with terraces and diversions.

In several of the soils in Halifax County, a

compacted plowpan can form between the topsoil and

the subsoil. The formation of a plowpan is affected by

the amount of traffic across the field and the amount of

tillage performed during wet periods. Plowpans

commonly occur in Aycock, Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan,

Exum, Fuquay, Goldsboro, Lignum, Lynchburg,

Noboco, and Nahunta soils. They reduce infiltration,

root penetration, and permeability. The hazard of

erosion is increased on sloping soils that have

plowpans. A conservation tillage system that includes

using rippers, subsoilers, and chisels and planting

deep-rooted grasses and legumes in rotation can

effectively overcome the problem of pans.

Soil blowing is commonly a hazard on soils that

have a sandy surface layer. Many tons of topsoil are

lost annually from Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan, Fuquay,

Seabrook, and Tarboro soils. The windblown material

is carried into drainage ditches, generally during

March, April, and May. Young plants are the most

damaged by the windblown soil particles. Damage

from soil blowing can be greatly minimized by using a

conservation cropping system that includes cover

crops, crop residue management, close-growing

crops, and conservation tillage. Establishing

windbreaks of tall-growing species of small grain can

help to reduce the damage to young row crops caused

by the wind. Windbreaks are effective in large, open

areas.

Soil tilth is an important factor in crop production. It

influences the germination of seeds and water

infiltration. Soils that have good tilth have a granular

and porous surface layer. Organic matter promotes the

development of desirable soil structure. Conservation

tillage, crop residue management, stripcropping, cover

crops, and grass-based rotations slightly increase the

content of organic matter in soil. The sustained

practice of no-till farming that maintains a significant

ground cover can also increase the content of organic

matter.

Most of the soils in Halifax County have a surface

layer that is fine sandy loam, silt loam, or loam and

has a low content of organic matter. Most of the soils

are subject to the formation of a surface crust after

rainfall. Soils that have a fine textured surface layer,

such as Aycock, Bethera, Chewacla, Dogue, Exum,

Grantham, Herndon, Lignum, Nahunta, Riverview,

Roanoke, Tatum, and Wahee soils, are especially

susceptible. Gritney, Pacolet, and Tatum soils are more

sloping and may have an eroded surface layer, which

also tends to crust. Additions of crop residue, manure,

or mulch and conservation tillage help to prevent

crusting and improve soil structure and tilth.

Fall plowing is not recommended in Halifax County

because a hard crust forms on most of the soils after

intense rains in fall. This crust slows the rate of water

infiltration, greatly increases runoff and erosion during

winter, and exposes the soil to soil blowing in spring. A

protective cover of crop residue helps to prevent

erosion.

Information on the design and applicability of

resource management systems for each kind of soil in

the county can be obtained from the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Halifax County, North Carolina 75

Drainage

Wetness is a management concern on about

30,000 acres in Halifax County that were formerly

wetlands and are currently cultivated. The poorly

drained and somewhat poorly drained Bethera,

Chewacla, Grantham, Lynchburg, Nahunta, Rains,

Roanoke, Tomotley, and Wahee soils require drainage

systems that include tile drainage and land smoothing.

Land smoothing is needed for the successful

production of crops, such as corn, soybeans, and

small grain. The loamy Chewacla, Rains, Lynchburg,

and Tomotley soils respond well to tile drainage.

Peanuts and tobacco can be grown if an adequate

system of surface and subsurface drainage is installed

and maintained. Most of the wet soils in the county

Figure 8.—No-till cotton on Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, helps to control soil erosion and improve soil properties.
76 Soil Survey

respond well to artificial drainage, but the clayey

Bethera, Roanoke, and Wahee soils and the silty

Grantham and Nahunta soils respond slowly. The less

responsive soils require an extensive surface drainage

system that includes drains installed closer to each

other, open channels, and land grading.

Unless artificially drained, the poorly drained and

somewhat poorly drained Bethera, Chewacla,

Grantham, Lynchburg, Nahunta, Rains, Roanoke,

Tomotley, and Wahee soils remain wet until late spring

(fig. 9). If these soils are plowed when wet, clods form

when the soils dry and preparing a good seedbed is

difficult.

Federal and State regulations require that any area

designated as wetlands cannot be altered without prior

approval. Contact the local office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service for identification of

hydric soils and potential wetlands.

Flooding is a problem on several soils that are used

for cropland or pasture. Chewacla and Riverview soils

are on flood plains and are occasionally flooded.

Roanoke soils are on terraces and are occasionally

flooded. Altavista, Seabrook, Tomotley, and Wahee

soils are on terraces and are rarely flooded. Flooding

may occur more often along Fishing Creek, which can

rise quickly if the upper watershed has received

intense rainfall. The flooding is usually brief, lasting 1

to 5 days. Flooding is less common along the Roanoke

River because of the two reservoirs, Gaston Lake and

Roanoke Rapids Lake. It tends to be of longer

duration, however, along the Roanoke River because

extensive amounts of water are released from the

Figure 9.—Wetness is a major limitation affecting crop production in this area of Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.
Halifax County, North Carolina 77

reservoirs over a period of several weeks in order to

maintain lake levels. Flooding along the Roanoke River

has destroyed crops during the growing season. Crop

production can be improved by providing artificial

drainage, such as open ditches or subsurface

drainage tile, that can remove excess surface and

subsurface water.

Soil Fertility

The soils in Halifax County do not have high

enough levels of natural fertility to economically

produce crops. Economic yields require additions of

plant nutrients and lime according to the

recommendations of soil tests.

The soils in the county are naturally acid, and

additions of lime are needed for most crops. Liming

requirements are a major concern on cropland. The

acidity level in the soil affects the availability of many

nutrients to plants and the activity of beneficial

bacteria. Lime adds calcium (from calcitic lime) or

calcium and magnesium (from dolomitic lime). Lime

neutralizes exchangeable aluminum and thus

counteracts the adverse effects that high levels of

aluminum can have on many of the important crops

grown in the county.

A soil test is a guide to what amount and kind of

lime should be used. The desired pH levels may differ,

depending on the soil properties and the crop to be

grown.

Nitrogen fertilizer is required for most crops. It is

generally not required, however, for peanuts and

clover, in some rotations of soybeans, or for alfalfa that

is established. A reliable soil test is not available for

predicting nitrogen requirements. Appropriate rates of

nitrogen application are described in the section

“Yields per Acre.”

Soil tests can indicate the need for phosphorus and

potassium fertilizer. They are needed because

phosphorus and potassium tend to build up in the soil.

Chemical Weed Control

The use of herbicides for weed control is a common

practice on the cropland in Halifax County. It

decreases the need for tillage and is an integral part of

modern farming. Selected soil properties, such as

content of organic matter and texture of the surface

layer, affect the rate of herbicide application. Estimates

of both of these properties were determined for the

soils in the county. Table 14 shows a general range of

the content of organic matter in the surface layer of the

soils. The texture of the surface layer is shown in the

USDA texture column in table 13.

In some areas the content of organic matter

projected for the different soils is outside the range

shown in the table. The content can be higher in soils

that have received high amounts of animal or

manmade waste. Soils that have recently been

brought into cultivation may have a higher content of

organic matter in the surface layer than similar soils

that have been cultivated for a long time. Conservation

tillage can increase the content of organic matter in

the surface layer. A lower content of organic matter is

common where the surface layer has been partly or

completely removed by erosion or land smoothing.

Current soil tests should be used for specific organic

matter determinations. On sandy soils that have less

than 2 percent organic matter, the rapid leaching of

herbicides can damage young plants or prevent the

normal germination of seeds. Herbicide labels show

specific application rates based on the content of

organic matter and texture of the surface layer.

Pasture Management

Although tall fescue is the major grass grown for

pasture and hayland in Halifax County, other species

of grass, such as hybrid bermudagrass, common

bermudagrass, switchgrass, gamagrass, bluestems,

and bahiagrass, are better adapted to summer

weather. Some of the native warm-season grasses

thrive on all soils, except the very wettest. Livestock

producers should plant the species that is best

adapted to the specific soil in areas of pasture and

hayland. Planting adapted species and using good

management techniques, such as soil fertility tests,

proper annual fertilization, weed control, and rotational

grazing, can produce higher yields from pasture and

hayland.

The very deep and deep, well drained and

moderately well drained Altavista, Aycock, Dogue,

Emporia, Exum, Goldsboro, Gritney, Helena, Herndon,

Marlboro, Nankin, Noboco, Pacolet, Riverview, State,

Tatum, Turbeville, and Wedowee soils are suited to all

of the major grasses commonly grown in the survey

area. On these soils, fescue, mixtures of fescue and

clover, common bermudagrass, and bahiagrass

produce 6 to 9 animal unit months of grazing each

year and hybrid bermudagrass produces an average

of 10 animal unit months of grazing each year. An

animal unit month is the amount of feed or forage

required by an animal unit for one month.

The very deep, sandy Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan,

Fuquay, Seabrook, and Tarboro soils have moisture

limitations and are subject to the leaching of fertilizer.

They are not well suited to fescue. These soils are

best suited to warm-season grasses. These grasses

produce 5 to 9 animal unit months of grazing each

year.

If adequately drained, the very deep, wet Bethera,
78 Soil Survey

Chewacla, Grantham, Lynchburg, Nahunta, Rains,

Roanoke, Tomotley, and Wahee soils are best suited to

fescue or a mixture of fescue and legumes. These

plants produce 5 to 9 animal unit months of grazing

each year.

An effective management program for pasture and

hayland includes summer grasses, such as

bermudagrass and switchgrass; cool-season grasses,

such as fescue; and grass-legume mixtures. Proper

fencing for rotation grazing and an intensive

management program for fertilization can help to

produce pasture that is available for grazing from

March through December.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected

of the principal crops under a high level of

management are shown in table 5. In any given year,

yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in

the table because of variations in rainfall and other

climatic factors.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

the results of field trials and demonstrations also are

considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the

proper planting and seeding rates; suitable highyielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage;

control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects;

favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.

A high level of management includes maintaining

proper soil reaction and fertility levels as indicated by

standard soil tests. The application rate of nitrogen for

corn on soils that have a yield potential of 125 to 150

bushels per acre should be 140 to 160 pounds per

acre. If the yield potential for corn is only 100 bushels

per acre or less, a rate of 100 to 120 pounds of

nitrogen per acre should be used. The application of

nitrogen in excess of that required for potential yields

generally is not recommended. The excess nitrogen

fertilizer that is not utilized by a crop is an

unnecessary expense and causes a hazard of water

pollution. If corn or cotton is grown after the harvest of

soybeans or peanuts, nitrogen rates can be reduced

by about 20 to 30 pounds per acre. Because nitrogen

can be readily leached from sandy soils, such as

Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan, Fuquay, Seabrook, and

Tarboro soils, applications may be needed on these

soils more than once during the growing season.

For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the

irrigation system is adapted to the soils and the crops,

that good-quality irrigation water is uniformly applied

as needed, and that tillage is kept to a minimum.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown

in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed

because the acreage of such crops is small. The local

office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service

or of the North Carolina Cooperative Extension

Service can provide information about the

management and productivity of the soils for those

crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for use as cropland (9).

Crops that require special management are excluded.

The soils are grouped according to their limitations for

field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for

crops, and the way they respond to management. The

criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major

and generally expensive landforming that would

change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the

soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major

reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a

substitute for interpretations designed to show

suitability and limitations of groups of soils for

woodland and for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally grouped

at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit.

Only class and subclass are used in this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The

numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and

narrower choices for practical use. The classes are

defined as follows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their

use.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require special

conservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations that
Halifax County, North Carolina 79

reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode, but they have

other limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their

use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations that

make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that nearly preclude their use for

commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one

class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,

w, or s to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The letter

e shows that the main hazard is the risk of erosion

unless a close-growing plant cover is maintained; w

shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant

growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be

partly corrected by artificial drainage); and s shows

that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow or

droughty.

There are no subclasses in class I because the

soils of this class have few limitations. The soils in

class V are subject to little or no erosion, but they have

other limitations that restrict their use to pasture,

woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. Class V

contains only the subclasses indicated by w or s.

The capability classification of each map unit

component is given in the section “Detailed Soil Map

Units” and in table 5.

Woodland Management and Productivity

Albert B. Coffey, forester, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, helped prepare this section.

Owners of woodland in Halifax County have many

objectives. These objectives include producing timber;

conserving wildlife, soil, and water; preserving

aesthetic values; and providing opportunities for

recreational activities, such as commercial hunting.

Public demand for clean water and recreational areas

creates pressures and opportunities for owners of

woodland.

For purposes of forest inventory, the predominant

forest types identified in Halifax County are as

described in the following paragraphs (12).

Loblolly-shortleaf. This forest type covers 103,600

acres. It is predominantly loblolly pine, shortleaf pine,

or other kinds of southern yellow pine (excluding

longleaf pine and slash pine) or a combination of these

species. Commonly included trees are oak, hickory,

and gum.

Oak-pine. This forest type covers 46,860 acres. It is

predominantly hardwoods, usually upland oaks. Pine

species make up 25 to 50 percent of the stand.

Commonly included trees are gum, hickory, and

yellow-poplar.

Oak-hickory. This forest type covers 77,193 acres. It

is predominantly upland oaks or hickory, or both.

Commonly included trees are yellow-poplar, elm,

maple, and black walnut.

Oak-gum-cypress. This forest type covers 49,221

acres. It is bottom-land forest consisting predominantly

of tupelo, blackgum, sweetgum, oaks, southern

cypress, or a combination of these species. Commonly

included trees are cottonwood, willow, ash, elm,

hackberry, and maple.

Elm-ash-cottonwood. This forest type covers 2,778

acres. It is predominantly elm, ash, cottonwood, or a

combination of these species. Commonly included

trees are willow, sycamore, beech, and maple.

The landowner interested in timber production is

faced with the challenge of producing greater yields

from smaller areas. Meeting this challenge requires

intensive management and silvicultural practices.

Many modern silvicultural techniques resemble those

long practiced in agriculture. They include establishing,

weeding, and thinning a desirable young stand;

propagating the more productive species and genetic

varieties; providing short rotations and complete fiber

utilization; controlling insects, diseases, and weeds;

and improving tree growth by applications of fertilizer

and the installation of a drainage system. Although

timber crops require decades to grow, the goal of

intensive management is similar to the goal of

intensive agriculture. The goal is to produce the

greatest yield of the most valuable crop as quickly as

possible.

Commercial forests cover about 250,000 acres, or

about 54 percent of the land area of Halifax County

(12). Commercial forest is land that is producing or is

capable of producing crops of industrial wood and that

has not been withdrawn from timber production.

Loblolly pine is the most important timber species in

the county because it grows fast, is adapted to the soil

and climate, brings the highest average sale value per

acre, and is easy to establish and manage (fig. 10).

One of the first steps in planning intensive

woodland management is to determine the potential

productivity of the soil for several alternative tree

species. The most productive and valued trees are

then selected for each soil type. Site and yield

information enables a forest manager to estimate

future wood supplies. These estimates are the basis of

realistic decisions concerning expenses and profits
80 Soil Survey

associated with intensive woodland management, land

acquisition, or industrial investments.

The potential productivity of woodland depends on

physiography, soil properties, climate, and the effects

of past management. Specific soil properties and site

characteristics, including soil depth, texture, structure,

and depth to the water table, affect forest productivity

primarily by influencing available water capacity,

aeration, and root development. The net effects of the

interaction of these soil properties and site

characteristics determine the potential site

productivity.

Other site factors are also important. The gradient

and length of slopes affect water movement and

availability. The amount of rainfall and length of

growing season influence site productivity.

Figure 10.—A well managed stand of loblolly pine on Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.
Halifax County, North Carolina 81

This soil survey can be used by woodland

managers planning ways to increase the productivity

of forest land. Some soils respond better to

applications of fertilizer than others and some are

more susceptible to landslides and erosion after roads

are built and timber is harvested. Some soils require

special reforestation efforts. In the section “Detailed

Soil Map Units,” the description of each map unit in the

survey area suitable for timber includes information

about productivity, limitations in harvesting timber, and

management concerns in producing timber. Table 6

summarizes this forestry information and rates the

soils for a number of factors to be considered in

management. Slight, moderate, and severe are used

to indicate the degree of the major soil limitations to be

considered in forest management.

Table 6 lists the ordination symbol for each soil. The

first part of the ordination symbol, a number, indicates

the potential productivity of a soil for the indicator

species in cubic meters per hectare per year. The

larger the number, the greater the potential

productivity. Potential productivity is based on the site

index and the point where mean annual increment is

the greatest.

The second part of the ordination symbol, a letter,

indicates the major kind of soil limitation affecting use

and management. The letter R indicates a soil that has

a significant limitation because of the slope. The letter

W indicates a soil in which excessive water, either

seasonal or year-round, causes a significant limitation.

The letter C indicates a soil that has a limitation

because of the kind or amount of clay in the upper part

of the profile. The letter S indicates a dry, sandy soil.

The letter A indicates a soil having no significant

restrictions or limitations affecting forest use and

management. If a soil has more than one limitation,

the priority is as follows: R, W, C, and S.

Ratings of erosion hazard indicate the probability

that damage may occur if site preparation or

harvesting activities expose the soil. The risk is slight if

no particular preventive measures are needed under

ordinary conditions; moderate if erosion-control

measures are needed for particular silvicultural

activities; and severe if special precautions are needed

to control erosion for most silvicultural activities.

Ratings of moderate or severe indicate the need for

construction of higher standard roads, additional

maintenance of roads, additional care in planning

harvesting and reforestation activities, or the use of

special equipment.

Ratings of equipment limitation indicate limits on the

use of forest management equipment, year-round or

seasonal, because of such soil characteristics as

slope, wetness, and susceptibility of the surface layer

to compaction. As slope gradient and length increase,

the use of wheeled equipment becomes more difficult.

On the steeper slopes, tracked equipment is needed.

On the steepest slopes, even tracked equipment

cannot be operated and more sophisticated systems

are needed. The rating is slight if the use of equipment

is restricted by wetness for less than 2 months and if

special equipment is not needed. The rating is

moderate if slopes are so steep that wheeled

equipment cannot be operated safely across the

slope, if wetness restricts the use of equipment from 2

to 6 months per year, or if special equipment is

needed to prevent or minimize compaction. The rating

is severe if slopes are so steep that tracked equipment

cannot be operated safely across the slope, if wetness

restricts the use of equipment for more than 6 months

per year, or if special equipment is needed to prevent

or minimize compaction. Ratings of moderate or

severe indicate a need to choose the best suited

equipment and to carefully plan the timing of

harvesting and other management activities.

Ratings of seedling mortality refer to the probability

of the death of naturally occurring or properly planted

seedlings of good stock in periods of normal rainfall,

as influenced by kinds of soil or topographic features.

Seedling mortality is caused primarily by too much

water or too little water. The factors used in rating a

soil for seedling mortality are texture of the surface

layer, depth to a high water table and the length of the

period when the water table is high, and rooting depth.

The mortality rate generally is highest on soils that

have a sandy or clayey surface layer. The risk is slight

if, after site preparation, expected mortality is less than

25 percent; moderate if expected mortality is between

25 and 50 percent; and severe if expected mortality

exceeds 50 percent. Ratings of moderate or severe

indicate that it may be necessary to use containerized

or larger than usual planting stock or to make special

site preparations, such as bedding, furrowing, and

installing a surface drainage system. Reinforcement

planting is often needed if the risk is moderate or

severe.

Ratings of windthrow hazard indicate the likelihood

that trees will be uprooted by the wind. A restricted

rooting depth is the main reason for windthrow. The

rooting depth can be restricted by a high water table, a

fragipan, or bedrock or by a combination of such

factors as soil wetness, texture, structure, and depth.

The risk is slight if strong winds break trees but do not

uproot them; moderate if strong winds blow a few trees

over and break many trees; and severe if moderate or

strong winds commonly blow trees over. Ratings of
82 Soil Survey

moderate or severe indicate that care is needed in

thinning or that the stand should not be thinned at all.

Special equipment may be needed to prevent damage

to shallow root systems in partial cutting operations. A

plan for the periodic removal of windthrown trees and

the maintenance of a road and trail system may be

needed.

The potential productivity of common trees on a soil

is expressed as a site index and a volume number.

Common trees are listed in table 6 in the order of their

observed occurrence. Generally, only two or three tree

species dominate. The first tree listed for each soil is

the indicator species for that soil. An indicator species

is a tree that is common in the area and that is

generally the most productive on a given soil.

For soils that are commonly used for timber

production, the yield is predicted in cubic feet per acre

per year. It is predicted at the point where mean

annual increment culminates. The estimates of the

productivity of the soils in this survey are based mainly

on loblolly pine and sweetgum (4, 6).

The site index is determined by taking height

measurements and determining the age of selected

trees within stands of a given species. This index is the

average height, in feet, that the trees attain in a

specified number of years (50 years in this survey).

This index applies to fully stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands. The productivity of a site can be

improved through management practices, such as

bedding, ditching, managing water, applying fertilizer,

and planting genetically improved species.

The volume is the yield likely to be produced by the

most important trees, expressed in cubic feet per acre

per year.

Trees to plant are those that are used for

reforestation or, under suitable conditions, natural

regeneration. They are suited to the soils and can

produce a commercial wood crop. The desired

product, topographic position (such as a low, wet

area), and personal preference are three factors

among many that can influence the choice of trees for

use in reforestation.

Recreation

The rural environment of Halifax County combined

with a network of major highways and an interstate

provide access to numerous historic sites and many

recreational areas. Because the county is located on

both the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont, it offers a

variety of scenery and wildlife habitats, ranging from

the swamps in the eastern part of the county to the

upland ridges in the western part.

Hunting and fishing are popular outdoor activities in

the county. Currently, the county has hunting seasons

for whitetail deer, rabbit, quail, dove, squirrel, duck,

and turkey. There is an annual bass fishing tournament

at Lake Gaston. Rockfish, bream, crappie, perch, and

catfish are other species inhabiting Lake Gaston, the

Roanoke River, Fishing Creek, Little Fishing Creek,

and other streams in the county.

Camp sites and hiking trails are available in the

county. Medoc Mountain State Park is in the

southwestern part of the county, near Hollister.

Originally a vineyard, the park was established in the

early 1970’s. Medoc Mountain is not a mountain but a

granitic formation that has resisted the erosional

forces that created the surrounding landscape. The

park covers 2,300 acres and is bisected by Little

Fishing Creek. It operates year-round and offers

opportunities for hiking, picnicking, camping,

canoeing, and fishing. The Roanoke Canal Trail is a 3-

mile-long hiking trail along the banks of the Roanoke

River. The canal, which extends from Roanoke Rapids

to Weldon, was originally built to enable ships to

bypass the rapids on the Roanoke River.

Lake Gaston, located in the northwestern part of

the county, offers numerous opportunities for water

activities, including swimming, boating, waterskiing,

and fishing. The lake is 20,300 acres in size and has

350 miles of shoreline. It is manmade and fed by the

Roanoke River. Residential areas have private access

to the lake, but camping and rental properties also are

available. State-operated boat ramps and several

marinas provide public boat launches.

The town of Halifax is a State historic site.

Numerous old homes and buildings have been

restored and are located in a village setting. The town

includes a visitors’ center and several antique and

craft stores.

In table 7, the soils of the survey area are rated

according to the limitations that affect their suitability

for recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of

the area, the size and shape of the area, and its

scenic quality, vegetation, access to water, potential

water impoundment sites, and access to public sewer

lines. The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank

effluent and the ability of the soil to support vegetation

also are important. Soils subject to flooding are limited

for recreational uses by the duration and intensity of

flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In

planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of
Halifax County, North Carolina 83

the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of

flooding is essential.

In table 7, the degree of soil limitation is expressed

as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil

properties are generally favorable and that limitations

are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that

limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning,

design, or special maintenance. Severe means that

soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can

be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special

design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a

combination of these measures.

The information in table 7 can be supplemented by

other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table

10 and interpretations for dwellings without basements

and for local roads and streets in table 9.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have gentle slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes can greatly increase the

cost of constructing campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes that increase the cost of shaping sites or of

building access roads and parking areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the period

of use. The surface is firm after rains and is not dusty

when dry. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil

over bedrock should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes. The suitability of the soil

for tees or greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

John P. Edwards, biologist, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, helped prepare this section.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that

is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also

affect the construction of water impoundments. The

kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the

amount and distribution of food, cover, and water.

Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing

plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment

of desirable plants.

The landscapes in the survey area were formed by

natural forces, such as the receding of oceans, the

cutting of channels by rivers and streams, erosion,

sedimentation, and deposition. Through the natural

processes of soil formation and development, four

distinct landforms, or regions, in Halifax County can be

described. These regions include the Piedmont, the

Coastal Plain, river and stream terraces, and flood

plains. Each region is characterized by particular soils.

The soils produce a wide variety of plants. The plants

provide cover, food, and protection for wildlife.

Although plants, soils, and wildlife have an indirect

relationship, soils and wildlife have a direct relationship

because of human activities. Logging activities,

agriculture, and housing development impact all

species of wildlife. Changes in land use and

management can greatly impact populations of wildlife.

Depending on the species, these changes can have a

positive, neutral, or negative effect. For example, if a

forested area is clear cut, certain wildlife species,

especially canopy birds, are negatively affected. This

type of logging, however, generally has a positive

effect on early successional species, such as

sparrows, cotton rats, quail, and cottontail rabbit.

The Piedmont region covers about 136,776 acres.

The well drained, clayey Pacolet, Herndon, Tatum, and

Wedowee soils are the dominant soils. Pacolet and

Wedowee soils are derived from granitic rocks, and

Herndon and Tatum soils are derived from finer

grained slate rocks. These soils are on gently sloping

to moderately steep landscapes. The region borders

Lake Gaston and Roanoke Rapids Lake to the north

and Fishing Creek to the south and is west of North

Carolina Highway 48. Individual farms are scattered

throughout this area, but much of the cropland and

pasture has been abandoned and is regenerating

naturally or is replanted to loblolly pine. Red oak, white

oak, hickory, dogwood, sourwood, and muscadine

grape are dominant on the steeper slopes. This region

is primarily used as woodland habitat. Wildlife species
84 Soil Survey

attracted to this area are songbirds, woodpeckers,

whitetail deer, gray squirrel, gray fox, rabbit, and

raccoon. Lake Gaston has limited value as wildlife

habitat because it is heavily used for recreational

purposes.

The Coastal Plain region covers about 219,050

acres. Emporia, Goldsboro, Gritney, and Rains soils

are the dominant soils. The well drained Emporia,

moderately well drained Goldsboro, and poorly

drained Rains soils are derived from loamy, coastal

plain sediments. The moderately well drained Gritney

soils are derived from clayey, coastal plain sediments.

Landscapes range from nearly level to moderately

sloping. South of Tillery and southeast of Scotland

Neck, large areas of the moderately well drained

Exum and poorly drained Grantham soils are

dominant. These soils are on nearly level landscapes,

are derived from loamy, coastal plain sediments, and

have a high content of silt. The Coastal Plain region

includes the Fall Line. It is bordered by North Carolina

Highway 48 to the west, by the Roanoke River to the

north, by Fishing Creek to the south, and by the river

and stream terraces to the east. The Coastal Plain

region is primarily agricultural. It is dissected by

numerous streams and broad flood plains. Because

fields commonly are more than 200 acres in size, the

amount of edge habitat available for wildlife is limited.

Fields commonly are plowed to the edge of flood

plains and slopes. As a result, buffer strips used for

feeding and nesting are not available. Populations of

turkey and bear cannot thrive in this region because of

agricultural practices and human activities, but many

other species of woodland, wetland, and openland

wildlife are abundant.

The region of terraces covers about 74,800 acres. It

occurs along the Roanoke River and Fishing Creek

but is separated from the rivers by the region of flood

plains. This region is bordered by the Coastal Plain

region to the west. It is characterized by broad, nearly

level and gently sloping ridges and broad, smooth,

nearly level flats and depressions. State, Tomotley, and

Roanoke soils are the dominant soils. The well drained

State and poorly drained Tomotley soils formed from

loamy fluvial sediments. The poorly drained Roanoke

soils are derived from clayey fluvial sediments. State

soils are mainly used for agriculture and the

production of loblolly pine, but good stands of mastproducing hardwoods, such as red oak, white oak,

hickory, beech, dogwood, and red maple, are

scattered throughout the mapped areas. Tomotley and

Roanoke soils, where not cleared for agriculture,

produce loblolly pine, sweetgum, American holly, and

greenbrier. This region has an abundance of openland,

woodland, and wetland wildlife because it has a

diverse landscape that offers a wide variety of habitat

adjacent to the flood plains. Deer, turkey, and bear use

areas of this region for feeding in late evening and

early morning. An edge habitat occurs where wetter

soils finger into State soils. It provides food and cover

for whitetail deer, quail, and cottontail rabbit.

The region of flood plains covers about 37,400

acres. It occurs along the first bottoms of the Roanoke

River, Fishing Creek, Deep Creek, Beech Swamp, and

Marsh Swamp. This region is bordered by the terraces

to the east and occurs along major creeks and

streams throughout the Coastal Plain. Bibb, Chastain,

Chewacla, Riverview, and Wehadkee soils are the

dominant soils. They are derived from fluvial

sediments. The somewhat poorly drained Chewacla

and well drained Riverview soils are loamy and occur

in broad, nearly level areas. The poorly drained Bibb,

Chastain, and Wehadkee soils are in depressional

areas. Bibb and Wehadkee soils are loamy, and

Chastain soils are clayey. Large stands of mixed

hardwoods, red oak, white oak, hickory, red maple,

beech, tulip poplar, dogwood, and loblolly pine grow

well on Chewacla and Riverview soils. Tupelo and

cypress grow better on the wetter, frequently flooded

Bibb, Chastain, and Wehadkee soils (fig. 11). This

region supports species of woodland and wetland

wildlife, such as turkey, bear, whitetail deer, beaver,

mink, muskrat, and ducks. Populations of turkey and

bear thrive in this region because it has little

development. Large, relatively open tracts of mastbearing trees and scattered stands of mature loblolly

pine are used for roosting and hibernating. Populations

of wood ducks also thrive because tupelo and cypress

provide excellent sites for nesting and brooding.

By dividing Halifax County into four broad regions, it

is possible to indicate the location of the largest

populations of wildlife, their distribution, and the

elements that affect their growth. Creating habitat is

necessary for successfully managing wildlife. The

placement of field borders, food strips, no-till farming,

and the vegetative management of waterways and

drainage ditches are essential for good openland

wildlife. Management for woodland wildlife includes

habitat preservation, selective cutting or thinning of

mast-producing trees, reforestation programs,

prescribed burning, and the seeding of logging decks

and roads with such wildlife plants as bahiagrass,

VA-70 lespedeza, Korean lespedeza, Kobe lespedeza,

and autumn-olive. Management for wetland wildlife

includes habitat preservation, the placement of ponds,

and the use of 3-log drainage systems for the

management of beaver ponds.

The Natural Resources Conservation Service can

provide more information on measures used to
Halifax County, North Carolina 85

increase wildlife populations while leaving large tracts

of land in cultivation. It can assist landowners in

developing a wildlife management plan. Soils

information and interpretations are important in

making proper land use decisions.

In table 8, the soils in the survey area are rated

according to their potential for providing habitat for

various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used

in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas,

and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils

that are suitable for establishing, improving, or

maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in

determining the intensity of management needed for

each element of the habitat. The ratings in table 8 are

intended to be used as a guide and are not site

specific. Onsite investigation is needed for individual

management plans.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or

very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element

or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management

and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of

Figure 11.—An area of cypress trees on Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded, that provides excellent

wildlife habitat.
86 Soil Survey

fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places.

Moderately intensive management is required for

satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or

kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or

maintained in most places, but management is difficult

and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates

that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are

very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat

is impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and

seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties

and features that affect the growth of grain and seed

crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface

layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture also are considerations. Examples of grain

and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,

flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture

also are considerations. Examples of grasses and

legumes are fescue, lovegrass, bromegrass, clover,

and alfalfa.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of these

plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the

surface layer, available water capacity, wetness,

surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and

soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of wild

herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod,

beggarweed, and pokeberry.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce

nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and

foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the

growth of hardwoods and shrubs are depth of the root

zone, available water capacity, and wetness. Examples

of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, sweetgum,

apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and

blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are

suitable for planting on soils rated good are autumnolive and crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth

of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine and

cedar.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild

herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.

Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded.

Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants

are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction,

salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of

wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, wildrice,

cattail, rushes, reeds, and sedges.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are

created by dams, levees, or other water-control

structures. Soil properties and features affecting

shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples

of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding

areas, and ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described

in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,

pasture, and areas that are overgrown with grasses,

herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas produce grain

and seed crops, grasses and legumes, and wild

herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas

include quail, meadowlark, field sparrow, mourning

dove, groundhog, whitetail deer, cottontail rabbit, and

red fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and

associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous

plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild

turkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, songbirds,

gray squirrel, gray fox, raccoon, whitetail deer, and

black bear.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the

soils and on the estimated data and test data in the

“Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has limitations.

For example, estimates and other data generally apply

only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Because of the map scale, small areas of different
Halifax County, North Carolina 87

soils may be included within the mapped areas of a

specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about grain-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6

feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a high water

table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure

aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected

about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand

and silt fractions, and the kind of adsorbed cations.

Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability,

corrosivity, the shrink-swell potential, available water

capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting

engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds,

terraces, and other structures for soil and water

conservation; and predict performance of proposed

small structures and pavements by comparing the

performance of existing similar structures on the same

or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Building Site Development

Table 9 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations

that affect shallow excavations, dwellings with and

without basements, small commercial buildings, local

roads and streets, and lawns and landscaping. The

limitations are considered slight if soil properties and

site features are generally favorable for the indicated

use and limitations are minor and easily overcome;

moderate if soil properties or site features are not

favorable for the indicated use and special planning,

design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or

minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or

site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to

overcome that special design, significant increases in

construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required. Special feasibility studies

may be required where the soil limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock, soil texture, and slope. The time of the year

that excavations can be made is affected by the depth

to a high water table and the susceptibility of the soil to

flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls or

banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture

and depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

and shrinking and swelling can cause the movement

of footings. Depth to a high water table, depth to

bedrock, and flooding affect the ease of excavation

and construction. Landscaping and grading that

require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not

considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base

of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally

limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, depth to a

high water table, flooding, and slope affect the ease of

excavating and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from

the engineering classification of the soil), the shrinkswell potential, and depth to a high water table affect

the traffic-supporting capacity.
88 Soil Survey

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, depth to a high water table,

depth to bedrock, and the available water capacity in

the upper 40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding,

wetness, slope, and the amount of sand, clay, or

organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability

after vegetation is established. Soil tests are essential

to determine liming and fertilizer needs. Help in

making soil tests or in deciding what soil additive, if

any, to use can be obtained from the office of the

Fishing Creek Soil and Water Conservation District or

the local office of the North Carolina Cooperative

Extension Service.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 10 shows the degree and the kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site features

are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

Table 10 also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and that good performance and

low maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that

soil properties and site features are moderately

favorable for the use and one or more soil properties

or site features make the soil less desirable than the

soils rated good; and poor indicates that one or more

soil properties or site features are unfavorable for the

use and overcoming the unfavorable properties

requires special design, extra maintenance, or costly

alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, depth to a high water table, depth to

bedrock, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent.

Bedrock interferes with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can

be polluted if highly permeable sand is less than 4 feet

below the base of the absorption field, if slope is

excessive, or if the water table is near the surface.

There must be unsaturated soil material beneath the

absorption field to filter the effluent effectively. Many

local ordinances require that this material be of a

certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water. The animal waste lagoons commonly

used in farming operations are not considered in the

ratings. They are generally deeper than the lagoons

referred to in the table and rely on anaerobic bacteria

to decompose waste materials.

Table 10 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes

up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1

or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are

excavated to provide material for the embankments.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site features,

and observed performance of the soils. Considered in

the ratings are slope, permeability, depth to a high

water table, depth to bedrock, flooding, and content of

organic matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid

permeability in the soil or a water table that is high

enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon

causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution

results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater

overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter

is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon

because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope or bedrock

can cause construction problems and large stones

can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of

landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste

is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and

covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the

site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste

is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin

layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground-
Halifax County, North Carolina 89

water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered.

The ratings in table 10 are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, depth to bedrock, depth to a water table,

slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture

and soil reaction affect trench landfills. Unless

otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of

the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper

trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate may not

be valid. Onsite investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material may be obtained

offsite, transported to the landfill, and spread over the

waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the

material. Loamy or silty soils that are free of large

stones or excess gravel are the best cover for a

landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy and are

difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to soil

blowing.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock or the water table to permit

revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a

landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer

generally has the best workability, more organic

matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from

the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the

final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 11 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal

compaction, minor processing, and other standard

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is

evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized

with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by depth to a high

water table and slope. How well the soil performs in

place after it has been compacted and drained is

determined by its strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil) and the shrinkswell potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

The depth to a high water table is more than 3 feet.

Soils rated fair have more than 35 percent silt- and

clay-sized particles and have a plasticity index of less

than 10. They have a moderate shrink-swell potential,

slopes of 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to

the water table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a

plasticity index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell

potential, many stones, or slopes of more than 25

percent. They are wet and have a water table at a

depth of less than 1 foot. These soils have layers of

suitable material, but the material is less than 3 feet

thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In table 11, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source

of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as

indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),

the thickness of suitable material, and the content of

rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification

are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of

grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index

properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

as much as 12 percent silty fines. This material must

be at least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by

weight, large stones. All other soils are rated as an
90 Soil Survey

improbable source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock,

such as slate and weathered granite saprolite, are not

considered to be sand and gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope,

depth to a water table, soil texture, and thickness of

suitable material. Reclamation of the borrow area is

affected by slope, depth to a water table, rock

fragments, depth to bedrock, and toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones

and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes

of less than 8 percent. They are naturally fertile or

respond well to fertilizer and are not so wet that

excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or

soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are

not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less

than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than

15 percent, or have a high water table at or near the

surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally

preferred for topsoil because of its content of organic

matter. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and releases a

variety of plant nutrients as it decomposes.

Water Management

Table 12 gives information on the soil properties

and site features that affect water management. The

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond

reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and

levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil

properties and site features are generally favorable for

the indicated use and limitations are minor and are

easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site

features are not favorable for the indicated use and

special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil

properties or site features are so unfavorable or so

difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increase in construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives the restrictive features that

affect each soil for drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area. Ponds that are

less than about 2 acres in size are not shown on the

soil maps because of the scale of mapping.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth greater than the height of the embankment can

affect performance and safety of the embankment.

Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to

determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, mica, or

salts or sodium. The depth to a high water table affects

the amount of usable material. It also affects

trafficability.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water

movement, permeability, depth to a high water table or

depth of standing water if the soil is subject to

ponding, slope, and susceptibility to flooding.

Excavating and grading and the stability of ditchbanks

are affected by depth to bedrock, slope, and the

hazard of cutbanks caving. Availability of drainage

outlets is not considered in the ratings.

Federal and State regulations require that any area

designated as wetlands cannot be altered without prior

approval. Contact the local office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service for identification of

hydric soils and potential wetlands.
Halifax County, North Carolina 91

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to a high water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, hazard of erosion, and slope. The

performance of a system is affected by the availability

of suitable irrigation water, the depth of the root zone,

and soil reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to help control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope and wetness

affect the construction of terraces and diversions.

Maintenance of terraces and diversions is adversely

affected by a restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard

of soil blowing or water erosion, an excessively coarse

texture, and restricted permeability.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity.

Wetness and slope affect the construction of grassed

waterways. A hazard of soil blowing, a low available

water capacity, restricted rooting depth, and restricted

permeability adversely affect the growth and

maintenance of the grass after construction.

93

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey. The data and the

estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed (11). During the survey, many shallow borings

are made and examined to identify and classify the

soils and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples

are taken from some typical profiles and tested in the

laboratory to determine grain-size distribution,

plasticity, and compaction characteristics.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables

include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the

physical and chemical properties of the major layers of

each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are

given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 13 gives estimates of the engineering

classification and of the range of index properties for

the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most

soils have layers of contrasting properties within the

upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each

soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages, by weight, of sand,

silt, and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than

2 millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil

that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and

less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is as much as 15 percent, by

volume, an appropriate modifier is added, for example,

“gravelly.” Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according to

the Unified soil classification system (3) and the

system adopted by the American Association of State

Highway and Transportation Officials (2).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and content of organic matter. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as SW, SP, SM, SC, GW, GP, GM, and

GC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, SP-SM.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and

A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b,

A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an

additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as

subgrade material can be indicated by a group index

number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the

best subgrade material to 20, or higher, for the

poorest.

Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter are

indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dryweight basis. The percentages are estimates

determined mainly by converting volume percentage

in the field to weight percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3

Soil Properties
94 Soil Survey

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 14 shows estimates of some characteristics

and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates

are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey

area. The estimates are based on field observations

and on test data for these and similar soils.

Clay as a soil separate, or component, consists of

mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002

millimeter in diameter. In this table, the estimated

content of clay in each major soil layer is given as a

percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less

than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving

operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per

unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at

field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at

1

/3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after

drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the

estimated moist bulk density of each major soil

horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of

soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, total pore space,

and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a

soil indicates the pore space available for water and

roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic

matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of

movement of water through the soil when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of

soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage in each major

soil layer is stated in inches of water per inch of soil.

The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that

affect the retention of water and the depth of the root

zone. The most important properties are content of

organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil

structure. Available water capacity is an important

factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and

in the design and management of irrigation systems.

Available water capacity is not an estimate of the

quantity of water actually available to plants at any

given time. It is the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the amount at

wilting point.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and

is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH

of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For

many soils, values have been verified by laboratory

analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops

and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for

fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of

corrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume

change occurs mainly because of the interaction of

clay minerals with water and varies with the amount

and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the

load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in

soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling

of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling

of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For

others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind

and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on

measurements of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to

very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage

to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special

design is often needed.

The shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The

classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent;

moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and high, more than 6

percent. Very high, more than 9 percent, is sometimes

used.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil

to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six

factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation

(USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss
Halifax County, North Carolina 95

by sheet and rill erosion. Losses are expressed in tons

per acre per year. These estimates are based primarily

on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter (up to

4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability.

Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. The higher the

value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill

erosion by water.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur over a sustained period without

affecting crop productivity. The rate is expressed in

tons per acre per year.

Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that

have similar properties affecting their resistance to soil

blowing in cultivated areas. The groups indicate the

susceptibility to soil blowing. Soils are grouped

according to the following distinctions:

1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine

sands. These soils are generally not suitable for crops.

They are extremely erodible, and vegetation is difficult

to establish.

2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine

sands, loamy very fine sands, and sapric soil material.

These soils are very highly erodible. Crops can be

grown if intensive measures to control soil blowing are

used.

3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy

loams, and very fine sandy loams. These soils are

highly erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive

measures to control soil blowing are used.

4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and

silty clay loams. These soils are erodible. Crops can be

grown if intensive measures to control soil blowing are

used.

4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams,

and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent

clay. These soils are moderately erodible. Crops can

be grown if measures to control soil blowing are used.

5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy

clays, and hemic soil material. These soils are slightly

erodible. Crops can be grown if measures to control

soil blowing are used.

6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay

loams that are less than 35 percent clay. These soils

are very slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if

ordinary measures to control soil blowing are used.

7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are

less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material.

These soils are very slightly erodible. Crops can be

grown if ordinary measures to control soil blowing are

used.

8. Soils that are not subject to soil blowing

because of coarse fragments on the surface or

because of surface wetness.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table

14, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue to

the soil. Organic matter affects the available water

capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of

nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Table 15 gives estimates of various soil and water

features. The estimates are used in land use planning

that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff

from precipitation. Soils are assigned to one of four

groups. They are grouped according to the infiltration

of water when the soils are thoroughly wet and receive

precipitation from long-duration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep or very deep, well drained to

excessively drained sands or gravelly sands. These

soils have a high rate of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep to very deep, moderately well

drained or well drained soils that have moderately fine

texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have

a moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a permanent high water table,

soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the

surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly

impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate

of water transmission.

If a soil listed in table 15 is assigned to two

hydrologic groups, the first letter is for drained areas

and the second is for undrained areas.

Flooding, the temporary covering of the surface by

flowing water, is caused by overflowing streams, by

runoff from adjacent slopes, or by inflow from high
96

tides. Shallow water standing or flowing for short

periods after rainfall is not considered flooding.

Standing water in swamps and marshes or in a closed

depression is considered ponding.

Table 15 gives the frequency and duration of

flooding and the time of year when flooding is most

likely.

Frequency, duration, and probable dates of

occurrence are estimated. Frequency generally is

expressed as none, rare, occasional, or frequent.

None means that flooding is not probable. Rare means

that flooding is unlikely but possible under unusual

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is nearly 0

percent to 5 percent in any year). Occasional means

that flooding occurs infrequently under normal weather

conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in

any year). Frequent means that flooding occurs often

under normal weather conditions (the chance of

flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Duration

is expressed as very brief (less than 2 days), brief (2

to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month), and very long

(more than 1 month). The time of year that floods are

most likely to occur is expressed in months. About

two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding occurs during

the stated period.

The information on flooding is based on evidence in

the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt,

or clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in

content of organic matter with increasing depth; and

little or no horizon development.

Also considered is local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a

saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates

are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone,

namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated

in table 15 are the depth to the high water table; the

kind of water table, that is, perched or apparent; and

the months of the year that the water table commonly

is highest. A water table that is seasonally high for less

than 1 month is not indicated in table 15.

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water

in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water

stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is

allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A

perched water table is water standing above an

unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched,

water table is separated from a lower one by a dry

zone.

Two numbers in the column showing depth to the

water table indicate the normal range in depth to a

saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.

The first numeral in the range indicates the highest

water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table

is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of

6 feet for less than a month.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a

depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil

borings and on observations during soil mapping. The

rock is specified as either soft or hard. If the rock is

soft or fractured, excavations can be made with

trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the

rock is hard or massive, blasting or special equipment

generally is needed for excavation.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that

intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that

are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil

layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed

as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,

acidity, and the amount of sulfates in the saturation

extract.
97

This section describes the factors of soil formation

and relates them to the soils in the survey area.

Factors of Soil Formation

Soils are formed by processes of the environment

acting upon geologic materials, such as metamorphic,

igneous, and sedimentary rocks and fluvial stream

sediments. The characteristics of a soil are determined

by the combined influence of parent material, climate,

plant and animal life, relief, and time. These five factors

are responsible for the profile development and

chemical properties that differentiate soils (5).

Parent Material

Parent material is the raw material acted on by soilforming processes. It largely determines soil texture,

which affects other soil properties, such as natural soil

drainage and permeability. The physical and chemical

composition of parent material has an important effect

on the kind of soil that forms.

Many of the differences among the soils of Halifax

County indicate differences in parent material. Many of

the soils formed in coastal plain sediments, which

were deposited by the ocean that covered much of the

survey area thousands of years ago. Other soils

formed in alluvium or fluvial sediments, which were

recently deposited by streams. In the Piedmont region,

the soils formed in material that was weathered in

place from igneous or metamorphic rocks.

Coastal plain sediments are materials deposited by

the ocean and are thus heavily influenced by water

action. They typically have particles of various sizes,

including sand, silt, and clay, but do not have the larger

Formation of the Soils

Figure 12.—A comparison of texture and depth to the seasonal high water table for three soils of the Coastal Plain. Nahunta soils

are fine-silty and are somewhat poorly drained. Gritney soils are clayey and are moderately well drained. Emporia soils are

fine-loamy and are well drained.
98 Soil Survey

rock fragments, such as stones and cobbles. The

composition of the sediments depends on the material

deposited by the ocean. For example, Emporia and

Goldsboro soils formed in loamy, coastal plain

sediments that have a high content of sand; Exum and

Nahunta soils formed in loamy, coastal plain

sediments that have a high content of silt; and Gritney

and Marlboro soils formed in clayey, coastal plain

sediments (fig. 12).

Recent alluvium or fluvial sediments are soil

materials deposited by floodwater along streams and

large rivers. The texture of the soil materials varies,

depending on the speed of the floodwater, the duration

of flooding, and the distance between the materials

and the streambank. State, Altavista, Tomotley, and

Bojac soils formed in loamy fluvial sediments; Dogue,

Wahee, and Roanoke soils formed in clayey fluvial

sediments; and Tarboro and Seabrook soils formed in

sandy fluvial sediments (fig. 13). Soils that formed in

recent alluvium in areas where the hazard of flooding

is frequent have weakly expressed horizons because

the soil-forming processes are interrupted by each

new deposition. These soils also can be highly

stratified. The sandy Bibb soils, clayey Chastain soils,

and loamy Riverview, Chewacla, and Wehadkee soils

formed on active flood plains (fig. 14).

Soils that formed in residuum occur extensively in

the western part of Halifax County (fig. 15). Pacolet,

Helena, and Wedowee soils formed primarily in

saprolite weathered from coarse grained, felsic

crystalline rocks, such as porphyritic granite. These

soils generally have a loamy surface layer and a

clayey subsoil. Tatum, Lignum, and Herndon soils

formed in saprolite weathered from fine grained, felsic

crystalline rocks, such as Carolina slates. These soils

have more silt throughout than the soils weathered

from granite.

Climate

Climate, particularly precipitation and temperature,

affects soil development. Water is necessary for

biological activity. It also dissolves minerals and

transports them through the soil profile. Temperature

influences the kinds of organisms living in and on the

soil and their growth. It also largely determines the

speed and extent of chemical and physical reactions in

the soil.

Halifax County has a warm, humid climate. This

climate promotes the rapid decomposition of organic

matter and favors chemical reactions in the soil. The

abundant rainfall results in the leaching of soluble

bases from the soil and the movement of finer textured

mineral particles downward. Therefore, nearly all of the

soils in the county are acid, highly weathered, and

Figure 13.—A comparison of texture and depth to the seasonal high water table for three soils of the terraces. Roanoke soils are

clayey and are poorly drained. Altavista soils are fine-loamy and are moderately well drained. Bojac soils are coarse-loamy and

are well drained.
Halifax County, North Carolina 99

highly leached. Variations in climate within the county

are slight and generally do not can cause any

significant local variation among soils.

Plant and Animal Life

The vegetation under which a soil forms influences

soil properties, such as color, structure, reaction, and

content and distribution of organic matter. Vegetation

extracts water from the soil, recycles nutrients, and

adds organic matter to the soil.

Originally, pine forests covered most of the uplands

on the Coastal Plain and hardwood forests covered

the Piedmont region. Baldcypress, water tupelo, and

other hardwoods were dominant on flood plains and

along drainageways in the survey area. These trees

took up elements from the subsoil and deposited them

on the surface. The decay of twigs, trunks, branches,

and leaves added organic matter to the surface layer.

The length of time that organic matter remains in

the soil largely depends upon soil drainage. In the well

drained Emporia and Bonneau soils, organic matter is

oxidized at such a rapid rate that very little organic

matter accumulates on the surface. The breakdown of

organic matter is slower in wet soils, such as Bethera,

Grantham, and Rains soils. The wet soils have a dark

surface layer that has a relatively high content of

organic matter.

Bacteria, fungi, and other relatively simple microorganisms aid in weathering soil and in decomposing

organic matter. Larger plants and animals produce

organic matter and translocate elements and material

within the soil. The activities of fungi and microorganisms occur only in the upper few inches of soils

in the survey area. Earthworms and other small

invertebrates produce a slow but continuous cycle of

mixing within this thin surface layer. Rodents have had

little effect on the formation of soils in the county.

Relief

Relief influences soil formation mainly through its

effect on runoff, erosion, drainage, aeration, and

exposure to sun and wind. Soils in Halifax County

range from nearly level to steep. Exum, Bonneau,

Goldsboro, Marlboro, and other nearly level and gently

sloping soils have a profile that is thicker than that of

moderately sloping to moderately steep soils, such as

Gritney, Wedowee, Tatum, and Winton soils. Relief

also largely determines natural drainage and greatly

Figure 14.—A comparison of texture and depth to the seasonal high water table for three soils of the flood plains. Bibb soils are

coarse-loamy and are poorly drained. Chewacla soils are fine-loamy and are somewhat poorly drained. Riverview soils are fineloamy and are well drained.
100 Soil Survey

influences the accumulation of organic matter in the

soil.

Time

The length of time that soil material has been

exposed to the soil-forming processes influences the

nature of the soil that forms. A sequence of horizons

requires a long time to develop in a natural soil.

Horizons are more strongly developed in older soils

than in younger soils.

Noboco, Fuquay, and Goldsboro soils are some of

the oldest soils in Halifax County. They formed on

nearly level, broad, smooth, upland ridges and flats.

These soils have well developed horizons. They

formed in coastal plain sediments on landscapes that

have remained essentially unchanged for thousands of

years.

Wedowee and Tatum soils are soils of intermediate

age in the county. They formed on gently sloping to

steep upland ridges and side slopes. These soils

formed in highly weathered saprolite. They have well

developed horizons but have a subsoil that is thinner

than that of the older soils.

The youngest soils in the county include Bibb,

Chastain, Chewacla, and Wehadkee soils. They

formed in recent alluvium. These soils can be stratified

and have weakly expressed horizons because the

Figure 15.—A comparison of texture and depth to the seasonal high water table for three soils of the Piedmont. Tatum soils are

deep to soft bedrock and are well drained. Lignum soils are also deep to soft bedrock and are moderately well drained.

Wedowee soils are very deep to bedrock and are well drained.

soil-forming processes are interrupted by new

depositions of material.

Processes of Horizon Differentiation

The formation of a succession of layers, or

horizons, in soil is the result of one or more of the soilforming processes. These processes are the

accumulation of organic matter; the leaching of

carbonates and other soluble material; the chemical

weathering, mainly by hydrolysis, of primary minerals

into silicate clay minerals; the translocation of silicate

clay and some silt-sized particles from one horizon to

another; and the reduction and transfer of iron.

Several of these processes have been active in the

formation of most of the soils in Halifax County. The

interaction of the first four processes is indicated in the

strongly expressed horizons in Turbeville and Noboco

soils. All five processes have probably been active in

the formation of the moderately well drained

Goldsboro and Exum soils.

Some organic matter has accumulated in all of the

soils in the survey area. Most of the soils contain

moderate amounts of organic matter in the surface

layer. The content of organic matter ranges from low,

as in Bonneau soils, to high, as in Wehadkee soils.
Halifax County, North Carolina 101

The translocation of clay minerals is an important

process in the development of many soils in the

survey area. As clay minerals are removed from the A

horizon, they accumulate as clay films on the faces of

peds, in pores, and in root channels in the B horizon.

The reduction and transfer of iron have occurred in

all of the soils that are not characterized by good

natural drainage. This process, known as gleying, is

evidenced by a gray matrix color and mottles. Some of

the iron may be reoxidized and segregated and thus

form yellowish brown, strong brown, or other brightly

colored mottles in an essentially gray matrix in the

subsoil. Nodules or concretions of iron or manganese

also commonly form as a result of this process.

As silicate clay forms from primary minerals, some

iron is commonly released as hydrated oxides. These

oxides are generally red. Even if they occur in small

amounts, they give the soil material a brownish color.

They are largely responsible for the strong brown,

yellowish brown, or reddish brown colors that are

dominant in the subsoil of many soils in the survey

area.

103

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(10). Beginning with the broadest, these categories

are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family,

and series. Classification is based on soil properties

observed in the field or inferred from those

observations or on laboratory measurements. Table 16

shows the classification of the soils in the survey area.

The categories are defined in the following

paragraphs.

ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Ultisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders,

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or

properties that reflect the most important variables

within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a

suborder indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud,

meaning humid climate, plus ult, from Ultisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great

groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; and base status. Each great group is

identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix

that indicates a property of the soil. An example is

Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal horizon

development, plus udult, the suborder of the Ultisols

that occurs in humid climates).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the

great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive.

Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders,

or great groups. Extragrades have some properties

that are not representative of the great group but do

not indicate transitions to any other known kind of

soil. Each subgroup is identified by one or more

adjectives preceding the name of the great group.

The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that

typifies the great group. An example is Typic

Hapludults.

FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup

on the basis of physical and chemical properties and

other characteristics that affect management.

Generally, the properties are those of horizons below

plow depth where there is much biological activity.

Among the properties and characteristics considered

are particle-size class, mineral content, temperature

regime, depth of the root zone, consistence, moisture

equivalent, slope, and permanent cracks. A family

name consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by

terms that indicate soil properties. An example is fineloamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults.

SERIES. The series consists of soils that have

similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are

similar in color, texture, structure, reaction,

consistence, and mineral and chemical composition

and arrangement in the profile. There can be some

variation in the texture of the surface layer or of the

substratum within a series. The Emporia series is an

example of fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic

Hapludults in Halifax County.

Soil Series and Their Morphology

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. The descriptions are

arranged in alphabetic order.

Characteristics of the soil and the material in which

it formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a

small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of

the series in the survey area is described. The location

of the typical pedon is described, and coordinates are

identified by longitude and latitude. The detailed

description of each soil horizon follows standards in

the “Soil Survey Manual” (13). Many of the technical

terms used in the descriptions are defined in “Soil

Taxonomy” (10). Unless otherwise stated, colors in the

descriptions are for moist soil. Following the pedon

description is the range of important characteristics of

the soils in the series.

The map units of each soil series are described in

the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Classification of the Soils
104 Soil Survey

Altavista Series

The Altavista series consists of moderately well

drained soils that formed in loamy fluvial sediments.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils are fineloamy, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults.

Typical pedon of Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 2.1 miles

northwest of Norfleet on Secondary Road 1800, about

0.5 mile southwest on a farm path, about 500 feet

northwest of the farm path, in a field; Norfleet USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 09 minutes 58

seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 20 minutes 07

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many very fine and fine roots; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—8 to 12 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine and few medium roots; slightly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—12 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—23 to 36 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1)

iron depletions and few fine distinct red (2.5YR

4/8) masses of iron accumulation; moderately

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—36 to 50 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8), gray

(10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine

sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; areas with gray and brown

colors are iron depletions and areas with yellow

colors are iron accumulations; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—50 to 62 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8), gray

(10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy

loam with thin strata of sandy clay loam; massive;

friable; areas with gray and brown colors are iron

depletions and areas with yellow colors are iron

accumulations; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to more

than 60 inches. The soils are moderately acid to

extremely acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is loamy fine sand, fine

sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less are within 30 inches of the surface.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur in the lower part of the horizon.

Texture is sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam.

The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

loamy sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, or

sandy clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam.

Aycock Series

The Aycock series consists of well drained soils

that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils are finesilty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults.

Typical pedon of Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; about 1.7 miles northeast of North Carolina

Highway 125 on Secondary Road 1003, about 0.8

mile northwest on a farm path, about 40 feet south of

the farm path, in a field; Scotland Neck USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 11 minutes 52

seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 28 minutes 51

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak

medium granular structure; very friable; common

fine and few medium roots; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

E—6 to 10 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) silt

loam; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine distinct reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—26 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
Halifax County, North Carolina 105

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine distinct reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/8), common medium distinct

yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and few fine prominent

red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—42 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine distinct gray (10YR

6/1) iron depletions; common medium distinct

reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and yellowish red (5YR

5/8) and common medium prominent red (2.5YR

4/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt4—60 to 74 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8),

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), red (2.5YR 4/6), and

gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky,

nonplastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

areas with gray colors are iron depletions and

areas with brown and red colors are iron

accumulations; strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are strongly acid or very strongly acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam or silt loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions in shades of

brown or yellow may occur throughout the horizon,

except in the upper part. Iron depletions in shades of

gray may occur below a depth of 30 inches. Masses of

iron accumulation in shades of brown or red may

occur throughout the horizon. Texture is loam, silty clay

loam, or clay loam.

Bethera Series

The Bethera series consists of poorly drained soils

that formed in clayey sediments on coastal plains

(fig. 16). Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are

clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Paleaquults.

Typical pedon of Bethera loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes; about 1.0 mile west-northwest of Scotland

Neck on North Carolina Highway 903/125, about 0.25

mile north of the road, in a wooded area; Scotland

Neck USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees

08 minutes 25 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 26

minutes 18 seconds W.

A—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam;

weak medium granular structure; friable; many

very fine and fine and common coarse roots;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BEg—7 to 13 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic;

common fine and few coarse roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; common medium distinct

reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg1—13 to 35 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; many

medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and

few fine prominent reddish yellow (5YR 6/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Btg2—35 to 52 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very firm; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few

fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; few fine distinct light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) and many medium distinct reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg3—52 to 63 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silty clay; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very firm; moderately sticky, slightly

plastic; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; few

fine faint light gray (2.5Y 7/2) and common fine

distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are moderately acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 0

to 2.

The Eg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y

or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma

of 0 to 2. It is fine sandy loam, silt loam, or clay loam.

The BEg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. Masses of iron

accumulation in shades of brown, yellow, or red occur

in most pedons. Texture is sandy loam, sandy clay

loam, loam, or clay loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses

of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown
106 Soil Survey

may occur. Texture is clay loam, sandy clay, clay, or

silty clay.

Bibb Series

The Bibb series consists of poorly drained soils that

formed in sandy fluvial sediments. Slopes are 0 to 1

percent. These soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid,

thermic Typic Fluvaquents.

Typical pedon of Bibb loam in an area of Chastain

and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently

flooded; about 0.9 mile east-southeast of Pierces

Crossroads on North Carolina Highway 903, about

800 feet north of the road, in a wooded area;

Darlington USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 21 minutes 19 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 38 minutes 49 seconds W.

Ag1—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable;

common fine and medium roots; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Ag2—5 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine

sandy loam; weak medium granular structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cg1—10 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

fine sandy loam; massive; friable; common

medium and few coarse roots; few fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Cg2—20 to 36 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) fine sandy

loam; massive; very friable; few medium and

coarse roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Cg3—36 to 66 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) coarse

sand; single grained; loose; very strongly acid.

The soils are strongly acid or very strongly acid

unless limed.

The Ag horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 3 to 7 and chroma of 1

or 2.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 3 to 7 and chroma of 1 or 2.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. The upper part of the horizon

generally is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam.

Thin strata of coarser textured material may also

occur. The lower part of the horizon is coarse sand,

sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or

fine sandy loam.

Bojac Series

The Bojac series consists of well drained soils that

formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes range from

0 to 3 percent. These soils are coarse-loamy, mixed,

thermic Typic Hapludults.

Typical pedon of Bojac loamy fine sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes; about 1.9 miles south-southeast of

Roseneath on U.S. Highway 258, about 1.2 miles east

on a farm path, about 50 feet south of the farm path, in

a field; Draughn USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 02 minutes 38 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 30 minutes 55 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine

sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—12 to 18 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loamy

fine sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—18 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine

sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few faint clay bridges

between sand grains; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt2—31 to 39 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—39 to 53 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) fine

sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few faint clay bridges

between sand grains; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C—53 to 74 inches; yellow (2.5Y 7/6) loamy fine sand;

single grained; loose; common medium distinct

yellow (10YR 7/8) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 65

inches. The soils are moderately acid to very strongly

acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loamy sand, loamy fine

sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It generally is sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, or loam. Thin layers of sandy clay

loam or clay loam may also occur.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in
Halifax County, North Carolina 107

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

gravelly sand, sand, fine sand, or gravelly loamy sand.

Bonneau Series

The Bonneau series consists of well drained soils

that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains

(fig. 17). Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent. These soils

are loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Paleudults.

Typical pedon of Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4

percent slopes; about 4.6 miles north of Enfield on

Secondary Road 1001, about 0.5 mile west on a farm

path, about 50 feet south of the farm path, in a field;

Enfield USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees

14 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 40

minutes 03 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine

sand; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—9 to 23 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy fine

sand; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—23 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces

of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—31 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common distinct clay films on

faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish

red (5YR 4/6) and common medium faint light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—36 to 54 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few distinct clay films on faces of

peds; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron

depletions and many medium distinct red (2.5YR

4/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—54 to 66 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8), gray (N 6/0),

and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; areas with

gray colors are iron depletions and areas with red

and brown colors are iron accumulations; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are moderately acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 8, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is sand, fine sand, loamy

sand, or loamy fine sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 or does not have a

dominant matrix color and is in shades of red, yellow,

brown, or gray. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less

and masses of iron accumulation in shades of red,

yellow, or brown may occur in the lower part of the

horizon. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, or sandy clay.

Chastain Series

The Chastain series consists of poorly drained soils

that formed in clayey fluvial sediments. Slopes are 0 to

1 percent. These soils are fine, mixed, acid, thermic

Typic Fluvaquents.

Typical pedon of Chastain clay loam in an area of

Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

frequently flooded; about 0.8 mile south-southeast of

Secondary Road 1003 on Secondary Road 1109,

about 0.3 mile east on a farm path, about 0.2 mile

southeast on the farm path, about 200 feet southeast

of the farm path, in a wooded area; Dawson

Crossroads USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 08 minutes 05 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 36 minutes 57 seconds W.

Ag—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine, medium, and coarse

roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bg1—5 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty

clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky, nonplastic; many fine, medium,

and coarse roots; common medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bg2—12 to 25 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; very firm;

moderately sticky, slightly plastic; common fine

and few medium and coarse roots; common

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses

of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bg3—25 to 36 inches; gray (N 6/0) clay; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; very firm; moderately

sticky, slightly plastic; few coarse and medium

roots; many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) and few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8)
108 Soil Survey

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bg4—36 to 54 inches; dark gray (N 4/0) clay; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm;

moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cg—54 to 72 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silty clay; massive; very firm; moderately sticky,

slightly plastic; many medium faint dark gray

(10YR 4/1) iron depletions and few medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. The soils are moderately acid to very

strongly acid unless limed.

The A or Ag horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0

to 6. Where it has value of 3, the horizon is less than 6

inches thick.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5GY or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0

to 2. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red,

yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is silty clay loam,

clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5GY or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0

to 2. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and

masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is sandy clay loam, silty

clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

Chewacla Series

The Chewacla series consists of somewhat poorly

drained soils that formed in loamy fluvial sediments.

Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,

mixed, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts.

Typical pedon of Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.0 mile eastsoutheast of Norfleet on Secondary Road 1800, about

1.3 miles east-southeast on a farm path, about 1.0

mile south-southwest on the farm path, about 0.5 mile

southeast of the farm path, in a wooded area; Palmyra

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 06

minutes 56 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 15

minutes 50 seconds W.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak

medium granular structure; friable; common very

fine, fine, and medium roots; few fine flakes of

mica; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

common fine flakes of mica; few medium faint

brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw2—14 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

many fine flakes of mica; common medium faint

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR

4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw3—26 to 38 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine roots; many fine flakes of mica;

common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron

depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw4—38 to 47 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes of mica;

common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron

depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw5—47 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1), strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8), and red (2.5YR 5/8) clay loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; areas with

gray colors are iron depletions and areas with red

and brown colors are iron accumulations; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—60 to 72 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) and gray

(7.5YR 5/1) loam; massive; friable; many fine

flakes of mica; areas with gray colors are iron

depletions and areas with brown colors are iron

accumulations; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to more

than 60 inches. The soils are slightly acid to very

strongly acid unless limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value

of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty

clay loam, or silt loam.

The Bg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and

chroma of 1 or 2. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or

less and masses of iron accumulation in shades of
Halifax County, North Carolina 109

red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is sandy

loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay

loam, or silt loam.

The C or Cg horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. Iron depletions

with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron

accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may

occur. Texture is loamy sand, loam, sandy loam, or

sandy clay loam.

Dogue Series

The Dogue series consists of moderately well

drained soils that formed in clayey fluvial sediments.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils are

clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults.

Typical pedon of Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; about 1.5 miles east of Pender on North

Carolina Highway 561, about 0.7 mile south-southwest

on a logging road, about 75 feet southeast of the

logging road, in a wooded area; Halifax USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 17 minutes 39

seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 34 minutes 14

seconds W.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many very fine and fine and common medium

roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

E—4 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common very fine and fine and few medium roots;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BE—8 to 13 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and medium

roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—13 to 17 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; common

fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt2—17 to 31 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica;

common medium distinct light gray (N 7/0) iron

depletions and many medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—31 to 40 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6),

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and light gray (N 7/0)

clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky, nonplastic; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica;

areas with gray colors are iron depletions and

areas with brown colors are iron accumulations;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—40 to 53 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and

light gray (N 7/0) sandy clay loam that has pockets

of sandy clay; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; few fine flakes of mica; areas with gray

colors are iron depletions and areas with brown

colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—53 to 62 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6), brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and

light gray (N 7/0) sandy clay loam; massive; very

friable; few fine flakes of mica; areas with gray

colors are iron depletions and areas with yellow

and brown colors are iron accumulations; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid

unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sandy loam, fine sandy

loam, loam, or silt loam.

The BE or BA horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is clay loam,

sandy clay loam, or loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR

to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

lower part has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y or is neutral in

hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 8. Iron

depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron

accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may

occur. Texture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy

clay, or clay.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 3

to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and

masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is sandy loam, sandy clay

loam, clay loam, or sandy clay.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 3

to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and

masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is loamy sand, sandy

loam, or sandy clay loam.
110 Soil Survey

Dothan Series

The Dothan series consists of well drained soils

that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains.

Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. These soils are fineloamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults.

Typical pedon of Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes; about 1.5 miles northeast of Ringwood on

Secondary Road 1214, about 0.8 mile northwest on

Secondary Road 1215, about 500 feet east on a farm

path, about 100 feet northeast of the farm path, in a

field; Ringwood USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 13 minutes 54 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 49 minutes 58 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; common

fine and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy

sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

few fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt—17 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; few plinthite

nodules; few medium distinct yellowish red (5YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btv1—37 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic;

compact in place; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common plinthite nodules; common medium

distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; red colors are relict redoximorphic

features; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btv2—45 to 61 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; compact in place; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; common plinthite

nodules; common medium distinct yellowish red

(5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; red colors

are relict redoximorphic features; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC—61 to 72 inches; reticulately patterned red (2.5YR

5/8), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and pinkish gray

(7.5YR 7/2) sandy loam that has pockets of sandy

clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; areas with gray colors are iron

depletions and areas with red colors are iron

accumulations; red and gray colors are relict

redoximorphic features; moderately acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The content of plinthite is greater than 5 percent below

a depth of 24 to 60 inches (fig. 18). The soils are

moderately acid to very strongly acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is sand, loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5

to 8, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the lower

part of the horizon in some pedons. Texture is fine

sandy loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam.

The Btv horizon generally has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is reticulately

patterned in shades of red, yellow, brown, and gray. It

may also have hue of 2.5YR or 5YR below a depth of

40 inches. Texture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or

sandy clay.

The BC horizon is reticulately patterned in shades

of red, yellow, brown, and gray. It is sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, or sandy clay.

Emporia Series

The Emporia series consists of well drained soils

that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains.

Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. These soils are

fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Typical pedon of Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes; about 1.4 miles east-southeast of

Darlington on Secondary Road 1001, about 0.3 mile

south on a farm path, about 200 feet east of the farm

path, in a field; Darlington USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 18 minutes 25 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 41 minutes 35 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

EB—10 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots;

mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—17 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—43 to 58 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;
Halifax County, North Carolina 111

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky, moderately plastic; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

many coarse distinct gray (N 6/0) iron depletions

and many coarse prominent red (10R 4/6) and

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—58 to 67 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), gray

(N 6/0), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and red (10R

4/6 and 2.5YR 4/8) clay loam that has thin strata

of sandy loam; massive; firm; areas with gray

colors are iron depletions and areas with brown

and red colors are iron accumulations; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. The soils are moderately acid to very

strongly acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or

loam.

The EB or BE horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is fine sandy

loam, sandy loam, or loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to

10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. The lower

part has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or

less commonly occur below a depth of 36 inches.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may also occur. Texture is dominantly sandy

loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam but ranges to

sandy clay or clay in the lower part of the horizon.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 5Y and value

and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2

or less and masses of iron accumulation in shades of

red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is sandy

loam, sandy clay loam, sandy clay, or clay.

Exum Series

The Exum series consists of moderately well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on

coastal plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

These soils are fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aquic

Paleudults.

Typical pedon of Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes; about 2.4 miles northwest of Hills Crossroads

on Secondary Road 1117, about 0.4 mile southwest

on a logging road, about 0.4 mile southeast on the

logging road, about 50 feet west of the logging road, in

a wooded area; Scotland Neck USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 12 minutes 23 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 29 minutes 02 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common very fine

and fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—9 to 15 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt

loam; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; few very fine and common fine and

medium roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt1—15 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and

medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—25 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and

medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—33 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; many coarse distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and

common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 2 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to

7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is very fine sandy loam,

loam, or silt loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR

or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron

depletions with chroma of 2 or less are within 30

inches of the surface and do not occur in the upper 10

inches of the Bt horizon. Masses of iron accumulation

in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the

lower part of the horizon. The horizon is dominantly silt

loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. In some

pedons it is silty clay or clay below a depth of 40

inches.

The Btg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Masses of

iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown
112 Soil Survey

may occur. Texture is loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty

clay loam.

Fuquay Series

The Fuquay series consists of well drained soils

that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains.

Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent. These soils are

loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults.

Typical pedon of Fuquay sand, 0 to 4 percent

slopes; about 1.25 miles north of Darlington on

Secondary Road 1615, about 0.5 mile west-northwest

on Secondary Road 1612, about 0.3 mile south on a

farm path, about 75 feet west of the farm path, in a

field; Darlington USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 20 minutes 08 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 43 minutes 29 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sand; single

grained; loose; few very fine and fine roots;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—9 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—25 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy loam; medium fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few faint clay films on faces

of peds; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—36 to 42 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few faint clay films on faces

of peds; common medium distinct very pale brown

(10YR 7/4) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btv1—42 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; common plinthite

nodules; many coarse distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions and many coarse

prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron

accumulation; gray and red colors are relict

redoximorphic features; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Btv2—51 to 62 inches; reticulately patterned red

(2.5YR 4/8), light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam that

has pockets of sandy clay; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly sticky,

nonplastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

common plinthite nodules; areas with gray colors

are iron depletions and areas with red and brown

colors are iron accumulations; red, brown, and

gray colors are relict redoximorphic features; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—62 to 70 inches; reticulately patterned red (2.5YR

4/8), light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), and strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy loam that has pockets of

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common plinthite nodules; areas with gray

colors are iron depletions and areas with red and

brown colors are iron accumulations; red, brown,

and gray colors are relict redoximorphic features;

very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The content of plinthite is greater than 5 percent below

a depth of 35 to 60 inches. The soils are moderately

acid to very strongly acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 0

to 3.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand, fine sand, loamy

fine sand, or loamy sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the lower

part of the horizon in some pedons. Texture is sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam.

The Btv horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of

4 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 8 or is reticulately patterned

in shades of red, brown, yellow, and gray. Texture is

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam.

The BC horizon is reticulately patterned in shades

of red, brown, yellow, and gray. It is sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, or clay loam.

Goldsboro Series

The Goldsboro series consists of moderately well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on

coastal plains (fig. 19). Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic

Aquic Paleudults.

Typical pedon of Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 0.4 mile south of the intersection

of Secondary Roads 1206 and 1001 on Secondary

Road 1001, about 0.3 mile east on a farm path, about

660 feet northwest of the farm path, in a field; Enfield

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 11

minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 40

minutes 48 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam;
Halifax County, North Carolina 113

weak medium granular structure; friable; few fine

and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—7 to 18 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine

roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—25 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine

distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions and

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt4—35 to 52 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8),

gray (10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces

of peds; areas with gray colors are iron depletions

and areas with brown colors are iron

accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt5—52 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 6/8),

gray (10YR 6/1), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and

red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; areas with gray colors are

iron depletions and areas with brown and red

colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 2 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less occur within a depth of 30 inches. Masses

of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown

may occur in the lower part of the horizon. Texture is

dominantly sandy clay loam, sandy loam, loam, or clay

loam. In some pedons the Bt horizon occurs at a

greater depth and is clay or sandy clay.

The Btg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to

2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Masses of

iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown

may occur. Texture is sandy clay loam, sandy loam,

loam, or clay loam.

Grantham Series

The Grantham series consists of poorly drained

soils that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains

(fig. 16). Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are

fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleaquults.

Typical pedon of Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes; about 1.3 miles west-northwest of North

Carolina Highway 903 on Secondary Road 1810,

about 250 feet south of the road, in a wooded area;

Palmyra USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 04 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 22 minutes 06 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; many

fine and few medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Eg—8 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and few medium roots; few fine distinct

yellow (10YR 7/6) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Btg1—12 to 17 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and

medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; many medium distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) and few fine distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg2—17 to 21 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and

medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common coarse distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) and few fine distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg3—21 to 45 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; common coarse distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg4—45 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
114 Soil Survey

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; many coarse faint light gray

(10YR 7/1) iron depletions; common coarse

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few fine

prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg5—60 to 75 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; common coarse

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few fine

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is very fine sandy loam,

loam, or silt loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of

5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Masses of iron

accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may

occur. Texture is loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam.

Gritney Series

The Gritney series consists of moderately well

drained soils that formed in clayey sediments on

coastal plains (fig. 20). Slopes range from 2 to 10

percent. These soils are clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic

Hapludults.

Typical pedon of Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes; about 2 miles south of North Carolina

Highway 561 on Secondary Road 1001, about 400

feet west on a farm path, about 170 feet north of the

farm path, in a field; Enfield USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 14 minutes 08 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 39 minutes 32 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; moderate fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine and few medium roots; strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; slightly sticky, nonplastic;

few fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—14 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few medium

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—27 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8),

light gray (10YR 7/2), red (2.5YR 4/8), brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8), and dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/6) clay; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; slightly sticky, slightly

plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; areas with gray colors are iron depletions

and areas with brown, red, and yellow colors are

iron accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

BC—42 to 57 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), light

gray (10YR 7/2), red (2.5YR 4/8), brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8), and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

clay that has pockets of sandy clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; areas

with gray colors are iron depletions and areas with

brown, red, and yellow colors are iron

accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—57 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), light

gray (10YR 7/2), red (2.5YR 4/8), brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8), and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

clay loam; massive; friable; areas with gray colors

are iron depletions and areas with brown, red, and

yellow colors are iron accumulations; very strongly

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 35 to more

than 60 inches. The soils are strongly acid to

extremely acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 2 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is fine sandy

loam or sandy clay loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to

2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The lower

part has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8. Masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Iron

depletions with chroma of 2 or less are in the lower

part of the horizon. Texture is dominantly clay loam,

clay, or sandy clay. Thin horizons of sandy clay loam

occur in some pedons.

The BC horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

clay loam, clay, or sandy clay.

The C horizon is variable in color. It is dominantly

sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam that has lenses,
Halifax County, North Carolina 115

pockets, or strata of loamy sand, sandy loam, or

sandy clay. In some pedons the lower part of the

horizon is clay.

Helena Series

The Helena series consists of moderately well

drained soils that formed in material weathered from

felsic crystalline rocks (fig. 21). Slopes range from 0 to

3 percent. These soils are clayey, mixed, thermic

Aquic Hapludults.

Typical pedon of Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; about 0.25 mile south of Airlie on North

Carolina Highway 4, about 75 feet west of the road, in

a wooded area; Hollister USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 20 minutes 00 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 53 minutes 14 seconds W.

A—0 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine

and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—4 to 8 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine

and medium roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt1—8 to 15 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

sandy clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; few fine and medium roots; few fine

prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—15 to 20 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine and

medium roots; common medium distinct gray

(10YR 6/1) iron depletions and few fine distinct red

(2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—20 to 26 inches; gray (10YR 6/1), reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8), and red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly

sticky, slightly plastic; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds; areas with gray colors are iron

depletions and areas with red and yellow colors

are iron accumulations; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Btg—26 to 37 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly

sticky, slightly plastic; many medium clay films on

faces of peds; common medium faint white (10YR

8/1) and common medium distinct reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—37 to 48 inches; gray (10YR 6/1), white (10YR

8/1), and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay loam that

has pockets of sandy clay loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; firm or friable; slightly

sticky, nonplastic; few distinct clay films on faces

of peds; areas with gray colors are iron depletions

and areas with yellow colors are iron

accumulations; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—48 to 62 inches; gray (10YR 6/1), white (10YR

8/1), and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) saprolite of

sandy clay loam; massive; friable; areas with gray

colors are iron depletions and areas with yellow

colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid

unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to

8, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy sand, loamy

coarse sand, coarse sandy loam, fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, or loam.

The BE or BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of

7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is

sandy clay loam or clay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to

8, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of

2 or less are in the upper 24 inches of the Bt horizon.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is clay loam, sandy clay,

or clay.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of

4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is clay loam, sandy

clay, or clay.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5

to 8, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or

sandy loam.

The C horizon is variable in color. It is saprolite that

has texture of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, or loam.

Herndon Series

The Herndon series consists of well drained soils

that formed in material weathered from Carolina

slates. Slopes range from 2 to 10 percent. These soils

are clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults.
116 Soil Survey

Typical pedon of Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes; about 0.7 mile northeast of Secondary Road

1327 on Secondary Road 1328, about 660 feet east

on a logging road, 0.3 mile south on the logging road,

50 feet east of the logging road, in a wooded area;

Essex USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees

13 minutes 55 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 54

minutes 55 seconds W.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common very fine and fine and many medium

roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—4 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) silt

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

few fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 19 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—19 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty

clay; few medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/8) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—31 to 39 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) silty

clay; common medium distinct yellow (10YR 7/6)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—39 to 45 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR

5/8), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), yellow (10YR 7/6),

and red (2.5YR 4/8) silty clay loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—45 to 61 inches; mottled light gray (10YR 7/1),

yellow (10YR 7/6), pinkish white (5YR 8/2), and

red (2.5YR 5/8) saprolite of silt loam; massive;

very friable; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 30 inches.

The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to

6, and chroma of 2 to 8.

The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam, loam, or very

fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. Mottles in shades of red,

yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is clay, silty clay,

or silty clay loam.

The BC horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. Mottles in shades of red,

yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is silt loam, loam,

silty clay loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon is variable in color. It is saprolite that

has texture of silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam.

Lignum Series

The Lignum series consists of moderately well

drained and somewhat poorly drained soils that

formed in material weathered from Carolina slates.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils are

clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults.

Typical pedon of Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; about 0.3 mile south of Secondary Road 1333

on Secondary Road 1327, about 1.2 miles east on a

logging road, about 75 feet south of the road, in a

wooded area; Essex USGS topographic quadrangle;

lat. 36 degrees 13 minutes 34 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 54 minutes 44 seconds W.

A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam;

moderate medium granular structure; friable; many

very fine and fine roots; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

E—4 to 7 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam;

moderate medium granular structure; friable;

common very fine and fine and few medium roots;

common fine faint yellow (10YR 7/6) masses of

iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BE—7 to 13 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) silt loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine and few medium roots; common fine

faint brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common fine

distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—13 to 22 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silty

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few

fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron

depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—22 to 34 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silty

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few

fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; common medium faint light gray (10YR 7/1)

iron depletions and common fine distinct strong
Halifax County, North Carolina 117

Figure 17.—Profile of a Bonneau soil. Bonneau soils have a

thick, sandy surface layer that extends below a depth of

20 inches. They may be droughty during the summer.

Unless they have a cover crop, the soils are susceptible

to soil blowing.

Figure 16.—Profile of a poorly drained soil, like Bethera and

Grantham soils, that occurs throughout the Coastal Plain

region and has severe limitations for most uses because

of the high water table.
118 Soil Survey

Figure 19.—Profile of a Goldsboro soil. Goldsboro soils occur

throughout the Coastal Plain area. These moderately well

drained soils have a water table within a depth of 30

inches. They are good for agricultural uses.

Figure 18.—Profile of a Dothan soil. Dothan soils occur in the

area where the Coastal Plain and Piedmont areas meet in

Halifax County. They typically occur in slightly sloping

areas and are commonly used for peanut production.

Plinthite is within a depth of 60 inches.
Halifax County, North Carolina 119

Figure 21.—Profile of a Helena soil. The clayey, moderately

well drained Helena soils occur in the northwest

Piedmont area in Halifax County. They have a clayey

subsoil which limits the downward movement of water

through the soil.

Figure 20.—Profile of a Gritney soil. Gritney soils are

susceptible to erosion due to the clayey subsoil which

limits the downward movement of water through the soil.
120 Soil Survey

Figure 23.—Profile of a Tatum soil. Tatum soils commonly

occur in the southwestern Piedmont area of Halifax

County. Soft weathered bedrock, occurring between

depths of 40 and 60 inches, is a limitation affecting some

uses.

Figure 22.—Profile of a Tarboro soil. Tarboro soils occur along

the terraces in the southeastern area of Halifax County.

They are commonly mined for sand. There are several

borrow areas in locations where Tarboro soils are

mapped.
Halifax County, North Carolina 121

brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—34 to 46 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3), gray

(10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty

clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; areas

with gray colors are iron depletions and areas with

brown colors are iron accumulations; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—46 to 58 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/4), pale yellow

(2.5Y 7/4), and white (N 8/0) saprolite of silty clay

loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—58 to 63 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/4), pale yellow

(2.5Y 7/4), and white (N 8/0) strongly weathered

slate rock that crushes to silty soil material; rock

controlled structure; firm in place, friable when

dug; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 50

inches. The depth to soft bedrock ranges from 40 to 60

inches. The soils are strongly acid or very strongly

acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 1 to 6. It is very fine sandy loam,

loam, or silt loam.

The BE or BA horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is silt loam,

silty clay loam, loam, or clay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less are in the upper 10 inches of the horizon.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is clay loam, clay, silty

clay loam, or silty clay.

The BC or CB horizon, if it occurs, has hue of

7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8. Iron

depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron

accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may

occur. Texture is silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay

loam.

The C horizon is variable in color. It is saprolite that

has texture of sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt

loam.

Lynchburg Series

The Lynchburg series consists of somewhat poorly

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on

coastal plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aeric

Paleaquults.

Typical pedon of Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 0.4 mile west of Interstate 95 on

Secondary Road 1002, about 150 feet north on a farm

path, about 50 feet east of the farm path, in a field;

Ringwood USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 12 minutes 49 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 45 minutes 39 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sandy loam; weak medium granular structure;

friable; common fine and few medium roots;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 19 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine

and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium distinct light gray (10YR

7/2) iron depletions and common medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—19 to 50 inches; gray (10YR 6/1), strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8), and red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; areas with gray colors are iron

depletions and areas with brown and red colors

are iron accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Btg—50 to 68 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; common medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), common medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and few fine

prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 0

to 2.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y

or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma

of 1 to 4. It is loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, or loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is
122 Soil Survey

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam,

or clay loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is dominantly sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or clay

loam. It can range to clay or sandy clay below a depth

of 40 inches.

Marlboro Series

The Marlboro series consists of well drained soils

that formed in clayey sediments on coastal plains.

Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. These soils are

clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults.

Typical pedon of Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes; about 0.9 mile northeast on

Secondary Road 1327 from its intersection with

Secondary Road 1206, about 0.5 mile south on a farm

path, about 600 feet southwest of the farm path, in a

field; Enfield USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 13 minutes 55 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 41 minutes 15 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; common fine and few medium roots;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—7 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine

and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—16 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—48 to 52 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; few medium

distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions and

common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8)

and few fine prominent red (10R 4/8) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt4—52 to 66 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8),

light gray (10YR 7/2), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and

red (10R 4/8) clay; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; moderately sticky, slightly

plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; areas with gray colors are iron depletions

and areas with brown and red colors are iron

accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt5—66 to 74 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8),

light gray (10YR 7/2), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and

red (10R 4/8) clay; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic;

few discontinuous clay films on faces of peds;

areas with gray colors are iron depletions and

areas with brown and red colors are iron

accumulations; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are moderately acid to very strongly acid

unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or

5, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 5. It is loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or very

fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with

chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation

in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the

lower part of the horizon. Texture is clay loam, sandy

clay, or clay.

Nahunta Series

The Nahunta series consists of somewhat poorly

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on

coastal plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

These soils are fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aeric

Paleaquults.

Typical pedon of Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes; about 3.5 miles south of Scotland Neck on

North Carolina Highway 125, about 1.9 miles

southwest on Secondary Road 1815, about 0.2 mile

south on Secondary Road 1817, about 150 feet west

of the road, in a field; Hobgood USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 03 minutes 00 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 26 minutes 53 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—8 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; many fine and

medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of
Halifax County, North Carolina 123

peds; few fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

iron depletions and few fine faint yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—19 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; common medium distinct

gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions and many coarse

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses

of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Btg1—25 to 42 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; many coarse distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and few medium

distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg2—42 to 56 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; many medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), common fine distinct

very pale brown (10YR 7/4), and common fine

distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg3—56 to 69 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; many coarse distinct brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg4—69 to 75 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; many coarse distinct brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is very fine

sandy loam, loam, or silt loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 5 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is silt loam, loam, clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Nankin Series

The Nankin series consists of well drained soils that

formed in clayey sediments on coastal plains. Slopes

range from 1 to 6 percent. These soils are clayey,

kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults.

Typical pedon of Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6

percent slopes; about 0.75 mile south-southwest of

Secondary Road 1001 on North Carolina Highway 48,

about 990 feet east on a farm path, about 660 feet

south on the farm path, about 200 feet west of the

farm path, in a field; Aurelian Springs USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 21 minutes 06

seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 48 minutes 25

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly

loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; common

ironstone nodules; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—9 to 14 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and

medium roots; common ironstone nodules;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few

fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and few

medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—14 to 25 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay;

common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; moderately sticky, slightly plastic;

few fine and medium roots; common ironstone

nodules; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—25 to 44 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; common

fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; common

ironstone nodules; common distinct clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.
124 Soil Survey

Bt4—44 to 52 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR

5/8), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and red (2.5YR 4/8)

clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; moderately sticky, nonplastic; few ironstone

nodules; few faint clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—52 to 64 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR 5/8),

yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and red (2.5YR 4/8)

sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay;

massive; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 40 inches.

The quantity of ironstone nodules ranges from none to

common in the A and B horizons. The soils are

strongly acid or very strongly acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value

of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 5.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. Mottles in shades of red,

brown, or yellow may occur. Texture is clay loam,

sandy clay, or clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, is mottled in shades of

red, brown, yellow, or gray. It is sandy clay loam or

sandy loam and has pockets and thin strata of loamy

sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy clay.

The C horizon is mottled in shades of red, brown,

yellow, or gray. It is sandy clay loam or sandy loam

and has pockets and thin strata of loamy sand, sandy

loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy clay.

Noboco Series

The Noboco series consists of well drained soils

that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fineloamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults.

Typical pedon of Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 1.1 miles west of North Carolina

Highway 125 on Secondary Road 1100, about 400

feet north on a farm path, about 100 feet west of the

farm path, in a field; Hobgood USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 04 minutes 25 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 26 minutes 50 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; common fine and medium roots; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.

EB—10 to 18 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fine

sandy loam; many coarse distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots;

neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—18 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium

roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—30 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; few fine distinct pale yellow (10YR

7/4) iron depletions and common medium distinct

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—42 to 54 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few distinct clay films on

faces of peds; few fine distinct light gray (10YR

7/2) iron depletions and common coarse distinct

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and many medium distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt4—54 to 64 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many

medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) iron

depletions and common coarse distinct yellowish

red (5YR 5/8) and many medium prominent red

(2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. It is loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, fine sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy

loam.

The EB or BE horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. It is fine sandy

loam or sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Masses of iron

accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may

occur in the upper part of the horizon. Iron depletions

with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron

accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may

occur in the lower part. The horizon is dominantly fine

sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay

loam and may contain thin layers of sandy clay below

a depth of 40 inches.
Halifax County, North Carolina 125

Pacolet Series

The Pacolet series consists of well drained soils

that formed in material weathered from felsic

crystalline rock. Slopes range from 2 to 6 percent.

These soils are clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Kanhapludults.

Typical pedon of Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes; about 1.1 miles northwest of North Carolina

Highway 48 on Secondary Road 1300, about 250 feet

northwest on a farm path, about 0.3 mile northeast on

the farm path, about 100 feet north of the farm path, in

a field; Aurelian Springs USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 19 minutes 13 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 50 minutes 36 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots; strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt—8 to 27 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and medium

roots; common fine flakes of mica; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—27 to 35 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; common fine flakes of

mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—35 to 63 inches; white (10YR 8/1), reddish yellow

(7.5YR 7/6), and red (2.5YR 4/8) saprolite of

sandy clay loam; massive; friable; common fine

flakes of mica; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The soils are moderately acid to very strongly

acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon generally has hue of 5YR to

10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. In eroded

areas it has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 1 to 8. Texture is sandy loam or sandy clay

loam.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to 10YR,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is loamy sand,

fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam.

The BE or BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of

2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 8.

It is clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Mottles in shades of brown

or yellow may occur. Texture is clay loam, sandy clay,

or clay.

The BC horizon has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8 or is mottled in shades of

red, brown, or yellow. It is sandy loam, loam, sandy

clay loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon is mottled in shades of red, yellow,

brown, or white. It is saprolite that has texture of sandy

loam, sandy clay loam, or loam.

Rains Series

The Rains series consists of poorly drained soils

that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains.

Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,

siliceous, thermic Typic Paleaquults.

Typical pedon of Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1

percent slopes; about 0.5 mile north of Secondary

Road 1207 on Secondary Road 1208, about 0.3 mile

southeast of the road, in a wooded area; Enfield

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 14

minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 42

minutes 55 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine

sandy loam; weak medium granular structure;

friable; common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Btg1—7 to 15 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; common fine and

few medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) and few fine distinct reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg2—15 to 28 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; common medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few fine distinct

reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg3—28 to 40 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

moderately sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; common medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common fine

distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg4—40 to 55 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky, nonplastic; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; common medium

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common
126 Soil Survey

medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg5—55 to 72 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; common medium distinct brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8) and common medium distinct

reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches.

The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless

limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 5 and chroma of 0

to 2.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y

or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma

of 0 to 2. It is sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand,

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or

loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is dominantly sandy clay

loam or clay loam but ranges to sandy loam in the

upper part of the horizon and to sandy clay in the

lower part.

Riverview Series

The Riverview series consists of well drained soils

that formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes are 0 to

1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, thermic

Fluventic Dystrochrepts.

Typical pedon of Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.4 miles eastsoutheast of the end of Secondary Road 1800 on a

farm path, about 0.2 mile south on the farm path,

about 0.2 mile south-southwest on the farm path,

about 0.1 mile east on the farm path, about 200 feet

northwest of the farm path, in a wooded area; Palmyra

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 07

minutes 14 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 15

minutes 14 seconds W.

A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; few fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—6 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine

sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes of

mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw2—15 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine flakes of mica; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bw3—18 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine flakes of mica; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

C1—32 to 38 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; many fine

flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C2—38 to 42 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy

loam; massive; very friable; common fine flakes of

mica; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Ab—42 to 50 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam;

massive; very friable; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C3—50 to 63 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; many fine

flakes of mica; moderately acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 60

inches. The soils range from moderately acid to very

strongly acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6.

The Bw horizon dominantly has hue of 7.5YR, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 or has hue of 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 8. In some pedons

it has hue of 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or

4. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red,

yellow, or brown may occur. Iron depletions with

chroma of 2 or less may occur below a depth of 24

inches. Texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and value

and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2

or less and masses of iron accumulation in shades of

red, yellow, or brown may occur. The horizon is sand,

loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy

loam, or loam and contains strata of finer or coarser

textured material.

The Ab horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is very fine sandy loam,

loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy

fine sand, or loamy sand.

Roanoke Series

The Roanoke series consists of poorly drained soils

that formed in clayey fluvial sediments. Slopes range
Halifax County, North Carolina 127

from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are clayey, mixed,

thermic Typic Endoaquults.

Typical pedon of Roanoke loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.0 mile east of

Pender on North Carolina Highway 561, about 0.5 mile

south on a logging road, about 50 feet east of the

logging road, in a wooded area; Halifax USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 18 minutes 03

seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 34 minutes 42

seconds W.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam;

weak fine granular structure; friable; many very

fine, fine, and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Eg—5 to 8 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam;

weak medium granular structure; friable; few very

fine and common fine and medium roots; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Btg—8 to 52 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) clay; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; moderately

sticky, moderately plastic; few fine and medium

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct light yellowish brown

(2.5Y 6/4) and common medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg—52 to 70 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

and yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loam; massive; friable;

areas with gray colors are iron depletions and

areas with red colors are iron accumulations; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid

unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 6 and chroma of 0

to 2.

The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. It

is silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or fine

sandy loam.

The BAg or BEg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of

10YR to 5Y or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7

and chroma of 0 to 2. Masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is clay loam, clay, silty

clay, or silty clay loam.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y

or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma

of 0 to 2. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of

red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is sandy clay

loam, clay loam, clay, or silty clay loam.

The C or Cg horizon is variable in color. Texture

ranges from sand to clay.

Seabrook Series

The Seabrook series consists of moderately well

drained soils that formed in sandy fluvial sediments.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent slopes. These soils

are mixed, thermic Aquic Udipsamments.

Typical pedon of Seabrook loamy sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 2.0 miles northnorthwest of Secondary Road 1102 on Secondary

Road 1105, about 0.75 mile west-northwest on a farm

path, about 120 feet east of the farm path, in a field;

Draughn USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 07 minutes 24 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 31 minutes 56 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand;

single grained; loose; few fine roots; strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

C1—9 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C2—24 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; common coarse

faint light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C3—31 to 36 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

coarse sand; single grained; loose; common

coarse faint light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C4—36 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

coarse sand; single grained; loose; common

medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

iron depletions; very strongly acid.

The sandy horizons are more than 72 inches thick.

The soils range from slightly acid to extremely acid

unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR to

2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. The lower

part has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 1 to 4. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or

less and masses of iron accumulation in shades of

red, yellow, or brown may occur in the lower part of the
128 Soil Survey

horizon. Texture is loamy coarse sand, loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or sand.

State Series

The State series consists of well drained soils that

formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes range from

0 to 6 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed,

thermic Typic Hapludults.

Typical pedon of State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 0.6 mile east-southeast of the

intersection of U.S. Highways 158 and 301 on

Secondary Road 1150, about 1.6 miles southeast on a

farm path, about 400 feet northeast on the farm path,

about 50 feet north of the farm path, in a field; Weldon

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 24

minutes 17 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 34

minutes 82 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; moderate medium granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—15 to 44 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC—44 to 53 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C1—53 to 66 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) very

fine sandy loam; massive; friable; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C2—66 to 75 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

fine sandy loam; massive; friable; strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60

inches. The soils are slightly acid to extremely acid

unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR to

2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is loamy

sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam,

very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam.

The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, silt

loam, or sandy clay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with

chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation

in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the

lower part of the horizon. Texture is sandy clay loam,

loam, or clay loam.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with

chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation

in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture

is very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam,

loam, or sandy clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam,

very fine sandy loam, or sandy loam.

Tarboro Series

The Tarboro series consists of somewhat

excessively drained soils that formed in sandy fluvial

sediments (fig. 22). Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

These soils are mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments.

Typical pedon of Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; about 0.8 mile northwest of Secondary Road

1102 on Secondary Road 1105, about 50 feet

northeast of the road, in a field; Draughn USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 06 minutes 09

seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 31 minutes 08

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; few fine and medium roots; strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

C1—9 to 29 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C2—29 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

coarse sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

C3—60 to 82 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

coarse sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid.

The sandy horizons are more than 80 inches thick.

The soils range from slightly acid to strongly acid

unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6.

The Bw horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or
Halifax County, North Carolina 129

7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is

loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or sand.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is coarse sand, sand,

loamy coarse sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand.

Tatum Series

The Tatum series consists of well drained soils that

formed in material weathered from Carolina slates.

Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. These soils are

clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Typical pedon of Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes, eroded; about 1.4 miles southeast of

Essex on Secondary Road 1333, about 500 feet

southwest of the road, in a wooded area; Essex USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 13 minutes 18

seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 56 minutes 44

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty clay

loam; few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots;

very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) silty clay; few fine

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt2—20 to 35 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) silty clay;

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common distinct clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—35 to 50 inches; mottled yellow (10YR 7/6), light

gray (10YR 7/1), weak red (10R 5/4), and red

(2.5YR 5/8) saprolite of silt loam; massive; friable;

very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cr—50 to 62 inches; mottled light gray (10YR 7/1) and

red (2.5YR 5/8) strongly weathered slate rock that

crushes to silty soil material; rock controlled

structure; firm in place, friable when dug; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60

inches. The depth to soft bedrock ranges from 40 to 60

inches (fig. 23). The soils are strongly acid or very

strongly acid unless limed.

The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 8. It is silty clay loam or silt

loam.

The A horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silty

clay loam or silt loam.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt

loam, loam, or fine sandy loam.

The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to

10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is silt

loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Mottles in shades of red,

brown, or yellow may occur. Texture is clay loam, clay,

silty clay, or silty clay loam.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10R to 5YR,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is clay loam,

silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The C horizon has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 4 to 8, or it is mottled. It is saprolite

that has texture of silt loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay

loam, silty clay, or clay.

Tomotley Series

The Tomotley series consists of poorly drained soils

that formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes range

from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed,

thermic Typic Endoaquults.

Typical pedon of Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 0.6 mile north of

North Carolina Highway 561 on U.S. Highway 258,

about 75 feet west of the road, in a field; Scotland

Neck USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees

12 minutes 01 second N. and long. 77 degrees 23

minutes 28 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine and fine and few medium

roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BA—5 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few

fine faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions and

few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses

of iron accumulation; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg1—9 to 23 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and

few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses

of iron accumulation; moderately acid; gradual

wavy boundary.
130 Soil Survey

Btg2—23 to 31 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BCg—31 to 40 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam

that has pockets of sandy clay loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Cg1—40 to 45 inches; gray (10YR 5/1), yellow (10YR

7/6), and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) fine sandy

loam; massive; very friable; areas with gray colors

are iron depletions and areas with yellow and

brown colors are iron accumulations; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg2—45 to 51 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; few fine distinct yellow

(10YR 7/6) and common fine distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg3—51 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) sand;

single grained; loose; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to more

than 60 inches. The soils are moderately acid to

extremely acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 0

to 2.

The Eg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is loamy

sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam,

loam, or silt loam.

The BA or BEg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or

is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of

0 to 2. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and

masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy

loam, loam, or silt loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses

of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown

may occur. Texture is dominantly sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. It

can range to sandy clay or clay below a depth of 40

inches.

The BCg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0

to 2. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red,

yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is fine sandy

loam, sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam,

silt loam, or sandy clay.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture ranges from sand to clay.

Turbeville Series

The Turbeville series consists of well drained soils

that formed in clayey fluvial sediments. Slopes range

from 2 to 6 percent. These soils are clayey, mixed,

thermic Typic Kandiudults.

Typical pedon of Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes; about 2.0 miles south of Weldon on

U.S. Highway 301, about 0.2 mile east on a farm path,

about 100 feet south of the farm path, in a field;

Weldon USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 23 minutes 15 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 35 minutes 28 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/3) fine sandy loam;

weak medium granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

BE—9 to 12 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

and yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; common fine roots;

slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—12 to 17 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; common fine roots; few

distinct clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—17 to 24 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—24 to 44 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; few

medium distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; very sticky, moderately plastic; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—44 to 59 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; very sticky, moderately plastic; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt5—59 to 86 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) clay;

common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR
Halifax County, North Carolina 131

5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; moderately sticky, moderately

plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more

than 80 inches. The soils are strongly acid or very

strongly acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value

of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to 10YR,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is fine sandy

loam, sandy loam, loam, or silt loam.

The BE or BA horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is fine sandy

loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR

to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

lower part has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is sandy clay loam, clay

loam, clay, or sandy clay.

Udorthents

Soils classified as Udorthents are a mixture of

natural soils. They are well drained and moderately

well drained. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent.

A typical pedon is not given for Udorthents because

of the variable nature of the soils.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. Redoximorphic features, which are

associated with seasonal wetness, occur within a

depth of 48 to 60 inches. The soils are strongly acid to

extremely acid unless limed.

Most horizons have hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. Texture is variable and

commonly loamy.

Wahee Series

The Wahee series consists of somewhat poorly

drained soils that formed in clayey fluvial sediments.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are

clayey, mixed, thermic Aeric Endoaquults.

Typical pedon of Wahee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded; about 1.5 miles east of Pender

on North Carolina Highway 561, about 0.2 mile south

on a logging road, about 50 feet west of the logging

road, in a wooded area; Halifax USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 17 minutes 57 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 34 minutes 13 seconds W.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many very fine, fine, and medium roots; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

E—3 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common very fine, many fine and medium, and

few coarse roots; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—7 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few

medium and coarse roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; common medium distinct light gray

(2.5Y 7/2) iron depletions and common medium

distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—13 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4),

light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8), and red (2.5YR 5/8) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly

sticky, slightly plastic; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds; areas with gray colors are iron

depletions and areas with yellow, red, and brown

colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Btg—31 to 48 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR

6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg—48 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; massive; very firm; slightly sticky, slightly

plastic; common medium distinct reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. The soils are strongly acid to

extremely acid unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 5 and chroma of 0

to 3.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to

7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam, silt loam, very fine

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to

7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of

2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in shades

of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is sandy

clay loam, clay loam, clay, sandy clay, or silty clay.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.
132 Soil Survey

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is clay loam, clay, sandy

clay, or silty clay.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 5 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is sandy loam, clay loam,

clay, or silty clay loam.

Wedowee Series

The Wedowee series consists of well drained soils

that formed in material weathered from porphyritic

granite and other felsic crystalline rock. Slopes range

from 2 to 25 percent. These soils are clayey, kaolinitic,

thermic Typic Kanhapludults.

Typical pedon of Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes; about 1.9 miles northwest of North

Carolina Highway 48 on Secondary Road 1001, about

0.4 mile south on a farm path, about 0.1 mile

southeast of the farm path, in a field; Aurelian Springs

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 22

minutes 16 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 50

minutes 20 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam;

weak medium granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

BE—7 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; many fine and medium roots; slightly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 19 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; few

distinct clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—19 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) and many coarse distinct red (2.5YR 4/8)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few distinct clay

films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

BC—26 to 36 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay

loam; common medium distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8), common medium distinct white (5YR

8/1), and many coarse distinct red (2.5YR 4/8)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—36 to 63 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR 5/6),

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), pink (5YR 7/4), white

(5YR 8/1), and red (2.5YR 4/8) saprolite of sandy

clay loam; massive; friable; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The soils are strongly acid or extremely acid

unless limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR to

2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is coarse

loamy sand, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, or loam.

The BE horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is coarse sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam,

or clay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. Mottles in shades of red,

brown, or yellow may occur. Texture is sandy clay

loam, clay loam, clay, or sandy clay.

The BC horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of

5 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. Mottles in shades of red,

brown, or yellow may occur. Texture is fine sandy

loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon is mottled in shades of brown,

yellow, or white. It is saprolite that has texture of fine

sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay

loam, or sandy clay.

Wehadkee Series

The Wehadkee series consists of poorly drained

soils that formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes

are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed,

nonacid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents.

Typical pedon of Wehadkee loam in an area of

Chewacla and Wehadkee soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

frequently flooded; about 1.0 mile east-southeast of

Norfleet on Secondary Road 1800, about 1.3 miles

east-southeast on a farm path, about 2.25 miles

south-southwest on the farm path, about 350 feet

south-southeast of the farm path, in a wooded area;

Palmyra USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 06 minutes 21 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 16 minutes 56 seconds W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

few fine flakes of mica; common fine prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common fine

prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.
Halifax County, North Carolina 133

A2—3 to 7 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt loam;

weak fine angular blocky structure; friable;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots; few

fine flakes of mica; few fine distinct dark yellowish

brown (10YR 3/6), many medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8), and common fine prominent

red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bg1—7 to 21 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; moderately sticky,

nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; few fine flakes of mica; many medium

distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) and

many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bg2—21 to 28 inches; gray (N 5/0) clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; moderately sticky, nonplastic; few fine

flakes of mica; common fine distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) and common fine prominent red

(2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bg3—28 to 33 inches; gray (N 5/0) clay loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine flakes of mica;

many medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses

of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cg1—33 to 44 inches; gray (N 5/0) sandy clay loam;

massive; friable; nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine

flakes of mica; many medium distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg2—44 to 50 inches; gray (N 5/0) sandy loam;

massive; friable; nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine

flakes of mica; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg3—50 to 60 inches; gray (N 5/0) sandy clay loam;

massive; friable; nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine

flakes of mica; neutral.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to more

than 60 inches. The soils are neutral to very strongly

acid unless limed.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 4.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is sandy clay loam, loam,

clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt loam.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral

in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

or brown may occur. Texture is dominantly sandy

loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay

loam. It can range to sand or loamy sand below a

depth of 40 inches.

Winton Series

The Winton series consists of moderately well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on

coastal plains. Slopes range from 25 to 45 percent.

These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aquic

Hapludults.

Typical pedon of Winton fine sandy loam, 25 to 45

percent slopes; about 0.4 mile northeast of North

Carolina Highway 301 (business) on Dobbs Street in

Halifax, about 100 feet north of the road, in a wooded

area; Halifax USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36

degrees 20 minutes 08 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 35 minutes 19 seconds W.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sandy loam; moderate medium granular

structure; friable; many fine and few coarse roots;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—5 to 9 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy

loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable;

many fine and few coarse roots; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—9 to 14 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) sandy clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few coarse roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt2—14 to 23 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few coarse roots; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—23 to 38 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few coarse roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; common medium distinct

gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions and common

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses

of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt4—38 to 57 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6),

gray (10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few coarse roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; areas with gray colors are

iron depletions and areas with yellow and brown
134

colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC—57 to 63 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and

light gray (N 7/0) sandy clay loam that has pockets

of sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; areas with gray colors are iron

depletions and areas with brown colors are iron

accumulations; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. The soils range from moderately acid

to extremely acid.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is loamy sand, loamy fine

sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma

of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in

shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is

fine sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay

loam.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. Iron depletions with

chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation

in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture

is loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, or sandy clay loam.

The C horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y

and value and chroma of 3 to 8. Mottles, iron

accumulations, or depletions in shades of red, yellow,

gray, or brown may occur. Texture ranges from sand to

clay.
135

(1) Allen, W.C. 1918. History of Halifax County. pp. 1-18.

(2) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986.

Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and

testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(3) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils

for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(4) Broadfoot, Walter M., and R.M. Krinard. 1959. Guide for evaluating sweetgum

sites. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Stn. Occas. Pap. 176.

(5) Buol, S.W., F.D. Hole, and R.J. McCracken. 1989. Soil genesis and classification.

Ed. 3.

(6) Coile, T.S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Site index of young stands of loblolly and

shortleaf pines in the Piedmont Plateau Region. J. For. 51: 432-435.

(7) North Carolina Crop and Livestock Reporting Service. 1994. Agricultural

statistics. N.C. Dep. Agric., no. 178.

(8) United States Department of Agriculture. 1918. Soil survey of Halifax County,

North Carolina.

(9) United States Department of Agriculture. 1961. Land capability classification.

U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

(10) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of

soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. Serv.,

U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(11) United States Department of Agriculture. 1984 (rev.). Procedures for collecting

soil samples and methods of analysis for soil survey. Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. 1.

(12) United States Department of Agriculture. 1991. Forest statistics for North

Carolina, 1990. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Resour. Bull. SE-120.

(13) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil

survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

(14) United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1989. County

population estimates. Series P-26, No. 88-A, pp. 26-27.

References

137

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon.

AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon.

Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or

on steep, rocky slopes.

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from

the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is

similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a

poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in

carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods

are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Amphibolite. A metamorphic rock consisting mainly

of amphibole and plagioclase with little or no

quartz. As the content of quartz increases, the

rock grades into hornblende plagioclase gneiss.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Aquifer. A water-bearing bed or stratum of permeable

rock, sand, or gravel capable of fielding

considerable quantities of water to wells or

springs.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Atterberg limits. Atterberg limits are measured for

soil materials passing the No. 40 sieve. They

include the liquid limit (LL), which is the moisture

content at which the soil passes from a plastic to a

liquid state, and the plasticity index (PI), which is

the water content corresponding to an arbitrary

limit between the plastic and semisolid states of

consistency of a soil.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ............................................................ 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high .............................................. more than 12

Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree,

generally referring to the section at breast height

and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of

stand density, commonly expressed in square

feet.

Basalt. A fine grained igneous rock dominated by dark

minerals, consisting of more than 50 percent

plagioclase feldspars with the balance being

ferromagnesian silicates. Basalts and andesites

represent about 98 percent of all extrusive rocks.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Benchmark soil. A soil of large extent that holds a

key position in the soil classification system or is

of special significance to farming, engineering,

forestry, or other uses.

Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of

earth constructed on or nearly on a contour,

supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material,

and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage

and to prevent accelerated erosion.

Borrow pit. An open excavation from which the soil

and underlying material have been removed,

Glossary
138 Soil Survey

generally for use in road construction. Borrow pits

support few or no plants without major

reclamation. Areas identified on the detailed soil

maps by a special symbol typically are less than 2

acres in size.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above

the ground surface; the point on a tree where

diameter measurements are ordinarily taken.

Broad-base terrace. A ridge-type terrace built to

control erosion by diverting runoff along the

contour at a nonscouring velocity. The terrace is

10 to 20 inches high and 15 to 30 feet wide. It has

gently sloping sides, a rounded crown, and a dishshaped channel along the upper side. It may be

nearly level or have a grade toward one or both

ends.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See

Crown.)

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a

landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent

material but have different characteristics as a

result of differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity

but is more precise in meaning.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese

and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Clayey. A general textural term that includes sandy

clay, silty clay, and clay. According to family level

criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific

textural name referring to fine earth (particles less

than 2 millimeters in size) containing 35 percent or

more clay, by weight, within the control section.

The content of rock fragments is less than 35

percent, by volume.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that

contains much more clay than the horizons above

it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and

plastic or stiff when wet.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant cover

reproduces itself and does not change so long as

the environment remains the same.

Clod. See Aggregate, soil.

CMAI (cumulative mean annual increment). The

age or rotation at which growing stock of a forest

produces the greatest annual growth (for that time

period). It is the age at which periodic annual

growth and mean annual growth are equal.

Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles

2 millimeters to 25 centimeters (10 inches) in

diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles

(flagstone) 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches)

long.

Coarse-loamy. According to family level criteria in the

soil taxonomic system, soil containing less than 18

percent clay, by weight, and 15 percent or more

fine sand or coarser textured material.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Coastal Plain. The physiographic region of eastern

North Carolina that consists of ocean-deposited

sediments of sand, silt, and clay. These sediments

are in level to rolling areas and vary in thickness.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning

or establishing terraces, diversions, and other

water-control structures on a complex slope is

difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

in such an intricate pattern or so small in area that

it is not practical to map them separately at the

selected scale of mapping. The pattern and

proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane that typically takes the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,

iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common
Halifax County, North Carolina 139

compounds making up concretions. If formed in

place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese

oxide are generally considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease

with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers.

Terms commonly used to describe consistence

are:

Loose.—Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not

hold together in a mass.

Friable.—When moist, crushes easily under gentle

pressure between thumb and forefinger and can

be pressed together into a lump.

Firm.—When moist, crushes under moderate

pressure between thumb and forefinger, but

resistance is distinctly noticeable.

Plastic.—When wet, readily deformed by

moderate pressure but can be pressed into a

lump; will form a “wire” when rolled between thumb

and forefinger.

Sticky.—When wet, adheres to other material and

tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather

than to pull free from other material.

Hard.—When dry, moderately resistant to

pressure; can be broken with difficulty between

thumb and forefinger.

Soft.—When dry, breaks into powder or individual

grains under very slight pressure.

Cemented.—Hard; little affected by moistening.

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled

crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

content of organic matter, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the

living branches and their foliage.

Crust. A thin, hard layer of soil material that forms on

the surface in cultivated areas as the result of fine

soil material settling out of ponding.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

The average annual increase per acre in the

volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total

volume of the stand by its age. As the stand

increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to

reduce the rate of increase. The point where the

stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth

is called the culmination of the mean annual

increment.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Dbh (diameter at breast height). The diameter of a

tree at 4.5 feet above the ground level on the uphill

side.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting

grazing land for a prescribed period.

Delineation. The process of drawing or plotting

features on a map with lines and symbols.

Denitrification. The biochemical reduction of nitrate or

nitrite to gaseous nitrogen either as molecular

nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.

Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that

has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per

cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of

digging and can affect filling and compacting.

Depression (depressional area). A portion of land

surrounded on all sides by higher land. These

areas generally do not have outlets for drainage.

Depth class. Refers to the depth to a root-restricting

layer. Unless otherwise stated, this layer is

understood to be consolidated bedrock. The depth

classes in this survey are:
140 Soil Survey

Very shallow ............................... less than 10 inches

Shallow ............................................. 10 to 20 inches

Moderately deep .............................. 20 to 40 inches

Deep ................................................. 40 to 60 inches

Very deep ................................. more than 60 inches

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized:

Excessively drained.—Water is removed from the

soil very rapidly. Excessively drained soils are

commonly very coarse textured, rocky, or shallow.

Some are steep. All are free of the mottling related

to wetness.

Somewhat excessively drained.—Water is

removed from the soil rapidly. Many somewhat

excessively drained soils are sandy and rapidly

pervious. Some are shallow. Some are so steep

that much of the water they receive is lost as

runoff. All are free of the mottling related to

wetness.

Well drained.—Water is removed from the soil

readily, but not rapidly. It is available to plants

throughout most of the growing season and

wetness does not inhibit growth of roots for

significant periods during most growing seasons.

Well drained soils are commonly medium textured.

They are mainly free of mottling.

Moderately well drained.—Water is removed from

the soil somewhat slowly during some periods.

Moderately well drained soils are wet for only a

short time during the growing season, but

periodically they are wet long enough that most

mesophytic crops are affected. They commonly

have a slowly pervious layer within or directly

below the solum or periodically receive high

rainfall, or both.

Somewhat poorly drained.—Water is removed

slowly enough that the soil is wet for significant

periods during the growing season. Wetness

markedly restricts the growth of mesophytic crops

unless artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat

poorly drained soils commonly have a slowly

pervious layer, a high water table, additional water

from seepage, or a combination of these.

Poorly drained.—Water is removed so slowly that

the soil is saturated periodically during the growing

season or remains wet for long periods. Free

water is commonly at or near the surface for long

enough during the growing season that most

mesophytic crops cannot be grown unless the soil

is artificially drained. The soil is not continuously

saturated in layers directly below plow depth. Poor

drainage results from a high water table, a slowly

pervious layer within the profile, seepage, or a

combination of these.

Very poorly drained.—Water is removed from the

soil so slowly that free water remains at or on the

surface during most of the growing season.

Unless the soil is artificially drained, most

mesophytic crops cannot be grown. Very poorly

drained soils are commonly level or depressed

and are frequently ponded. Yet, where rainfall is

high, they can have moderate or high slope

gradients.

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Engineering index test data. Laboratory test and

mechanical analysis of selected soils in the

county.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Eroded (soil phase). Because of erosion, these soils

have lost an average of 25 to 75 percent of the

original A horizon or the uppermost 2 to 6 inches if

the original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid
Halifax County, North Carolina 141

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Erosion classes. Classes based on estimates of past

erosion. The classes are as follows:

Class 1.—Soils that have lost some of the original

A horizon but on the average less than 25 percent

of the original A horizon or of the uppermost 8

inches (if the original A horizon was less than 8

inches thick). Throughout most of the areas, the

thickness of the surface layer is within the normal

range of variability of the uneroded soil. Class 1

erosion typically is not designated in the name of

the map unit or in the map symbol.

Class 2.—Soils that have lost an average of 25 to

75 percent of the original A horizon or of the

uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was

less than 8 inches thick). Throughout most

cultivated areas of class 2 erosion, the surface

layer consists of a mixture of the original A horizon

and material from below. Some areas may have

intricate patterns ranging from uneroded spots to

spots where all of the original A horizon has been

removed.

Class 3.—Soils that have lost an average of 75

percent or more of the original A horizon or of the

uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was

less than 8 inches thick). In most cultivated areas

of class 3 erosion, material that was below the

original A horizon is exposed. The plow layer

consists entirely or largely of this material.

Class 4.—Soils that have lost all of the original A

horizon or of the uppermost 8 inches (if the

original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick)

plus some or all of the deeper horizons throughout

most of the area. The original soil can be identified

only in spots. Some areas may be smooth, but

most have an intricate pattern of gullies.

Erosion hazard. Terms describing the potential for

future erosion, inherent in the soil itself, in

inadequately protected areas. The following

definitions are based on estimated annual soil loss

in metric tons per hectare (values determined by

the Universal Soil Loss Equation assuming bare

soil conditions and using rainfall and climate

factors for North Carolina):

0 tons per hectare ............................................. none

Less than 2.5 tons per hectare ......................... slight

2.5 to 10 tons per hectare .......................... moderate

10 to 25 tons per hectare ............................... severe

More than 25 tons per hectare .............. very severe

Evapotranspiration. The combined loss of water from

a given area through surface evaporation and

through transpiration by plants during a specified

period.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Fall Line. The boundary between the Coastal Plain

and Piedmont physiographic regions. The line is a

zone of transition and varies considerably in width.

The uplands are commonly sediments of the

Coastal Plain, and the bottom of stream channels

is hard rock of the Piedmont. The prevalence of

falls in the rocky channels prompted the term “fall

line.”

Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore

productivity through accumulation of moisture.

Summer fallow is common in regions of limited

rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is

tilled for at least one growing season for weed

control and decomposition of plant residue.

Fast intake (in tables). The movement of water into

the soil is rapid.

Felsic rock. A general term for light-colored igneous

rock and some metamorphic crystalline rock that

have an abundance of quartz, feldspars,

feldspathoids, and muscovite mica.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of

all organic soil material. Peat contains a large

amount of well preserved fiber that is readily

identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has

the lowest bulk density and the highest water

content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Field border. A strip of perennial vegetation (trees,

shrubs, or herbaceous plants) established on the

edge of a field to control erosion, provide travel

lanes for farm machinery, control competition from

adjacent woodland, or provide food and cover for

wildlife.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fine-loamy. According to family level criteria in the soil

taxonomic system, soil containing 18 to 35

percent clay, by weight, and 15 percent or more

fine sand or coarser textured material.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.
142 Soil Survey

Firebreak. An area cleared of flammable material to

stop or help control creeping or running fires. It

also serves as a line from which to work and to

facilitate the movement of firefighters and

equipment. Designated roads also serve as

firebreaks.

First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to frequent or occasional flooding.

Flat. A general term for a level or nearly level surface

or small area of land marked by little or no relief.

Flooding. The temporary covering of the surface by

flowing water from any source, such as

overflowing streams, runoff from adjacent or

surrounding slopes, and inflow from high tides.

The frequency of flooding generally is expressed

as none, rare, occasional, or frequent. None

means that flooding is not probable. Rare means

that flooding is unlikely but possible under unusual

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is

nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year).

Occasional means that flooding occurs

infrequently under normal weather conditions (the

chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year).

Frequent means that flooding occurs often under

normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding

is more than 50 percent in any year). The duration

of flooding is expressed as very brief (less than 2

days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month),

and very long (more than 1 month).

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river

action, as a fluvial plain.

Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Geomorphic surface. A part of the surface of the

land that represents a episode of landscape

development and consists of one or more

landforms. It is a mappable part of the land

surface that is defined in terms of morphology

(relief, slope, aspect etc.); origin (erosional,

constructional, etc.); age (absolute or relative);

and stability of component landforms.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors and

mottles.

Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

grade toward a protected waterway.

Granite. A coarse grained igneous rock dominated by

light-colored minerals, consisting of about 50

percent orthoclase and 25 percent quartz with the

balance being plagioclase feldspars and

ferromagnesian silicates. Granites and

granodiorites comprise 95 percent of all intrusive

rocks.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as

much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a

pebble.

Gravel pit. An open excavation from which the soil

and underlying material are mined as a source of

sand and gravel. The excavated material is used

without crushing. Areas identified on the detailed

soil maps by a special symbol typically are less

than 2 acres in size.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Gravelly spot. An area where the content of rock

fragments that are mostly less than 3 inches in

diameter is more than 15 percent, by volume, in

the surface layer, occurring in a map unit in which

the surface layer of the dominant soil or soils has

less than 15 percent gravel. Areas identified on the

detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically

are less than 2 acres in size.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully. A very small channel with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. A gully generally is an

obstacle to wheeled vehicles and is too deep to be

obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage. Areas identified on the detailed soil maps

by a special symbol typically are less than 2 acres

in size.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil

material intermediate in degree of decomposition
Halifax County, North Carolina 143

between the less decomposed fibric and the more

decomposed sapric material.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation

of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey

Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as

follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an O, A, or

E horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying horizon to the

underlying C horizon. The B horizon also has

distinctive characteristics such as (1)

accumulation of clay, sesquioxides, humus, or a

combination of these; (2) prismatic or blocky

structure; (3) redder or browner colors than those

in the A horizon; or (4) a combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the A or B horizon. The

material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike

that in which the solum formed. If the material is

known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic

numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C.

Cr layer.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath the

soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon,

but can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

R layer.—Hard, consolidated bedrock beneath the

soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon,

but can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a high water table, the infiltration rate and

permeability after prolonged wetting, and depth to

a very slowly permeable layer. The slope and the

kind of plant cover are not considered but are

separate factors in predicting runoff.

Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a

molten or partially molten state. Major varieties

include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are

andesite, basalt, and granite.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which

water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of

conditions.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually

expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the

rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the

soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial

rate; the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a

constant but is a variable depending on the net

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in

inches per hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 ............................................... very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ......................................... moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................ moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that does not flow year-round.

Intermittent water. An area where water is artifically

impounded or a beaver pond or other area where

water is impounded because of animal activity.

Areas identified on the detailed soil maps by a

special symbol typically are 2 to 50 acres in size.

Interstream divide (or interstream area). The nearly

level land between drainageways in relatively

undissected parts of the Coastal Plain. It is in

areas on uplands, low marine terraces, and

stream terraces. Soils in these areas are generally

poorly drained or very poorly drained.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones that have a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of
144 Soil Survey

chemical reduction and removal but also have a

content of clay similar to that of the adjacent

matrix. A type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in the

production of crops.

Kaolinite. An aluminosilicate clay mineral with a 1:1

layer structure; that is, a silicon tetrahedral sheet

alternating with an aluminium octahedral sheet.

Little or no expansion occurs when water mixes

with the clay.

Lamellae. Very thin, mostly horizontal layers of

accumulated clay, iron, or other material common

in some sands or loamy sands; associated with

soil formation rather than geologic deposition.

Landfill. An area of accumulated waste products from

human habitat. Landfill areas can be above or

below the natural ground level. Areas identified on

the detailed soil maps by a special symbol

typically are less than 2 acres in size.

Landform. The description of a given terrain based on

position and configuration. Examples are flood

plain, stream terrace, fan, mountain slope, and

ridge.

Landform position. A particular place within a

landform. Examples are summit of a ridge,

shoulder of a ridge, nose slope, side slope, back

slope, and foot slope.

Landscape. A collection of related, natural landforms;

usually the land surface which can be seen in a

single view.

Land shaping. The practice of scraping higher convex

areas into lower concave areas in order to

establish a nearly level field and reduce ponding.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Levees. Small dikes, generally less than 50 feet wide

and several hundred feet in length, used to

prevent intrusions of brackish water or to retain

fresh water. Areas identified on the detailed soil

maps by a special symbol typically are 5 to 20

acres in size.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Loamy. A general textural term that includes coarse

sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very

fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, clay loam,

sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam. According to

family level criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a

specific textural name referring to fine earth

(particles less than 2 millimeters in size) of loamy

very fine sand or finer textured material that

contains less than 35 percent clay, by weight,

within the control section. The content of rock

fragments is less than 35 percent, by volume.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide

or manganese oxide generally are considered a

type of redoximorphic concentration.

Mean annual increment. The average yearly volume

of a stand of trees from the year of origin to the

age under consideration.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in

mineralogical composition, chemical composition,

or structure by heat, pressure, and movement.

Nearly all such rocks are crystalline.

Micas. A group of silicate minerals characterized by

sheet or scale cleavage. Biotite is the

ferromagnesian black mica. Muscovite is the

potassic white mica.

Mine or quarry (map symbol). An open excavation

from which the soil and underlying material have

been removed, exposing bedrock, or the surface

opening to underground mines. Areas identified on

the detailed soil maps by a special symbol

typically are less than 2 acres in size.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Montmorillonite. An aluminosilicate clay mineral with

2:1 layer structure; that is, two silicon tetrahedral

sheets enclosing an aluminium octahedral sheet.

Considerable expansion may occur when water

mixes with the clay.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,
Halifax County, North Carolina 145

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5

millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15

millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a

color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of

4.

Narrow-base terrace. A terrace no more than 4 to 8

feet wide at the base. A narrow-base terrace is

similar to a broad-base terrace, except for the

width of the ridge and channel.

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide are common compounds

making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of

iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered

types of redoximorphic concentrations.

Nose slope. The downward-sloping convex end of a

main ridge or spur ridge.

No-till planting. A method of planting crops in which

there is virtually no seedbed preparation. A thin

slice of the soil is opened, and the seed is planted

at the desired depth.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low ................................... less than 0.5 percent

Low ................................................ 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low .............................. 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ....................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High ............................................... 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high ............................... more than 8.0 percent

Overstory. The portion of the trees in a forest stand

forming the upper crown cover.

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the

movement of water and the growth of roots. For

example, claypan, plowpan, and traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10

square meters), depending on the variability of the

soil.

Percolation. The downward movement of water

through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Perennial stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows continuously throughout the year.

Perennial water. An area that generally provides

water for human or livestock consumption;

commonly a lake, pond, river, or stream.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

or air to move downward through the profile. The

rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is

accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms

describing permeability, measured in inches per

hour, are as follows:

Extremely slow ................................. 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ........................................ 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management. For

example, slope, stoniness, and flooding.

Phenocryst. A crystal significantly larger than the

crystals of surrounding minerals.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piedmont. The physiographic region of central North

Carolina characterized by rolling landscapes

formed from the weathering of residual rock

material.
146 Soil Survey

Piping (in tables). Subsurface tunnels or pipelike

cavities are formed by water moving through the

soil.

Pits (mine or quarry). A small borrow area or pit

(usually less than 5 acres in size) where soil,

gravel, or stone has been removed.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range in

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly

weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other

diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles,

usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns.

Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone

hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated

wetting and drying, especially if it is also exposed

to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can

be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil

directly below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid

permeability, the soil may not adequately filter

effluent from a waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Porphyritic. A textural term for igneous rocks in which

larger crystals, called phenocrysts, are set in a

finer groundmass. The groundmass may be

crystalline or glassy, or both.

Potential native plant community. See Climax plant

community.

Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for

specific management purposes, under the

appropriate weather conditions and soil moisture

conditions and at the proper time of day.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the

desirable vegetation. This practice increases the

vigor and reproductive capacity of the key plants

and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch

necessary to conserve soil and water.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH

7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The

degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid .......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ......................... 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced

matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alphadipyridyl, and other features indicating the

chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and

manganese compounds resulting from saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Reforestation. The process in which tree seedlings

are planted or become naturally established in an

area that was once forested.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated
Halifax County, North Carolina 147

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Rippable. Rippable bedrock or hardpan can be

excavated using a single-tooth ripping attachment

mounted on a tractor with a 200-300 drawbar

horsepower rating.

Rock outcrop. An area of exposed bedrock in a map

unit that has less than 0.1 percent exposed

bedrock. Areas identified on the detailed soil maps

by a special symbol typically are less than 2 acres

in size.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil

is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Runoff class (surface). Refers to the rate at which

water flows away from the soil over the surface

without infiltrating. Six classes of rate of runoff are

recognized:

Ponded.—Little of the precipitation and water that

runs onto the soil escapes as runoff, and free

water stands on the surface for significant periods.

The amount of water that is removed from ponded

areas by movement through the soil, by plants, or

by evaporation is usually greater than the total

rainfall. Ponding normally occurs on level and

nearly level soils in depressions. The water depth

may fluctuate greatly.

Very slow.—Surface water flows away slowly, and

free water stands on the surface for long periods

or immediately enters the soil. Most of the water

passes through the soil, is used by plants, or

evaporates. The soils are commonly level or nearly

level or are very porous.

Slow.—Surface water flows away so slowly that

free water stands on the surface for moderate

periods or enters the soil rapidly. Most of the water

passes through the soil, is used by plants, or

evaporates. The soils are nearly level or very

gently sloping, or they are steeper but absorb

precipitation very rapidly.

Medium.—Surface water flows away so rapidly

that free water stands on the surface for only short

periods. Part of the precipitation enters the soil

and is used by plants, is lost by evaporation, or

moves into underground channels. The soils are

nearly level or gently sloping and absorb

precipitation at a moderate rate, or they are

steeper but absorb water rapidly.

Rapid.—Surface water flows away so rapidly that

the period of concentration is brief and free water

does not stand on the surface. Only a small part of

the water enters the soil. The soils generally are

moderately steep or steep and have moderate to

slow rates of absorption.

Very rapid.—Surface water flows away so rapidly

that the period of concentration is very brief and

free water does not stand on the surface. Only a

small part of the water enters the soil. The soils

are mainly steep or very steep and absorb

precipitation slowly.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0

millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist

of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85

percent or more sand and not more than 10

percent clay.

Sandy. A general textural term that includes coarse

sand, sand, fine sand, very fine sand, loamy

coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, and

loamy very fine sand. According to family level

criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific

textural name referring to fine earth (particles less

than 2 millimeters in size) of sand or loamy sand

that contains less than 50 percent very fine sand,

by weight, within the control section. The content

of rock fragments is less than 35 percent, by

volume.

Sandy spot. An area where the surface layer is sandy

(loamy sand or sand) in a map unit in which the

dominant soil or soils have a loamy, silty, or clayey

surface layer. Excluded are areas where the

textural classes are adjoining, such as an area of

loamy sand in a map unit in which the dominant

soil or soils have a surface layer of sandy loam.

Areas identified on the detailed soil maps by a

special symbol typically are less than 2 acres in

size.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has

the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk

density, and the lowest water content at saturation

of all organic soil material.

Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated, residual

material underlying the genetically developed soil

and grading to bedrock below.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive

pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix

into an unlined auger hole.

Scarp (marine). An area having a short, steep slope
148 Soil Survey

of considerable linear extent along the transition

line dividing marine terraces.

Schist. A metamorphic rock dominated by fibrous or

platy minerals. It has schistose cleavage and is a

product of regional metamorphism.

Second bottom. The first stream terrace above the

normal flood plain (or first bottom) of a river.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Severely eroded spot. An area of soil that has lost an

average of 75 percent or more of the original

surface layer because of accelerated erosion,

occurring in a map unit in which the dominant soil

or soils have lost less than 25 percent of the

original surface layer. Areas identified on the

detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically

are less than 2 acres in size.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Short, steep slope. An area of soil that is at least two

slope classes steeper than the named soils in the

surrounding map unit. Areas identified on the

detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically

are long, narrow bands that are less than 2 acres

in size. (See Slope.)

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The

mineral form is called quartz.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site

based on the height of the dominant stand at an

arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average

height attained by dominant and codominant trees

in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is

75 feet, the site index is 75 feet.

Skidding. A method of moving felled trees to a nearby

central area for transport to a processing facility.

Most systems involve pulling the trees with wire

cables attached to a bulldozer or rubber-tired

tractor. Generally, felled trees are skidded or

pulled with one end lifted to reduce friction and soil

disturbance.

Skid trails. The paths left from skidding logs and the

bulldozer or tractor used to pull them.

Slate. A fine grained metamorphic rock with well

developed slaty cleavage. Formed by the lowgrade regional metamorphism of shale.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In

this survey area, classes for simple slopes are as

follows:

Nearly level ......................................... 0 to 2 percent

Gently sloping ..................................... 2 to 6 percent

Moderately sloping ............................ 6 to 10 percent

Strongly sloping .............................. 10 to 15 percent

Moderately steep ............................ 15 to 25 percent

Steep ............................................... 25 to 45 percent

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil compaction. An alteration of soil structure that

ultimately can affect the biological and chemical

properties of the soil. Compaction decreases the

extent of voids and increases bulk density.

Soil map unit. A kind of soil or miscellaneous area or

a combination of two or more soils or one or more

soils and one or more miscellaneous areas that

can be shown at the scale of mapping for the

defined purposes and objectives of the soil survey.
Halifax County, North Carolina 149

Soil map units generally are designed to reflect

significant differences in use and management

among the soils of a survey area.

Soil puddling. This condition occurs in certain soils

when they are driven over while they are wet.

Exertion of mechanical force destroys the soil

structure by compressing and shearing and

results in the rearrangement of the soil particles to

a massive or nonstructural state.

Soil sample site (map symbol). The location of a

typifying pedon in the survey area.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand ............................................... 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Soil strength. Load-supporting capacity of a soil at

specific moisture and density conditions.

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Stand density. The degree to which an area is

covered with living trees. It is usually expressed in

units of basal area per acre, number of trees per

acre, or the percentage of ground covered by the

tree canopy as viewed from above.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to soil blowing and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on

the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects

the soil from soil blowing and water erosion after

harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the

next crop, and during the early growing period of

the new crop.

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,

ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB,

or EB) below the surface layer.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a

series recognized in the classification system.

Such soils are named for a series they strongly

resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to

that series because they differ in ways too small to

be of consequence in interpreting their use and

behavior.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or

flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a

field generally is built so that the field can be

farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage

has a deep channel that is maintained in

permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Textural classes (general). Broad textural groups that

describe the dominant fine-earth fraction (particles

less than 2 millimeters in size) of the subsoil or the

layers beneath the surface layer to a depth of

about 1 meter or to bedrock if the soil is less than

1 meter thick.

Clayey.—A general textural term that includes

sandy clay, silty clay, and clay.

Loamy.—A general textural term that includes very

coarse sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam,

loam, sandy clay loam, and clay loam.

Sandy.—A general textural term that includes

coarse sand, sand, fine sand, very fine sand,

loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand,

and loamy very fine sand.

Silty.—A general textural term that includes silt, silt

loam, and silty clay loam.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,
150 Soil Survey

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” The textural classes

are defined as follows:

Sands (coarse sand, sand, fine sand, and very

fine sand).—Soil material in which the content of

sand is 85 percent or more and the percentage of

silt plus 11/2 times the percentage of clay does not

exceed 15.

Loamy sands (loamy coarse sand, loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, and loamy very fine sand).—Soil

material in which, at the upper limit, the content of

sand is 85 to 90 percent and the percentage of silt

plus 11/2 times the percentage of clay is not less

than 15 and, at the lower limit, the content of sand

is 70 to 85 percent and the percentage of silt plus

twice the percentage of clay does not exceed 30.

Sandy loams (coarse sandy loam, sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, and very fine sandy loam).—Soil

material in which the content of clay is 20 percent

or less, the percentage of silt plus twice the

percentage of clay exceeds 30, and the content of

sand is 52 percent or more or soil material in

which the content of clay is less than 7 percent,

the content of silt is less than 50 percent, and the

content of sand is 43 to 52 percent.

Loam.—Soil material that contains 7 to 27 percent

clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52

percent sand.

Silt loam.—Soil material that contains 50 percent

or more silt and 12 to 27 percent clay or 50 to 80

percent silt and less than 12 percent clay.

Silt.—Soil material that contains 80 percent or

more silt and less than 12 percent clay.

Sandy clay loam.—Soil material that contains 20

to 35 percent clay, less than 28 percent silt, and

45 percent or more sand.

Clay loam.—Soil material that contains 27 to 40

percent clay and 20 to 45 percent sand.

Silty clay loam.—Soil material that contains 27 to

40 percent clay and less than 20 percent sand.

Sandy clay.—Soil material that contains 35

percent or more clay and 45 percent or more

sand.

Silty clay.—Soil material that contains 40 percent

or more clay and 40 percent or more silt.

Clay.—Soil material that contains 40 percent or

more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less

than 40 percent silt.

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base

of a hill; part of a foot slope.

Topography. The relative positions and elevations of

the natural or manmade features of an area that

describe the configuration of its surface.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,

zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils

in extremely small amounts. They are essential to

plant growth.

Underlying material. Technically the C horizon; the

part of the soil below the biologically altered A and

B horizons.

Understory. The trees and other woody species

growing under a more or less continuous cover of

branches and foliage formed collectively by the

upper portions of adjacent trees and other woody

growth.

Universal soil loss equation. An equation used to

design systems for the control of water erosion:

A=RKLSPC wherein A is the average annual soil

loss in tons per acre per year, R is the rainfall

factor, K is the soil erodibility factor, L is the length

of slope, S is the steepness of slope, P is the

conservation practice factor, and C is the cropping

and management factor.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than

the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors

assumed to be inherited from the parent material

rather than to be the result of poor drainage.

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional

areas that are excavated at an angle across a

sloping road. They are used to reduce the

downward velocity of water and to divert water off

and away from the road surface. Water bars can

easily be driven over if constructed properly.

Water table (apparent). A thick zone of free water in

the soil. The apparent water table is indicated by

the level at which water stands in an uncased

borehole after adequate time is allowed for

adjustment in the surrounding soil.

Water table (perched). A saturated zone of water in

the soil standing above an unsaturated zone.

Water table (seasonal high). The highest level of a
Halifax County, North Carolina 151

saturated zone in the soil (the apparent or perched

water table) over a continuous period of more than

2 weeks in most years, but not a permanent water

table.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wetness. A general term applied to soils that hold

water at or near the surface long enough to be a

common management problem.

Wet spot. An area of somewhat poorly drained to very

poorly drained soils that are at least two drainage

classes wetter than the named soils in the

surrounding map unit. Areas identified on the

detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically

are less than 2 acres in size. (See Drainage

class.)

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by

the wind.

Yield (forest land). The volume of wood fiber from

harvested trees taken from a certain unit of area.

Yield is usually measured in board feet or cubic

feet per acre.

153

Tables
154 Soil Survey

 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation

 (Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Arcola, North Carolina)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | |

 | Temperature | Precipitation

 | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| |

 | | | | 10 will have-- | Average | | will have-- | Average | _______________________ _____________

 Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of|Average

 | daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall

 |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch|

 | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more |

 | | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | o | o | o | o | o | | | | | |

 | F | F | F | F | F | Units | In | In | In | | In _ _ _ _ _ _____ __ __ | __ | | __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

January-----| 48.3 | 28.4 | 37.0 | 73 | 4 | 16 | 3.52 | 2.31| 4.74| 6 | 1.6

 | | | | | | | | | | |

February----| 51.7 | 31.2 | 40.2 | 76 | 8 | 29 | 3.65 | 1.88| 5.21| 6 | 2.7

 | | | | | | | | | | |

March-------| 61.4 | 37.6 | 48.9 | 84 | 18 | 100 | 3.90 | 2.46| 5.01| 7 | 1.3

 | | | | | | | | | | |

April-------| 71.5 | 45.5 | 57.7 | 90 | 26 | 246 | 3.12 | 1.55| 4.27| 5 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

May---------| 78.5 | 54.0 | 66.0 | 93 | 34 | 445 | 3.98 | 2.14| 5.55| 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

June--------| 85.4 | 61.7 | 73.4 | 97 | 45 | 695 | 3.92 | 2.10| 5.52| 5 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

July--------| 88.6 | 66.1 | 77.3 | 99 | 52 | 818 | 4.40 | 2.24| 6.28| 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

August------| 87.3 | 65.5 | 76.3 | 98 | 49 | 785 | 4.83 | 2.47| 6.90| 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

September---| 81.9 | 58.9 | 70.1 | 95 | 41 | 561 | 3.36 | 1.30| 5.05| 4 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

October-----| 71.5 | 47.0 | 59.0 | 87 | 26 | 281 | 3.25 | 1.15| 4.95| 4 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

November----| 63.1 | 39.6 | 50.5 | 81 | 18 | 116 | 3.34 | 1.59| 4.79| 4 | .1

 | | | | | | | | | | |

December----| 52.2 | 31.9 | 41.8 | 75 | 9 | 34 | 3.28 | 1.73| 4.76| 6 | .5

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Average---| 70.1 | 47.3 | 58.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Extreme---| --- | --- | --- | 100 | 2 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4,125 | 44.55 | 37.15| 49.03| 66 | 6.2

 | | | | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the

maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which

growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F).
Halifax County, North Carolina 155

 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

 (Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Arcola, North Carolina)

 _____________________________________________________________

 |

 | Temperature

 |__________________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | or lower | or lower | or lower _____________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Apr. 1 | Apr. 14 | Apr. 28

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Mar. 26 | Apr. 9 | Apr. 23

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Mar. 16 | Mar. 30 | Apr. 13

 | | |

 First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 31 | Oct. 17 | Oct. 9

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Nov. 7 | Oct. 23 | Oct. 13

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Nov. 19 | Nov. 4 | Oct. 22

 | | | _____________________________________________________________

 Table 3.—Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Arcola, North

 Carolina)

__________________________________________________

 |

 | Daily minimum temperature

 | during growing season

 |___________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | Higher | Higher | Higher

 | than | than | than

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | | | __________________________________________________

 | Days | Days | Days ____ ____ ____

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 215 | 192 | 171

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 222 | 199 | 178

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 236 | 214 | 191

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 250 | 228 | 204

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 258 | 236 | 211

 | | | __________________________________________________
156 Soil Survey

 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 AaA |Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, rarely flooded-------------------| 7,975 | 1.7

 AyA |Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 2,400 | 0.5

 BaA |Bethera loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------------------------------------------------| 4,095 | 0.9

 BcA |Bojac loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 930 | 0.2

 BoB |Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 14,235 | 3.0

 CbA |Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded-----------------| 39,000 | 8.2

 ChA |Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded-------------------------| 4,005 | 0.9

 CwA |Chewacla and Wehadkee soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded-------------| 22,170 | 4.7

 DgA |Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 9,145 | 2.0

 DoA |Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 3,690 | 0.8

 DoB |Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 4,965 | 1.1

 EmA |Emporia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 18,385 | 3.9

 EmB |Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 25,595 | 5.4

 EmC |Emporia fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes------------------------------------| 3,335 | 0.7

 ErB |Emporia-Urban land complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------| 6,445 | 1.4

 EwB |Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 26,397 | 5.5

 ExA |Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 8,045 | 1.7

 FuB |Fuquay sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes-------------------------------------------------| 6,075 | 1.3

 GoA |Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 21,555 | 4.6

 GrA |Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 10,105 | 2.2

 GtB |Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 14,290 | 3.1

 GtC |Gritney fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes------------------------------------| 3,075 | 0.7

 GyB2 |Gritney sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-----------------------------| 3,700 | 0.8

 HeA |Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 3,605 | 0.8

 HrB |Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 5,430 | 1.2

 HrC |Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 1,780 | 0.4

 LgA |Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 4,635 | 1.0

 LyA |Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 7,255 | 1.6

 MrA |Marlboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------------------------------------| 1,685 | 0.4

 MrB |Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------| 4,120 | 0.9

 NaA |Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 4,675 | 1.0

 NkB |Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------| 2,620 | 0.6

 NoA |Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 3,785 | 0.8

 PaB |Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 11,740 | 2.5

 PeB2 |Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-----------------------------| 3,125 | 0.7

 RaA |Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 14,335 | 3.1

 RmA |Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------------------------| 4,195 | 0.9

 RoA |Roanoke loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded--------------------------| 11,190 | 2.4

 SeA |Seabrook loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded-------------------------| 740 | 0.2

 StA |State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 18,860 | 4.0

 StB |State fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 7,335 | 1.6

 TaA |Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 1,155 | 0.2

 TbE |Tatum silt loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 2,820 | 0.6

 TmB2 |Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------| 10,770 | 2.3

 TmC2 |Tatum silty clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------| 2,420 | 0.5

 TtA |Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded--------------------| 4,685 | 1.0

 TuB |Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------| 520 | 0.1

 Ud |Udorthents, loamy------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,525 | 0.3

 WaA |Wahee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded-----------------------------| 5,110 | 1.1

 WeB |Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 36,370 | 7.6

 WeC |Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 17,360 | 3.7

 WeE |Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 5,415 | 1.2

 WnF |Winton fine sandy loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes------------------------------------| 4,290 | 0.9

 | Water areas more than 40 acres in size----------------------------------------| 3,235 | 0.7

 | Water areas less than 40 acres in size----------------------------------------| 1,629 | 0.3

 | |-----------|-------

 | Total--------------------------------------------------------------------| 468,026 | 100.0

 | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Halifax County, North Carolina 157

 Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

 (Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the

 soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Peanuts | Corn | Soybeans | Tobacco | Wheat | Pasture

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Lbs | Lbs | Bu | Bu | Lbs | Bu | AUM* ___ ___ __ __ ___ __ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 AaA-------------| IIw | 650 | 3,600 | 125 | 42 | 3,000 | 55 | 8.0

 Altavista | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 AyA-------------| IIe | 700 | 3,600 | 120 | 40 | 2,700 | 60 | 8.0

 Aycock | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BaA-------------| IIIw | 450 | 2,500 | 105 | 35 | --- | 45 | 6.5

 Bethera | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BcA-------------| IIs | 750 | 2,900 | 90 | 30 | 1,800 | 40 | 6.0

 Bojac | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BoB-------------| IIs | 700 | 2,900 | 85 | 30 | 2,600 | 45 | 6.0

 Bonneau | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CbA: | | | | | | | |

 Chastain-------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.5

 | | | | | | | |

 Bibb-----------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.0

 | | | | | | | |

 ChA-------------| IIIw | --- | --- | 100 | 35 | --- | 50 | 6.5

 Chewacla | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CwA: | | | | | | | |

 Chewacla-------| IVw | --- | --- | 80 | 30 | --- | 30 | 6.5

 | | | | | | | |

 Wehadkee-------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 8.5

 | | | | | | | |

 DgA-------------| IIw | 600 | 2,900 | 125 | 45 | 2,300 | 60 | 8.0

 Dogue | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 DoA-------------| I | 900 | 3,800 | 120 | 40 | 2,800 | 50 | 6.0

 Dothan | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 DoB-------------| IIe | 900 | 3,600 | 120 | 35 | 2,600 | 50 | 6.0

 Dothan | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EmA-------------| I | 650 | 4,000 | 110 | 35 | 3,000 | 55 | 8.0

 Emporia | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EmB-------------| IIe | 600 | 3,700 | 100 | 30 | 2,900 | 50 | 8.0

 Emporia | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EmC-------------| IIIe | 550 | 3,200 | 90 | 25 | 2,700 | 45 | 8.0

 Emporia | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EwB: | | | | | | | |

 Emporia--------| IIe | 600 | 3,700 | 100 | 30 | 2,900 | 50 | 8.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee--------| IIe | 525 | 2,500 | 80 | 35 | 2,600 | 40 | 8.0

 | | | | | | | |

 ExA-------------| IIw | 750 | 3,400 | 125 | 50 | 2,800 | 65 | 8.0

 Exum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FuB-------------| IIs | 650 | 2,900 | 85 | 30 | 2,400 | 45 | 6.0

 Fuquay | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
158 Soil Survey

 Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Peanuts | Corn | Soybeans | Tobacco | Wheat | Pasture

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Lbs | Lbs | Bu | Bu | Lbs | Bu | AUM* ___ ___ __ __ ___ __ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 GoA-------------| IIw | 700 | 3,600 | 125 | 42 | 3,000 | 60 | 8.0

 Goldsboro | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 GrA-------------| IIIw | --- | --- | 130 | 45 | --- | 55 | 6.5

 Grantham | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 GtB-------------| IIIe | 600 | 3,000 | 90 | 28 | 2,500 | 40 | 8.0

 Gritney | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 GtC-------------| IVe | 500 | 2,600 | 80 | 24 | 2,200 | 35 | 8.0

 Gritney | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 GyB2------------| IVe | 500 | 2,600 | 80 | 24 | 2,200 | 35 | 7.0

 Gritney | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 HeA-------------| IIw | 575 | 2,800 | 85 | 40 | 2,000 | 40 | 8.0

 Helena | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 HrB-------------| IIe | 500 | --- | 95 | 40 | 2,200 | 50 | 8.0

 Herndon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 HrC-------------| IIIe | 500 | --- | 85 | 35 | 2,000 | 40 | 8.0

 Herndon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 LgA-------------| IIw | --- | --- | 90 | 40 | --- | 40 | 6.5

 Lignum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 LyA-------------| IIw | 675 | 3,000 | 115 | 45 | 2,800 | 45 | 6.5

 Lynchburg | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MrA-------------| I | 800 | 3,300 | 100 | 40 | 2,500 | 60 | 8.0

 Marlboro | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MrB-------------| IIe | 720 | 3,000 | 100 | 40 | 2,400 | 50 | 8.0

 Marlboro | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 NaA-------------| IIw | 675 | 2,800 | 120 | 45 | 2,800 | 55 | 6.5

 Nahunta | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 NkB-------------| IIe | 600 | 2,200 | 75 | 30 | 2,200 | --- | 8.0

 Nankin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 NoA-------------| I | 700 | 4,000 | 115 | 45 | 3,000 | 60 | 8.0

 Noboco | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PaB-------------| IIe | 525 | --- | 80 | --- | 2,200 | --- | 8.0

 Pacolet | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PeB2------------| IIIe | 425 | --- | 65 | 25 | 1,900 | 35 | 7.0

 Pacolet | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RaA-------------| IIIw | 450 | 2,900 | 110 | 40 | 1,900 | 55 | 6.5

 Rains | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RmA-------------| IIw | 650 | --- | 130 | 40 | --- | 55 | 8.0

 Riverview | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RoA-------------| IIIw | 450 | --- | 105 | 40 | --- | 45 | 6.5

 Roanoke | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 159

 Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Peanuts | Corn | Soybeans | Tobacco | Wheat | Pasture

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Lbs | Lbs | Bu | Bu | Lbs | Bu | AUM* ___ ___ __ __ ___ __ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 SeA-------------| IIIs | 400 | 2,200 | 75 | 30 | 2,000 | 35 | 6.0

 Seabrook | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 StA-------------| I | 800 | 3,300 | 130 | 45 | 3,000 | 60 | 8.0

 State | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 StB-------------| IIe | 720 | 3,000 | 120 | 40 | 2,700 | 60 | 8.0

 State | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 TaA-------------| IIIs | 350 | 2,000 | 50 | 20 | 1,700 | 30 | 6.0

 Tarboro | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 TbE-------------| IVe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.5

 Tatum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 TmB2------------| IIIe | --- | --- | 65 | 25 | --- | 30 | 7.0

 Tatum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 TmC2------------| IVe | --- | --- | 50 | 20 | --- | 25 | 7.0

 Tatum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 TtA-------------| IIIw | 450 | --- | 130 | 40 | --- | 45 | 6.5

 Tomotley | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 TuB-------------| IIe | 625 | 3,000 | 120 | 40 | 2,800 | 50 | 8.0

 Turbeville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Ud--------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Udorthents | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 WaA-------------| IIw | --- | --- | 110 | 45 | --- | 40 | 6.5

 Wahee | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 WeB-------------| IIe | 525 | 2,500 | 80 | 35 | 2,600 | 40 | 8.0

 Wedowee | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 WeC-------------| IIIe | 400 | 2,000 | 65 | 30 | 1,800 | 35 | 8.0

 Wedowee | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 WeE-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.5

 Wedowee | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 WnF-------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.0

 Winton | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Animal unit month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one

 mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days.
160 Soil Survey

 Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity

 (Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that

 information was not available)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AaA-------------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 96 | 145 |Loblolly pine.

 Altavista | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 97 | 128 |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 97 | 102 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AyA-------------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine.

 Aycock | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BaA-------------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 92 | 136 |Loblolly pine.

 Bethera | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 95 | 122 |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BcA**-----------| 8S |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine.

 Bojac | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BoB**-----------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine.

 Bonneau | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CbA***: | | | | | | | | |

 Chastain-------| 8W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Sweetgum------------| 95 | 122 |Sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Baldcypress---------| --- | --- | baldcypress.

 | | | | | |Water tupelo--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb-----------| 8W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Sweetgum------------| 90 | 106 |Sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Loblolly pine-------| 100 | 103 | yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 90 | 86 | eastern

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- | cottonwood.

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Atlantic white-cedar| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ChA-------------| 7W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar-------| 96 | 100 |Yellow-poplar,

 Chewacla | | | | | |Loblolly pine-------| 95 | 142 | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 97 | 128 | American

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 90 | 86 | sycamore.

 | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 161

 Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CwA***: | | | | | | | | |

 Chewacla-------| 7W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar-------| 96 | 100 |Yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Loblolly pine-------| 95 | 142 | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 97 | 128 | American

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 90 | 86 | sycamore.

 | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Wehadkee-------| 8W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Yellow-poplar-------| 100 | 107 |Yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 97 | 128 | green ash,

 | | | | | |Loblolly pine-------| 93 | 138 | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| 94 | 91 | American

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 99 | 97 | sycamore.

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| 89 | 64 |

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |River birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 DgA-------------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 131 |Loblolly pine.

 Dogue | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 80 | 62 |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | 106 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 93 | 95 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB--------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 88 | 127 |Loblolly pine.

 Dothan | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 EmA, EmB, EmC---| 7A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 75 | 101 |Loblolly pine,

 Emporia | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 | sweetgum.

 | | | | | | | | |

 EwB***: | | | | | | | | |

 Emporia--------| 7A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 75 | 101 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 | sweetgum.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee--------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 87 | 125 |Loblolly pine.

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 74 | 56 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 74 | 56 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ExA-------------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine.

 Exum | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FuB**-----------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine.

 Fuquay | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
162 Soil Survey

 Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 GoA-------------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 88 | 127 |Loblolly pine.

 Goldsboro | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 GrA-------------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 86 | 123 |Loblolly pine,

 Grantham | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- | yellow-poplar.

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Pond pine-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 GtB, GtC--------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine.

 Gritney | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 GyB2------------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine.

 Gritney | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HeA-------------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine.

 Helena | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American elm--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HrB, HrC--------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 81 | 112 |Loblolly pine.

 Herndon | | | | | |White oak-----------| 68 | 50 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 68 | 50 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 91 | 92 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LgA-------------| 7W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 76 | 103 |Loblolly pine.

 Lignum | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 68 | 50 |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LyA-------------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 86 | 123 |Loblolly pine.

 Lynchburg | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 92 | 93 |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | 106 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 163

 Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MrA, MrB--------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine.

 Marlboro | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NaA-------------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 87 | 125 |Loblolly pine.

 Nahunta | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NkB-------------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine.

 Nankin | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NoA-------------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 131 |Loblolly pine.

 Noboco | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PaB-------------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 120 |Loblolly pine.

 Pacolet | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PeB2------------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine.

 Pacolet | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RaA-------------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 131 |Loblolly pine,

 Rains | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | 106 | sweetgum.

 | | | | | | | | |

 RmA-------------| 11A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 100 | 154 |Loblolly pine,

 Riverview | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 110 | 124 | yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 100 | 138 | sweetgum,

 | | | | | | | | | slash pine,

 | | | | | | | | | eastern

 | | | | | | | | | cottonwood,

 | | | | | | | | | American

 | | | | | | | | | sycamore.

 | | | | | | | | |

 RoA-------------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 98 | 149 |Loblolly pine,

 Roanoke | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | 106 | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| 76 | 68 | yellow-poplar.

 | | | | | | | | |

 SeA-------------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 81 | 112 |Loblolly pine.

 Seabrook | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 StA, StB--------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 86 | 123 |Loblolly pine.

 State | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 85 | 67 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 100 | 107 |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
164 Soil Survey

 Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TaA-------------| 7S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 72 | 96 |Loblolly pine.

 Tarboro | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TbE-------------| 7R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 75 | 101 |Loblolly pine.

 Tatum | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TmB2, TmC2------| 7A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 75 | 101 |Loblolly pine.

 Tatum | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TtA-------------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 97 | 147 |Loblolly pine,

 Tomotley | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- | yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- | American

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- | sycamore.

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water tupelo--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TuB-------------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine.

 Turbeville | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 84 | 79 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WaA-------------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 86 | 123 |Loblolly pine.

 Wahee | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | 106 |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Swamp chestnut oak--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WeB, WeC--------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 87 | 125 |Loblolly pine.

 Wedowee | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 74 | 56 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 74 | 56 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WeE-------------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 87 | 125 |Loblolly pine.

 Wedowee | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 74 | 56 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 74 | 56 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WnF-------------| 10R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 93 | 138 |Loblolly pine.

 Winton | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Volume is the yield in cubic feet per acre per year calculated at the age of culmination of mean annual

 increment for fully stocked natural stands.

 ** The site index for this map unit is based on the highest database plots in adjacent counties.

 *** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Halifax County, North Carolina 165

 Table 7.—Recreational Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions

 of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AaA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Altavista | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 AyA-------------------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Aycock | percs slowly. | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 BaA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Bethera | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 BcA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate:

 Bojac | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 BoB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Bonneau | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 CbA*: | | | | |

 Chastain-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | too acid,

 | wetness. | too acid. | flooding. | | wetness,

 | | | | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Bibb-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 ChA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Chewacla | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | |

 CwA*: | | | | |

 Chewacla-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Wehadkee-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 DgA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Dogue | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 DoA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate:

 Dothan | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 DoB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Dothan | | | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 EmA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Emporia | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 EmB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Emporia | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
166 Soil Survey

 Table 7.—Recreational Development—Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 EmC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Emporia | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 ErB*: | | | | |

 Emporia--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 EwB*: | | | | |

 Emporia--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 ExA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Exum | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | |

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 FuB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Fuquay | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 GoA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Goldsboro | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 GrA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Grantham | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 GtB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Gritney | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 GtC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Gritney | slope, | slope, | slope. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness, | wetness, | | |

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 GyB2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Gritney | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 HeA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Helena | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 HrB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Herndon | | | slope. | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

 HrC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Herndon | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 LgA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Lignum | wetness, | percs slowly. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 167

 Table 7.—Recreational Development—Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LyA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Lynchburg | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 MrA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight.

 Marlboro | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MrB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Marlboro | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 NaA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Nahunta | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 NkB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Nankin | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 NoA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight.

 Noboco | | | | |

 | | | | |

 PaB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Pacolet | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 PeB2------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Pacolet | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 RaA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Rains | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 RmA-------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Riverview | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 RoA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Roanoke | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | too acid,

 | wetness, | too acid, | percs slowly. | | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 SeA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Seabrook | flooding. | wetness, | too sandy, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | too sandy. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 StA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight.

 State | | | | |

 | | | | |

 StB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 State | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 TaA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Tarboro | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 TbE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Tatum | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 TmB2------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Tatum | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 TmC2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Tatum | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
168 Soil Survey

 Table 7.—Recreational Development—Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 TtA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Tomotley | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | |

 TuB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Turbeville | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 Ud. | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | |

 | | | | |

 WaA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Wahee | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | |

 WeB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Wedowee | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 WeC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Wedowee | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 WeE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Wedowee | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 WnF-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Winton | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Halifax County, North Carolina 169

 Table 8.—Wildlife Habitat

 (See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the

 soil was not rated)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- | Hard- | Conif- |Wetland |Shallow | Openland | Woodland

 |and seed| and | ceous | wood | erous | plants | water | wildlife | wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | trees | plants | | areas | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AaA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good.

 Altavista | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AyA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 Aycock | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BaA----------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Good.

 Bethera | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BcA----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good.

 Bojac | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BoB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good.

 Bonneau | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CbA*: | | | | | | | | |

 Chastain----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Fair.

 | poor. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb--------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | |

 ChA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good.

 Chewacla | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CwA*: | | | | | | | | |

 Chewacla----------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Wehadkee----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair.

 | poor. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 DgA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good.

 Dogue | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good.

 Dothan | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 EmA, EmB-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 Emporia | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 EmC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 Emporia | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ErB*: | | | | | | | | |

 Emporia-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 EwB*: | | | | | | | | |

 Emporia-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
170 Soil Survey

 Table 8.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- | Hard- | Conif- |Wetland |Shallow | Openland | Woodland

 |and seed| and | ceous | wood | erous | plants | water | wildlife | wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | trees | plants | | areas | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ExA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good.

 Exum | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FuB----------------|Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair.

 Fuquay | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 GoA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good.

 Goldsboro | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 GrA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Good |Good |Good.

 Grantham | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 GtB, GtC, GyB2-----|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 Gritney | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HeA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good.

 Helena | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HrB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good.

 Herndon | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HrC----------------|Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good.

 Herndon | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LgA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good.

 Lignum | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LyA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good.

 Lynchburg | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MrA, MrB-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good.

 Marlboro | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NaA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good |Good.

 Nahunta | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NkB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 Nankin | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NoA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good.

 Noboco | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PaB----------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good.

 Pacolet | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PeB2---------------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair.

 Pacolet | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RaA----------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Good.

 Rains | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RmA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good.

 Riverview | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RoA----------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair.

 Roanoke | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 SeA----------------|Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair.

 Seabrook | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 171

 Table 8.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- | Hard- | Conif- |Wetland |Shallow | Openland | Woodland

 |and seed| and | ceous | wood | erous | plants | water | wildlife | wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | trees | plants | | areas | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 StA, StB-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 State | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TaA----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor.

 Tarboro | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TbE----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good.

 Tatum | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TmB2---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 Tatum | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TmC2---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good.

 Tatum | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TtA----------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Good.

 Tomotley | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TuB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 Turbeville | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Ud. | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WaA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good.

 Wahee | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WeB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good.

 Wedowee | | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WeC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good.

 Wedowee | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WeE----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good.

 Wedowee | | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WnF----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good.

 Winton | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
172 Soil Survey

 Table 9.—Building Site Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Altavista | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | wetness. | | wetness, |

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 AyA---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 Aycock | wetness. | | wetness. | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 BaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Bethera | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 BcA---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 Bojac | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 BoB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 Bonneau | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 CbA*: | | | | | |

 Chastain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | too acid,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness,

 | | | | | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Bibb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 ChA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Chewacla | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, |

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 CwA*: | | | | | |

 Chewacla---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding.

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 Wehadkee---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding.

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 DgA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Dogue | cutbanks cave,| wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness.

 | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | |

 | | | | | |

 DoA---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 Dothan | wetness. | | wetness. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 DoB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 Dothan | wetness. | | wetness. | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 173

 Table 9.—Building Site Development—Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 EmA---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 Emporia | too clayey, | | wetness, | | low strength. |

 | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 EmB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Emporia | too clayey, | | wetness, | slope. | low strength. |

 | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 EmC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Emporia | too clayey, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | wetness, | | slope, | | slope. |

 | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 ErB*: | | | | | |

 Emporia----------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 | too clayey, | | wetness, | | low strength. |

 | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 EwB*: | | | | | |

 Emporia----------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | too clayey, | | wetness, | slope. | low strength. |

 | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 ExA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Exum | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, |

 | | | | | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 FuB---------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 Fuquay | | | wetness. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 GoA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Goldsboro | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 GrA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Grantham | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 GtB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Gritney | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness,

 | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | | droughty.

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 GtC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Gritney | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | low strength. | wetness.

 | | shrink-swell, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 GyB2--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Gritney | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness.

 | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 HeA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Helena | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | wetness.

 | | | shrink-swell. | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
174 Soil Survey

 Table 9.—Building Site Development—Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HrB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Herndon | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 HrC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Herndon | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 LgA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Lignum | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 LyA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Lynchburg | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 MrA---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight.

 Marlboro | too clayey, | | wetness. | | |

 | wetness. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MrB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight.

 Marlboro | too clayey, | | wetness. | slope. | |

 | wetness. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 NaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Nahunta | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 NkB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 Nankin | too clayey, | | | | | small stones.

 | dense layer. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 NoA---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight.

 Noboco | wetness. | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | | |

 PaB, PeB2---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Pacolet | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 RaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Rains | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 RmA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Riverview | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 RoA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Roanoke | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | too acid,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness.

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 SeA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Seabrook | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | droughty.

 | wetness. | | wetness. | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 StA---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 State | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 StB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 State | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 TaA---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 Tarboro | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 TbE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Tatum | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 175

 Table 9.—Building Site Development—Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 TmB2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Tatum | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 TmC2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Tatum | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 TtA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Tomotley | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | | |

 TuB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Turbeville | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 Ud. | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Wahee | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 WeB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Wedowee | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 WeC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Wedowee | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 WeE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Wedowee | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 WnF---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Winton | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | slope. | | |

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
176 Soil Survey

 Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AaA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Altavista | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 AyA-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Good.

 Aycock | wetness, | seepage, | | |

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 BaA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Bethera | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 BcA-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Bojac | wetness. | seepage. | wetness, | seepage. | thin layer.

 | | | seepage. | |

 | | | | |

 BoB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 Bonneau | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 CbA*: | | | | |

 Chastain-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness, | flooding. | seepage, | wetness. | hard to pack,

 | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Bibb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 ChA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Chewacla | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 CwA*: | | | | |

 Chewacla-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Wehadkee-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 DgA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Dogue | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness, | | hard to pack.

 | | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 DoA-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Good.

 Dothan | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | |

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 177

 Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 DoB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Good.

 Dothan | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | |

 | percs slowly. | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 EmA, EmB------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Emporia | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 EmC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Emporia | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | slope. | slope,

 | percs slowly. | slope, | slope, | | too clayey,

 | | wetness. | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 ErB*: | | | | |

 Emporia------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 EwB*: | | | | |

 Emporia------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Wedowee------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Fair:

 | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 ExA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Exum | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 FuB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Fuquay | percs slowly. | seepage. | too sandy. | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 GoA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Goldsboro | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 GrA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Grantham | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 GtB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Gritney | wetness, | slope. | seepage, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | wetness, | | hard to pack.

 | | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 GtC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Gritney | wetness, | slope. | seepage, | wetness, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | wetness, | slope. | hard to pack.

 | | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 GyB2----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Gritney | wetness, | slope. | seepage, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | wetness, | | hard to pack.

 | | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
178 Soil Survey

 Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 HeA-----------------|Severe: |Slight-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Helena | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 HrB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Herndon | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 HrC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Herndon | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 LgA-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Lignum | percs slowly, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | wetness, | | hard to pack,

 | | | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 LyA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Lynchburg | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 MrA-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Marlboro | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey.

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 MrB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Marlboro | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey.

 | percs slowly. | slope, | | |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 NaA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Nahunta | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 NkB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Nankin | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 NoA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Noboco | wetness. | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey,

 | | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 PaB, PeB2-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Fair:

 Pacolet | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 RaA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Rains | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 RmA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Riverview | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer.

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 RoA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Roanoke | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness, | flooding. | seepage, | wetness. | hard to pack,

 | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 179

 Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 SeA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Seabrook | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 StA, StB------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 State | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 TaA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Tarboro | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage.

 | | | | |

 TbE-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Tatum | slope. | slope. | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | slope, | | hard to pack,

 | | | too clayey. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 TmB2----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Tatum | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 TmC2----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Tatum | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 TtA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Tomotley | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 TuB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Turbeville | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 Ud. | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | |

 | | | | |

 WaA-----------------|Severe: |Slight-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Wahee | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 WeB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Fair:

 Wedowee | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 WeC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Wedowee | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 WeE-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Wedowee | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 WnF-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Winton | wetness, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | percs slowly, | slope, | | |

 | slope. | wetness. | | |

 | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
180 Soil Survey

 Table 11.—Construction Materials

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 AaA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Altavista | wetness, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 AyA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Aycock | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 BaA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Bethera | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 BcA-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Bojac | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 BoB-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Bonneau | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 CbA*: | | | |

 Chastain-------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Bibb-----------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | wetness.

 | | | |

 ChA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Chewacla | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 CwA*: | | | |

 Chewacla-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 Wehadkee-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 DgA-------------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Dogue | wetness. | | too sandy. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 DoA, DoB--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Dothan | | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer.

 | | | |

 EmA, EmB--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 Emporia | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

 EmC-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Emporia | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 181

 Table 11.—Construction Materials—Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 ErB*: | | | |

 Emporia--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

 Urban land. | | | |

 | | | |

 EwB*: | | | |

 Emporia--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 ExA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Exum | wetness, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 FuB-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Fuquay | | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 GoA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Goldsboro | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 GrA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Grantham | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 GtB, GtC, GyB2--------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Gritney | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 HeA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Helena | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 HrB, HrC--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Herndon | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 LgA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Lignum | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 LyA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Lynchburg | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

 MrA, MrB--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Marlboro | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 NaA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Nahunta | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 NkB-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Nankin | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 NoA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Noboco | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 PaB, PeB2-------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Pacolet | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
182 Soil Survey

 Table 11.—Construction Materials—Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 RaA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Rains | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

 RmA-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Riverview | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

 RoA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Roanoke | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 SeA-------------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Seabrook | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 StA, StB--------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 State | | | too sandy. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 TaA-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Tarboro | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 TbE, TmB2, TmC2-------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Tatum | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 TtA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Tomotley | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

 TuB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Turbeville | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Ud. | | | |

 Udorthents | | | |

 | | | |

 WaA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Wahee | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 WeB, WeC--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Wedowee | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 WeE-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Wedowee | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 WnF-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Winton | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Halifax County, North Carolina 183

 Table 12.—Water Management

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AaA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness--------|Wetness, |Favorable.

 Altavista | seepage. | piping, | | | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AyA---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 Aycock | seepage. | piping. | | erodes easily.| soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 BaA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 Bethera | | ponding, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BcA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Soil blowing---|Droughty.

 Bojac | seepage. | piping. | | fast intake. | |

 | | | | | |

 BoB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Soil blowing---|Droughty.

 Bonneau | seepage. | thin layer. | | fast intake. | |

 | | | | | |

 CbA*: | | | | | |

 Chastain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | hard to pack, | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | too acid. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 Bibb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | | flooding. | wetness. | erodes easily.

 | | wetness, | | | |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ChA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness--------|Wetness.

 Chewacla | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | |

 | | hard to pack, | | | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CwA*: | | | | | |

 Chewacla---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness--------|Wetness.

 | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | |

 | | hard to pack, | | | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Wehadkee---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness.

 | seepage. | piping, | | soil blowing, | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | flooding. | |

 | | | | | |

 DgA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 Dogue | seepage. | wetness. | | erodes easily.| wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 DoA---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Favorable------|Droughty.

 Dothan | seepage. | piping. | | droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 DoB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Favorable------|Droughty.

 Dothan | seepage, | piping. | | slope, | |

 | slope. | | | droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
184 Soil Survey

 Table 12.—Water Management—Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 EmA---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Soil blowing, |Percs slowly.

 Emporia | seepage. | thin layer, | | | percs slowly. |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 EmB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Soil blowing, |Percs slowly.

 Emporia | seepage, | thin layer, | | slope. | percs slowly. |

 | slope. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 EmC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Slope, |Slope,

 Emporia | slope. | thin layer, | | slope. | soil blowing, | percs slowly.

 | | piping. | | | percs slowly. |

 | | | | | |

 ErB*: | | | | | |

 Emporia----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Soil blowing, |Percs slowly.

 | seepage, | thin layer, | | slope. | percs slowly. |

 | slope. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 EwB*: | | | | | |

 Emporia----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Soil blowing, |Percs slowly.

 | seepage, | thin layer, | | slope. | percs slowly. |

 | slope. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ExA---------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 Exum | | piping, | | erodes easily,| wetness, |

 | | wetness. | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 FuB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty.

 Fuquay | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake, | soil blowing. |

 | | piping. | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 GoA---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Favorable.

 Goldsboro | seepage. | piping, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 GrA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Grantham | | wetness. | | soil blowing, | wetness, | erodes easily.

 | | | | erodes easily.| soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 GtB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Percs slowly.

 Gritney | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | percs slowly. |

 | | wetness. | | droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 GtC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Gritney | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | percs slowly.

 | | wetness. | | droughty. | percs slowly. |

 | | | | | |

 GyB2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Erodes easily,

 Gritney | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HeA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Percs slowly.

 Helena | | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 185

 Table 12.—Water Management—Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HrB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily |Erodes easily.

 Herndon | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HrC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Herndon | slope. | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 LgA---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Lignum | depth to rock.| thin layer, | | percs slowly. | wetness. | erodes easily.

 | | hard to pack, | | | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LyA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness.

 Lynchburg | seepage. | piping, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MrA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 Marlboro | seepage. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MrB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 Marlboro | seepage, | piping. | | soil blowing. | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 NaA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Nahunta | | wetness. | | erodes easily,| wetness, | erodes easily.

 | | | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 NkB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 Nankin | seepage, | piping. | | slope, | |

 | slope. | | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 NoA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness--------|Wetness--------|Rooting depth.

 Noboco | seepage. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PaB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 Pacolet | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PeB2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Pacolet | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RaA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness--------|Wetness, |Wetness.

 Rains | seepage. | piping, | | | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RmA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding-------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Riverview | seepage. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RoA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Roanoke | seepage. | wetness. | flooding, | percs slowly, | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | | too acid. | erodes easily.| percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 SeA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, |Wetness, |Droughty.

 Seabrook | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | too sandy, |

 | | piping. | | fast intake. | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
186 Soil Survey

 Table 12.—Water Management—Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 StA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 State | seepage. | thin layer, | | | |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 StB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 State | seepage. | thin layer, | | soil blowing. | |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 TaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty,

 Tarboro | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake, | soil blowing. | rooting depth.

 | | piping. | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 TbE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Tatum | slope. | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 TmB2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily |Erodes easily.

 Tatum | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| |

 | depth to rock,| | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 TmC2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Tatum | slope. | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 TtA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness.

 Tomotley | seepage. | piping, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 TuB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Turbeville | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Ud. | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WaA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness--------|Wetness, |Wetness,

 Wahee | | hard to pack, | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WeB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Wedowee | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WeC, WeE----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 Wedowee | slope. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WnF---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slope----------|Slope, |Slope, |Slope.

 Winton | slope. | piping, | | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Halifax County, North Carolina 187

 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties

 (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AaA--------------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam |ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|65-99 |35-60 | <23 | NP-7

 Altavista | | | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | |

 |12-36|Clay loam, sandy |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-99 |45-75 | 20-45 | 5-28

 | | clay loam, loam.| SC, SC-SM| A-7 | | | | | | |

 |36-62|Variable---------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AyA--------------| 0-10|Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|51-80 | <25 | NP-10

 Aycock | | | CL | | | | | | | |

 |10-74|Clay loam, silty |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-90 | 22-49 | 8-30

 | | clay loam, loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BaA--------------| 0-13|Loam-------------|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-95 |60-75 | 30-37 | 8-14

 Bethera |13-63|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |98-100|93-100|55-95 | 37-55 | 12-30

 | | sandy clay, | ML, MH | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BcA--------------| 0-18|Loamy fine sand |SM |A-2 | 0 |95-100|95-100|50-100|15-30 | <20 | NP

 Bojac |18-53|Fine sandy loam, |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy clay| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |53-74|Stratified loamy |SM, SP, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|75-100|12-100| 2-35 | <20 | NP

 | | fine sand to | SW-SM | A-3 | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BoB--------------| 0-23|Loamy fine sand |SM |A-2 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-95 |15-35 | --- | NP

 Bonneau |23-36|Sandy loam, sandy|SC, SC-SM |A-2, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|30-50 | 21-40 | 4-21

 | | clay loam, fine | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |36-66|Sandy loam, sandy|CL, SC, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |60-95 |25-60 | 20-40 | 4-18

 | | clay loam, sandy| SC-SM, | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | clay, fine sandy| CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CbA*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Chastain--------| 0-5 |Clay loam--------|ML, CL, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-98 | 35-75 | 12-40

 | | | MH, CH | | | | | | | |

 | 5-72|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-98 | 35-75 | 12-40

 | | clay loam, clay,| ML, MH | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb------------| 0-10|Loam-------------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-90 |50-80 | <25 | NP-7

 |10-36|Sandy loam, loam,|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|50-100|40-100|30-90 | <30 | NP-7

 | | fine sandy loam.| ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 |36-66|Sand, loamy sand,|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 |95-100|90-100|40-90 | 8-35 | --- | NP

 | | coarse sand, | | A-1-b | | | | | | |

 | | loamy fine sand,| | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sandy loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
188 Soil Survey

 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ChA--------------| 0-4 |Loam-------------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|70-100|55-90 | 25-49 | 4-20

 Chewacla | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 4-60|Silt loam, silty |ML, MH, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |90-100|95-100|60-100|36-98 | 20-61 | 4-28

 | | clay loam, clay | CL, CH, | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CwA*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Chewacla--------| 0-4 |Loam-------------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|70-100|55-90 | 25-49 | 4-20

 | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 4-60|Silt loam, silty |ML, MH, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |90-100|95-100|60-100|36-98 | 20-61 | 4-28

 | | clay loam, clay | CL, CH, | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wehadkee--------| 0-7 |Loam-------------|SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |30-50 | <30 | NP-10

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | 7-33|Silt loam, silty |CL, CL-ML,|A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |99-100|85-100|45-98 | 20-58 | 6-25

 | | clay loam, very | ML, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |33-60|Variable---------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DgA--------------| 0-8 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|40-85 | <30 | NP-10

 Dogue | | | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 8-13|Clay loam, sandy |SM-SC, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |90-100|95-100|80-100|33-80 | 25-35 | 13-18

 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | |

 |13-40|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |30-80 | 25-55 | 8-30

 | | sandy clay, clay| CH, CL-ML| A-6, | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay. | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 |40-53|Sandy loam, sandy|CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|95-100|60-95 |25-60 | 20-40 | NP-18

 | | clay loam, clay | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |53-62|Stratified sand |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|90-100|35-100|10-40 | <30 | NP-10

 | | to sandy clay | SP-SM, | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB---------| 0-17|Loamy sand-------|SM |A-2 | 0 |95-100|92-100|60-80 |13-30 | --- | NP

 Dothan |17-37|Sandy clay loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|92-100|60-90 |23-49 | <40 | NP-16

 | | sandy loam, fine| SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |37-61|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |30-80 | 22-55 | 8-30

 | | sandy clay, | CH, CL-ML| A-6, A-7| | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |61-72|Sandy loam, sandy|CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-95 |25-60 | 20-40 | 4-18

 | | clay loam, sandy| SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 189

 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EmA, EmB, EmC----| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|50-95 |25-65 | <25 | NP-15

 Emporia | | | SM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | |

 |10-17|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10

 | | sandy loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |17-43|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-50 | 8-30

 | | sandy loam, clay| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |43-58|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, CH|A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |30-80 | 25-55 | 8-30

 | | clay loam, sandy| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |58-67|Stratified sandy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25

 | | loam to clay. | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ErB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Emporia---------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|50-95 |25-65 | <25 | NP-15

 | | | SM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | |

 |10-17|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10

 | | sandy loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |17-43|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-50 | 8-30

 | | sandy loam, clay| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |43-58|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, CH|A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |30-80 | 25-55 | 8-30

 | | clay loam, sandy| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |58-67|Stratified sandy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25

 | | loam to clay. | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EwB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Emporia---------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-3 |90-100|80-100|50-95 |25-65 | <25 | NP-15

 | | | SM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | |

 |10-17|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10

 | | sandy loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |17-43|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0-2 |90-100|80-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-50 | 8-30

 | | sandy loam, clay| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |43-58|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, CH|A-2, A-4,| 0-2 |90-100|80-100|45-95 |30-80 | 25-55 | 8-30

 | | clay loam, sandy| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |58-67|Stratified sandy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |70-100|55-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25

 | | loam to clay. | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee---------| 0-10|Sandy loam-------|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 |95-100|95-100|50-99 |23-50 | <30 | NP-6

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |

 |10-36|Sandy clay, clay |SC, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|65-97 |45-75 | 28-58 | 5-30

 | | loam, clay, | CL, MH | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |36-63|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-54 | NP-30

 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
190 Soil Survey

 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ExA--------------| 0-15|Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|51-80 | <25 | NP-10

 Exum | | | CL | | | | | | | |

 |15-62|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-90 | 22-49 | 8-30

 | | silty clay loam,| | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FuB--------------| 0-25|Sand-------------|SP-SM, SM |A-1, A-2,| 0 |95-100|90-100|45-80 | 5-20 | --- | NP

 Fuquay | | | | A-3 | | | | | | |

 |25-42|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|90-100|70-90 |23-45 | <45 | NP-13

 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |42-62|Sandy loam, fine |SC, SC-SM |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-100|30-50 | 21-40 | NP-18

 | | sandy loam, | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |62-70|Sandy loam, sandy|SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-50 | NP-30

 | | clay loam, clay | CL | A-6, A-7| | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GoA--------------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|50-100|15-45 | <25 | NP-14

 Goldsboro | | | SC | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | 7-35|Sandy clay loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |98-100|95-100|60-100|25-55 | 16-37 | 4-18

 | | sandy loam, | CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |35-72|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|90-100|65-95 |36-70 | 25-55 | 6-32

 | | clay loam, sandy| CL-ML, CH| A-7-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GrA--------------| 0-12|Loam-------------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|55-85 | <30 | NP-7

 Grantham |12-75|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-95 | 22-49 | 8-30

 | | silty clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GtB, GtC---------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|90-100|60-95 |30-90 | <30 | NP-8

 Gritney | | | SC-SM, ML| | | | | | | |

 | 6-57|Clay, sandy clay,|CH, CL, SC|A-7 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|45-80 | 45-70 | 22-40

 | | clay loam, sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |57-60|Stratified loamy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25

 | | sand to sandy | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GyB2-------------| 0-4 |Sandy clay loam |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-100|36-60 | 20-40 | 8-22

 Gritney | 4-38|Clay, sandy clay,|CH, CL, SC|A-7 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|45-80 | 45-70 | 22-40

 | | clay loam, sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Stratified loamy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25

 | | sand to sandy | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HeA--------------| 0-8 |Sandy loam-------|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|90-100|51-95 |26-75 | <35 | NP-10

 Helena | | | SC, ML | | | | | | | |

 | 8-48|Clay loam, sandy |CH |A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|73-97 |56-86 | 50-85 | 8-50

 | | clay, clay, | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |48-62|Variable---------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 191

 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HrB, HrC---------| 0-8 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-98 |60-90 | <36 | NP-12

 Herndon | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 8-39|Silty clay loam, |MH, CH |A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|60-95 |55-95 | 50-80 | 20-45

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |39-45|Loam, silt loam, |MH, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|95-100|80-100|50-90 | 22-49 | NP-30

 | | silty clay loam,| ML-CL | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |45-61|Silt loam, loam, |MH, ML |A-7, A-5 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-99 |51-95 | 41-70 | 9-36

 | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA--------------| 0-13|Silt loam--------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-90 | 20-35 | 5-19

 Lignum |13-46|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 |95-100|90-100|70-100|55-90 | 45-70 | 22-45

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |46-58|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|90-100|30-80 |20-75 | 30-50 | 8-18

 | | silt loam, silty| ML, SM | A-7, A-2| | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |58-63|Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LyA--------------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |92-100|90-100|75-100|25-55 | <30 | NP-7

 Lynchburg | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | |

 | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 8-68|Sandy clay loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |92-100|90-100|70-100|25-67 | 15-40 | NP-18

 | | sandy loam, clay| CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MrA, MrB---------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | 0 |98-100|95-100|75-100|30-60 | <35 | NP-7

 Marlboro | 7-66|Sandy clay, clay |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|78-100|51-70 | 25-48 | 6-20

 | | loam, clay. | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | |

 |66-74|Sandy clay, clay,|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|74-100|45-70 | 24-48 | 6-20

 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NaA--------------| 0-8 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|51-85 | <25 | NP-10

 Nahunta | | | CL | | | | | | | |

 | 8-75|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-95 | 22-49 | 8-30

 | | silty clay loam,| | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NkB--------------| 0-9 |Gravelly loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4 | 0 |65-80 |60-75 |50-70 |10-35 | 15-20 | NP

 Nankin | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-52|Sandy clay, clay |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|75-95 |40-70 | 25-45 | 7-20

 | | loam, clay. | ML, CL-ML| A-7 | | | | | | |

 |52-64|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |98-100|95-100|70-85 |25-55 | 20-40 | 4-16

 | | sandy loam. | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NoA--------------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-2 | 0 |95-100|95-100|50-91 |15-33 | <25 | NP-14

 Noboco | | | SC | | | | | | | |

 |10-18|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|70-90 |23-45 | <45 | NP-13

 | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 |18-54|Sandy loam, sandy|SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|70-96 |30-63 | 20-38 | NP-15

 | | clay loam, clay | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |54-64|Sandy clay loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|98-100|70-98 |36-72 | 20-52 | NP-23

 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| A-7-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay, sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
192 Soil Survey

 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PaB--------------| 0-8 |Sandy loam-------|SM, SC-SM |A-2, | 0 |90-100|90-100|42-90 |16-42 | <28 | NP-7

 Pacolet | | | | A-1-b, | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | 8-27|Sandy clay, clay |ML, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|60-100|51-75 | 38-65 | 11-33

 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |27-35|Clay loam, sandy |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15

 | | clay loam, sandy| SC-SM, SC| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |35-63|Sandy loam, loam,|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 |90-100|90-100|60-90 |25-50 | <28 | NP-20

 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-2-4 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PeB2-------------| 0-2 |Sandy clay loam |SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 | 20-40 | 4-17

 Pacolet | 2-21|Sandy clay, clay |ML, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|51-75 | 38-65 | 11-33

 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |21-28|Clay loam, sandy |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|90-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15

 | | clay loam, sandy| SC-SM, SC| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |28-64|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-90 |25-50 | <28 | NP-20

 | | sandy loam, | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy clay| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RaA--------------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|50-85 |25-56 | <35 | NP-10

 Rains | 7-28|Fine sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 | 100 |95-100|55-98 |30-70 | 18-40 | 4-20

 | | sandy clay loam,| CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, clay| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |28-72|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |98-100|60-98 |36-72 | 18-45 | 4-28

 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RmA--------------| 0-6 |Loam-------------|CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-80 | 15-30 | 3-14

 Riverview | | | ML | | | | | | | |

 | 6-63|Sandy clay loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-95 | 20-40 | NP-20

 | | silty clay loam,| CL-ML, SM| A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoA--------------| 0-8 |Loam-------------|SC-SM, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|35-90 | 20-35 | 5-16

 Roanoke | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 8-52|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|85-100|65-95 | 45-70 | 22-40

 | | clay loam, silty| | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |52-70|Sandy clay loam, |CL-ML, CH |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|25-95 |15-90 | 35-75 | 12-40

 | | silty clay loam,| | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, clay.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SeA--------------| 0-9 |Loamy sand-------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-99 | 5-25 | --- | NP

 Seabrook | 9-63|Loamy fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 5-25 | --- | NP

 | | fine sand, sand,| | | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand, | | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy coarse | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 193

 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 StA, StB---------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|95-100|45-85 |25-55 | <28 | NP-7

 State | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | 6-44|Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|35-80 | 24-40 | NP-22

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |44-75|Stratified sand |SM, SC-SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0 |95-100|95-100|40-90 | 5-50 | <25 | NP-7

 | | to fine sandy | SP-SM | A-3, A-4| | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TaA--------------| 0-9 |Loamy sand-------|SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 |95-100|95-100|40-99 | 8-35 | --- | NP

 Tarboro | | | SW-SM | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | 9-82|Sand, coarse |SP, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 |95-100|90-100|45-100| 3-15 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | SW-SM, SM| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand, | | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TbE--------------| 0-5 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|90-100|65-100|60-90 | 20-34 | 5-15

 Tatum | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 5-54|Silty clay loam, |MH, CH, CL|A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-95 |60-95 |55-95 | 50-80 | 20-45

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |54-63|Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TmB2, TmC2-------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|65-90 |60-85 | 32-44 | 12-20

 Tatum | 6-50|Silty clay loam, |MH, CH, CL|A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-95 |60-95 |55-95 | 50-80 | 20-45

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |50-62|Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TtA--------------| 0-5 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 |98-100|95-100|75-99 |25-50 | <30 | NP-7

 Tomotley | 5-9 |Sandy loam, fine |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10

 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | 9-31|Fine sandy loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |98-100|95-100|75-100|30-70 | 20-40 | 6-23

 | | sandy clay loam,| CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |31-45|Fine sandy loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|75-99 |36-75 | 20-45 | 6-22

 | | sandy clay loam,| CL-ML, CL| A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |45-60|Variable---------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TuB--------------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|90-100|50-85 |25-55 | <25 | NP-5

 Turbeville | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | 9-12|Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |90-100|90-100|50-100|35-75 | 30-45 | NP-20

 | | fine sandy loam,| SM, SC-SM| A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |12-86|Clay loam, sandy |CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|50-100|45-95 | 45-65 | 20-35

 | | clay, clay, | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ud. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
194 Soil Survey

 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WaA--------------| 0-7 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-98 |51-75 | 20-35 | 2-10

 Wahee | | | CL | | | | | | | |

 | 7-48|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|51-92 | 38-81 | 16-54

 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |48-60|Variable---------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WeB, WeC, WeE----| 0-10|Sandy loam-------|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 |95-100|95-100|50-99 |23-50 | <30 | NP-6

 Wedowee | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |

 |10-36|Sandy clay, clay |SC, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|65-97 |45-75 | 28-58 | 5-30

 | | loam, clay, | CL, MH | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |36-63|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-54 | NP-30

 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WnF--------------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|50-99 |25-65 | <30 | NP-15

 Winton | | | CL, SC | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | 9-57|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-45 | NP-30

 | | sandy loam, clay| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |57-63|Variable---------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Halifax County, North Carolina 195

 Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

 (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire

 profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer.

 Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AaA--------------| 0-12| 0-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | 3 | .5-3

 Altavista |12-36|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |36-62| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AyA--------------| 0-10| 0-27|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 3 | 1-4

 Aycock |10-74|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BaA--------------| 0-13| 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.16|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 5 | 1-6

 Bethera |13-63|35-50|1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.18|3.6-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BcA--------------| 0-18| 0-15|1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | 2 | .5-1

 Bojac |18-53|11-16|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |53-74| 1-8 |1.30-1.50| 6.0-20.0 |0.02-0.07|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BoB--------------| 0-23| 0-15|1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.11|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | 2 | .5-2

 Bonneau |23-36|13-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |36-66|15-40|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CbA*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Chastain--------| 0-5 |27-40|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| 5 | 4 | 1-6

 | 5-72|35-60|1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb------------| 0-10| 7-27|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 5 | 1-3

 |10-36| 2-18|1.45-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 |36-66| 2-12|1.60-1.75| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ChA--------------| 0-4 | 7-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 5 | 1-4

 Chewacla | 4-60|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.24|4.5-7.8 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CwA*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Chewacla--------| 0-4 | 7-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 5 | 1-4

 | 4-60|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.24|4.5-7.8 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wehadkee--------| 0-7 | 7-27|1.35-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | 3 | 2-5

 | 7-33|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |33-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DgA--------------| 0-8 | 0-27|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | .5-1

 Dogue | 8-13|18-34|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |13-40|35-50|1.35-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.19|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |40-53|20-50|1.35-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |53-62| 5-30|1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB---------| 0-17| 0-15|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Very low-----|0.15| 5 | 2 | <.5

 Dothan |17-37|18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |37-61|21-50|1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.19|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |61-72|12-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EmA, EmB, EmC----| 0-10| 0-20|1.30-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 3 | .5-2

 Emporia |10-17|11-60|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |17-43|18-35|1.35-1.45| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |43-58|21-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | |

 |58-67| 5-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
196 Soil Survey

 Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ErB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Emporia---------| 0-10| 0-20|1.30-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 3 | .5-2

 |10-17|11-60|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |17-43|18-35|1.35-1.45| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |43-58|21-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | |

 |58-67| 5-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EwB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Emporia---------| 0-10| 0-20|1.30-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 3 | .5-2

 |10-17|11-60|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |17-43|18-35|1.35-1.45| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |43-58|21-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | |

 |58-67| 5-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee---------| 0-10| 0-20|1.25-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-3

 |10-36|35-45|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |36-63|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ExA--------------| 0-15| 0-27|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.15-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 3 | .5-2

 Exum |15-62|18-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FuB--------------| 0-25| 0-10|1.60-1.70| >6.0 |0.03-0.07|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | 1 | .5-2

 Fuquay |25-42|10-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |42-62|13-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |62-70|18-35|1.35-1.45| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GoA--------------| 0-7 | 0-20|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | 3 | .5-2

 Goldsboro | 7-35|18-30|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |35-72|20-34|1.30-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GrA--------------| 0-12| 7-27|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.13-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 3 | 2-4

 Grantham |12-75|18-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GtB, GtC---------| 0-6 | 0-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 Gritney | 6-57|35-60|1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |57-60|10-35|1.30-1.50| 0.06-6.0 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GyB2-------------| 0-4 |20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 5 | .5-1

 Gritney | 4-38|35-60|1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |38-60|10-35|1.30-1.50| 0.06-6.0 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HeA--------------| 0-8 | 0-20|1.58-1.62| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.12|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 5 | .5-2

 Helena | 8-48|35-60|1.44-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.15|3.6-5.5 |High---------|0.28| | |

 |48-62| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HrB, HrC---------| 0-8 | 0-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| 5 | 5 | .5-1

 Herndon | 8-39|35-60|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |39-45|18-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 |45-61|10-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.05-0.08|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA--------------| 0-13| 0-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 3 | .5-2

 Lignum |13-46|35-55|1.25-1.55| <0.06 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |46-58|20-40|1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |58-63| --- | --- | 0.0-0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 197

 Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LyA--------------| 0-8 | 0-20|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.13|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | 3 | .5-5

 Lynchburg | 8-68|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MrA, MrB---------| 0-7 | 0-20|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.14|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | 3 | .5-2

 Marlboro | 7-66|35-65|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |66-74|30-60|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NaA--------------| 0-8 | 0-27|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| 5 | 3 | 2-4

 Nahunta | 8-75|18-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NkB--------------| 0-9 | 0-15|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.10| 3 | 2 | .5-1

 Nankin | 9-52|35-50|1.30-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.11-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |52-64|15-35|1.60-1.90| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NoA--------------| 0-10| 0-20|1.50-1.80| 2.0-6.0 |0.13-0.15|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| 5 | --- | .5-2

 Noboco |10-18| 0-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |18-54|18-35|1.45-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |54-64|20-43|1.45-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PaB--------------| 0-8 | 0-20|1.00-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 Pacolet | 8-27|35-65|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |27-35|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |35-63|10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PeB2-------------| 0-2 |20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 2 | 5 | .5-1

 Pacolet | 2-21|35-65|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |21-28|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |28-64|10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RaA--------------| 0-7 | 0-20|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 1-6

 Rains | 7-28|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |28-72|18-40|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RmA--------------| 0-6 | 7-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | .5-2

 Riverview | 6-63|18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoA--------------| 0-8 | 7-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 5 | .5-2

 Roanoke | 8-52|35-60|1.35-1.65| <0.2 |0.10-0.19|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |

 |52-70| 5-50|1.20-1.50| 0.06-20 |0.04-0.14|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SeA--------------| 0-9 | 0-15|1.30-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.11|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | 2 | .5-2

 Seabrook | 9-63| 2-12|1.30-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.09|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 StA, StB---------| 0-6 | 0-20|1.25-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 3 | <2

 State | 6-44|18-34|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |44-75| 2-15|1.35-1.50| >2.0 |0.02-0.10|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TaA--------------| 0-9 | 0-15|1.60-1.75| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | 2 | .5-1

 Tarboro | 9-82| 2-7 |1.60-1.75| >20 |0.02-0.06|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TbE--------------| 0-5 | 0-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 3 | .5-2

 Tatum | 5-54|45-60|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.19|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |54-63| --- | --- | 0.00-0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TmB2, TmC2-------| 0-6 |27-40|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 6 | 0-2

 Tatum | 6-50|45-60|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.19|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |50-62| --- | --- | 0.00-0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
198 Soil Survey

 Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TtA--------------| 0-5 | 0-20|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 1-6

 Tomotley | 5-9 | 0-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.05-0.08|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | 9-31|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |31-45|15-45|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |45-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TuB--------------| 0-9 | 0-20|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 3 | .5-2

 Turbeville | 9-12|25-40|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |12-86|30-60|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ud. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WaA--------------| 0-7 | 0-27|1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 5 | .5-5

 Wahee | 7-48|35-60|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |48-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WeB, WeC, WeE----| 0-10| 0-20|1.25-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-3

 Wedowee |10-36|35-45|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |36-63|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WnF--------------| 0-9 | 0-20|1.30-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | 5 | .5-3

 Winton | 9-57|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |57-63| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Halifax County, North Carolina 199

 Table 15.—Soil and Water Features

 ("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the

 text. The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is

 not a concern or that data were not estimated)

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | | __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AaA---------------| C |Rare--------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 Altavista | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AyA---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Aycock | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BaA---------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | 0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Bethera | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BcA---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |4.0-6.0|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Low------|High.

 Bojac | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BoB---------------| A |None--------| --- | --- |3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|High.

 Bonneau | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CbA*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Chastain---------| D |Frequent----|Very long |Nov-Jun| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb-------------| D |Frequent----|Brief to |Dec-May|0.5-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 | | | long. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ChA---------------| C |Occasional |Brief to |Nov-Apr|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 Chewacla | | | long. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CwA*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Chewacla---------| C |Frequent----|Brief to |Nov-Apr|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 | | | long. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wehadkee---------| D |Frequent----|Brief to |Nov-Jun| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 | | | long. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DgA---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Dogue | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB----------| B |None--------| --- | --- |3.0-5.0|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 Dothan | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EmA, EmB, EmC-----| C |None--------| --- | --- |3.0-4.5|Perched |Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Emporia | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ErB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Emporia----------| C |None--------| --- | --- |3.0-4.5|Perched |Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EwB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Emporia----------| C |None--------| --- | --- |3.0-4.5|Perched |Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ExA---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |2.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Exum | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
200 Soil Survey

 Table 15.—Soil and Water Features—Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | | __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FuB---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |4.0-6.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|High.

 Fuquay | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GoA---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |2.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Goldsboro | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GrA---------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Grantham | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GtB, GtC, GyB2----| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Gritney | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HeA---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Helena | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HrB, HrC----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Herndon | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.5|Perched |Dec-May|40-60|Soft |High-----|High.

 Lignum | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LyA---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Lynchburg | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MrA, MrB----------| B |None--------| --- | --- |4.0-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Marlboro | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NaA---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.5|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Nahunta | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NkB---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Nankin | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NoA---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |2.5-4.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Noboco | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PaB, PeB2---------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Pacolet | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RaA---------------| B/D |None--------| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Rains | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RmA---------------| B |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Mar|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 Riverview | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoA---------------| D |Occasional |Brief-----|Nov-Jun| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Roanoke | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SeA---------------| C |Rare--------| --- | --- |2.0-3.5|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 Seabrook | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 StA, StB----------| B |None--------| --- | --- |4.0-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Jun| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 State | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TaA---------------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 Tarboro | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TbE, TmB2, TmC2---| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |40-60|Soft |High-----|High.

 Tatum | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Halifax County, North Carolina 201

 Table 15.—Soil and Water Features—Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | | __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TtA---------------| B/D |Rare--------| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Tomotley | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TuB---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Turbeville | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ud. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WaA---------------| D |Rare--------| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Wahee | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WeB, WeC, WeE-----| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Wedowee | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WnF---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |2.0-3.5|Perched |Dec-May| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 Winton | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
202

 Table 16.—Classification of the Soils

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 Altavista-----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Aycock--------------------| Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults

 Bethera-------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Paleaquults

 Bibb----------------------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents

 Bojac---------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Bonneau-------------------| Loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Paleudults

 Chastain------------------| Fine, mixed, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents

 Chewacla------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

 Dogue---------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Dothan--------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults

 Emporia-------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Exum----------------------| Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aquic Paleudults

 Fuquay--------------------| Loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults

 Goldsboro-----------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Paleudults

 Grantham------------------| Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleaquults

 Gritney-------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Helena--------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Herndon-------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Lignum--------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Lynchburg-----------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aeric Paleaquults

 Marlboro------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults

 Nahunta-------------------| Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aeric Paleaquults

 Nankin--------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

 Noboco--------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults

 Pacolet-------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

 Rains---------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleaquults

 Riverview-----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts

 Roanoke-------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Endoaquults

 Seabrook------------------| Mixed, thermic Aquic Udipsamments

 State---------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Tarboro-------------------| Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments

 Tatum---------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Tomotley------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Endoaquults

 Turbeville----------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Kandiudults

 Udorthents----------------| Udorthents

 Wahee---------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aeric Endoaquults

 Wedowee-------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

 Wehadkee------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents

 Winton--------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________