14 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Primary Zone

Example 1:

Perennial Lake,

5 acres in size;

SSC: A1

Example 2:

Perennial Lake,

5 acres in size;

OFW Designation

SSC: A1

Primary Zone

Figure 3
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 15

Introduction

The following sections of this Manual provide the listing and application of 

Best Management Practices established for silviculture operations in Florida. 

The BMPs are arranged by specific application to various land types, waterbody 

types, forestry activities and special conditions. It should be noted that the 

Special Management Zone concept, described in the previous section, is also a 

BMP and is frequently referenced under the various BMP applications.

The Best Management Practices in this Manual are generally presented as 

individual practices within a particular category. However, the basic BMP 

concept is the implementation of all practices that apply to a given forestry 

operation. In that regard, no single practice is designed to accomplish the total 

BMP objective. For example, applying the SMZ criteria to a stream within a 

forestry operation without regard for other applicable BMPs, could significantly 

reduce the effectiveness of the SMZ to protect water quality. On a given 

forestry operation, the effectiveness of any particular practice, as well as 

overall BMP effectiveness, is largely dependent upon the implementation of 

all applicable BMPs throughout all aspects of the operation.

Best Management Practices
16 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Unlike forest management on private lands, the need to derive economic 

return may not be the dominant force that leads to public land ownership or 

drives public land management. Often, the acquisition and management of 

public land has as its objective, to maximize ecological restoration, preserve 

existing natural resources and facilitate optimum public use.

When such is the case, the BMPs in this manual must be considered as 

minimum standards that, by themselves, will not always achieve public land 

management goals. Consequently, public land management agencies charged 

with developing and implementing management plans for public lands should 

do so in conformance with this Manual, and to the greatest extent practical, 

with the following enhancements:

Areas within the Special Management Zone designated as a Primary Zone 

should be managed as a no-cut zone. Any timber harvesting within these 

no-cut zones should be limited to operations that are in association with 

ecological restoration or wildlife habitat enhancement practices. However, 

isolated wetlands and intermittent streams on state forests shall be exempt 

from OFW derived Primary Zones. Each individual state forest, within the 

forest management plan, shall prescribe management practices for isolated 

wetlands and intermittent streams on a case by case basis.

The Special Management Zone is only one of the BMP concepts that may 

warrant additional consideration by land managers prior to implementation on 

public lands. Public land management agencies are advised and encouraged to 

augment the BMPs where appropriate, particularly on lands that are managed 

for non-forestry objectives. Protection of forested wetlands within these lands 

should be given special consideration.

In addition, such agencies should maintain environmental/ecological 

inventories of public lands and actively implement and study alternatives that 

exceed the BMPs in this manual. Results should be well documented to help 

facilitate future BMP revisions. Copies of enhanced management plans or any 

such studies should be forwarded to the Florida Department of Agriculture and 

Consumer Services, Division of Forestry.

Note: Public land management agencies must often adhere to specific legislative provisions or policies 

when developing and implementing management plans on certain public lands. In particular, the USDA 

Forest Service is constrained by the Clean Water Act, the National Forest Management Act, and National 

Environmental Policy Act to develop and implement a Land and Resource Management Plan that will 

govern management of certain federally-owned forested land. Similar constraints may occur in legislation 

that governs acquisition and management of lands owned or controlled by local, regional, or state agencies.

To the extent that adherence to these BMPs do not conflict with legislatively established management 

goals, objectives, requirements, or mandates, public agencies are required to incorporate these BMPs into 

management plans. In addition, to the greatest extent practical, public agencies are encouraged to 

incorporate the above BMP enhancements wherever applicable.

Application of BMPs: Public Lands
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 17

For regulatory purposes, wetlands are defined by the presence or absence 

of specific types of vegetation, soils and hydrologic conditions. However, it is 

not the intent nor within the scope of this Manual, to define wetlands for 

regulatory purposes or to use any particular regulatory definition. Wetlands, 

for the purpose of this Manual, are listed by type in Appendix 5.

In addition, areas of pine flatwoods may contain certain wetland types 

listed in this Manual, such as cypress ponds. However, for the purpose of this 

Manual, pine flatwoods are not considered wetlands. Conversely, the presence 

of pine species within swamps, sloughs or floodplains does not necessarily make 

these areas “pine sites.”

Because of the generally wet soil conditions associated with forested 

wetlands, some of these areas can be very sensitive to forestry activities, 

particularly during flooding or periods of soil saturation. For silviculture 

operations in general, wetlands are probably most susceptible to changes in 

hydrology or hydroperiod, which can result from improper forest road construction, 

logging operations, and certain types of site preparation activities.

In general, the BMPs that apply to any other land type also apply to 

wetlands. For example, a stream within a wetland area would receive a SMZ, 

and a road or stream crossing constructed within a wetland would be required 

to apply the appropriate BMPs. However, because of the sensitivity of some 

types of wetlands to certain forestry related activities, the following special 

BMPs also apply.

Drainage and Conversion

• Ditching in association with road construction and maintenance, fireline 

plowing or other activities in wetlands, must not significantly change the 

hydrologic condition of wetlands or the overall drainage pattern of the site.

• Do not significantly alter the natural drainage or flow patterns on forest 

lands immediately adjacent to wetlands, particularly isolated wetlands, 

such as cypress ponds or gum ponds. Logging slash must not be pushed 

into or piled around ponds or other isolated wetlands.

• Do not conduct intensive mechanical site preparation such as bedding, 

raking and windrowing in wetlands.

• Avoid fireline plowing in wetlands (see Fireline Construction).

Roads

• When constructing roads in wetlands, refer to the Roads section of the 

manual in addition to the following BMPs.

• Avoid fill road construction, especially in floodplains or other wetlands 

Application of BMPs: Wetlands
18 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

with flowing water. Roads constructed at ground level are less likely to 

restrict flowing water.

• Do not construct permanent roads in wetlands except to serve large and 

frequently used areas, provide access for a crossing, or provide fire protection.

• When crossing wetlands, insure that fill roads are properly and adequately 

culverted and do not act to impound or divert normal stormflow, flood flow 

or sheet flow (see Stream Crossings).

Har vesting

• For harvesting timber in wetlands: wetland area means the acres of 

each contiguous wetland within a contiguous ownership; selectively cut 

means to harvest in accordance with the Management Criteria for the 

Primary Zone of the SMZ (see Special Management Zones); leave trees

are large, mast producing and/or cavity trees that represent the older age 

classes within the stand. For stands where cypress trees are predominant, 

cypress trees should be selected for leave trees to the extent that safety and 

harvesting operations allow, and the number of leave trees per acre should 

be the upper limit of the ranges listed below. In addition, pond cypress 

trees should be cut at a point on the stem that approximates the average 

high water mark (except for skid trails or roads). The average high water 

mark can usually be identified by the water stain line, the lichen line or the 

area at which the stem begins to swell (buttress).

A) Harvesting in a wetland area less than 200 acres must meet the 

following criteria:

1) retain all snags within the wetland area, to the extent that safety and 

harvesting operations allow; and,

2a) retain at least 3 to 5 leave trees per acre: if a wetland flow-way is 

present, leave trees should be left along it’s center line; otherwise leave 

trees should be randomly distributed throughout the wetland; or,

b) retain at least 10% of the harvest area as selectively cut: the 10% 

area may be left anywhere on-site. However, for wetlands with a well 

defined stream, an SMZ (as specified in the SMZ section) will be 

required for the stream, and may be used as part or all of the 10%; for 

flowing wetlands the 10% should be left along the center line of the 

wetland flow-way to the greatest extent possible.

Note: 2b) is the preferred option where it is applicable

B) Harvesting in a wetland area 200 acres and larger must meet the 

following criteria:

1) retain all snags within the wetland area, to the extent that safety and 

harvesting operations allow; and,

2) retain at least 1 to 2 leave trees per acre: leave trees should be left 
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 19

along the center line of the wetland flow-way if applicable; otherwise 

leave trees should be randomly distributed throughout the wetland.

3) clearcut areas cannot exceed 160 acres in size.

4) clearcuts should be separated from any other clearcut by a 200' 

selectively cut buffer or by a 200' wide area which has an average tree 

height of at least 20 feet. However, multiple clearcuts within any 160 

acre harvest unit may be separated by a 100 foot buffer. Limited timber 

harvesting is allowed within the 100 foot buffer provided that trees left 

in the buffer are equivalent to the number and size specified in the leave 

tree requirements described above. Under this scenario, the trees left 

in the 100 foot buffer will satisfy the “leave tree” requirements for the 

clearcut area associated with it, and no other leave trees would be required. 

For wetlands with a well defined stream(s), the Primary Zone left along 

the stream may be used to contribute toward the 200' requirement. For 

flowing wetlands, trees left along the center line of the wetland flow-way 

should be used to separate clearcut areas where applicable. 

C) A harvest unit which contains five or more small isolated wetlands, 

each less than two acres in size, must retain 20% of the number of isolated 

wetlands unharvested1

. For example, if the harvest unit contains ten, two 

acre cypress ponds, eight may be clearcut and two must be left uncut until 

the regenerated stands on the other eight attain an average tree height of 

at least 20 feet.

Skidding

• Minimize skidder and other heavy equipment operation in wetlands 

during wet conditions to avoid widespread excessive soil rutting. Although 

some minor rutting may occur in a typical wetland harvesting operation, 

skidders and other heavy equipment operations should be planned for 

dry seasons and/or dry periods as much as possible.When excessively wet 

harvesting conditions are unavoidable, low ground pressure equipment 

such as dual-tire skidders, tracked machines or special techniques such as 

“mat-logging” or “shovel-logging” should be employed where practical and 

economically feasible.

• To the greatest extent possible: forestry operations in wetlands which 

exhibit seasonal inundation or saturation should be limited to dry 

conditions only, and forestry operations in wetlands which are continually 

saturated or inundated should be limited to low-water conditions.

• When skidding in wetlands with organic soils, concentrate skid trails to 

as small an area as possible, and minimize the number of trails on a given 

site (see Timber Harvesting).
20 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Mat (Shovel) Logging:

• Minimize the width of skid trail mats – mats should not exceed 20 feet in 

width, on the average, except for sections of the trail where it is necessary 

for equipment to pass – in these sections the minimum width may be doubled.

• Minimize the number of skid trail mats – typically, trails should not be

spaced closer than 200 feet, on the average. Where conditions prohibit 

tracked machines from operating off the mat, spacing may be reduced to 

50 feet in order to minimize site disturbance. However, under no conditions 

should skid trail mats exceed 25% of the harvest area.

• Timber for skid trail mats should be laid down in the direction of the trail

under normal conditions.

• Use only one layer of timber for skid trial mats, except where multiple 

layers are necessary to prevent site disturbance.

• Where multiple layers of timber are necessary to construct the skid trail 

mat, the bottom layer may be laid down perpendicular to the trail, and may 

exceed 20 feet in width to maximize weight distribution.

• Merchantable material in skid trail mats should be removed after logging 

operation is complete.

• For stream crossings with skid trail mats, refer to the stream crossing 

section of the BMP Manual.

Note: Ditching and drainage activities as well as the placement of fill material

in wetlands generally requires a permit from regulatory agencies. Individuals 

engaged in such activities are advised to contact the appropriate agency for 

specific guidance (Appendices 13 and 14). In addition, state water quality 

standards may apply to wetlands that are connected to streams, lakes, or other 

waterbodies.

Note: Typically, cypress planting is not necessary on a large scale basis; 

however, where site conditions or other factors conducive to natural regeneration 

of stands are limited, planting of cypress seedlings may augment reforestation 

efforts.

1

Retaining isolated wetlands that have the following characteristics may 

improve the habitat value for wetland dependent species within the landscape:

Intermittent surface water.

Wetland margin dominated by native wetland plants.

High species and age class diversity in standing timber.

Presence of snags and den trees.

Unique plant communities.

Where natural hydrology is least disturbed.
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 21

Figure 4
22 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Best Management Practices for canals are designed to provide additional protection to Florida’s water resources. Since canals are often connected to 

streams, lakes or other waterbodies, forestry activities adjacent to canals have 

the potential to impact water quality through such connections.

For the purposes of this Manual, the term canal does not include natural 

streams that have been hydrologically modified by dredging or straightening to 

enhance their efficiency to transport water. Although such “modified streams” 

may have been significantly altered, they are still geographically located to 

receive and transport storm water and thus are connected directly to other 

waters. In most cases, they continue to perform important natural stream 

functions particularly if they have associated wetlands. For these reasons, 

BMPs for modified streams (including SMZ criteria) are identical to those for 

any other naturally occurring perennial or intermittent stream, except for 

maintenance activities (see Canal Maintenance section).

Canals, for the purposes of this manual, are totally man-made and generally 

independent from natural drainage features. As artificial systems, canals 

exhibit only periodic and limited characteristics of natural streams and usually 

receive periodic maintenance. Canals do not include forestry road-side ditches 

or upland field ditches.

BMPs for Canals

• During normal silvicultural operations, do not operate heavy equipment 

within canals or in such a manner as to result in damage to the canal bank.

• Avoid canal crossings when possible. Where necessary, construct 

crossings in accordance with the Stream Crossings section of this manual.

• Do not conduct bedding, chopping or other site preparation activities in 

such a way that results in direct surface water discharge into a canal.

• Avoid dropping logging slash in canals; remove significant amounts of 

logging slash from canals.

• Do not discharge pesticides not approved for aquatic use, fertilizer, or 

other pollutants into canals. Do not dispose of chemical containers and/or 

equipment rinse water in canal waters.

Application of BMPs: Canals
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 23

Canal Maintenance

• Maintenance for modified streams and canals should be minimized. 

When necessary, conduct canal re-dredging during periods of low flow. 

Minimize disturbance to canal banks and retain as much “streamside” 

vegetation as possible.

• Use appropriate erosion, sediment and turbidity control practices to 

reduce sediment transport.

• When conducting road maintenance adjacent to a canal, do not discharge 

road spoil on the canal-side of the road.

Note: Before conducting canal Maintenance, contact the appropriate regulatory 

agency(s) - such activities normally require authorization and/or permits (Appendix 13).
24 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Sinkholes are important waterbodies because geologically and hydrologically active sinks may form a direct connection between the land surface and 

groundwater with little or no filtration through soil layers. Consequently, any 

pollutants that enter a sinkhole have the potential to contaminate groundwater. 

Sinkholes support a unique combination of plants and animals that are very 

sensitive to pollution, temperature and sunlight changes and may depend on 

leaf litter and organic debris for food sources.

In addition to the water resource concerns for sinkholes, there are also 

safety concerns. Ground conditions near sinkholes may be very unstable 

geologically and prone to collapse. Heavy equipment operation in and around 

these areas could result in damage to or loss of equipment, structures, and 

physical harm to workers and operators.

BMPs for Sinkholes

• For sinkholes with perennial or intermittent open water, or which 

connect to an intermittent or perennial stream, apply the appropriate 

Special Management Zone to the sinkhole (See Application of SMZs).

• Do not place any debris, trash, or waste in any sinkhole or in any surface 

drainage feature that flows into a sinkhole.

• Avoid mechanical operations such as harvest or site preparation, fertilization, 

or pesticide use in sinkholes.

• When working adjacent to sinkholes, do not alter land surface slope to 

direct surface drainage into the sinkhole - apply mechanical site preparation 

such as bedding on the contour.

Application of BMPs: Sinkholes
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 25

Forest roads represent the single greatest potential for severe, long term 

erosion and sedimentation from forestry activities. The nature of roads generally 

involves maintaining a “bare soil” condition on the road surface and periodic 

maintenance of both the surface and any associated ditches.

Permanent access roads are often accompanied by permanent drainage 

ditches or other drainage structures designed to transport stormwater. Serious 

road deterioration can result if ditch or drainage structure capacity is exceeded 

during storm events. This can lead to flooding of the road and surrounding 

area, scouring of the road and ditch surface, blowing out of roads and culverts, 

all of which may ultimately result in sediment delivery into streams or other 

waterbodies. To properly design, build, drain and maintain forest roads, the 

following BMPs are provided.

BMPs for Forest Roads

Road Planning

• Carefully plan the location and the desired drainage features before 

construction, using soil survey maps, topographic maps and aerial photographs.

• Plan construction activities for dry periods.

• New road construction is not permitted within the Special Management 

Zone, except for stream crossings.

• Minimize stream and wetland crossings. Roads will be less costly to 

build and maintain, equipment “down time” will be reduced and the water 

resource will be protected.

Road Construction

• Avoid construction operations during wet conditions - If possible, complete 

construction several months before heavy usage. This will reduce surface 

scour and decrease sediment transport.

• Balance cuts and fills to maximize use of local material and to maximize 

roadbed stability.

• To reduce both road costs and disturbed surface area, minimize the road 

width consistent with the anticipated type and amount of traffic.

• For fill road construction, keep road shoulders at a gentle slope to minimize 

erosion and accelerate revegetation.

• Stabilize road banks and critical road segments using mulch, seed and 

fertilizer, or other methods to keep the road from washing and to keep 

sediment out of streams (Appendix 6).

Road Drainage

• Drain road systems using culverts, cross ditches, turnouts, etc., to 

encourage long term stability, reduce maintenance, and protect water 

quality (Appendices 7, 8, and 9).

Application of BMPs: Forest Roads
26 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

• Where applicable, use practices such as turnouts or ditch plugs, to reduce 

the volume and velocity of ditch flow.

• All road drainage practices that divert ditch flow or road surface runoff, 

must direct such flow onto vegetated areas where it can be adequately dispersed - do not direct ditch flow or road runoff into streams, lakes or other 

waterbodies.

• Use cross-drain culverts on roads where there is a need to direct ditch 

flow from one side of a road to the other, underneath the road surface.

• Use cross-ditches on roads where there is a need to channel ditch or road 

surface drainage from one side of the road to the other, over the surface of 

the road.

• Base the size of the culvert or cross-ditch on the road ditch size, type and 

slope of the road and the expected volume of water to be handled during 

storm events.

• Use water turnouts to periodically turn ditch flow out and away from the 

road, and onto an adjacent vegetated area for dispersal of road runoff and 

sediment. Vegetated areas used for water turnouts must be adequate in 

size and have sufficient ground cover to assimilate discharges.

• Use broad base dips on permanent roads for dispersion of road surface 

drainage in the absence of road ditches - the use of a broad base dip provides exceptional drainage and virtually unlimited trafficability. This road 

drainage practice is best suited for new road construction and on especially 

critical road segments designed for all-weather traffic and heavy use.

• Use water bars for temporary access roads, firelines and skid trails, 

where a physical barrier is needed to disrupt and disperse runoff and 

sediment. Since water bars vary from 1 - 3 feet in height, they are generally 

not suitable for high speed or heavy traffic loads, but can be used to effectively 

close a road to vehicular traffic.

Road Maintenance

• All drainage structures should be periodically checked and maintained, 

especially following excessive rainfall events. If signs of sediment and/or 

turbid discharges are present, take immediate corrective actions for any 

problem.

• Ditches and culverts should be kept free of major obstructions and 

ditches should be allowed to revegetate as much as is practicable.
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 27

• Close or restrict traffic on roads whenever possible - this will allow roads 

to stabilize and revegetate.

• Seeding and fertilizing, mulching or otherwise stabilizing critical 

segments of temporary and permanent roads will accelerate revegetation, 

ensure road utility in the future and protect nearby watercourses. Seeding 

rates and types are listed in Appendix 6.

Note: Spacing recommendations for cross-drain culverts, cross-drain ditches, 

water turnouts, broad base dips and water bars have been computed for a wide 

range of road slopes and are provided in Appendix 7. Appendix 8 provides 

illustrations of the design and installation for each of these drainage practices.
28 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Stream crossings represent the point at which a forest road or skid trail 

comes in contact with a waterbody. Consequently, some type of planned 

crossing is necessary to protect water quality. Careful consideration should 

be given to determining the type of crossing to be used, and in constructing 

the project. The principal objectives of a stream crossing are to provide a dry 

surface crossing even during periods of stormflow, and to provide adequate 

conveyance of flow beneath the road fill so that impounding of flow does not

occur. BMPs for stream crossings are provided below.

BMPs for Stream Crossings

In General

• Minimize the number of crossings on a given stream, and cross streams 

perpendicular to the flow at the most narrow section. This minimizes the 

area of disturbance and simplifies construction.

• Any erodible fill material or other areas normally exposed to flowing 

water should be stabilized with rip-rap, vegetation or other appropriate 

material following construction.

• Avoid planning construction of crossings for wet periods - avoid construction during high water conditions.

Culverts

The use of a culvert is the most common method for constructing stream 

crossings associated with forestry activities. Culverts are well suited for 

crossing both perennial and intermittent streams as well as other wet areas. 

However, several other types of stream crossings are also well suited for 

forestry related stream crossings under certain conditions.

• Place culverts in a section of the stream channel that is relatively 

straight and free from curves, meandering or major obstructions.

• Place the bottom of the culvert at the same elevation as the bottom of the 

stream, and at approximately the same slope.

• Keep the height of the entire structure (culvert plus fill) as low as possible to reduce the potential for impounding large areas of water.

• Use a culvert diameter that is sufficient to carry the normal flow expected. Culvert sizing for permanent installations should be based on the size 

and nature of the stream channel being crossed, or on the size and nature 

of the watershed above the crossing. Appendix 9 provides two possible 

methods for determining culvert diameter.

• When crossing broad channels or wetlands, several small culverts, spaced 

Application of BMPs: Stream Crossings
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 29

throughout the crossing, are normally preferable to a single large one. This 

arrangement maintains a lower road surface elevation and does not artificially 

concentrate the flow into one small segment of the channel.

• For temporary stream crossings, a culvert may be sized to reflect seasonal 

flow conditions. For example, during normally dry periods a small culvert 

may provide adequate stormflow capacity on a temporary basis. However, a 

culvert sized under such conditions must be removed immediately following 

the activity, or replaced with a size that will accommodate normal yearround flows.

• Periodically inspect all culverts to prevent clogging, plugging and eventual 

failure. Remove any debris or sediment deposits that have the potential to 

cause culvert clogging.

Hard Sur face Crossings

Hard surface crossings or fords are commonly used for stream crossings 

during forestry operations. These crossings consist of lining the stream channel 

with rock, brick, logs, concrete, or other such material. In some cases, the 

stream bottom may be naturally armored and may accommodate light traffic 

without artificial substrate.

Hard surface crossings may be constructed on both perennial and intermittent 

streams, and offer some important advantages over culverted crossings. In 

many cases, a hard surface crossing may cost considerably less than a culvert 

crossing, depending on the availability of surfacing material. Also, hard 

surface crossings are virtually maintenance free and normally do not become 

clogged or plugged because they maintain the natural shape of the stream 

channel. This is a particularly important feature in areas with beaver populations.

The material used in hard surface crossings is relatively large and stable. 

Consequently, these type crossings usually do not fail or blow-out the way 

other structural crossings can. As long as the armoring material does not 

significantly impound flow or cause erosive currents, these crossings can 

accommodate normal streamflow while providing good access at very low risk 

to water quality.

The major disadvantage of hard surface crossings is the limited access 

during periods of high flow. For that reason, these crossings are best suited 

for relatively small, well defined channels that tend to have “flashy” stormflow 

characteristics. Also, hard surface crossings are usually not well suited for 

high speed, main haul-road applications.

• Use clean material that will not rapidly degrade and that is heavy 

enough to stay in place during high flow conditions, i.e., lime rock, railroad 

rock, bricks, etc.
30 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

• Do not use asphalt or other petroleum based materials.

• Do not construct a hard surface crossing on streams where the bottom is 

mucky, muddy or otherwise unstable, or if down-stream water quality 

standards violations occur under normal operating conditions.

• Do not use logs or logging slash as a permanent hard surface crossing 

material. Logs may be used to facilitate temporary crossings but must be 

removed from the channel upon completing the operation.

• Keep the height of the surfacing material at a minimum; hard surface 

crossings must not significantly restrict normal streamflow.

Note: Make sure that crossings are in compliance with other standards and regulations that apply - all types of stream crossings may be subject to permitting by regulatory 

agencies.
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 31

Timber harvesting activities should be conducted carefully, especially on 

steeper slopes and near streams, lakes, sinkholes, wetlands or other waterbodies. 

When harvesting timber in close proximity to a waterbody, follow the 

specific criteria provided in the Special Management Zone section of 

this manual. Depending on conditions, timber harvesting in these areas may 

be significantly limited.

BMPs for Timber Harvesting

Skid Trails

• Locate skid trails along the contour whenever practical to promote 

revegetation and reduce soil erosion. If skidding must be done up or down 

the slope, the operator should skid uphill and avoid long, continuous skid 

trails.

• After skidding activities are complete, stabilize skid trails where 

necessary by installing water bars or similar structures at recommended 

intervals - seeding and fertilizing skid trails will accelerate stabilization on 

erodible soils and/or steep slopes.

• When skidding in muck or peat (organic) soils such as in swamps, bogs or 

similar wetlands, concentrate skidding to as few trails as possible - this will 

confine soil compaction to small areas.

• When skidding on mineral soils, such as in uplands, skidding should be 

dispersed so that soil compaction is minimal even in individual trails.

• Keep main skid trails out of all Special Management Zones except to 

approach a designated crossing.

• Keep loading decks or landings out of all Special Management Zones. In 

addition, keep all log bunching points out of the Primary Zone of the SMZ.

Slash Disposal

• Logging slash, such as tops and limbs, which are incidental to timber 

harvesting activities may be left in place, as long as such material is not 

left in a waterbody.

• Remove logging slash from all waterbodies including both intermittent 

and perennial streams, lakes and sinkholes.

• Do not pile or push logging slash into cypress ponds or strands, swamps, 

marshes, grassy ponds, or waterbodies such as streams, lakes, sinkholes or 

similar water resource features.

Application of BMPs: Timber Harvesting
32 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Although site preparation activities are part of the reforestation operation, 

these activities can temporarily create large areas of bare soil. Depending on 

soil types and slope, mechanical site preparation in particular, may have the 

potential for significant erosion and sedimentation. For these reasons, mechanical 

site preparation may be restricted or prohibited near streams, lakes, sinkholes 

and other waterbodies. When conducting site preparation activities near 

surface waters, follow the specific criteria provided in the Special 

Management Zone section of this manual.

BMPs for Site Preparation and Planting

• Plan site preparation and planting procedures prior to timber harvesting 

activities.

• Select only the site preparation techniques that are necessary to establish 

seedlings and minimize vegetative competition - do not needlessly disturb 

the ground surface or expose the topsoil.

• Do not conduct mechanical site preparation within any part of the Special 

Management Zone.

• Do not conduct intensive mechanical site preparation such as bedding, 

raking and windrowing in wetlands.

• When chopping, pull chopper perpendicular to a waterbody to orient soil 

indentations along the contour (not necessary if chopping is followed by 

bedding or if the waterbody is separated from the chopped area by 

windrows or a similar barrier to overland flow).

• Arrange windrows and soil beds parallel to a waterbody or wetland in 

order to provide a barrier to overland flow, prevent concentration of runoff 

and reduce erosion.

• When using a blade to shear, push, or pile debris, keep the blade above 

the soil surface. This will minimize erosion and facilitate rapid site recovery 

and tree growth.

• Do not pile or push logging slash into cypress ponds or strands, swamps, 

marshes, grassy ponds, or waterbodies such as streams, lakes or similar 

water resource features.

• Do not conduct site preparation burning within the SMZ where slopes are 

18% or greater.

Application of BMPs: Site Preparation & Planting
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 33

Fireline construction is an integral component of both fire suppression and 

prescribed burning. However, firelines can result in excessive erosion and 

water quality degradation. Lines plowed in wetlands can also result in excessive 

drainage and possibly conversion of wetlands to non-wetland systems. Extra 

precautions are necessary when constructing firelines near surface waters and 

wetlands.

BMPs for Firelines

• Construct firelines only where necessary, making use of existing barriers 

such as roads, waterbodies, etc.

• Where possible, use alternatives to plowed lines such as harrowing, foam 

lines, wet lines or permanent grass.

• Do not plow lines through sensitive areas such as wetlands, marshes, 

prairies and savannas unless absolutely necessary. Avoid these areas or 

use alternative line construction methods.

• Maintain minimum plow depth at all times.

• When crossing waterbodies, raise the equipment to prevent connecting 

the line directly to the waterbody.

• Do not construct firelines which act as drainage systems, particularly 

those that might connect or drain isolated wetlands.

• Avoid constructing plowed firelines in the Special Management Zone, 

particularly the Primary Zone.

• Use water bars, turnouts and/or vegetation to stabilize firelines when 

erosion and sedimentation might otherwise result.

• When revegetating firelines, use native species when possible.

• Orient firelines along the contour wherever possible to prevent erosion 

and gullying.

• Do not prescribe burn for site preparation purposes within the Special 

Management Zone when the slope of the site is 18% or greater (SSCs 5 and 

6). Burning for ecological purposes on steep slopes is not restricted.

Application of BMPs: Fireline Construction
34 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Pesticide and fertilizer application is a common silvicultural management 

technique in some areas of Florida. Pesticides and fertilizer are usually 

applied near tree planting time or shortly after. Occasionally, nitrogen fertilizer 

and some types of pesticides may be added later in the rotation.

These chemicals generally do not pose a threat to water quality as long as 

they are applied according to the label and in compliance with the following 

BMPs.

BMPs for Pesticide and Fertilizer Use

Pesticides

• Choose equipment that directs the chemical only to the target area. 

Misdirected or excessive amounts of pesticides are wasteful, expensive and 

can pose a serious threat to water quality and aquatic life.

• Do not conduct aerial application, mist blowing or operational application 

of pesticides (See Glossary) within the Primary Zone of the SMZ.

• Do not leave pesticide containers on site - these should be rinsed and 

disposed of according to the directions on the label.

• Do not rinse spray equipment or discharge rinse water in waterbodies, 

wetlands or within the Special Management Zone.

Fertilizer

• Do not conduct aerial application, or operational application of fertilizer 

(See Glossary) or locate fertilizer transfer/loading areas within the Primary 

Zone of the SMZ.

• Whenever practical, apply fertilizer to maximize the uptake of nutrients, 

which might otherwise move off-site; consider the use of slow release fertilizer when conditions are appropriate.

Fertilizer Application Limits

Good nutrient management is essential for healthy forest production and 

environmental protection. The key to success is identifying the needs of target 

plants and matching fertilization operations to those needs. One way to 

accomplish this is to develop and implement a nutrient management plan 

based on soil, water, plant and organic material sample analyses, along with 

expected or desired timber yields (see Florida Extension Service Circular 1230). 

This should result in fertilizer application rates that minimize the amount of 

available nutrients while optimizing growth and yield.

Application of BMPs: Pesticide & Fertilizer Use
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 35

In addition, it should be understood that not all silviculture strategies 

require, or can benefit from, forest fertilization. Where forest fertilization is 

conducted, such operations should be planned and implemented with consultation 

from a knowledgeable professional, and in accordance with all applicable BMPs 

or other measures that reduce nutrient delivery to water resources.

To that end, the following BMP represents fertilizer application limits not 

to be exceeded during forest fertilization operations (these are not recommended 

rates of application):

Elemental Nitrogen

• No more than a 1000 lbs/acre over any 20-year period. 

• No more than 250 lbs/acre for any 3-year period. 

• No more than 80 lbs/acre during the first 2-years of newly established 

plantations.

Elemental Phosphorus

• No more than 250 lbs/acre over any 20-year period. 

• No more than 80 lbs/acre for any 3-year period.

Note: Some pesticides require the applicator to be certified by the Florida Department 

of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Also, pesticide labels may have additional 

restrictions for application near open waters or wetlands. Read and follow the label.

Failure to comply with requirements of pesticide labels can result in civil and/or 

criminal penalties under state and federal law.
36 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Heavy equipment such as tractors, skidders and large trucks are commonly 

used in forestry activities. Consequently, routine maintenance activities including oil changes, often take place at the work site, i.e. “in the woods”. Proper 

collection and disposal of used oil is necessary to prevent soil and water 

contamination and to promote oil recycling.

Florida Law prohibits the discharge of pollutants both on the ground and 

in waterbodies. Pollutants include petroleum products of all kinds, including 

used oil. The discharge itself and the failure to report the discharge may be 

subject to penalties under Florida Law and Federal Law. Discharges or spills 

should be reported in accordance with the requirements of the Department of 

Environmental Protection rules.

BMPs for Waste Disposal

Used Oil

• During equipment maintenance, used oil should be collected and stored 

until properly disposed:

• Do not discharge used oil or other pollutants on the ground, in sinkholes, 

or in waterbodies of any kind (including wetlands and canals).

• Do not mix used oil with other materials such as degreasing solvents, 

carburetor cleaners, etc. Such mixing may render the used oil unsuitable 

for recycling and therefore unacceptable at recycling centers.

Solid Waste

• Do not dispose of solid wastes, such as trash, litter, containers, etc. into 

waterbodies of any kind.

• Remove trash, litter and other solid wastes from project areas. In 

particular, remove and properly dispose of all chemical containers, 

hydraulic fluid and oil containers, oil filters, batteries, and tires.

Note: For information concerning oil spill reporting requirements, contact the local 

Department of Environmental Protection office.

Note: Most counties in Florida maintain a used oil collection facility which will 

accept used oil and hydraulic fluid. Contact your County Landfill Operation for the 

nearest location of such a facility.

Application of BMPs: Waste Disposal
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 37

Creek and river floodplains and isolated wetlands are periodically inundated, 

which can result in large areas of flowing and/or “standing” water. Heavy 

equipment operation, such as skidding, in flowing water or in standing water 

that is contiguous with nearby flowing water is likely to cause the discharge of 

sediment or turbid runoff into waters of the State. Discharges of this nature 

can cause numerous problems to the water resource and may also constitute a 

State water quality standards violation.

In addition, heavy equipment operation during flooded or saturated soil 

conditions can cause excessive rutting, which may result in significant soil 

compaction. If such rutting is widespread, overall reforestation of the site may 

be severely limited.

The best alternative for logging during wet weather conditions is to postpone	

the operation until drier conditions prevail. However, when operations

must be conducted, the following BMPs apply.

BMPs for Wet Weather Operations

• Avoid heavy equipment operations, especially skidding, during flooded or 

wet soil conditions. Under certain conditions, special low-ground pressure 

equipment or other alternatives to conventional skidding may be necessary.

• Do not operate heavy equipment, especially skidders, in floodplains when 

they are flooded or during conditions of flowing or standing floodwater.

• Minimize skidder and other heavy equipment operation in wetlands 

during wet conditions to avoid widespread excessive soil rutting. Although 

some minor rutting may occur in a typical wetland harvesting operation, 

skidders and other heavy equipment operation should be planned for dry 

seasons and/or dry periods as much as possible.

• Confine skid trails to as small an area as possible when working in 

organic or muck soils, especially during wet conditions.

Note: Wet weather forestry operations have the potential for creating water quality 

standards violations. Such operations that generate an offsite discharge of visibly turbid 

water above natural background levels, are likely to be in violation of State water 

quality standards.

Application of BMPs: Wet Weather Operations
38 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

 In the event of a wildfire, insect or disease epidemic, or other natural 

catastrophe, a Best Management Practice may be temporarily relaxed to aid 

fire suppression, to conduct appropriate salvage techniques, and to promote 

rapid site recovery. Harvesting guidelines which apply to the Special Management Zone may be relaxed to allow salvage of damaged or downed timber.

BMPs During Emergencies

Wildfire

• Firelines, road construction and stream crossings will be unrestricted 

during emergencies, but stabilized according to Best Management Practices 

following the salvage and revegetation process (see Fireline Construction 

section).

• When necessary, mechanical site preparation techniques may be conducted 

within the Special Management Zone to help return the site to a productive, 

protective condition.

Insect and Disease

• During insect or disease epidemics, appropriate pesticides and/or 

harvesting may be used within the Special Management Zone to protect 

and maintain the health of the affected and surrounding forest.

Application of BMPs: Emergency Operations
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 39

1	 SMZ Widths/Site Management Recommendations (SSC)......................40

2	 Soil Erodibility/K-Factors of Florida Soils..............................................58

3	 Guide for Estimating K-Factors and Slope Category.............................62

4	 OFWs, ONRWs, Class I Waters of Florida.............................................64

5	 Wetland Types..........................................................................................89

6	 Seedling Rates for Vegetative Stabilization...........................................90

7	 Spacing for Road Drainage Structures...................................................91

8	 Road Drainage Design Illustrations.......................................................92

9	 Culvert Sizing Tables..............................................................................98

10	 Special Management Zone Acreage Calculations.................................104

11	 Exceptions to Primary Zone Management Criteria............................. 105

12	 Division of Forestry Field Offices......................................................... 108

13	 Florida Water Management District Offices.........................................110

14	 U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Offices....................................................111

Appendice s
40 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC A1

35 35

none 35

none 75

none 200

none 200

35 35

none 35

none 200

35 35

none 35

none

200

none

250

250

A1
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 41

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX 

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC A2

45 45

10 45

none 75

none 200

none 200

45 45

10 45

none 200

45 45

10 45

200

120

180

135

135

A2
42 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

60 60

25 60

none 75

none 200

none 200

60 60

25 60

none 200

60 60

25 35

150

100

140

80

80

A3

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC A3
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 43

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX 

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

300 300

265 300

225 300

100 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

125

75

125

60

60

A4

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC A4
44 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

300 300

265 300

225 300

100 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100

50

120

45

45

A5

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC A5
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 45

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX 

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

300 300

265 300

225 300

100 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

75

40

110

30

30

A6

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC A6
46 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

35 35

none 35

none 75

none 200

none 200

35 35

none 35

none 200

35 35

none 35

none

150

none

250

250

B1

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC B1
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 47

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX 

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

60 60

25 60

none 75

none 200

none 200

60 60

25 60

none 200

60 60

25 60

200

120

180

135

135

B2

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC B2
48 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

75 75

40 75

none 75

none 200

none 200

75 75

40 75

none 200

75 75

40 75

150

100

140

80

80

B3

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC B3
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 49

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX 

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

300 300

265 300

225 300

100 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

125

75

125

60

60

B4

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC B4
50 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

300 300

265 300

225 300

100 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100

50

120

45

45

B5

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC B5
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 51

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX 

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

300 300

265 300

225 300

100 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

75

40

110

30

30

B6

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC B6
52 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

35 35

none 35

none 75

none 200

none 200

35 35

none 35

none 200

35 35

none 35

none

150

none

250

250

C1

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC C1
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 53

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX 

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

60 60

25 60

none 75

none 200

none 200

60 60

25 60

none 200

60 60

25 60

200

120

180

135

135

C2

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC C2
54 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

80 80

45 80

5 80

none 200

none 200

80 80

45 80

none 200

80 80

45 80

150

100

140

80

80

C3

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC C3
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 55

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX 

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

300 300

265 300

225 300

100 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

125

75

125

60

60

C4

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC C4
56 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

300 300

265 300

225 300

100 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100

50

120

45

45

C5

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC C5
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 57

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT ZONES (Each Side)

Stream Class Primary (ft.) Secondary (ft.) Total SMZ (ft.)

STREAMS

Intermittent (All) Stringer

Perennial (0-20 ft.) 35

Perennial (20-40 ft.) 75

Perennial (40+ ft.) 200

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

LAKES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

OFW, ONRW, Class I Waters 200

SINKHOLES

Intermittent Stringer

Perennial 35

ROAD CONSTRUCTION and MAINTENANCE DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Structure Zone Width (ft.) Treatments Allowed Spacing (ft.)

Permanent Roads 0-300 Culvert or Cross Ditch

Water Turnouts

Broad-base Dips

Temp. Roads/Skid Trails 0-300 Water Bars

Firelines 0-300 Water Bars

SITE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION (SSC) INDEX 

 Slope %

0-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 18-22 22+

Low <0.20 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Moderate 0.21 - 0.27 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

High >0.28 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Soil Erodibility K-Factor

300 300

265 300

225 300

100 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

100 300

300 300

265 300

75

40

110

30

30

C6

Appendix 1 Site Management Recommendations • SSC C6
58 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Appendix 2 Soils

Soil Erodibility Category A

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

A	 Adamsville	 0.10

A	 Alachua	 0.17

A	 Alaga	 0.17

A	 Alapaha	 0.17

A	 Albany	 0.17

A	 Alpin	 0.10

A	 Americus	 0.17

A	 Anclote	 0.17

A	 Apopka	 0.17

A	 Arredondo	 0.17

A	 Arzell	 0.10

A	 Astatula	 0.15

A	 Astor	 0.17

A	 Barth	 0.17

A	 Basinger	 0.10

A	 Bibb	 0.20

A	 Blanton	 0.17

A	 Blichton	 0.20

A	 Boca	 0.20

A	 Bonifay	 0.17

A	 Bradenton	 0.20

A	 Broward	 0.17

A	 Canaveral	 0.15

A	 Candler	 0.10

A	 Cassia	 0.15

A	 Chaires	 0.10

A	 Charlotte	 0.15

A	 Chiefland	 0.15

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

A	 Chipley	 0.17

A	 Cocoa	 0.17

A	 Copeland	 0.17

A	 Dade	 0.17

A	 Delks	 0.17

A	 Delray	 0.17

A	 Eaton	 0.17

A	 Eau Gallie	 0.17

A	 Electra	 0.15

A	 Ellabelle	 0.17

A	 Elred	 0.17

A	 Eulonia	 0.20

A	 Eustis	 0.17

A	 Evinston	 0.15

A	 Felda	 0.17

A	 Floridana	 0.17

A	 Fort Drum	 0.20

A	 Fort Meade	 0.17

A	 Fox Worth	 0.17

A	 Fuquay	 0.20

A	 Gainesville	 0.17

A	 Goldboro	 0.20

A	 Hague	 0.17

A	 Hallandale	 0.17

A	 Holopaw	 0.15

A	 Huckabee	 0.17

A	 Hurricane	 0.10

A	 Immokalee	 0.15
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 59

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

A	 Johns	 0.20

A	 Jonesville	 0.17

A	 Jumper	 0.20

A	 Jupiter	 0.17

A	 Kalmia	 0.20

A	 Kanapaha	 0.15

A	 Kendrick	 0.17

A	 Kennansville	 0.15

A	 Keri	 0.17

A	 Kershaw	 0.15

A	 Klej	 0.15

A	 Klej (Shallow Variant)	 0.17

A	 Kureb	 0.17

A	 Lake	 0.15

A	 Lakeland	 0.17

A	 Lakewood	 0.15

A	 Leefield	 0.20

A	 Leon	 0.20

A	 Lochloosa	 0.20

A	 Lucy	 0.17

A	 Lutterloh	 0.10

A	 Lynn Haven	 0.20

A	 Lynne	 0.20

A	 Magnolia	 0.20

A	 Malabar	 0.20

A	 Manatee	 0.20

A	 Margate	 0.17

A	 Marlboro	 0.20

A	 Mascotte	 0.20

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

A	 Matmon	 0.20

A Maxton	 0.20

A	 Micanopy	 0.20

A	 Myakka	 0.20

A	 Newnan	 0.10

A	 Ochopee	 0.17

A	 Ocilla	 0.17

A	 Oldsmar	 0.20

A	 Olustee	 0.20

A	 Ona	 0.20

A	 Orlando	 0.15

A	 Orsino	 0.17

A	 Ortega	 0.10

A	 Osier	 0.15

A	 Otela	 0.10

A	 Palm Beach	 0.15

A	 Paola	 0.15

A	 Parkwood	 0.20

A	 Pedro	 0.17

A	 Pelham	 0.20

A	 Pineda	 0.17

A	 Pinellas	 0.17

A	 Placid	 0.17

A	 Plummer	 0.17

A	 Poarch	 0.20

A	 Pomello	 0.17

A	 Pomona	 0.20

A	 Pompano	 0.15

A	 Portsmouth	 0.17
60 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

A	 Red Bay	 0.20

A	 Ridgeland	 0.20

A Rimini	 0.10

A	 Riviera	 0.17

A	 Rutlege	 0.17

A	 Satellite	 0.15

A	 Scranton	 0.15

A	 Sellers	 0.15

A	 Smyrna	 0.10

A	 Sparr	 0.16

A	 St Johns	 0.20

A	 St Lucie	 0.15

A	 Stilson	 0.20

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

A	 Surrency	 0.20

A	 Tavares	 0.17

A	 Tifton	 0.20

A	 Toole	 0.10

A	 Troup	 0.17

A	 Valkaria	 0.15

A	 Wabasso	 0.20

A	 Wacahoota	 0.20

A	 Wagram	 0.15

A	 Wauchula	 0.20

A	 Welaka	 0.15

A	 Winder	 0.20

A	 Zuber	 0.20

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

B	 Archer	 0.24

B	 Ardilla	 0.24

B	 Boardman	 0.24

B	 Bowie	 0.24

B	 Bushnell	 0.24

B	 Carnegie	 0.24

B	 Chobee	 0.24

B	 Cowarts	 0.24

B	 Coxville	 0.24

B	 Cuthbert	 0.24

B	 Elmeralda	 0.24

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

B	 Eureka	 0.24

B	 Greenville	 0.24

B	 Hannahatchee	 0.24

B	 Myatt	 0.24

B	 Notcher	 0.24

B	 Panasoffkee	 0.24

B	 Pantego	 0.24

B	 Peace River	 0.24

B	 Rains	 0.24

B	 Savannah	 0.24

B	 Sunsweet	 0.24

B	 Weston, dark subsoil	 0.24

Soil Erodibility Category B
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 61

Soil Erodibility Category C

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

C	 Angie	 0.32

C	 Bayboro	 0.43

C	 Binnsville	 0.37

C	 Bladen	 0.32

C	 Blakely	 0.37

C	 Bluff	 0.37

C	 Congaree	 0.32

C	 Dothan	 0.28

C	 Dunbar	 0.28

C	 Duplin	 0.32

C	 Esto	 0.32

C	 Faceville	 0.32

C	 Fellowship	 0.28

C	 Flamingo	 0.37

C	 Flemington	 0.32

C	 Grady	 0.37

C	 Gritney	 0.32

C	 Hialeah	 0.37

C	 Iberia	 0.37

Category	 Soil Name	 K-Factor

C Irvington	 0.32

C	 Izagora	 0.32

C	 Leaf	 0.49

C	 Lynchburg	 0.28

C	 Martel	 0.28

C	 Meggett	 0.32

C	 Norfolk	 0.28

C	 Okitibbeha	 0.32

C	 Orangeburg	 0.28

C	 Paisley	 0.32

C	 Pansey	 0.32

C	 Perrine	 0.32

C	 Ruston	 0.28

C	 Sawyer	 0.37

C	 Shubuta	 0.28

C	 Stough	 0.28

C	 Susquehanna	 0.28

C	 Vaucluse	 0.28

C	 Wahee	 0.43

Brighton	 Montverde	 Pamlico

Canova	 Ocoee	 Plantation

Dania	 Okeechobee	 Sanibel

Dorovan	 Okeelanta	 Terra Ceia

Everglades	 Oklawaha	 Tomoka

Lauderhill	 Pahokee	 Torry

Micco

Not Applicable - Organic Soils
62 S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices

Hydrologic Soil Group

A B C D

Soil Surface Texture Estimated Soil Factor

Clays	 0.24	 0.28	 0.32	 0.37

Clay Loams	 0.28	 0.32	 0.37	 0.43

Loams	 0.32	 0.37	 0.43	 0.49

Sandy Loams	 0.20	 0.24	 0.32	 0.37

Sands	 0.15-0.17	 0.20	 0.24	 0.28

Group A	 Soils having high infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted.

These consist chiefly of deep, well-to-excessively drained

sands or gravels with a high rate of water transmission which

produces a low surface runoff potential. The entire solum has

a very low content of clay and typically includes loose sands

through loamy sandy soils.

Group B	 Soils having moderate infiltration rates when thoroughly

wetted. These consist chiefly of moderately deep to deep,

moderately well-to-well drained soils with moderately fine to

moderately coarse textures. These soils have a moderate rate

of water transmission.

Group C	 Soils having slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted.

These soils consist of two groups; (1) those with moderately

fine to fine texture and a slow infiltration rate or, (2) those

with a layer that impedes the downward movement of water.

Both groups results in a slow rate of water transmission.

These soils are “heavy”, and range from silt loams through the

silty clay loams.

Group D	 Soils having very slow infiltration rates when thoroughly

wetted. These soils consist of (1) clay soils with a clay pan of

clay layer at of near the surface of the ground or, (2) shallow

soils overlaying nearly impervious materials.

Appendix 3 Guide for Estimating Soil K-Factors
S i l v i c u l t u r e Best Management Practices 63

Estimating Slope from Topographic Map Contours

Slope Number of Contour Lines within a 300 ft. Zone

Category	 Average %	 5 ft. Contours	 10 ft. Contours

1 0%	 0	 0

	 	 2%	 1	 -

	 	 3%	 2	 1

2 5%	 3	 -

	 	 7%	 4	 2

	 	 8%	 5	 -

3 10%	 6	 3

	 	 12%	 7	 -

	 	 13%	 8	 4

4 15%	 9	 -

	 	 17%	 10	 5

	 	 18%	 11	 -

5 20%	 12	 6

	 	 22%	 13	 -

6 23%	 14	 7

Appendix 3 Guide for Estimating Slope Category