DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

ii 

EPA/600/R-05/031 

April 2005 

DECONTAMINATION AND CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENT DIVISION’S 

Synopsis of Current Research 

Decontamination and Consequence Management Division 

National Homeland Security Research Center 

Office of Research and Development 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 

Recycled/Recyclable

Printed with vegetable-based ink on paper that contains a minimum of

50% post-consumer fiber content

processed chlorine free
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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Disclaimer 

Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying, 

official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation. 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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Table of Contents

Introduction ......................................................................................................vi

Detection Research............................................................................................ 1

Indoor Surfaces Sampling and Analysis to Support Decontamination............... 1

Task 1.2 - Toxicity-Based Chemical Agent Detection Systems: Continuous 

Monitoring and Exposure History .......................................................................1

Task 1.3 - Real-Time Detector for Chemicals, Biological Agents, and Toxic 

Industrial Chemicals................................................................................................2

Task 1.4 - Rapid Determination of Viability of Spores in DisinfectantTreated Samples.......................................................................................................3

Task 1.5 - Rapid Airborne Chemical Contaminant Detection.........................4

Task 1.6 - Evaluating the Sampling Efficiency of Bacillus Anthracis Spore 

Sampling Techniques..............................................................................................4

Task 1.7 - Characterizing Building Surfaces for Reoccupation Following 

Chemical Attack.......................................................................................................5

Technology Evaluations............................................................................................. 6

Task 1.1 - Evaluating Commercial Detection Devices and Systems - 

Technology Testing and Evaluation Program (TTEP).....................................6

Task 1.8 - Center for Expertise on Sentinel Animals ........................................6

Containment Research....................................................................................... 8

Effects of Building Design and Operation on Contaminant Dispersion........... 8

Task 2.3 - Impact of HVAC Design and Operation .........................................8

Task 2.4 - Residential Safe Havens.......................................................................9

Task 2.6 - Protection by Building Shell..............................................................10

Sources and Dispersion of Attack Agents Indoors and Outdoors.................... 10

Task 2.1 - Emissions Models for Liquid Chemical Spills and Compressed 

Gas Releases...........................................................................................................10

Task 2.2 - Indoor Movement of Contaminants ...............................................11

Task 2.7 - Effects of Human Activities and Environmental Conditions on 

Dispersion of Agents after Indoor or Outdoor Release.................................11

Task 2.9 - Effects of Indoor Sinks on Reemissions of Chemical and 

Biological Agents...................................................................................................12

Commercial and Near-Commercial Systems for Building Protection .............. 13

Task 2.10 - Air Cleaners and Filters for Chemical and Biological Threats ..13

Task 2.11 - Evaluations of Commercial Containment Technologies ...........14

Guidance on Containment and Protection ........................................................... 15

Task 2.16 - Retrofitting Buildings for Protection against Chemical and 

Biological Attack....................................................................................................15
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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Task 2.22 - Training Programs and Materials...................................................15

Decontamination Research.............................................................................. 17

Standardized Decontamination Protocols............................................................. 17

Task 3.1 - Decontamination Guidance..............................................................17

Task 3.2 - Sterilant Registration Protocol..........................................................17

Task 3.4 - Systematic Studies to Optimize Decontamination Methods.......18

Task 3.5 - Evaluation of Commercial Decontamination Methods and 

Systems....................................................................................................................19

Task 3.6 - Novel Methods for Decontamination of High-Value Materials.20

Assessment of Residual Effects of Decontamination Chemicals...................... 21

Task 3.3 - Engineering and Economic Analysis of Decontamination 

Options ...................................................................................................................21

Task 3.7 - Lessons Learned from Building Decontamination Experience ..21

Task 3.8 - Toxicity of Fumigants........................................................................22

Disposal Research............................................................................................ 24

Thermal Destruction ................................................................................................ 24

Task 4.1 – Bench-Scale Investigations of Thermal Destruction 

Characteristics of Surrogate Biological Agents.................................................24

Task 4.2 – Bench-Scale Investigations of Thermal Desorption and 

Destruction Characteristics of Surrogate Chemical Agents 

Adsorption/Desorption Studies .........................................................................25

Task 4.3 – Pilot-Scale Studies of Thermal Destruction, Permitting Issues, 

and Modeling..........................................................................................................26

Landfills ...................................................................................................................... 27

Task 4.6 - Permanence of Disposal: Assessing Conditions for Safe 

Landfilling of Building Decontamination Wastes............................................27

Task 4.13 - Bench-Scale Investigations of Transport of Surrogate Biological 

and Chemical Agents between Landfill Residue, Leachate, and Gas............28

Sampling/Analytical Methods................................................................................. 28

Task 4.8 - Sampling/Analytical Methods for BW Contaminants..................28

Disposal Guidance.................................................................................................... 29

Task 4.4 – Guidance Tool for Combustion of Building Decontamination 

Residues ..................................................................................................................29

Task 4.7 - Technical Resource Manual for the Consideration of the 

Protection of the Public and Workers ...............................................................29

Task 4.9 - Guidance for Emergency Responders, Disposal Permitters, and 

Facilities...................................................................................................................30

Task 4.10 - Disposal Workshop..........................................................................30

Task 4.12 - Biocontaminant Laboratory Support for Tasks 4.1, 4.3, and 4.8

..................................................................................................................................32

Risk Assessment and Communication............................................................ 33

Appendix A: Acronyms List.................................................................................... 34
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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Introduction 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Homeland Security 

Research Center (NHSRC), Decontamination and Consequence Management Division 

(DCMD), one of three divisions of the NHSRC, is located in Research Triangle Park, 

North Carolina. The current focus of DCMD is on the decontamination of buildings that 

have been intentionally contaminated by biological or chemical agents. DCMD scientists 

study the chemical and biological contamination of air and indoor surfaces; provide 

methods for upgrading buildings in ways that increase occupant protection; supply 

information on decontamination methods, including safety, efficiency, cost; and analyze 

disposal options for decontamination wastes. 

Much progress has been made by the DCMD; however, research and development 

(R&D) needs remain. Most of the current research has focused on anthrax, but there are 

still major concerns about smallpox, plague, tularemia, and biological toxins, such as ricin 

and botulinum toxin, as well as chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals. It 

is expected that a system that would kill anthrax would kill other biological organisms, but 

this expectation has not been tested. Although chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has shown the 

most promise for use as a fumigant for biologically contaminated buildings and there 

have been significant advances in commercial systems for providing it for 

decontamination, there are still needs with regard to a system that would be safer, less 

destructive of interior materials, and less costly. 

The information contained in this report is divided into four research areas: detection, 

containment, decontamination, and disposal. Included for each research area is a 

description of tasks. For each task, information is provided on the task objective, research 

partners, research location, task status, and associated products. 
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Detection Research 

The primary objective of detection research is to ensure that the sampling and 

analysis tools necessary to support decontamination are available. Secondary 

objectives are to develop monitoring tools and networks that can be used to detect an 

attack, to inform containment and safe haven efforts, and to provide data on safe 

reoccupancy. Preference is given to detection systems that can detect multiple hazards, 

given the many possible scenarios. 

Indoor Surfaces Sampling and Analysis to Support 

Decontamination 

Task 1.2 - Toxicity-Based Chemical Agent Detection Systems: Continuous Monitoring and 

Exposure History 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to demonstrate the feasibility of technology that will 

introduce air samples into existing, multi-analyte, toxicity-based detection systems. The 

new system design will give near-real-time outputs and will have adequate sensitivity to 

detect most chemical threats. The results of this task will provide broad toxicological 

screening information to first responders and building decontamination personnel. The 

goal is to detect the presence of airborne chemical agents that could impair metabolic 

or neurological function. Determinations of duration of exposure and the prior hazard 

condition in the building can also be determined. 

Partners 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities in Las Vegas, Nevada, and the USGS’s Columbia 

Environmental Research Center in Columbia, Missouri 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Task 

1 
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A project within this task has demonstrated feasibility regarding sampling of chemical 

agents using Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMD). Ongoing research is focused 

on improving detection capabilities by developing methods to concentrate samples 

prior to analysis. 

Products 

2003 EPA Science Forum abstract, “Toxicity-Based Chemical Agent Detection 

Systems: Continuous Monitor Exposure History.” This abstract can be found on the 

EPA’s Science Forum Web site at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ord/scienceforum/2003/abstracts_security.htm. 

The results of this research will also be published as a journal article. 

EPA Report EPA/600/R-04/069, “Vapor Sampling Device for Interface with 

Microtox Assay for Screening Toxic Industrial Chemicals.” 

Task 1.3 - Real-Time Detector for Chemicals, Biological Agents, and Toxic Industrial 

Chemicals 

Objective 

This task will demonstrate the combined application of three commercially available 

real-time technologies as a single, integrated, immediate warning device for detecting 

airborne biological and chemical contaminants in building air inlet systems. These 

technologies include SPI (Single Photon Ionization), Jet REMPI (Jet ResonanceEnhanced Multiple Photon Ionization) and LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown 

Spectroscopy). The integrated device, when tied to airflow control, could immediately 

cease air intake, eliminating contaminant spread. This task will test field-worthy 

components in the lab to develop a prototype field unit design. The same system will 

be used for rapid indoor surface sampling to locate contaminated areas and to inform 

cleanup personnel, eliminating the delays of field sampling and lab-based analysis. 

Included in this task is an ongoing laser-related research project investigating the use of 

laser technologies as contaminant detectors. One such research project, the “LaserInduced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Analysis of Aerosol Agent Surrogate 

Project,” will determine instrument sensitivity and evaluate potential interferences 

related to the use of this technology as a detector. 

Partners 

EPA research laboratories in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and Department 

of Defense (DOD)’s Army Research Laboratory (ARL) 

Location of Research 

Army ARL test facilities 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Testing with anthrax surrogates showed functionality and the ability to discriminate 

from background. Further testing will study the detectability and discrimination of 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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other chemical and biological agents of concern relative to background. Improvements 

in software and in the ruggedness of the hardware will be made. A system design 

recommendation will be made and efforts to commercialize the unit will be supported. 

Products 

Research on this task has focused on adapting laser technologies, with the following 

laser-related research products having been completed: 

LIBS library for biologicals. This library was completed as an EPA internal report. 

 “Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) Feasibility Tests on 

Chemical Agents” was published as an EPA internal report. 

A Single Photon Ionization (SPI) system has been built and is available at EPA’s 

Research Triangle Park facility. 

Task 1.4 - Rapid Determination of Viability of Spores in Disinfectant-Treated Samples 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to evaluate Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain 

Reaction (QRT PCR) analysis of biological contaminants. Standardized methods are 

needed to ensure rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection of bacteria after 

decontamination. Current methods require growth in lab media to tell whether 

decontamination was successful. These methods can take several days. This task will 

evaluate the use of (QRT PCR) analysis as a potentially more efficient and rapid 

analytical method. 

Effects of residual disinfectant/fumigant on spore viability will also be assessed. 

Partners 

University of California, Irvine 

Location of Research 

EPA’s National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) in Cincinnati, Ohio 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Quantitative PCR (QPCR) test methods have been developed for Bacillus anthracis and 

surrogate species of several other organisms of concern. A semi-automated culture 

method for detecting Bacillus anthracis by QPCR has been developed and tested. A 

semi-automated hard surface disinfection method has been developed and is 

undergoing testing. Methods for differentiating live from dead cells in Staphylococcus 

aureus and Corynebacterim glutamicum using QPCR have been identified. Future work will 

repeat the study with Bacillus spores. 

Product 

Method for detection and determination of viability of biological organisms, utilizing 

accelerated enrichment and QPCR techniques 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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Task 1.5 - Rapid Airborne Chemical Contaminant Detection 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to modify commercial Open Path-Fourier Transform 

Infrared (OP-FTIR) detectors for use as real-time sensors in large building spaces (e.g., 

airports) and in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts. An additional 

objective is to modify these detectors for use as small, mobile detectors, mounted on 

robotic devices, for use in emergency monitoring or cleanup operations. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Rapid airborne chemical contaminant research continues including preparation of a 

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) selection guidance document (in progress) and 

real-time software for a mobile laboratory. 

Products 

Products from this task are under development and include: 

Real-time sensors for large open spaces 

Mobile sensors for use with robotics for unmanned entry into contaminated areas 

Task 1.6 - Evaluating the Sampling Efficiency of Bacillus Anthracis Spore Sampling 

Techniques 

Objective 

This task assesses the recovery of anthrax spores collected from various indoor 

surfaces using various sampling methods to determine attainment of target cleanup 

levels. These studies will be used to produce an optimized protocol for indoor surface 

sampling. 

Partners 

DOD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for 

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 

Location of Research 

Sampling is being conducted at DOD’s Dugway Proving Grounds in Utah. Analyses 

are being conducted at EPA’s laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the CDC’s 

laboratory in Atlanta, Georgia. 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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A wind tunnel has been fabricated at Dugway to simulate the deposition of anthrax 

spores on surfaces. The efficiency of sampling methods is being tested. The first 

samples are expected to arrive in Cincinnati for analysis in late February 2005. 

Following the investigation of anthrax spores, similar studies will be performed on 

other biological organisms of concern. 

Products 

The following draft reports have been prepared: 

A multi-laboratory study to validate methods for surface sampling for Bacillus anthracis

spores 

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for sample analysis of Bacillus anthracis spores 

Reports on the success of sampling methods for detection of Bacillus anthracis and other 

organisms will be prepared throughout the study. 

Task 1.7 - Characterizing Building Surfaces for Reoccupation Following Chemical Attack 

Objective 

This task will develop procedures to sample porous and nonporous indoor surfaces for 

the presence of toxic industrial chemicals, including pesticides. Liquid 

Chromatographic-Mass Spectrographic (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatographic-Mass 

Spectrographic (GC-MS) methods will be adapted for the chemicals of concern. The 

techniques will be published as SOPs. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities in Cincinnati, Ohio 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

A sensitive, rapid, and systematic sampling procedure has been developed that can be 

used to collect low concentrations of chemicals from surfaces. An LC-MS method has 

been developed for the determination of two pesticides, a carbamate and diphacine. A 

Gas Chromatographic system equipped with a Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector 

(GC/PFPD) has been developed for the determination of organophosphate pesticides. 

Testing of these methods and equipment will continue with a final report anticipated in 

2005. 

Products 

Products associated with this task include: 

Protocol for performing surface wipes with gauze pads 

Protocol for sample handling and preparation for analysis 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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GC and LC analytical procedures for the determination of pesticides in surface wipe 

samples 

Report summarizing the results of testing of procedures for sampling porous and 

nonporous surfaces 

Technology Evaluations 

Task 1.1 - Evaluating Commercial Detection Devices and Systems - Technology Testing 

and Evaluation Program (TTEP) 

Objective 

A critical element in the protection of buildings and building occupants is determining 

those technologies that can be used to detect, measure, and monitor contaminants in 

the air and on surfaces. These technologies are necessary to support research into early 

warning systems and to determine whether decontamination has been successful. The 

objective of this task is to develop test criteria and protocols, using stakeholder group 

input, and to evaluate commercially available detection devices and systems. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

Research facilities in Columbus, Ohio, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and 

Las Vegas, Nevada 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Technology evaluations will continue. Priorities for technologies to be tested will be 

determined with stakeholder input. 

Products 

 One report has been completed: 

• Technology Category - Surface Acoustic Wave Detectors 

Microsensor Systems, Inc. HAZMATCADTM Plus (November 2004) 

available at http://www.epa.gov/etv/verifications/vcenter12-2.html. 

Additional reports will be made available at http://www.epa.gov/etv/verifications as 

evaluations are completed. 

Task 1.8 - Center for Expertise on Sentinel Animals 

Objective 

Historically, animals have been used as a measure of air quality. These animals, termed 

sentinels, have especially been used in mining. This task will convene expert panels to 

assess and formulate uses for sentinel animals in protecting buildings against indoor 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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chemical releases. Limited laboratory studies may be performed to optimize and 

validate promising sentinel systems. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

An expert panel has been convened. A literature search and review of work by other 

agencies has been conducted and a virtual library established. Ongoing efforts include 

1) the reassessment of the use of birds and insects as sentinels, 2) modification of an 

existing electronic monitoring system for honeybees, and 3) a literature search on the 

sensitivity of songbirds in the vicinity of pesticide spraying operations. 

Products 

Completed products include: 

An interim report on the current status of research and progress made in defining a 

method for using sentinel animals indoors 

A listing of EPA and outside experts 

A draft virtual library 

Anticipated products include: 

A guidance document containing a comparison between the selectivity and sensitivity 

of animal sentinels and detection instruments 

Published papers repeating an early canary study, which either confirm or discount the 

study findings or suggests ways to improve the use of bird species as sentinels for 

airborne hazards 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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Containment Research 

Containment research is focused on development and testing of methods for 

preventing the spread of contaminants and on protecting building occupants, 

emergency responders, and decontamination crews. The objectives of the containment 

research program are to provide tools, techniques, technologies, and guidance needed 

to reduce or eliminate the impact of chemical or biological (CB) attack on building 

occupants and to provide tools, techniques, and guidance necessary to determine the 

effectiveness and economics of CB protection measures for new and existing 

buildings. 

Effects of Building Design and Operation on 

Contaminant Dispersion 

Task 2.3 - Impact of HVAC Design and Operation 

Objective 

The objectives of this task are to determine the impact of HVAC design and operation 

on the indoor dispersion of contaminants and to develop improved designs and 

operational procedures to maximize containment. The products will consist of 

guidance manuals on design and operation of HVAC systems. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Existing HVAC systems are under evaluation to determine opportunities to improve 

containment. Potential design and/or operational enhancements will be identified. 

Products 

The following products are either completed or under development: 

Literature review and report is expected to be completed by March 2005. 

Task

2 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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A plan for filter testing has been approved. 

Guidance manual on the design and operation of HVAC systems to maximize 

containment in the event of a contaminant release 

Task 2.4 - Residential Safe Havens 

Objective 

Studies indicate that sheltering in place, safe rooms, and other protected areas are 

appropriate public protection tools when used under the right circumstances. The 

objective of this task was to evaluate the effectiveness of these residential safe havens, 

using the EPA indoor air quality research house. 

Partners 

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Department of Homeland Security 

(DHS) 

Location of Research 

EPA indoor air quality research house at Cary, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Completed 

An improved method was developed to determine the airflow rate for a shelter inside a 

house. As part of the research, participants using DHS guidelines applied expedient 

sheltering measures (plastic sheeting and duct tape) to a room inside a test house. 

Airflow rates were measured to determine protection factors under various scenarios 

and were calculated both for the house and shelter under various occupancy times, 

weather conditions, and outdoor exposure times for hazardous agents. 

Results of this research indicate that proper sealing is crucial to the effectiveness of the 

shelter. In addition, sheltering in place can be beneficial if people enter shelters before 

the arrival of an airborne plume of hazardous agent and exit shelters immediately after 

the plume passes. Sheltering in place can be detrimental if people enter or exit shelters 

too late. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) concentrations inside the shelter are 

not likely to reach dangerous levels under most scenarios but could reach dangerous 

levels under extended sheltering or affect individuals with respiratory problems. 

Products 

The following residential safe haven reports summarize the work completed: 

The “Data Summary Report” was published as an internal report and is maintained as 

an electronic copy on file at EPA. 

The results of a study of the effectiveness of in-house sheltering are to be published in 

a journal article, “Effectiveness of Expedient Sheltering in Place in a Residence,” in the

Journal of Hazardous Materials. 
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A project to study expedient sheltering in place in larger buildings will be conducted in 

February 2005. 

Task 2.6 - Protection by Building Shell 

Objective 

This task will determine how well the building shell (exterior walls) functions as a filter 

to keep chemical and biological agents that were released outdoors from infiltrating a 

building. The results of this research will provide guidance on sheltering-in-place 

methods and safe haven protocols and will assist other groups in determining building 

vulnerability. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Research Triangle Park, North 

Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Experimental work will be completed by the end of February 2005. Data analysis and 

reporting will be completed by July 2005. 

Products 

A model for estimating the degree of protection afforded by a building is under 

development for use in the evaluation of the effectiveness of buildings as shelters. 

Sources and Dispersion of Attack Agents Indoors 

and Outdoors 

Task 2.1 - Emissions Models for Liquid Chemical Spills and Compressed Gas Releases 

Objective 

Researchers involved in this task will develop models based on volatility and gas-phase 

characteristics of contaminants to predict the spread of low-volatility chemical (i.e., 

nerve agent) contaminants in buildings. These methods and the models will be used to 

identify contaminated areas for evacuation and decontamination. These data will also 

be used to identify highest threat contaminants, based on their dispersion 

characteristics. 

Partners 

Department of Energy’s (DOE) Los Alamos National Laboratory 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 
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Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Research that is underway or has been completed to date includes the development 

and testing of several new emissions models. 

Products 

Products include: 

An interim data summary report for emissions modeling for low vapor gases on 

solvent spills is to be published in May 2005 as an EPA internal report titled, 

“Modeling Liquid Spills inside the Building.” 

Additional reports and computer models will be available as research progresses. 

Task 2.2 - Indoor Movement of Contaminants 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to study transport within buildings of nontoxic gases that 

have similar molecular weights as chemical contaminants of concern. Results of this 

study will be used by researchers to assemble information that will allow responders to 

predict the amount of time building occupants have to escape from a building or move 

to a designated safe haven. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park facility, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Experimental work will be completed in February 2005 with data analysis continuing 

through 2005. The results of this work will be incorporated into indoor air quality 

models in 2006. 

Products 

A model capable of estimating the time required for dispersion of heavy gases within a 

building for varying building operation scenarios. This model will be used for assessing 

the dispersion of gaseous threat agents. 

Task 2.7 - Effects of Human Activities and Environmental Conditions on Dispersion of 

Agents after Indoor or Outdoor Release 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to determine, through the use of fluid and aerosol 

dynamics, how chemical or biological agents released outdoors or indoors can disperse 

through or into a building and how human activities (e.g., opening an envelope, 

walking on a carpet) impact the dispersion of agents. 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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Partners 

DOD’s Technical Support Working Group (TSWG), DOD Defense Advanced 

Research Projects Agency (DARPA), DOE 

Location of Research 

The Aerosol Test facility at EPA’s Research Triangle Park facility, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

A very low speed wind tunnel/visualization chamber and an indoor air dispersion test 

room have been constructed, and experiments and models of aerosol release tests have 

begun. Future studies will determine the impacts of varying humidity, temperature, 

surface materials, and surface and particle charge as well as the impact of human 

activity in the room. 

Products 

The following publications provide information on the research that has been 

completed for this task: 

“Airflow around a Child-Sized Manikin in a Low-Speed Wind Environment,” in 

Aerosol Science and Technology Journal, 2003 Volume 37, pages 303 – 314 

Dispersion Analysis of the Simulation of Biological and Chemical Releases within 

Buildings: Guidance Document 

“Monitoring Exposure to Point-Source Aerosolized Contaminants: Can We Continue 

to Assume They Are Well Mixed?”, published by the Air and Waste Management 

Association (AWMA) with other papers from “The Symposium on Air Quality 

Measurement Methods and Technology – 2004”; April 19 – 22, 2004. 

“Short-Term Dispersion of Indoor Aerosols: Can It Be Assumed the Room Is Well 

Mixed?” an article submitted to Building and Environment in 2004 

“Transport of Airborne Particles within a Room,” an article submitted to Indoor Air in 

2004 

Additional reports and computer models will be available as research progresses. 

Task 2.9 - Effects of Indoor Sinks on Reemissions of Chemical and Biological Agents 

Objective 

This task will be used to determine the impact of indoor sinks (e.g., adsorbent or 

absorbent materials, such as upholstery and wallboard) on exposure to chemical and 

biological agents in buildings. Sink effects also impact the ability to decontaminate. 

This research will be closely coordinated with Tasks 2.7 and 2.1. 

Partners 

None 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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Location of Research 

EPA facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Model development and additional experimental work applying chemicals to indoor 

surfaces and measuring absorption and desorption will be conducted in 2005 and 2006 

so that new sink models can be incorporated into indoor air dispersion models. Data 

are also being analyzed to determine the impact of sink effects on decontamination 

processes. 

Products 

The following reports describe the results of this research and the models that are 

under development: 

“Indoor Sinks/Reemissions” will be published as an internal data summary in February 

2005. 

An EPA report, “Evaluation of Indoor Sink Models,” is in progress. 

“Recent Advances in Filter Efficiency Test Methods for Electric Filters and Electronic 

Air Cleaners” was presented at the “9th World Filtration Conference,” New Orleans, 

Louisiana, April 19 – 23, 2004. 

Additional reports and computer models will become available as research progresses. 

Commercial and Near-Commercial Systems for 

Building Protection 

Task 2.10 - Air Cleaners and Filters for Chemical and Biological Threats 

Objective 

Researchers involved in this task will determine the costs and effectiveness of in-room 

and whole-building air cleaners and filters and develop improved systems based on 

near-commercial concepts. The new air cleaners/filters will provide improved 

efficiency and/or reduced pressure drop, compared with existing technology. 

Emphasis will be on filters/cleaners that remove toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) from 

the air. Such technologies can also be used to provide staging areas for 

decontamination and restoration activities. 

Partners 

DOD’s TSWG and DARPA 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

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Status of Research 

Ongoing 

This task has been combined with Task 2.3, “Impact of HVAC Design and 

Operation” research. 

Products 

See Task 2.3. 

Task 2.11 - Evaluations of Commercial Containment Technologies 

Objective 

This task will evaluate the performance of commercial systems such as filters, HVAC 

system modifications, and agent destruction devices that are claimed to protect 

buildings in the event of the release of biological and chemical agents. 

Partners 

Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Location of Research 

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Ten filters have been tested and reports prepared. Following peer review, reports are 

posted on the EPA’s ETV Web site. Future activities will include meeting with 

stakeholders to identify and prioritize additional technologies for testing. The 

technology areas of interest include capturing/containing/destroying gaseous warfare 

agents as well as warfare agents in their particle form. 

Products 

Air filtration and cleaning technology and ventilation media air filter verification study 

information is available on the ETV Web site. Reports on the following technologies 

can be found at http://www.epa.gov/etv/centers/center10.html. 

AAF International BioCel® I (Type SH) (February 2004) 

AAF International DriPak® 90/95% (November 2003) 

AAF International PerfectPleat Ultra, 175-102-863 (September 2004) 

Aeolus Corporation Synthetic Minipleat Panel, SMP-M12-2424 (February 2004) 

Aeolus Corporation Synthetic Minipleat V-Cell, SMV-M13-2424 (November 2003) 

Aeolus Corporation Synthetic Minipleat V-Cell, SMV-M14-2424 (November 2003)

 

Airflow Products AFP30 (February 2004) 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

15 

Columbus Industries High-Efficiency Minipleat (February 2004) 

Columbus Industries SL-3 Ring Panel (February 2004) 

Filtration Group AeroStar “C-Series” Polyester Panel Filter (February 2004) 

Filtration Group AeroStar FP-98 Minipleat V-Bank Filter (February 2004) 

Glasfloss Industries, Inc. Excel Filter, Model SBG24242898 (February 2004) 

Glasfloss Industries, Inc. Z-Pak Series S, Model ZPS24241295B0 (February 2004) 

Tri-Dim Filter Corporation Predator II, Model 8VADTP123C23CC000 (September 

2004) 

Additional reports will be made available as testing progresses. 

Guidance on Containment and Protection 

Task 2.16 - Retrofitting Buildings for Protection against Chemical and Biological Attack 

Objective 

Researchers involved in this task will prepare guidance for building owners and facility 

managers on the installation of new technologies that can be used to upgrade 

protective systems in existing buildings. The guidance will address both technical and 

cost considerations. 

Partners 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 

Location of Research 

NIST research facilities in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and EPA’s Research Triangle Park 

facility in North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

A technical feasibility study of building retrofit options that will increase protection 

from chemical and biological attack is underway. 

Products 

Guidance for retrofitting buildings to increase the effectiveness of protection from 

chemical and biological attack is under development. 

Task 2.22 - Training Programs and Materials 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to develop programs for training building owners, facility 

managers, and building maintenance workers to utilize new technologies and to 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

16 

implement methods that would limit the spread of airborne contaminants released near 

or inside buildings. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

This task is in the beginning stages of development. 

Products 

Products from this task will include programs for training building owners, facility 

managers, and building maintenance workers. 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

17 

Decontamination Research 

Buildings contain significant areas of porous surfaces, such as carpet and ceiling 

tile, from which the removal of contaminants can be difficult. The decontamination 

research program will emphasize decontamination of porous surfaces. The most 

difficult to remove contaminant in each large category of contaminants (e.g., 

anthrax for biologicals, VX for nerve agents) is the focus of initial research. 

Standardized Decontamination Protocols 

Task 3.1 - Decontamination Guidance 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to develop a user-oriented technical guidance document 

that will provide information during the decontamination of buildings following a 

chemical or biological attack. The guidance document will synthesize available 

information and research findings. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

To be started 

Research is anticipated to begin February 2005. 

Products 

A guidance document will be prepared. 

Task 3.2 - Sterilant Registration Protocol 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to evaluate spore-killing methods for use by EPA’s Office 

of Pesticide Programs and Toxic Substances (OPTTS) in developing registration and 

crisis exemptions under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 

(FIFRA). 

Task 

3 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

18 

Partners 

DOD

Location of Research 

DOD’s Fort Mead in Maryland; protocol validation will also be done at other federal 

laboratories 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

An Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) procedure and two alternative 

procedures for determination of sterilant efficacy have been evaluated in a round-robin 

study involving three laboratories. OPTTS will review the test results from evaluations 

made during this task for possible improvement through modification of procedures 

used for sporicide registration. 

Products 

The following products resulting from the testing of sterilant efficacy have been 

completed: 

“Recommendations for Quantitative Method for Liquids and Surrogates on Hard 

Surfaces” 

“Findings and Recommendations for Gases and Liquids,” issued as an EPA internal 

report 

The following sterilant registration methods are under development: 

Modified Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International Sporicidal 

Activity Test (SAT) or AOAC SAT collaborative-validation of modifications 

EPA and DOD training on test methods 

Task 3.4 - Systematic Studies to Optimize Decontamination Methods 

Objective 

Researchers involved in this task will experimentally determine the performance of 

chemical and energy-based decontamination technologies for selected chemical and 

biological agents. In this research, key parameters (i.e., decontamination agent 

concentration, contact time, substrate type, environmental conditions, and energy 

input) are systematically varied to enable optimization of decontamination methods. 

Such studies also define the range of conditions under which a decontamination 

method can be used. 

Partners 

U.S. Army’s Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) 

Location of Research 

ECBC, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

19 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Testing is currently being conducted at ECBC. Two experimental systems have been 

constructed, and the first experiment on ClO2 has been completed. 

Products 

Products will consist of reports on systematic studies to optimize chemical 

decontamination systems for biological agents by addressing the effects on 

decontamination efficacy using different concentrations, temperatures, humidities, 

duration of exposure, and surface types (e.g., carpet, wood, wallboard, concrete, and 

metal). 

Task 3.5 - Evaluation of Commercial Decontamination Methods and Systems 

Objective 

Researchers involved in this task have developed standardized test protocols to verify 

the performance of commercial and near-commercial building decontamination 

technologies (both chemical and energy-based treatments) for chemical and biological 

attack agents. Technologies to be evaluated are prioritized based on stakeholder input. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

Research facilities in Columbus, Ohio, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and 

Las Vegas, Nevada 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Additional decontamination technologies will be tested. 

Products 

Evaluation results for the following technologies are available at 

http://www.epa.gov/etv/verifications/verification-index.html#sbmdte. 

• Building Decontamination Technology Center - Chlorine Dioxide 

Decontamination Technology 

CDG Research Corporation Bench-Scale Chlorine Dioxide Gas: Solid 

Generator (September 2004) 

• Building Decontamination Technology Center - Hydrogen Peroxide 

Decontamination Technology 

BIOQUELL, Inc. Clarus C Hydrogen Peroxide Gas (March 2004) 

• Building Decontamination Technology Center - Paraformaldehyde 

Decontamination Technology 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

20 

CERTEK®, Inc. 1414RH Formaldehyde Generator/Neuralizer 

(August 2004) 

Additional reports will be made available as testing progresses. 

Task 3.6 - Novel Methods for Decontamination of High-Value Materials 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to develop new methods for decontaminating high-value 

or special materials as well as for electronics. Special materials include items found in 

museums, historic homes, government buildings, or other significant buildings. As part 

of this task, ideas submitted by small-business owners will be screened. Promising ideas 

will be subjected to additional testing, resulting in the selection of usable technologies. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

Research locations vary. Research is monitored by EPA 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

The evaluations of two products have been completed: 

Development of a Portable Field Decontamination Unit 

Whole-Structure Decontamination of Bacillus Spores by Methyl Bromide Fumigation 

Evaluations of the following technologies are underway: 

Compact Decontamination Device Using Cold-Plasma-Generated Singlet Oxygen 

Electrostatically Charged Aerosol Decontamination (ECAD) System for Small 

Building Decontamination 

Novel Bioterrorism Decontamination Systems 

Ultra-Sensitive Toxic Chemical Detector 

Reformulated NanoBio Nontoxic Hard Surface Sanitizer/Disinfectant Formulation to 

Inactivate and Kill B anthraces and Other Bio-Attack Pathogens 

Self-Regenerating Filters for Decontamination of Chemical and Biological Agents in 

Building Ventilation Systems 

Research is planned for the following projects: 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

21 

Development of a Room-Level Protection/Containment System for 

Chemical/Biological Agents 

Singlet Delta Oxygen Airflow Sterilization for Building Protection 

Wireless Decontamination Gas Monitor 

Products 

Information on ongoing or completed evaluations is available on the EPA SBIR Web 

site at http://es.epa.gov/ncer/sbir/. 

Assessment of Residual Effects of 

Decontamination Chemicals 

Task 3.3 - Engineering and Economic Analysis of Decontamination Options 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to conduct an engineering and economic analysis of 

building decontamination alternatives. This analysis will consider the efficiency and 

applicability of decontamination systems under varying conditions. The purpose of this 

analysis is to facilitate the selection of efficacious, safe, and cost-effective 

decontamination approaches. Existing and developing technologies and systems will be 

studied. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

Research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Planning was initiated early in 2005. 

Products 

Product will be an engineering and economic analysis of various decontamination 

options. This information will be incorporated into updates of the decontamination 

guidance (Task 3.1). 

Task 3.7 - Lessons Learned from Building Decontamination Experience 

Objective 

This task will document EPA’s experience and analyze data generated from in-field 

building fumigations for anthrax decontamination. The purpose of this research is to 

provide improved procedures for use in planning and conducting future 

decontaminations. 

Partners 

None 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

22 

Location of Research 

Research is conducted at EPA facilities, using information gathered in the field at sites 

that were affected by anthrax. 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Anthrax decontamination data analyses have been completed for two sites. Additional 

analysis continues. Reports will be published as the analyses are completed. 

Products 

Researchers involved in this task have made the following presentations: 

“Protecting Infrastructure: Learning from Anthrax Remediations” was presented at 

“Decon 2004” in Palm Harbor, Florida, on May 19, 2004. 

• “Anthrax Remediations: Lessons Learned for Future Protection” was 

presented at the “International Physical Security Forum” in Oslo, Norway, on 

June 1, 2004. 

• “Addressing Residual Risk Issues at Anthrax Cleanups” was presented at the 

“Toxicology and Risk Assessment Conference” in April 2004. 

A report titled “Remediation of Bacillus Anthracis Contamination in U.S. Department of 

Justice Mailroom” has been completed. 

• A report on remediation of the Department of State facility is completed in 

draft form. 

Task 3.8 - Toxicity of Fumigants 

Objective 

Through animal exposure to low concentrations of selected decontamination 

fumigants, researchers will determine the inhalation dose-response relationship for 

these fumigants. This research will be used to better define acceptable exposure values 

for safe, long-term reoccupancy of a building after fumigation/decontamination. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

This project was withdrawn due to a lack of FY05 funding. 

This research is related to Task 1.8. 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

23 

Products 

• Study implementation plans (Laboratory Animal Project Review Application, 

Institutional Research Protocol [IRP] Level 2). 

A poster presentation was made in 2003 on the use of ClO2 as a disinfectant for 

anthrax and on the use of sentinel animals to determine the effect of ClO2.

An interim report will be prepared on research findings to date. 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

24 

Disposal Research 

The objectives of the disposal research program are to provide guidance for disposal 

of materials contaminated by CB attack or contaminated by the materials used to 

decontaminate a building. Additionally, the research will result in tools, techniques, 

and technologies needed to remove and transport materials contaminated by CB 

attack to a disposal site. The research will also provide information on the 

pollutants likely to be generated by disposal (i.e., incineration) and recommend 

methods for minimizing their impact on the environment. 

Thermal Destruction 

Task 4.1 – Bench-Scale Investigations of Thermal Destruction Characteristics of 

Surrogate Biological Agents 

Objective 

After decontamination of a building, there can be a significant amount of residual 

materials and wastes requiring disposal. These materials include such items as 

absorbents and other cleaning materials, building construction materials, carpets, and 

air filters. The objective of this task is to investigate the potential complexity and 

variability associated with thermal destruction of such diverse materials. The 

investigation will examine thermal destruction through the use of surrogate biological 

contaminants in a laboratory-scale reactor. Research results will enable the DCMD to 

understand time/temperature requirements for incineration of various building 

decontamination wastes. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

A report is being prepared describing the results of bench-scale thermal destruction 

research and the destruction of decontamination wastes. 

Task 

4 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

25 

Products 

“Medical Waste Spore Survivability Results for the Bench-Scale Thermal Destruction 

Studies” was presented at the May 2004 “International Conference on Incineration and 

Thermal Treatment Technologies” (IT3) in May 2004. 

Wood, J.P.; Lemieux, P.M.; Lee, C.W., “Destruction Efficiency of Microbiological 

Organisms in Medical Waste Incinerators: A Review of Available Data” was presented 

at the “International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment 

Technologies” in Phoenix, Arizona, May 10 – 14, 2004. 

Brown, P.; Rau, E.H.; Lemieux, P.; Johnson, B.K.; Bacote, A.E.; Gajdusek, D.C. 

(2004), “Infectivity Studies of Both Ash and Air Emissions from Simulated 

Incineration of Scrapie-Contaminated Tissues,” published in Environmental Science and 

Technology, Volume 38, pages 6155–6160. 

A report summarizing the results of the bench-scale studies is under preparation. 

Task 4.2 – Bench-Scale Investigations of Thermal Desorption and Destruction 

Characteristics of Surrogate Chemical Agents Adsorption/Desorption Studies 

Objective 

After decontamination of a building, there can be a significant amount of residual 

materials and waste requiring disposal. Included in these materials are absorbents and 

other cleaning materials, carpets, building construction materials, and air filters. This 

task uses bench-scale incineration processes to examine adsorption/desorption of 

TICs and of surrogate chemical warfare (CW) agents from activated carbon and other 

filter media in a laboratory-scale reactor. The research results will facilitate 

understanding of minimum time/temperature requirements that will ensure adequate 

destruction of contaminated filters and building decontamination residue during 

incineration. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

This task is being combined with Task 4.1 starting March 2005. 

Products 

See Task 4.1. 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

26 

Task 4.3 – Pilot-Scale Studies of Thermal Destruction, Permitting Issues, and Modeling 

Objective 

After decontamination of a building, there can be a significant amount of residual 

materials and waste requiring disposal. Included in these materials are absorbents and 

other cleaning materials, carpets, building construction materials, and air filters. 

Researchers involved in this task are investigating issues related to incineration of 

surrogate CW and biological warfare (BW) materials. Efforts will be directed at 

understanding incinerator operations with an emphasis on safe disposal of 

decontamination wastes and compliance with applicable environmental regulations. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA’s rotary kiln incinerator simulator (RKIS), located at Research Triangle Park, 

North Carolina. 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Testing is ongoing to assess emissions of conventional pollutants from the combustion 

of carpeting, ceiling tile, and wallboard. Testing is ongoing to evaluate spore 

destruction as a function of time and temperature in the rotary kiln. Modeling efforts 

are underway to scale-up results from projects 4.1 and 4.3 to full-scale incineration 

systems. 

Products 

A journal article on the results of pilot studies of the combustion of waste carpeting 

was published in the Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 70, Issue 1, pages 27–

33 (January 2004). This article, titled “Emissions Study of Co-Firing Waste Carpet in a 

Rotary Kiln” is available on the Web at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03014797. 

“Carpet as a Fuel in Cement Kilns” was presented at the “8th Annual Conference on 

Recycling of Fibrous Textile and Carpet Waste” in Dalton, Georgia, May 12 – 13, 

2003. 

“EPA Safe Buildings Program: Protection and Decontamination of Indoor 

Environments” was presented at the “2003 Real-World Clean Air Symposium” in 

Seattle, Washington, May 19 – 22, 2003. 

“Further studies of ash residues and air emissions from simulated incineration of 

scrapie-contaminated tissues” was submitted to Proceedings of the National Academy of 

Sciences Journal in September 2003. 

“Destruction Efficiency of Microbiological Organisms in Medical Waste Incinerators: 

A Review of Available Data” was presented at the “23rd Annual International 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

27 

Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies” in Phoenix, 

Arizona, May 10 – 14, 2004. 

“Thermal Destruction of Animal Carcasses” was presented at the “Bovine Spongiform 

Encephalopathy (BSE) Meeting” in Washington, D.C., on March 10, 2004. 

“Pilot-Scale Carpet Combustion” was presented at the “2004 American Society of 

Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Subcommittee on Municipal and Hazardous Waste 

Incineration” in Washington, D.C., on April 6, 2004. 

 “Advanced Modeling of Incineration of Building Decontamination Residue” was 

presented at the “Air and Waste Management Association’s 98th Annual Conference 

and Exhibition” in June 2004. 

“Pilot-Scale Combustion of Building Decontamination Residue Air” will be presented 

at the “Waste Management Association Annual Meeting” in June 2005. 

Landfills 

Task 4.6 - Permanence of Disposal: Assessing Conditions for Safe Landfilling of Building 

Decontamination Wastes 

Objective 

The ultimate fate of contaminants associated with building decontamination wastes is a 

concern long after disposal. Decontamination wastes in which contaminants have been 

completely destroyed present little potential for problems; however, wastes that have 

residual levels of contaminants present a potential concern. Under this task researchers 

are investigating the survivability of various BW agents in a landfill environment and 

the behavior of various CW agents and their decomposition products in a landfill 

environment. This research will be used to determine possible modes of contaminant 

transport (e.g., air, water, and leachate) from landfills and how effective the landfill is in 

reducing the survival time of biological agents. 

Partners 

DOD 

Location of Research 

U.S. Army’s ECBC at Aberdeen Proving Grounds and EPA research facilities in 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Testing has been initiated to examine the long-term survival of live agents in a landfill 

leachate environment. These tests are being performed in a DOD Bio-Safety Level 

(BSL)-3 laboratory. 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

28 

Products 

The product will be an EPA report. Information from the study will be incorporated 

into a Disposal Guidance Tool (Task 4.9). 

Task 4.13 - Bench-Scale Investigations of Transport of Surrogate Biological and Chemical 

Agents between Landfill Residue, Leachate, and Gas 

Objective 

This task investigates the fate and transport of CW and BW agent simulants in a landfill 

environment. These investigations will be used to determine the capability of these 

contaminant simulants, or their by-products, to migrate as leachate or as landfill gas. 

Partners 

North Carolina State University and EPA’s Research Triangle Park facility in North 

Carolina 

Location of Research 

North Carolina State University at Raleigh 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

A literature search has been performed, and bounding calculations are being identified. 

Based on those bounding calculations, a series of experiments will be performed to 

assess the fate and transport of CW and BW agents in a landfill environment. 

Products 

A conference paper based on the bounding calculations is anticipated in 2005. A final 

report is anticipated in 2006. 

Sampling/Analytical Methods 

Task 4.8 - Sampling/Analytical Methods for BW Contaminants 

Objective 

The mobility of biological contaminants in landfills or in thermal devices has not been 

well explored. To develop an understanding, this task is expanding on preliminary 

sampling and analytical methods for measurement of BW contaminants from 

combustor stacks and landfills. Emphasis is on method validation, sample hold times, 

interferents, and detection limits. Researchers will produce bench- and pilot-scale 

investigations to support the development of methods to measure biological agents in 

combustor emissions. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

29 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Testing is ongoing to evaluate several different sample train designs and their ability to 

successfully recover 100 percent of spores injected into a high temperature duct under 

a variety of conditions. The most successful of the sample trains will be selected for 

further studies in which large quantities of spores will be injected into the EPA rotary 

kiln incinerator simulator and sampled under a variety of conditions to assess sample 

recovery and spore survival. 

Products 

A draft sampling method is anticipated to be completed in 2006. A conference paper 

based on the initial results is also anticipated in 2006. 

Disposal Guidance 

Task 4.4 – Guidance Tool for Combustion of Building Decontamination Residues 

Objective 

The objective of this task was to provide guidance for disposal of building 

decontamination residues (BDR). It included the preparation of a Web-based guidance 

tool and handbooks on incineration of building decontamination wastes and on 

transportation, safety, and disposal capacity for landfilling. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Completed 

Products 

Research on the technical requirements for incineration of building decontaminationrelated wastes are included in a handbook titled “Building Decontamination Residue 

(BDR) Disposal Decision Tool” and as a Web-based computer tool, “BDR Disposal 

Decision Support Tool Version 1.0.” The handbook and Web-based tool are on a 

restricted access Web site available only to authorized account users. 

Task 4.7 - Technical Resource Manual for the Consideration of the Protection of the Public 

and Workers 

Objective 

Under this task, researchers prepared technical guidance related to worker and public 

safety considerations associated with the transport, treatment, and disposal of waste 

materials generated from the decontamination of buildings. 

Partners 

None 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

30 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Completed 

Products 

The product from this project is a compilation of information that will be added to the 

decision support tool under project 4.9. 

Task 4.9 - Guidance for Emergency Responders, Disposal Permitters, and Facilities 

Objective 

Disposal of building decontamination wastes must be in accordance with 

environmental regulations. This task involves developing a consolidated guidance 

document that will address safety and regulatory issues associated with transport and 

disposal. These guidelines will inform selection of the best methods for disposal of 

building decontamination wastes and facilitate decontamination choices that do not 

produce disposal problems. The guidelines are being developed as an online decision 

support tool to address disposal of building decontamination residue. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

This task is an expansion of Task 4.4. 

Products 

See Task 4.4. 

Task 4.10 - Disposal Workshop 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to hold workshops involving government, state, and 

private sector stakeholders to address issues related to building decontamination 

residue. 

The first workshop was held in May 2003 in Cincinnati, Ohio. The objectives of this 

workshop were to: 

Document the current understanding of the challenges faced when handling, storing, 

transporting, and disposing of wastes from the cleanup of public and private facilities 

contaminated with chemical and biological agents. 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

31 

Identify research needs and opportunities for improving coordination among federal, 

state, and local government agencies and other stakeholders in order to fill gaps in the 

current understanding of these waste management challenges. 

Partners 

The workshop panelists included representatives from federal agencies (e.g., EPA, 

DOD, Department of Transportation [DOT], CDC, state agencies, local agencies, 

academia, and waste management companies). 

Location of Research 

The first workshop was held May 28 – 30, 2003, in Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

During the workshop, panelists gave presentations on specific topics, including the 

waste management challenges posed by the World Trade Center disaster and the 

anthrax contamination of office buildings in New York City and Washington, D.C. 

Following each presentation, the workshop panelists engaged in free-flowing 

discussions to elaborate upon the issues presented. 

Additional workshops are anticipated. 

Products 

The report for the first workshop, “Report on the Homeland Security Workshop on 

Transport and Disposal of Wastes from Facilities Contaminated with Chemical or 

Biological Agents,” was published as an EPA report, EPA/600/R-04/065, in 

November 2003. Copies of this report are available at 

http://www.epa.gov/ordnhsrc/pubs/reportFacilityWaste110104.pdf. 

This report summarizes discussions on the following seven topics: 1) classes of 

chemical and biological agents; 2) detection; 3) effectiveness of decontamination; 4) 

triaging of wastes; 5) handling, storage, and transport of wastes; 6) landfilling; and 7) 

incineration. For each topic, the report outlines the current state of knowledge, 

identifies associated research needs, and lists action items identified during the 

discussions. The technical content of this report is based entirely on discussions at the 

workshop. 

In addition to the topics listed above, some cross-cutting themes emerged during the 

panelists’ discussions, including the absence of widely accepted standards for effective 

decontamination, federal involvement in transport infrastructure maintenance, and the 

possibility of EPA’s future development of relevant databases related to capacity and 

transportation routes. Future workshops will address these issues. 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

32 

Task 4.12 - Biocontaminant Laboratory Support for Tasks 4.1, 4.3, and 4.8 

Objective 

The objective of this task is to provide technical support for inoculation and culturing 

activities required by bench- and pilot-scale research activities investigating the 

destruction of BW agents for Tasks 4.1, 4.3, and 4.8. 

Partners 

None 

Location of Research 

EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 

Status of Research 

Ongoing 

Products 

In support of this task, the biocontaminent lab facility manual expansion was 

completed in May 2004 as an internal EPA document.
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

33 

Risk Assessment and 

Communication 

Risk communication involves the development of guidance related to improved 

detection, containment, and decontamination methods for facility managers, for 

emergency responders, for those sampling and analyzing materials in the 

environment, and for decontamination crews. The communication of research 

findings is incorporated into each project. 

Risk assessment efforts are performed in collaboration with the NHSRC’s Rapid 

Risk Assessment (RRA) Team. The RRA is a component of the Threat and 

Consequences Assessment Division (TCAD). The objective of risk assessments 

for safe buildings is to determine the level of protection necessary to meet the 

objectives of the containment program, the risks from proposed decontamination 

and disposal procedures, and decontamination levels necessary before a 

contaminated building can be returned to normal service. In cases for which risk 

assessments cannot be conducted, the risk assessment program will develop 

recommendations for research necessary to develop data needed for the risk 

assessment. 

 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

34 

Appendix A: Acronyms List

AOAC – Association of Official Analytical Chemists 

ARL – Army Research Laboratory 

ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers 

AWMA – Air and Waste Management Association 

BDR – Building Decontamination Residue 

BSE – Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy 

BSL – Bio-Safety Level 

BW – biological warfare 

CB – chemical or biological 

CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

CW – chemical warfare 

DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Program 

DCMD – Decontamination and Consequence Management 

DHS – Department of Homeland Security 

DOD –Department of Defense 

DOE – Department of Energy 

DOT – Department of Transportation 

ECAD – Electrostatically Charged Aerosol Decontamination 

ECBC – Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 

EPA – Environmental Protection Agency 

ETV – Environmental Technology Verification 

FEMA – Federal Emergency Management Agency 

FIFRA – Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 

GC-MS – Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrographic 

HVAC – heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 

IRP – Institutional Research Protocol 

IT3- Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies 

LC-MS – Liquid Chromatographic-Mass Spectrographic 

LIBS – Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 

NERL – National Exposure Research Laboratory 

NHSRC – National Homeland Security Research Center 

NIOSH – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology 

OP-FTIR – Open Path-Fourier Transform Infrared 
DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 

35 

OPPTS – Office of Pesticide Programs and Toxic Substances 

PFPD – Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector 

QPCR – Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction 

QRT PCR – Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction 

R&D – Research and Development 

REMPI – Resonance Enhanced Multiple Photon Ionization 

RKIS – rotary kiln incinerator simulator 

RRA – Rapid Risk Assessment 

RTP – Research Triangle Park 

SAT – Sporicidal Activity Test 

SBIR – Small Business Innovation Research 

SOP – Standard Operating Procedure 

SPI – Single Photon Ionization 

SPMD – Semipermeable Membrane Devices 

TCAD – Threats and Consequences Assessment Division 

TICs – toxic industrial chemicals 

TSWG – Technical Support Working Group 

TTEP – Technology Testing and Evaluation Program 

USGS – U. S. Geological Survey 

 

PRESORTED STANDARD 

POSTAGE & FEES PAID 

EPA 

PERMIT No. G-35 

Office of Research and Development 

National Homeland Security Research Center 

Cincinnati, OH 45268 

Office Business 

Penalty for Private Use 

$300 

EPA/600/R-05/031 

April 2005 

www.epa.gov/nhsrc 

Recycled/Recyclable

Printed with vegetable-based ink on paper that contains a minimum of

50% post-consumer fiber content

processed chlorine free