Environmental Aspects of Produced-water 

Salt Releases in Onshore and Coastal 

Petroleum-producing Areas of the 

Conterminous U.S. – A Bibliography 

By James K. Otton 

Open-File Report 2006-1154 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 
U.S. Department of the Interior 

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary 

U.S. Geological Survey 

P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director 

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2006 

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Suggested citation: 

Otton, J.K,, 2006, Environmental aspects of produced-water salt releases in onshore 

and estuarine petroleum-producing areas of the United States- a bibliography: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File report 2006-1154, 223p. 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does 

not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the 

individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within 

this report. 

ii
Contents 

Abstract...............................................................................................5 

Introduction..........................................................................................6 

Sources...............................................................................................7 

Qualifications and limitations....................................................................8 

Maps...................................................................................................9 

Master bibliography..............................................................................12 

Geographic index 

 Alabama..................................................................................108 

 Alaska....................................................................................109 

 Arizona...................................................................................109 

 Arkansas.................................................................................109 

 California.................................................................................111 

 Colorado.................................................................................112 

 Florida....................................................................................113 

 Georgia...................................................................................113 

 Illinois.....................................................................................113 

 Indiana....................................................................................115 

 Kansas....................................................................................116 

 Kentucky.................................................................................122 

 Louisiana.................................................................................124 

 Michigan..................................................................................130 

 Mississippi...............................................................................132 

 Montana..................................................................................133 

 Nebraska.................................................................................135 

 Nevada...................................................................................135 

 New Mexico.............................................................................135 

 New York.................................................................................138 

 North Dakota............................................................................139 

 Ohio.......................................................................................140 

 Oklahoma................................................................................144 

 Pennsylvania............................................................................160 

iii
 South Dakota...........................................................................161 

 Tennessee..............................................................................162 

 Texas.....................................................................................162 

 Utah.......................................................................................177 

 West Virginia............................................................................177 

 Wyoming.................................................................................178 

Topical index 

 Biological aspects of produced water releases................................181 

Remediation techniques for brine-contaminated soil........................190 

Geochemical techniques for discriminating salt sources....................198 

Geophysical techniques for detecting brine plumes..........................203 

Remediation of ground water.......................................................207 

Effects of the application of oilfield brine/wastes to land and 

roads......................................................................................208 

NORM (Naturally occurring radioactive materials)............................209 

Produced water chemistry- national and regional data.......................217 

FIGURES 

1- Map showing the distribution of oil and gas wells drilled in the 

lower-48 United States.....................................................................10 

2- Map showing the salinity of produced waters in samples derived from 

wells across the United States......................................................11

iv
Environmental Aspects of Produced-water 

Salt Releases in Onshore and Coastal 

Petroleum-producing Areas of the 

Conterminous U.S. – A Bibliography 

By James K. Otton 

Abstract 

Environmental effects associated with the production of oil 

and gas have been reported since the first oil wells were drilled 

in the Appalachian Basin in Pennsylvania and Kentucky in the 

early to mid-1800s. The most significant of these effects are 

the degradation of soils, ground water, surface water, and 

ecosystems they support by releases of suspended and dissolved 

hydrocarbons and co-produced saline water. Produced water salts 

are less likely than hydrocarbons to be adsorbed by mineral 

phases in the soil and sediment and are not subject to 

degradation by biologic processes. Sodium is a major dissolved 

constituent in most produced waters and it causes substantial 

degradation of soils through altering of clays and soil textures 

and subsequent erosion. Produced water salts seem to have the 

most wide-ranging effects on soils, water quality, and 

ecosystems. Trace elements, including boron, lithium, bromine, 

fluorine, and radium, also occur in elevated concentrations in 

some produced waters. Many trace elements are phytotoxic and are 

adsorbed and may remain in soils after the saline water has been 

flushed away. Radium-bearing scale and sludge found in oilfield 

equipment and discarded on soils pose additional hazards to human 

health and ecosystems. 

 This bibliography includes studies from across the oil- and 

natural-gas-producing areas of the conterminous United States 

that were published in the last 80 yrs. The studies describe the 

effects of produced water salts on soils, water quality, and 

ecosystems. Also included are reports that describe (1) the 

inorganic chemistry of produced waters included in studies of 

formation waters for various purposes, (2) other sources of salt 

affecting water quality that may be mistaken for produced water 

effects, (3) geochemical and geophysical techniques that allow 

discrimination of salt sources, (4) remediation technologies 

designed to repair damage caused to soils and ground water by 

produced water salts, and (5) contamination by naturally 

occurring radioactive materials (NORM)at oilfield sites. 

5
Introduction 

Environmental effects of produced-water salts have occurred 

in all regions where oil and gas have been and are produced. The 

most significant of these effects are (1) degradation of ground 

and surface water quality; (2) death of plants and destruction of 

soil textures; (3) resultant erosion of soils and siltation of 

nearby waterways; (4) contamination of production equipment and 

soils by radium-bearing produced waters, scale and sludge; and 

(5) adverse effects on ecosystems. 

Numerous investigations of the effects of produced water 

salt releases across the producing areas of the United States 

have been conducted, but there has been no previous attempt to 

compile a bibliography of the resulting reports. Research into 

the remediation of these effects has been going on for decades 

and has grown recently with research sponsored by the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency through the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium and by research being conducted at other 

institutions. The bibliography presented here is intended to 

provide a reasonably comprehensive compilation of studies 

conducted within the last 80 yr (through September 2005). It 

presents the information in three forms, a master bibliography in 

which all reports are listed alphabetically by author, a stateby-state alphabetical listing derived from the master 

bibliography, and a topical index of the reports. Some reports 

cover more than one state and are listed separately under each 

state. 

Included in this bibliography are references that describe: 

1. Direct effects on soil, ground water, surface water, and 

aquatic organisms and waterfowl by produced waters released 

from oilfield production and gas-processing operations at 

specific sites. 

2. Geochemical data from waters produced with oil and gas, in 

cases where the reader may make inferences about the 

potential harmful effects of releases of such produced waters 

by examining the data. 

3. The origins of saline ground or surface waters in oil- and 

gas-producing areas whether or not the investigator concludes 

that produced water is the source of the salts. 

4. Techniques that might be used to document the sources of 

salinity using geochemical indicators or geophysics. 

5. Geochemistry, occurrence, or effect of NORM, principally 

radium-226 and radium-228, in produced waters or in solid 

precipitates (scale and sludge) derived from produced waters. 

NORM is treated separately here, as the U. S. Environmental 

Protection Agency has placed some emphasis on oilfield NORM as a 

potential radiological hazard associated with oilfield operations 

and may regulate oilfield NORM in the future (Loren Setlow, U. S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, oral commun., 2005). Several 

6
states have published such regulations. A comprehensive 

bibliography on oilfield NORM was given by Smith (1997). The 

bibliography here presented includes many of Smith’s references 

as well as some she did not cite, and numerous others since 1997. 

No systematic effort was made to search for papers 

describing dissolved hydrocarbon phases in water, but some are 

included that were discovered during the course of this 

compilation. 

Sources 

The bibliographic entries, Universal Resource Locators 

(URLs), and annotations are derived from: 

1. The author’s files. 

2. Keyword searching of selected digital databases available to 

United State Geological Survey (USGS) employees. 

3. Examination of new publications received by the USGS library 

in Denver. 

4. Keyword searches of major online search engines. 

5. Searching of online and hard copies of publication lists by 

Federal and State agencies that study oil and gas 

environmental problems and water quality problems. 

6. Reviews by other authors of papers cited here. 

 

The URL for many reports is also given for those that were 

active during assembly of this report in 2005. Many reports are 

followed by annotations. 

Qualifications and limitations 

This bibliography includes many county or multi-county water 

quality reports in various states where authors have suggested 

that oil production may be a source of elevated salinity and 

concentrations of trace elements or chloride. Many of the 

included reports will indicate those state agencies that are 

likely to have additional sources of information on water quality 

not listed here. 

Many studies of suspected contamination by oilfield produced 

water capture a specific period of time during which the effects 

were being documented; in some cases, the effects may have been 

mitigated either by natural processes or by human intervention 

since a particular study was done and reports were issued. 

The bibliography here presented does not include reports in 

several specific categories, as follows: 

1. Online informal reports of oil brine spills into creeks, salt 

scar damage by oilfield brines, and work by various non7
governmental organizations on brine damage. These reports are 

likely to be ephemeral and are of unknown reliability. 

2. Reports of studies outside of the United States. 

3. Documents related to litigation involving alleged soil and 

water damage from oilfield production activities. 

4. County soil surveys by the Natural Resource Conservation 

Service that may show “brine-damaged soils” or similar map 

units. 

5. Papers describing technologies developed to allow beneficial 

use or cleanup of produced water unless descriptions of 

effects are also described. 

6. Papers describing analytical methods for oilfield waters. 

7. Documents describing regulations for handling and disposing 

of oilfield brines. 

8. Resistivity data for oilfield brines except where geochemical 

data for the brine is also given and the study is regional in 

nature. 

No attempt was made to evaluate the completeness, scientific 

accuracy, or reliability of the listed reports. Not all 

references may be readily accessible. 

Maps 

Figure 1 shows areas of onshore oil and gas production in 

the United States. Figure 2 portrays the salinity of produced 

waters sampled from wells across the United States. 

8
Figure 1- Map showing the distribution of oil and gas wells 

drilled in the conterminous United States. Individual wells are 

not represented, but rather 0.25-mile cells that either contain 

only oil wells (green), only gas wells (red), a mix of oil and 

gas wells (yellow), or dry holes (gray). Modified from Mast and 

others (1998). 

9
Figure 2- Map showing the salinity of produced waters in samples 

derived from wells across the conterminous United States. About 

58,700 edited records are represented, derived from an online 

provisional database available at 

http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/prov/prodwat/into.htm. 

The introductory material at that webpage describes the origin 

and editing of the database, as does the paper by Breit and 

others (2000). 

Note that the Appalachian Basin from western New York to 

northeast Tennessee and the Sacramento Valley of California are 

poorly represented in the database (compare with fig. 1). 

10
MASTER BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Abbott, M.M., 1995, The effects of oil-field brines on aquifersTracing the movement of brines using geochemical tools, in 

V.E. McKelvey Forum: U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1108, 

p. 87-88. 

Abbott, M.A., 1998, Freshwater resources and saline water near 

the Sac and Fox Nation Tribal lands, eastern Lincoln County, 

Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 96-4173, 58 p. Abstract available at: 

http://ok.water.usgs.gov/abstracts/wrir96-4173.html

Abbott, M.A., 2000, Water quality of the Quaternary and AdaVamoosa aquifers on the Osage Reservation, Osage County, 

Oklahoma, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

investigations report 99-4231, 76 p. Available at: 

http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri994231/

Abbott, M.A., 2000, Water quality of the Quaternary and AdaVamoosa aquifers on the Osage Reservation, Osage County, 

Oklahoma, 1997, in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 

7th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 7-10, 2000, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 67 p. 

Available at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/7thIPEC.pdf

Abbott, M.M. and Tortorelli, R.L., 2002, Surface-water 

characteristics and quality on the Osage Reservation, Osage 

County, Oklahoma, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey WRIR 02-4060, 

68 p. Available at: 

http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri02-4060/

Abbott, M.M., and Tortorelli, R.L., Becker, M.F., and Trombley, 

T.J., 2003, Overview of water resources in and near Wichita 

and affiliated tribes treaty lands in western Oklahoma: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 03-

4024, 52 p. Available at: 

http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri034024/

Adams, Vincent, 1980, Oil-brine contamination of Marion Township, 

Hocking County: Athens, Ohio, Ohio University, Master's 

thesis, 90 p. 

Albert, C.A., 1964, Brine in surface water of the Little Arkansas 

River basin, Kansas: Bulletin Kansas Environmental Health 

Services, 1-5, p. 15. 

11
Aller, Linda, Hakundy, R.G., and Nielsen, D.M., 1985, Enforcement 

of regulations governing ground water contamination from 

underground injection or disposal of salt water in Kansas 

and Texas: Ada, Oklahoma, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, 

Project summary, 3 p., 2 maps. 

Al-Neyam, S.A., 1994, Techniques for management of oilfieldproduced saline ground-waters: El Paso, Texas, University of 

Texas at El Paso, Master’s thesis, 109 p. 

Alyanak, Nancy, Grace, J.T., and Campbell, M.D., 1995, A costeffective statistical screening method to detect oilfield 

brine contamination, in Society of Petroleum Engineers and 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the 

SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, 

27-29 March 1995, Houston, Texas, p. 611-640. 

American Petroleum Institute, 1988, NORM regulatory analysis 

report: API Task Group on Regulatory Analysis, API Ad Hoc 

Committee on Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material 

American Petroleum Institute, 1991, Produced water radionuclide 

hazard/risk assessment, Phase 1: Washington, D.C., Health 

and Environmental Sciences, American Petroleum Institute 

Publication No. 4532, 160 p. 

 NOTE: This is an excellent review of the chemistry and fate 

of radium in produced waters, uptake by aquatic organisms, 

effects on biota and humans, and radium-exposure risk 

assessment. 

Anderson, E.S., 2000, Remediation of an oilfield brine spill for 

establishment of southern pine: Nacogdoches, Texas, Stephen 

F. Austin University, Master’s thesis, 81 p. 

Andreasen, J.D., and Spears, R.W., 1983, Toxicity of Texan 

petroleum well brine to the Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon 

variegatus), a common estuarine fish: Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v.30, p. 277-

283. 

Anonymous, 1978, No water-source damage found in oil states: 

The Oil and Gas Journal, v. 76, n. 35, p. 52. 

 NOTE: The article summarizes the findings of two studies of 

the effects of oil and gas operations on major aquifers 

across five states, Texas, New Mexico, Louisiana, Oklahoma, 

Arkansas and Kansas. See Louis R. Reeder and Associates, 

1978, and Underground Resource Management, 1978. 

12
Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, 1984, 

Arkansas water quality inventory report, 1984: Little Rock, 

Arkansas, Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and 

Ecology, 495 p. 

Armstrong, H.W., Fucik, K., Anderson, J.W., and Neff, J.M., 1977, 

Effects of oilfield brine effluent on benthic organisms in 

Trinity Bay, Texas: Washington, D.C., American Petroleum 

Institute Publication 4291, 82 p. 

Armstrong, H.W., Fucik, K., Anderson, J.W., and Neff, J.M., 1986, 

Effects of oilfield brine effluent on sediments and benthic 

organisms in Trinity Bay, Texas: Marine Environmental 

Research, v. 2, n. 1, p 55-69. 

Armstrong, N.E. and Ward, G.W., 1998, Analysis of point source 

discharges (including oil field brine discharges) in the 

Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program study area: 

Austin, Texas, Texas Natural Resource Conservation 

Commission, CCBNEP Publication No. 30, 224 p. 

NOTE: An executive summary (50 pages) is available at 

http://www.cbbep.org/projectupdates/virtuallibrary/ccbnep30.

pdf. This report estimates loads of industrial waste water 

to the bay system from a variety of sources including oil 

field brines. 

Ashworth, J. B., 1990, Evaluation of ground-water resources in 

parts of Loving, Pecos, Reeves, Ward, and Winkler counties, 

Texas: Texas Water Development Board, Report 317, 51 p. 

Available at 

http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/publications/reports/GroundWater

Reports/GWReports/R317/R317.pdf

Ashworth, J.B., and Christian, R, 1989, Evaluation of groundwater resources in parts of Midland, Reagan, and Upton 

counties, Texas: Texas Water Development Board, Report 312, 

52 p. 

Ashworth, J. B., and Coker, D., 1993, Test hole investigation of 

a contamination site in Sterling County: Texas: Texas Water 

Development Board, Open File Report prepared for the 

Railroad Commission of Texas, 114 p. 

Atalay, A., Pyle, T.A., and Lynch, R.A., 1999, Strategy for 

restoration of brine-disturbed land: Journal of Soil 

Contamination, v. 8, n.3, p. 307-328. 

Atkinson, J.F., Matsumoto, M.R., Bunn, M.D., and Hodge, D.S., 

1990, Use of solar ponds to reclaim salt products from brine 

waters from oil and gas well operations in New York, in, 

13
Ray, J. P., and Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 1992, Produced 

water: technological/ environmental issues and solutions, 

Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water 

Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California: New 

York, Plenum Press, Environmental science research, v. 46, 

p. 523-533. 

 NOTE: The authors describe the major and minor element 

chemistry of five brines from producing formations in 

western New York. TDS values range from 232,000 to 323,000 

ppm. They then discuss disposal options focusing on a 

resource recovery option.

Atkinson, S.F., Miller, G.D., Curry, D.S., and Lee, S.B., 1986, 

Salt water intrusion: Boca Raton, Florida, Lewis Publishers, 

390 p. 

Aubuchon-Fields, P.A., 1991, A geophysical and hydrogeological 

investigation of two oil field brine plumes located in 

northwestern Saline County, Illinois: Carbondale, Illinois, 

Southern Illinois University, Master’s thesis, 208 p. 

Auchmoody, L.R., and Walters, R.S., 1988, Revegetation of a 

brine-killed forest site: Soil Science Society America 

Journal, v. 52, p. 277-280. 

Bain, G.L., 1970, Salty ground water in West Virginia with a 

discussion of the Pocatalico River basin above Sissonville: 

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 11, 31 p. 

Bair, E. S., and Digel, R. K., 1990, Subsurface transport of 

inorganic and organic solutes from experimental road 

spreading of oil-field brine: Ground water monitoring 

review, v. 10, n. 3, p. 94. 

Baker, F.G., and Brendecke, C.M., 1983, Seepage from oil-field 

brine disposal ponds in Utah: Ground Water, v. 21, n. 3, p. 

317-324. 

Baker, F.G., and Brendecke, C.M., 1983, Seepage from oilfield 

brine ponds in the northern Uintah Basin, Utah [abs]: EOS, 

Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 64, n.18, 

p.224. 

Baranovic, M.J., 1975, Persistence of brine contamination in 

central Ohio: Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University, 

Master’s thesis, 113 p. 

Barb, C.F., 1931, Oil-field waters of Pennsylvania: State 

College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State College, Mineral 

Industries Experiment Station Bulletin No. 8, 37 p. 

14
Barrett, M.L., 2002, Saltwater waste and landscape change, 

Smackover Field, Arkansas: Environmental Geosciences, v. 9, 

p. 17-28. 

 NOTE: By comparing 1936 and 1996 aerial photos of the study 

area, the author documents landscape damage and partial 

recovery following many years of saltwater releases from 

oilfield operations across the Norphlet District of the 

Smackover field.

Barton, A.C., and Bair, E.S., 1997, Assessment of ground-water 

quality impacts caused by land spreading of saline oil and 

gas exploration and production wastes [abs.]: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, p. 

1545. 

Barton, G. J., Burruss, R. C., and Ryder, R. T. 1998, Water 

quality in the vicinity of Mosquito Creek Lake, Trumbull 

County, Ohio, in relation to the chemistry of locally 

occurring oil, natural gas, and brine: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4180, 46 p. 

Abstract available at 

http://oh.water.usgs.gov/reports/Abstracts/wrir.98-4180.html

NOTE: Bromide and chloride data for some saline surface 

waters don’t suggest that highly saline Clinton Formation 

oilfield brines are the source, but rather that road salt or 

septic tank effluent may be. 

Bass, Aaron, 1998, Accidental oilfield brine spill impact study: 

a survey of the magnitude and distribution of accidental 

brine spills in the Louisiana coastal wetlands conservation 

area: final report: Louisiana Geological Survey report 

submitted to the Louisiana Coastal Management Division, 

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 55 p. 

Bass, A.S., 1999, Magnitude, distribution and impacts of 

accidental brine spills in the Louisiana Coastal Wetland 

Conservation Plan area [abs.]: American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 83, n. 8, p.1347-1348. 

 NOTE: A study of state brine spill records in the study area 

shows 567 releases during the period 1990 and 1998. 

Followup field studies documented ecological damage at 

affected sites. See Bass (1998). 

Bassignani, A., DiLuise, G., and Frenzi, A., 1991, Radioactive 

scales in oil and gas production centers: Proceedings of the 

Society of Petroleum Engineers, First International 

Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment, The Hague, 

Netherlands, Nov. 10-14, 1991, p. 527-537. 

15
Baughman, W.T., and McCarty, J.E., 1974, Water resources of Wayne 

County: Mississippi Geologic, Economic, and Topographic 

Survey Bulletin, Report No. 117, p. 241-293. 

Beal, W.A., 1986, Contaminant migration of oil-and-gas drilling 

fluids within the glaciated sediments of north-central North 

Dakota: Grand Forks, University of North Dakota, Master’s 

thesis, 242 p. 

Beckman, D.D., Heaton, Kevin, Kopec, C.J., and Hamilton, R.G., 

2000, Salty soil remediation at the Tallgrass Prairie, in 

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 7th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, November 7-10, 2000, 

Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 19 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/7thIPEC.pdf

Beckman, Dennis, Heaton, K.P., Tsao, D.T., and Zverina, Walter, 

2003, Tallgrass Prairie Preserve: recent successes in 

restoring an historic brine scar [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, 

ed., Proceedings of the 10th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 11-14, 2003, Houston, 

Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/Abstracts/beckmann.html

Bell, A.H., 1957, Brine disposal in Illinois oil fields: 

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 244, 12 p. 

Bernier, Rene, Myers, Jim, and Hall, Jerry, 2002, Re-vegetation 

of brine damaged soil: a soil rebuilding approach, in 

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 9th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 22-25, 2002, 

Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 12 p. Available 

at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2002/bernier_myers_hall_95.pdf 

Bevans, H.E., 1989, Water Resource of Sedgwick County, Kansas: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

88-4225, 119 p. 

Billingsley, Patricia, 2003, Establishing appropriate water 

quality criteria for salinity minerals in watersheds in 

Oklahoma [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 

10th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

16
University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/Abstracts/billing.html

Blayha, D.C., 1964, Occurrence and quality of ground water in 

Stephens County, Texas, with appendix on north-central 

Texas: Texas Water Commission Bulletin 6412, p. A1-A14. 

 NOTE: This study is part of a county-by-county investigation 

of north-central Texas for ground-water information and 

includes the investigation of pollution by oil-field brines. 

Bloch, S., and Key, R.M., 1981, Modes of formation of anomalously 

high radioactivity in oil field brines: American Association 

of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, n. 1, p. 154-159. 

Boelter, A.M., Environmental effects of saline oil-field 

discharges on surface waters: Wyoming Water Resources 

Center Research Brief 93-104, 1 map sheet. 

Boelter, A.M., Lamming, F.N., Faraq, A.M., and Bergman, H.L., 

1992, Environmental effects of saline oil-field discharges 

on surface waters: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 

v. 11, n. 8, p. 1187-1995. Available at: 

http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wrp/92-07/92-07.pdf

Boesch, D.F., and Rabalais, N.N., eds., 1989, Produced waters in 

sensitive coastal habitats: an analysis of impacts, central 

coastal Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional 

Office, New Orleans, LA, OCS Report/MMS 89-0031, 157 p. 

Boesch, D.F., and Rabalais, N.N., eds., 1989, Environmental 

impact of produced water discharges in coastal Louisiana: 

Chauvin, Louisiana, Louisiana Universities Marine 

Consortium, Report to the Louisiana Division of the Mid 

Continent Oil and Gas Association, 287 p. 

Boggess, D.H., 1974, Saline ground-water resources of Lee County, 

Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-247, 62 

p. 

Bohlinger, L.H., 1990, Regulation of naturally-occurring 

radioactive material in Louisiana in U. S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Proceedings of the First International 

Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Waste 

Management Practices, September 10-13, 1990, New Orleans, 

Louisiana, p. 833-839. 

17
Bolton, J.E., 2003, Revegetation of oil brine spill sites: 

Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Tech University, Mater’s 

thesis, 73 p. 

Boster, R.S., 1967, A study of ground-water contamination due to 

oil-field brines in Morrow and Delaware Counties, Ohio, with 

emphasis on detection utilizing electrical resistivity 

techniques: Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University, Master’s 

thesis, 191 p. 

Botts, J.A., and Salisbury, James, 1996, Proceedings: Workshop to 

identify promising technologies for the treatment of 

produced water toxicity, 1994, League City, Texas: American 

Petroleum Institute, Health and Environmental Sciences 

Departmental Report No. DR351, variously paginated. 

Bower, R.F., 1969, Effects of oil-field operations on ground 

water in parts of the Middle and Bradford districts, 

Pennsylvania: Morgantown, West Virginia, University of West 

Virginia, Master’s thesis, 43 p. 

Bozzo, W., Chatelain, M., Salinas, J., and Wiatt, W., 1990, Brine 

impacts to a Texas salt marsh and subsequent recovery, in U. 

S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the First 

International Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and 

Production Waste Management Practices, September 10-13, 

1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 129-139. 

 NOTE: Authors described the effects of a large salt-water 

pipeline break and releases. Vegetative mortality, affected 

water and soil chemistry, and natural remediation of the 

marsh system are described. 

Breen, K.J., Angelo, C.G., Masters, W.R., and Sedam, A.C., 1985, 

Chemical and isotopic characteristics of brines from three 

oil- and gas-producing sandstones in eastern Ohio, with 

applications to the geochemical tracing of brine sources: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-resources Investigations Report 

84-4314, 58 p. 

Breen, K .J., and Dumouchelle, D. H., 1991, Geohydrology and 

quality of water in Lucas, Sandusky, and Wood Counties, 

northwestern Ohio: U. S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 91-4024, 234 p. 

NOTE: Using Br/Cl ratios, authors conclude that elevated 

chloride levels in some waters are due to salt-bed 

dissolution and oilfield brine contamination. 

Breit, G.N., Kharaka, Y.K., Otton, J.K., Zielinski, R.A., Rice, 

C.A., Smith B.D., and Ridgley, J.L., 1997, U.S. Geological 

Survey studies of water co-produced with oil and gas: 

18
Implications for future petroleum resource development, in 

Proceedings of the SPE/EPA Environmental Conference, Dallas, 

Texas, SPE 37901, p. 131-141. 

Breit, G.N., Kharaka, Y.K., and Rice, C.A., 2000, Database of the 

composition of water produced with oil and gas, in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 7th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 7-10, 2000, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 13 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/7thIPEC.pdf

 NOTE: This paper is a discussion of the origin, culling and 

editing of a major produced water chemistry database 

available online at 

http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/prov/prodwat/intro.htm

Brewster, J., 1979, Operators present testimony in defense of 

playa lake disposal: Drill Bit, v.28, n.4, p. 26-27 

Bristol, Sky, 1998, Environmental contaminants in water, 

sediment, and biological samples from playa lakes in 

southeastern New Mexico- 1992, draft report: Albuquerque, 

New Mexico, Environmental Contaminants Program, Fish and 

Wildlife Service, 23 p. Available online at: 

http://ifw2es.fws.gov/Documents/R2ES/WWTP_Wetlands_Contamina

nt_Report-FINAL.pdf

 NOTE: The author focuses on hydrocarbon and trace element 

contamination in this study, but in the introductory 

materials, the author reports avian toxicity due to high 

salt levels in playas receiving oilfield brines and potash 

mine waste fluids. 

Bryson, W.R., Schmidt, G.W., and O'Connors, R.E., 1966, Residual 

salt of brine affected soil and shale, Potwin areas, Butler 

County, Kansas: Kansas State Department of Health Bulletin 

3-1, 28 p. 

Buddemeier, R.W., Swain, R.S., Whittemore, D.O., and Young, D.P., 

1995, Salt contamination of ground water in south central 

Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Public Information 

Circular 2, 5 p. Available online at: 

http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic2/pic2_1.html

 NOTE: This non-technical publication outlines areas of known 

or potential salt contamination in south central Kansas and 

delineates areas of natural salt (substantial) and salt mine 

waste and oilfield brine (minor) contamination. 

19
Burnitt, S.C., 1963, City of Hawkins, Wood County, Texas: 

investigation of ground-water contamination: Texas Water 

Commission Report No. LD-0162-MR, 24 p. 

Burnitt, S.C., 1963, Reconnaissance of soil damage and groundwater quality, Fisher County, Texas: Texas Water Commission 

Memorandum Report 63-02, 51 p. 

Burnitt, S.C., 1963, Henderson oil field area, Rusk County, 

Texas, an investigation of ground-water contamination: Texas 

Water Commission Memorandum Report 0262, 13 p. 

 NOTE: Three stream sites and one well were judged to be 

contaminated by oilfield brine. 

Burnitt, S.C., Adams, J.B., Rucker, O.C., and Porterfield, H.C., 

1963, Effects of surface disposal of oil-field brine on the 

quality and development of ground water in the Ogallala 

Formation, High Plains of Texas, and a hydrologic study of 

brine disposal into surface pits: Texas Water Commission, 

115 p. 

Burnitt, S.C., and Crouch, R.L., 1964, Investigation of groundwater contamination, P.H.D., Hackberry, and Storie oil 

fields, Garza County, Texas: Texas Water Commission Report 

No. 63-77 98 p. 

Burnitt, S.C., Holloway, H.D., and Thornhill, J.T., 1962, 

Reconnaissance survey of salt water disposal in the Mexla, 

Negro Creek, and Cedar Creek oil fields, Limestone County, 

Texas: Texas Water Commission Memorandum Report No. 62-02, 

27 p. 

 NOTE: Abandoned oil and gas wells plus surface disposal pits 

have affected surface drainages and may be contaminating the 

Wilcox Group aquifers. 

Burrton Task Force, 1984, Report of the Burrton Task Force to the 

Chief Engineer-Director of the Kansas State Board of 

Agriculture, Division of Water Resources, concerning the 

Proposed Burrton Intensive Ground-Water Use Control Area: 

Topeka, Kansas Water Agencies, 103 p. 

Butcher, D.L., 1964, A study of subsurface oil field pollution to 

a municipal groundwater supply, in Symposium on applied 

geology at Kansas State University: Flint Hills Geological 

Society, Manhattan, KS, variously paginated. 

Butts, T.A., Williams, J.W., and Evans, R.L., 1976, Water quality 

evaluation of the Rector Creek-North Fork Saline River 

drainage basins: Illinois State Water Survey, 95 p. 

20
Campbell, C.S., 1993, Elevated sodium levels in surface waters of 

the Crooked Creek drainage basin, south central Illinois: 

Edwardsville, Illinois, Southern Illinois University at 

Edwardsville, Master’s thesis, 37 p. 

Carlston, C.W., and Graeff, G.D., Jr., 1955, Ground-water 

resources of the Ohio River valley, in West Virginia: West 

Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, v. XXII, part III, 

Variously paginated.

Carr, J.E., Halasz, S.J., and Peters, J.B., 1980, Geohydrology of 

the Keechi, Mount Sylvan, Oakwood, and Palestine salt domes 

in the northeast Texas salt-dome basin: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 80-2044, 39 p. 

Carter, K.E., 2002, Remediation of brine-impacted soils using 

hay: Tulsa, Oklahoma, University of Tulsa, Master’s thesis, 

215 p. 

Carty, D.J, Hopkins, H.H., de Albuquerque, J.S., Swetish, S.M., 

Priebe, W.F., and Crawley, W.W., 1999, Remediation 

strategies for saltwater-impacted sites, in Sublette, K.L, 

Proceedings of the 6th International Petroleum Environmental 

Conference, November 16-18, 1999, Houston, Texas, 7 p. 

Available online at http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/6thIPEC.pdf

Carty, D.J, Swetish, S.M., Priebe, W.F., and Crawley, W.W., 1997, 

Remediation of salt-affected soils at oil and gas production 

facilities: American Petroleum Institute Publication Number 

4663, variously paginated. 

 NOTE: This document describes in detail how to assess and 

remediate brine-affected sites using natural, chemical 

amendment, and mechanical techniques. 

Carty, D.J., Whittemore, D.O., and Bassett, R.L., 1999, 

Identifying environmentally detrimental saltwater in 

oilfields using boron isotopes and anion ratios, in 

Sublette, K.L, 1999, Proceedings of the 6th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, November 16-18, 1999, 

Houston, Texas, p. 1241-1274. Available online at 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/6thIPEC.pdf

Case, L.C., 1942, Selected annotated bibliography on oil-field 

waters: Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists, v. 26, n. 5, p. 865-881. 

 NOTE: An excellent summary of many older papers describing 

water chemistry and origins of oilfield brines in the U.S. 

and for some foreign areas. Most of these papers are not 

referenced in this document. The U.S. reports include 

regional studies and local oilfield investigations across 

21
the U.S. The reports referenced also reflect older ideas on 

the origins of oilfield brines. 

Caswell, P.C., 1992, Contaminant removal and toxicity reduction 

in a pilot scale surface flow/wetlands system for the 

treatment of oilfield produced water: Golden, Colorado, 

Colorado School of Mines, Master’s thesis, 176 p. 

Cates, D.A., Knox, R.C., and Sabatini, D.A., 1996, The impact of 

ion exchange processes on subsurface brine transport as 

observed on piper diagrams: Ground Water, vol. 34, no. 3, 

pp. 532-544. 

 NOTE: Authors studied experimentally chemical processes 

occurring during brine transport using uncontaminated 

samples from a field site in western Oklahoma. Data suggest 

that cation exchange creates a Ca and Mg high at the leading 

edge of a brine plume. This must be considered in mixing 

models. 

Chapman, M.J., and Bair, E.S., 1992, Mapping a brine plume using 

surface geophysical methods in conjunction with ground water 

quality: Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 12, n. 3, p. 

203-209. 

Chipman, R.K., 1959, Studies of tolerance of certain freshwater 

fishes to brine water from oil wells: Ecology, v. 40, n. 2, 

p. 299-302. 

 NOTE: Author studied the results of a brine water fish kill 

in a small freshwater pond in Louisiana. 

Cipollini, M.L., and Pickering, J.L., 1986, Determination of 

phytotoxicity of barium in leach-field disposal of gas well 

brines: Plant and Soil, v. 92, n. 2, p. 159-169. 

Clark, Barrett, Colgan, Wes, III, and Vavrek, Milan, 2004, Field 

application of AM fungi for phytoremediation of oil-brine 

spill sites [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of 

the 11th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

October 12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Clemens, H.P., and Finnell, J.C., 1955, Biological conditions in 

a brine-polluted stream in Oklahoma: Transactions American 

Fish Society, v. 85, p. 18-27. 

Coen, A.W., III., 1990, Ground-water levels, flow, and specific 

conductance in unconsolidated aquifers near Lake Erie, 

22
Cleveland to Conneaut, Ohio, September 1984: U. S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-

4202, 22 p. Abstract available at 

http://oh.water.usgs.gov/reports/Abstracts/wrir.89-4202.html

 NOTE: Author notes possible association of elevated 

conductivity with oilfield sites and natural salt leakage. 

Colgan, Wes, III, Patrick, D.R., and Vavrek, Milan, 2004, 

Rhizosphere fungal diversity in oil and brine contaminated 

soils [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 

11th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

October 12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Colgan, Wes, III, and Vavrek, M.C., 2003, Symbiotic fungi and 

plant performance in oil brine contaminated soil [abs.], in 

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 10th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, November 11-14, 2003, 

Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Collarullo, S.J., Heidari, M., and Maddock, T., III, 1984, 

Identification of an optimal groundwater management strategy 

in a contaminated aquifer: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 20, 

n. 5, p. 747-760. 

Collins, A.G., 1969, Chemistry of some Anadarko Basin brines 

containing high concentrations of iodide: Chemical Geology, 

v. 4, n. 1-2, p. 169-187. 

Collins, A.G., 1970, Geochemistry of some petroleum-associated 

waters from Louisiana: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of 

Investigations 7326, 31 p. 

Collins, A.G., 1974, Saline groundwaters produced with oil and 

gas: Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

EPA-660/2-74-010, 68 p. 

Collins, A.G., 1975, Geochemistry of oilfield waters: 

Developments in Petroleum Science, 1, Elsevier Scientific 

Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 496 p. 

 NOTE: This is a substantial summary of the major, minor and 

trace element chemistry of oilfield waters as possible 

sources for industrial minerals. It is a standard reference 

for this topic. 

23
Collins, A.G., Zelinski, W.P., and Pearson, C.A., 1966, Bromide 

and iodide in oil-field brines in Tertiary and Cretaceous 

Formation in Mississippi and Alabama: U.S. Bureau of Mines 

Report of Investigations 6859, 187 p. 

Conn, J.S., Behr-Andres, Christina, Wiegers, Janice, Meggert, Ed, 

and Glover, Nick, 2001, Remediation of Arctic tundra 

following petroleum or salt water spills, in Second 

international conference on contaminants in freezing ground, 

Cambridge, United Kingdom, July 2-5, 2000: Polar Record, 

v.37, n.202, p.264-266. 

Connor, J.A., and Clifford, D.A., 1994, Norm waste minimization 

using in-situ treatment method: Tulsa, Oklahoma, PennWell 

Books, Preprints of the International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, March 2-4, 1994, Houston, Texas, 

13 p. 

Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., 1991, Measurements of 

Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) at three 

produced water outfalls: Jupiter, Florida, Continental Shelf 

Associates, Inc., 41 p. 

Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., 1997, Monitoring 

environmental recovery at terminated produced water 

discharge sites in coastal Louisiana waters: draft report, 

February 1997: Jupiter, Florida, Continental Shelf 

Associates, Inc., Report for the Department of Energy, 

released as DOE/MT/92001-22, variously paginated. 

Core Laboratories, Inc., 1972, A survey of subsurface saline 

water of Texas--A descriptive inventory of the principal 

saline aquifers and their characteristics: Texas Water 

Development Board, Report 157, v. 1, 113 p. 

 NOTE: General geology and hydrology of the major saline 

aquifers with tables, figures, maps and cross-sections 

describing them. 

Core Laboratories, Inc., 1972, A survey of subsurface saline 

water of Texas--Chemical analyses of saline water: Texas 

Water Development Board, Report 157, v. 2, 378 p. 

 NOTE: Chemical analyses for the saline aquifers described in 

Volume 1 above. 

Cosgrove, W.M., Howard, H.S., and Schultz, D.A., 1988, Water 

chemistry and benthic macroinvertebrate improvements one 

year following discontinuation of oil brine discharges in 

the Blaine Creek watershed, Martha, Kentucky: Athens, 

24
Georgia, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, open-file 

report, unnumbered pages. 

Craigg, S.D., and Thamke, J.N., 1993, Hydrogeologic aspects of 

brine disposal in the East Poplar oil field, Fort Peck 

Indian Reservation, northeastern Montana [abs.]: Geological 

Society of America, Cordilleran and Rocky Mountain Section 

Meeting, Reno, Nevada, May 19-21, 1993, Abstracts with 

program, p. 25. 

Craigg, S.D., and Thamke, J.N.,1995, The effects of oil-field 

brines on aquifers--Brine disposal in the East Poplar oil 

field, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, northeastern Montana, 

in Carter, L.M.H., ed., Energy and the Environment--

Application of Geosciences to Decision-Making; Program and 

Short Papers; Tenth V.E. McKelvey Forum on Mineral and 

Energy Resources, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 

1108, p. 95-97. 

Crain, L.J., 1966, Ground-water resources of the Jamestown area, 

New York: New York State Water Resources Commission Bulletin 

58, 167 p. 

Crain, L.J., 1969, Ground-water pollution from natural gas and 

oil production in New York: New York State Water Resources 

Commission Report of Investigation No. 5, 15 p. 

Crandall, D.A., 1985, Development of integrated surface and 

ground water management in Illinois, in Proceedings of the 

Twentieth Annual Conference of the American Water Resources 

Association Symposium, Washington, D.C., August 15, 1984, p. 

193-199. 

Crawford, J. G., 1963, Rocky Mountain oil field waters: [v. 1] 

Section 1. An understanding of oil field waters, Section 2. 

Introduction to the discussion, Section 3. Big Horn Basin, 

[v. 2] Section 4. Central Montana plains, Central South 

Dakota, Denver-Julesburg Basin, Green River Basin, Hanna 

Basin, Kaiparowits Basin, Laramie Basin, Moffat area, North 

Park Basin, Paradox Basin, Piceance Basin, [v.3] Section 5. 

Powder River Basin, Raton Basin, Red Desert area, San Juan 

Basin, San Luis Valley, San Rafael swell, Sweetgrass arch, 

Uinta Basin: Casper, Wyoming, Chemical and Geological 

Laboratories, variously paginated. 

Cronin, J.G., Follett, C.R., Shafer, G.H., and Rettman, P.L., 

1963, Reconnaissance investigation of the ground-water 

resources of the Brazos River basin, Texas: Texas Water 

Commission Bulletin 6310, 152 p. 

25
Crouch, R.L., 1964, Investigation of alleged ground-water 

contamination, Tri-Rue and Ride oil fields, Scurry County, 

Texas: Texas Water Commission Report LD-0464-MR, 16 p. 

Crouch, R.L., 1964, Investigation of ground-water contamination 

in the Juliana and West Jud oil fields, Haskell and 

Stonewall Counties, Texas: Texas Water Commission Report LD0364-MR, 18 p. 

Crouch, R.L., and Burnitt, S.C., 1965, Investigation of groundwater contamination, Vealmoor oil field, Howard and Borden 

Counties, Texas: Texas Water Commission Report LD-0265, 40 

p. 

Crouch, R.L., Burnitt, S.C., and Porterfield, H.H., 1965, 

Investigation of ground-water contamination in the Vealmoor 

oil field, Howard and Borden counties, Texas: Texas Water 

Commission Report, 54 p. 

Daly, D.J., and Mesing, G.E., 1995, Atlas of gas related produced 

water for 1990, Chicago, Gas Research Institute Topical 

Report GRI-95/0016, 88 p. 

 NOTE- This atlas folio summarizes a great deal of 

information about the production of water associated with 

conventional gas across the U.S. with some geochemical data. 

Dambach, C. A., and Olive, J.H., 1969, Development of biological 

indices to pollution levels in streams affected by acid mine 

drainage and oil field brine wastes: Columbus, Ohio State 

University, State of Ohio Water Resources Center, Research 

project completion report, Project no. A-003-Ohio, 90 p. 

Dames and Moore, 1982, Analysis of hydrologic and environmental 

effects of drilling mud pits and produced water 

impoundments: American Petroleum Institute, 3 volumes. 

Darner, R. A., 2002, Water and bed-sediment quality in the 

vicinity of Berlin Lake, Ohio, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4246, 31 p. 

Darval, R.G., and Harreel, R.C., 1980, Macrobenthos of Pine 

Island Bayou in the Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas: 

Hydrobiology, v. 69, n. 3, p. 213-223. 

Davis, S.N., Whittemore, D.O., and Fabryka-Martin, J., 1998, Uses 

of chloride/bromide ratios in studies of potable water: 

Ground Water, v. 36, n. 2, p. 338-351. 

26
Davis, W.C., 1985, Biological and physicochemical treatment of 

co-produced brine: University Park, Texas, University of 

Houston, Master’s thesis, 157 p. 

Demir, Ilham, 1995, Formation water chemistry and modeling of 

fluid-rock interaction for improved oil recovery in Aux 

Vases and Cypress Formations, Illinois Basin: Illinois 

State Geological Survey, Illinois Petroleum 148, 60 p. 

Demir, I., and Seyler, B., 1999, Chemical composition and 

geologic history of saline waters in Aux Vases and Cypress 

Formations, Illinois Basin: Aquatic Geochemistry, v. 5, n. 

3, p.281-311. 

Denig-Chakroff, David, 1984, Analysis of quantities produced from 

oil and gas wells, Morgan County, Ohio: Columbus, Ohio, Ohio 

State University, Master’s thesis, 61 p. 

DeWalle, D.R., and Galeone, D.G., 1990, One-time dormant season 

application of gas well brine on forest land: Journal of 

Environmental Quality, v. 19, n. 2, p. 288-295. 

Digel, R.K., and Bair, E.S., 1990, Subsurface transport of 

inorganic and organic solutes from experimental road 

spreading of oil-field brine: Ground Water Monitoring 

Review, v. 10, n. 3, p. 94-105. 

Dingman, R.J., and Angino, E.E., 1969, Chemical composition of 

selected Kansas brines as an aid to interpreting change in 

water chemistry with depth: Chemical Geology, v. 4, p. 325-

339. 

Doll, E.C., 1989, Chemical analysis of soils contaminated with 

oilfield brine: Mandan, N.D., North Dakota State 

University, Land Reclamation Research Center Bulletin No. 

521, 9 p. 

Doll, E.C., Lang, K.L., and Merrill, S.D., 1990, Contamination of 

soil with oilfield brine and reclamation with calcium 

chloride: Soil Science, v. 150, n. 1, p.469-475. 

Dollar, P.S., Frape, S.K., and McNutt, R.H., 1991, Geochemistry 

of formation waters, southwestern Ontario, Canada and 

southern Michigan, U.S.A.: implications for origin and 

evolution: Ontario Geological Survey Open File report 5743, 

72 p. 

Donaldson, E.C., 1979, Environmental aspects of enhanced oil 

recovery: Energy Sources, v. 4, n. 3, p.213-229. 

27
Downey, J.S., 1984, Hydrodynamics of the Williston basin, in 

Geohydrology of the Dakota aquifer, Proceedings of the first 

C.V. Theis Conference on geohydrology, October 5-6, 1982, 

Lincoln, Nebraska: Worthington, OH, National Well 

Association, p.92-98. 

Duel, L.E., and Holliday, G.H., 1997, Soil remediation for the 

petroleum extraction industry: Tulsa, Oklahoma, PennWell 

Publishing Company, 2nd edition, 242 p. 

Duffin, G.L., and Beynon, B.E., 1992, Evaluation of the water 

resources in parts of the Rolling Prairies Region of NorthCentral Texas: Texas Water Development Board Report 337, 93 

p. 

 NOTE- This report contains maps and many references 

documenting oilfield-brine-related damage to soils and 

ground water in this multi-county area of north-central 

Texas. Not all these references are captured in this 

bibliography. 

Dutton, A.R., 1987, Origin of brine in the San Andreas Formation, 

evaporite confining system, Texas Panhandle and eastern New 

Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, n. 1, 

p.103-112. 

Dutton, A.R., Richter, B.C., and Kreitler, C.W., 1989, Brine 

discharge and salinization, Concho River watershed, West 

Texas: Ground Water, v. 27, n. 3, p.375-383. 

NOTE: Authors evaluated saline ground water in Tom Green 

County using Br/Cl data and other geochemical indicators and 

concluded that most salinity was due to dissolution of 

formation salt beds, but that some salinity could be 

attributed to oilfield brine releases. 

Eberts, S.M., 1991, Geohydrology and water quality in northern 

Portage County, Ohio, in relation to deep-well brine 

injection: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resource 

Investigations Report 90-4158, 63 p. Abstract available at 

http://oh.water.usgs.gov/reports/Abstracts/wrir.90-4158.html

NOTE: Four wells near thirteen oilfield brine injection 

wells show elevated chloride concentrations. Two of these 

can be attributed to oilfield brine using Br and Cl data. 

Eberts, S.M., Blair, E.S., and de Roche, J.T., 1990, 

Geohydrology, ground-water quality, and simulated groundwater flow, Geauga County, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resource Investigations Report 90-4026, 117 p. 

Eberts, S.M., and George, L.I., 2000, Regional ground-water flow 

and geochemistry in the Midwestern basins and arches aquifer 

28
system in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1423-C, 103 p. 

NOTE: This paper describes a regional aquifer study in an 

area that includes substantial petroleum production and 

provides geochemical data that may be useful in 

discriminating contaminated and uncontaminated ground water 

in the study area. 

Eger, C.K., and Vargo, J.S., 1989, Prevention; ground water 

contamination at the Martha oil field, Lawrence and Johnson 

counties, Kentucky, in Testa, S.M., ed., Environmental 

concerns in the petroleum industry, Proceedings of a 

symposium, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 

Pacific Section, 1989 annual convention, Palm Springs, CA, 

United States, May 10-12, 1989, p. 83-105. 

 NOTE: This paper documents the contamination of three USDW 

aquifers by poor oilfield practices. 

Eicemen, G.A., McConnon, J.T., Zaman, M., Shuey, C., and Earp, 

D., 1986, Hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons in 

groundwater surrounding an earthen waste disposal pit in the 

Duncan oil field of New Mexico: International Journal of 

Environmental Analytical Chemistry, v. 24, n. 2, p. 143-162. 

Ellard, J.S., and Lipp, R.L., 1978, Evaluation of water quality 

data from oilfield areas in South Alabama; specific 

conductance-chloride relationship: Geological Survey of 

Alabama, Oil and Gas Report (University, Ala.), v.5, 10 p.

Elmer E. Templeton, and Associates, 1980, Environmentally 

acceptable disposal of salt brines produced with oil and 

gas: a report for the Ohio Water Development Authority: Ohio 

Water Development Authority, 125 p. 

Erb, J.E., 1988, Management of oil and gas brines—Pennsylvania’s 

regulatory reform: Northeast Environmental Science, v. 7, n. 

2, p. 121-123. 

Evaldi, R.D., and Kipp, J.A., 1991, Effects of oil production on 

water resources in the Kentucky River basin, Kentucky: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-

4191, 58 p. 

Evangelou, V.P., 1983, Oil well salt brine contaminated soils: 

their chemistry and reclamation, in Graves, D. H., ed., 

Proceedings, 1983 Symposium on Surface Mining, Hydrology, 

Sedimentology and Reclamation: University of Kentucky, OES 

publications, p. 443-446. 

29
Evangelou, V.P. and Marsi, M., 2003, Influence of ionic strength 

on sodium-calcium exchange of two temperate climate soils: 

Plant and soil, v. 250, n.2, p. 307-313. 

NOTE: This paper describes the impact of highly saline 

waters as from oilfield brines or coal-mine waste on sodiumcalcium chemistry in temperate climate soils using two 

different Kentucky soils. 

Evans, G.B., Jr., and Barck, J.A., 1995, Reclamation of soil 

affected by salts: investigation, assessment, planning, and 

implementation in Society of Petroleum Engineers and U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the SPE/EPA 

Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, 27-29 

March 1995, Houston, Texas, p. 641-653. 

Feast, C.F., 1984, Meeker dome salinity investigation, in French, 

R.H., ed., Salinity in watercourses and reservoirs: 

Butterworth Publishers, Boston, p. 359-365. 

Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 1967, 

Recommendations for water pollution control in Raccoon Creek 

basin, Ohio: Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 

Ohio Basin Regional Report, 81 p. 

Feth, J.H., 1981, Chloride in natural continental water: a 

review: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2176, 30 

p. 

 NOTE: This paper provides basic information on chloride in 

natural waters in the U.S. Chloride can be a key indicator 

of oilfield brine contamination. 

Fillo, J.P., Hamaker, T.A., Koraido, S.M., Stefanacci, R.G., 

Tallon, J.A., and Wesolowski, D., 1987, Production waters 

associated with the production, processing, transmission, 

and storage of natural gas: a literature survey: Gas 

Research Institute, GRI-87/0126, Topical Report (July 1985- 

March 1987), variously paginated. 

Fink, B.E., 1965, Investigation of ground- and surface-water 

contamination near Harrold, Willbarger County, Texas: Texas 

Water Commission Report LD-0365, 23 p. 

Fisher, J.B., 1994, Geochemistry of radium and environmental 

risk: Tulsa, Oklahoma, PennWell Books, Preprints of the 

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, March 2-4, 

1994, Houston, Texas, 30 p. 

Fisher, J.B., and Hammond, M., 1994, Characterization of NORM 

vessel solids [abs.]: Tulsa, Oklahoma, PennWell Books, 

30
Preprints of the International Petroleum Environmental 

Conference, March 2-4, 1994, Houston, Texas, 1 p. 

Fisher, J.B. and Sublette, K.L., 2005, Environmental releases 

from exploration and production operations in Oklahoma: 

type, volume, causes, and prevention: Environmental 

Geosciences, v. 12, n. 2, p. 89-99. 

Fisher, R.S., 1995, Geologic, geochemical, and geographic 

controls on NORM in produced water from Texas oil, gas, and 

geothermal reservoirs, in Society of Petroleum Engineers and 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the 

SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, 

27-29 March 1995, Houston, Texas, p. 195-205. 

Fitter, F.P., 1995, Fate and transport of oilfield brines in 

recharge areas of the Central Oklahoma aquifer: Norman, 

Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma, Master’s thesis, 132 p. 

Fitterman, D.V., 1985, Mapping of brine contamination in Osage 

County, Oklahoma, using transient electromagnetic soundings: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-210, 58 p. 

Fitzpatick, D.J., 1985, Occurrence of saline water in the 

alluvial aquifer in the Boeuf-Tensas Basin, Arkansas: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-

4029, 1 sheet. 

Fletcher, P.A., Cornette, C.A., Sustala, D.R., and Dolence, T.W., 

1995, Preparation of naturally occurring radioactive 

material (NORM) for hydraulic fracturing disposal: a case 

study, in Society of Petroleum Engineers and U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the SPE/EPA 

Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, 27-29 

March 1995, Houston, Texas, p. 737-747. 

Flora, M., Kunkle, S., and Kimball, D., 1987, Water pollution 

mitigation in two National Park Service units affected by 

energy and mining activities, in Proceedings of the 

Symposium, Water Resources Related to Mining and EnergyPreparing for the Future: Bethesda, Maryland, American Water 

Resources Association, p. 231-238. 

Foderaro, M.A., and Ungar, I.A., 1997, Growth and survival of 

Ploygonum aviculare L. at a brine-contaminated site in 

southeastern Ohio: American Midland Naturalist, v. 138, n.1, 

p. 140-152. 

31
Foley, F.D., and Latta, B.F., 1966, Salt water encroachment from 

industrial operations: Proceedings American Water Res. 

Association, v. 2, p.65-63. 

Follett, C.R., 1966, Ground water resources of Caldwell County, 

Texas: Texas Water Development Board Report 12, 138 p. 

 NOTE: Author reports 1961 brine production data for the 

county and discusses brine contamination of ground water. 

Follett, C.R., and Gabrysch, R.K., 1965, Ground-water resources 

of De Witt County, Texas: Texas Water Commission Bulletin 

6518, 113 p. 

Ford, Laura, Singh, Shailendra, Carter, Kimberly, Sublette, K.L., 

and Duncan, Kathleen, 2003, Remediation of brine spills with 

hay, year 2 [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of 

the 10th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC),1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Foss, J.E., Richardson, J.L., Prunty, L.D., Sweeney, M.D., 

Cudworth, D.K., and Hoag, B.K., 1985, Identification of 

salt-seepage areas from oilfield brine pits: Fargo, North 

Dakota State University, Final report to North Dakota Water 

Resources Research Institute, 31 p. 

Freethey, G.W., 1994, Map summarizing geohydrologic information 

in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell 

petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Investigations Report 92-4043, 8 maps. 

Friebele, C.D. and Wolff, H.A., 1976, Annotated bibliography of 

Texas water resources reports: Texas Water Development 

Board, Report 199, 156 p. 

 NOTE: This document lists published water studies by the 

Board and its predecessor agencies and describes the content 

of many of these reports where the content is not obvious 

from the title. Included in the list are various studies 

published by the U.S. Geological Survey as a result of 

cooperative investigations. Unpublished “file” reports are 

also listed including about 30 reports where oilfield brine 

contamination complaints were investigated. Many reports 

cited herein are not included in this bibliography. 

Frimpter, M.H., 1973, Chemical quality of streams, Allegheny 

River basin and part of the Lake Erie Basin, New York: New 

32
York State Department of Environmental Conservation Basin 

Planning Report ARB-3, 79 p. 

Frischknecht, F.C., 1990, Application of geophysical methods to 

the study of pollution associated with abandoned and 

injection wells, in Doe, B.R., ed., Proceedings of the U.S. 

Geological Survey workshop on environmental geochemistry, 

Reston, VA, April 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 

1034, p. 73-77. 

Fryar, A.E., Kreitler, C.W., Akhter, M.C., Avakian, A.J., and 

Mullican, W.F., III, 1994, A methodology to evaluate 

regional hydraulic controls on flow from hydrocarbon 

reservoirs into overlying aquifers [abs.]: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 78, n.9, p. 

1458. 

Fryberger, J.S., 1972, Rehabilitation of a brine-polluted 

aquifer: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental 

Protection Technology Series EPA-R2-72-014, 61 p. 

Fryberger, J.S., 1975, Investigation and rehabilitation of a 

brine-contaminated aquifer: Ground Water, v.13, n.2, p. 155-

160. 

Fryberger, J.S., 1976, Subsurface brine disposal-be reasonable: 

Ground water, v. 14, n. 3, p. 150-156. 

 NOTE: Author overviews plans for shallow produced water 

injection in a Texas County, Oklahoma and concerns over 

contaminating the Ogallala aquifer. 

Frye, J.C., and Brazil, J.J., 1943, Ground water in the oil-field 

areas of Ellis and Russell Counties, Kansas: Kansas 

Geological Survey Bulletin 50, 104 p. 

Fucik, K.W., 1990, Toxicity identification and characteristics of 

produced water discharges from Colorado and Wyoming in, Ray, 

J. P., and Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 1992, Produced water: 

technological/ environmental issues and solutions, 

Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water 

Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California: New 

York, Plenum Press, Environmental science research, v. 46, 

p. 187-207. 

 NOTE: The author measured toxicity of 36 well-characterized 

produced water field samples from sites in Wyoming and 

Colorado to Ceriodaphnia and fathead minnows at various 

dilutions from 100% to 6%. Toxicity was suspected from 

various components including TDS, hydrocarbons, high 

sulfate, semivolatiles, low dissolved oxygen, and hydrogen 

sulfide.

33
Fuhriman, D.K., and Barton, J.R., 1971, Groundwater pollution in 

Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Research Series, 

249 p. 

Fund, Mary, 1987, The extent of groundwater contamination in 

Kansas, in Symposium, Prevention of Groundwater 

Contamination in Kansas: Kansas Law Review, v. 35, n. 2, p. 

353-366. 

Gandl, L.A., and Spiers, C.A., 1980, Results of water quality 

sampling near Richton, Cypress Creek, and Lampton Salt 

Domes, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

80-443, 18 p. 

Garza, Sergio, and Wesselman, J.B., 1959, Geology and groundwater resources of Winkler County, Texas: Texas Board of 

Water Engineers Bulletin 5916, 200 p. 

Gass, T.E., Lehr, J.H., and Heiss, H.W., Jr., 1977, Impact of 

abandoned wells on ground water: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ecological 

Research Series EPA/600/3-77-095, 52 p. 

Gelb, Daniel, 1992, Oilfield produced water treatment using 

constructed surface flow and wetland systems: Golden, 

Colorado, Colorado School of Mines Master’s thesis, 198 p. 

General Accounting Office, 2003, National Wildlife Refuges, 

Opportunities to improve the management and oversight of oil 

and gas activities on Federal lands: General Accounting 

Office Report GOA-03-517, 67 p. 

 NOTE: This report documents oil and gas exploration and 

production activities on 105 refuges across the U.S. and 

pipeline transits on 50 refuges. Effects vary from 

negligible to substantial, but characterizations are 

considered inadequate. 

Giggleman, C.M, and Bocanegra, O.R., 2000, The impact of 

petroleum hydrocarbon and brine contaminants to 

macroinvertebrate communities inhabiting lotic systems at 

Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge, Grayson County, Texas, 

1999: Arlington, Texas, Fish and Wildlife Service Region 2 

Project report, 34 p. Available at 

http://www.fws.gov/arlingtontexas/pdf/Hagerman.pdf

Gilday, W.M., and Edick, R.G., preparers and reviewers, 1999, An 

investigation of naturally occurring radioactive materials 

34
(NORM) in oil and gas wells in New York State: Albany, New 

York, Department of Environmental Conservation, 35 p., 

variously paginated appendices. 

 NOTE: The authors describe results of a sampling survey of 

brine, equipment, scales, and sludges at oil and gas well 

locations in western New York, noting some anomalous values 

but concluding that none of the radioactivity poses any 

threat to oilfield workers or residents. 

Gillespie, J.B., and Hargadine, G.D., 1981, Saline ground-water 

discharge to the Smoky Hill River between Salina and 

Abilene, central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 81-43, 71 p. 

Gillespie, J.B., and Hargadine, G.D., 1986, Geohydrology of the 

Wellington-alluvial aquifer system and evaluation of 

possible locations of relief wells to decrease saline 

ground-water discharge to the Smoky Hill and Solomon Rivers, 

central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 86-4110, 31 p. 

Gillespie, J.B., and Hargadine, G.D., 1994, Geohydrology and 

saline ground-water discharge to the South Fork Ninnescah 

River in Pratt and Kingman Counties, south-central Kansas: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

93-4177, 51 p. Available online at: 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri934177

Gillespie, J.B., Hargadine, G.D., Myers, N.C., and Hargadine, 

D.A., 1991, Geohydrologic data for the South Fork Ninnescah 

River Valley and adjacent plains in Pratt and Kingman 

Counties, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 91-186, 55 p. 

Godsy, E.M., Hostettler, F.D., Warren, Ean, Paganelli, V.V., and 

Kharaka, Y.K., 2002, Environmental impacts pf petroleum 

production: the fate of petroleum and other organics 

associated with produced water from the Osage-Skiatook 

Petroleum Environmental Research sites, Osage County, 

Oklahoma, in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 9th

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 

22-25, 2002, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 20 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2002/tech_sessions.html 

 Also available at http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri03-4260/

Gogel, Tony, 1981, Discharge of salt water from Permian rocks to 

major stream-aquifer systems in central Kansas: Kansas 

Geological Survey, The University of Kansas at Lawrence, 

Chemical Quality Series 9, 60 p. 

35
Goode, H.D. and Feltis, R.D., 1962, Water production from oil 

wells of the Uinta basin, Uintah and Duchesne Counties, 

Utah: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, 32 p. 

Goodin, D.A., 2001, Remediation of an oil contaminated wetland 

and the effects of crude oil and brine on two-year old 

Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings: Baton Rouge, 

Louisiana State University Ph.D. thesis, 137 p. 

Goodman, W.M., Castle, J.W., and Mazor, Emanuel, 1998, Shallow 

saline groundwaters of the Queenston-Medina subcrop, western 

New York State [abs.]: American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, n. 9, p. 1767. 

Gott, G.B., and Hill, J.W., 1953, Radioactivity in some oil 

fields of southeastern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 988E, 122 p. 

Grabhorn, Merle, 1996, Cost-effective method of performing 

preliminary assessments of oil field brine contamination: a 

case study, in Sublette, K.L., ed., Environmental issues and 

solutions in petroleum exploration, production and refining, 

Proceedings of the Third International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, Sept. 24-27, 1996, vol. 1: Spring 

field, VA, NTIS, p. 31-50. 

Grabhorn, Merle, 1997, Using geostatistics to track areas 

affected by oilfield brine: Eye on Environment (DOE), Jan 

1997, P. 1-4. Available online at 

http://www.npto.doe.gov/Petroleum/publications/newsletters/e

oe/Jan97/page1-4.html

Grace, Jim, and Alyanak, Nancy, 1995, Low-cost investigation 

strategies for oilfield brine contamination in ground water: 

Bulletin of the Houston Geological Society, v. 37, n.1, 11 

p. 

Grandone, P., and Schmidt, L., 1943, Survey of subsurface brinedisposal systems in western Kansas oil fields: U.S. Bureau 

of Mines Report of Investigations No. 3719, 20 p. 

Graves, R.M., and Rhett, J.M, 1994, Proceedings of the 1994 

symposium on environmental issues in oil and gas operations: 

Golden, Colorado, Colorado School of Mines, July 11-13, 

1994, 259 p. 

Gray, P.R., 1991, NORM contamination in the petroleum industry, 

in Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Annual 

36
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Oct. 6-9, 1991, Dallas, 

Texas, p.637-644. 

Greater Egypt Regional Planning and Development Commission, 1980, 

Areawide waste treatment and water quality management 

planning- Oil field brine: a survey of land damage in 

Hamilton County: Carbondale, Illinois, Greater Egypt 

Regional Planning and Development Commission Report No. 

GERPDC 81-579, 55 p. 

Greater Egypt Regional Planning and Development Commission, 1982, 

An overview of oil field brine problems in three Illinois 

Counties: Carbondale, Illinois, Greater Egypt Regional 

Planning and Development Commission Report No. GERPDC 82-

626, variously paginated. 

Greer, C.R., and Landress, M.R., 1995, In-situ radium activity 

measurements for NORM assessment and remediation, in Society 

of Petroleum Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Proceedings of the SPE/EPA Exploration and 

Production Environmental Conference, 27-29 March 1995, 

Houston, Texas, p. 253-260. 

Grice, K.J., 1991, Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials 

(NORM) in the oil and gas industry: First International 

Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment, The Hague, 

Netherlands, Nov. 10-14, 1991, p. 559-571. 

Guiterrez, G.N., Heaton, K.P., and Sitton, Mike, 2003, 

Restoration of produced water release to east Texas forest 

land [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 

10th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Gullikson, D.M., Carraway, W.H., and Gates, G.L., 1961, Chemical 

analysis and electrical resistivity of selected California 

oil-field waters: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of 

Investigations No. 5736, 21 p. 

Gulley, D.D., Mount, D.R., Hockett, J.R., and Bergman, H.L, 1990, 

A statistical model to predict toxicity of saline produced 

waters to freshwater organisms in, Ray, J. P., and 

Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 1992, Produced water: 

technological/environmental issues and solutions, 

Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water 

Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California: New 

37
York, Plenum Press, Environmental science research, v. 46, 

p. 89-96. 

 NOTE: Authors describe a Salinity/Toxicity Relationship 

(STR) model based on 12,500 observations of Ceriodaphnia, 

Daphnia, and fathead minnows in complex ion mixtures like 

those present in most produced waters. The results provide 

some important insights into recognizing toxicity due to 

salinity and that due to other components in produced waters 

and also provide evidence of synergistic effects that 

produced greater toxicity and others that are protective. A 

ranking of the relative toxicity of common produced water 

constituents is given. 

Gwynn, J.W., 1995, Resistivities and chemical analyses of 

selected oil and gas field, water well, and spring waters, 

Utah: Utah Geological Survey Circular C-87, 142 p. 

 NOTE: This is the most comprehensive database on the 

chemistry of produced waters available for Utah. 

Haag, K.H., Garcia, R., Jarrett, J.L., and Porter, S.D., 1995, 

Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River basin, 

Kentucky: Results of investigations of surface-water 

quality, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report: 95-4163, 70 p. 

Hamilton, L.D., Meinhold, A.F., and Nagy, J., 1990, Health risk 

assessment for radium discharged in produced waters in, Ray, 

J. P., and Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 1992, Produced water: 

technological/ environmental issues and solutions, 

Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water 

Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California: New 

York, Plenum Press, Environmental science research, v. 46, 

p. 303-314. 

 NOTE: The authors describe a screening level assessment for 

cancer risks posed by persons eating fish and shellfish from 

coastal and marine waters in areas where radium derived from 

production operations has been taken up by the food 

organisms.

Hamilton, L.D., Meinhold, A.F., and Nagy, J., 1991, Produced 

water radionuclide hazard/risk assessment--Phase 1: 

American Petroleum Institute Publication Number 4532, 160 p. 

Hammond, W.W., Jr., 1969, Ground water resources of Matagorda 

County, Texas: Texas Water Development Board, Report No. 91, 

163 p. 

 NOTE: Author discusses the role of brine disposal in ground 

water contamination in the county and gives a map showing 

locations of a few 100 brine disposal pits and wells. He 

38
also maps the depth to naturally saline ground water 

including encroaching sea water. 

Hanan, M. A., 1981, Geochemistry and mobility in sediments of 

radium from oil-field brines: Grand Bay, Plaqemines Parish, 

Louisiana: New Orleans, Louisiana, University of New 

Orleans, Master’s thesis, 89 p. 

Hanor, J.S., 1984, Salinity and geochemistry of subsurface brines 

in south Louisiana and their potential for reaction with 

injected waste waters: U.S. Department of Energy Report, 

DOE/NV/10174-3, P. 277-346. 

Hanor, J.S., 1987, Origin and migration of subsurface sedimentary 

brines: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society of Economic 

Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Lecture Notes for Short 

Course No. 21, 247 p. 

Hanor, J.S., 1997, Limitations of the use of conventional ground 

water techniques in characterizing the fate of produced 

waters in on-shore Gulf Coast sediments: Gulf Coast 

Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 58, 

p.193-199. 

 NOTE: This paper describes the extent and movement of a 

dense produced-water plume derived from three brine storage 

pits up to 900 m laterally and 14 m deep into underlying 

unconsolidated clay, silty clay, and sand units on a river 

floodplain in south-central Louisiana. 

Hanor, J.S., 1998, Pathways of shallow subsurface migration of 

saline oil field wastes at a commercial disposal site in 

south Louisiana: Transactions- Gulf Coast Association of 

Geological Societies, v. 48, p. 107-118. 

Haque, S.M., 1989, Environmental effects of surface brine 

disposal in Golden Meadow oil and gas field, Lafourche 

Parish, Louisiana [abs.]: Geological Society of America, 

1989 Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs, p. A187. 

Harker, D. F., Jr., Call, S.M., Warren, M.L., Jr., Camburn, K.E., 

and Wigley, P., 1979, Aquatic biota and water quality of the 

Appalachian Province, eastern Kentucky: Frankfort, Kentucky, 

Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission Technical Report, 1152 

p. in three volumes. 

Harker, D. F., Jr., Warren, Jr., M. L., Camburn, K. E., Call, S. 

M., Fallo, G. J., and Wigley, P., 1980, Aquatic biota and 

water quality of the upper Cumberland River basin. 

Frankfort, Kentucky, Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission 

Technical Report, 679 p. in two volumes. 

39
Harris, Tom, Dewan, C., High, Andrea, Tapp, Bryan, and Sublette, 

Kerry, 1999, Remediation of brine-impacted soil with a 

subsurface drainage system: year 2 of the Barnard No. 1 

project, in Sublette, K. L., ed., Proceedings of the 6th

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, November 

16-18, 1999, Houston, Texas, 11 p. Available online at 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/6thIPEC.pdf

Harris, T.L., Dewan, Christina, Tapp, J.B., and Sublette, Kerry, 

2000, Transport processes in the remediation of brineimpacted soil, in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 

7th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 7-10, 2000, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 12 p. 

Available at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/7thIPEC.pdf

Harris, Tom, McConnell, Jason, and Schulte, Kim, 1998, 

Physicochemical characterization of brine-impacted soil, in 

Sublette, K.L, ed., Proceedings of the 5th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 20-23, 1998, 

Albuquerque, N.M., 13 p. Available online at 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/5thIPEC.pdf

Harris, Tom, Schulte, Kim, High, Andrea, Yates, Rick, and 

Sublette, Kerry, 1998, Remediation of brine-impacted soil 

with a leachate collection system, in Sublette, K.L, ed., 

Proceedings of the 5th International Petroleum Environmental 

Conference, October 20-23, 1998, Albuquerque, N.M., 18 p. 

Available online at http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/5thIPEC.pdf

Harris, T.M., Tapp, J.B., and Sublette, Kerry, 2005, Remediation 

of oil-field brine-impacted soil using a subsurface drainage 

system and hay: Environmental Geosciences, v. 12, n. 2, p. 

101-113. 

Harrison, S.S., 1985, Contamination of aquifers by overpressuring 

the annulus of oil and gas wells: Ground Water, v. 23, n. 3, 

p. 317-324. 

Hartmann, S., Ueckert, D.N., and McFarland, M.L., 1990, 

Evaluation of leaching and gypsum for enhancing reclamation 

and revegetation of oil well reserve pits in a semiarid 

area, 1990, in U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Oil and 

Gas Exploration and Production Waste Management Practices, 

September 10-13, 1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 431-441.

Hawkins, M.E., Jones, O.W., and Pearson, C.A., 1963, Analysis of 

brines from oil-productive formations in Mississippi and 

40
Alabama: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 6167, 

22 p. 

 NOTE: Other reports by the senior author exist for other 

states. 

Hayes, B.R., 1988, Application of numerical model to brine 

contamination at the Beaver Creek oilfield in Bond County, 

Illinois: Carbondale Illinois, Southern Illinois University 

Master’s thesis, 150 p. 

 NOTE: The author develops a detailed hydrologic model for 

movement of a brine plume from brine ponds downward through 

till and loess into a poorly sorted sand and gravel glacial 

outwash deposits. The plume has migrated about 4000 feet 

downgradient. 

Heffernan, T.L., 1972, The effect of oilfield brine on the 

Mission River, Aransas Bay area: Texas Parks and Wildlife 

Department, Coastal Fisheries Project Report, p. 37-77. 

Heidari, M., Sadeghipour, J., and Drici, O., 1987, Velocity 

control as a tool for optimal plume containment in the Equus 

Beds aquifer, Kansas: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 23, n. 2, 

p. 325-335. 

Helgesen, J.O., Stullken, L.E., and Rutledge, A.T., 1994, 

Assessment of nonpoint-source contamination of the High 

Plains aquifer in south-central Kansas, 1987: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2381-C, 51 p. 

Helm, S.T., 1987, Prevention of water contamination through 

effective disposal of produced water generated by onshore 

oil and gas production: Springfield, Missouri, Southwest 

Missouri State University Master’s thesis, 68 p. 

Hembree, C.H., and Blakey, J.F., 1963, Chemical quality of 

surface water in the Hubbard Creek watershed, Texas; 

progress report: Texas Water Commission Bulletin 6411, 45 p. 

Hensel, B.R., and McKenna, D.P., eds., 1989, Environmental 

impacts of oil field brines in southeastern Clay County, 

Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 

1989-3, 303 p. 

 NOTE: This lengthy report includes case studies of ground 

water contamination derived from brine holding ponds and 

reclamation studies of brine holding ponds. 

Herczeg, A.L., Simpson, H.J., Anderson, R.F., Trier, R.M., 

Mathieu, G.G., and Deck, B.L., 1988, Uranium and radium 

mobility within the Delaware basin, southeastern New Mexico, 

U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 72, p. 181-196. 

41
Herkelrath, W.N., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2002, Hydrologic controls on 

the subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the OsageSkiatook Petroleum Environmental Research ”B” site, in

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 9th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 22-25, 2002, 

Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 16 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2002/tech_sessions.html 

Also available at http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri03-4260/

Herkelrath, W.N., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2003, Hydrology and 

subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the OsageSkiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER B) site, 

Oklahoma [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 

10th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

 Herkelrath, W.N., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2004, Hydrology and 

subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the OsageSkiatook Petroleum Environmental Research “A” site, Oklahoma 

[abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 11th

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 

12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Herrera, A.W., 1996, Distribution of radium-226 in a wetland 

receiving oil-field discharge waters: Cheyenne, Wyoming, 

University of Wyoming, Master’s thesis, 71 p. 

Herrera, L.J., 1997, Historical effect of produced oil waste 

waters on ground water in a portion of the Edison Oilfield, 

Kern County, California [abs.]: American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol.81, n.4, p.687. 

Hewatt, W.G., 1950, Studies on bleedwater dispersal in the 

natural waters around oil fields in southern Louisiana: 

final report on one phase of project 9, oyster mortality 

investigation: College Station, Texas, Texas A and M 

Research Foundation Project 9 Report, 37 p. 

42
Hibbs, B.J., 1989, Investigation of a brine contaminated aquifer 

in southeastern Hitchcock County, Nebraska: Lincoln, 

Nebraska, University of Nebraska, Master’s thesis, 300 p. 

 NOTE: Author investigated contamination of a shallow 

alluvial aquifer from a mud pit or leaky well and movement 

of a plume using geochemical and geophysical techniques 

including electromagnetic and seismic refraction studies. 

Hicks, R.T., Hamilton, David, and Simunek, Jirka, 2004, Fate and 

transport of chloride from produced water spills to ground 

water, Lea County, New Mexico [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, 

ed., Proceedings of the 11th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, October 12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Hicks, R.T., Hamilton, David, Simunek, Jirka, and Libersky, 

Jason, 2004, A simple tool to predict impact to ground water 

from produced water spills [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., 

Proceedings of the 11th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, October 12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html 

Hiss, W.L., 1975, Water-quality data from oil and gas wells in 

part of the Permian Basin, southeastern New Mexico and 

western Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 75-

579, 283 p. 

Hiss, W.L., Peterson, J.B., and Ramsey, T.R., 1969, Saline water 

in southeastern New Mexico in Proceedings of Symposium on 

the geochemistry of subsurface brines, Kansas University, 

March 25-26, 1968: Chemical Geology, v. 4, n. 1-2, p. 341-

360. 

 NOTE: This paper summarizes the results of a saline water 

study of 20,000 samples from oilfields in southeastern New 

Mexico and adjacent Texas (see previous document). 

Hoekstra, Pieter, 1998, Geophysical surveys for mapping brine 

contamination resulting from oil and gas production, in 

Bell, R.S., Powers, M.H., Larson, Timothy, eds., Proceedings 

of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to 

Environmental and Engineering Problems (SAGEEP), v. 1998, p. 

197-204. 

43
Hoekstra, P., Lahti, R., Hild, J., Bates, C.R., and Phillips, D., 

1992, Case histories of shallow time domain electromagnetics 

in environmental site assessment: Ground Water Monitoring 

Review, V. 12, n. 4, p. 110-117. 

Holloway, H.D., 1964, Investigation of alleged ground-water 

contamination near Kilgore, Gregg County, Texas: Texas 

Water Commission Report LD-0664, 14 p. 

Hopkins, H.T., 1963, The effect of oil-field brines on the 

potable ground water in the Upper Big Pitman Creek Basin, 

Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, Series 10, Report of 

Investigations No. 4, 36 p. 

Hopkins, Janie, 1993, Water quality evaluation of the Ogallala 

aquifer: Texas Water Development Board Report No. 342, 41 p.

Hopkins, Janie, 1995, Water quality in the Edwards-Trinity 

(Plateau) aquifer, Edwards Plateau and Trans-Pecos, Texas: 

Texas Water Development Board Report Hydrologic Atlas No. 3, 

21 p. 

 NOTE: This report describes the regional water quality in 

the subject area and discusses possible sources for areas of 

elevated TDS and chloride including oilfield brine and 

natural sources. 

 

Hoskins, H.A., 1947, Analyses of West Virginia brines: West 

Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Report of 

Investigations No. 1, 22 p. 

Hostettler, Frances, Godsy, E.M., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2003, The 

fate of petroleum releases from the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum 

Environmental Research (OSPER) sites, Osage County, Oklahoma 

[abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 10th

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, November 

11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University 

of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Hovorka, S.D., Paine, J.G., and Dutton, A.R., 1999, Permeability 

structure of a north Texas Permian fluvial and Quaternary 

terrace system delimited by saline plumes [abs.]: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 83, p. A63. 

Howells, L., Longson, M.S., and Hunt, G.L., 1987, Base of 

moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, 

with an introductory section describing the methods used in 

determining its position: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 87-397, 59 p. 

44
Hudak, P., 2003, Arsenic, nitrate, chloride and bromide 

contamination in the Gulf Coast aquifer, south-central 

Texas, USA: International Journal of Environmental Studies, 

v. 60, n. 2, p. 123-133. 

Hudak P.F., 2003, Chloride/bromide ratios in leachate derived 

from farm-animal waste: Environmental Pollution, v.121, n. 

1, p. 23-25. 

 NOTE: In a study of animal waste leachate for different 

animals at a farm in Abilene, Texas, the author notes that 

the chloride/bromide ratios observed differ from domestic 

wastewater but are in the range observed in oilfield 

produced waters. 

Hudak P.F., and Blanchard S., 1997, Land use and groundwater 

quality in the Trinity group outcrop of north-central Texas, 

USA: Environment International, v. 23, no. 4, p. 507-517. 

Hudak, P.F., and Wachal D.J., 2001, Effects of brine injection 

wells, dry holes, and plugged oil/gas well chloride, 

bromide, and barium concentrations in the Gulf Coast 

Aquifer, southeast Texas, USA: Environment International, 

v. 26, n. 7, p. 497-503. 

 NOTE: A GIS analysis of 1,122 brine injection wells, 24,515 

dry holes, and 20,877 plugged oil/gas wells and 256 nearby 

water wells shows that shallow water wells and water wells 

near plugged and abandoned oil/gas wells had significantly 

higher chloride and bromide concentrations. 

Hudak P.F., and Wachal D.J., 2001, Oil production, agriculture, 

and groundwater quality in the southeastern Gulf Coast 

aquifer, Texas: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 

72, n. 3, p. 249-264. 

Hudson, J.D., Water-quality data from oil and gas wells in part 

of the Permian Basin, southeastern New Mexico and western 

Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-579, 283 

p. 

Huff, G.F., 1994, Geohydrologic controls on the distribution and 

origin of brackish water in the Mississippi River alluvial 

aquifer of eastern Morehouse Parish, Louisiana, and southern 

Chicot County, Arkansas [abs.]: American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 78, n. 9, p. 1461. 

Huff, G.F., 2004, Review of knowledge on the occurrence, chemical 

composition, and potential use for desalination of saline 

ground water in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas with a 

discussion of potential future study needs: U.S. Geological 

45
Survey Open-File Report 2004-1197, 13 p. Available only 

online at 

http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/of/2004/1197/ofr2004-1197.pdf

NOTE: This brief report summarizes a great deal of 

information on saline ground water in the three states that 

may be useful in assessing sources of salinity in oilfield 

areas. 

Huff, G.F., and Bonck, J.P., 1993, Saltwater in shallow aquifers 

in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern 

Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 93-494, 54 

p. 

Huff, G.F., and Hanor, J.S., 1997, Sr isotopic composition of 

oil-field brines in the Wilcox Group of eastern central 

Louisiana; identification of sources of saline contamination 

[abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 

Bulletin, v. 81, n. 9, p.1578. 

Hughes, L.S., and Leifeste, D.K., 1964, Reconnaissance of the 

chemical quality of surface water in of the Sabine River 

Basin, Texas and Louisiana: Texas Water Commission Bulletin 

No. 6405, 64 p. 

Hughes, L.S., and Leifeste, D.K., 1967, Reconnaissance of the 

chemical quality of surface water in of the Nueches River 

Basin, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 

1839-A, 63 p. 

Interstate Oil Compact Commission, 1960, Production and disposal 

of oilfield brines in the United States and Canada: a study 

conducted during 1956 and 1957: Oklahoma City, Interstate 

Oil Compact Commission, 95 p. 

Irwin, J.H., and Morton, R.B., 1969, Hydrogeologic information on 

the Glorieta sandstone and the Ogallala Formation in the 

Oklahoma panhandle and adjoining areas as related to 

underground waste disposal: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 

630, 26 p. 

Jacob, B.L., 1974, North Fork alluvial decontamination project, 

Hubbard Creek watershed: Washington, D.C., U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-660/2-74-019, 49 p. 

Jacobs, Michael, Hopson, Kevin, Potter, Al, and Blandford, T.N., 

2004, Case study of integrated approach to the cleanup of 

Ogallala groundwater impacted by oilfield brine, Haskell 

County, Kansas [abs.]: American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists Bulletin, v. 13, p. 70. 

46
Jagucki, M.L., and Darner, R.A., 2001, Ground-water quality in 

Geauga County, Ohio--review of previous studies, status in 

1999, and comparison of 1986 and 1999 data: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4160, 66 p. 

Available at http://oh.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir/wrir01-

4160.pdf

NOTE: Authors used Cl/Br ratios and other data to 

discriminate possible sources of saline ground water. Data 

indicated that a few wells were affected by oilfield brines. 

Johnson, Barb, Hopkins, Bob, and McCall, Wesley, 1999, Direct 

push electrical logging for rapid site assessment and 

definition of brine plumes, in Sublette, K. L., ed., 

Proceedings of the 6th International Petroleum Environmental 

Conference, November 16-18, 1999, Houston, Texas: University 

of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium, p. 1222-1240. Available 

online at http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/6thIPEC.pdf 

Johnson, D.S., Use and abandonment of surface impoundments for 

the disposal of oilfield produced waters [abs.]: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, n. 5, 

p. 686. 

Johnson, K.S., 1986, Dissolution of salt on the east flank of the 

Permian Basin in the southwestern U.S.A.: Journal of 

Hydrology, v. 54, p. 75-93. 

 NOTE: Chemical differences occur between brines formed by 

dissolution of Permian salt and those derived from oilfield 

operations. 

Jones, J.F., 1986, Soil salinity resulting from secondary oil 

recovery in Anderson County, Kansas; effects and reclamation 

efforts: Lawrence, Kansas, University of Kansas, Master’s 

thesis, 104 p. 

Jones, J.L., Veenstra, J.N., Sherif, N.Y., Painter, S.J., Harris, 

T.M., and Perumallapalli, Dorathy, 2000, Remediation of 

oilfield brine scars with subsurface drainage and a solar 

evaporation pond, in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of 

the 7th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 7-10, 2000, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 12 p. 

Available at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/7thIPEC.pdf

Jones, O. S., 1938, Chloride survey in the north portion of 

Wichita, Kansas: Topeka, Kansas, Kansas State Board of 

Health, 7 p. 

47
Jones, O.S., 1938, Soil and water resources of the Kansas oil 

area, in Schmidt, L. and Wilhelm, C.J., eds., Disposal of 

petroleum wastes on oil-producing properties: U.S. Bureau of 

Mines, Report of Investigations, no. 3394, p. 35-43. 

Jones, O.S., 1942, The state's responsibility in oil and brine 

pollution originating in oil fields: Topeka, Kansas, Kansas 

State Board of Health, 20 p. 

Jones, O.S., 1945, Disposition of oil field brines: Lawrence, 

University of Kansas Press, 192 p. 

NOTE: Author gives a broad overview of oilfield brine 

disposal issues and includes some brine geochemical data and 

data on effects on fish and cattle. 

 

Jones, O.S., 1950, Fresh water protection from pollution arising 

in the oil fields: Lawrence, University of Kansas Press, 

129 p. 

 

Jones, O.S., 1950, Stream analyses locate oil field pollution 

sources: World Oil, v. 130, n. 2, p. 148-150. 

 NOTE: Author describes a simple field analytical technique 

for measuring chloride and conducting a geographic and 

shallow borehole survey to determine sources of oilfield 

brines. 

Jones, S.B., and Waite, B.A., 1989, Management of oil and gas 

production brines in the Allegheny Basin: Northeastern 

Environmental Science, v. 7, n. 2, p 99-104. 

Jordan, D.G., 1962, Ground water contamination in Indiana: 

Journal of the American Water Works Association, v. 54, n. 

10, p. 1213-1220. 

Jorgensen, D.G., 1968, An aquifer test used to investigate a 

quality of water anomaly: Ground Water, v. 6, n. 6, p. 18-

20. 

Kalka, M.S., 1991, Investigation of fate of heavy metals of oil 

field brines used as an anti-dust agent on roads in 

northeastern Ohio: Kent, Ohio, Kent State University, 

Master’s thesis, 140 p. 

Kalka, M.S., Eckstein, Yoram, and Dahl, P.S., 1989, Investigation 

of fate of heavy metals of oil field brines used as an antidust agent on roads in northeastern Ohio [abs.]: Geological 

Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, p. A243. 

Kalkhoff, S. J., 1986, Brine contamination of freshwater aquifers 

and streams in petroleum producing areas in Mississippi: 

48
U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

85-4117, 108 p. 

Kalkhoff, S. J., 1986, Brine contamination of shallow ground 

water and streams in the Brookhaven Oil Field, Lincoln 

County, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 86-4087, 57 p. 

 

Kalkhoff, S.J., 1993, Brine contamination of shallow ground water 

and streams in the Baxterville Oil Field Area, Lamar and 

Marion Counties, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 93-4147, 37 p. 

Kampbell, D.H, An, Y.-J., Kirby, W.J., and Abbott, M.M., 2002, 

Impact of oil production releases on some soil chemical 

properties at the O.S.P.E.R. field site, in Sublette, Kerry, 

ed., Proceedings of the 9th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, October 22-25, 2002, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 7 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2002/tech_sessions.html

 Also available at http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri03-4260/

Kampbell, D.H, Jewell, K.P., Niell, R.E., Smith, M. W., and 

Abbott, M.M., 2003, Nearby lake sediment quality and 

seedling tree survival on eroded oily waste/brine 

contaminated soil, in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of 

the 10th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 5 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Keiffer C.H., and Ungar I.A., 2001, The effect of competition and 

edaphic conditions on the establishment of halophytes on 

brine effected soils: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 9, 

n. 6, p. 469-481. 

Keiffer C.H, and Ungar I.A., 2002, Germination and establishment 

of halophytes on brine-affected soils: Journal of Applied 

Ecology, v. 39, n. 3, p. 402-415. 

 NOTE: The authors evaluated the capabilities of several 

halophyte species to reduce salt levels in oilfield-brineaffected soils in southeastern Ohio. 

Keeland, B.D., McCoy, J.W., and Otton, J.K., 2003, Effects of 

produced water and hydrocarbon releases on vegetation at 

site A of the Osage-Skiatook petroleum environmental 

49
research project, Osage County, Oklahoma, in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 10th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 11-14, 2003, Houston, 

Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 14 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Keeley, J.W., 1966, Problems of groundwater pollution by brine: 

Public Works, v. 97, n. 3, p. 149-162. 

Keeton, Dee, Limnological effects of introducing oil field brine 

into farm ponds to reduce the turbidity: Oklahoma Fishery 

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Keller, S. J., 1983, Analyses of subsurface brines of Indiana: 

Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey 

Occasional Paper 41, 30 p. 

Kelley, Priscilla, and Hazlewood, Larry, 2002, Successful brine 

remediation—the power of people and partnerships, in 

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 9th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 22-25, 2002, 

Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 13 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2002/tech_sessions.html

 NOTE: This presentation documents the activities of the 

Southwest Indiana Brine Coalition with several site soil 

remediation examples. 

Kellogg, G.T., 1958, Summary report on Smackover Creek drainage 

basin: Little Rock, Arkansas, Arkansas Water Pollution 

Commission 

 NOTE: This report documents results of a 5-day sampling 

study of Smackover Creek in southwestern Arkansas during 

which the creek was found to be grossly polluted mostly from 

oilfield brine releases from stripper well operations. 

Kent, R.T., and Bentley, M.E., 1985, Risk assessment of deep well 

injection systems, in Hazardous wastes in ground water: a 

soluble dilemna: Dublin, Ohio, National Water Well 

Association, p. 233-242. 

Kentucky Department of Environmental Protection, 1999, Total 

maximum daily load development- chlorides for South Fork Red 

River, Sand Lick Fork, and Stump Cave Branch (Powell County, 

Kentucky): Kentucky Division of Water Report, 15 p. 

Available online at 

50
http://www.water.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/E3D5F5E7-8A0B-4962-

A6EA-F9F955F7BE07/0/sfkredTMDL.pdf

 NOTE: This report documents the chloride load for selected 

stream segments derived from stripper wells in eastern 

Kentucky. A similar report for another area can be found at 

http://www.water.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/C1E26A07-86E0-469CB800-1BFE83B962E8/0/newcombeTMDL.pdf

Kharaka, Y.K., Ambats, G., and Abbott, M.M., 2004, Impacts of 

petroleum production on ground and surface waters: Results 

from the OSPER "B" Site, Osage County, Oklahoma [abs.], in 

Sublette, K.L., ed., Proceedings of the 11th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, N.M.: 

October 12-15, Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium 

(IPEC) and the University of Tulsa. 1 p. Available at 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Kharaka, Y.K., Hostettler, F.D., and Otton, J.K., 2004, 

Fate and interactions of organic compounds in produced-water 

releases: Results from the OSPER "A" site, Osage County, OK,

[abs.]: Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 

Denver, CO., November 7-10, 2004. 

Kharaka, Y.K., and Otton, J.K., eds., 2003, Environmental impacts 

of petroleum production: Initial results from the OsageSkiatook Petroleum Environmental Research sites, Osage 

County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 03-4260, 156 p. (see individual papers 

listed separately). Available at 

http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri03-4260/

Kharaka, Y.K., Otton, J.K., and Abbott, M.M., 2004, Environmental 

impacts of petroleum production: Results from the OSPER B 

site, Osage County, OK, USA, in Wanty, R.B., and Seal, R.R., 

II, eds., Water Rock Interaction, v. 2, Proceedings of the 

Eleventh International Symposium on Water, Saratoga Springs, 

New York, July 2004: New York, A.A. Balkema, p. 1601-1605. 

Kharaka, Y.K., Thordsen, J.J., and Ambats, Gil, 1995, 

Environmental degradation associated with exploration for 

and production of energy sources in U.S.A. in Kharaka, Y.K., 

and Chudaev, O.V., eds., Water-rock interaction (WRI-8): 

Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 25-30. 

Kharaka, Y.K., Thordsen, J.J., Kakouros, Evangelos, and Abbott, 

M.M., 2002, Environmental impacts of petroleum production: 1 

and 2: Fate of inorganic and organic chemicals in produced 

water from the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental 

Research sites, Osage County, Oklahoma, in Sublette, Kerry, 

51
ed., Proceedings of the 9th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, October 22-25, 2002, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 30 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2002/tech_sessions.html

 Also available at http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri03-4260/

Kharaka, Y.K., Thordsen, J.J., Kakouros, Evangelos, and 

Herkelrath, W.N., 2005, Impacts of petroleum production on 

ground and surface waters: results from the Osage-Skiatook 

Petroleum Environmental Research Project A site, Osage 

County, Oklahoma: Environmental Geoscience, v. 12, n. 2, p. 

127-138. 

Kharaka, Y. K., and Wanty, R. B., 1995, Water quality degradation 

associated with natural energy sources, in V.E. McKelvey 

Forum: U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1108, p. 25-27. 

Kharaka, Y.K., Zielinski, R.A. and Smith, B.D., 2003, The 

chemical composition and distribution of ground water 

impacted by petroleum production operations: the OSPER A 

site, Osage County, OK [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., 

Proceedings of the 10th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 11-14, 2003, Houston, 

Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Kimball, B.A., 1992, Geochemical indicators used to determine 

source of saline water in Mesozoic aquifers, Montezuma 

Canyon area, Utah, in Subitzky, Seymour, ed., Selected 

papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1988-92: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water Supply Paper 2340, p. 89-106. 

King, L.J., and Olsen H.W., 1998, Hydraulic conductivity 

reductions due to interaction between sodium-rich brines and 

alluvial sediments, in Sublette, K.L, ed., Proceedings of 

the 5th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

October 20-23, 1998, Albuquerque, N.M., 20 p. Available 

online at http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/5thIPEC.pdf

Kirwan, Laura, 1987, Inventory and assessment of salt water 

produced in conjunction with oil and gas for the Little 

Kanawha River basin of West Virginia: Morgantown, WV, West 

Virginia University, Master’s thesis, 190 p. 

52
Klemt, W.B., Perkins, R.D., and Alvarez, H.J., 1975, Ground-water 

resources of part of central Texas with emphasis on the 

Antlers and Travis Peak Formations: Texas Water Development 

Board Report 195, v. 1, 63 p. 

Klemt, W.B., Perkins, R.D., and Alvarez, H.J., 1976, Records of 

wells, chemical analyses of ground water, chemical analyses 

of oil-field brines, and well location maps, v. 2 of Groundwater resources of part of central Texas with emphasis on 

the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations: Texas Water 

Development Board Report 195, 529 p. 

Knecht, A.T., 1988, Final report on the impact of produced water 

discharges from oil and gas operations on the estuarine 

environment in Louisiana: a literature review: New Orleans, 

Louisiana, University of New Orleans, Report produced for 

the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, 84 p. 

Knowles, D.B., 1965, Hydrologic aspects of the disposal of oilfield brines in Alabama: Ground Water, v.3, no.2, p. 22-27. 

 NOTE: Author documents ground water pollution, tree kill, 

pit infiltration rates, and brine front movement related to 

a disposal pit in the Pollard oil field. 

Knox, R.C., and Canter, L.W., 1980, Effects of oil and gas field 

activities on ground water quality: Norman, University of 

Oklahoma, National Center for Ground Water Research Report 

No. NCGWR 80-30, 109 p. 

Knuth, M.C., 1987, Determination of the source of salt 

contamination in a private well in Hudson, Ohio: Akron, 

Ohio, University of Akron Master’s thesis, 63 p. 

Knuth, M., 1988, Complimentary use of EM-31 and dipole-dipole 

resistivity to locate the source of oil brine contamination; 

a case study, in Proceedings of the second national outdoor 

action conference on aquifer restoration, ground water 

monitoring and geophysical methods, Volume II: National 

Water Well Association, Dublin, Ohio, p. 583-595. 

 NOTE: Author describes results of geophysical surveys of 

shallow ground water contamination in Ohio related to a 

buried brine pit. 

Knuth, Martin, Jackson, J.L., and Whittemore, D.O., 1990, An 

integrated approach to identifying the salinity source 

contaminating a ground-water supply: Groundwater, v. 28, n. 

2, p. 207-214. 

 NOTE: Authors describe geophysical and geochemical 

techniques used to evaluate source of ground water 

contamination in Ohio. 

53
Koehler, Janet, 1988, Electrical resistivity as an approach to 

evaluating brine contamination of groundwater in the Walker 

oilfield, Ottawa County, Michigan: Kalamazoo, Michigan, 

Western Michigan University, Master's thesis, 145 p. 

Kraemer, T.F., 1987, Radium content of central Mississippi salt 

basin brines: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-

694, 6 p. 

Kraemer, T.F., and Reid, D.F., 1984, The occurrence and behavior 

of radium in saline formation water in the U.S. Gulf Coast 

region: Isotope Geoscience, v. 2, n. 2, p. 153-174. 

Kreher, David, and McConnell, Jason, 1998, Brine impact scaranalysis of a complex site in the Tallgrass Prairie 

Preserve, in Sublette, K.L, ed., Proceedings of the 5th

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20-23, 1998, Albuquerque, N.M., 39 p. Available online at 

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Kreitler, C.W., Akhter, M.S., Donnelly, A.C.A., and Wood, W.T., 

1988, Hydrogeology of formations used for deep-well 

injection, Texas Gulf Coast: The University of Texas at 

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saltwater intrusion in the alluvial aquifer in parts of 

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Krieger, R.A., 1961, Ground water contamination in the Greensburg 

oil field, Kentucky, in U.S. Public Health Service, 1961 

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Sanitary Engineering Center Technical Report, pp.91-97. 

Krieger, R.A., Hatchett, J.L., and Poole, J.L., 1957, Preliminary 

survey of the saline water resources of the United States: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1374, 172 p. 

Krieger, R.A., and Hendrickson, G.E., 1960, Effects of Greensburg 

oilfield brines on the streams, wells, and springs of the 

upper Green River basin, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological 

Survey, Series 10, Report of Investigations No. 2, 36 p. 

Kunze, H.L., 1971, Reconnaissance of the chemical quality of 

surface waters of the Nueces River Basin, Texas: Texas Water 

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54
Kunze, H.L., and Lee, J.N., 1968, Reconnaissance of the chemical 

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Lahti, R.M., and Hoekstra, Pieter, 1991, Geophysical surveys for 

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year 1 progress report: Wyoming Water Research Center 

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Land Reclamation Research Center and North Dakota Mining and 

Mineral Resources Research Institute, 1985, Conference on 

identifying and remedying effects of oilfield brine and 

drilling fluids on soils and groundwater, April 10, 1985, 

Dickinson, North Dakota: Mandan, North Dakota, North Dakota 

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brines with elevated radium concentrations: New Orleans, 

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Lassere, S.L., Totten, M.W., Hanan, M.A., and Reed, D., 2000, 

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Latta, B.F., 1963, Fresh water pollution hazards related to the 

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artificial recharge, Proceedings of a symposium held at New 

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chemistry of surface water of the Trinity River Basin, 

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 NOTE: The authors conclude that specific tributaries of the 

Trinity River have been affected by oilfield brine and that 

transient increases in chloride levels in the main river 

have occurred. 

Leifeste, D.K., and Lansford, M.W., 1968, Reconnaissance of the 

chemical quality of surface waters of the Colorado River 

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56
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resources of southern Ellis County and parts of Trego and 

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Leonard, A.R., and Ward, P.E., 1962, Use of Na/Cl ratios to 

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Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 450-B, 

p. B126-B127. 

Leonard, R.B., 1964, Results of four chemical-quality surveys of 

the Walnut River basin, Kansas (December 1961 to October 

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Levings, G.W., 1984, Reconnaissance evaluation of contamination 

in the alluvial aquifer in the East Poplar oil field, 

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57
Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

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NOTE: This study provides a comprehensive overview of 

historic water quality data in this major aquifer for 

evaluation of possible contamination from production 

operations. A CD is provided with the digital, 

georeferenced data. 

Logan, R.W., Beck, G.V., Call, S.M., Houp, R.E., Metzmeier, 

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biological and water quality investigation for stream use 

designation: Kentucky Dept. for Environmental Protection, 

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production on salinity in major fresh water aquifers 

(Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma): Oklahoma City, 

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 NOTE: This is one of two studies funded by the Interstate 

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Anonymous, 1978, for discussion of results. 

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of NORM waste: Baton Rouge, LA, LDEQ Nuclear Energy 

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Little River, Miller, and Nevada Counties, Arkansas: U.S. 

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58
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Kentucky: USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-

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effluents on biotic communities in Texas estuaries: Texas 

A&M Research Foundation, Project 735, 72 p. 

Mackin, J.G., 1973, A review of significant papers on effects of 

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communities: Texas A&M Research Foundation, Project 737, 104 

p. 

Martinek, Brian, Wrightman, Ed, and Gates, Michael, 1998, The 

role of electromagnetic conductivity measurements in the 

discrimination of oilfield brine contamination: implications 

for limiting liability in property transactions, in 

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alluvial and terrace aquifers, Osage Reservation, Oklahoma 

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exploration and production in the conterminous United 

States: U.S. Geological Survey Geological Investigation 

Series I-2582, 1 sheet. 

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oil field brine from natural brine in a fresh water aquifer: 

Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 5, n. 3, p 65-69. 

Mathis, B.J., 1965, Community structure of benthic 

macroinvertebrates in an intermittent stream receiving oil 

field brines: Stillwater, Oklahoma State University, Ph. D. 

dissertation, 52 p. 

Mathis, B.J., and Dorris, T.C., 1968, Community structure of 

benthic macro-invertebrates in an intermittent stream 

receiving oil field brines: American Midland Naturalist, v. 

80, p. 429-439. 

59
McAdoo, G.D., Leggett, E.R., and Long, A.T., 1964, Geology and 

ground-water resources of Carson County and part of Gray 

County, Texas; progress report no. 2: Texas Water Commission 

Bulletin 6402, 27 p. 

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in eastern Kansas [abs.]: Geological Society of America 

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McCormick, M.J., 1999, An investigation of oil-field produced 

water migration in ground water using numerical modeling and 

parameter estimation at Weld County waste disposal, Fort 

Lupton, Colorado: Golden, Colorado, Colorado School of 

Mines, Master’s thesis, 147 p. 

NOTE: This thesis documents a ground-water plume associated 

with a commercial oilfield salt-water disposal site. 

McFarland, M.L., Ueckert, D.N., and Hartmann, S., 1987, 

Revegetation of oil well reserve pits in west Texas: Journal 

of Range Management, v. 40, p.122. 

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the natural brines of eastern Kentucky: Kentucky Geological 

Survey, Series IX, Report of Investigations No. 3, 22 p. 

McLin, S.G., 1986, Evaluation of aquifer contamination from salt 

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f (checked Aug 2005) 

 NOTE: This paper uses geochemical techniques to document 

ground water contamination from an oilfield salt water 

disposal well in Oklahoma. 

McMillion, L.G., 1965, Hydrologic aspects of disposal of oilfield brines in Texas: Ground Water, v. 3, n. 4, p. 36-42. 

NOTE: Author presents an overview of observed pollution 

problems in Texas summarizing oilfield brine volumes and 

disposal methods. About 30 % of oilfield brines are 

disposed of in surface pits and waterways. Shows map of 

ground water contamination in Gaines County. 

McMillion, L.G., Sr., and Maxwell, B.W., 1970, Determination of 

the pollutional potential of the Ogallala aquifer by salt 

water injection: Washington, D.C., Federal Water Quality 

Administration, Water Pollution Control Research Report, 80 

p. 

McMillion, L.G., Sr., and Maxwell, B.W., 1970, Determination 

of pollutional potential of the Ogallala aquifer by salt 

60
water injection: Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency Report No.: EPA-FWQA-16060-6/70, 90 p. 

Available from the National Technical Information Service as 

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McNellis, J.M., Morgan, C.O., and Lowell, B.H., 1969, Computerproduced tables, maps, and diagrams as tools in the 

interpretation of brine data from southeastern Kansas 

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Meeks, Matt, 1998, Groundwater contamination in the State of 

Kansas; its extent, nature, and socio-economic impacts: 

Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report No. 98-68, 88 p. 

Meents, W.F., 1952, Illinois oil-field brines; their geologic 

occurrence and chemical composition: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Petroleum 66, 38 p. 

Mehta, Sunil, Fryar, A.E., and Banner, J.L., 2000, Controls on 

the regional-scale salinization of the Ogallala Aquifer, 

Southern High Plains, Texas, USA: Applied Geochemistry, 

v.15, n.6, pp.849-864. 

NOTE: This paper describes the geochemistry of a large 

saline groundwater plume in the Ogallala aquifer of Carson, 

Gray, and Roberts Counties, Texas that is partly coincident 

with the Texas Panhandle Oilfield and concludes that an 

underlying saline Permian unit is the source of the salt. 

See also the next paper. 

Mehta, Sunil, Fryar, A.E., Brady, A.M, and Morin, R.H., 2000, 

Modeling regional salinization of the Ogallala Aquifer, 

Southern High Plains, TX, USA: Journal of Hydrology, 

vol.238, no.1-2, pp.44-64. 

 

Meier, V., 1978, Oil well operation and salt-water intrusion: 

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Meinhold, A.F., and Hamilton, L.D., 1990, Radium concentration 

factors and their use in health and environmental risk 

assessment in, Ray, J. P., and Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 

1992, Produced water: technological/ environmental issues 

and solutions, Proceedings of the 1992 International 

Produced Water Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, 

California: New York, Plenum Press, Environmental science 

research, v. 46, p. 293-302. 

 NOTE: Authors describe radium concentration factors in 

previous studies of freshwater and marine organisms and 

their own studies of organisms in brackish-water canals in 

coastal Louisiana oilfield areas.

61
Meisel, K.E., 1985, The use of electrical resistivity to 

delineate a brine contamination plume in the Walker oil 

field, Kent County, Michigan: Kalamazoo, Western Michigan 

University, Master’s thesis, 167 p. 

Merrill, S.D., Lang, K.L., and Doll, E.C., 1990, Contamination of 

soil with oilfield brine and reclamation with calcium 

chloride: Soil Science, v. 150, n. 1, p. 469-475. 

Mettee, M.F., Harris, S.C., and O'Neil, P.E., 1986, Biological 

diversity and water quality of streams draining the 

Gilbertown oil field area, Choctaw County, Alabama: Alabama 

Geological Survey Circular 120, 32 p. 

 NOTE: Authors studied a 312-square-mile drainage basin and 

noted transient increases in conductance 2-5 times 

background associated with brine releases. They also noted 

elevated conductivity during low-flow periods on one stream. 

No effects of fish and invertebrates were documented. They 

report 1984 production data for oil, gas, and brine for the 

field. 

Mettee, M.F., O'Neil, P.E., and Harris, S.C., Biological 

diversity and water quality of streams draining the Blowhorn 

oil field area, Lamar County, Alabama: Alabama Geological 

Survey Circular 128, 25 p. 

 NOTE: Authors note transient increases in conductivity 

lasting a few months in streams in the oilfield area after 

rainfall events, but no apparent effects on biota. 

Metzler, D.F., 1957, Pollution problems in Kansas: Kansas Law 

Review, v. 5, p. 611-625. 

Meyer, Michael, 1986, A summary of ground-water pollution 

problems in South Dakota: South Dakota Department of Water 

and Natural Resources, Office of Water Quality, 18 p. 

Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1982, Assessment of 

ground-water contamination-inventory of sites: Lansing, 

Michigan, Groundwater quality, Groundwater management 

Strategy for Michigan, 242 p. 

Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Michigan Department 

of Health, 1991, Naturally occurring radioactive materials 

(NORM) at Michigan oil and gas field sites, Preliminary 

survey results, variously paginated. 

Millemann, R.E., Haynes, R.J., Boggs, T.A., and Hildebrand, S.G., 

1982, Enhanced oil recovery: environmental issues and state 

regulatory programs: Environment International, v. 7, p. 

165-177. 

62
Miller, D.W., ed., 1980, Waste disposal effects on ground waterA comprehensive survey of the occurrence and control of 

ground-water contamination resulting from waste disposal 

practices (From “The Report to Congress, Waste Disposal 

Practices and their effect on ground water”, U. S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 1977): Berkley, Premier 

Press, 512 p. 

NOTE: The information developed in this report provided some 

of the documentation for the development of Underground 

Injection Control regulations by EPA. 

Miller, D.W., DeLuca, F.A., and Tessier, T.L., 1974, Ground-water 

contamination in the northeast states: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory Report 

EPA/660/2-74-056, 300 p. 

Miller, H.T., and Bruce, E.D., 1990, Pathway exposure analysis 

and the identification of waste disposal options for 

petroleum production wastes containing naturally occurring 

radioactive materials in U. S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on 

Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Waste Management 

Practices, September 10-13, 1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 

731-744. 

Miller, H.T., Bruce, E.D., and Cook, L.M., 1991, The management 

of occupational and environmental exposure of naturally 

occurring radioactive materials (NORM): Proceedings of the 

Society of Petroleum Engineers, Annual Technical Conference 

and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, Oct. 6-9, 1991, p. 627-636. 

Miller, H.T., Bruce, E.D., and Cook, L.M., 1991, Environmental, 

health, and safety decision making for naturally occurring 

radioactive materials in producing operations using pathway 

exposure analysis: Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum 

Engineers, First International Conference on Health, Safety 

and the Environment, The Hague, Netherlands, Nov. 10-14, 

1991, p. 539-547. 

Miller, J.C., Hackenberry, P.S., and DeLuca, F.A., 1977, Groundwater pollution problems in the southeastern United States: 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and 

Development, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research 

Laboratory, Ecological Research Series EPA-600/3-77-012, 329 

p. 

Moldovanyi, E.P., and Walters, L.M., 1992, Regional trends in 

water chemistry, Smackover Formation, southwest Arkansas: 

63
geochemical and physical controls: American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 76, n. 6, p.864-894. 

 NOTE: The authors sampled and characterized oil and brine 

production fluids from 87 wells in the Smackover Formation 

in several counties in southern Arkansas. These brines are 

noted for their high salinities and bromide content. 

Moralwar, Aditya, Sublette, K.L., Ford, L.P., Duncan, Kathleen, 

Thoma, Greg, and Brokaw, Josh, 2004, Remediation of a spill 

of crude oil and brine without gypsum [abs.], in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 11th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, October 12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Morris, E.E., and Bush, W.V., 1986, Extent and source of 

saltwater intrusion into the alluvial aquifer near Brinkley, 

Arkansas, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 85-4322, 123 p. 

Morris, E.E., 1988, Arkansas ground-water quality, in Moody, 

D.W., Carr, J., Chase, E.B., and Paulson, R.W., compilers, 

National Water Summary 1986 – Hydrologic events and 

groundwater quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 2325, p. 165-172. 

Morton, R.B., 1986, Effects of brine on the chemical quality of 

water in parts of Creek, Lincoln, Okfuskee, Payne, 

Pottawatomie, and Seminole Counties, Oklahoma: Oklahoma 

Geological Survey Circular 89, 38 p. 

Mosely, H.R., Jr., 1983, Summary and analysis of American 

Petroleum Institute onshore drilling and produced water 

environmental studies: American Petroleum Institute Bulletin 

D19, 75 p. 

Motts, W.S., 1963, Geology and water resources of Okmulgee 

County, Oklahoma; Part 2, Water resources of Okmulgee 

County: Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, p.81-128. 

Mount, D.R., Drottar, K.R., Gulley, D.D., Fillo, J.P., and 

O’Neil, P.E., 1990, Use of laboratory toxicity data for 

evaluating the environmental acceptability of produced water 

discharge to surface waters in, Ray, J. P., and Engelhardt, 

F. R., eds., 1992, Produced water: technological/ 

environmental issues and solutions, Proceedings of the 1992 

International Produced Water Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, 

64
San Diego, California: New York, Plenum Press, 

Environmental science research, v. 46, p. 175-185. 

 NOTE: This paper and a companion paper (Gulley and others, 

1990) develop a toxicity model useful for predicting 

toxicity of relatively low TDS produced-water releases using 

field site waters at locations in Alabama and Wyoming.

Mullino, M.M., and Rayle, M.F., 1992, Produced water 

radionuclides fate and effects in, Ray, J. P., and 

Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 1992, Produced water: 

technological/environmental issues and solutions, 

Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water 

Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California: New 

York, Plenum Press, Environmental science research, v. 46, 

p. 281-292. 

 NOTE: The authors sampled surface water, bottom water, 

sediment, and crab and other faunal tissue from sites at and 

near a wetland produced water discharge and a nearshore 

platform and analyzed them for Ra-226, Ra-228 and Pb-210. 

Munn, D.A., and Stewart, R., 1989, Effect of oil well brine on 

germination and seedling growth of several crops: Ohio 

Journal of Science, v. 89, n. 4, p. 92-94. 

Munshi, Shoeb, Sublette, Kerry, Jennings, Eleanor, Roberts, Ken, 

Fisher, J.B., and Tapp, Bryan [abs], 2005, Remediation of a 

historic brine scar: characterization and development of a 

remediation protocol in Sublette, K.L., Program and 

abstracts for the 12th International Petroleum Environmental 

Conference, Nov. 8-11, 2005, Houston, TX: Continuing 

Engineering and Science Education, University of Tulsa, p. 

24-25. 

Murphy, E.C., and Kehew, A.E., 1984, The effect of oil and gas 

well drilling fluids on shallow groundwater in western North 

Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Report of 

Investigations No. 82, 156 p. 

Murphy, E.C., Kehew, A.E., Groenewold, G.H., and Beal, W.A., 

1988, Leachate generated by an oil-and-gas brine pond site 

in North Dakota: Ground Water, v. 26, n. 1, p. 31-38. 

 NOTE: Authors document ground water contamination and tree 

kill near two buried brine pits with drillholes and simple 

geochemistry. The plume penetrates to 70 feet and has moved 

laterally a few hundred feet. 

Musser, D.T., and Smith, R.L., 1985, Case study: in situ

solidification/fixation of oil field production fluids- a 

novel technique, in Proceedings of the 39th Industrial Waste 

65
Conference, May 8-10, 1984, Purdue University, West 

Lafayette, Indiana, p.37-43. 

Myers, B.N., and Dale, O.C., 1966, Ground-water resources of Bee 

County, Texas: Texas Water Development Board Report 17, 101 

p. 

 NOTE: Report includes locations of 17 oilfield salt-water 

disposal pits with geochemical data for them and location 

and geochemical data for 166 water wells. 

Naderi, Abdolnasser, 2000, Naturally occurring radioactive 

materials and chemical analysis of produced waters: Baton 

Rouge, Louisiana, Southern University, Master’s thesis, 33 

p. 

Naftz D.L., Peterman Z.E., and Spangler, L.E., 1997, Using 87Sr 

values to identify sources of salinity to a freshwater 

aquifer, Greater Aneth Oil Field, Utah, USA: Chemical 

Geology, v. 141, n. 3, p. 195-209. 

NOTE: The authors drew the conclusion that the brines 

observed were natural and not derived from oilfield 

operations as previous reports had suggested. 

 

Nativ, Ronit, 1988, Hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the 

Ogallala aquifer southern High Plains, Texas Panhandle, and 

eastern New Mexico: The University of Texas at Austin, 

Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations 177, 64 

p. 

Nativ, Ronit, and Guiterrez, G.N., 1987, Hydrogeology and 

hydrochemistry of Cretaceous aquifers, Texas Panhandle and 

eastern New Mexico: The University of Texas at Austin, 

Bureau of Economic Geology OFWTWI 1987-2, 57 p. 

Nativ, Ronit, and Smith, D.A., 1987, Hydrogeology and 

geochemistry of the Ogallala Aquifer, Southern High Plains: 

Journal of Hydrology, v. 91, n. 3/4, p. 217-253. 

Nelson, F., 1974, Appraisal of saline water in Oklahoma and its 

future development through desalting: Oklahoma City, 

Oklahoma Water Resources Board Report INT-OSW-RDPR-75-997, 

164 p. (Available through NTIS). 

Nemir, C.E., 1985, Groundwater--the changing problem in Texas, in

Issues in Groundwater Management, Water Resources Symposium 

Twelve: Austin, Texas, Center for Research in Water 

Resources, The University of Texas at Austin, p. 3-9. 

Nestrud, C.R., Carty, D.J., Deuel, L.E., and Yensen, N.P., 2003, 

Halophyte technology mitigates landowner-driven oilfield 

66
saltwater and petroleum hydrocarbon surface impact 

litigation [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of 

the 10th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

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Newport, B.D., 1977, Salt-water intrusion in the United States: 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and 

Development, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research 

Laboratory Report EPA-600/8-77-011, 30 p. 

Nicholson, Alexander, Jr., and Clebsch, Alfred, Jr., 1961, 

Geology and ground-water conditions in southern Lea County, 

New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources 

Memoir, 123 p. 

Norris, F.A., 1972, Evaluation of salt water disposal into 

potential ground-water resources: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency Report No. EPA 16060HIJ 02/72, 18 p. 

Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency, 1984, Brine disposal 

in northeast Ohio: a report on the problem and 

recommendations for action, final: Cleveland, Ohio, 

Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency, Brine Disposal 

Task Force, 208 p. 

 NOTE: This task force surveyed 16 counties in northeast Ohio 

to document perceptions and problems related to brine 

disposal. 

Novak, S.A., 1986, A methodology for identification of aquifer 

contamination by gas/oil brines: Kent, Ohio, Kent State 

University, Master’s thesis, 91 p. 

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characterization of brines and identification of brine 

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324. 

O’Connor, H.G., 1974, Geology and ground-water resources of 

Montgomery County, southeastern Kansas: Kansas Geological 

Survey Ground Water Series No. 1, 12 p. 

O'Connor, H.G., 1974, Brine contamination of Montgomery County, 

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U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 700-A, p. 

A186. 

67
O'Connor, R.E., and Bayne, C.K., 1959, Electrical resistivity 

studies in brine pollution problems, in Hambleton, W.W., 

(ed.); Symposium on geophysics in Kansas: Kansas Geological 

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Oddo, J.E., Al-Borno, A., Ortiz, I., Anthony, R., Pope, D.H., 

Linz, D.G., Frank, J., and Becker, M., 1993, The chemistry, 

prediction, and treatment of scale containing naturally 

occurring radioactive materials (NORM), in Antrim gas 

fields, Michigan: Society of Petroleum Engineers Production 

Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Proceedings, 

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Kan, A.T., and Tomson, M.B., 1993, NORM (naturally occurring 

radioactive materials) scale formation: a case study of the 

chemistry, prediction, remediation, and treatment in wells 

in the Antrim gas field: First Society of Petroleum 

Engineers/Environmental Protection Agency Exploration and 

Production Environmental Conference, San Antonio, Texas, 

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report_final.pdf

 NOTE: This report briefly describes (p. 67) cooperative 

efforts with the Oklahoma Corporation Commission (OCC) to 

identify ground water and surface water quality problems 

caused by oil and gas production operations and links reader 

to an OCC database with 1484 water quality records. 

Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 1975, Salt water detection in the 

Cimarron terrace, Oklahoma: U.S. Environmental Protection 

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field brines on biological integrity of two tributaries of 

68
the Little Muskingum River, southeastern Ohio: The Ohio 

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production of methane from coal seams in Alabama, the Cedar 

Cove Model: Geological Survey of Alabama Bulletin 155, 259 

p. 

Olson, W.C., 1989, Volatile organic contamination of ground water 

around unlined produced water pits: Socorro, New Mexico, New 

Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Master’s thesis, 

69 p. 

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Carr, Jerry, Chase, E.B., and Paulson, R.W., compilers, 

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processing facilities: American Petroleum Institute, Dallas, 

TX, 265 p. 

 NOTE: This is a major study of radioactivity associated with 

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Individual operators surveyed their facilities and reported 

data to the author. The Appalachian Basin area is not well 

represented because of low participation of operators. 

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distribution and movement of produced water and hydrocarbons 

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11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University 

of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

69
Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

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Laurel, 1996, Naturally occurring radioactive materials 

(NORM) and trace elements at oilfield production sites on 

Sac and Fox Tribal Lands, Lincoln County, Oklahoma: U.S. 

Geological Survey administrative report submitted to the 

Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., 27 p. 

Otton, J.K., Asher-Bolinder, Sigrid, Owen, D.E., and Hall, 

Laurel, 1997, Effects of produced water at some oilfields in 

southern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

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susceptibility- evaluation of the impact of oil and gas 

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University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

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Available at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/7thIPEC.pdf

Otton, J.K., Owen, D.E., Asher-Bolinder, Sigrid, and Hall, 

Laurel, 1997, Effects of produced waters at oilfield 

production sites on the Osage Indian Reservation, 

northeastern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

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the salt scar and other oilfield disturbed areas at USGS 

70
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October 12-15, Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium 

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determining the origin and dispersion of highly soluble 

salts in soils and waters near an oilfield operation, Logan 

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24 p. 

Otton, J.K., and Zielinski, R.A., 2000, Simple techniques for 

assessing impacts of oil and gas operations on federal 

lands; a field evaluation at Big South Fork National River 

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Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-499, 51 p. 

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Otton, J.K., and Zielinski, R.A., 2001, Simple techniques for 

assessing impacts of oil and gas operations on public lands; 

a field evaluation of a photoionization detector (PID) at a 

condensate release site, Padre Island National Seashore, 

Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-183, 33 p. 

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hydrocarbon releases at the Osage-Skiatook petroleum 

environmental research sites, Osage County, Oklahoma: 

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Proceedings of the 9th International Petroleum Environmental 

Conference, October 22-25, 2002, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, 

Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of Continuing 

Education and the Integrated Petroleum Environmental 

Consortium (IPEC), 39 p. Available at: 

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 Also available at http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri03-4260/

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architecture of bedrock lithology, weathering, and produced 

water movement at the USGS Osage Skiatook Petroleum 

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71
12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

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Otton, J.K., Zielinski, R. A., Owen, D.E., Asher-Bolinder, 

Sigrid, and Hall, Laurel, 1997, Environmental effects of 

produced waters at oilfield production sites in the Big 

Sinking Creek and Schumaker Ridge areas, Lee County, 

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p. 

Otton, J.K., Zielinski, R.A., Smith, B.D., and Keeland, R.D., 

2004, Environmental impacts of oil production on soil, 

bedrock, and vegetation at U.S. Geological Survey OSPER 

Study Site A, Osage County, Oklahoma [abs.]: 2004 American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Meeting, Dallas, 

TX, April 18-21, 2004, 1 p. 

Otton, J.K., Zielinski, R.A., Smith, B.D., Abbott, M.M., and 

Keeland, R.D., 2005, Environmental impacts of oil production 

on soil, bedrock, and vegetation at U.S. Geological Survey 

Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research site A, 

Osage County, Oklahoma: Environmental Geosciences, v. 12, 

n. 2, p. 73-87. 

Paine, J. G., 2003, Determining salinization extent, identifying 

salinity sources, and estimating chloride mass using 

surface, borehole, and airborne electromagnetic induction 

methods: Water Resources Research, v. 39, n. 3, p. 3-1--3-

10. Available at: 

http://www.beg.utexas.edu/staffinfo/painepubs/paine_wrr_200303.pdf

 NOTE: This paper and related papers below by Paine and 

others describe use of several geophysical techniques to 

detect the extent and volume of several produced water 

plumes associated with oilfield operations on bedrock and 

alluvium near the Red River in west Texas. 

Paine, J. G., 2004, Chapter 12. Oil-field salinization screening 

on the Edwards Plateau using airborne geophysics, in Mace, 

R. E., Angle, E. S., and Mullican, W. F., III, Aquifers of 

the Edwards Plateau: Texas Water Development Board, Report 

360, p. 235-251. Available at: 

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72
Paine, J. G., and Collins, E. W., 2003, Applying airborne 

electromagnetic induction in groundwater salinization and 

resource studies, West Texas, in Proceedings, Symposium on 

the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and 

Environmental Problems: Environmental and Engineering 

Geophysical Society, p. 722–738. Available at: 

http://www.beg.utexas.edu/staffinfo/painepubs/jgp_sageep03_em.pdf

Paine, J. G., Dutton, A. R., and Blum, M., 1999, Using airborne 

geophysics to identify salinization in West Texas: The 

University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology 

Report of Investigations No. 257, 69 p. 

Paine, J. G., Dutton, A. R., Mayorga, J. S., and Saunders, G. P., 

1997, Identifying oilfield salinity sources with airborne 

and ground-based geophysics: a West Texas example: The 

Leading Edge, v. 16, n. 11, p. 1603–1607. 

Paine, J.G., Mayorga, J.S., and Saunders, G.P., 1998, Identifying 

oil-field salinity sources with airborne and ground-based 

geophysics, a West Texas example: Bulletin of the South 

Texas Geological Society, v. 39, n. 1, p. 9-18. 

Parsons, K.E., 1982, Regional variations in chemistry of the oil 

brines of the “Clinton” sandstone in eastern Ohio: Kent, 

Ohio, Kent State University Master’s thesis, 105 p. 

Pastore, R.J., and Singh, S.P., 1993, Groundwater contamination 

in Wichita/Sedgwick County revisited [abs.]: Kansas Academy 

of Science and Missouri Academy of Science, Joint Annual 

Meeting, Program and Abstracts, v. 13, p. 64. 

Patrick, D.R., Colgan, Wes, III, and Vavrek, M.C., 2003, 

Molecular methods to describe rhizosphere fungal communities 

from oil brine contaminated soils [abs.], in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 10th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 11-14, 2003, Houston, 

Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Payne, S.M., 1989, Modeling of hydrogeologic conditions and 

ground water quality at an oil well reserve pit, Richland 

County, Montana: University of Montana, Missoula, MT 

Master’s thesis, 203 p. 

 NOTE: Saline water from the site of a reclaimed reserve pit 

used to hold oilfield brine and drilling fluids has 

contaminated a shallow alluvial sand and gravel aquifer 

73
along the flood plain of the Yellowstone River. In addition 

to high chloride (max. 2800 ppm TDS), boron, lithium, 

barium, strontium, titanium, zinc, beryllium, calcium, 

magnesium, sodium, potassium, manganese, bicarbonate, 

sulfate, and nitrates are attributed to the pit. 

Contamination penetrates no deeper than 5-6 feet in the 15-

20 foot thick aquifer. 

Payne, S.M., and Reiten, J.C., 1991, Impacts of oil field wastes 

on soil and ground water in Richland County, Montana, Part 

III, Hydrogeological conditions and ground water quality at 

an oil well reserve pit, Richland County, Montana: Montana 

Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 237C, variously 

paginated. 

Pekas, B.P., 1987, Brine contamination of the Hell Creek aquifer 

from an unlined drilling-fluid pit in northern Harding 

County, South Dakota: Rapid City, South Dakota, South Dakota 

School of Mines and Technology, Master’s thesis, 56 p. 

Pettyjohn, W.A., 1971, Water pollution by oil-field brines and 

related industrial wastes in Ohio: Ohio Journal of Science, 

v. 71, n. 5, p. 257-269. 

Pettyjohn, W.A., 1973, Hydrogeologic aspect of contamination by 

high chloride wastes in Ohio: Water, air, and soil pollution 

2, p.35-48. 

Pettyjohn, W.A., 1975, Chloride contamination in Alum Creek, 

central Ohio: Ground Water, v. 13, p. 322-339. 

 NOTE: Alum Creek has been contaminated by oilfield 

operations due to direct dumping and use of evaporation 

pits. Time-series plots of chloride for 1965, 1967, and 

1971 show chloride varying from 50-400 ppm. 

Pettyjohn, W.A., 1976, Monitoring cyclic fluctuations in groundwater quality: Ground Water, v. 14, n. 6, p.472-480. 

Pettyjohn, W.A., 1982, Cause and effect of cyclic changes in 

ground-water quality: Ground Water Monitoring Review, Winter 

1982, v. 2, n. 1, p. 43-49. 

Pettyjohn, W.A., 1993, Disposal pits, injection wells, and 

ground-water contamination, in Eckstein, Yoram and 

Zaporozec, Alexander, eds., Environmental impact of 

industrial activities; proceedings of industrial and 

agricultural impacts on the hydrologic environment: 

Alexandria, VA , Water Environment Federation, p. 17-27. 

 NOTE: Author describes ground-water contamination of a 

nearly 3 square kilometer area in south-central Oklahoma to 

74
depths of 123 m and the associated abandonment of a 

municipal well field. 

Pezeshki, S.R., DeLaune, R.D., and Patrick, W.H., 1987, Response 

of freshwater marsh species, Panicum hemitomon Schult., to 

increased salinity: Freshwater Biology, v. 17, n. 2, p. 

195-200. 

Phillips, E.J., Landa, E.R., Kraemer, Thomas, and Zielinski, 

R.A., 2001, Sulfate-reducing bacteria release barium and 

radium from naturally occurring radioactive material in oilfield barite: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 18, n.2, p. 167-

182. 

Pigg, Jimmie, Coleman, M.S., and Duncan, Judy, 1992, An 

Ecological investigation of the ichthyofauna of the North 

Canadian River in Oklahoma: 1979-1989, Proceedings of the 

Oklahoma Academy of Sciences, v. 72, p. 21-32. 

Pittman, J.J., Kress, M.W., and Zhang, Hailin, 2001, Comparison 

of two soil salinity extraction methods, in Sublette, Kerry, 

ed., Proceedings of the 8th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 6-9, 2001, Houston, 

Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 9 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2001/conf_toc.html

Poth, C.W., 1962, The occurrence of brine in western 

Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Mineral 

Survey Bulletin M47, 53 p. 

Powell, W.J., Carroon, L.E., and Averett, J.R., 1963, Water 

problems associated with oil production in Alabama: Alabama 

Geological Survey Circular 22, 63 p. 

 NOTE: Authors document widespread surface water 

contamination associated with brine pit use in Alabama 

oilfields. 

Powell, W.J., Davis, M.E., Bailey, B.L., and German, E.R., 1973, 

Water resources monitoring and evaluation- a key to 

environmental protection in Alabama oilfields: Alabama 

Geological Survey Information Series No. 44, 82 p. 

 NOTE: Authors document significant decrease in surface water 

contamination as a result of a monitoring program put in 

place after the 1963 study (see Powell and others, 1963, 

above). 

Powers, T.J., 1935, Studies of the control and effects of oil 

field brine pollution in Michigan: State College, 

75
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State College Bachelor’s thesis, 

68 p. 

Preston, R.D., 1969, Occurrence and quality of groundwater in 

Shackleford County, Texas: Texas Water Development Board 

Report 100, 58 p. 

Price, R.D., 1978, Occurrence, quality and availability of ground 

water in Jones County, Texas: Texas Department of Water 

Resources Report 215, 235 p. 

Price, R.D., 1979, Occurrence, quality and availability of ground 

water in Wilbarger County, Texas: Texas Department of Water 

Resources Report 240, 231 p. 

Raab, P.V., and Frischknecht, F.C., 1985, Investigation of brine 

contamination using time-domain electromagnetic soundings: 

U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-0528, 54 p. 

Rabalais, N.N., Means, J.C., and Boesch, D.F., 1990, Fate and 

effects of produced water discharges in coastal 

environments, in U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Oil and 

Gas Exploration and Production Waste Management Practices, 

September 10-13, 1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 503-514.

Rall, C.G., and Wright, J.R., Analyses of formation brines in 

Kansas: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 4974, 

40 p. 

Ramirez, Pedro, Jr., 1993, Contaminants in oil field produced 

waters discharged into the Loch Katrine wetland complex, 

Park County, Wyoming and their bioconcentration in the 

aquatic bird food chain: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Region 6, Contaminant Report Number R6/706C/93, 37 p. 

Available at: 

http://www.r6.fws.gov/contaminants/papers/r6706c93.pdf

Ramirez, Pedro, Jr., 1998, Environmental contaminants in 

sediments from oilfield produced water discharge points: 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6, Contaminant Report 

Number R6/710C/98, 24 p. Available at: 

http://www.r6.fws.gov/contaminants/papers/r6710c98.pdf

Ramirez, Pedro, Jr., 2002, Oil field produced water discharges 

into wetlands in Wyoming: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, 

Region 6, Contaminant Report Number R6/718C/02, 19 p. 

Available online at 

http://www.r6.fws.gov/contaminants/papers/r6718c02.pdf

76
Ramirez, Pedro, Jr., 2005, Oil field produced water discharges 

into wetlands: benefits and risks to wildlife: Environmental 

Geosciences, v. 12, n. 2, p. 65-72. 

Randall, A.D., 1972, Records of wells and test borings in 

Susquehanna River basin, New York: New York State Department 

of Environmental Conservation Bulletin No. 69, 92 p. 

Rasouli, Majid, 1988, Fingerprinting oil and gas associated 

brines of West Virginia: Montgomery, West Virginia, West 

Virginia Institute of Technology, Master’s thesis, 83 p. 

Rattner, B.A., Capizzi, J.L., King, K.A., LeCaptain, L.J., and 

Melancon, M.J., 1995, Exposure and effects of oil field 

brine discharges on western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) in 

Nueces Bay, Texas: Bulletin Environmental Contaminant 

Toxicology, v. 54, p. 683-689. 

Rawson, Jack, 1969, Quantity and quality of low flow in the upper 

Colorado River basin, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Openfile Report, 24 p. 

 NOTE: Author concludes that oilfield brine contributes some 

salinity at low flow. 

Rawson, Jack, 1980, Source areas of salinity and trends of salt 

loads in streamflow in the upper Colorado River, Texas: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-file Report 80-224, 66 p. 

 NOTE: Author concludes that natural salt sources provide 

most of the salinity to the streamflow, but that oilfield 

brine contributes some. 

Rawson, Jack, Flugrath, M.W., and Hughes, L.S., 1968, Sources of 

saline water in the upper Brazos River basin, Texas: 

Progress report to June 1967: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 67-184, 163 p. 

 NOTE: Authors implicate both natural brine and oil field 

brines as the sources of salinity. 

Ray, J. P., and Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 1992, Produced water: 

technological/environmental issues and solutions, 

Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water 

Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California: New 

York, Plenum Press, Environmental science research, v. 46, 

616 p. 

 NOTE: This symposium volume includes 47 papers dealing with 

the composition, treatment system and chemicals, discharge 

characteristics, disposal options, and fate and effects of 

produced waters in onshore, coastal wetland, and offshore 

production settings. Papers dealing with produced water 

salinity and NORM contamination fate and effects are 

77
extracted herein, however many other papers dealing with 

hydrocarbon effects on biota and other topics are in this 

volume. Some papers on coalbed methane produced waters in 

Alabama are included in this volume. 

Reed, A.J., and Reed, A.J., Jr., 2002, Application of an electrodialysis (EDR) process to remediate a brine-impacted 

aquifer, in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 9th

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 

22-25, 2002, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 22 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2002/tech_sessions.html

NOTE: Although this paper describes a remedial process and 

its effectiveness, the case example is a produced-water 

saline plume over 4 miles long developed at the base of the 

High Plains aquifer of Texas. 

Reed, G., Holland, B., and McArthur, A., 1991, Evaluating the 

real risks of radioactive scale in oil and gas production: 

Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, First 

International Conference on Health, Safety, and the 

Environment, The Hague, Netherlands, Nov. 10-14, 1991, p. 

549-558. 

Reed, P.C., Cartwright, Keros, and Osby, Donald, 1981, Electrical 

earth resistivity surveys near brine holding ponds in 

Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental 

Geology notes 95, 30 p. 

Rees, Rhys, and Buckner, A.W., 1980, Occurrence and quality of 

ground water in the Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) aquifer in the 

Trans-Pecos Region of Texas: Texas Department of Water 

Resources Report 255, 41 p. 

Reiten, J.C., 1991, Impacts of oil field wastes on soil and 

ground water in Richland County, Montana, Part I, Overview: 

Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 237A, 

25 p. 

Reiten, J.C., 1991, Impacts of oil field wastes on soil and 

ground water in Richland County, Montana, Part II, 

Contaminant movement below oil field drilling mud disposal 

pits: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 

237B, 115 p. 

 NOTE: See Payne and Reiten, 1991, for part III; Tomer and 

Reiten, 1991, for Part IV. 

78
Reiten, J.C., 1992, Water quality of selected lakes in eastern 

Sheridan County, Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and 

Geology Open File Report 244, 46 p. 

Reiten, J.C., and Tischmak, Terry, 1993, Appraisal of oilfield 

contamination in shallow ground water and surface water, 

eastern Sheridan County, Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines 

and Geology Open-File Report 260, 300 p. 

Renfro, W. C., 1993, Water well contamination investigation on 

the Price Ranch, Sterling County, Texas: Railroad Commission 

of Texas, 23 p. 

Rettman, P.L., 1987, Groundwater resources of Limestone County, 

Texas, Texas Department of Water Resources Report No. 299, 

97 p. 

 NOTE: Minor water quality problems noted near a small 

oilfield near Mexia, Texas. 

Rettman, P.L., and Leggat, E.R., 1966, Ground-Water Resources of 

Gaines County, Texas: Texas Water Commission Report R015, 

185 p. 

 NOTE: Discusses ground water contamination and describes the 

location of oilfield brine disposal pits.

Richter, B.C., Dutton, A.R., and Kreitler, C.W., 1987, Sources of 

salt-water pollution in western Tom Greene County: The 

University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology 

IAC (86-87)-1003, 100 p. 

Richter, B.C., Dutton, A.R., and Kreitler, C.W., 1990, 

Identification of sources and mechanisms of salt-water 

pollution affecting ground-water quality--a case study, West 

Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic 

Geology Report of Investigations No. 191, 43 p. 

Richter, B.C., and Kreitler, C.W., 1985, Sources of shallow 

saline ground water in Concho, Runnels, and Tom Green 

Counties: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of 

Economic Geology IAC (84-85)-2122, 62 p. 

Richter, B.C., and Kreitler, C.W., 1986, Geochemistry of salt 

water beneath the Rolling Plains, north-central Texas: 

Ground Water, v. 24, n. 6, p. 735-742. 

Richter, B.C., and Kreitler, C.W., 1986, Geochemistry of saltspring and shallow subsurface brines in the Rolling Plains 

of Texas and southwestern Oklahoma: The University of Texas 

at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of 

Investigations No. 155, 47 p. 

79
Richter, B.C., and Kreitler, C.W., 1987, Sources of ground water 

salinization in parts of west Texas: Groundwater Monitoring 

Review, v. 7, n. 4, p 75-84. 

Richter, B.C., and Kreitler, C.W., 1991, Identification of 

sources of ground-water salinization using geochemical 

techniques: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Research and Development, Robert S. Kerr Environmental 

Research Laboratory Report EPA/600/2-91-064, 258 p. 

NOTE: This is a thorough, well-illustrated, exceptionally 

valuable summary of the sources of salinity in surface 

waters and ground waters of the U.S. and a review of the 

geochemical techniques useful in discriminating among them. 

The discussion of oilfield brines is very helpful and 

includes state-by-state examples of oilfield brine 

contamination. The reference list is extensive. 

Richter, B.C., Kreitler, C.W., and Bledsoe, B.E., 1993, 

Geochemical techniques for identifying sources of groundwater salinization: CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Forida, 258 

p. 

 NOTE: Commercially published version of the document above. 

Riding, J.R., 1984, Salinity control benefits through regulation 

of produced water, in Salinity in watercourses and 

reservoirs, Proceedings of the 1983 International Symposium 

on State-of-the-Art Control of Salinity, July 13-15, 1983, 

Salt Lake City, Utah: Boston, Massachusetts, Butterworth 

Publishers, p. 367-375. 

Rittenhouse, Gordon, 1967, Bromine in oil-field waters and its 

use in determining possibilities of origin of these waters: 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 

51, p. 2430-2440. 

NOTE: The author examined the bromine or bromine plus iodine 

content of 106 samples of oilfield water. The states most 

represented are Texas and California. 

Rittenhouse, Gordon, Fulton, R.B., III, Grabowski, R.J., and 

Bernard, J.L., 1969, Minor elements in oil-field waters: 

Chemical Geology, v. 4, n. 1-2, p. 189-209. 

NOTE: This paper summarizes results of several hundred 

analyses for trace elements in oilfield brines across the 

U.S. and Canada. 

Roach, R.W., Carr, R.S., Howard, C.L., and Cain, B.W., 1993, An 

assessment of produced water impacts in the Galveston Bay 

system: Houston, Texas, Fish and Wildlife Service report, 38 

80
p. Available online at: 

http://ifw2es.fws.gov/Documents/R2ES/GalvestonBay1993.pdf

Rold, J.W., 1971, Pollution problem in the "Oil Patch" [abs.]: 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 

55, n. 6, p.807-809. 

Ronald, B.S., 1967, A study of groundwater contamination due to 

oil field brines in Morrow and Delaware Counties, Ohio, with 

emphasis on detection utilizing electrical resistivity 

techniques: Columbus Ohio, The Ohio State University, Water 

Resources Research Center Report, 191 p. 

Rose, A.W., and Dresel, P.E., 1990, Deep brines in Pennsylvania, 

Chapter 31, in Majumdar, S.K., Miller, E.W., and Parizek, 

R.R., Water resources in Pennsylvania: availability, quality 

and management: The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, p. 420-

431. 

NOTE: In this paper the authors summarize oilfield water 

geochemistry in Pennsylvania and note the occurrence of 

shallow saline waters in several counties in the Appalachian 

basin and adjacent Valley and Ridge Province. These waters 

have been mistaken to be the result of oilfield releases. 

Ross, P.D., Jr., 2004, Fungal diversity in oil and brine impacted 

soils: Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Tech University, 

Master’s thesis, 32 p. 

Rubin, Hillel, Young, David, and Buddemeier, Robert, 2001, 

Sources, transport, and management of salt contamination in 

the groundwater of south-central Kansas: Kansas Geological 

Survey Open-file Report 2000-60 (v.2), unpaginated. 

Available online at 

http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hydro/Equus/OFR00_60/index.htm

NOTE: This study documents major natural salt-water 

intrusion of shallow aquifers by underlying units and also 

shows an area of oilfield brine effects (see figure 1). 

Runkle, Donna, Abbott, M.M., and Lucius, J.E., 2001, Saline 

contamination of soil and water on Pawnee tribal trust land, 

eastern Payne County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations 00-4271, 42 p. Abstract 

available at: 

http://ok.water.usgs.gov/abstracts/wrir00-4271.html

Sack, W.A., Eck, R.W., and Romano, C.R., 1985, Recovery of waste 

brines for highways applications, in Proceedings of the 40th

Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West 

Lafayette, Indiana, May 14-15, 1985: Boston, MA, 

Butterworths, p. 213-223. 

81
 NOTE: The authors describe brine chemistry, including trace 

elements, for 49 produced waters from 13 counties in West 

Virginia giving tabular summaries of the data and discussing 

their suitability for highway deicing applications. 

Sanders, L.L., 1991, Geochemistry of formation waters from the 

Lower Silurian Clinton Formation (Albion Sandstone), eastern 

Ohio: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 

v. 75, n. 10, p.1593-1608. 

Sassen, D.S., 2004, Oil-field-brine-induced colloidal dispersion; 

a case study from southeast Texas [abs.]: Geological 

Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 36, n. 1, p. 

24. 

Sathaye, J.A., and Grandstaff, D.E., 1996, Water rock interaction 

and the distribution of salinity in the Illinois basin 

[abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 

Bulletin, v. 80, n. 9, p. 1531. 

Sauer, T.C., Jr., Ward, T.J., Brown, J.S., O’Neil, S., and Wade, 

M.J., 1990, Identification of toxicity in low-TDS produced 

waters in, Ray, J. P., and Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 1992, 

Produced water: technological/ environmental issues and 

solutions, Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced 

Water Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California: 

New York, Plenum Press, Environmental science research, v. 

46, p. 209-222. 

 NOTE: This paper describes toxicity to Ceriodaphnia and 

fathead minnows associated with hydrogen sulfide and 

hydrocarbons in four low TDS water samples (conductivities 

2770 to 9930) from Wyoming, Texas, and Louisiana. 

Savage, J.E., 1992, Role of the soil ecosystem in land dispersal 

of oil and gas production brine of the Allegheny Basin: 

Syracuse, New York, State University of New York Master’s 

thesis, 120 p. 

Sayles, Brenda, 1985, Oil well operation impacts on the Pine 

River, Arenac County. Michigan: Michigan Dept. of Natural 

Resources, Surface Water Quality Division, WQAU Report No. 

04941 

Scalf, M.R., Keely, M.R., and LaFevers, C.J., 1973, Ground-water 

pollution in the south-central states: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

National Environmental Research Center, Environmental 

Protection Technology Series EPA-R2-73-268, 135 p. 

82
Schmidt, K.D., Krancher, J.A., and Bisel, G., Jr., 1981, Brine 

pollution at Fresno--Twenty-six years later: Ground Water, 

v. 19, n. 1, p. 12-19. 

Schmidt, Ludwig, and Devine, J.M., 1929, The disposal of oilfield brines: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 

2945, 17 p. 

Schmidt, Ludwig, and Wilhelm, C.J., 1938, Disposal of petroleum 

wastes on oil producing properties: U.S Bureau of Mines 

Report of Investigations No. 3394, 21 p. 

Schoff, S.L., Dott, R.H., and Lalicker, D.G., 1941, Contamination 

of Lake Wewoka and fresh-water sands by disposal of oil-well 

brines near Wewoka, Seminole County, Oklahoma: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 41-32, 8 p. Abstract 

available at 

http://ok.water.usgs.gov/abstracts/ofr41-32.html

Schultz, E.E., 1958, Effects of brine pollution on aquatic 

organisms in three Michigan streams [abs.]: Michigan Dept. 

of Natural Resources, Inst. for Fisheries Research Report 

No. 1548, Abs. No. 144 

Scott, L.M., 1994, On-site and off-site exposure from naturally 

occurring radioactive material (NORM) on or in soil: Tulsa, 

Oklahoma, PennWell Books, Preprints of the International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, March 2-4, 1994, 

Houston, Texas, 14 p. 

Scott-Fleming, A.W., Reed, E.V., Tinlin, R.M., and Sever, C., 

1983, Use of complex resistivity to assess groundwater 

quality degradation resulting from oil well brine disposal; 

case history [abs.]: Society of Exploration Geophysicists 

Abstracts, v.1983, n.1, p.119-121.

Sedam, A. C., and Stein, R. B., 1970, Saline ground-water 

resources of Ohio: U. S. Geological Survey Hydrologic 

Investigations Atlas 366, 2 sheets. 

Serna, C.J., 1986, An investigation of ground water contamination 

due to oil field brines in Portage County, Ohio: Miami, 

Ohio, Miami University of Ohio, Master’s thesis, 98 p. 

Sewell, H.J.; Hamilton, W.A.; Farrish, K.W.; and Deuel, L.E., 

Jr.; Moore, D., 2002, Remediation and re-vegetation of brine 

impacted soil; a case study [abs.]: Transactions - Gulf 

Coast Association of Geological Societies, v.52, p.892. 

83
Shafer, G.H., 1968, Ground-water resources of Nueces and San 

Patricio Counties, Texas: Texas Water Development Board 

Report 73, 129 p. 

Shafer, G.H., 1974, Ground-water resources of Duval County, 

Texas: Texas Water Development Board Report 181, 117 p. 

 NOTE: Author provides map of brine-producing areas and 

reviews 1967 data for brine disposal by method. About 13 

million barrels went into unlined pits and 10 million 

barrels was injected. No conclusive evidence of surface 

water contamination was found. 

Shamberger, V.M., Jr., 1958, Alleged well contamination in 

relation to brine disposal in Clemville, Matagorda County: 

Texas Board of Water Engineers Contamination Report, 10 p. 

Shamberger, V.M., 1958, Reconnaissance report on alleged 

contamination of California Creek near Avoca, Jones County, 

Texas: Texas Board of Water Engineers Contamination Report 

No. 5, 14 p. 

 NOTE: Author concludes that oilfield brines are the source 

of saline springs along the creekbed and flow from unplugged 

oilwells. Shamberger wrote an additional four reports from 

1958-1960 on soil and ground-water contamination, see page 

63 of Friebele and Wolff (1976). 

Shaw, J.E., 1966, An investigation of ground water contamination 

by oil-field brine disposal in Morrow and Delaware Counties, 

Ohio: Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University Master’s thesis, 

127 p. 

Shedlock, R.J., 1980, Saline water at the base of the glacialoutwash aquifer near Vincennes, Knox County, Indiana: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation 80-65, 54 p. 

 NOTE: A glacial outwash aquifer near Vincennes, Indiana used 

for municipal water supply has been impacted by a saline 

plume 6500 feet long by 1500 feet wide that seems to be 

entering the aquifer from bedrock fractures near abandoned 

oil wells west of the water-supply well field. 

Sheridan County (Montana) Conservation District, Oilfield brine 

contaminated soils in Sheridan County: Accessed January 2005 

at: http://sheridan.mt.nacdnet.org/oilbrine.htm

Shipley, F.S., 1988, Oilfield produced brines in coastal 

environments: scope of the problem and a case example: 

Proceedings of the 1988 EPA Water Quality Data Assessment, 

p.1-7. 

84
Shipley, F. S., 1991, Oil field-produced brines in a coastal 

stream: water quality and fish community recovery following 

long term impact: The Texas Journal of Science, v, 43, n. 1, 

p. 51-64. 

 NOTE: Author evaluated biologic and chemical effects of 

brine discharges at 10 stations along a small coastal stream 

and partial stream recovery after cessation of releases in 

January of 1987. Elevated levels of Ba, B, As, Fe and Hg 

are noted in stream water and elevated levels of Ba, Fe, As, 

Cr, and Pb occur in sediment. 

Shirazi, G.A., Allen, D.L., and Madden, 1976, An investigation of 

brine contamination of soils and ground water from a slush 

pit near Burns Flat, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Water Resources 

Board, 91 p. 

Short, T.M., Black, J.A., and Birge, W.J., 1991, Ecology of a 

saline stream: community responses to spatial gradients of 

environmental conditions: Hydrobiologia, v. 226, n. 3, p. 

167-178. 

Shuler, P.J., Baudoin, D.A., and Weintritt, D.J., 1995, Diagnosis 

and prevention of NORM at Eugene Island 341-A, in Society of 

Petroleum Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Proceedings of the SPE/EPA Exploration and 

Production Environmental Conference, 27-29 March 1995, 

Houston, Texas, p. 219-230. 

Sidhu, Amarjit, and Mitsch, W.J., 1987, Water pollution from oil 

and gas recovery in eastern Kentucky watersheds: Water 

Resources Bulletin, v. 23, n. 5, p. 943-953. 

Silvey, W.D., 1967, Occurrence of selected minor elements in the 

waters of California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1535-L, 25 p. 

Simcoe, J.H., 1996, Development of a database of West Virginia 

oil and gas well brines suitable for highway purposes: 

Morgantown, West Virginia, University of West Virginia 

Master’s thesis, 169 p. 

Singh, Shailendra, 2004, Remediation of brine contaminated soils 

with hay: Tulsa, Oklahoma, University of Tulsa Master’s 

thesis, 161 p. 

Skinner, W.D., 1972, Winfield wins a new water supply: Willing 

Water, v. 16, n. 3, p. 8-9. 

Slack, L.J. and Adams, K.R., 2000, Quality of shallow ground 

water at selected sites in the Dry Creek Oil Field, Franklin 

85
County, Mississippi, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file 

Report 00-292, 13 p. 

Slack, L.J., O’Hara, C.G., and Oakley, W.T., 1996, Brine 

contamination of ground water in the vicinity of the 

Brookhaven oil field, Lincoln County, Mississippi: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations WRI 96-

4023, 27 p. 

Slade, R.M., Jr., and Buszka, P.M., 1994, Characteristics of 

streams and aquifers and processes affecting the salinity of 

water in the upper Colorado River basin, Texas: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-

4036, 81 p. 

S. M. C. Martin, Inc., 1983, The stripper wells of east-central 

Kentucky: an environmental assessment: S. M. C. Martin Inc. 

Valley Forge, PA, Report #8412-040-94005. 

Smith, A.L., 1987, Radioactive scale formation: Journal of 

Petroleum Technology, v. 39, p. 697-706. 

Smith, B.D., Bisdorf, R.J., Horton, R.J., Otton, J.K., and 

Hutton, R.S., 2002, Preliminary geophysical characterization 

of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma-Osage 

Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project in 

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 9th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 22-25, 2002, 

Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 20 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2002/tech_sessions.html

 Also available at http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri03-4260/

Smith, B.D., Bisdorf, R.J., Slack, L.J., and Mazzella, Aldo, 

1997, Evaluation of electromagnetic mapping methods to 

delineate subsurface saline waters in the Brookhaven oil 

field, Mississippi in Bell, R.S., ed., Proceedings of the 

Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental 

and Engineering Problems (SAGEEP), v.1997, pp.685-693. 

Smith, B.D., Otton, J.K., Abbott, M.M., and Witten, A.J., 2003, 

Electrical geophysical character of areas of shallow brine 

contamination, Osage Co., Oklahoma [abs.] in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 10th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 11-14, 2003, Houston, 

Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

86
Smith, B.D., Otton, J.K., Zielinski, R.A., Huang, H., Witten, 

A.J., and Abbott, M.M., 2004, Conductivity depth imaging of 

areas of shallow brine plumes at the USGS OSPER Site, Osage 

Co., Oklahoma in Sublette, K.L., ed., Proceedings of the 

11th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

Production and Refining, Albuquerque, N.M.: October 12-15, 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC) and the 

University of Tulsa (available on-line report in PDF format) 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Smith, C.R., 1989, Estimating the probability of groundwater 

contamination in the oil and gas fields of western New York 

State: Charlottesville, Virginia, University of Virginia 

Master’s thesis, 103 p. 

Smith, G.E., 1995, Economic impact of potential NORM regulations, 

in Society of Petroleum Engineers and U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Proceedings of the SPE/EPA Exploration 

and Production Environmental Conference, 27-29 March 1995, 

Houston, Texas, p. 181-194. 

Smith, J.T., Jr., 2004, The potential of Myrica Cerifera and 

symbiotic fungi for revegetation of oil brine spill sites: 

Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Tech University, Master’s 

thesis, 28 p. 

Smith, K.P., Blunt, D.L., Williams, G.P., and Tebes, C.L., 1995, 

Radiological dose assessment related to management of 

naturally occurring radioactive materials generated by the 

petroleum industry, in Society of Petroleum Engineers and 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the 

SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, 

27-29 March 1995, Houston, Texas, p. 231-240. 

NOTE: This is one of a series of oilfield NORM dose 

assessment investigations by Argonne National Laboratory 

(ANL) personnel. Other oil and gas industry NORM 

publications by ANL can be found at: 

http://www.ead.anl.gov/project/dsp_topicdetail.cfm?topicid=1

6 

Smith, K.P., Wilkey, M.L., and Hames, R.D., 1997, Bibliography of 

reports, papers, and presentations on Naturally Occurring 

Radioactive Material (NORM) in petroleum industry wastes: 

Argonne National Laboratory Report DOE/BC/W-31-109-Eng-38-1, 

24 p. Available at: 

http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/dsp_detail.cfm?PubID=736

NOTE: This comprehensive bibliography captures most of what 

has been published on oilfield NORM through the date of 

publication. The papers referenced mostly deal with NORM in 

87
solid phases such as scale in pipe and NORM in soils. Only 

a few papers in the bibliography describe the chemistry of 

NORM in produced waters. NORM contamination derived from 

produced waters is a major concern for the oil and gas 

industry. 

Smith, S.J., Naney, J.W., and Berg, W.A., 1985, Nonpoint source 

impacts on ground water quality in major land resource areas 

of the southwest in Environmental Protection Agency, 

Proceedings of a National Conference on Perspectives on 

Nonpoint Source Pollution, May 19-22, 1985, Kansas City, 

Missouri, p. 121-124. 

Smith, S. J., Schneider, M.L., Masoner, J.R., and Blazs, R.L., 

2003, Surface-water quality assessment of the North Fork Red 

River Basin upstream from Lake Altus, Oklahoma, 2002: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-362, 23 p. 

Smith, Z.A., 1989, Groundwater in the west: Academic Press, San 

Diego, California, 308 p. 

 NOTE: Author reviews supply and demand for ground water, 

pollution problems, and the legal aspects in 19 western 

States. Author includes brief discussions of oil and gas 

production-related problems for some states. 

Snavely, E.S., 1989, Radionuclides in produced water- a 

literature review: American Petroleum Institute Publication 

No. 4504, 85 p. 

Sophocleous, M.A., 1984, Groundwater-flow parameter estimation 

and quality modeling of the Equus beds aquifer in Kansas, 

U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 69, n.1-4, p.197-222. 

Sophocleous, M.A., Heidari, M., and McElwee, C.D., 1982, Water 

quality modeling of the Equus beds aquifer in south-central 

Kansas: technical completion report: Kansas Water Resources 

Research Institute Contribution No. 231, 68 p. 

Sours, Douglas, Kulfinski, Frank, and DeWitt, Jeff, 1985, Status 

of the brine problem in Illinois: Illinois Department of 

Energy and Natural Resources Report No. RE-EA-85/05, 44 p. 

Spaite, P.W., and Smithson, G.R., 1992, Technical and regulatory 

issues associated with naturally occurring radioactive 

material (NORM) in the gas and oil industry: Gas Research 

Institute Report No. GRI-92/0178, 34 p. 

Spurlin, G.P., 1999, An overview of brine impacted E&P sites in 

Sublette, K.L, 1999, Proceedings of the 6th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, November 16-18, 1999, 

88
Houston, Texas, 18 p. Available online at 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/6thIPEC.pdf

Stafford, M.R., 1987, Hydrogeology, ground-water chemistry, and 

resistivity of a contaminated shallow aquifer system in 

southern Bond County, Illinois: Carbondale, Illinois, 

Southern Illinois University, Master's thesis, 167 p. 

Steimle & Associates, Inc., 1991, Produced water impacts on 

Louisiana wetlands: Washington, D.C., Health and 

Environmental Sciences, API Publication No. 4517, 132 pp. 

Stephens, D.B., and Spaulding, C.P., 1984, Oil-field brine 

contamination- a case study, Lea County, New Mexico in

Whetstone, G.A., ed., Proceedings of the Ogallala aquifer 

symposium II, Lubbock, Texas: Socorro, New Mexico, New 

Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, p. 440-450. 

Stewart, B.G., Knight, J.G., and Cashner, R.C., 1992, 

Longitudinal distribution and assemblages of fishes of 

Byrd’s Mill Creek, a southern Oklahoma Arbuckle mountain 

stream: Southwest Naturalist, v. 37, n. 2, p.138-147 

St. Pe, K.M., 1990, An assessment of produced water impacts to 

low-energy, brackish water systems in southeast Louisiana: 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Louisiana Department of 

Environmental Quality, Water Pollution Control Division, 204 

p. 

St. Pe, K.M., Means, Jay, Milan, Charles, Schlenker, Matt, and 

Courtney, Sherri, 1990, An assessment of produced water 

impacts to low-energy, brackish water systems in southeast 

Louisiana: a project summary in U. S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Proceedings of the First International 

Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Waste 

Management Practices, September 10-13, 1990, New Orleans, 

Louisiana, p. 31-42. 

 NOTE: This is an excellent summary of the main points of the 

above-referenced study. The authors describe the hydraulic 

behavior of the effluent, quantify the pollutants, note 

uptake of radium-226 by biota in the systems, and document 

biotoxicity of the produced water and affected sediments. 

Twenty references are given including some not documented 

herein. 

Stueber, A.M., Saller, A.H., and Ishida, Hisashi, 1998, Origin, 

migration, and mixing of brines in the Permian Basin: 

geochemical evidence from the eastern central basin 

platform, Texas: American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, n.9, p.1652-1672. 

89
Sublette, K.L., Beckman, Dennis, Heaton, Kevin, Tsao, David, 

Zverina, Walter, Davis, Greg, and Sobak, Ed, 2004, 

Characterization of the root zone of introduced switchgrass 

growing in soil from an historic salt scar [abs.] in 

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 11th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 12-15, 2004, 

Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Sublette, K.L., Fisher, J.B., and Schmidt, Mike, 2003, Oil and 

saltwater releases from E&P operations in Oklahoma, 1993-

2002 [abs.], in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 

10th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Sublette, K.L., Moralwar, Aditya, Ford, Laura, Duncan, Kathleen, 

Thoma, Greg, and Brokaw, Josh, 2005, Remediation of a spill 

of crude oil and brine without gypsum: Environmental 

Geosciences, v. 12, n. 2, p. 115-125. 

Subra, W.A., 1990, Unsuccessful oil field waste disposal 

techniques in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana in U. S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the First 

International Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and 

Production Waste Management Practices, September 10-13, 

1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 995-999. 

Sullivan, E.J., and Nava, 1999, Use of organic and inorganic 

solutes in tracing oil-field salt-water sources; delineation 

of recent versus historic sources in Stanley, A., Ed., 

Proceedings of the Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic 

Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection and 

Remediation Conference, Houston, TX, Nov. 17-19, 1999: 

Westerville, Ohio, Ground Water Publishing Company, p.331-

347. 

 NOTE: Authors document highly saline, benzene- and toluenebearing shallow Ogallala aquifer ground water upslope from 

saline seeps near older and ongoing oil and gas production 

operations in west Texas. 

Sullivan, E.J., and Paine, J.G., 2000, Identification of sources 

of saline water in a West Texas tributary using 

electromagnetic induction methods in Powers, M. H., Abou90
Bakr, Ibrahim, and Cramer, Lynn, eds., Proceedings of the 

Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental 

and Engineering Problems (SAGEEP), v. 2000, pp.729-738. 

Sullivent, K.D., 1997, The effect of brine on the microbial 

degradation of hydrocarbons; a progress report from the 

Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Oklahoma [abs.]: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 6, p. 112-

113. 

Syed, T., Zonge, K.L., Figgins, S., and Anzzolin, A.R., 1985, 

Application of the controlled source audio magnetotellurics 

(CSAMT) survey to delineate zones of ground water 

contamination- a case history in NWWA Conference on surface 

and borehole geophysical methods in ground water 

investigations, Feb. 12-14, 1985, Fort Worth, Texas, p. 282-

311. 

Taylor, H.D., 1978, Occurrence, quantity, and quality of ground 

waters in Taylor County, Texas: Texas Department of Water 

Resources Report 224, 144 p. 

Taylor, Rick, 1991, Electromagnetic mapping of brine 

contamination in petroleum producing areas: Ontario 

Petroleum Institute Thirtieth Annual Conference, v.30, 

Technical Paper No. 10, 13 p. 

Taylor, S.S., Holiman, W.C., and Wilhelm, C.J., 1940, Study of 

brine disposal systems in Illinois oil fields: U.S. Bureau 

of Mines Report of Investigations No. 3534, 20 p. 

Tellez. G.T., and Nirmalakhandan, N., 1990, Bioreclamation of 

oilfield produced wastewaters: characterization and 

feasibility in, Ray, J. P., and Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 

1992, Produced water: technological/ environmental issues 

and solutions, Proceedings of the 1992 International 

Produced Water Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, 

California: New York, Plenum Press, Environmental science 

research, v. 46, p. 523-533.

 NOTE: Although the main focus of this paper is 

bioremediation of hydrocarbons in produced waters, analyses 

of typical produced waters from pits and tanks in 

southeastern New Mexico are given including concentrations 

of hydrocarbons and heavy metals. 

Templeton, E.E., and Associates, 1980, Environmentally acceptable 

disposal of salt brine produced with oil and gas: Ohio Water 

Development Authority, 52 p. 

91
Terry, S.P., 1996, Effects of surface wastewater disposal on an 

oil field landscape: Environmental Geosciences, v. 3, p. 

115-121. 

Texas Department of Agriculture, 1985, Agricultural land and 

water contamination from injection wells, disposal pits, and 

abandoned wells used in oil and gas production: Texas 

Department of Agriculture report, 15 p. 

Texas Department of Water Resources, 1978, The Seymour aquifer 

ground-water quality and availability in Haskell and Knox 

Counties, Texas, Volume II: Austin, Texas, Texas Department 

of Water Resources Report 226, 265 p. 

Texas Energy and Natural Resources Advisory Council, 1983, 

Preliminary assessment of soil and ground-water salinity 

problems in Runnels County, Texas: Texas Energy and Natural 

Resources Advisory Council Report NRP 83-001, 67 p. 

Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, 2002, Two total 

daily maximum loads for total dissolved solids and sulfate 

in E.V. Spence Reservoir, for Segment 1411: Texas Natural 

Resource Conservation Commission Report, 27 p. Available 

at: 

http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/water/quality/tmdl/spence_final

_2nd.pdf

Texas Railroad Commission, 1966, Inspection and pollution report 

of salt-water disposal pits - Howard, Mitchell, and Sterling 

Counties, TX: Texas Railroad Commission, Oil and Gas 

Division, District VIII, Midland, Texas. 

Texas Water Commission, 1989, Ground-water quality of Texas-an 

overview of natural and man-affected conditions: Texas Water 

Commission Report 89-01, 197 p. 

Texas Water Commission and Texas Water Pollution Control Board, 

1963, A statistical analysis of data on oil-field brine 

production and disposal in Texas for the year 1961, from an 

inventory conducted by the Texas Railroad Commission: Texas 

Railroad Commission District 1, v. 1, 158 p. 

 NOTE: This report is a snapshot of oil field brine 

production across Texas and is often cited in Texas county 

water resources reports that deal with ground and surface 

water contamination by oilfield brines. 

Thamke, J.N., and Craigg, S.D., 1997, Saline-water contamination 

in Quaternary deposits and the Poplar River, East Poplar oil 

field, northeastern Montana: U. S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report WRI 97-4000, 37 p. 

92
 NOTE: This paper thoroughly documents a substantial area 

(about 12 mi2) of ground water contamination.

Thamke, J.N., Craigg, S.D., and Mendes, T.M., 1996, Hydrologic 

data for the East Poplar oil field, Fort Peck Indian 

Reservation, northeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 95-0749, 92 p., 1 diskette. 

Thamke, J.N., Craigg, S.D., and Mendes, T.M., 1998, Use of 

terrain electromagnetic geophysical methods to map salinewater contamination, East Poplar oil field, northeastern 

Montana in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application 

of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems 

(SAGEEP), vol.1998, pp.205-214. 

Thamke, J.N., and Midtlyng, K.S., 2003, Ground-water quality for 

two areas in the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, northeastern 

Montana, 1993-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 03-4214, 54 p. 

Thayer, E.C., and Racioppi, L.M., 1991, Naturally occurring 

radioactive materials: the next step: Proceedings of the 

Society of Petroleum Engineers, First International 

Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment, The Hague, 

Netherlands, Nov. 10-14, 1991, p. 735-742. 

Thompson, W.E., 1973, The concentration of selected elements in 

brines of Perry County, Ohio: Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State 

University Master’s thesis, 64 p. 

Thordsen, James, Kharaka, Y.K., and Kakouros, Evangelos, 2004, 

Removal of contaminant salt from a depleted petroleum field 

by runoff: results from the OSPER “A” site, Osage County, 

Oklahoma [abs.] in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 

11th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

October 12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

 

Thordsen, J.J., Kharaka, Y.K., Kakouros, Evangelos, and Ambats, 

Gil, 2003, Natural remediation of ground water impacted by 

petroleum production operations: the OSPER A site in Osage 

County, Oklahoma [abs.] in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings 

of the 10th International Petroleum Environmental 

Conference, November 11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, 

Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of Continuing 

Education and the Integrated Petroleum Environmental 

93
Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Thornhill, J.T., 1964, Investigation of ground-water 

contamination Coleto Creek Oil Field, Victoria County, 

Texas: Texas Water Commission Report LD-0564-MR, 20 p. 

Tinlin, R.M., Hughes, L.J., and Anzzolin, A.R., 1988, The use of 

controlled source audio magnetotellurics (CSAMT) to 

delineate zones of ground-water contamination- a case 

history in American Society for Testing and Materials, 

Ground-water contamination field methods: ASTM Technical 

Publication 963, p. 101-118. 

Tomer, Mark, and Reiten, J.C., 1991, Impacts of oil field wastes 

on soil and ground water in Richland County, Montana, Part 

IV, Reclamation of soils damaged by oil field wastes, 

Richland County, Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and 

Geology Open-File Report 237D, 17 p. 

Townsel, Mia, 2003, Naturally occurring radioactive materials and 

metal characteristics of produced waters: Baton Rouge, 

Louisiana, Southern University Master’s thesis, 40 p. 

Traylor, R.J., and Estepp, J.D., 2001, Salt water contamination 

of the Chicot aquifer from historic oil field operations, 

Tomball Field, Harris County, Texas: Bulletin of the 

Houston Geological Society, v. 44, n.1, 15 p. 

Turner, Alan, 1987, The influence of oil field brine upon 

macroinvertebrate community structure in three headwater 

streams of the Pocatalico River: Huntingdon, West Virginia, 

Marshall University Master’s thesis, 119 p. 

Ueckert, D.N, Hartmann, Steve, and McFarland, M.L, 1990, 

Evaluation of containerized shrub seedlings for 

bioremediation of oilwell reserve pits, in U. S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the First 

International Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and 

Production Waste Management Practices, September 10-13, 

1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 403-410. 

 NOTE: Describes artificial revegetation of saline soils 

using selected halophytes.

Uliana, M.M., 2004, Identifying the source of saline ground water 

contamination using geochemical data and modeling [abs.]: 

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.36, 

n.1, p. 26. 

94
Uliana, M.M., 2005 Identifying the source of saline ground water 

contamination using geochemical data and modeling: 

Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, v. 11, n.2, p. 

107-123. 

 NOTE: The author concludes that contamination of a shallow 

aquifer along the Pecos River in West Texas was most likely 

caused by a deep release of brine, equilibration with halite 

in the underlying formation, and release of the modified 

brine into the shallow aquifer with subsequent mineral-phase 

reactions. 

Underground Resource Management, 1978, Impact of oil and gas 

production on salinity in major freshwater aquifers in 

Texas: Oklahoma City, Interstate Oil Compact Commission, 

variously paginated. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, Management of wastes 

from the exploration, development and production of crude 

oil, natural gas and geothermal energy: EPA/530-SW-88-003, 

v. 1-3, 235 p. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Ambient aquatic life 

water quality criteria for chloride: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency Report EPA 440/5-88-001, 47 p. Available 

at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ost/pc/ambientwqc/chloride1988.pdf

 NOTE: This report summarizes the effects of chloride on 

aquatic life in fresh water and notes that oilfield 

operations are a significant source for chloride. A 

substantial reference list is given with many papers 

describing the effects of salt and NaCl on aquatic life. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Proceedings of the 

First International Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and 

Production Waste Management Practices, September 10-13, 

1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1096 p. 

 NOTE: This symposium volume presents 91 papers describing 

most environmental concerns related to oil and gas 

production. Papers related to produced water releases are 

listed elsewhere herein. 

U.S. General Accounting Office, 1989, Drinking water--safeguards 

are not preventing contamination from injected oil and gas 

wastes: Report RCED-89-87, 47 p. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, National Water Summary 1983- 

Hydrologic events and issues: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 2250, 243 p. 

95
U.S. Geological Survey, 1990-2000, Ground water atlas of the 

United States: U.S. Geological Survey HA730, published in 13 

chapters (A-N). Available at: 

http://capp.water.usgs.gov/gwa/gwa.html

 NOTE: The thirteen atlas chapters cover the entire U.S. 

including Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Chapters for 

hydrocarbon-producing states provide basic hydrologic and 

water-quality information including references to oilfield 

brine effects for selected aquifers. Discussion of natural 

ground-water brine contributions to surface waters are also 

described in several instances. Reference lists are 

extensive. 

U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1983, Dryland salinity study, 

Texas cooperative river basin survey: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service report, 123 p. 

Van Biersel, T.P., 1985, Hydrogeology and chemistry of an oilfield brine plume within a shallow aquifer system in 

southern Bond County, Illinois: Carbondale, Illinois, 

Southern Illinois University, Master's thesis, 162 p. 

Van Denburgh, A.S., and Rush, F.E., 1974, Water-resources 

appraisal of Railroad and Penoyer Valleys, east-central 

Nevada: Nevada Division of Water Resources, Water Resources 

Reconnaissance Series, Report No. 60, 61 p. 

Van der Leeden, Frits, Cerrillo, L.A., and Miller, D.W., 1975, 

Ground-water pollution problems in the northwestern United 

States: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Research and Development, Robert S. Kerr Environmental 

Research Laboratory Report EPA/660/3-75-018, 341 p. 

Van Hassesl, J.H., Cherry, D.S., Hendricks, J.C., and Specht, 

W.L., 1988, Discrimination of factors influencing biota of a 

stream receiving multiple-source perturbations: 

Environmental Pollution, v. 55, n.4, p. 172-287. 

Van Metre, P.C., and Callender, E., 1996, Identifying waterquality trends in the Trinity River, Texas, USA, 1969–1992, 

using sediment cores from Lake Livingston: Environmental 

Geology, v. 28, p. 190-200. 

Van Sickle, Virginia, and Groat, C.G., 1990, Oil field brinesanother problem for Louisiana's coastal wetlands, in U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the First 

International Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and 

Production Waste Management Practices, September 10-13, 

1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 659-675. 

96
 NOTE: The authors document volumes of produced water 

releases for 14 fields in various parishes, describe the 

ecological effects of produced water releases on dominant 

wetland plants, give detailed organic and major and minor 

element chemistry of selected discharges, and discuss role 

of discharges in wetland losses. 

Vavrek, M.C., and Colgan, Wes, III, 2003, Use of a hydroseeder to 

revegetate oil brine spill sites [abs.] in Sublette, Kerry, 

ed., Proceedings of the 10th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 11-14, 2003, Houston, 

Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Vavrek, M.C., Hunt, Howard, Colgan, Wes, II, and Vavrek, D.L, 

2004, Status of oil brine spill site remediation in 

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 11th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 12-15, 2004, 

Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 23 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

 NOTE: This paper reviews the status of remediation 

techniques for sites contaminated with brine and/or oil and 

gives 171 references on soils, saline soils, brine and oilcontaminated soils, and remediation of saline soils in 

general and oilfield-contaminated soils in particular, only 

some of which are in this bibliography. The IPEC meeting 

literature is not captured in the references in this paper. 

Veenstra, John, Warden, R.W., and Harris, T.M., 2001, Remediation 

of brine-impacted soil: evaluation of several performance 

enhancements coupled with a leachate collection system in 

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 8th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, November 6-9, 2001, 

Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 21 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2001/conf_toc.html

Veil, J.A., Puder, M.G., Elcock, Deborah, and Redweik, R.J., Jr., 

2004, A white paper describing produced water from 

production of crude oil, natural gas, and coal bed methane: 

U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology 

Laboratory under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38. Prepared by 

Argonne National Laboratory, 87 p. Available at: 

http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/ProducedWatersWP0401.pdf

97
 NOTE: This paper provides an overview of the chemical and 

physical characteristics of produced water, potential 

effects on the environment, volumes of produced water 

generated in the U.S., regulatory requirements and 

management options, and costs of management. 

 

Wagner, J.F., 1990, Toxicity and radium 226 in produced waterWyoming's regulatory approach, in U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL 

PROTECTION AGENCY, Proceedings of the First International 

Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Waste 

Management Practices, September 10-13, 1990, New Orleans, 

Louisiana, p. 987-994. 

NOTE: Author describes results of toxicity tests of waters 

from Wyoming oil fields, summarizes results of radium-226 

analyses for selected waters, and gives references some of 

which are not captured herein. 

Wait, R.L., and McCollum, M.J., 1963, Contamination of freshwater aquifers through an unplugged oil-test well in Glynn 

County, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Mineral 

Newsletter, v. 16, nos. 3-4, p. 74-80. 

Waite, B.W., and Blauvelt, S.C., 1988, Oil and gas waste fluids 

of Pennsylvania: Northeastern Environmental Science, v. 7, 

n. 2, p. 105-110. 

Walker, F.H., 1959, Natural brines of Indiana and adjoining parts 

of Illinois and Kentucky: Indiana Geological Survey Report 

of Progress, v.13, 58 p. 

 NOTE: Author reports the results of analyses of 473 brines 

by formation from company and State geological survey 

sources. 

Walker, L. E., 1967, Occurrence and quality of ground water in 

Coleman County, Texas: Texas Water Development Board Report 

No. R-57, 114 p. 

Walker, L.E., 1979, Occurrence, availability and chemical quality 

of ground-water in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas: 

Texas Department of Water Resources Report 235, 337 p. 

Walters, R.S., and Auchmoody, L.R., 1989, Vegetation reestablishment on a hardwood forest site denuded by brine: 

Landscape and urban planning, v. 17, n. 2, p.127-133. 

Ward, P.E., 1961, Geology and ground-water features of salt 

springs, seeps, and plains in the Arkansas and Red River 

basins of western Oklahoma and adjacent parts of Kansas and 

Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 63-132, 94 p. 

98
 NOTE: This report describes salt springs, the bedrock 

sources, and related ground character in two important 

drainages in Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas and demonstrates 

that bedrock salt sources must be considered in any salt 

contaminant study. See also the next three papers. The 

abstract is at http://ok.water.usgs.gov/abstracts/ofr63-

132.html

Ward, P.E., 1961, Salt springs in Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological 

Survey Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 21, no. 3, p. 81-84. 

Ward, P.E., 1961, Shallow halite deposits in northern Woodward 

and southern Woods Counties, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological 

Survey Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 21, no. 10, p. 275-277. 

Ward, P.E., 1962, Shallow halite deposits in the Flowerpot Shale 

in southwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 450-E, 14 p. 

Ward, P.E., and Wilmoth, B.M., 1968, Ground-water hydrology of 

the Monongahela River basin in West Virginia: West Virginia 

Geologic and Economic Survey River Basin Bulletin 1, 54 p. 

Warner, D.L., and McConnell, C.L., 1993, Assessment of 

environmental implications of abandoned oil and gas wells: 

Journal of Petroleum Technology, v. 45, n.9, p. 874-880. 

Weathers, M.L., Moore, K.R., Ford, D.L., and Curlee, C.K., 1994, 

Reclamation of saltwater-contaminated soil in Big Lake 

field: Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of 

Geological Societies, v. 44, p. 737-743. 

 NOTE: This paper documents the Texon scar, a major salt scar 

(11 mi2) that formed in west Texas, the natural remediation 

of the area, and experimental techniques that were developed 

to remediate a portion of it. 

White, D.E., 1968, Groundwater resources of Upton County, Texas: 

Texas Water Development Board Report 78, 132 p. 

White, D.E., 1971, Groundwater resources of Ward County, Texas: 

Texas Water Development Board Report 125, 219 p. 

 NOTE: Author gives TDS and other geochemical data for brine 

disposal pits in the county, brine volumes and disposal 

methods by field for 1961 and 1967, and ground water wells 

where contamination is indicated. 

White, G.J., 1992, Naturally occurring radioactive materials 

(NORM) in oil and gas industry equipment and wastes, a 

literature review: Bartlesville, Oklahoma, U.S. Dept. of 

Energy Report DOE/ID/01570-T158, 34 p. 

99
White, N.F., and Sunada, D.K., 1974, Ground-water quality study: 

Journal of the irrigation and drainage division, Proceedings 

of ASCE, v. 100, n. IR3, p.277-292. 

Whitesell, L.E., 2003, Brine impact on water quality in Seminole 

County, Oklahoma: Eye on Environment (DEPARTMENT OF 

ENERGY), v. 7, n. 1, p. 3. Available at 

http://www.npto.doe.gov/Petroleum/publications/newsletters/e

oe/eyewin02.pdf

Whittemore, D.O., 1981, Geochemical identification of saltwater 

sources in the Smoky Hill River Valley, McPherson, Saline, 

and Dickinson Counties, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 81-6, 78 p. 

Whittemore, D.O., 1984, Geochemical identification of salinity 

sources, in French, R.H., Salinity in watercourses and 

reservoirs: Proceedings of the 1983 International Symposium 

on State-of-the-Art Control of Salinity, Salt Lake City, 

Utah, p. 505-514. 

Whittemore, D.O., 1988, Bromide as a tracer in ground-water 

studies: geochemistry and analytical determination, in 

Proceedings of the ground water chemistry conference, Feb, 

16-18, 1988, Denver, Colorado: Dublin, Ohio, National Water 

Well Association, p. 339-360. 

Whittemore, D.O., 1995, Geochemical differentiation of oil and 

gas brine from other saltwater sources contaminating water 

resources: case studies from Kansas and Oklahoma: 

Environmental Geosciences, v. 2, p. 15-31. 

Whittemore, D.O., 2004, Geochemical identification of sources of 

salinity in ground waters of the High Plains aquifer west of 

the Johnson oil field in central McPherson County, Kansas: 

Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report No. 2004-4, 16 p. 

Whittemore, D.O., Bryson, W.R., Dealy, M.T., O'Connor, R.E., and 

Schoof, J.E., 1986, Management of oil-field-brine pollution 

in Kansas via a state task force, in Burkhead, C.E., ed., 

Thirty-sixth annual conference on environmental engineering, 

transactions: Kansas University, School of Engineering, and 

Division of Continuing Education, variously paginated. 

Whittemore, D.O., Grieve, E.R., Young, D.P., and Wilson, B.B., 

2005, Water quality in the High Plains aquifer and the 

Cimarron River in Seward and Meade Counties, Kansas: Kansas 

Geoilogical Survey Open-File Report 2005-27, 42 p. Available 

at: 

100
http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hydro/Publications/2005/OFR05_27/OFR20

05_27.pdf

 NOTE: As part of a study of the origins of salinity in the 

aquifer and the river, the authors review data for some 

aquifer ground waters suspected to be contaminated with 

oilfield brine and draw the conclusion that the source is 

natural salts.

Whittemore, D.O., MacFarlane, P.A., Doveton, J.H., Butler, J.J., 

Jr., Chu, Tyan-Ming, Bassler, Rod, Smith, Martin, Mitchell, 

James, and Allen, Wade, 1993, The Dakota Aquifer Program 

Annual Report, FY92: Kansas Geological Survey 

Open-file Report 93-1, unpaginated. Available online at 

http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Dakota/vol3/fy92/index.htm 

NOTE: See especially “Salinity source investigations in 

central Kansas”. 

Whittemore, D.O., and Pollock, L.M., 1979, Determination of 

salinity sources in water resources of Kansas by minor 

alkalai metal and halide chemistry: Manhattan, Kansas, 

Kansas State University, Kansas Water Resources Research 

Institute Contribution 208, 28 p. 

Whittemore, D.O., Sophocleous, M., Bryson, W.R., Schoof, J., and 

Bell, T.C., 1985, Interagency study of oilfield brine 

pollution in Kansas, in Schmidt, K.G., ed., Groundwater 

contamination and reclamation, Proceedings of a symposium 

held in Tucson, Arizona, August 14-15, 1985: Bethesda, 

Maryland, American Water Resources Association Technical 

Publication Series v. 85-2, p 109-116. 

Whittemore, D.O., Welch, J.E., Hale, J.M., Hathaway, L.R., and 

Bird, W., 1987, Soluble salts in unsaturated zone of 

abandoned brine ponds within oil fields of the Equus beds 

area, Kansas [abs.]: Midwest Ground Water Conference, 

Program with Abstracts, n. 32, unpaginated. 

Wilhelm, C.J., and Schmidt, L., 1935, Preliminary report on the 

disposal of oil-field brines in Ritz-Canton oil field, 

McPherson County, Kansas: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of 

Investigations No. 3297, 20 p. 

Wilhelm, C.J., Thorne, H.M., and Pryor, M.F., 1936, Disposal of 

oil-field brines in the Arkansas River drainage area in 

western Kansas: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of 

Investigations No. 3318, 28 p. 

Wilke, Janine, 1991, Use of the Geonics EM-13 and 34-3 to define 

a contamination plume caused by unauthorized annular 

101
disposal of brine [abs.]: Geological Society of America 

Abstracts with Programs, v.23, n.3, p.66. 

Williams, C.C., and Bayne, C.K., 1946, Ground-water conditions in 

Elm Creek Valley, Barber County, Kansas, with special 

reference to contamination of ground water by oil-field 

brine: Kansas State Geological Survey Bulletin 64, 1946 

Reports of Studies, pt. 3, p. 77-124. 

Wilmoth, B.M., 1971, Occurrence of shallow ground water in 

selected areas of West Virginia in Proceedings of the West 

Virginia Academy of Science 1970, v. 42, p. 202-208. 

 NOTE: This and related studies by Wilmoth below document 

the occurrence of saline formation waters at shallow depths 

throughout much of West Virginia. This phenomenon must be 

evaluated wherever produced water releases from oilfield 

operations are suspected as a source of contamination. 

Wilmoth, B.M., 1972, Salty ground water and meteoric flushing of 

contaminated aquifers in West Virginia: Ground Water, v. 10, 

n. 1, p. 99-105. 

 NOTE: Author reviews salt water contamination and natural 

remediation in several case studies including some oilfield 

brine contamination. 

Wilmoth, B.M., 1975, Development of fresh ground water near salt 

water in West Virginia: Ground Water, v.13, n.1, p. 25-32. 

Wilson, A.J., and Scott, L.M., 1992, Characterization of 

radioactive piping scale with an evaluation of subsequent 

land contamination: Health Physics, v. 63, p. 681-685. 

Wimberly, E.T., 1973, Reconnaissance of water quality in the 

vicinity of Sunniland oil field, Collier County, Florida, 

1971-72: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 35-73, 10 p. 

Wimberly, E.T., 1974, Quality of surface water in the vicinity of 

oil exploration sites, Big Cypress area, south Florida: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 74-012, 26 p. 

Winn, Rosilee, 1992, Delineation of oilfield-brine contamination 

by electromagnetic-conductivity survey, Midland County, 

Texas: Odessa, Texas, University of Texas of the Permian 

Basin, Master’s thesis, 78 p. 

 NOTE: Geophysical surveys show that brines derived from 

production in the Buchanan field have polluted the Ogalalla 

aquifer. 

102
Winslow, A.G., Doyel, W.W., and Wood, L.A., 1957, Salt water and 

its relation to fresh ground water in Harris County, Texas 

in Contributions to the hydrology of the United States: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1360-F, p. 375-407. 

 NOTE: Authors evaluate the possible sources of salt-water 

intrusion in the heavily used aquifers in Harris County, 

including possible leakage of surface pits and oil wells. 

Winslow, A.G., Hillier, D.E., and Turcan, A.N., Jr., 1968, 

Saline ground water in Louisiana: U.S. Geological 

Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-310, 4 

sheets. 

Winslow, David, 1939, Soil erosion in the Seminole County oilfield [abs.]: Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of 

Sciences, v. 19, p. 159. 

Woodall, D.W., 1998, Tracking oil and gas produced water in an 

open water estuarine system using salinity as a conservative 

tracer: Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University, Master’s 

thesis, 194 p. 

Woodall, D.W., Gambrell, R.P., Rabalais, N.N., and DeLaune, R.D., 

2001, Developing a method to track oil and gas produced 

water discharges in estuarine systems using salinity as a 

conservative tracer: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 42, n. 

11, p. 1118-1127. 

Wright, J., Pearson, C., Kurt, E.T., and Watkins, J.W., 1957, 

Analysis of brines from oil-productive formations in 

Oklahoma: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 

5326, 71 p. 

Wunsch, D.R., 1997, Hydrodynamics of the shallow salt-water 

interface in the unglaciated Appalachian Plateau [abs.]: 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 

81, p.1568. 

 NOTE: This abstract suggests that shallow saline formation 

waters are common in the Appalachian basin. This must be 

considered whenever produced water contamination is thought 

to be a source of salinity in surface water or ground water 

in the area. See also papers by Wilmoth. 

Wurbs, R.A., Karama, A.S., Saleh, Ishtiaque, and Ganze, C.K., 

1993, Natural salt pollution and water supply reliability in 

the Brazos River Basin: Texas Water Resources Institute 

Technical Report No. 160, 170 p. Available online at 

http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/RWPG/rpgm_rpts/92483332a.pdf

103
 NOTE: This study analyzes TDS, chloride, and sulfate loads 

for the Brazos River system (Lubbock to Galveston) and 

analyzes salt management options. The study authors 

uncritically assume that the salt in the drainage is from 

natural sources. 

Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, Water Quality 

Division, 1978, Water quality rules and regulations: chapter 

VII: surface discharge of water associated with the 

production of oil and gas: Cheyenne, Wyoming, Department of 

Environmental Quality, 7 p. 

Yates, R.G., 2000, Transportation of brine components and 

revegetation of a brine spill site in the Tallgrass Prairie 

Preserve: Tulsa, Oklahoma, University of Tulsa Ph.D. thesis, 

295 p. 

Yates, Rick, Houston, Lorrie, Tapp, Bryan, Harris, Tom, and 

Sublette, K.L., 1997, Impacts of brine spills in the 

Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in Sublette, K.L, ed., 

Proceedings of the 1997 4th Annual International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference San Antonio, TX - September 9-12, 

1997, 31 p. Available online at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/4thIPEC.pdf

Yates, R., Sublette, K., Harris, B., Haggerty, J., and van 

Waasbergen, R., 1996, Correlation of surface water quality 

and oil production in Sublette, K.L., ed., Environmental 

issues and solutions in petroleum exploration, production 

and refining, Proceedings of the Third International 

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Yensen, N.P., Hinchman, R.R., Negri, M.C., Mollock, G.N., Settle, 

T., Keiffer, C.S., Carty, D.J., Rogers, B., Martin, R., 

Erickson, R, and Adams, R.H., 2000, Using halophytes to 

manage oilfield saltwater: disposal by irrigation/ 

evapotranspiration and remediation of soils in Sublette, K. 

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Also available online at 

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Young, J.R., and Madabhushi, G.V., 1978, Salinity problems of 

groundwater in southern Arkansas counties: Paper presented 

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Fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San 

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Francisco, December 4-8, 1978: Arkansas Soil and Water 

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characterization of brine contaminated soils in Sublette, K. 

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environmental mobility of oilfield NORM at USGS research 

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12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

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Zielinski, R.A., Cathcart, J.D., Hannah, T.L., and Bullock, J.H., 

Jr., 2003, Determining the distribution of subsurface salt 

contamination using the composition of oak leaves: a case 

study at an oil production site, northeast Oklahoma, in 

Sublette, K. L., ed., Programs and Papers: 10th 

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Houston, 

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Zielinski, R.A., and Otton, J.K., 1999, Naturally Occurring 

Radioactive Minerals (NORM) in produced water and oil-field 

equipment--An issue for the energy industry: U.S. Geological 

Survey Fact Sheet FS-0142-99, 4 p. Available at: 

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Zielinski, R.A., and Otton, J.K., 2000, Assessment of sources of 

soil salinity near an oil field production site using the 

chemistry of surface water and soil leachates, in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 7th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 7-10, 2000, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

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radium isotope data to assess NORM contamination at an E&P 

site, in Sublette, K.L., ed., Proceedings of the Fourth 

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, September 

9-12, 1997, San Antonio, TX: South-Central Environmental 

Resource Alliance and University of Tulsa, 15 p. 

Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., and Budahn, J.R., 2001, Use of 

radium isotopes to determine the age and origin of 

radioactive barite at oil-field production sites. 

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Zielinski, R.A., Rice, C.A., and Otton, J.K., 2002, Use of soil 

leachates to define the extent of brine-impacted soils and 

bedrock at the Osage-Skiatook petroleum environmental 

research "B" site, northwestern Oklahoma, in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 9th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, October 22-25, 2002, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 30 p. Available at: 

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 Also available at http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri03-4260/

Zonge, K.L., Figgins, S.J., and Hughes, L.J., 1985, Use of 

electrical geophysics to detect sources of groundwater 

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Geographic index

Alabama 

Collins, G.A., Zelinski, W.P., and Pearson, C.A. 1966, Bromide 

and iodide in oil-field brines in Tertiary and Cretaceous 

Formation in Mississippi and Alabama: U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 6859, 187 

p. 

Ellard, J.S., and Lipp, R.L., 1978, Evaluation of water quality 

data from oilfield areas in South Alabama; specific 

conductance-chloride relationship: Geological Survey of 

Alabama, Oil and Gas Report, v. 5, 10 p.

Hawkins, M.E., Jones, O.W., and Pearson, C.A., 1963: Analysis of 

brines from oil-productive formations in Mississippi and 

Alabama: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines 

Report of Investigations 6167, 22 p. 

Knowles, D.B., 1965, Hydrologic aspects of the disposal of oilfield brines in Alabama: Ground Water, v.3, no.2, p. 22-27. 

Mettee, M.F., Harris, S.C., and O'Neil, P.E., 1986, Biological 

diversity and water quality of streams draining the 

Gilbertown oil field area, Choctaw County, Alabama: Alabama 

Geological Survey Circular 120, 32 p. 

Mettee, M.F., O’Neil, P.E., and Harris, S.C., 1986, Biological 

diversity and water quality of streams draining the Blowhorn 

oil field area, Lamar County, Alabama: Alabama Geological 

Survey Circular 128, 25 p. 

Miller, J.C., Hackenberry, P.S., and DeLuca, F.A., 1977, Groundwater pollution problems in the southeastern United States: 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and 

Development, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research 

Laboratory, Ecological Research Series EPA-600/3-77-012, 329 

p. 

Mount, D.R., Drottar, K.R., Gulley, D.D., Fillo, J.P., and 

O’Neil, P.E., 1990, Use of laboratory toxicity data for 

evaluating the environmental acceptability of produced water 

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F. R., eds., 1992, Produced water: technological/ 

environmental issues and solutions, Proceedings of the 1992 

International Produced Water Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, 

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O'Neil, P.E., Harris, S.C., Mettee, M.F., Shepard, T.E., and 

McGregor, 1993, Surface discharge of wastewaters from the 

production of methane from coal seams in Alabama, the Cedar 

Cove Model: Geological Survey of Alabama Bulletin 155, 259 

p. 

Powell, W.J., Carroon, L.E., and Averett, J.R., 1963, Water 

problems associated with oil production in Alabama: Alabama 

Geological Survey Circular 22, 63 p. 

Powell, W.J., Davis, M.E., Bailey, B.L., and German, E.R., 1973, 

Water resources monitoring and evaluation- a key to 

environmental protection in Alabama oilfields: Alabama 

Geological Survey Information Series No. 44, 82 p. 

Alaska 

Conn, J.S., Behr-Andres, Christina, Wiegers, Janice, Meggert, Ed, 

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Arizona 

Huff, G.F., 2004, Review of knowledge on the occurrence, chemical 

composition, and potential use for desalination of saline 

ground water in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas with a 

discussion of potential future study needs: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 2004-1197, 13 p. Available only 

online at 

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Arkansas 

Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, 1984, 

Arkansas water quality inventory report, 1984: Little Rock, 

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Atkinson, S.F., Miller, G.D., Curry, D.S., and Lee, S.B., 1986, 

Salt water intrusion: Lewis Publishers, 390 p. 

Fitzpatick, D.J., 1985, Occurrence of saline water in the 

alluvial aquifer in the Boeuf-Tensas Basin, Arkansas: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-

4029, 1 sheet 

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Fryberger, J.S., 1972, Rehabilitation of a brine-polluted 

aquifer: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental 

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160. 

Huff, G.F., and Bonck, J.P., 1993, Saltwater in shallow aquifers 

in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern 

Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 93-494, 54 

p. 

Kress, T.M., and Hays, P.D., 2000, Investigation of sources of 

saltwater intrusion in the alluvial aquifer in parts of 

Chicot County, Arkansas [abs.]: Geological Society of 

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Louis R. Reeder, and Associates, 1978, Impact of oil & gas 

production on salinity in major fresh water aquifers 

(Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma): Oklahoma City, 

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Ludwig, A.H., 1972, Water resources of Hempstead, Lafayette, 

Little River, Miller, and Nevada Counties, Arkansas: U.S. 

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Moldovanyi, E.P., and Walters, L.M., 1992, Regional trends in 

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Morris, E.E., 1988, Arkansas ground-water quality, in Moody, 

D.W., Carr, J., Chase, E.B., and Paulson, R.W., compilers, 

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Morris, E.E., and Bush, W.V., 1986, Extent and source of 

saltwater intrusion into the alluvial aquifer near Brinkley, 

Arkansas, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

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Nestrud, C.R., Carty, D.J., Deuel, L.E., and Yensen, N.P., 2003, 

Halophyte technology mitigates landowner-driven oilfield 

saltwater and petroleum hydrocarbon surface impact 

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the 10th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

November 11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

109
Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

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Scalf, M.R., Keely, M.R., and LaFevers, C.J., 1973, Ground-water 

pollution in the south-central states: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

National Environmental Research Center, Environmental 

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Yensen, N.P., Hinchman, R.R., Negri, M.C., Mollock, G.N., Settle, 

T., Keiffer, C.S., Carty, D.J., Rogers, B., Martin, R., 

Erickson, R, and Adams, R.H., 2000, Using halophytes to 

manage oilfield saltwater: disposal by irrigation/ 

evapotranspiration and remediation of soils in Sublette, K. 

L., ed., Proceedings of the 6th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 16-18, 1999, Houston, 

Texas: University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education 

and the Integrated Environmental Consortium, p.1133-1188. 

Also available online at 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/6thIPEC.pdf

Young, J.R., and Madabhushi, G.V., 1978, Salinity problems of 

groundwater in southern Arkansas counties: Paper presented 

at the Symposium on salinity problems in groundwater at the 

Fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San 

Francisco, December 4-8, 1978: Arkansas Soil and Water 

Conservation Commission, 19 p. 

California 

Frischknecht, F.C., 1990, Application of geophysical methods to 

the study of pollution associated with abandoned and 

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Geological Survey workshop on environmental geochemistry, 

Reston, VA, April 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 

1034, p. 73-77. 

Gullikson, D.M., Carraway, W.H., and Gates, G.L., 1961, Chemical 

analysis and electrical resistivity of selected California 

oil-field waters: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of 

Mines Report of Investigations No. 5736, 21 p. 

Johnson, D.S., Use and abandonment of surface impoundments for 

the disposal of oilfield produced waters [abs.]: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, n. 5, 

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110
Silvey, W.D., 1967, Occurrence of selected minor elements in the 

waters of California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1535-L, 25 p. 

Colorado 

Feast, C.F., 1984, Meeker dome salinity investigation, in French, 

R.H., ed., Salinity in watercourses and reservoirs: 

Butterworth Publishers, Boston, p. 359-365. 

Fucik, K.W., 1990, Toxicity identification and characteristics of 

produced water discharges from Colorado and Wyoming in, Ray, 

J. P., and Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 1992, Produced water: 

technological/ environmental issues and solutions, 

Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water 

Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California: New 

York, Plenum Press, Environmental science research, v. 46, 

p. 187-207. 

McCormick, M.J., 1999, An investigation of oil-field produced 

water migration in ground water using numerical modeling and 

parameter estimation at Weld County waste disposal, Fort 

Lupton, Colorado: Master’s thesis, Golden, Colorado, 

Colorado School of Mines, 147 p. 

Rold, J.W., 1971, Pollution problem in the "Oil Patch": American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 55, n. 6, 

p.807-809. 

Van der Leeden, Frits, Cerrillo, L.A., and Miller, D.W., 1975, 

Ground-water pollution problems in the northwestern United 

States: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Research and Development, Robert S. Kerr Environmental 

Research Laboratory Report EPA/660/3-75-018, 341 p. 

White, N.F., and Sunada, D.K., 1974, Ground-water quality study: 

Journal of the irrigation and drainage division, Proceedings 

of ASCE, v. 100, n. IR3, p.277-292. 

Zielinski, R.A., and Otton, J.K., 2000, Assessment of sources of 

soil salinity near an oil field production site using the 

chemistry of surface water and soil leachates in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 7th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 7-10, 2000, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 14 p. Available at: 

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Florida 

Hoekstra, Pieter, 1998, Geophysical surveys for mapping brine 

contamination resulting from oil and gas production, in 

Bell, R.S., Powers, M.H., Larson, Timothy, eds., Proceedings 

of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to 

Environmental and Engineering Problems (SAGEEP), v. 1998, p. 

197-204. 

Wimberly, E.T., 1974, Quality of surface water in the vicinity of 

oil exploration sites, Big Cypress area, south Florida: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 74-012, 26 p. 

Georgia 

Wait, R.L., and McCollum, M.J., 1963, Contamination of freshwater aquifers through an unplugged oil-test well in Glynn 

County, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Mineral 

Newsletter, v. 16, nos. 3-4, p. 74-80. 

Illinois 

Aubuchon-Fields, P.A., 1991, A geophysical and hydrogeological 

investigation of two oil field brine plumes located in 

northwestern Saline County, Illinois: Southern Illinois 

University, Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, Master’s thesis, 208 

p. 

Bell, A.H., 1957, Brine disposal in Illinois oil fields: 

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 244, 12 p. 

Butts, T.A., Williams, J.W., and Evans, R.L., 1976, Water quality 

evaluation of the Rector Creek-North Fork Saline River 

drainage basins: Illinois State Water Survey, 95 p. 

Campbell, C.S., 1993, Elevated sodium levels in surface waters of 

the Crooked Creek drainage basin, south central Illinois: 

Edwardsville, Illinois, Southern Illinois University at 

Edwardsville, Master’s thesis, 37 p. 

Crandall, D.A., 1985, Development of integrated surface and 

ground water management in Illinois in Proceedings of the 

Twentieth Annual Conference of the American Water Resources 

Association Symposium, Washington, D.C., August 15, 1984, p. 

193-199. 

Demir, Ilham, 1995, Formation water chemistry and modeling of 

fluid-rock interaction for improved oil recovery in Aux 

Vases and Cypress Formations, Illinois Basin: Illinois 

State Geological Survey, Illinois Petroleum 148, 60 p. 

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Demir, I., and Seyler, B., 1999, Chemical composition and 

geologic history of saline waters in Aux Vases and Cypress 

Formations, Illinois Basin: Aquatic geochemistry, v. 5, n. 

3, p.281-311. 

Greater Egypt Regional Planning and Development Commission, 1980, 

Areawide waste treatment and water quality management 

planning- Oil field brine: a survey of land damage in 

Hamilton County: Carbondale, Illinois, Greater Egypt 

Regional Planning and Development Commission Report No. 

GERPDC 81-579, 55 p. 

Greater Egypt Regional Planning and Development Commission, 1982, 

An overview of oil field brine problems in three Illinois 

Counties: Carbondale, Illinois, Greater Egypt Regional 

Planning and Development Commission Report No. GERPDC 82-

626, variously paginated. 

Hayes, B.R., 1988, Application of numerical model to brine 

contamination at the Beaver Creek oilfield in Bond County, 

Illinois: Carbondale Illinois, Southern Illinois University 

Master’s thesis, 150 p. 

Hensel, B.R., and McKenna, D.P., eds., 1989, Environmental 

impacts of oil field brines in southeastern Clay County, 

Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Open File Series 

Report 1989-3, 303 p. 

Meents, W.F., 1952, Illinois oil-field brines; their geologic 

occurrence and chemical composition: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Petroleum 66, 38 p. 

Otton, J.K., Asher-Bolinder, Sigrid, Owen, D.E., and Hall, 

Laurel, 1997, Effects of produced water at some oilfields in 

southern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

97-448, 99 p. 

Reed, P.C., Cartwright, Keros, and Osby, Donald, 1981, Electrical 

resistivity surveys near brine holding ponds in Illinois: 

Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes 

95, 30 p. 

Sathaye, J.A., and Grandstaff, D.E., 1996, Water rock interaction 

and the distribution of salinity in the Illinois basin 

[abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 

Bulletin, v. 80, n. 9, p. 1531. 

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Sours, Douglas, Kulfinski, Frank, and DeWitt, Jeff, 1985, Status 

of the brine problem in Illinois: Illinois Department of 

Energy and Natural Resources Report No. RE-EA-85/05, 44 p. 

Stafford, M.R., 1987, Hydrogeology, ground-water chemistry, and 

resistivity of a contaminated shallow aquifer system in 

southern Bond County, Illinois: Carbondale, Illinois, 

Southern Illinois University, Master's thesis, 167 p. 

Taylor, S.S., Holiman, W.C., and Wilhelm, C.J., 1940, Study of 

brine disposal systems in Illinois oil fields: U.S. Bureau 

of Mines Report of Investigations No. 3534, 20 p. 

Van Biersel, T.P., 1985, Hydrogeology and chemistry of an oilfield brine plume within a shallow aquifer system in 

southern Bond County, Illinois: Master's thesis, Carbondale, 

Illinois, Southern Illinois University, 162 p. 

Indiana 

Eberts, S.M., and George, L.I., 2000, Regional ground-water flow 

and geochemistry in the Midwestern basins and arches aquifer 

system in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1423-C, 103 p. 

Gass, T.E., Lehr, J.H., and Heiss, H.W., Jr., 1977, Impact of 

abandoned wells on ground water: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ecological 

Research Series EPA/600/3-77-095, 52 p. 

Jordan, D.G., 1962, Ground water contamination in Indiana: 

Journal of the American Water Works Association, v. 54, n. 

10, p. 1213-1220. 

Keller, S. J., 1983, Analyses of subsurface brines of Indiana: 

Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey 

occasional paper 41, 30 p. 

Kelley, Priscilla, and Hazlewood, Larry, 2002, Successful brine 

remediation—the power of people and partnerships in 

Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 9th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 22-25, 2002, 

Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 13 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2002/tech_sessions.html

 

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Shedlock, R.J., 1980, Saline water at the base of the glacialoutwash aquifer near Vincennes, Knox County, Indiana: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation 80-65, 54p. 

Walker, F.H., 1959, Natural brines of Indiana and adjoining parts 

of Illinois and Kentucky: Indiana Geological Survey Report 

of Progress, v.13, 58 pp. 

 

Kansas 

The Kansas Geological Survey has been actively involved in 

studying the impact of natural and anthropogenic salt 

contamination on ground waters and surface waters. Papers by 

Whittemore are especially notable. The Kansas Geological Survey 

has online a searchable oilfield brine geochemistry database 

containing over 3500 records available at 

http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Magellan/Brine/index.html

Albert, C.A., 1964, Brine in surface water of the Little Arkansas 

River basin, Kansas: Bulletin Kansas Environmental Health 

Services, 1-5, p. 15. 

Aller, Linda, Hakundy, R.G., and Nielsen, D.M., 1985, Enforcement 

of regulations governing ground water contamination from 

underground injection or disposal of salt water in Kansas 

and Texas: Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Project 

summary, 3 p., 2 maps. 

Atkinson, S.F., Miller, G.D., Curry, D.S., and Lee, S.B., 1986, 

Salt water intrusion: Lewis Publishers, 390 p. 

Bevans, H.E., 1989, Water Resource of Sedgwick County, Kansas: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

88-4225, 119 p. 

Bryson, W.R., Schmidt, G.W., and O'Connors, R.E., 1966, Residual 

salt of brine affected soil and shale, Potwin areas, Butler 

County, Kansas: Kansas State Department of Health Bulletin 

3-1, 28 p. 

Buddemeier, R.W., Swain, R.S., Whittemore, D.O., and Young, D.P., 

1995, Salt contamination of ground water in south central 

Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Public Information 

Circular 2, 5 p. Available online at: 

http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic2/pic2_1.html

Burrton Task Force, 1984, Report of the Burrton Task Force to the 

Chief Engineer-Director of the Kansas State Board of 

115
Agriculture, Division of Water Resources, concerning the 

Proposed Burrton Intensive Ground-Water Use Control Area: 

Topeka, Kansas Water Agencies, 103 p. 

Butcher, D.L., 1964, A study of subsurface oil field pollution to 

a municipal groundwater supply, in Symposium on applied 

geology at Kansas State University: Flint Hills Geological 

Society, Manhattan, KS, variously paginated 

Carty, D.J., Whittemore, D.O., and Bassett, R.L., 1999, 

Identifying environmentally detrimental saltwater in 

oilfields using boron isotopes and anion ratios in Sublette, 

K.L, 1999, Proceedings of the 6th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 16-18, 1999, Houston, 

Texas, 34 p. Available online at 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/6thIPEC.pdf

Foley, F.D., and Latta, B.F., 1966, Salt water encroachment from 

industrial operations: Proc. Amer. Water Res. Assoc., v. 2, 

p.65-63. 

Frye, J.C., and Brazil, J.J., 1943, Ground water in the oil-field 

areas of Ellis and Russell Counties, Kansas: Kansas 

Geological Survey Bulletin 50, 104 p. 

Fund, Mary, 1987, The extent of groundwater contamination in 

Kansas in Symposium, Prevention of groundwater contamination 

in Kansas: Kansas Law Review, v. 35, n. 2 pp. 353-366. 

Gillespie, J.B., Hargadine, G.D., Myers, N.C., and Hargadine, 

D.A., 1991, Geohydrologic data for the South Fork Ninnescah 

River Valley and adjacent plains in Pratt and Kingman 

Counties, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 91-186, 55 p. 

Gloss, S.P., 1990, Wyoming Water Research Center Fiscal Year 1989 

Program Report: National Technical Information Service 

Program Report G1600-01, 57p. 

Gogel, Tony, 1981, Discharge of salt water from Permian rocks to 

major stream-aquifer systems in central Kansas: Kansas 

Geological Survey, The University of Kansas at Lawrence, 

Chemical Quality Series 9, 60 p. 

Gott, G.B., and Hill, J.W., 1953, Radioactivity in some oil 

fields of southeastern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 988E, 122p. 

116
Grandone, P., and Schmidt, L., Survey of subsurface brinedisposal systems in western Kansas oil fields: U.S. Bureau 

of Mines Report of Investigations No. 3719, 20p. . 

Heidari, M., Sadeghipour, J., and Drici, O., 1987, Velocity 

control as a tool for optimal plume containment in the Equus 

Beds aquifer, Kansas: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 23, n. 2, 

p. 325-335 

Helgesen, J.O., Stullken, L.E., and Rutledge, A.T., 1994, 

Assessment of nonpoint-source contamination of the High 

Plains aquifer in south-central Kansas, 1987: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2381-C, 51 p. 

Jacobs, Michael, Hopson, Kevin, Potter, Al, and Blandford, T.N., 

2004, Case study of integrated approach to the cleanup of 

Ogallala groundwater impacted by oilfield brine, Haskell 

County, Kansas [abs.]: American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists, Annual Meeting, Abstracts, v. 13, p. 70 

Johnson, Barb, Hopkins, Bob, and McCall, Wesley, 1999, Direct 

push electrical logging for rapid site assessment and 

definition of brine plumes in Sublette, K. L., ed., 

Proceedings of the 6th International Petroleum Environmental 

Conference, November 16-18, 1999, Houston, Texas: University 

of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium. Available online at 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/6thIPEC.pdf 

Jones, J.F., 1986, Soil salinity resulting from secondary oil 

recovery in Anderson County, Kansas; effects and reclamation 

efforts: Masters thesis, Department of Geography, University 

of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 104 p. 

Jones, O.S., 1938, Soil and water resources of the Kansas oil 

area, in Schmidt, L. and Wilhelm, C.J., eds., Disposal of 

petroleum wastes on oil-producing properties: U.S. Bureau of 

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of brine-impacted soil: evaluation of several performance 

enhancements coupled with a leachate collection system in 

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Ward, P.E., 1961, Geology and ground-water features of salt 

springs, seeps, and plains in the Arkansas and Red River 

basins of western Oklahoma and adjacent parts of Kansas and 

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Wright, J., Pearson, C., Kurt, E.T., and Watkins, J.W., 1957, 

Analysis of brines from oil-productive formations in 

Oklahoma: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 

5326, 71 p. 

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revegetation of a brine spill site in the Tallgrass Prairie 

Preserve: Tulsa, Oklahoma, University of Tulsa Ph.D. thesis, 

295 p. 

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Prairie Preserve in Sublette, K.L, ed., Proceedings of the 

1997 4th Annual International Petroleum Environmental 

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Zielinski, R.A., and Budahn, J.R., 2004, Mode of occurrence and 

environmental mobility of oilfield NORM at USGS research 

site B, Osage Skiatook Project, northeastern Oklahoma [abs.]

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International Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 

12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

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Zielinski, R.A., Cathcart, James, Hannah, Tammy, and Bullock, 

John, Jr., 2003, Determining the distribution of subsurface 

salt contamination using the composition of oak leaves: a 

case study at an oil production site, northeast Oklahoma 

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Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., and Budahn, J.R., 2001, Use of 

radium isotopes to determine the age and origin of 

radioactive barite at oil-field production sites. 

Environmental Pollution, v. 113, p. 299-309. 

Zielinski, R.A., Rice, C.A., and Otton, J.K., 2002, Use of soil 

leachates to define the extent of brine-impacted soils and 

bedrock at the Osage-Skiatook petroleum environmental 

research "B" site, northwestern Oklahoma, in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 9th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, October 22-25, 2002, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

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Zielinski, R.A., Rice, C.A., and Otton, J.K., 2003, Use of soil 

leachates to define the extent of brine-impacted soils and 

bedrock at the Osage-Skiatook petroleum environmental 

research "B" site, northwestern Oklahoma, in Kharaka, Y. K., 

and Otton, J.K., eds., Environmental impacts of petroleum 

production: initial results from the Osage-Skiatook 

petroleum environmental research sites, Osage County, 

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Zonge, K.L., Figgins, S.J., and Hughes, L.J., 1985, Use of 

electrical geophysics to detect sources of groundwater 

contamination: Society of Exploration Geophysics Abstracts 

[abs.], v. 1985, n. 1, p. 147-149 

Pennsylvania 

Barb, C.F., 1931, Oil-field waters of Pennsylvania: State 

College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State College, Mineral 

Industries Experiment Station Bulletin No. 8, 37 p. 

Erb, J.E., 1988, Management of oil and gas brines—Pennsylvania’s 

regulatory reform: Northeast Environmental Science, v. 7, n. 

2, p. 121-123 

Gass, T.E., Lehr, J.H., and Heiss, H.W., Jr., 1977, Impact of 

abandoned wells on ground water: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

159
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ecological 

Research Series EPA/600/3-77-095, 52 p. 

Harrison, S.S., 1985, Contamination of aquifers by overpressuring 

the annulus of oil and gas wells: Ground Water, v. 23, n. 3, 

p. 317-324 

Jones, S.B. and Waite, B.A., 1989, Management of oil and gas 

production brines in the Allegheny Basin: Northeastern 

Environmental Science, v. 7, n. 2, p 99-104. 

Miller, D.W., DeLuca, F.A., and Tessier, T.L., 1974, Ground-water 

contamination in the northeast states: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory Report 

EPA/660/2-74-056, 300 p. 

Poth, C.W., 1962, The occurrence of brine in western 

Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Mineral 

Survey Bulletin M47, 53 p. 

Rose, A.W. and Dresel, P.E., 1990, Deep brines in Pennsylvania, 

Chapter 31, in Majumdar, S.K., Miller, E.W., and Parizek, 

R.R., Water resources in Pennsylvania: availability, quality 

and management: The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, p. 420-

431. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, National Water Summary 1983- 

Hydrologic events and issues: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 2250, 243 p. 

Waite, B.W. and Blauvelt, S.C., 1988, Oil and gas waste fluids of 

Pennsylvania: Northeastern Environmental Science, v. 7, n. 

2, p 99105-110. 

Walters, R.S., and Auchmoody, L.R., 1989, Vegetation reestablishment on a hardwood forest site denuded by brine: 

Landscape and urban planning, v. 17, p. 127-133. 

South Dakota 

Gass, T.E., Lehr, J.H., and Heiss, H.W., Jr., 1977, Impact of 

abandoned wells on ground water: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ecological 

Research Series EPA/600/3-77-095, 52 p. 

160
Jorgensen, D.G., 1968, An aquifer test used to investigate a 

quality of water anomaly: Ground Water, v. 6, n. 6, p. 18-

20. 

Meyer, Michael, 1986, A summary of ground-water pollution 

problems in South Dakota: South Dakota Department of Water 

and Natural Resources, Office of Water Quality, 18 p. 

Pekas, B.P., 1987, Brine contamination of the Hell Creek aquifer 

from an unlined drilling-fluid pit in northern Harding 

County, South Dakota: Master’s thesis, Rapid City, South 

Dakota, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology 

Tennessee 

Otton, J.K., and Zielinski, R.A., 2000, Simple techniques for 

assessing impacts of oil and gas operations on federal 

lands; a field evaluation at Big South Fork National River 

and Recreation Area, Scott County, Tennessee: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-499, 51 p. 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-499/OF00-499.pdf

Texas 

Various state agencies have investigated the impact of 

oilfield brines on surface waters and ground waters in the State 

of Texas. The largest contributions come from the State water 

agencies which have been known by several names through time: 

Texas State Board of Water Engineers, 1913-1962; Texas Water 

Development Board (TWDB), 1957-present; Texas Water Commission, 

1962-1965 and 1977-1993; Texas Water Rights Commission, 1965-

1977; and the Texas Department of Water Resources, 1977-1985. In 

1993, the air, water quality and waste management agencies were 

merged to form the Texas Natural Resources Conservation 

Commission. Publications of these various State entities are a 

major source of information on oilfield brine effects in the 

State. Many ground water reports, bulletins, and contractor 

reports of the TWBD are available online at: 

http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/publications/pub.asp

A very useful county index for the TWBD reports can be found at: 

http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/publications/reports/Publications%20C

atalog/County%20Index.pdf

The Railroad Commission of Texas has oversight on oil and gas 

production operations in Texas and has conducted investigations 

of oilfield brine contamination and reports have been published 

by them (see Renfro, 1993, for example). They also conduct well 

plugging operations to avert brine and hydrocarbon contamination 

of surface and ground waters and site reclamation efforts. 

161
The listings below do not capture all of the State water 

agency reports that have oilfield contamination information. The 

reader should seek out county and multi-county water resource 

studies not shown here for further information about the presence 

of oilfield brine effects. 

Aller, Linda, Hakundy, R.G., and Nielsen, D.M., 1985, Enforcement 

of regulations governing ground water contamination from 

underground injection or disposal of salt water in Kansas 

and Texas: Ada, Oklahoma, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, 

Project summary, 3 p., 2 maps 

Andreasen, J.D., and Spears, R.W., 1983, Toxicity of Texan 

petroleum well brine to the Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon 

variegatus), a common estuarine fish: Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v.30, p. 277-

283. 

Armstrong, H.W., Fucik, K., Anderson, J.W., and Neff, J.M., 1986, 

Effects of oilfield brine effluent on sediments and benthic 

organisms in Trinity Bay, Texas: Marine Environmental 

Research, v. 2, n. 1, p 55-69. 

Armstrong, N.E. and Ward, G.W., 1998, Analysis of point source 

discharges (including oil field brine discharges) in the 

Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program study area: 

Austin, Texas, Texas Natural Resource Conservation 

Commission, CCBNEP Publication No. 30, 224 p. 

Ashworth, J. B., 1990, Evaluation of ground-water resources in 

parts of Loving, Pecos, Reeves, Ward, and Winkler counties, 

Texas: Texas Water Development Board Report 317, 51 p. 

Ashworth, J.B., and Christian, R, 1989, Evaluation of groundwater resources in parts of Midland, Reagan, and Upton 

counties, Texas: Texas Water Development Board Report 312, 

52 p. 

Ashworth, J. B., and Coker, D., 1993, Test hole investigation of 

a contamination site in Sterling County, Texas: Texas Water 

Development Board, Open File Report prepared for the 

Railroad Commission of Texas, 114 p. 

Bozzo, W., Chatelain, M., Salinas, J., and Wiatt, W., 1990, Brine 

impacts to a Texas salt marsh and subsequent recovery, in U. 

S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the First 

International Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and 

Production Waste Management Practices, September 10-13, 

1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 129-139. 

162
Brewster, J., 1979, Operators present testimony in defense of 

playa lake disposal: Drill Bit, v. 28, n. 4, p 26-27. 

Burnitt, S.C., 1963, City of Hawkins, Wood County, Texas: 

investigation of ground-water contamination: Texas Water 

Commission Report No. LD-0162-MR, 24 p. 

Burnitt, S.C., 1963, Reconnaissance of soil damage and groundwater quality, Fisher County, Texas: Texas Water Commission 

Memorandum Report 63-02, 51 p. 

Burnitt, S.C., 1963, Henderson oil field area, Rusk County, 

Texas, an investigation of ground-water contamination: Texas 

Water Commission Memorandum Report 0262, 13 p. 

Burnitt, S.C., Adams, J.B., Rucker, O.C., and Porterfield, H.C., 

1963, Effects of surface disposal of oil-field brine on the 

quality and development of ground water in the Ogallala 

Formation, High Plains of Texas, and a hydrologic study of 

brine disposal into surface pits: Texas Water Commission, 

115 p. 

Burnitt, S.C. and Crouch, R.L., 1964, Investigation of groundwater contamination, P.H.D., Hackberry, and Storie oil 

fields, Garza County, Texas: Texas Water Commission Report , 

98 p. 

Burnitt, S.C., Holloway, H.D., and Thornhill, J.T., 1962, 

Reconnaissance survey of salt water disposal in the Mexla, 

Negro Creek, and Cedar Creek oil fields, Limestone County, 

Texas: Texas Water Commission Memorandum Report No. 62-02, 

27 p. 

Dutton, A.R., Richter, B.C., and Kreitler, C.W., 1989, Brine 

discharge and salinization, Concho River watershed, West 

Texas: Ground water, v. 27, n. 3, p.375 

Carr, J.E., Halasz, S.J., and Peters, J.B., 1980, Geohydrology of 

the Keechi, Mount Sylvan, Oakwood, and Palestine salt domes 

in the northeast Texas salt-dome basin: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 80-2044, 39p. 

Cronin, J.G., Follett, C.R., Shafer, G.H., and Rettman, P.L., 

1963, Reconnaissance investigation of the ground-water 

resources of the Brazos River basin, Texas: Texas Water 

Commission Bulletin 6310, 152 p. 

Crouch, R.L., 1964, Investigation of ground-water contamination 

in the Juliana and West Jud oil fields, Haskell and 

163
Stonewall Counties, Texas: Texas Water Commission Report LD0364-MR, 18 p. 

Crouch, R.L., 1964, Investigation of alleged ground-water 

contamination, Tri-Rue and Ride oil fields, Scurry County, 

Texas: Texas Water Commission Report LD-0464-MR, 16 p. 

Crouch, R.L., and Burnitt, S.C., 1965, Investigation of groundwater contamination, Vealmoor oil field, Howard and Borden 

Counties, Texas: Texas Water Commission Report LD-0265, 40 

p. 

Crouch, R.L., Burnitt, S.C., and Porterfield, H.H., 1965, 

Investigation of ground-water contamination in the Vealmoor 

oil field, Howard and Borden counties, Texas: Texas Water 

Commission Report, 54 p. 

Fink, B.E., 1965, Investigation of ground- and surface-water 

contamination near Harrold, Willbarger County, Texas: Texas 

Water Commission Report LD-0365, 23 p. 

Fisher, R.S., 1995, Geologic, geochemical, and geographic 

controls on NORM in produced water from Texas oil, gas, and 

geothermal reservoirs, in Society of Petroleum Engineers and 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the 

SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, 

27-29 March 1995, Houston, Texas, p. 195-205. 

Follett, C.R., 1966, Ground water resources of Caldwell County, 

Texas: Texas Water Development Board Report 12, 138 p. 

 

Follett, C.R., and Gabrysch, R.K., 1965, Ground-water resources 

of De Witt County, Texas: Texas Water Commission Bulletin 

6518, 113 p. 

Friebele, C.D. and Wolff, H.A., 1976, Annotated bibliography of 

Texas water resources reports: Texas Water Development 

Board, Report 199, 156 p. 

Fryar, A.E., Kreitler, C.W., Akhter, M.C., Avakian, A.J., and 

Mullican, W.F., III, 1994, A methodology to evaluate 

regional hydraulic controls on flow from hydrocarbon 

reservoirs into overlying aquifers [abs.]: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 78, n.9, 

p.1458. 

Garza, Sergio, and Wesselman, J.B., 1959, Geology and groundwater resources of Winkler County, Texas: Texas Board of 

Water Engineers Bulletin 5916, 200 p. 

164
Grabhorn, Merle, 1996, Cost-effective method of performing 

preliminary assessments of oil field brine contamination: a 

case study in Sublette, K.L., ed., Environmental issues and 

solutions in petroleum exploration, production and refining, 

Proceedings of the Third International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, Sept. 24-27, 1996, vol. 1: Spring 

field, VA, NTIS, p. 31-50. 

Grabhorn, Merle, 1997, Using geostatistics to track areas 

affected by oilfield brine: Eye on Environment (DEPARTMENT 

OF ENERGY), Jan 1997, P. 1-4. Available online at 

http://www.npto.doe.gov/Petroleum/publications/newsletters/e

oe/Jan97/page1-4.html

Guiterrez, G.N., Heaton, K.P., and Sitton, Mike, 2003, 

Restoration of produced water release to east Texas forest 

land [abs.] in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 10th

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, November 

11-14, 2003, Houston, Texas: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University 

of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the Integrated 

Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. Available 

at: http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html

Hartmann, S., Ueckert, D.N., and McFarland, M.L., 1990, 

Evaluation of leaching and gypsum for enhancing reclamation 

and revegetation of oil well reserve pits in a semiarid 

area, 1990, in U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Oil and 

Gas Exploration and Production Waste Management Practices, 

September 10-13, 1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 431-441. 

Hembree, C.H., and Blakey, J.F., 1963, Chemical quality of 

surface water in the Hubbard Creek watershed, Texas; 

progress report: Texas Water Commission Bulletin 6411, 45 p. 

Heffernan, T.L., 1972, The effect of oilfield brine on the 

Mission River, Aransas Bay area: Texas Parks and Wildlife 

Department, Coastal Fisheries Project Report, p. 37-77. 

Hewatt, W.G., 1950, Studies on bleedwater dispersal in the 

natural waters around oil fields in southern Louisiana: 

final report on one phase of project 9, oyster mortality 

investigation: College Station, Texas, Texas A and M 

Research Foundation Project 9 Report, 37 p. 

Hiss, W.L., 1975, Water-quality data from oil and gas wells in 

part of the Permian Basin, southeastern New Mexico and 

western Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 75-

579, 283 p. 

165
Hoekstra, Pieter, 1998, Geophysical surveys for mapping brine 

contamination resulting from oil and gas production, in 

Bell, R.S., Powers, M.H., Larson, Timothy, eds., Proceedings 

of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to 

Environmental and Engineering Problems (SAGEEP), v. 1998, p. 

197-204. 

Holloway, H.D., 1964, Investigation of alleged ground-water 

contamination near Kilgore, Gregg County, Texas: Texas 

Water Commission Report LD-0664, 14 p. 

Hopkins, Janie, 1993, Water quality evaluation of the Ogallala 

aquifer: Texas Water Development Board Report No. 342, 41 

p. 

Hovorka, S.D., Paine, J.G., and Dutton, A.R., 1999, Permeability 

structure of a north Texas Permian fluvial and Quaternary 

terrace system delimited by saline plumes: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 1999, p. 

A63. 

Hudak, P., 2003, Arsenic, nitrate, chloride and bromide 

contamination in the Gulf Coast aquifer, south-central 

Texas, USA: International Journal of Environmental Studies, 

v. 60, n. 2, p. 123-133. 

Hudak P.F., and Blanchard S., 1997, Land use and groundwater 

quality in the Trinity group outcrop of north-central Texas, 

USA: Environment International, v. 23, n. 4, p. 507-517. 

Hudak P.F., and Wachal D.J., 2001, Effects of brine injection 

wells, dry holes, and plugged oil/gas well chloride, 

bromide, and barium concentrations in the Gulf Coast 

Aquifer, southeast Texas, USA: Environment International, 

June 2001, vol. 26, no. 7, p. 497-503. 

Huff, G.F., 2004, Review of knowledge on the occurrence, chemical 

composition, and potential use for desalination of saline 

ground water in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas with a 

discussion of potential future study needs: U.S. Geological 

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http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/2003agenda.html 

Remediation techniques for brine-contaminated soil 

Soils affected by oilfield brines undergo substantial 

changes including the death of vegetation supported by the soil, 

the loss of the host soil bacterial and other organism 

populations such as nematodes, mineralogic changes, and additions 

of substantial loads of salt. These changes impact the 

capability of the soil to support plant growth. Many remediation 

strategies have been developed and tested and are referenced 

here. This list does not capture the substantial remediation 

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Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 7th International 

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Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

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Bernier, Rene, Myers, Jim, and Hall, Jerry, 2002, Re-vegetation 

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Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa 

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Bolton, J.E., 2003, Revegetation of oil brine spill sites: 

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215 p. 

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the 11th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 

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Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Colgan, Wes, III, Patrick, D.R., and Vavrek, Milan, 2004, 

Rhizosphere fungal diversity in oil and brine contaminated 

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202
Geophysical techniques for detecting brine plumes 

The high salinities associated with oilfield waters makes 

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Energy Report DOE/ID/01570-T158, 34 p. 

Wilson, A.J., and Scott, L.M., 1992, Characterization of 

radioactive piping scale with an evaluation of subsequent 

land contamination: Health Physics, v. 63, p. 681-685. 

Wilson, W.F., 1994, NORM, a guide to naturally occurring 

radioactive material: Tulsa, Oklahoma, PennWell Publishers, 

216 p. 

Zielinski, R.A., and Budahn, J.R., 2004, Mode of occurrence and 

environmental mobility of oilfield NORM at USGS research 

216
site B, Osage Skiatook Project, northeastern Oklahoma [abs.]

in Sublette, Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 11th

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 

12-15, 2004, Albuquerque, N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The 

University of Tulsa Division of Continuing Education and the 

Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 1 p. 

Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2004/2004agenda.html

Zielinski, R.A., and Otton, J.K., 1999, Naturally Occurring 

Radioactive Minerals (NORM) in produced water and oil-field 

equipment--An issue for the energy industry: U.S. Geological 

Survey Fact Sheet FS-0142-99, 4 p. Available at: 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0142-99/

Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., and Budahn, J.R., 1998, Use of 

radium isotope data to assess NORM contamination at an E&P 

site, in Sublette, K.L., ed., Proceedings of the Fourth 

International Petroleum Environmental Conference, September 

9-12, 1997, San Antonio, TX: South-Central Environmental 

Resource Alliance and University of Tulsa, 15 p. 

Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., and Budahn, J.R., 2001, Use of 

radium isotopes to determine the age and origin of 

radioactive barite at oil-field production sites. 

Environmental Pollution, v. 113, p. 299-309. 

Zielinski, R.A., White, G.J., and Otton, J.K, 1999, Chemical and 

radiometric assessment of NORM in soils and sediments 

contacted by produced water, Teapot Dome, Wyoming, in

Sublette, K.L, (ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International 

Petroleum Environmental Conference, October 20-23, 1998, 

Albuquerque, New Mexico. Available on CD-ROM from the 

University of Tulsa Continuing Education Department, Tulsa, 

Oklahoma. 

Produced-water chemistry-national and regional data 

Regional and local variation in the chemistry of produced water 

contributes to the likelihood of salinity problems caused by past 

or present releases. The chemistry of produced water may also be 

distinctive enough to identify its addition to local ground water 

and surface water. The largest national database is that 

available at a USGS webpage (see Breit and others, 2000, below), 

however only the major dissolved constituents are reported. 

Minor dissolved constituents such as Li, B, Br, and F are 

phytotoxic and may have a role in ecosystem effects that are not 

well understood. These elements, along with the isotopic 

composition of dissolved strontium and other isotopes may also 

217
provide an additional chemical fingerprint for produced water 

contamination. E. Gene Collins and his associates at the U.S. 

Bureau of Mines laboratory in Bartlesville, Oklahoma report 

extensive data for trace elements in oilfield brines of the 

United States. Papers by Collins and his colleagues (see below) 

provide particularly hard-to-find information. 

Atkinson, J.F., Matsumoto, M.R., Bunn, M.D., and Hodge, D.S., 

1990, Use of solar ponds to reclaim salt products from brine 

waters from oil and gas well operations in New York, in, 

Ray, J. P., and Engelhardt, F. R., eds., 1992, Produced 

water: technological/ environmental issues and solutions, 

Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water 

Symposium, February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California: New 

York, Plenum Press, Environmental science research, v. 46, 

p. 523-533. 

Breen, K.J., Angelo, C.G., Masters, W.R., and Sedam, A.C., 1985, 

Chemical and isotopic characteristics of brines from three 

oil- and gas-producing sandstones in eastern Ohio, with 

applications to the geochemical tracing of brine sources: 

U.S. Geological Survey water-resources investigations report 

84-4314, 58 p. 

Breit, G.N., Kharaka, Y.K., and Rice, C.A., 2000, Database of the 

composition of water produced with oil and gas in Sublette, 

Kerry, ed., Proceedings of the 7th International Petroleum 

Environmental Conference, November 7-10, 2000, Albuquerque, 

N.M.: Tulsa, Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa Division of 

Continuing Education and the Integrated Petroleum 

Environmental Consortium (IPEC), 13 p. Available at: 

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf/7thIPEC.pdf

 

Collins, A.G., 1969, Chemistry of some Anadarko Basin brines 

containing high concentrations of iodide: Chemical Geology, 

v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 169-187. 

Collins, A.G., 1970, Geochemistry of some petroleum-associated 

waters from Louisiana: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of 

Investigations 7326, 31 p. 

Collins, A.G., 1974, Saline groundwaters produced with oil and 

gas: Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

EPA-660/2-74-010, 68 p. 

Collins, A.G., 1975, Geochemistry of oilfield waters: 

Developments in Petroleum Science, 1, Elsevier Scientific 

Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 496 p. 

 

218
Collins, A.G., Zelinski, W.P., and Pearson, C.A., 1966, Bromide 

and iodide in oil-field brines in Tertiary and Cretaceous 

Formation in Mississippi and Alabama: U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 6859, 187 

p. 

Core Laboratories, Inc., 1972, A survey of subsurface saline 

water of Texas--A descriptive inventory of the principal 

saline aquifers and their characteristics: Texas Water 

Development Board Report 157, v. 1, 113 p. 

Core Laboratories, Inc., 1972, A survey of subsurface saline 

water of Texas--Chemical analyses of saline water: Texas 

Water Development Board Report 157, v. 2, 378 p. 

Crawford, James G., 1963, Rocky Mountain oil field waters: [v. 

1] Section 1. An understanding of oil field waters, Section 

2. Introduction to the discussion, Section 3. Big Horn 

Basin, [v. 2] Section 4. Central Montana plains, Central 

South Dakota, Denver-Julesburg Basin, Green River Basin, 

Hanna Basin, Kaiparowits Basin, Laramie Basin, Moffat area, 

North Park Basin, Paradox Basin, Piceance Basin, [v.3] 

Section 5. Powder River Basin, Raton Basin, Red Desert area, 

San Juan Basin, San Luis Valley, San Rafael swell, 

Sweetgrass arch, Uinta Basin: Casper, Wyoming, Chemical and 

Geological Laboratories 

Daly, D.J., and Mesing, G.E., 1995, Atlas of gas related produced 

water for 1990, Chicago, Gas Research Institute Topical 

Report GRI-95/0016, 88 p. 

 

Demir, Ilham, 1995, Formation water chemistry and modeling of 

fluid-rock interaction for improved oil recovery in Aux 

Vases and Cypress Formations, Illinois Basin: Illinois 

State Geological Survey, Illinois Petroleum 148, 60 p. 

Demir, I., and Seyler, B., 1999, Chemical composition and 

geologic history of saline waters in Aux Vases and Cypress 

Formations, Illinois Basin: Aquatic geochemistry, v. 5, n. 

3, p.281-311. 

Dutton, A.R., 1987, Origin of brine in the San Andreas Formation, 

evaporite confining system, Texas Panhandle and eastern New 

Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, n. 1, 

p.103-112. 

Gullikson, D.M., Carraway, W.H., and Gates, G.L., 1961, Chemical 

analysis and electrical resistivity of selected California 

oil-field waters: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of 

Investigations No. 5736, 21 p. 

219
Gwynn, J.W., 1995, Resistivities and chemical analyses of 

selected oil and gas field, water well, and spring waters, 

Utah: Utah Geological Survey Circular C-87, 142 p. 

Hanor, J.S., 1984, Salinity and geochemistry of subsurface brines 

in south Louisiana and their potential for reaction with 

injected waste waters: U.S. Department of Energy Report, 

DOE/NV/10174-3, P. 277-346. 

Hanor, J.S., 1987, Origin and migration of subsurface sedimentary 

brines: Tulsa, Oklahoma, S.E.P.M. Lecture Notes for Short 

Course No. 21, 247 p. 

Hawkins, M.E., Jones, O.W., and Pearson, C.A., 1963: Analysis of 

brines from oil-productive formations in Mississippi and 

Alabama: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines 

Report of Investigations 6167, 22 p. 

Hiss, W.L., Peterson, J.B., and Ramsey, T.R., 1969, Saline water 

in southeastern New Mexico in Proceedings of Symposium on 

the geochemistry of subsurface brines, Kansas University, 

March 25-26, 1968: Chemical Geology, v. 4, n. 1-2, p. 341-

360. 

 

Hiss, W.L., 1975, Water-quality data from oil and gas wells in 

part of the Permian Basin, southeastern New Mexico and 

western Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 75-

579, 283 p. 

Hoskins, H.A., 1947, Analyses of West Virginia brines: West 

Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Report of 

Investigations No. 1, 22 p. 

Kreitler, C.W., Akhter, M.S., Donnelly, A.C.A., and Wood, W.T., 

1988, Hydrogeology of formations used for deep-well 

injection, Texas Gulf Coast: The University of Texas at 

Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, report prepared for the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative 

Agreement CR812786-01-0, 204 p. 

Hudak P.F., 2003, Chloride/bromide ratios in leachate derived 

from farm-animal waste: Environmental Pollution, v.121, n. 

1, p. 23-25. 

Huff, G.F., 2004, Review of knowledge on the occurrence, chemical 

composition, and potential use for desalination of saline 

ground water in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas with a 

discussion of potential future study needs: U.S. Geological 

220
Survey Open-File Report 2004-1197, 13 p. Available only 

online at 

http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/of/2004/1197/ofr2004-1197.pdf

Keller, S. J., 1983, Analyses of subsurface brines of Indiana: 

Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey 

occasional paper 41, 30 p. 

Moldovanyi, E.P., and Walters, L.M., 1992, Regional trends in 

water chemistry, Smackover Formation, southwest Arkansas: 

geochemical and physical controls: American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 76, n. 6, p.864-894. 

Nativ, Ronit, 1988, Hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the 

Ogallala aquifer southern High Plains, Texas Panhandle, and 

eastern New Mexico: The University of Texas at Austin, 

Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations 177, 64 

p. 

Nativ, Ronit, and Guiterrez, G.N., 1987, Hydrogeology and 

hydrochemistry of Cretaceous aquifers, Texas Panhandle and 

eastern New Mexico: The University of Texas at Austin, 

Bureau of Economic Geology OFWTWI 1987-2, 57 p. 

Nativ, Ronit, and Smith, D.A., 1987, Hydrogeology and 

geochemistry of the Ogallala Aquifer, Southern High Plains: 

Journal of Hydrology, v. 91, n. 3/4, p. 217-253. 

Rall, C.G., and Wright, J.R., Analyses of formation brines in 

Kansas: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 4974, 

40 p. 

Rasouli, Majid, 1988, Fingerprinting oil and gas associated 

brines of West Virginia: Montgomery, West Virginia, West 

Virginia Institute of Technology, Master’s thesis, 83 p. 

Richter, B.C., and Kreitler, C.W., 1986, Geochemistry of salt 

water beneath the Rolling Plains, north-central Texas: 

Ground Water, v. 24, n. 6, p. 735-742. 

Richter, B.C., and Kreitler, C.W., 1986, Geochemistry of saltspring and shallow subsurface brines in the Rolling Plains 

of Texas and southwestern Oklahoma: The University of Texas 

at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of 

Investigations No. 155, 47 p. 

Rittenhouse, Gordon, Fulton, R.B., III, Grabowski, R.J., and 

Bernard, J.L., 1969, Minor elements in oil-field waters: 

Chemical Geology, v. 4, n. 1-2, p. 189-209. 

221
Rose, A.W., and Dresel, P.E., 1990, Deep brines in Pennsylvania, 

Chapter 31, in Majumdar, S.K., Miller, E.W., and Parizek, 

R.R., Water resources in Pennsylvania: availability, quality 

and management: The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, p. 420-

431. 

Sanders, L.L., 1991, Geochemistry of formation waters from the 

Lower Silurian Clinton Formation (Albion Sandstone), eastern 

Ohio: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 

v. 75, n. 10, p.1593-1608. 

Sathaye, J.A., and Grandstaff, D.E., 1996, Water rock interaction 

and the distribution of salinity in the Illinois basin 

[abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 

Bulletin, v. 80, n. 9, p. 1531. 

Sedam, A. C., and Stein, R. B., 1970, Saline ground-water 

resources of Ohio: U. S. Geological Survey Hydrologic 

Investigations Atlas 366, 2 sheets. 

Silvey, W.D., 1967, Occurrence of selected minor elements in the 

waters of California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1535-L, 25 p. 

Stueber, A.M., Saller, A.H., and Ishida, Hisashi, 1998, Origin, 

migration, and mixing of brines in the Permian Basin: 

geochemical evidence from the eastern central basin 

platform, Texas: American Association of Petroleum 

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Walker, F.H., 1959, Natural brines of Indiana and adjoining parts 

of Illinois and Kentucky: Indiana Geological Survey Report 

of Progress, v.13, 58 p. 

 

Walker, L.E., 1979, Occurrence, availability and chemical quality 

of ground water in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas: 

Texas Department of Water Resources Report 235, 337 p. 

Wilmoth, B.M., 1971, Occurrence of shallow ground water in 

selected areas of West Virginia in Proceedings of the West 

Virginia Academy of Science 1970, v. 42, p. 202-208. 

 

Wilmoth, B.M., 1972, Salty ground water and meteoric flushing of 

contaminated aquifers in West Virginia: Ground Water, v. 10, 

n. 1, p. 99-105. 

Wilmoth, B.M., 1975, Development of fresh ground water near salt 

water in West Virginia: Ground Water, v.13, n.1, p. 25-32. 

222
Wright, J., Pearson, C., Kurt, E.T., and Watkins, J.W., 1957, 

Analysis of brines from oil-productive formations in 

Oklahoma: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 

5326, 71 p. 

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interface in the unglaciated Appalachian Plateau [abs.]: 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 

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223