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Open File Report 2006-1162 

| U.S. Department of the Interior      U.S. Geological Survey                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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| Chemical Analyses of Coal, Coal-Associated Rocks and Coal Combustion      Products Collected for the National Coal Quality InventoryBy Joseph R. Hatch,1 John H. Bullock, Jr.,1 and        Robert B. Finkelman21U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Federal Center, Denver,        CO 802252U.S. Geological Survey, retired, Reston, VA 20192                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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| Table of Contents 
Executive SummaryIntroductionProject OrganizationSampling
Analytical Chemical MethodsResultsAcknowledgmentsReferences Cited                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  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| Executive Summary                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          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| In 1999, the National Coal Quality Inventory (NaCQI) project was initiated	      to address a need for quality information on coals that will be mined	      during the next 20-30 years. The primary objective of this project was	      to create a database containing comprehensive, accurate and accessible	      chemical information on the quality of United States coals. This objective	      was to be accomplished through maintaining the existing U.S. Geological	      Survey (USGS) publicly available coal quality database and expanding that	      database through the acquisition of new samples from priority areas. Analysis	      of the new samples using updated coal analytical chemistry procedures	      were performed by the USGS and commercial laboratories. Priority areas	      include those where future sources of compliance coal are federally owned.	      This project was a cooperative effort between the USGS, various State	      geological surveys, universities, coal burning utilities, and the coal	      mining industry. Funding support came from the USGS, Electric Power Research	      Institute and the U.S. Department of Energy.

Accomplishments include: 1) descriptive information and chemical analyses	      for 729 samples (697 coal and 32 coal combustion product samples); 2)	      identification of a mined coal that will be the basis for a new coal analytical	      standard, to be designated CWE-1 (West Elk Mine, Gunnison County, CO);	      and 3) five publications.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           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| Introduction                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               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| In 1999, the USGS initiated the National Coal Quality Inventory (NaCQI)	      project to address a need for quality information on coals that will be	      mined during the next 20-30 years. At the time this project was initiated,	      the publicly available USGS coal quality data was based on samples primarily	      collected and analyzed between 1973 and 1985. The primary objective of	      NaCQI was to create a database containing comprehensive, accurate and	      accessible chemical information on the quality of mined and prepared United	      States coals and their combustion byproducts. This objective was to be	      accomplished through maintaining the existing publicly available coal	      quality database, expanding the database through the acquisition of new	      samples from priority areas, and analysis of the samples using updated	      coal analytical chemistry procedures. Priorities for sampling include	      those areas where future sources of compliance coal are federally owned.

This project was a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey	      (USGS), State geological surveys, universities, coal burning utilities,	      and the coal mining industry. Funding support came from the Electric Power	      Research Institute (EPRI) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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| Project Organization                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       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| Prior to the start of the NaCQI project, State geologic surveys were	      invited to submit pre-proposals for geology-based sample collection programs	      needed to fulfill the goals of NaCQI for their state. The States were	      asked to include the following parameters in their proposals:
- Most significant coal beds/coal zones: their names, past production,          and estimated resources.
- Number of operating mines in each bed/zone. Future plans for production.
- Estimated number of major/minor/trace element analyses available.	        For analyses done outside USGS, include source and timing.
- Estimated number of new samples needed. Opportunities to collect these	        new samples, including the number of existing and new mines and new	        areas to sample.
- List opportunities to obtain core from coal companies.
- Determine whether the coals are usually cleaned before shipping.
- Describe areas where there is little or no current mining, but where	        significant development is anticipated.
- Comments pertaining to regional or national impact of the beds/zones.
- Other comments concerning the major coal quality issues in that State	        and/or region.

Fourteen State organizations submitted pre-proposals, of these four proposals	      were selected for initial funding. These were from the State geological	      surveys of Colorado, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

In 2000, a second request for pre-proposals was made. This request was	      for research projects that would generate value-added information on the	      coal samples collected and/or on the data generated by the NaCQI project.	      Specifically, requests were for projects that would address the technological	      behavior (for example, fouling/slagging, combustion, washability), environmental	      impacts (trace element mobilization, disposal), or economic significance	      (byproduct recovery or use), or other relevant issues.

Two pre-proposals were received: one from the Indiana Geological Survey,	      the second from the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research;	      both were funded.

Budgetary constraints precluded a comprehensive, nationwide program of	      sample collection and analysis. Nevertheless, funding from the USGS, EPRI,	      and DOE and cooperation from State agencies resulted in the collection	      and analysis of a total of 729 samples of raw or prepared coal, coal-associated	      shale, and coal combustion products (fly ash, hopper ash, bottom ash and	      gypsum) from nine coal producing States.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  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| Sampling                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          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| For the collection of NaCQI samples, the USGS requested that collection	      procedures conform to specific American Society for Testing and Material	      (ASTM) standards. USGS recommended sample collection procedures, briefly	      outlined below, are described in detailed in Stanton (1989). Application	      of precise techniques in sample collection helps to ensure that data from	      each analysis performed on the samples will be useful. For interpretations	      and comparisons of elemental compositions of coal beds to be valid, the	      samples must be collected so that they are comparably representative of	      the coal bed. The effects of differing sample types (see guidelines below)	      must be considered so that they represent comparable components of the	      coal bed.

Major steps in sample collection include the following:
- Select appropriate sample type for collection conditions or opportunity.
- Obtain sample according to specified procedures.
- Document all aspects of the sample.
- Transmit sample in appropriate air-tight containers and in a timely	        manner.
- Provide full documentation.

**Guidelines**

*A. Sample Types and Procedures*

Samples from selected areas shall consist of the following types:
- Channel (in accordance with ASTM Standard D4596)
- Core (in accordance with ASTM Standard D5192)
- Run-of-Mine or Preparation Plant Sample

[NOTE: Because the objective of NaCQI is to represent a mined product,	        a properly obtained conveyor-belt sample (ASTM Standard D2234, 1998c)	        is preferable to channel or core samples. However, if the mine uses	        a preparation plant to improve the quality of the product, then the	        sample should be taken from mechanical samplers at the Prep Plant in	        accordance with ASTM Standard D2234. In some cases, obtaining channel	        or conveyor-belt samples may not be possible, thus leaving core samples	        as the only practical alternative.]

Care should be exercised to ensure that the sample(s) represents the	        resource thickness. If only a part of the bed is being produced, the	        sample should represent that part. Sample documentation should clearly	        indicate the nature and extent of the sample and how much of the total	        bed thickness that the individual sample represents. For core and channel	        samples, mineral-rich layers greater than 1 cm shall be sampled separate	        from coal intervals. Run-of-mine or mine product samples shall include	        all material from the original sample:

*B. Sample Descriptions*

Include all possible descriptions of the sample. Provide, at a minimum,	        the locality of the sample; thickness or depth intervals of the sample(s);	        weather, if a factor; geophysical logs, if core; and any other quality	        information available from the owner or mine.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  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| Analytical Chemical Methods                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                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| Coal characterization analyses listed in the Proximate and Ultimate	      analyses worksheet in the Excel workbook, NaCQI.xls,	      were performed by Geochemical Testing (Wyoming, Colorado, Pennsylvania,	      Tennessee samples), Standard Laboratories, Inc. (Oklahoma and Indiana	      samples), Detroit Edison (Colorado, ERP150), West Virginia Geological	      and Economic Survey, and the Kentucky Geological Survey, using methods	      detailed in American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards	      D3172, D5373, D4239, D3176, D3174, D1989, D2494, and D720 (ASTM, 2005).

Analyses for moisture, ash, and major-, minor- and trace-element contents	      were performed by the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory of the USGS Energy	      Program in Denver, CO. Abbreviated USGS methodologies are outlined below.	      Details of the USGS analytical methods can be found in Bullock and others	      (2002). Over the project's lifetime (1999-2005), several of the analytical	      procedures were changed to more closely follow ASTM standards. Analytical	      standards mentioned below can be found in ASTM (2005).

**Moisture**

Results from coal samples are reported on an "as-determined" basis	      as described in ASTM method D3180. Moisture content for each sample is	      established so that sample submitters can calculate their analytical results	      to a "dry" basis. Moisture is determined by heating a one-gram	      coal sample for one hour at 107°C (ASTM standard D3173). After cooling	      in a desiccator, the coal is reweighed and the percent moisture is calculated.	      The moisture procedure did not change throughout the study. Analyses are	      presented both on the as-determined (remnant moisture) basis as well as	      dry basis in the Excel workbook, NaCQI.xls.

**Ash Yield**

Ashing improves sensitivity and accuracy by concentrating metals and	      removing chemical interferences from organic material. Approximately 25	      grams of coal is weighed into a ceramic dish and heated in a furnace,	      following a specific thermal profile, to a final temperature of 525°C.	      After cooling, the remaining residue is weighed and the ash yield is determined.	      This ash was used in the analysis of major, minor, and trace elements.	      For samples ashed after May 2005 (ERP analytical jobs 434, 443, 449, 454,	      455, and 650) ASTM standard D3174 was used to produce the ash for major	      and minor elemental analysis (the ashing procedure for trace elements	      remained unchanged). The increased furnace temperature (750°C) ensured	      a more complete ashing and conversion of carbonates to oxides, especially	      for high-rank coals.

**Mercury**

Mercury (Hg) is determined by digesting a coal or coal combustion product	      using a wet-oxidation extraction (D6414 method B). The sample is reduced	      in a continuous flow manifold, separated using a phase separator, and	      measured using cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAA). Samples	      analyzed after July 2004 (ERP jobs 434, 443, 449, 454, 455, and 650) were	      digested using an acid extraction (a variation of ASTM standard D6414	      method A). The mercury was measured by CVAA using a flow injection analysis	      system. The preparation method change was necessary due to a change in	      instrumentation.

**Selenium**

Selenium (Se) procedures varied, depending upon the sample matrix. Coal	      samples are digested by refluxing a combination of three acids in an open	      Erlenmeyer flask. Rock and coal combustion byproduct samples are digested	      using a combination of five acids and heating overnight in open Teflon	      vessels. The resulting solutions are analyzed for selenium using hydride	      generation-atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAA). The selenium procedure	      did not change throughout the study.

**Total Sulfur**

Total sulfur (S) is determined by combustion using a LECO SC-432 Sulfur	      analyzer. Coal samples are weighed into a ceramic boat and burned in a	      tube furnace at 1350°C. Rock and coal combustion byproduct samples	      are weighed into a ceramic boat along with a promoting agent (to assist	      with combustion) and burned at 1450°C. Sulfur dioxide is released	      from the samples and measured by an infrared (IR) absorption detector.	      The sulfur procedure did not change throughout the study.

**Chlorine**

Chlorine (Cl) is determined utilizing a sample decomposition technique	      of Eshka's mixture (two parts magnesium oxide and one part sodium carbonate)	      combined with the test sample and heated in a furnace, following a specific	      thermal profile. The mixture is cooled and brought up to a final volume	      with de-ionized water. The solution is measured using an ion chromatograph	      (IC). After March 2005 (ERP jobs 434, 443, 449, 454, 455, and 650), samples	      were analyzed for chlorine using oxidative hydrolysis microcoulometry	      (ASTM standard D6721). This new technology allows for lower sample reporting	      limits (from 150 ppm (IC) to 10 ppm).

**Multi-element Analysis**

Forty-three major, minor, and trace elements were determined using a	      combination of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry	      (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on	      coal ash, coal combustion byproduct, and rock samples prepared using both	      a multi-acid and a sodium peroxide sinter decomposition technique. After	      May 2005 (ERP jobs 434, 443, 449, 454, 455, and 650), major- and minor-elements	      were digested following ASTM method D6349 and trace elements were digested	      using ASTM method D6357. The elements were still determined using a combination	      of ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Changing digestion techniques removed the potentially	      dangerous perchloric acid and sodium peroxide from the preparation procedures. |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           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| Results                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    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| **Chemical Analysis**

Identification and descriptive information and chemical analyses for        the 729 samples are listed in the accompanying Excel workbook (filename NaCQI.xls).        Information and data for the samples are distributed on five worksheets        within that file as follows:
- Identification numbers, locations and descriptive information.
- Contents of major and minor oxides.
- Contents of moisture, ash and major, minor and trace elements – remnant          moisture basis.
- Contents of moisture, ash and major, minor and trace elements – dry          basis.
- Proximate, ultimate, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur, etc. analyses.

Sample distribution is as follows:
- Northern Great Plains Coal Province             - Wyoming – 107 samples 
- Rocky Mountain Coal Province             - Colorado – 56 samples
  - Wyoming – 11 samples 
- Interior Coal Province             - Oklahoma – 8 samples
  - Illinois – 11 samples
  - Indiana – 242 samples
  - Western Kentucky – 29 samples 
- Eastern Coal Province             - Eastern Kentucky – 35 samples
  - Pennsylvania – 33 samples
  - Tennessee – 10 samples
  - West Virginia – 187 samples 

**West Elk Coal Analytical Standard (CWE-1)**

One derivative product resulting from the NaCQI sample collection and        analytical program was the creation of a new coal reference standard.        The USGS, in cooperation with Quality Associates International (Ontario,        Canada), which operates a program called CANSPEX, identified a need for        a reference material that is a high-volatile-B or high-volatile-A bituminous        coal (minimum of 13,000 Btu/lb, moist, mineral-matter-free basis) with        low contents of ash yield and sulfur, and very low, but detectable contents        of chlorine, mercury, and other trace elements.

Based on chemical analyses of four coal samples collected by the Colorado        Geological Survey (CGS) from the West Elk Mine near Somerset, CO, the        coal produced at the West Elk Mine was identified as having a chemical        composition that closely matched the requirements for the new coal reference        material.

In April, 2003, the USGS and the CGS collected about 1000 pounds of        coal from the West Elk Mine. This coal has been crushed, ground, and        split. The chemical analysis of the new coal standard is now in the final        steps of certification. 

**Publication List**

Finkelman, R.B., and Repetski, J.E., 1999, National          Coal Quality Inventory (NaCQI) and U.S. Geological Survey Coal Quality          Databases: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 0120-99 (URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0120-99/fs-0120-99.pdf).

Hower, J.C., Mastalerz, M., Mardon, S.M., Lis, G. and Drobniak, A.,        2003, Distribution of trace elements in coal combustion products: studies        of the combustion of single source coals: paper 27 in Fifteenth International        American Coal Ash Association Symposium on the Management and Use of        Coal Combustion Products, St. Petersburg, Florida, 27-30 January 27-30,        2003, CD-ROM.

Mardon, S.M., and Hower, J.C., 2004, Impact of coal properties on coal        combustion by-product quality; examples from a Kentucky power plant:        International Journal of Coal Geology v. 59, p. 153-169.

Mastalerz, M., Hower, J.C., Drobniak, A., and Lis, G., 2002, Chemical        properties and petrographic composition of coal and fly ash; examples        from Indiana mines and power plants, in Proceedings of the Pittsburgh        Coal Conference: CD-ROM.

Mastalerz, M., Hower, J.C., Drobniak, A., Mardon, S.M., and Lis, G.,        2004, From in-situ coal to fly ash; a study of coal mines and power plants        from Indiana: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, p. 171-192.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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| Acknowledgments                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            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| We acknowledge the time and effort spent by the sample collectors and	      the cooperation of coal-mine and coal-fired power-plant management and	      personnel. Important funding support for this project came from the Electric	      Power Research Institute (EPRI, Barbara Toole-O'Neil) and from the U.S.	      Department of Energy (DOE, Carl Morande). Detroit Edison (Anthony J. Widenman,	      III) supplied coal characterization analyses for 24 Colorado coal samples.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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| References Cited                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| American Society for	        Testing and Materials, 2005, Annual book of ASTM standards 2005,	        v. 05.06, 675 p. (URL: http://www.astm.org)

Bullock, J.H. Jr., Cathcart, J.D., and Betterton, W.J., 2002, Analytical	      methods utilized by the United States Geological Survey for the analysis	      of coal and coal combustion byproducts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File	      Report 02-389, 14 p.

Stanton, R.W., 1989, Sampling of coal beds for analysis, *in* Golightly,	      D.W., and Simon, F.O., eds., Methods for sampling and inorganic analysis	      of coal: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1823, p. 7-13.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  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**For sale by:**      U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services      Box 25286, Denver Federal Center      Denver, CO 80225

**For more information about the          USGS and its products:**      Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS      World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           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| Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for		    descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.		    Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured		    from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials		    contained within this report. This report is preliminary and has not been		    edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey standards.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           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