SECOND DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

BOGGS and RICKMAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

July 5, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A0344. BROWN v. TUCKER.

A16A0345. TUCKER v. BROWN.

BARNES, Presiding Judge.

Tisha Tucker was a passenger in a pickup truck driven byTammyBrown when

Brown struck a tractor-trailer rig parked by the road. Tucker sued Brown for her

resulting injuries, and Brown identified the tractor-trailer driver as a non-party against

whom the jury should apportion fault. After trial, the jury returned a verdict of $2

million, apportioning 40 percent fault to the tractor-trailer driver and 60 percent to

Brown. The trial court subsequently awarded Tucker an additional $533,180 in

attorney fees and expenses of litigation under the offer of settlement statute, OCGA

§ 9-11-68 (d). 

Both parties have appealed. Brown enumerates seven errors related to

evidentiary issues, jury charges, and the court’sresponse to a jury question regarding

apportionment. Tucker enumerates three errors, all of which relate to her contention
that the trial court should have granted her motion for a directed verdict of 100

percent liability against Brown. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

The evidence before the jury included the following: Passenger Tucker called

Driver Brown on cross-examination, and Brown admitted that, before the collision,

the sun had been in her eyes so badly that she could not see in front of her; that she

did not put her visor down, shield her eyes with her hand, or don sunglasses, and that

she continued driving for some distance without being able to see where she was

going. She further admitted that she first saw the tractor-trailer after she hit it, and

that if she had seen it, she could have avoided it. The jury then made a site visit.

Next, an eyewitness to the collision testified that he saw the tractor-trailer

pulling out of a neighbor’s driveway and heard it sputtering “like something was

wrong with the motor.” He heard the tractor cut off, saw where the rig was parked,

looked down, and looked up to see Brown’s pickup truck hit the back end of the

flatbed trailer. According to the witness, the back tire was on the fog line and the back

end of the trailer was sticking about a foot and a half into the road. The tractor would

not start, and the witness testified that, although a driver paying attention could have

avoided hitting the trailer asitsat, he retrieved his bulldozer and pushed the back end

2
of the trailer completely out of the road anyway because the wrecked pickup truck

created a distraction. 

A second witness testified that she heard the tractor’s engine making “spitter

spatter” noises as it drove up the driveway across the street and pulled onto the side

of the road. The driver got out, the witness turned away, and one to five minutes later

she heard a “big boom” when Brown’s pickup hit the trailer. She testified that the

trailer had been protruding only a few inches into the road before it was moved. 

A third witness testified that he heard the collision and ran out to assist the

pickup truck occupants and assess the scene. Brown had stepped out of the truck but

her two passengers were still inside, and after the witness wrenched the passenger

door open, Tucker’s arm fell a little and “blood poured out of the jacket” she was

wearing. The witness wrapped his shirt around her arm and waited with both

passengers until the ambulance came. He testified that a small section of the trailer

was a few inches over the fog line into the road when Brown hit it.

Tucker testified that Brown had been driving Tucker back to her mother’s

house with Brown’s daughter-in-law, Brooke Roberson, sitting between Brown and

Tucker. Tucker noticed the parked tractor-trailer ahead on the side of the road ahead

of them but was looking out the window daydreaming when Brown hit it. The EMT

3
who treated Tucker at the scene and the surgeon who operated on her lacerated finger,

broken arm, and dislocated elbow both testified about Tucker’s injuries.

After Tucker rested her case, the defense called three deputy sheriffs who had

responded to the scene, Roberson, and the state trooper who was in charge of

investigating the collision. The trooper testified about histraining and experience and

his conversations with Brown and Lee Patterson, who had identified himself as the

driver of the tractor-trailer rig, which was owned by someone else. After describing

his physical investigation, the trooper concluded that in his opinion the tractor-trailer

had not been parked completely off the roadway when Brown hit it and that Brown

had not been speeding. Brown was not called to testify on direct.

Case Number A16A0344

1. Brown arguesthat the trial court erred in granting Tucker’s motion in limine

to exclude the state trooper’s opinion testimony that the cause of the collision wasthe

tractor- trailer’s protrusion into the roadway, rather than Brown’s ability to see where

she was going. After the trooper testified about his investigation, the jury was

excused and Brown made a proffer of the trooper’s testimony. Brown asked the

trooper, “Combining all the factors you talked about so far, ... were you able to reach

4
a conclusion in your mind as to what the cause of the accident was?” The trooper

answered yes, and this exchange followed:

QUESTION: Based on your experience and training, what opinion, if

any, do you have as to what the cause of this accident was?

ANSWER: Okay. The parked tractor-trailer being partially in the

roadway.

QUESTION: Why is that?

ANSWER: The roadway is 20 feet wide. If you are negotiating a curve

and you come around a curve and you don’t see something that is

partially in the roadway, you’re going to hit it. And that’s basically what

happened in this accident here. 

QUESTION: Did the sun figure into that at all?

ANSWER: The sun did figure in. It’s setting in the west, and if you got

sunlight in your eyes while you’re negotiating a curve, it could possibly

happen.

Tucker’s objection to this proffered testimony was that “opinions such as [‘]if

you don’t see something in the roadway, you’re going to hit it[‘] are certainly

something that’s within the [ken] of the jury,” and that “it was not beyond the jury’s

ability to weigh the position of the truck versus the effect of the sun.” The trial court

agreed. It reasoned that the evidence presented during the trial clearly presented the

question of how much the tractor-trailer in the roadway and how much the sun in

Brown’s eyes caused or contributed to the collision. Sustaining Tucker’s objection,

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the court found that the last questions quoted above clearly went to the ultimate issue

in the case, which was as easily determined by the jury as by the trooper. 

We review a trial court’s evidentiary determinations only for abuse of

discretion. Whitlock v. Moore, 312 Ga. App. 777, 779 (1) (720 SE2d 194) (2011).

Brown argues that the trial court abused that discretion by sustaining Tucker’s

objection to the proffered opinion testimony, which she argues was admissible

because it was based on both the trooper’s examination of physical evidence at the

scene and on witness interviews. 

Generally, an officer with investigative training and experience may relate his

opinion about the events that led to a vehicular collision, based on his observations,

and may even testify about an ultimate issue if his conclusion exceeds the average

juror’s ken and is not a determination of fault. Fortner v. Town of Register, 289 Ga.

App. 543, 545-546 (1) (657 SE2d 620) (2008). 

The trooper in this case did testify that in his opinion, based on his

investigation, the trailer thatBrown struck was protruding some distance into the road

and the sun was in Brown’s eyes. His conclusion about these factors was a proper

matter for his testimony, as was the opinion of the investigating officer in Fortner

that the decedent’s failure to stop at a stop sign was “a contributing factor of the

6
accident.” 289 Ga. App. at 545 (1). But the jury in this case did not require an

expert’s opinion regarding whether the tractor-trailer’s location was “the” ultimate

cause of the collision.

Although an experienced police officer can be qualified as an expert to

give opinion testimony about the cause of a traffic accident, it remains

settled law in Georgia that expert opinion testimony is unnecessary and

improper if a jury would be able to ascertain the cause of the accident on

its own and without any such testimony.

(Citation omitted.) Whitlock, 312 Ga. App. at 779-780 (1). 

Brown argues that the officer’s testimony in this case was admissible because

it was based on his personal investigation in addition to witness statements, unlike

the properly excluded evidence in Whitlock, 312 Ga. App. at 778-780 (1),1

and the

erroneously admitted evidence in Purcell v. Kelley, 286 Ga. App. 117, 118 (1) (648

SE2d 454) (2007).2 This argument missesthe point, which isthat in this case, whether

1

In Whitlock, the investigating officer simply repeated asfact the statements of

witnesses describing the events that led to the collision, rather than investigating the

physical evidence and drawing conclusionsthat required the application of expertise.

312 Ga. App. at 779 (1). 

2

In Purcell, the trial court erred in admitting the officer’s testimony that the

defendant ran a red light, because that conclusion was based solely on witness

testimony and the jury could determine for itself whether the witnesses were being

truthful. 286 Ga. App. at 118 (1).

7
the collision was caused by the placement of the parked tractor-trailer, by Brown

continuing to drive when she could not see where she was going, or by a combination

of these factors, was not an issue that a layperson needed expert opinion to decide.

Thus, the trial court acted within its discretion in excluding the proffered testimony.

In contrast, the officer’s opinion about where the tractor-trailer waslocated before the

collision and the degree to which the sun could have been in Brown’s eyes was

properly admitted by the trial court, because those conclusions were based on the

officer’s application of his expert knowledge to the physical evidence at the scene.

See Kennebeck v. Glover, 294 Ga. App. 822, 823-825 (1) (670 SE2d 459) (2008) (no

error in trial court allowing investigating officer to testify, in response to a

hypothetical, that if defendant had been driving 20 miles over the speed limit when

he hit plaintiff, he had been driving too fast for conditions). 

2. Brown contends that the trial court erred in excluding evidence that Tucker

had hired an expert but chose not to call him, asserting that the jury could have

reasonably inferred from Tucker’s failure to call the expert that the expert’s report

must have been unfavorable to Tucker. Again, we review this decision for abuse of

discretion. Whitlock, 312 Ga. App. at 779 (1). 

8
Tucker formally withdrew her designation of an expert witness and filed a

motion in limine to exclude evidence that she had previously hired him or had failed

to call him to testify. The trial court initially denied the motion, but reconsidered

before Brown’s expert accident reconstructionist testified.Brown sought to introduce

evidence through her expert that Tucker had hired a different expert, and then “let

[the jurors] draw whatever inferencestheywant to draw.” After further consideration,

the trial court ruled that the issue of who hired an expert had nothing to do with the

issue before the jury, which was to determine the proximate cause or causes of the

accident. Brown then stated her understanding that the court was ruling she “was not

allowed to mention” Tucker’sformer expert, and the court clarified that Brown could

not mention Tucker’s “hiring of an earlier expert that [she] did not call.” During the

testimony of Brown’s accident reconstruction expert, Brown did not ask the expert

to identify all the material he had relied on to form his opinions, although he did

testify outside the jury’s presence that he had relied on material fromTucker’sformer

expert to form his own opinion. 

Brown argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not allowing her to

introduce evidence that Tucker had hired an expert she did not call as a witness. She

contends that under the authority of Blige v. State, 264 Ga. 166, 168 (2) (441 SE2d

9
752) (1994) (Blige 4) and Blige v. State, 263 Ga. 244, 245 (2) (430 SE2d 761) (1993),

(Blige 2)

3

she should have been allowed to introduce foundation evidence that Tucker

had hired an expert but did not call him, and to argue the negative inference arising

from Tucker’sfailure to call that expert. These cases relied on Sabel v. State, 248 Ga.

10, 18 (6) (282 SE2d 61) (1981), in which the Supreme Court interpreted the

reciprocal criminal discovery statute, former OCGA § 17-7-211 (b), as requiring an

expert hired by a criminal defendant to reduce his opinions to a written report and

give it to the State, even if the expert’s conclusions were unfavorable and the

defendant elected not to call him. That portion of Sabel was overruled three years

later, however, when the Georgia Supreme Court noted that “the discovery rights

granted to the [S]tate under Sabel [were] not reciprocal, but [were], in fact, greater

than the statutory discovery rights granted to the defendant,” because the State was

not required to make its experts put their opinions into reports and give them to the

defendant. Rower v. State, 264 Ga. 323, 325 (5) (443 SE2d 839) (1994). Citing due

process concerns, the Supreme Court instead concluded that “with regard to scientific

3Mr. Blige appealed two separate convictionsfor similar crimes, both of which

were heard by both appellate courts, for a total of four appellate opinions.

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reports, the [S]tate is entitled to only those discovery rightsspecifically granted to the

defendant by OCGA § 17-7-211.” Id. 

This court has a long line of condemnation cases addressing whether a party

may place the opinions of an opposing party’sformer expert before the jury. We have

held that such an expert is subject to subpoena regardless of who initially hired him,

but that all questions relating to the expert’s previous employment by the opposing

party were irrelevant and inadmissible. Logan v. Chatham County, 113 Ga. Ap. 491,

492-493 (1), (2) (148 SE2d 471) (1966). 

The Supreme Court in Blige 4 held that, generally, the fact that an expert

witness had been originally employed by the opposing party was not pertinent to the

issues in the case. 264 Ga. at 167 (2). The State further argued that the identity of the

expert’s original employer wasrelevant to the witness’sinterest, citing former OCGA

§ 24-9-68, which provided that “[t]he state of a witness’sfeelingstowardsthe parties

and hisrelationship to them may always be proved for the consideration of the jury,”

4

but the court responded that the statute could not be considered in a vacuum. Id.

Evidence relating to a witness’s credibility is only relevant to attack or rehabilitate

4The current case was tried after the effective date of the revised Code of

Evidence. 

11
the witness’s credibility, and in Blige 4, the State had called the expert to testify for

the State. Id. The State obviously had no interest in impeaching its own witness and

the defendant had not attacked the witness’s credibility, and therefore the witness’s

prior employment by the defendant was inadmissible.

Finally, in Blige 4, the State argued that the Logan rule, that a party cannot ask

his own witness about having been previously employed by the opposing party, was

inconsistent with Sabel’s holding that

[i]f the defendant does not call the expert as a witness, the [S]tate may

call the defendant’s . . . [witness] without adding his or her name to the

list of witnesses, or may argue to the jury that the defendant would have

called the expert had the result of the testing been favorable to the

defendant.

Blige 4, 264 Ga. at 168 (2), citing Sabel, 248 Ga. at 18 (6). The court in Blige 4

concluded that these two holding were not inconsistent, because under Sabel, the

State was required to elect between calling the witness or arguing the inference

arising from the defendant’s failure to call the witness, but not both, as the State

wanted to do in that case. 264 Ga. at 168 (2). 

In Rower, decided less than two months after Blige 4, after overruling Sabel’s

requirement that a criminal defendant was required to make his expert witnesses

12
reduce their opinionsto writing and share that with the State, the Supreme Court held,

simply, “With regard to the [S]tate’s right to call [the defendant’s] expert witnesses

as its own, or to argue the inference arising from [the defendant’s] failure to call his

own experts, see Blige v. State, 264 Ga. 166 (441 SE2d 752) (1994).” Rower, 264 Ga.

at 325 (5).

According to Blige 4, 264 Ga. at 168 (2) and Rower, 264 Ga. at 325 (5), the

State may argue in closing that the jury may draw a negative inference from a

criminal defendant’s failure to call as a witness an expert whom the defendant

previously hired. We have found no further discussion of the issue in any cases from

the Georgia Supreme Court, criminal or civil. But see ABM Realty Co. v. Bd. of

Regents of the Univ. Sys. of Ga., 296 Ga. App. 658, 662 (2) (675 SE2d 549) (2009)

(no error in granting motion in limine to exclude property appraisal “with reference

to the fact that the appraisal had been made on behalf of the moving party ... because

a party is not bound by the rejected opinions of its expert witnesses.”) See also H. D.

McCondichie Properties v. Ga. Dept. of Transp., 280 Ga. App. 197, 198 (1) (633

SE2d 558) (2006) (“The issue of who hired a particular expert had nothing to do with

the questions being tried, and the trial court properly excluded this evidence at

trial.”); Vaughn v. Protective Ins. Co., 243 Ga. App. 79, 84-85 (4) (532 SE2d 159)

13
(2000) (whether opposing counsel had hired expert in other cases was not proper

rehabilitation evidence during voir dire on expert’s qualifications); Jones v.

Scarborough, 194 Ga. App. 468, 470-471 (3) (390 SE2d 674) (1990) (opposing

party’s former expert could have been deposed and questioned at trial about his

observations of that party, although his original employment “was not pertinent and

could not have been brought out”).

Pretermitting whether the trial court erred in not permittingBrown to argue that

Tucker had hired a particular expert that she did not call to testify on her behalf, we

find no reversible error. Brown’s accident reconstruction expert testified that, in his

opinion, the tractor-trailer had been protruding about two feet into the road, and that

Brown had not continued driving while sun-blind for as long as Tucker argued she

had. Further, Brown argued in closing that Tucker had failed to rebut the opinions

presented by Brown’s accident reconstructionist as follows:

We called an expert. They could have called an expert. They didn’t not

[sic] call an expert in this case to come in and say where those skid

marksstarted, where the impact was. The only expert you’ve heard from

from this side is [Tucker’s lawyer]. And I suggest to you he’s not an

14
expert. He’s a lawyer. You only heard the science according to

[Tucker’s lawyer].

5

The jury ended up apportioning a significant percentage of damages, 40 percent, to

the tractor-trailer driver, and after reviewing the evidence, we conclude that the trial

court’s decision not to allow Brown to argue a negative inference arising from

Tucker’s failure to call her previously hired expert is not reversible error.

Brown also argues that her expert “should have been allowed to truthfully

disclose the materials that he reviewed in forming his opinions,” which included the

deposition and investigative material of Tucker’s expert. But the trial court did not

rule that Brown was precluded from asking her expert about the evidence he relied

on to form his opinions about the case. The trial court was very specific in holding

only that Brown could not ask her own expert about the fact that Tucker had hired a

different expert, and, as Tucker noted in her responsive brief, Brown waived this

argument because she never tried to introduce evidence that her expert had relied on

material supplied by Tucker’s former expert. 

5This argument did not violate the trial court’s ruling on Tucker’s motion in

limine. See Foskey v. William Bros. Trucking Co., 197 Ga. App. 715, 717 (2) (399

SE2d 484) (1990).

15
3. Brown asserts that the trial court erred in allowing Tucker to elicit evidence

from the second passenger, Brown’s daughter-in-law Brooke Roberson, “regarding

a personal injury settlement,” pointing out that evidence about liability insurance is

inadmissible in tort cases. OCGA § 24-4-411 prohibitsthe admission of evidence that

someone was or was not insured against liability in a civil damages case not involving

a common carrier, unless the evidence is offered for a relevant purpose and the trial

court “finds that the danger of unfair prejudice is substantially outweighed by the

probative value of the evidence.” 

Here, the trial court considered the issue before trial began. It heard portions

of Roberson’s deposition, including her testimony that she had received a letter from

Brown’s insurance company saying “this is how much my medical bills [were], this

is how much went to it, and this is how much I’ll be getting. And since I had just had

a baby that five hundred something was perfect.” Roberson also testified in her

deposition thatshe thought Tucker had sued the wrong party and that the truck driver

was responsible for the wreck. Roberson’s testimony regarding how long she was

blinded by the sun before the collision varied from “a few minutes” to less than 15

seconds, to almost immediately (“[I]t was like, can’t see, then boom, spinning. And

then oh, look there’s a truck there.”). 

16
The trial court found that whether Roberson had received money from Brown

was relevant to her credibility, but also found that injecting the issue of insurance

would be prejudicial to Brown. Before Roberson took the stand, the trial court again

considered the issue and found that the value of allowing Tucker to ask limited

questions about money she had received substantially outweighed the prejudice of

having the jury possibly assume that Brown was insured. 

Brown argues on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in determining

that the probative value of the evidence substantially outweighed the prejudice of

allowing Tucker to introduce evidence of insurance. 

No Georgia cases have yet addressed the application of OCGA § 24-4-411, but

the proposition that a trial court must balance the prejudicial effect of liability

insurance evidence with its probative value is not new. “The rule that the plaintiff be

allowed the right of a thorough and sifting cross examination must be balanced

against the rule that irrelevant matters of insurance coverage should be excluded from

evidence. In the interest of justice, the matter of insurance which is not a germane

issue, should be kept out.” Southeast Transport Corp. v. Hogan Livestock Co., 133

Ga. App. 825, 830 (3) (212 SE2d 638) (1975); see also Morrison v. Kicklighter, 329

Ga. App. 630, 634 (2) (d) (765 SE2d 774) (2014) (physical precedent only). On the

17
other hand, a party is entitled to explore any issues that may affect an opposing

witness’s credibility or show bias. Presswood v. Walsh, 271 Ga. App. 459, 461 (3)

(610 SE2d 113) (2005); Ayers v. Nichols, 136 Ga. App. 532 (1) (221 SE2d 835)

(1975). 

In this case, the jury heard no direct evidence regarding Brown’s liability

insurance, only thatRoberson had receivedmoney to settle any claimsshe had against

Brown and that the truck driver had not paid her any money. The trial court allowed

Tucker to ask Roberson only whether she had accepted money to release her claims

against Brown (she had); whether the money she received had helped her take care

of her new baby (it had); and whether she was given money by nonparty truck driver

Patterson or anyone else to release her claims (she had not been). We find no abuse

of discretion in the trial court’s ruling, which balanced Tucker’s interest in showing

that Roberson could possibly be biased against Brown’s interest in excluding

evidence from which a jury could possibly assume she had insurance coverage, and

found that the evidence of bias substantially outweighed the evidence of unfair

prejudice.

While Brown also argues that any interest Roberson had in the trial’s outcome

was established by evidence of her relationship to Brown, and not by evidence that

18
she had previously received money from Brown to settle any claims against her, that

argument goes to the weight of the evidence to show bias and not to its admissibility.

See Robert Stovall Family, L.P. v. Carroll County Water Auth., 255 Ga. App. 223,

224-225 (564 SE2d 763) (2002).

4. Brown arguesthat the trial court erred in charging the jury that the defendant

had the burden of proving the negligence of the nonparty truck driver by a

preponderance of the evidence. We review a trial court’sjury instructions as a whole,

de novo, for legal error. Eagle Jets, LLC v. Atlanta Jet, 321 Ga. App. 386, 398 (6)

(740 SE2d 439) (2013).

In its preliminary charge, after instructing the jury that Tucker had the burden

of proving her case by a preponderance of the evidence and defining what that meant,

the trial court instructed the jury regarding Brown’s burden of proof as to the

nonparty truck driver as follows:

Now, the defendant has filed an issue which is known as an affirmative

defense to the claims of the plaintiff. Specifically, there is a nonparty

person that they are claiming has some responsibility here. As to that

defense, the defendant bears the burden of proof by a preponderance of

the evidence. 

19
In the trial court’s final charge, after instructing the jury that Tucker had to

prove her case by a preponderance of the evidence and explaining what that meant,

the trial court continued: 

Defendant Tammy Brown has filed what is known as an affirmative

defense to the Plaintiff Tisha Tucker’s claim. Specifically, Defendant

Tammy Brown alleges that Lee Patterson[,] who is not a party to this

action[,] cause[d] or contributed to the damages claimed by Tisha

Tucker. As to that defense, Defendant Tammy Brown bears the burden

of proof by a preponderance of the evidence. 

The trial court then gave further instructions regarding circumstantial and

direct evidence, deposition testimony, expert witnesses, credibility, and impeachment,

among others, before beginning the charges on proximate cause. The court then

stopped,sent the jury out, and conferred with the parties. When the jury returned, the

court charged them as follows:

The case before you is one in which the Plaintiff must prove by a

preponderance of the evidence that the negligence of the Defendant, if

any, was a proximate cause of the injuries to the Plaintiff.

Now, for you to consider the negligence of the nonparty Lee Patterson,

the Defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the

20
negligence of Lee Patterson, if any, was a proximate cause of the

injuries to the Plaintiff. 

The court then defined proximate cause and ordinary negligence, noting that the

ordinary negligence standard applied to both Brown and nonparty Patterson. 

While Brown arguesthatshe asked the court to charge the jury thatshe had the

burden of showing a rational basis for apportioning fault to the nonparty, she cites to

no written request to charge on the defendant’s burden of proof regarding a nonparty.

In her brief, Brown cites to a discussion between the court and parties before the

court’s preliminary charge to the jury, before opening statements, although the source

of the language to which Brown objected is unclear, and also cites to the court’s

preliminary charge itself. She does not cite to or otherwise address the final charge

on the issue, her objections to it, if any, or either party’s written requests to charge,

leading this court on a lengthy snipe hunt through the 35-volume record for the

information. On this ground alone, we find no merit to Brown’s enumeration. See

Jones, Martin, &c. v. Westrex Corp., 310 Ga. App. 192, 198 (3) (b) (712 SE2d 603)

(2011) (“Without knowing the precise charge requested, we cannot review the trial

court’s denial of that request”; further, “absent a written request to charge or

[substantial error harmful as a matter of law], we will not reverse for failure to give

21
an instruction.”); Sanders v. Bowen, 196 Ga. App. 644, 646-647 (3) (396 SE2d 908)

(1990) (absent record citation to charge and objection, issue is waived). 

Absent a written request to charge, we review the propriety of the trial court’s

instructions to determine whether the court made a substantial error that was harmful

as a matter of law. OCGA § 5-5-24 (c); Pendarvis Constr. Corp. v. Cobb

County-Marietta Water Auth., 239 Ga. App. 14, 16-17 (2) (520 SE2d 530) (1999)

(charge shifting burden of proving value from condemnor to condemnee reversible

error despite condemnee’s failure to object). Upon review, we find no substantial

error here.

“The burden of proof generally lies upon the partywho is asserting or affirming

a fact and to the existence of whose case or defense the proof of such fact is

essential.” OCGA § 24-14-1. A defendant’s claim that a nonparty is liable for all or

some of the plaintiff’s damages is an assertion of fact, the existence of which is

essential to the defense. As an affirmative defense, the defendant bears the burden of

proving her assertion of fact. See Metropolitan Publishers Representatives v.

Arnsdorff, 153 Ga. App. 877, 878 (1) (267 SE2d 260) (1980) (affirmative defense that

plaintiff had to remain employed to receive commissions was a factual issue on which

the defendant bore the burden of proof). Generally, a defendant raising an affirmative

22
defense admitsthe essentialfacts of a plaintiff’s complaint, “but [then]set[s] up other

facts in justification or avoidance, or other special matters not merely elaborating or

explaining a general denial, ... the burden of proving which by a preponderance of the

evidence will rest on the defendants.” Williamson, Inman &Co. v. Thompson, 53 Ga.

App. 821, 827 (a) (187 SE 194) (1936). 

A defendant need not necessarily concede the essential facts of the plaintiff’s

claim to raise a burden-shifting affirmative defense, however. A defendant may deny

the essential facts asserted and also claim in the alternative that, if the plaintiff had

been injured, the injury was due to causes other than the defendant’s actions. For

example, when a plaintiff sued the driver of a car for her son’s wrongful death, the

defendants denied liability but also contended that the child’s death was proximately

caused by himdashing into the street. McCrackin v. McKinney, 52 Ga. App. 519 (183

SE 831) (1936). This defense was more than a simply denial of negligence, causation,

and damages, and once the plaintiff had made out her prima facie case, “the burden

rested upon the defendants ... to show by a preponderance of the evidence, in order

to sustain their plea, that the plaintiff’s injuries were caused by her own negligence.”

Id. at 521. The trial court properly charged the jury that

23
when the defendants deny an allegation made by the plaintiff, the burden

rests upon the plaintiff to establish the truth of such allegations as may

be denied by the defendant; but where the defendants set up an

affirmative defense, the burden rests upon the defendantsto establish the

truth of such affirmative defense by a preponderance of evidence.

Id. at 520.

The affirmative defense that the jury should apportion fault against someone

other than the defendant is no different analytically from the defense of contributory

negligence. Once the plaintiff establishes her prima facie case, the defendantseeking

to establish that someone else bears responsibility for the damages has the burden of

proving that defense. See Pembrook Mgmt. v. Cossaboon, 157 Ga. App. 675, 679 (6)

(278 SE2d 100) (1981).

Brown’s only support for her proposition that the defendant need only show

a rational basis for apportioning fault is Levine v. Suntrust Robinson Humphrey, 321

Ga. App. 268, 272-273 (1) (40 SE2d 672) (2013). But the issue decided in Levine was

whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the defendant on the

plaintiff’s count seeking damages for the total destruction of the business. The trial

court granted this motion on the ground that the plaintiff had failed to establish how

its damages should be apportioned between the defendant and the non-party

24
defendants with whom the plaintiff had settled. Id. at 271 (1). In reversing, this court

held that, while the apportionment statute directs the jury to consider the negligence

or fault of a nonparty that had settled with the plaintiff, OCGA § 51-12-33 (d) (1), at

the summary judgment stage, the plaintiff need only establish that the defendant’s

“alleged actions were the proximate cause of an approximate amount of damage.”

Levine, 321 Ga. App. at 272 (1).

Further, charging the jury that the defendant must establish only a “rational

basis” for finding a nonparty at fault would give the jury no guidance about how

much evidence the defendant must produce to meet her burden of assigning fault to

a non-party. The “rational basis” test is most often applied when analyzing whether

a statute violates a constitutional right to substantive due process and equal

protection. See, e.g., State v. Nankervis, 295 Ga. 406, 408 (1) (761 SE2d 1) (2014)

(“Unless governmental action infringes upon a fundamental right or the complaining

party is a member of a suspect class,” the reviewing court “will uphold the statute if,

under any conceivable set of facts, the classifications drawn in the statute bear a

rational relationship to a legitimate end of government not prohibited by the

Constitution.”) This is, of course, not the context applicable to this case involving

apportionment of fault between a defendant and a non-party defendant. 

25
Additionally, the Georgia Supreme Court case to which Levine cites for its

“rational basis” proposition addressed only the threshold question of whether a jury

could even consider the “fault” of a criminal nonparty defendant in a premises

liability case. Couch v. Red Roof Inns, 291 Ga. 359 (729 SE2d 378) (2012). The

Supreme Court in Couch did not hold that the defendant’s burden at trial wasto show

a rational basis for the apportionment of damages to a nonparty; it simply noted that

the plaintiff’s argument that a negligent landowner could show no rational basis for

apportioning damages between itself and a criminal assailant was a factual issue, not

a legal one. Id. at 366 (1). While Levine further states that “it is the defendant’s

burden to establish a rational basisfor apportioning fault to a nonparty,” to the extent

that statement can be read to mean that the trial court should charge a jury that the

defendant’s burden of proof is the “rational basis” test, it is dicta. 321 Ga. App. at

272.

In sum, Brown’s apportionment claim was an affirmative defense. She

therefore had the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that the

nonparty tractor-trailer driver was negligent and that his negligence proximately

caused all or some portion of damages to the plaintiff. Accordingly, the trial court

committed no error in charging the jury to that effect.

26
5. Brown contends that the trial court erred in declining to give her request to

charge the jury that “the issue of liability turns on the use of reasonable care under

existing conditions rather than on compliance with government regulations,” both

initially and in response to a jury question asking whether it was illegal to park over

the fog line onto the roadway. Brown elicited testimony from one of the responding

deputies that no law prohibited parking where non-party Patterson had parked the

tractor-trailer. Later, during its deliberation, the jury submitted a written question to

the trial court asking, “Is it unlawful for a vehicle to at any time park over the fog

line? And, if so, how far into the road [is] that[] legal?” The trial court responded,

“No. It is not a violation of the criminal law or the traffic law to park over the fog

line.” Brown objected to the answer, arguing that the courtshould have recharged the

jury on ordinary negligence and also should have given her request to charge that

liability depended on the use of reasonable care under the conditions. 

In support of his proposed charge, Brown cites Sinclair Disposal Svc. v.

Ochoa, 265 Ga. App. 172 (593 SE2d 358) (2004), in which we affirmed the trial

court’s denial of a request to charge that a garbage truck driver could not be found

negligent for parking halfway into the road because he had testified that his hazard

warning lights had been on. That request to charge was improper because, while a

27
violation of Georgia’s Uniform Rules of the Road “presents a prima facie case of

negligence per se” absent a valid defense, the opposite is not true, because

“[c]ompliance with the rules does not necessarily demonstrate that a defendant

exercised ordinary care.” Id. at 173.

Pretermitting whether Brown’srequested charge wassubstantially covered by

the court’s charge and verdict form as a whole, any error in failing to give this charge

was harmless. See Fulton Nat. Bank v. Marshall, 245 Ga. 745, 747 (262 SE2d 61)

(1980). By apportioning 40 percent fault to the non-party defendant tractor-trailer

driver, the jury clearly found that his “compliance with the rules” did not demonstrate

that he exercised ordinary care.

6. Brown argues that the trial court erred in refusing to allow her to crossexamine Tucker about why her mother took pictures of her injured arm while she was

in the hospital. Tucker affirmed in her deposition that one reason the pictures were

taken was so she could use them later, if necessary, in a personal injury suit, and

Brown argued that this evidence was relevant to show that “right then laying [sic] in

that hospital bed, the Plaintiff in this case, confirming it in her own deposition, was

already planning to file a lawsuit.” 

28
“The trial court has a wide latitude of discretion in controlling the scope of

cross examination and in the absence of an abuse of that discretion its exercise will

not be controlled.” Temple v. Temple, 228 Ga. 73, 74 (184 SE2d 183) (1971). The

trial courtsustained Tucker’s objections, finding that the pictures had previously been

admitted without objection when Tucker’s mother testified, and who took them or

why they were taken was irrelevant. We find no abuse in the trial court’s discretion

in sustaining the objection.

7. Finally, Brown contends that the trial court erred when it answered a jury

question “by reading that part of OCGA § 51-12-33 ... [that] states that the

percentages of fault of nonparties shall be used only in the determination of the

percentage of fault of named parties.” Brown reasons that reading this statute

improperly indicated to the jury that Tucker would only recover those damages

apportioned to Brown, asserting without citation to the record that the jurors “clearly

adjusted their percentages of fault so as to ensure that Tucker received a certain

amount of money.” Our review of the record reveals no evidence to support that

assertion and no error in the charge. 

The jury asked a total of three questionsrelated to apportionment. The first two

questions, which came after the jury deliberated for almost an hour and a half, were

29
(1) “How would the percentage affect the amount of settlement?”,6

 and (2) “On the

percentages of fault, is this based on what the law is or what we, as a jury, feel that

she was at fault?” 

The trial court dismissed the jurors for lunch and consulted at length with the

attorneys about how to answer those two questions. After the jury returned to the

courtroom, the trial court first cautioned it not to speculate regarding the

consequences of its verdict or make assumption about matters not in evidence. The

trial court responded to the first question, asking how the percentages affected the

amount of damages, as follows:

Now, ladies and gentlemen, your job is, first of all, to set the total

amount of damages that you feel like are appropriate for the damages

incurred by Ms. Tisha Tucker. You are then, after that decision is made,

you are then to go and determine how much fault, if any, was due to the

defendant Brown and how much fault, if any, is due to the nonparty

Patterson, Mr. Patterson. You are not to be concerned with anything else

other than the latter questions. Do not reduce your total damages by any

percentage of fault apportionment. The Court will take it from there. 

6The parties agreed that the jury meant to ask how the percentage of fault

would affect the amount of any damages awarded rather than the amount of any

settlement. 

30
In response to the jury’s second question (“On the percentages of fault, is this

based on what the law is or what we, as a jury, feel that she was at fault?”), the trial

court responded, “Now, your job is to apply the law and my instructions to the facts

as you, the jury, find them to be by a preponderance of the evidence that has been

presented to you. And the consequences of your verdict are matters to be addressed

by the Court and the parties after you have reached your verdict on those issues at

hand.” 

After deliberating for another three hours and twenty minutes, the jury asked

to look at its first question to the court and also asked, “What does [“]the percentage

of fault[“] mean?” The trial court answered as follows:

Now, in assessing percentages of fault, you, the jury, shall consider the

fault of all persons or entities who you feel contributed to the alleged

injury or damages regardless of whether the person or entity was or

could have been named as a party in the suit. [OCGA § 51-12-33 (c).]

Now, the assessment of percentages of fault of nonparties, which is Lee

Patterson, should be used only in the determination of the percentage

of fault of the named party. [OCGA § 51-12-33 (f) (1).] For example, if

you determine that both Tammy Brown and Lee Patterson are at fault,

then you, the jury, must determine how much each is at fault. And then

the total of the two percentage[s] that you determine must be 100

percent. 

31
Reviewing the jury charges de novo and as a whole, we find no error in the trial

court’sresponse to the jury’s question. The portion to which Brown objectsis a direct

quote from the statute and a correct statement of the law. The trial court had already

charged the jury that it was “required to report on [its] verdict form the percentage of

fault born[e] by the Defendant, if any, and any negligent nonparty, if any.” The

verdict form instructed the jury to write in the percentages of both Brown’s and

Patterson’s fault and further said that the two percentages “must total 100%.” The

verdict form being part of the charge, Cheddersingh v. State, 290 Ga. 680, 682 (2)

(724 SE2d 366) (2012), and considering the charges as a whole, we find no error.

Case No. A16A0345

Tucker’s arguments in her cross-appeal all relate to her position that the trial

court erred in failing to grant her motion for a directed verdict of liability solely

against Brown. She contendsthat Brown’s admission thatshe was blinded by the sun

when she struck the tractor-trailer required the trial court to find as a matter of law

that Brown’s actions were the sole proximate cause of the collision; that the evidence

showed the tractor-trailer driver stopped on the roadside due to a mechanical failure

rather than voluntarily; and that Brown presented no evidence that the tractor-trailer

driver breached a duty owed to Tucker that caused the collision. 

32
7. Tucker first argues that the proper standard of review for her first two

arguments is de novo rather than “any evidence,” because no evidence controverts

Brown’s testimony that she could not see where she was going and hit the tractortrailer, and no evidence indicatesthat the tractor-trailer driver had been negligent. She

further contendsthat the “any evidence” standard appliesin considering her argument

that Brown presented no evidence of nonparty Patterson’s fault.

Tucker confuses these two standards of review. “[O]n appeal from the denial

of a motion for a directed verdict, ... we construe the evidence in the light most

favorable to the party opposing the motion, and the standard of review is whether

there is any evidence to support the jury’s verdict. However, we review questions of

law de novo.” (Punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Southland Propane, Inc. v.

McWhorter, 312 Ga. App. 812, 813 (720 SE2d 270) (2011). 

Tucker is simply incorrect that “[r]egardless of any claimed negligence by

anyone else, Brown’s admissionsrequired a finding as a matter of law that her actions

were the intervening, sole proximate cause of the collision.” Whether Brown or

Patterson were negligent and if so, whether and to what degree their negligence

proximately caused Tucker’s damages was precisely the question before the jury,

even if Brown admitted that she was blinded by the sun. As this court has previously

33
recognized, “a driver, however prudent he may be, must have time enough after being

suddenly blinded [by the sun] to realize the situation with which he is confronted

before he can be expected to stop his vehicle.” Brown v. Atlanta Gas Light, 96 Ga.

App. 771, 776 (1) (101 SE2d 603) (1957), 

8. All three enumerations fail if Brown presented any evidence that nonparty

Patterson was negligent and that his negligence was a proximate cause of Tucker’s

injuries. We thus consider whether any evidence supports the trial court’s denial of

Tucker’s motion for a directed verdict.

Tucker’s first witness was Brown, whom she called for cross-examination.

After completing the examination, Tucker moved for a directed verdict that Brown

was 100 percent liable for Tucker’s damages. She argued that, even if there were

evidence that the tractor-trailer driver was negligent, Brown’s “action of continuing

to drive when she could not see [was] the sole proximate cause of this collision.” As

Brown correctly noted in response at trial, this motion was premature, having been

made before Brown had an opportunity to present any evidence at all. Tucker made

a similar motion after Brown rested, which the trial court also denied. 

On appeal, Tucker argues that “Brown’s negligence was the sole proximate

cause of the collision,” and that the trial court therefore erred in denying her motion

34
for a directed verdict of 100 percent liability against Brown. She likens the evidence

to that presented in Wallace v. Yarbrough, 155 Ga. App. 184 (270 SE2d 357) (1980)

and Brown, 96 Ga. App. 771. Neither case involved apportionment, however, and

neither establishes that the trial court erred in this case. 

In Wallace, 155 Ga. App. at 185 (1), we held that the trial court properly

directed a verdict to a third-party defendant driver who stopped suddenly when a car

pulled in front of her, after which the defendant driver struck the third-party

defendant driver from behind. But the actions of the third-party defendant in quickly

stopping her car in response to another car that had suddenly pulled in front of her are

not analogous to nonparty defendant Patterson’s actions in leaving part of his rig

protruding into the road, especially absent evidence showing why he did so. Neither

Patterson nor the owner of the tractor-trailer rig whose driveway Patterson drove out

of testified at trial.

Nor does Brown, 96 Ga. App. 771, establish error. In Brown, we held that the

trial court properly sustained a general demurrer to a complaint alleging that the

defendant Atlanta Gas Light failed to use ordinary care by negligently leaving loose

dirt in the road while excavating for a gas line, which caused the plaintiff’s decedent

to skid and flip his dump truck. Id. at 775 (1). The complaint excused the decedent’s

35
failure to observe the dirt before he hit it by averring both that he had been blinded

by the sun and that his vision had been partially obscured, but in granting the general

demurrer, we held that, construing the averments most strongly against the pleader,

the complaint showed that the decedent continued to drive while he “could not see

the way ahead.” Id. at 776 (1). 

Tucker argues that under the reasoning of Brown, 96 Ga. App. 771, the trial

court was required to direct a verdict assigning sole proximate cause for the collision

to Brown. But the analysis in Brown arose in the context of a pre-Civil Practice Act

general demurrer, when a plaintiff had to plead a civil complaint with exacting

particularity to survive. See generally PMS Constr. Co. v. DeKalb County, 243 Ga.

870, 871 (1) (257 SE2d 285) (1979) (under technical rules of pleading in force before

adoption of Civil Practice Act, a complaint failing to allege the adoption on the

minutes of a contract with county was subject to general demurrer, but that pleading

requirement did notsurvive passage of CPA); Summer-Minter&Assocs. v.Giordano,

231 Ga. 601, 605 (203 SE2d 173) (1973) (“[A]dvent of the Civil Practice Act ...

abolished causes of action wherein the case had to be set forth fully in the

pleadings.”). 

36
Further, in this case, the evidence about how long and to what extent Brown

was unable to see the road due to the setting sun consists of much more than a simple

averment that she was blinded but continued to drive. Tucker asked Brown if she

contended that the sun was in her eyes so brightly “at the point shown at Page 6 of

Exhibit No. 2” (it is not clear from the record which point that is), and she replied,

“The sun was in my eyes. But I was — I could see; but when I got on further around,

I couldn’t see.” After Brown said she would have driven around the truck if she had

seen it, Tucker asked, “So it’s not the truck that caused the collision; it was your

failure to see the truck?” Brown responded, “No,” and further testified that if she had

known there was something in the road she would have stopped and waited for the

sun to go down. 

When Tucker was asked if she had been bothered by the sun at any time before

the collision, she responded, “Not at all.” Roberson, Brown’s other passenger,

testified that the sun was not blinding when their pickup turned onto the road where

the collision occurred. The sun did become blinding to her at some point before they

hit the truck, but she was not sure how much time passed between then and the

collision. In the last few seconds before the collision, Roberson said, she was

“squinting her eyes” because the sun was in her face, and that affected her ability to

37
see the trailer. It was not blinding her the entire time they were on the road, and did

not render her completely unable to see. 

The evidence presented did not demand a finding that Brown was the sole

proximate cause of the collision, and the trial court did not err in denying Tucker’s

motion for directed verdict to that effect.

9. Tucker’s final two arguments, that nonparty Patterson was not negligent as

a matter of law, are similarly unavailing, regardless of whether it was legal for him

to stop and park on the side of the road. A legal act can still be negligent, and unlike

the facts presented in Brown v. Shiver, 183 Ga. App. 207, 208 (1) (358 SE2d 862)

(1987), the facts in this case do not establish that the Patterson had made reasonable

efforts to start the stalled vehicle, that he had just retrieved it from a repair shop, that

he had prior notice it was likely to stall, or that Brown could not have seen any

warning indicators in time to avoid hitting the trailer. Brown’stestimony that she did

not see the trailer before she hit it does not demand the conclusion as a matter of law

that she still would not have seen it if Patterson had activated the tractor-trailer’s

hazard lights or set up cones to warn oncoming traffic. One witness described the

engine as making “spitter spatter” noises and going dead as Patterson drove it down

the driveway. Another witness testified that the tractor engine was “sputtering like

38
something was wrong with the motor” as it pulled down the driveway toward the

road, but Patterson kept driving until the rig was out of the driveway and the engine

died.

7 The witness also testified that the tractor-trailer owner decided they should to

move the tail end of the trailer out of the roadway so no one else would hit it. As

mentioned previously, the evidence indicated that the trailer wassticking somewhere

between a few inches to two feet into the road before the owner used his bulldozer to

push the trailer end completely out of the road. 

The evidence did not establish as a matter of law that Tucker was entitled to

a directed verdict that Patterson was zero percent at fault and Brown was 100 percent

at fault. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying Tucker’s motion for a

directed verdict.

Judgment affirmed. Boggs and Rickman, JJ., concur.

7Counsel indicated at oral argument that the tractor stopped because it had run

out of gas, though that evidence was not presented to the jury.

39