105th Congress Document

2d Session No. 105–28

COMMITTEE

ON

FOREIGN

RELATIONS

UNITED

STATES

SENATE

MILLENNIUM

EDITION

1816–2000

Ordered to be printed with illustrations

October 2000

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 51–737

WASHINGTON : 2000

2

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

JESSE HELMS, North Carolina, Chairman

RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana

CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska

GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon

ROD GRAMS, Minnesota

SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas

CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming

JOHN ASHCROFT, Missouri

BILL FRIST, Tennessee

LINCOLN D. CHAFEE, Rhode Island

JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Jr., Delaware

PAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland

CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut

JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts

RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin

PAUL D. WELLSTONE, Minnesota

BARBARA BOXER, California

ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey

STEPHEN E. BIEGUN, Staff Director

EDWIN K. HALL, Minority Staff Director

(II)

Background Information

on the

Committee on Foreign Relations

of the

United States Senate

iv

SENATOR JESSE HELMS OF NORTH CAROLINA, CHAIRMAN

v

SENATOR JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., OF DELAWARE,

RANKING MINORITY MEMBER

vi

UNITED STATES SENATE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, FIRST

SESSION, 106TH CONGRESS

vii

Dedicated to the memory of

Admiral James W. ‘‘Bud’’ Nance

(1921–1999)

STAFF DIRECTOR

(1995–1999)

MINORITY STAFF DIRECTOR

f

(1991–1995)

For titles do not reflect honor on men,

but rather men on their titles.

CONTENTS

Page

Preface ...................................................................................................................... 1

The Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate ..................... 3

Origins of the Committee ................................................................................. 4

Historical Overview .......................................................................................... 5

Membership ...................................................................................................... 10

Size .......................................................................................................... 10

Election ................................................................................................... 11

Chairman ................................................................................................ 12

Jurisdiction ....................................................................................................... 13

Sequential Referrals .............................................................................. 15

Joint Referrals ....................................................................................... 15

Simultaneous Referrals ......................................................................... 17

Informal Methods .................................................................................. 18

Intelligence Activities ............................................................................ 18

Transfers of Jurisdiction ....................................................................... 19

Committee Powers and Responsibilities ......................................................... 19

War Powers ............................................................................................ 20

Treaties and Other International Agreements .................................... 20

(1) Treaties ...................................................................................... 20

Conditions and Stipulations ................................................... 21

Procedure ................................................................................. 23

(2) Other International Agreements ............................................. 25

Nominations ........................................................................................... 26

Bills and Resolutions ............................................................................. 30

Legislative Oversight Activities ............................................................ 33

Interparliamentary Activities ............................................................... 37

Committee Procedure ....................................................................................... 39

Rules of the Committee on Foreign Relations ..................................... 39

Meetings and Hearings ......................................................................... 53

Subcommittees .................................................................................................. 55

Standing Subcommittees ....................................................................... 55

Study or Oversight Subcommittees ...................................................... 59

Ad Hoc Subcommittees .......................................................................... 60

Staff ................................................................................................................... 61

Finances ............................................................................................................ 65

APPENDICES

I. Alphabetical list of members of the Committee on Foreign Relations 71

II. Composition of the Committee on Foreign Relations by Congresses ........ 78

III. Chairmen of the Committee on Foreign Relations ..................................... 105

IV. Staff Directors of the Committee on Foreign Relations .............................. 109

V. Excerpts from the Standing Rules of the Senate (Committee Procedure) 110

VI. Selected Bibliography prepared by Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress ....................................................................................... 119

VII. Authorizing Resolution, S. Res. 310 ............................................................. 129

(1)

PREFACE

By Senator Jesse Helms, Chairman

and

Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Ranking Minority Member

Committee on Foreign Relations

From the beginning of the Republic, the process of foreign policy

formulation in the United States has been unique. For most nations, the role of the legislative branch in foreign policy is limited

to providing a rubber-stamp on the policies of the executive. The

United States is different. The United States Constitution requires

the President to seek the Senate’s ‘‘advice and consent’’ in the ratification of treaties and the approval of ambassadorial nominees. It

is an arrangement that gives the Senate, and the Committee on

Foreign Relations in particular, an essential role in the formulation

of foreign policy.

Since its founding on December 10, 1816, the Senate Committee

on Foreign Relations has been at the center of foreign policy in

America. Six Presidents of the United States have served on the

Committee: Andrew Jackson, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson,

Benjamin Harrison, Warren Harding and John F. Kennedy. The

Committee has also produced 19 Secretaries of State and the

names of many of its Chairmen—Arthur Vandenberg, Henry Cabot

Lodge, William Fulbright—are embossed in the great foreign policy

debates of this Nation.

While nearly 200 years have passed since its founding, many of

the debates within the Committee on Foreign Relations, surprisingly, remain the same. In responding to international opportunities and challenges, the Committee must deliberate between conflict or diplomacy, engagement or isolationism, assistance or sanctions, and weigh every option in between. The Committee also considers treaties, the authorization of appropriations for international

affairs, and nominations.

In the latter half of the twentieth century, new issues vie for the

Committee’s attention. The proliferation of deadly weapons and

technology, peacekeeping in regional and ethnic conflicts, the appropriate role of multilateral institutions, international terrorism,

trafficking of illegal drugs, and the balance between international

trade and U.S. moral and national security interests are critical

issues in today’s world. In an effort to make available to the public

this discussion of foreign affairs by Members of the Senate, the

Committee continues to publish transcripts of hearings held on

these and other topics, and has produced a historical series based

2

on heretofore classified sessions since 1947. These documents highlight the contribution of Congress to American foreign policy.

A background document on the Committee was first published in

1966 in conjunction with the Committee’s 150th anniversary. This

document, now in its seventh edition, serves as a source of information on the Committee’s procedures, membership, jurisdiction and

other matters. It is our hope that this revised edition will serve as

a useful introduction to the work of the Committee.

(3)

The Committee on Foreign Relations

of the United States Senate

The Constitution of the United States divides responsibility for

the conduct of American foreign policy between the President and

Congress, and assigns to the Senate specific approval over treaties

and nominations. The powers of Congress concerning foreign relations are derived from the following articles:

The Constitution of the United States of America (Excerpts)

ARTICLE I

SECTION 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be

vested in a Congress of the United States which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. * * *

SECTION 8. The Congress shall have Power * * * To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations * * * To define and

punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas,

and Offenses against the Law of Nations; To declare War,

grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules

concerning Captures on Land and Water. * * * To make all

Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into

Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United

States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. * * *

SECTION 9. * * * No Money shall be drawn from the

Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by

Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts

and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published

from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by

the United States: And no Person holding any Office of

Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of

Congress, accept any present, Emolument, Office, or Title,

of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign

State.

SECTION 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; * * *

ARTICLE II

SECTION 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a

President of the United States of America. * * *

SECTION 2. * * * He shall have Power, by and with the

Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he

4

1 James W. Gould, ‘‘The Origins of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,’’ Western Political

Quarterly, XII (September, 1959).

shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent

of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public

Ministers and Consuls, * * *.

Origins of the Committee

During its early years the Senate was a small body that met

often as a committee of the whole. It lacked standing committees,

except for three which handled routine housekeeping duties. When

specific issues arose, the Senate appointed ad hoc committees to examine them. One source estimates that there were ‘‘over 200 separate committees dealing with foreign affairs between 1789 and

1816.’’ 1 The titles of these ad hoc committees varied, and not until

1812 did the term ‘‘foreign relations’’ appear in the legislative journals.

In the first session of the First Congress, President George

Washington appeared in person before the Senate to seek its advice

and consent on the terms of a treaty being negotiated with the

Southern Indians. Unwilling to debate the issue or cast a vote in

the presence of the President, Senator Robert Morris of Pennsylvania moved that the question be referred to an ad hoc committee.

According to Senator William Maclay, after he had seconded the

motion, ‘‘the President of the United States started up with a violent fret. ‘This defeats every purpose of my coming here’ were the

first words that he said.’’ Consideration was postponed for two days

when the Senate resumed discussion and voted on the questions at

hand, again with Washington present. This was the President’s

last attempt to participate in Senate deliberations, and thereafter

presidential communications were generally delivered by written

message.

Although the Senate continued to name numerous committees

each session, certain Senators gained reputations in particular

fields and were repeatedly named to committees dealing with their

areas of interest. From 1789 to 1797, nineteen committees with a

total of sixty-eight members dealt with treaties. Yet only twentyfour senators filled those sixty-eight positions. Members of the majority Federalist party predominated in the early committees dealing with foreign relations.

By 1816, the increased business of the Senate, especially in the

handling of nominations, and the pressing needs of national defense that had arisen during the War of 1812, moved the Senate

toward creation of standing committees. On December 10, 1816,

the Senate adopted a resolution introduced by Senator James

Barbour of Virginia, establishing eleven standing committees:

5

Resolved, That it shall be one of the rules of the Senate

that the following standing committees shall be appointed

at each session: a Committee on Foreign Relations, a Committee on Finance, a Committee on Commerce and Manufacturers, a Committee on Military Affairs, a Committee

on Militia, a Committee on Naval Affairs, a Committee on

Public Lands, a Committee on Claims, a Committee on the

Judiciary, a Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads,

a Committee on Pensions.

Three days later, Senator Barbour became the first chairman of

the new five-member standing Committee on Foreign Relations.

Since the Foreign Relations Committee was named first in the

resolution, it has sometimes been referred to as the ‘‘ranking’’ Senate Committee. However, the Senate does not rank committees.

The only reflection of the relative importance attached by the Senate in the recent past to its various committees was contained in

a Standing Rule of the Senate from 1969 to the present, that ‘‘no

Senator may serve at any time on more than one of the following

committees: Appropriations, Armed Services, Finance, or Foreign

Relations.’’

Historical Overview

From its beginning, the Foreign Relations Committee attracted

prominent leaders of the Senate and the nation. Six Presidents of

the United States have served on the committee: Andrew Jackson,

James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, Benjamin Harrison, Warren

Harding and John Kennedy. So too have nineteen Secretaries of

State, from Henry Clay to Edmund Muskie.

Although representing a separate branch of the government, the

Committee has worked closely with the Department of State. During its early years, these relations were enhanced by the many

Senators who served as Secretary of State. From 1816 to 1877, all

but two of the eighteen Secretaries of State had previously served

in the Senate and nine had been members of the Foreign Relations

Committee.

But that close relationship has not prevented conflict between

the Executive Branch and the Committee. Early on, the Committee’s chairmen established that it would not be a rubber stamp for

administration policies, and often said ‘‘no’’ to Presidential initiatives. Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina, who served as

chairman from 1825 to 1829, was a fierce opponent of any and all

measures to expand the power of the new federal government. Indeed, it was said that during his entire tenure in Congress, Macon

cast more ‘‘no’’ votes than did any ten other members combined.

6

2 In 1858 the Democratic Caucus had removed Senator Stephen A. Douglas as chairman of

the Committee on Territories.

3George H. Haynes, The Senate of the United States: Its History and Practice (Boston, 1938),

11:570.

4Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the

World Since 1776 (Houghton Mifflin, 1997), p. 144.

Another influential chairman of that era was Charles Sumner of

Massachusetts, who served as chairman from 1861 to 1871. With

administration attention focused on issues of civil war and reconstruction, Sumner exerted considerable influence over the nation’s

foreign affairs. During the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, Sumner

led the opposition which blocked Grant’s efforts to annex Santo Domingo. As a result of his break with the administration, the Republican Caucus voted to remove Sumner as chairman of the Foreign

Relations Committee, only the second time in the Senate’s history

when a committee chairman was removed against his will.2

In the late nineteenth century the Senate repeatedly demonstrated its authority over foreign policy through its ratification

power. Between 1860 and 1897, the Senate rejected ten treaties,

four of them with Great Britain. As Secretary of State John Hay

observed, ‘‘a treaty entering the Senate is like a bull going into the

arena; no man can say just how or when the final blow will fall,

but one thing is certain it will never leave the arena alive.’’ Despite

its reputation as a ‘‘graveyard of treaties,’’ however, the Senate

ratified the overwhelming number of treaties it received.3

Many a president has learned the difficult lesson that the Executive Branch rarely succeeds when it refuses to compromise with the

Foreign Relations Committee. By far the most monumental struggle between the Committee and the presidency occurred when

Woodrow Wilson submitted the Treaty of Versailles for ratification

in 1919. Under the chairmanship of Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the Foreign Relations Committee agreed to report the

treaty, but with fourteen reservations drafted by Lodge to protect

American sovereignty. These included language to ensure that the

United States remain the judge of its own internal affairs; that the

United States retain the right to withdraw from the League; that

the League not restrict any individual rights of U.S. citizens; that

the United States assume no obligation to go to war or deploy military forces through the League without consent of Congress; that

Congress approve all U.S. officials appointed to the League; and

that Congress control all appropriations of U.S. funds for the

League.

But President Wilson refused any compromise with Lodge, declaring: ‘‘Never, never! I’ll never consent to adopt any policy with

which that impossible man is so prominently identified.’’ 4 Wilson

then took his case directly to the people in a national speaking

7

tour, during which he suffered a stroke. His efforts failed to sway

the Senate, which in both 1919 and 1920 rejected the treaty, and

with it its provision for American participation in the League of

Nations. Wilson could have easily won the Senate’s consent to join

the League if he had agreed to compromise with the Committee

and accept Lodge’s reservations.

During the two decades following World War I, the Foreign Relations Committee often reflected national sentiments for isolationism. In the 1920’s its chairman, William B. Borah of Idaho, led

the fight against United States membership in the World Court

and other internationalist ventures. In the 1930’s, chairman Key

Pittman of Nevada sponsored neutrality legislation designed to

keep the United States out of European conflicts. By 1940, however, such internationalists on the Committee as Walter George of

Georgia and Tom Connally of Texas were successful in efforts to repeal neutrality legislation and to enact Lend-Lease and other

measures designed to help in the struggle against the Axis powers.

America’s entry into World War II, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, converted the Committee’s leading isolationists to internationalism. On January 10, 1945, Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan, a leader of Senate isolationists, delivered a ‘‘speech heard

round the world,’’ in which he declared: ‘‘I do not believe that any

nation hereafter can immunize itself by its own executive action.’’

In 1947, Senator Vandenberg became chairman of the Foreign

Relations Committee and a leading exponent of a bipartisan foreign

policy. During the 80th Congress, with Republican majorities in the

Senate and House and a Democratic President in the White House,

the Senate approved the Marshall Plan, the Truman Doctrine, and

other major cornerstones of America’s postwar foreign policy.

Coincident with Senator Vandenberg’s chairmanship, the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 provided for the first professional

committee staffs. The Foreign Relations Committee selected as its

first chief of staff, Dr. Francis O. Wilcox, foreign policy specialist

for the Legislative Reference Service. Prior to appointment of a professional staff, the Committee had relied heavily upon the Department of State. As Dr. Wilcox observed: ‘‘Speeches had to be written

there, committee reports to the Senate were prepared by the executive branch; there was no mechanism really by which the Senate

could act independently, or could bring to bear the kind of helpful

advice and counsel that a professional staff could bring.’’

The bipartisan approach to foreign policy had assumed strong

presidential leadership in foreign affairs. But events during the

1960’s, most significantly the growing disillusionment over the

Vietnam War, led members of the Committee to call for increased

Senate involvement in the making of foreign policy. In June 1969

8

the Senate adopted a ‘‘national commitments’’ resolution proposed

by committee chairman J. William Fulbright of Arkansas. This resolution defined American national commitments as resulting ‘‘only

from affirmative action taken by the executive and legislative

branches of the United States Government by means of a treaty,

statute, or concurrent resolution of both Houses of Congress, specifically providing for such commitment.’’ In 1970 Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which Presidents had used

as a justification for military intervention in Vietnam. And in 1973,

over a presidential veto, Congress enacted the War Powers Resolution, requiring the President to terminate any troop commitment

within sixty days unless Congress approved its continuation. These

actions were designed to restore the shared responsibility between

the legislative and executive branches which the Constitution provides for the conduct of American foreign relations.

In 1986, the Committee took a direct role in U.S. diplomacy

when Chairman Richard Lugar of Indiana and Senator Paul Laxalt

of Nevada helped negotiate the departure of Philippine dictator

Ferdinand Marcos, following the ‘‘People Power’’ Revolution. And in

the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, Chairman Claiborne Pell of Rhode

Island forged a bipartisan coalition to enact some of the nation’s

most important and effective non-proliferation laws, which to this

day form the cornerstone of U.S. nonproliferation policy.

In the late 1990’s, Chairman Jesse Helms of North Carolina, and

the Committee’s Ranking Member, Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr. of

Delaware, together secured enactment of landmark legislation to

fundamentally reform the U.S. foreign policy institutions for the

post-Cold War world—shutting down two obsolete federal agencies

(United States Information Agency (USIA) and Arms Control and

Disarmament Agency ACDA)) and merging their functions into the

Department of State and bringing a third (United States Agency

for International Development (USAID)) under the direct control of

the Secretary of State.

Chairman Helms, a long-time critic of the United Nations, also

collaborated with Senator Biden on legislation to pay the United

States arrears to the United Nations in exchange for the U.N.’s

agreement to implementation of a series of reform benchmarks. On

January 21, 2000, Chairman Helms and Senator Biden led the Foreign Relations Committee to New York for a field hearing on U.N.

reform—the first time the Committee had ever ventured as a group

to visit an international institution. The previous day, Chairman

Helms became the first sitting legislator to make a scheduled address before the United Nations Security Council, delivering an address on the United States’ sovereign prerogatives and the American people’s expectations for the United Nations reform.

9

Accepting an invitation issued by Chairman Helms in that address, on March 30, 2000, the entire U.N. Security Council came

to Capitol Hill for a day of meetings hosted by the Foreign Relations Committee. The Ambassadors of the United States, United

Kingdom, France, Russia, China, Argentina, Bangladesh, Canada,

Jamaica, Malaysia, Mali, Namibia, Netherlands, Tunisia, and

Ukraine assembled in the Old Senate Chamber for a lecture from

the Senate Historian on the Senate’s unique role in U.S. foreign

policymaking, and participated in a roundtable discussion of U.N.

reform and peacekeeping with Committee members in the Committee’s hearing room.

In 1998, the Committee also took up one of the most important

foreign policy matters to come before the Senate since the end of

the Cold War—the expansion of NATO to include three new members from the former Warsaw Pact: Poland, Hungary and the Czech

Republic. In stark contrast to President Wilson’s clash with the

Committee over the Treaty of Versailles, the approval of NATO expansion was a textbook example of bi-partisan cooperation between

a Democratic Administration and a Republican Senate.

Unlike Wilson, who refused to accept any of the Committee’s reservations to the Versailles Treaty, the Clinton Administration

agreed to a series of conditions drafted by Senators Helms and

Biden addressing a number of Senate concerns about the administration’s approach to NATO expansion, including language requiring that ‘‘the core purpose of NATO must continue to be the collective defense of the territory of all NATO members’’ (rather than

peacekeeping and other ‘‘nonmilitary’’ goals); that a ‘‘fire wall’’ be

built in the NATO-Russia relationship to ensure that Russia be

given neither a voice nor a veto in NATO decisionmaking; and affirming that NATO does not require the consent of the United Nations, or any other international organization, to take action to defend its members’ security. These conditions, negotiated following

a series of eight committee hearings, ensured that by the time the

expansion protocols reached the full Senate, all the major issues of

contention had been resolved and the Senate overwhelmingly approved NATO expansion.

However, the Senate said ‘‘no’’ to a number of Clinton Administration initiatives. Most notably in the 106th Congress, the Senate

overwhelmingly rejected the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban

Treaty—making it the first arms control treaty ever to be voted

down in the U.S. Senate.

The lesson is this: Presidents rarely win when they refuse to

work with the Foreign Relations Committee, expecting it to rubberstamp their initiatives. By contrast, when they have dealt with the

Committee in partnership, rather than confrontation, they have

10

5 A Senator was not appointed to fill the vacancy created by the death of Senator Zorinsky.

seen many successes. As Senator Helms put it: ‘‘The Senate Foreign Relations Committee has always been a source of frustration

for utopian idealists in a rush to remake the world. And this, I believe is exactly what our Founding Fathers intended. The Senate

is slow to action by design, a brake on impulsive instincts. And the

Foreign Relations Committee was, I believe, intended to be the

Senate’s brake on foreign policy.’’

Membership

Size

The size of the Committee has varied considerably over the

years. From five members in 1816 it grew, with occasional cutbacks, to 23 in 1946 when the Legislative Reorganization Act set

it at 13. Since then it has been raised to 15 in 1953, to 17 in 1959,

to 19 in 1965, and to 20 in 1987. These increases, which were made

in most other major standing committees at the same time, reflect

partly the growing workload of the Committee and partly readjustments to the political complexion of the Senate—that is to say the

numerical ratio of members of the majority party to those of the

minority. Anticipating the eventual enactment of the Legislative

Reorganization Act of 1970 which established the size of the Committee at 15 members, the Committee was reduced to that number

on January 14, 1969. Committee size and ratios are worked out by

the party leaders with approval by the Senate. Beginning with

1971 the membership was as follows:

16 (92nd Congress, January 28, 1971)

17 (93rd Congress, January 4, 1973)

17 (94th Congress, January 19, 1975)

16 (94th Congress, September 19, 1975)

15 (96th Congress, January 23, 1979)

17 (97th Congress, January 5, 1981)

17 (98th Congress, January 3, 1983)

18 (98th Congress, February 9, 1984)

17 (99th Congress, February 21, 1985)

20 (100th Congress, January 6, 1987)

19 (100th Congress, March 6, 1987) 5

19 (101st Congress, January 3, 1989)

19 (102nd Congress, January 3, 1991)

20 (103rd Congress, January 5, 1993)

18 (104th Congress, January 4, 1995)

18 (105th Congress, January 7, 1997)

18 (106th Congress, January 6, 1999)

11

Election

The Senate rules provide that the membership on the 16 standing committees shall be appointed, unless otherwise ordered, by

ballot at the commencement of each Congress.

The exact rule follows:

RULE XXIV

APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEES

1. In the appointment of the standing committees, or to

fill vacancies thereon, the Senate, unless otherwise ordered, shall by resolution appoint the chairman of each

such committee and the other members thereof. On demand of any Senator, a separate vote shall be had on the

appointment of the chairman of any such committee and

on the appointment of the other members thereof. Each

such resolution shall be subject to amendment and to division of the question. [Rule XXIV of the Standing Rules of

the Senate.]

However, by unanimous consent the usual practice has been for

the two major parties to submit slates of committee assignments

for their party members in the form of Senate resolutions. The two

party slates are normally submitted and voted on at the same time.

Assignment to committees must take into account Rule XXV.4 of

the Standing Rules of the Senate concerning service on committees.

The ratio of majority to minority members of committees is arrived at prior to the submission of slates by agreement between the

leaders of the two parties and generally reflects the political complexion of the Senate. For example, during the 80th Congress the

Senate was composed of 51 Republicans and 45 Democrats and the

composition of the committee was set at seven to six. Following the

election in 1980, the Republicans became the majority party in the

Senate for the first time since 1954 (53 Republicans, 46 Democrats

and one Independent). Therefore, the breakdown of the Committee

became nine Republicans and eight Democrats. At the beginning of

1985, the Senate composition was 53 Republicans and 47 Democrats, leaving the membership of the Committee unchanged. During the 105th Congress, the Senate had 55 Republicans and 45

Democrats and the Committee alignment of 10 Republicans and 8

Democrats reflected this composition.

The parties have differing procedures for arriving at their slates

of nominees for committee membership. On the Republican side,

the chairman of the Republican Conference appoints a committee

on committees which in turn recommends assignments based on

members’ preferences and seniority. The Democratic caucus, comVerDate 11-MAY-2000 15:09 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 0191 Sfmt 0191 51737.002 SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2
12

posed of all Senate Democrats, appoints a steering committee, on

the recommendation of the Democratic leader, which decides on the

Democratic slate, taking into account the preferences of the members, seniority, and the custom of assigning two major committee

seats to each Democratic Senator. Moreover, beginning with the

95th Congress, the Democratic caucus had agreed to choose chairmen of the standing committees by secret ballot unless waived. Although committees are appointed anew each Congress, it is traditional that Senators are reappointed to the committee to which

they were assigned the previous Congress unless they specifically

desire otherwise, or they have vacated their Senate seat, or party

ratio changes enough to bump junior members. For example, in the

90th Congress, in order to reflect the change in the Senate ratio,

a Democratic seat occupied by Senator Gale W. McGee was reassigned to the Republicans and filled by Senator John Sherman Cooper, and in September 1975 Senator Baker lost his seat on the

Committee as a result of a Democratic victory in the New Hampshire election. Following the death of a Democratic Senator in late

1983 and the election of a Republican to succeed him, the Senate

ratio changed and the size of the Committee was increased by one

Republican in early 1984. Finally, after the Republicans obtained

a majority following the 1994 elections, seats on the Committee

were reapportioned in accordance with the new ratio allowing Republicans to increase their number to ten. Democrats, on the other

hand, were forced to give up three seats leaving them with eight

of the Committee’s eighteen slots.

Chairman

The chairman of the Committee is elected on the same slate as

the Committee members of the majority party and is generally the

most senior member in terms of Committee service of that party’s

committee slate. Inasmuch as Senate traditions prior to 1970 prohibited a Senator from occupying more than one chairmanship,

there have been instances where a lower ranking majority member

(in terms of committee service) has been chairman such as 1941–

46, when Senator Connally was chairman of the Foreign Relations

Committee while two of his seniors on the Committee, Senator

Walter F. George and Senator Robert F. Wagner, presided over the

Finance and the Banking and Currency Committees, respectively;

in 1947–48 when the senior Republican member, Senator Capper,

was chairman of the Agriculture Committee and Senator Vandenberg presided over the Foreign Relations Committee; and again in

1985 when Senator Helms, the senior Republican, remained as

Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, and Senator Lugar assumed the chairmanship of Foreign ReVerDate 11-MAY-2000 15:09 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 0191 Sfmt 0191 51737.002 SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2
13

lations. As a result of the 1986 elections, the Senate leadership

changed. At that time, Senator Helms exercised his right to the

Ranking Minority Member position. This tradition was enacted into

law by the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, subject to a

‘‘grandfather’’ clause.

Standing committees, such as the Committee on Foreign Relations, continue and have the power to act until their successors are

appointed. For instance, although committees were not appointed

by the Senate in the 88th Congress until February 25, 1963, the

Foreign Relations Committee began meeting and transacting business on January 9, 1963, when Congress convened. This also occurred at the beginning of the 99th Congress, when the Committee

held hearings on American Foreign Policy, as well as a business

meeting, before the vote on February 21, 1985 by the Senate to appoint committees. In 1977 the new Members of the Senate were assigned to committees on a temporary basis. Therefore, Senators

Zorinsky, Matsunaga and Danforth served on Foreign Relations

from January 10 until February 11, 1977 when permanent Members were appointed.

A complete listing of Committee members, composition, and

chairmen is contained in Appendices I, II, and III. The list shows

interesting party identifications as well, such as Anti-Democrat,

Jeffersonian Democrat, Native American, Oldline Whig, Union Republican, Farm-Labor, and Progressive. There are also six Presidents, ranging from Andrew Jackson to John F. Kennedy, and nine

Vice Presidents from John C. Calhoun to Hubert H. Humphrey,

who have served on the committee. From its membership also came

19 Secretaries of State, beginning with Henry Clay and the most

recent being Edmund S. Muskie. In addition, a great many ambassadorships and positions in international organizations have been

filled by former members of the Committee. It should also be pointed out that on April 24, 1970, Senator J.W. Fulbright exceeded the

length of service of Senator Shelby Cullom, who served from December 18, 1901 to March 4, 1913—the previous record for a Foreign Relations Committee chairman.

Jurisdiction

The Constitutional provisions already cited form the basis for the

Committee’s jurisdiction. They are further elaborated in Rule

XXV.1(j)(1) of the Standing Rules of the Senate as follows:

(j)(1) Committee on Foreign Relations, to which committee shall

be referred all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials,

and other matters relating to the following subjects;

1. Acquisition of land and buildings for embassies and legations in foreign countries.

14

2. Boundaries of the United States.

3. Diplomatic service.

4. Foreign economic, military, technical, and humanitarian

assistance.

5. Foreign loans.

6. International activities of the American National Red

Cross and the International Committee of the Red Cross.

7. International aspects of nuclear energy, including nuclear

transfer policy.

8. International conferences and congresses.

9. International law as it relates to foreign policy.

10. International Monetary Fund and other international organizations established primarily for international monetary

purposes (except that, at the request of the Committee on

Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, any proposed legislation

relating to such subjects reported by the Committee on Foreign

Relations shall be referred to the Committee on Banking,

Housing, and Urban Affairs).

11. Intervention abroad and declarations of war.

12. Measures to foster commercial intercourse with foreign

nations and to safeguard American business interests abroad.

13. National security and international aspects of trusteeships of the United States.

14. Oceans and international environmental and scientific affairs as they relate to foreign policy.

15. Protection of United States citizens abroad and expatriation.

16. Relations of the United States with foreign nations generally.

17. Treaties and executive agreements, except reciprocal

trade agreements.

18. United Nations and its affiliated organizations.

19. World Bank group, the regional development banks, and

other international organizations established primarily for development assistance purposes.

(2) Such committee shall also study and review, on a comprehensive basis, matters relating to the national security policy, foreign

policy, and international economic policy as it relates to foreign policy of the United States, and matters relating to food, hunger, and

nutrition in foreign countries, and report thereon from time to

time.

Every bill, resolution, executive communication, nomination, or

report falling within these jurisdictional limits is referred to the

Committee on Foreign Relations. So are treaties, ipso facto, regardless of subject matter.

15

In cases of conflicting or overlapping jurisdiction, Rule XVII of

the Standing Rules of the Senate, provides that—

* * * in any case in which a controversy arises as to the

jurisdiction of any committee with respect to any proposed

legislation, the question of jurisdiction shall be decided by

the Presiding Officer, without debate, in favor of the committee which has jurisdiction over the subject matter

which predominates in such proposed legislation; but such

decision shall be subject to an appeal.

As a matter of fact, however, frequently these jurisdictional questions have been resolved, under unanimous-consent agreements, by

joint or sequential or simultaneous referrals. In other instances

more informal methods have been used.

With the exception of the Appropriations Committee, there is no

standing committee with which the Foreign Relations Committee

has not shared jurisdiction at one time or another.

Sequential Referrals

A frequently used procedure is an agreement for the sequential

referral of bills falling within several jurisdictions. Generally

speaking, jurisdiction over fisheries and maritime issues is shared

with the Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee; national security matters with the Armed Services Committee; certain legal matters with the Judiciary Committee; foreign agricultural policy with the Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee; and volunteer service programs with the Health, Education,

Labor, and Pensions Committee. Examples of such sequential referrals during the 96th Congress were: a bill to establish an Institute

for Technology and Cooperation (which was referred to Governmental Affairs after being reported by Foreign Relations); and a

bill increasing the U.S. quota in the IMF (which was ordered referred to Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs after being reported

by Foreign Relations). In the 98th Congress sequential referrals included a crime control bill and one concerning terrorist acts (both

with the Judiciary Committee).

Sequential referrals are often coupled with a limitation on the

time during which the secondary committee(s) must act or request

the Senate for an extension of time.

Joint Referrals

The most frequent joint referrals in the past had been with the

Armed Services Committee and included the early military assistance acts, the 1951 Far Eastern investigation prompted by the dismissal of General MacArthur, the so-called ‘‘area’’ resolutions (Formosa, 1955; Middle East, 1957; Cuba, 1962; and Tonkin Gulf, 1964

16

which, to varying degrees, declared the vital interests of the United

States in the particular area and authorized the President to take

any steps deemed necessary to maintain peace there), and resolutions relating to troop deployments in Europe. Joint referrals involving other committees dealt with the following subjects: defining

the act of state doctrine (Judiciary); implementing legislation for

the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution

Damage (Commerce); add-on retirement benefits (Post Office and

Civil Service and Armed Services); an amendment to the Trading

with the Enemy Act concerning trade with North Vietnam (Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs); establishing an Office of Foreign

Policy and National Security Analysis (Armed Services); pertaining

to nuclear proliferation (Joint Committee on Atomic Energy). In the

96th Congress, an amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act and

the Public Service Act concerning international cooperation in

health was jointly referred to Labor and Human Resources, Governmental Affairs and Foreign Relations; legislation to terminate

the Interim Convention of North Pacific Fur Seals went jointly to

Commerce, Science and Transportation and Foreign Relations; and

a bill to establish an observer program on all fishing vessels was

referred jointly to Commerce, Science and Transportation, Environment and Energy, and Foreign Relations. A new peak in joint referrals was reached in 1976 when S. 3637, the proposed ‘‘National

Materials Policy, Research, and Organization Act,’’ was jointly referred to 11 standing committees, including Foreign Relations.

One example of legislation referred jointly was S. 1627, which

dealt with the implementation of the North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA). Introduced in 1993, this particular bill was

referred to the committees on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry,

on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, on Foreign Relations,

on Governmental Affairs, and on the Judiciary.

On occasion both sequential and joint referrals have been used

for the same measure, such as the bill for combating international

terrorism, which, after being reported from the Governmental Affairs Committee, was referred jointly to Foreign Relations, Commerce, Science and Transportation, Intelligence and Judiciary

Committees; and the Deep Sea Bed Hard Mineral Resources Act,

reported from Energy and Natural Resources, Commerce, Science

and Transportation, and Foreign Relations, and then jointly referred to Finance, and Environment and Public Works Committees,

subject to a time limitation. In 1984, authorizing legislation for the

intelligence community was jointly referred to Foreign Relations

and Armed Services for a period of 30 days, after it had been reported by the Intelligence Committee.

17

In the case of joint referrals, committees need not necessarily

meet together during hearings and markup sessions but they must

file a joint report setting forth their recommendations.

Simultaneous Referrals

During the 94th Congress for the first time bills were referred

simultaneously to Foreign Relations and other committees, establishing yet another method of dealing with jurisdictional problems

in the Senate. One bill (S. 3151) would establish a program for

gathering and analyzing information with respect to multinational

enterprises and would require publication of such material on a

regular basis. The unanimous consent agreement by which this bill

was referred ‘‘simultaneously’’ to the Foreign Relations and Commerce committees also specified that ‘‘should either committee report the bill, the remaining committee will have 45 calendar days

within which to file its report.’’

With respect to another item, S. Res. 434, the ‘‘Treaty Powers

Resolution,’’ an order to refer it jointly to the committees on Foreign Relations, Rules and Administration, Appropriations, Judiciary and Budget was subsequently rescinded and the measure was

then simultaneously referred to the same committees with the exception of Rules and Administration. The following colloquy in the

Senate of May 6, 1976, clarifies that latter order:

Mr. GRIFFIN. What is the effect of this request?

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The effect will be that each

committee to which the bill is referred would be entitled

to file a separate report without regard to any other committee or without requiring a joint report of the several

committees.

Mr. GRIFFIN. Whereas under the agreement previously,

the several committees had to file a joint report; as I understood it.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator is correct.

Mr. GRIFFIN. If one of the named committees, under the

request now pending were to report the resolution, would

it then go on the calendar, or would it still be pending in

the other committee?

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under the practices of the Senate, that report would be held in abeyance until the other

committee report and it would not go on the calendar.

Mr. GRIFFIN. It would not go on the calendar.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator is correct.

Mr. GRIFFIN. I wish to be certain of that because, if it

does go on the calendar, this arrangement would, in effect,

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porting it. It would then go on the calendar and the referral to the other committee would be academic.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. That has been the practice of

the Senate in the past.

Mr. GRIFFIN. So it would not go on the calendar until the

other committees also reported?

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator is correct.

Informal Methods

Informal methods include invitations to interested Senators (Senators not on the Committee who, by virtue of legislative or personal

interest, have attended hearings on specific topics) to participate in

the Committee’s hearings and ask questions without, however, the

right to vote in the Committee; correspondence with interested

committees seeking their views on provisions falling within their

expertise, as for instance with the Joint Committee on Taxation on

double taxation conventions; or establishment of joint subcommittees as was done in 1974 by the Judiciary and Foreign Relations

Committees to study wiretapping issues arising out of the confirmation hearings with Secretary Kissinger. In 1980 two Senators

from the Foreign Relations Committee were appointed to serve as

members of the Special Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee

to Investigate Activities of Individuals Representing the Interests

of Foreign Governments, which was created to investigate charges

involving President Carter’s brother.

Intelligence Activities

Until the creation in 1976 of a Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, oversight of intelligence operations was a divided responsibility, exercised principally by a joint subcommittee of the Appropriations and Armed Services Committees. For a time in the late

1960’s, members of the Foreign Relations Committee were invited

to participate in such oversight meetings. In 1974, through an

amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act commonly known as the

Hughes-Ryan amendment, the Committee was given joint jurisdiction with several other committees over certain activities of the

Central Intelligence Agency relating to covert operations. That arrangement, in turn, was superseded by the oversight provisions of

the Intelligence Authorization Act of 1980, which placed the principal responsibility for oversight of intelligence activities, including

covert operations, under the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.

The Senate Intelligence Committee was established in 1976 in

the wake of a series of public disclosures regarding activities of the

CIA. Its creation had been a principal recommendation of the temVerDate 11-MAY-2000 15:09 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 0191 Sfmt 0191 51737.002 SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2
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porary Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with

respect to intelligence activities, chaired by Senator Church. S. Res.

400 mandates that at least two members of the Foreign Relations

Committee are to serve as members of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. The Committee also is guaranteed referral

of the Intelligence Authorization bill, if requested. Currently, Senator Lugar and Senator Kerry serve as the Committee’s ‘‘crossover’’ members. Under the oversight provision of the Intelligence

Authorization Act of 1980, Senate and House Intelligence Committees are charged to ‘‘promptly call to the attention of its respective

House, or to any appropriate committee or committees of its respective House, any matter relating to intelligence activities requiring

the attention of such House or such committee or committees.’’

Transfers of Jurisdiction

With the informal acquiescence of the Senate, there have been

instances in which transfers of jurisdiction have taken place. For

instance, the language of the Reorganization Act of 1946 assigned

to Foreign Relations jurisdiction over ‘‘international financial and

monetary organizations.’’ Yet in 1947 the respective chairmen of

the Senate Banking and Currency and Foreign Relations committees agreed that since the Banking and Currency Committee originally handled the Bretton Woods Agreements Act, it would continue to consider legislation pertaining to the International Bank

for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund. In 1959, however, the Committee on Foreign Relations

asserted its jurisdiction over these and subsequently established organizations such as the International Development Association, the

Inter-American Development Bank, the International Finance Corporation and the Asian Development Bank. Conversely, the St.

Lawrence Seaway legislation, initially referred to the Committee on

Foreign Relations since agreement with a foreign nation was involved, in time became essentially domestic in nature. Thus, jurisdiction over seaway legislation has passed to the Environment and

Public Works Committee, with the Foreign Relations Committee

reserving its jurisdiction over international aspects.

Committee Powers and Responsibilities

The principal areas of committee responsibilities can be broadly

broken down as follows: (1) executive—recommending the advice

and consent to treaties and nominations; (2) legislative—consideration of bills and resolutions; and (3) legislative oversight. There is,

however, no hard and fast distinction between these activities since

treaties, bills, and resolutions cannot be considered without exercising a degree of legislative oversight in the process.

20

6Treaties and Other International Agreements: The Role of the United States Senate, (See Appendix VI, Bibliography, page 119).

War Powers

The War Powers Resolution was passed in 1973 over the veto of

President Nixon. The initiative came from Senator Jacob K. Javits

within the Foreign Relations Committee, where extensive hearings

were held. The resolution arose out of a concern that the power to

declare war, as exclusively reserved to the Congress by the Constitution in article I, section 8, had eroded in modern times with

Presidents assuming virtual independence from congressional constraints.

The thrust of the resolution (Public Law 93–148) was to insure

that the collective judgment of the Congress would be brought to

bear on decisions involving the activities of United States Armed

Forces which could lead to ongoing hostilities. It established a time

limit for any military involvement in hostilities which were not affirmatively authorized by Congress, as well as a procedure through

which the authority of Congress could be exercised to terminate

U.S. involvement in hostilities at any stage. Attention and some

disagreement have focused on the resolution’s provisions concerning Presidential consultation with Congress in advance of military initiatives and Presidential reporting on the circumstances

and justification for military actions within 48 hours after their occurrence. The Foreign Relations Committee has the principal responsibility for oversight of these matters within the Senate.

Treaties and Other International Agreements

Treaties have traditionally constituted a large part of the Committee’s work.6 Recently the number of treaties submitted for approval has averaged over 50 per Congress.

During the postwar period, however, the number and importance

of executive agreements increased noticeably, leading to congressional action in this field to increase timely oversight of such agreements.

(1) Treaties

Senate responsibility for treaties stems directly from article II,

section 2, clause 2 of the Constitution, which states that the President ‘‘shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the

Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators

present concur.’’

The making of treaties involves a series of steps which generally

include negotiation, signing, approval by the Senate, ratification by

the President, deposit or exchange of ratifications with the other

party(ies) to the treaty, and proclamation. Only upon the latter

21

step does a treaty become legally binding upon the United States.

The Senate is associated in this process principally at the ‘‘advice

and consent’’ to ratification stage. Contrary to popular impression,

the Senate does not ratify treaties; the President ratifies treaties

upon receiving the advice and consent of the Senate to ratification.

While the emphasis historically has been on the ‘‘consent’’ part

of this clause, beginning in the immediate postwar period the Committee has repeatedly stressed the ‘‘advice’’ part and claimed a

right to advise the President in the negotiation of treaties and the

conduct of diplomacy. This interest has at times led to the formal

adoption of Senate resolutions of advice, which are briefly discussed elsewhere.

In performing its consent function to treaties the Senate has several options. Normally, the procedure for unconditional approval of

a treaty is by adoption of a resolution of ratification which in the

case of the limited nuclear test ban treaty reads as follows:

Be it resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the

ratification of the treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in

the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water, which

was signed at Moscow on August 5, 1963, on behalf of the

United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and North Ireland, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Conditions and stipulations.—The Senate may also qualify its

approval of a treaty by requiring amendments to the text of the

treaty itself, or more frequently, by imposing conditions known as

reservations, understandings, declarations or provisos. The vehicle

for this Senate action is the resolution of ratification, accession or

acceptance which accompanies the treaty to the Senate floor from

the Committee on Foreign Relations. According to generally accepted definitions, ‘‘amendments’’ and ‘‘reservations’’ are proposed revisions in the obligations undertaken by the United States. ‘‘Amendments’’ are proposed changes in the actual text of the treaty. ‘‘Reservations’’ are specific qualifications or stipulations which change

U.S. obligations without necessarily changing treaty text. ‘‘Amendments’’ and ‘‘reservations’’ imposed by the Senate must be included

in the U.S. instrument of treaty ratification in order to provide notice to our treaty partners of the Senate action. If the President or

a treaty partner disagrees with the Senate’s conditions, renegotiation of the treaty, consultations among the parties, or other action

may be taken to resolve differences.

In contrast, ‘‘understandings’’ are interpretative statements intended to clarify or elaborate, rather than amend, treaty text or unVerDate 11-MAY-2000 15:09 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 0191 Sfmt 0191 51737.002 SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2
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dertakings. ‘‘Understandings’’ provide importance guidance to treaty partners, U.S. judges or other parties who may find it necessary

to construe the Senate’s intent concerning the relevant treaty. Generally, ‘‘understandings’’ must also be included in the relevant U.S.

instrument of ratification to ensure that our treaty partner understands the Senate’s positions.

‘‘Declarations,’’ ‘‘provisos,’’ or other statements also reveal the

Senate’s position, opinion or intentions about matters related to the

treaty in question, but generally not about its specific provisions.

‘‘Declarations,’’ ‘‘provisos,’’ and like statements are generally omitted from the instruments of treaty ratification which the U.S. government deposits with treaty partners in order to bring treaties

into force, because they do not affect the treaty relationship to the

same extent as ‘‘amendments’’ or ‘‘understandings.’’

In recent years, the Senate made extensive use of conditions in

approving treaties. For example, in approving the Chemical Weapons Convention, it included 28 conditions in the resolution of ratification. Resolutions for several other treaties, including the Convention on Nuclear Safety, the Amended Mines Protocol, and the

Flank Document Agreement to the CFE Treaty, also contained significant conditions relating to a variety of issues. The Senate also

made extensive use of such conditions with the Panama Canal

treaties in 1978 and the SALT II Treaty in 1979. The final resolution of ratification on the first Panama Canal Treaty, the so-called

‘‘Neutrality Treaty,’’ included two amendments, six reservations,

and five understandings, while the second treaty was approved

with six reservations and six understandings. In the Committee’s

consideration of the SALT II Treaty, a somewhat different format

was used for the resolution of ratification, but the total number of

conditions and stipulations reported by the Committee was more

than twenty.

In addition, during the chairmanship of Senator Jesse Helms,

the Committee on Foreign Relations routinely included a variety of

additional conditions corresponding to several different kinds of

treaties. For example, with extradition or mutual legal assistance

treaties, conditions were included to forbid United States cooperation with the eventual International Criminal Court contemplated

in the July 17, 1998 Rome Statute, or release of information to foreign officials suspected of involvement in narcotics trafficking.

Treaties reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations during

Senator Helms’ chairmanship also include routinely a proviso reiterating the supremacy of the United States Constitution.

To emphasize the Senate’s strong views about the principles of

treaty interpretation, by the end of the 106th Congress, the Committee also routinely included in all resolutions of ratification a

23

declaration incorporating by reference the principles of treaty interpretation set forth in Condition (1) of the resolution of ratification

of the INF Treaty, approved by the Senate on May 27, 1988, and

Condition (8) of the resolution of ratification of the Document

Agreed Among the States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional

Armed Forces in Europe, approved by the Senate on May 14, 1997.

This condition, known as the ‘‘Biden-Byrd Condition,’’ sets forth the

constitutional principle that treaty interpretation will be governed

by the ‘‘shared understandings’’ of the Executive and the Senate,

as reflected in the Executive’s formal representations to the Senate

at the time the Senate gives its advice and consent.

The Senate may also reject a treaty completely by failing to approve it with the necessary two-thirds vote. Few treaties have been

rejected over the years. In the 106th Congress, on October 13,

1999, the Senate rejected the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban

Treaty. On March 8, 1983, the Senate rejected the Montreal Protocols to the Warsaw Convention on passenger carriage by air. The

only other treaties rejected by the Senate during the last century

were the protocol to the 1958 Geneva Law of the Sea Convention

concerning the compulsory settlement of disputes which was rejected on May 26, 1960 by a vote of 49 to 30; U.S. adherence to

the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was rejected

on January 29, 1935, by a vote of 52 to 36; and the St. Lawrence

Seaway, which was rejected on March 14, 1934, by a vote of 46 to

42. (The Seaway was subsequently authorized by Public Law 83–

358, approved May 13, 1954.)

Procedure.—Before formal Senate consideration of a treaty may

begin, the treaty must be transmitted to the Senate by the President for advice and consent. All treaties transmitted by the President to the Senate for advice and consent are referred to the Committee. Treaties conceivably could remain on the Committee calendar indefinitely absent action to approve them, reject them, or to

return them to the President. Treaties reported by the Committee

remain on the Senate’s Executive Calendar for the duration of a

Congress, or until otherwise disposed of. At the end of a Congress,

treaties which remain on the Senate’s Executive Calendar are automatically re-referred to the Committee in accordance with Senate

Rule XXX.2.

From time to time, Presidents may request the return of treaties

pending before the Committee or the Senate, or the Committee

itself may take the initiative to return certain treaties to the President. In either case, the usual procedure is for the Committee to

report an executive resolution to the full Senate authorizing the return of the treaty or treaties to the President. That procedure is

unusual, and was followed most recently in the 106th Congress,

24

7 A discussion of this incident appears in ‘‘A Note on Treaty Ratification,’’ by Carl Marcy in

The American Political Science Review, vol. XLVII, No. 4, December 1953, p. 1130.

when the Committee reported Senate Resolution 267, directing the

return of eighteen treaties to the President. Senate action on reservations, understandings, interpretations, statements, or amendments requires a majority of those present and voting. Final adoption of the resolution of ratification, however, requires the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the Senators present and voting.

While there is no Senate rule requiring a roll call vote on treaties, the practice of taking record votes was begun in 1953 after

press attention during the previous year to the fact that three noncontroversial consular conventions were approved by the Senate at

a time when only two Senators were present.7 The requirement for

a record vote was also a part of the Bricker amendment maneuvers

and was adopted as a de facto practice to weaken support for the

Bricker amendment. However, in recent years, the Senate has resumed the practice of approving non-controversial resolutions of

ratification for treaties by voice vote.

Although generally there is a separate vote on each treaty, when

a large number of similar treaties (fisheries, double taxation conventions, customs treaties, etc.) is on the executive calendar it has

become a practice to consider them either ‘‘en bloc’’—that is, one

vote on several resolutions of ratification—or to have a single vote,

which, by unanimous consent, is shown separately in the Record

for each treaty. This latter technique has been used at times even

in the case of dissimilar treaties, over which no controversy existed,

in order to expedite the business of the Senate.

The Committee’s treaty calendar is not necessarily an accurate

reflection of the pending business before the Committee, because

some treaties may have little prospect of Senate action. For instance, in 1947, at the beginning of the 80th Congress, the Committee had 24 treaties pending before it, dating as far back as

1923. At the request of the chairman, Senator Vandenberg, the administration reviewed the treaty calendar and requested the return

of 19 of these treaties, which was granted. These reviews have continued to take place from time to time as the occasion demands. At

the close of the 106th Congress, the oldest treaty pending on the

Committee’s calendar dated to August 27, 1949 (Treaty Doc. 81–

19).

Although treaties sometimes pend before the Committee for considerable periods, the great majority of treaties are promptly and

favorably disposed of. In this connection, it has become the Committee’s practice to leave a treaty pending for a sufficient period to

allow the public time to study the treaty and to inform the ComVerDate 11-MAY-2000 15:09 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00036 Fmt 0191 Sfmt 0191 51737.002 SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2
25

mittee of its views and interest in testifying on the treaty in question.

(2) Other International Agreements

International agreements other than treaties—so-called executive

agreements—have been used by Presidents since the earliest days

of the Republic. Beginning with World War II the number and importance of such agreements burgeoned, leading to an increasing

concern on the part of Congress about the constitutionality of commitments made in this manner. The loose use of the word ‘‘commitment’’ to justify overseas interventions finally led the Senate, on

June 25, 1969, to adopt a statement of what it considered to be a

‘‘national commitment.’’ The problem was explored in hearings and

executive session consideration over a period beginning in 1967.

These touched on such subjects as the 1940 destroyer-for-bases

deal, the British-French-United States tripartite declaration of

1950 on the Middle East, the so-called contingency plan for Thailand, and base agreements. In 1969, the Senate concurred in the

Committee’s recommendation of the ‘‘National Commitments Resolution,’’ which resolved:

That (1) a national commitment for the purpose of this

resolution means the use of the Armed Forces of the

United States on foreign territory, or a promise to assist

a foreign country, government, or people by the use of the

Armed Forces or financial resources of the United States,

either immediately or upon the happening of certain

events, and (2) it is the sense of the Senate that a national

commitment by the United States results only from affirmative action taken by the executive and legislative

branches of the United States Government by means of a

treaty, statute, or concurrent resolution of both Houses of

Congress specifically providing for such commitment. (S.

Res. 85, 91st Cong.)

One of the first concrete instances to engage the Committee’s attention after adoption of the National Commitment Resolution was

the extension of the so-called Spanish base agreement on August

6, 1970. As the Committee viewed it, this agreement contained an

implicit commitment to defend Spain in the event of an attack, as

well as substantial financial support for the Spanish Government.

The Committee felt strongly that the agreement partook of the nature of a treaty and should be submitted to the Senate for advice

and consent, and so advised the State Department. The executive

branch proceeded otherwise, however, and after a series of executive and public hearings in which the Committee was assured that

the agreement entailed no U.S. commitment to defend Spain, the

26

Senate, on the Committee’s recommendation, adopted a resolution

(S. Res. 469, 91st Cong., agreed to December 11, 1970) stating its

sense that ‘‘nothing in the said agreement * * * shall be deemed

to be a national commitment by the United States.’’ In time, however, the Senate’s expressions were taken into account and the renewal of the Spanish base agreement was submitted as a treaty in

1976.

The Case Act of 1972 (P.L. 92–403) addressed itself directly to

executive agreements and provides in part—

The Secretary of State shall transmit to the Congress

the text of any international agreement (including the text

of any oral international agreement, which agreement

shall be reduced to writing), other than a treaty, to which

the United States is a party as soon as practicable after

such agreement has entered into force with respect to the

United States but in no event later than sixty days thereafter.

In the event such agreements are classified, they are to be transmitted instead to the Committees on Foreign Relations of the Senate and International Relations of the House under an appropriate

injunction of secrecy.

The Committee viewed the Act as ‘‘a significant step toward redressing the imbalance between Congress and the executive in the

making of foreign policy * * * ’’ and ‘‘an effective means of dealing

with the prior question of secrecy and of asserting the obligation

of the executive to report its foreign commitments to Congress.’’

In 1978, the Case Act was further amended to make clear the inclusion of oral agreements, to designate the Secretary of State as

the official within the executive branch who decides what constitutes an international agreement, and to require a formal explanation from the President when agreements are not properly transmitted before the sixty-day deadline. Contrary to a widespread

public perception, however, the Case Act does not provide for congressional veto of international agreements and does not require affirmative action by the Congress to approve international agreements before they enter into force.

Nominations

The Committee’s responsibility with respect to nominations, like

that with respect to treaties, arises from article II, section 2, paragraph 2, of the Constitution (previously cited, page 3, above).

Pursuant to this provision, the Senate refers to the Committee

nominations of officials to positions in the Department of State,

ambassadors and ministers, representatives to international organizations, and officials to other positions established by laws which

27

8The Senate Role in Foreign Affairs Appointments, (See Appendix VI, bibliography, page 119).

9 Harris, The Advice and Consent of the Senate, p. 291 (See Appendix VI, bibliography, page

119).

are within the jurisdiction of the Committee. These include positions in the Agency for International Development, the Peace

Corps, U.S. representatives in the various international banking

institutions, and advisory bodies to these agencies. Appointments,

promotions, and designations of Foreign Service Officers, as well,

are referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations and constitute

the bulk, numerically, of the nominations handled. For instance, in

the 106th Congress, approximately 2000 nominations were referred

to the Committee of which nearly 1800 were career officer promotions.

A detailed description of the confirmation requirements and processes, together with relevant case histories, is set forth in the committee print, ‘‘The Senate Role in Foreign Affairs Appointments.’’ 8

Available Committee records do not show the last time the Senate rejected a nomination within the jurisdiction of the Foreign Relations Committee. It may have been in 1889 when ‘‘the Senate refused to confirm Benjamin Harrison’s nomination of Murat

Halstead, an Ohio journalist, as Minister to Germany, because of

a series of articles he had written denouncing the purchase of Senate seats.’’ 9 However, one nominee, Ernest W. Lefever, withdrew

his own name from consideration as Assistant Secretary of State

for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs after an adverse vote

in Committee in June 1981. In March 1983, the nomination of Kenneth Adelman to be U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

(ACDA) Director was reported unfavorably by the Committee, but

was approved by the Senate by a vote of 57–42. Other nominations

have been withdrawn by the President as a result of controversies

surrounding them, while still others have simply not been acted on

by the Committee or the Senate, as, for instance, the withdrawal

in 1973 of the nomination of G. McMurtrie Godley to be Assistant

Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, and the nonaction in 1974 on the nomination of Graham Martin to be Ambassador at Large for Micronesian negotiations and five others to be

members of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency’s General

Advisory Committee. More recently, in 1997 the nomination of William Weld to be Ambassador to Mexico was withdrawn after the

chairman prevailed in his decision not to schedule a hearing on the

nomination.

All nominations not confirmed or rejected by the end of a session

lapse with the adjournment or recess of the Senate for more than

30 days, unless otherwise ordered by the Senate. The President has

the power to issue recess appointments when he deems it desirable.

28

Such recess appointments, however, have to be submitted to the

Senate not later than 40 days after the commencement of the next

session in order for the incumbent to continue to receive a salary

(5 U.S.C. 5503).

The Committee on Foreign Relations has been continually interested in the caliber and qualifications of nominees. The rules

adopted by the Committee to govern its consideration of nominations appear on page 30.

On January 14, 1953, the Committee adopted a rule requiring an

FBI investigation of nominees prior to the submission of names to

the Senate. Only twice has the question of Committee access to the

FBI files themselves come up. In the first case, that of Charles E.

Bohlen in 1953, a subcommittee of two Senators reviewed a summary of the FBI file. In the second, that of Helmut Sonnenfeldt in

1973, a staff member was authorized to review his security files.

In 1981, however, the Committee adopted a policy of requesting access for any member of the Committee who wished to review summaries of such files.

On February 17, 1953, the Committee adopted a six-day rule,

which calls for the passage of six calendar days after the receipt

of a nomination by the Senate before the Committee will consider

the nomination. This rule has been waived occasionally, mainly in

the case of career appointments when the nominee was already

abroad, in situations of urgent need to get the nominee to his post,

or in the case of nominations received just before congressional adjournment.

At about the same time, in 1953 the Committee commenced the

practice of examining the appointees to all important positions in

Washington and abroad whenever possible. Prior to this time hearings, executive or open, were held on a nomination only when

someone requested to be heard on the nomination, and not as a

matter of regular procedure. The practice initiated in 1953 was acknowledged and further refined on July 30, 1957, when the Committee adopted a motion ‘‘that from now on all nominees for ambassadorial and ministerial posts be heard in open session unless a

majority of the Committee decrees otherwise.’’ By custom, the Committee has allowed any committee members to request that any

nominee be held off the agenda of a business meeting with the understanding that the nominee would be considered at the next

meeting.

In 1972 the Committee increased the number of nominations to

be submitted to it by providing that the names of all persons granted the rank of ambassador be submitted for confirmation ‘‘except

that the personal rank of ambassador or minister may be conferred

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dent of an essentially limited and temporary nature of not exceeding six months.’’ That provision was further modified by the Foreign Service Act of 1980 to require advance notice of Presidential

intent to nominate such ambassadors with personal rank and to

provide justifications for these appointments.

The age-old question of political contributions by ambassadorial

nominees was dealt with in the Department of State Authorization

Act of 1973 (Public Law 93–126, signed October 18, 1973). Sec. 6

of that act required that each person appointed by the President

as ambassador or minister should file a report of contributions

made by such persons and by members of his immediate family.

The Act of 1974 added the further requirement that ‘‘The Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate shall

have printed in the Congressional Record each such report.’’

However, these provisions were revised by the Foreign Service

Act of 1980 (Public Law 96–465, signed October 17, 1980). Sec.

304(b)(2) of that act provides that:

Each individual nominated by the President to be a chief

of mission, ambassador at large, or minister shall, at the

time of nomination, file with the Committee on Foreign

Relations of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of

Representatives a report of contributions made by such individual and by members of his or her immediate family

during the period beginning on the first day of the fourth

calendar year preceding the calendar year of the nomination and ending on the date of the nomination. The report

shall be verified by the oath of the nominee, taken before

any individual authorized to administer oaths. The chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate

shall have each such report printed in the Congressional

Record. As used in this paragraph, the term ‘‘contribution’’

has the same meaning given such term by section 301(8)

of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (2 U.S.C.

431(8)) and the term ‘‘immediate family’’ means the spouse

of the nominee, and any child, parent, grandparent, brother, or sister of the nominee and the spouses of any of

them.

Section 304(4) of the 1980 Act also established the new requirement that:

(4) The President shall provide the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate with each nomination for an

appointment as a chief of mission, a report on the demonstrated competence of that nominee to perform the duties of the position in which he or she is to serve.

30

The report of demonstrated competence, which sets forth the rationale for the selection and assignment of the chief of mission, is

now provided to the Committee as a matter of regular course by

the State Department prior to the scheduling of the prospective

nominee’s confirmation hearing.

Subsequent amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act

of 1971 also provided for reporting campaign contributions and

overlap to a certain degree those of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act.

At present, the Committee requires each nominee to file a signed

statement prior to his confirmation hearing, covering the following

areas: (A) Biographical Information, (B) Financial Information (including a confidential statement), (C) Future Employment Plans,

(D) Conflict of Interest, and (E) Ethical Matters.

Bills and Resolutions

Since the document, ‘‘How a Bill Becomes a Law,’’ issued periodically by Congress, describes the legislative process in detail, only

a few aspects of it will be noted here.

Legislative matters are comprised of bills, joint resolutions, concurrent resolutions and resolutions. Bills and joint resolutions both

become law upon signature by the President and therefore carry

equal weight. The basic distinction between them is a matter of intent. Bills are the most widely used legislative vehicles; joint resolutions are used mainly for the approval of international agreements, membership in international organizations, and expressing

views of both Houses of Congress that are meant to have the force

of law. Concurrent and simple resolutions express the sense of the

Congress in the former case and the sense of the Senate or the

House in the latter case. They do not require signature by the

President and therefore do not have the force of law.

Simple resolutions, while in a sense the lowest form of congressional action, can at times carry considerable weight, such as the

Connally and Fulbright resolutions of 1943 pledging U.S. participation in a post World War II international organization; the Vandenberg resolution of 1948 which presaged the formation of NATO;

and the National Commitments Resolution of 1969 which defined

what the Senate will consider to be a commitment binding on the

United States. In fact one Senate resolution was deemed to be so

important as to have the nature of a treaty requiring a two-thirds

vote for adoption—the 1946 resolution by which the Senate advised

the President to accept on behalf of the United States the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in certain

matters. The use of Senate resolutions to advise the President,

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come relatively widespread in the postwar period, as previously

noted.

To give such advice the maximum weight possible, the Committee has made it a practice to append a provision directing the

Secretary of the Senate to transmit the resolution to the President

for appropriate action and for a report on such action to the Senate

within a specified time period.

The most important recurring legislative responsibilities of the

Committee are the bi-annual authorization bills for agencies and

programs under the Committee’s jurisdiction—principally the State

Department, Agency for International Development, Peace Corps,

and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. With the enactment of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, all standing committees are required to submit to the Committee on the Budget, by

March 15 each year, their estimates of the total amounts of new

budget authority to be provided in such authorizing legislation, in

order to enable the Senate, by May 15, to pass the first concurrent

resolution on the Budget, setting levels of government spending

and revenue for the fiscal year ahead. All authorizing legislation

must also be reported to the Senate by the same date. Any moneycarrying bills reported after May 15 are subject to a point of order

unless a waiver is obtained by the adoption of a resolution by the

Senate. These new procedures, which went fully into effect in 1976,

are designed to give the Congress a better overview of the expected

outlays and also revenues for the upcoming year. They have also

affected the Committee’s scheduling of legislation and other matters to give early priority to the so called money bills.

Committee procedures with respect to bills, joint, concurrent and

simple resolutions are the same.

The Committee files written reports on major matters it sends to

the Senate. Pursuant to the Foreign Relations Committee (and

Senate procedures), Committee reports are technically prepared

and submitted by the Chairman of the Committee. Therefore the

Chairman maintains the ‘‘power of the pen’’ in drafting reports of

the Foreign Relations Committee and there technically is no requirement for the Chairman to consult with the ranking member,

or with any other Senator, in the preparation of such documents.

Senators who do not concur with the views expressed by the Chairman in the Committee report, or who wish to add additional views

of their own, are afforded the opportunity to append their views as

separate and distinct annexes to the actual report.

However, as a practical matter, most committee reports are negotiated with the ranking member and reflect his views, in addition

to those of the Chairman. It has been the practice in recent years

to allow clear differentiation of views on contentious issues within

32

the main text of the report, rather than shunting alternate views

into appendices to the Chairman’s report. Examples of this include

Exec. Rept. 104–10, the Committee’s report on the resolution of

ratification for START II that reflects differing views on the merits

of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and on the importance of

missile defense.

In the case of the Committee report that was submitted in connection with the resolution of ratification for the Chemical Weapons Convention (Exec. Rept. 104–33), the Chairman allowed proponents of the treaty to prepare their own section of the report and

to title it ‘‘Majority Views.’’ The Chairman, who opposed the treaty,

prepared an alternate section of the report and titled it ‘‘Minority

Views.’’ This unusual formulation was proposed by Senator Helms

since he had agreed to schedule Committee consideration of the

CWC despite his personal objections to this treaty. The Chairman

nevertheless maintains final decisionmaking authority over the

contents of all aspects of any Committee report (other than Minority or Additional Views). However, the Committee in recent years

has sought to reflect the general practice of comity among Senators, even on issues as contentious as the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Occasionally the Committee has filed adverse reports, recommending that a measure not be adopted. Senate Resolution 116, by

Senator Joe McCarthy of Wisconsin, would have expressed the

sense of the Senate that prior to any conference between heads of

state (referring to the proposed Geneva Summit Conference in

1955), the Secretary of State should secure the agreement of other

parties at the Conference that one of the subjects for discussion

should be the present and future status of the nations of Eastern

Europe and Asia then under Communist control. The Committee’s

adverse finding was sustained by the Senate on June 22, 1955, by

a vote of 4 to 77. Instances of adverse Committee reports were on

a concurrent resolution disapproving of the proposed sale of F–16

aircraft to Pakistan in 1981, a joint resolution dealing with nuclear

arms reductions in 1983, and a joint resolution concerning sales of

avionics system kits to China in 1986. It should be noted that the

Senate does not always sustain the Committee’s adverse finding.

As a general rule, measures of which the Committee does not approve are either tabled, held over, or postponed without any written explanation. However, in October 1983, the Committee reported unfavorably two joint resolutions concerning nuclear arms

control. While portions of the resolutions were considered by the

Senate, action on the resolutions was not taken.

The Committee has occasionally reported a measure without recommendation, such as: the first International Wheat Agreement in

33

1948; a St. Lawrence Seaway bill in 1952; in 1965 H.R. 30, a bill

authorizing U.S. participation in a cultural and trade center in

Florida; in 1968, an amendment to the Agriculture Act of 1956 relating to long-staple cotton, which was subsequently pocket-vetoed;

S. Con. Res. 86 relating to sales of armaments to Egypt, Israel and

Saudi Arabia in 1978; in 1979 a concurrent resolution opposing

sanctions against Zimbabwe-Rhodesia; in 1981 a bill seeking a particular form of legislative settlement for outstanding property

claims against the Government of Czechoslovakia. In 1999, legislation was introduced by Senator John McCain that was determined

by the Senate Parliamentarian to have met the standard of the

War Powers Resolution. Rather than allow the legislation to be

automatically discharged from the Foreign Relations Committee,

the committee met to consider the legislation, and reported it without recommendation.

Legislative Oversight Activities

The Committee on Foreign Relations, along with other standing

committees, is specifically charged with exercising legislative oversight by Rule XXVI of the Standing Rules of the Senate, which

reads as follows:

8. (a) In order to assist the Congress in—

(1) its analysis, appraisal, and evaluation of the application, administration, and execution of the laws enacted by

the Congress, and

(2) its formulation, consideration, and enactment of such

modifications of or changes in those laws, and of such additional legislation, as may be necessary or appropriate,

each standing committee (except the committees on Appropriations and the Budget), shall review and study, on a continuing

basis, the application, administration, and execution of those

laws, or parts of laws, the subject matter of which is within the

legislative jurisdiction of that committee. Such committees may

carry out the required analysis, appraisal, and evaluation

themselves, or by contract, or may require a Government agency to do so and furnish a report thereon to the Senate. Such

committees may rely on such techniques as pilot testing, analysis of costs in comparison with benefits or provision for evaluation after a defined period of time.

(b) In each odd-numbered year each such committee shall

submit, not later than March 31, to the Senate, a report on the

activities of that committee under this paragraph during the

Congress ending at noon on January 3 of such year.

34

It has already been noted that in recent years the Committee’s

legislative oversight activities have burgeoned. This has resulted

from a variety of factors—the increasing number of programs within the Committee’s jurisdiction, the numerous provisions in laws

requiring the submission of determinations and reports, the transmittal of executive agreements as of 1973 and of budget rescissions

and deferrals as of 1975, the notifications of proposed arms sales

and arms transfers, reporting under the War Powers Resolution,

submission of arms control impact statements, and other factors.

A few statistics will serve to illustrate this growth. During the

92d Congress, 83 communications from the executive branch in the

foreign affairs area were received by the Senate and referred to the

Foreign Relations Committee. This number increased to 184 in the

93d Congress and reached over 500 at the end of the 106th Congress. During the 93rd Congress, 396 executive agreements (not including classified agreements) were referred to the Committee; in

the 98th Congress this number jumped to 461 and stood at approximately 300 by the end of the 106th Congress. Thirty-one messages advising of budget rescissions and deferrals had been received during the 94th Congress as against none the previous Congresses. During the 106th Congress, approximately 11 messages

advising of budget rescissions and deferrals were received. Finally,

in the 94th Congress, the Committee had received over 250 reports

required by provisions of various laws whereas in the 106th Congress well over 2100 reports were received.

The Committee is responsible for having this mass of material

analyzed and for proposing remedial action where deemed necessary. Such action can take the form of amendments to existing

laws or by means of a resolution of disapproval, as is provided for

in such laws as the Arms Export Control Act. This area of Committee operations is largely invisible since only when some question is raised about an executive branch proposal does public action

result, as for instance over the projected sale of Hawk missiles to

Jordan and of Airborne Warning Aircraft to NATO in 1976 or armaments to Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia in 1978, and again to

Saudi Arabia in 1981.

The Committee has developed varying techniques in exercising

legislative oversight: scrutiny of foreign aid allocations and arms

sales through the congressionally mandated notification process;

day-to-day personal contacts with administration officials; correspondence with officials growing out of difficulties brought to the

Committee’s attention by the public or Government employees (a

collection of such correspondence relating to the State Department

was published in 1960 under the title ‘‘Administration of the Department of State’’ and supplemented in 1962); on-the-spot inspecVerDate 11-MAY-2000 15:09 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00046 Fmt 0191 Sfmt 0191 51737.003 SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2
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tions abroad by Committee members or staff (generally followed by

reports, either printed or confidential, to the Committee); special

short-term studies of foreign policy problems (such as the investigation of events relating to the Dominican Republic intervention in

1965, U.S. security interests and policies in Southwest Asia in

1980, military presence in Panama in 1997, and the multiple afflictions facing Sudan in 1998); public hearings on proposals such as

nuclear reactor sales to South Africa in 1976; and the establishment of special subcommittees to study in depth a particular area,

problem, or program. Activities of legislative oversight subcommittees are described elsewhere.

Contacts with administration officials can be formal or informal

and normally take place at all levels throughout the year. It is customary for the Secretary of State to launch this process at the beginning of a year by giving the Committee a world review soon

after the Congress convenes. It is also customary for the Secretary

to appear before the Committee before the United States exercises

military force and during times of international crisis. Heads of

other departments, officers of the Armed Forces, under secretaries,

assistant secretaries, and American ambassadors on Washington

visits appear likewise on problems within their areas of responsibilities either before the full Committee or the appropriate subcommittee.

Travel by Committee members and staff also serves the oversight

function. Indeed Committee members are encouraged to visit other

countries and to meet with government officials and other leaders

in those countries in order to evaluate the effectiveness of United

States overseas programs and meet their legislative oversight responsibilities. Members and staff of the Committee on Foreign Relations are required to report their findings to the Committee, and

these reports are frequently printed as committee documents.

The official travel expenses of members of the Committee and

staff are paid either from the contingent fund of the Senate or by

the use of U.S.-owned foreign currencies which are available to appropriate committees of the Congress engaged in carrying out their

duties under the Standing Rules of the Senate. In accordance with

Sec. 502 of the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended, and 22

U.S.C. 1754(b), as amended, each Senator and committee staff

member who uses funds is required to submit an itemized report

showing the amounts expended and the purposes for which expended. Such reports are open to public inspection.

Also in the line of legislative oversight, as well as advising the

executive, Senators and Representatives have been appointed to

delegations, or as congressional advisers, to international conferences. This practice began as early as 1814, when President

36

Madison appointed Senator Thomas F. Bayard and Representative

Henry Clay as two of the five members of the Peace Commission

which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent. It was more marked

throughout the 1900’s, beginning with the appointments of Senators Connally and Vandenberg and Representatives Bloom and

Eaton to the U.S. delegation to the United Nations Conference on

International Organization at San Francisco in 1945.

It was customary for the State Department to ask the Presiding

Officer of the Senate to designate Senators to attend meetings of

the governing bodies of U.N. specialized agencies; important conferences, such as the sessions of the Law of the Sea Conference;

and special sessions of the U.N. General Assembly such as those

sessions on disarmament and the environment. In this capacity,

Senators serve as congressional advisers and gain some insight into

the work of the organizations, including budget and financing questions. At the same time, they have an opportunity to share the concerns of the U.S. Congress on these issues. This practice diminished in the 1990’s as congressional participation on U.S. delegations to international meetings has been directed more to those

with significant domestic implications. For example, some of the 12

Senators appointed to the Global Climate Change Observer Group

attended the December 1997 meeting at Kyoto, Japan, on the Protocol on the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Control.

Most international organizations also have annual or biennial

meetings of their membership, and it has become customary also

to include Members of Congress in the U.S. delegations to those

sessions as observers or advisers, when deemed desirable. For instance, a few years after the United Nations came into being an

informal arrangement was made between the House, Senate, and

the Department of State whereby in non-election years, two members of the House International Relations Committee would be on

the U.S. delegation to the United Nations General Assembly, and

in election years, two Senators, generally members of the Senate

Foreign Relations Committee would be U.S. delegates. The Senators serving on the U.S. delegation to the United Nations General

Assembly have been as follows:

1946—Senators CONNALLY and VANDENBERG.

1947—Senators VANDENBERG and CONNALLY.

1950—Senators SPARKMAN (not a committee member) and

LODGE.

1952—Senators GREEN and WILEY.

1954—Senators (H. Alexander) SMITH and FULBRIGHT

1956—Senators HUMPHREY and KNOWLAND.

1958—Senators MANSFIELD and HICKENLOOPER.

1960—Senators MORSE and AIKEN.

37

1962—Senators GORE and ALLOTT (not a committee member).

1964—Senators (Russell B.) LONG and CARLSON.

1966—Senators CHURCH and (Clifford P.) CASE.

1968—Senators SYMINGTON and COOPER.

1970—Senators PELL and JAVITS.

1972—Senators MCGEE and PEARSON.

1974—Senators SYMINGTON and PERCY.

1976—Senators MCGOVERN and BAKER.

1978—Senators RIBICOFF (not a committee member) and PEARSON.

1980—Senators TSONGAS and JAVITS.

1982—Senators KASTEN and JOHNSTON (not committee members).

1984—Senators MATHIAS and GLENN.

1986—Senators PRESSLER and EAGLETON

1988—Senators BOSCHWITZ and DODD

1990—Senators MACK and BIDEN

1992—Senators PRESSLER and SARBANES

1994—Senators MURKOWSKI and LEAHY

1996—Senators GRAMS and PELL

1998—Senators GRAMS and BIDEN

2000—Senators GRAMS and BIDEN

Interparliamentary Activities

Interparliamentary activities concern and involve the entire Congress. For instance, every Member of Congress is ipso facto a member of the Interparliamentary Union. Legislation authorizing the

participation in such activities, however, has been referred to the

Committee on Foreign Relations and it is, therefore, more directly

responsible and involved than other committees. Moreover, as the

principal committee dealing with international relations, the Committee has taken an active interest in assuring adequate preparation and representation at the various interparliamentary meetings.

In addition, Public Law 86–42 and Public Law 86–420, which authorize participation in the Canada-United States and the MexicoUnited States Interparliamentary Groups, respectively, include the

provision that not less than four of the 12 Senators appointed by

the President of the Senate to participate in such meetings be from

the Foreign Relations Committee. And in 1975, an amendment to

the Act authorizing U.S. participation in the Interparliamentary

Union specified that no less than two of the delegates shall be

members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

The oldest formally organized interparliamentary body is the

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liamentary bodies may apply for membership. The Congress has

participated in the Union since its establishment in 1889. Current

legislative authority for such participation dates from 1935.

The next oldest group with which the U.S. Congress has been associated is the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, formed

as the Empire Parliamentary Association in 1911. Although the

Congress is, of course, not a member of this organization, the association has made it a practice to invite Congress to participate in

that portion of its annual meetings devoted to a discussion of international issues. These invitations have been accepted by the Senate

upon occasion. Senate resolutions have been passed to authorize

participation.

U.S. participation in the North Atlantic Assembly, formerly the

NATO Parliamentarians’ Conference, was authorized in 1956 on a

permanent basis. The law provides for the appointment of not to

exceed 24 Members of the Congress (12 from each House) to each

conference (Public Law 84–689).

The Canada-United States Interparliamentary Group is an outgrowth of discussions in 1959 between United States and Canadian

legislators authorized by Senate Resolution 359 in 1958. Following

these initial discussions, participation by the United States in parliamentary conferences with Canada was authorized on a permanent basis by Public Law 86–42, enacted in 1959. The appointment

each year of not to exceed 12 Senators and 12 Representatives is

authorized for this purpose. The participating countries alternate

in acting as host to the conferences.

To balance the arrangement with its northern neighbor, the U.S.

Congress in 1960 approved similar participation in a MexicoUnited States Interparliamentary Group by Public Law 86–420.

In addition to the formal or regular meetings of the above-described organizations, there are other contacts on informal or irregular basis. For instance, the Council of Europe has occasionally invited Members of Congress to meet with it. Likewise, it has become

customary for a small congressional group to meet some years with

a similar group from the British Parliament. In 1974, 1978 and

1985, the Congress entertained a parliamentary delegation from

the Soviet Union. Additional bilateral exchanges have been suggested by certain countries and invitations for congressional visits

have been received from others. In 1965, for the first time, the Senate, at the recommendation of the Committee, adopted a resolution

authorizing the President of the Senate to respond, for the duration

of the 89th Congress, to invitations officially received from foreign

governmental or parliamentary bodies by naming official Senate

delegates to accept such invitations and providing for the payment

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tion. Similar resolutions covering the 90th Congress (S. Res. 115)

and the 91st Congress (S. Res. 65) were passed by the Senate on

May 19, 1967, and February 17, 1969, respectively. After a lapse

of five years, this authority was renewed in 1975 (S. Res. 86,

agreed to February 24, 1975) and the financial ceiling raised to

$35,000 per delegation. Delegation expenses are now paid out of

the Senate’s contingency fund (S. Res. 179, approved May 25,

1977).

To deal with the reverse flow of official visitors to the United

States, the Senate on March 6, 1958 agreed to S. Res. 259, which

provided $5,000 ‘‘to provide assistance to Members of the Senate in

the discharge of their responsibilities in connection with visiting

foreign dignitaries, and for other purposes.’’

In March 1975, the amount was raised to $10,000 to cover the

cost of inflation, the increase in the number of visitors, and to include officials of Intergovernmental Organizations in addition to

foreign government officials. In June 1976 this sum was further

raised to $15,000 in view of the large bicentennial influx of foreign

dignitaries, and in 1977 to $25,000. In 2000, the Senate agreed to

S. Res. 370 which increased the amount to $30,000.

Committee Procedure

Up to the time of enactment of the Legislative Reorganization

Act of 1970, the Committee on Foreign Relations had no formal

rules of procedure additional to those contained in the earlier Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. The new act, however, provided

that all committees, standing, select, or special, adopt rules and

publish them in the Congressional Record no later than March 1

of each year (now Rule XXVI.2 of the Standing Rules of the Senate). The most recent rules are as follows:

Rules of the Committee on Foreign Relations

(ADOPTED FEBRUARY 12, 1999)

RULE 1—JURISDICTION

(a) Substantive.—In accordance with Senate Rule XXV.1(j), the

jurisdiction of the Committee shall extend to all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating to

the following subjects:

1. Acquisition of land and buildings for embassies and legations in foreign countries.

2. Boundaries of the United States.

3. Diplomatic service.

4. Foreign economic, military, technical, and humanitarian

assistance.

40

5. Foreign loans.

6. International activities of the American National Red

Cross and the International Committee of the Red Cross.

7. International aspects of nuclear energy, including nuclear transfer policy.

8. International conferences and congresses.

9. International law as it relates to foreign policy.

10. International Monetary Fund and other international organizations established primarily for international monetary

purposes (except that, at the request of the Committee on

Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, any proposed legislation

relating to such subjects reported by the Committee on Foreign

Relations shall be referred to the Committee on Banking,

Housing, and Urban Affairs).

11. Intervention abroad and declarations of war.

12. Measures to foster commercial intercourse with foreign

nations and to safeguard American business interests abroad.

13. National security and international aspects of trusteeships of the United States.

14. Ocean and international environmental and scientific affairs as they relate to foreign policy.

15. Protection of United States citizens abroad and expatriation.

16. Relations of the United States with foreign nations generally.

17. Treaties and executive agreements, except reciprocal

trade agreements.

18. United Nations and its affiliated organizations.

19. World Bank group, the regional development banks, and

other international organizations established primarily for development assistance purposes.

The Committee is also mandated by Senate Rule XXV.1(j) to

study and review, on a comprehensive basis, matters relating to

the national security policy, foreign policy, and international economic policy as it relates to foreign policy of the United States, and

matters relating to food, hunger, and nutrition in foreign countries,

and report thereon from time to time.

(b) Oversight.—The Committee also has a responsibility under

Senate Rule XXVI.8, which provides that ‘‘* * * each standing

Committee * * * shall review and study, on a continuing basis, the

application, administration, and execution of those laws or parts of

laws, the subject matter of which is within the jurisdiction of the

Committee.’’

(c) ‘‘Advice and Consent’’ Clauses.—The Committee has a special

responsibility to assist the Senate in its constitutional function of

41

providing ‘‘advice and consent’’ to all treaties entered into by the

United States and all nominations to the principal executive

branch positions in the field of foreign policy and diplomacy.

RULE 2—SUBCOMMITTEES

(a) Creation.—Unless otherwise authorized by law or Senate resolution, subcommittees shall be created by majority vote of the

Committee and shall deal with such legislation and oversight of

programs and policies as the Committee directs. Legislative measures or other matters may be referred to a subcommittee for consideration in the discretion of the Chairman or by vote of a majority of the Committee. If the principal subject matter of a measure

or matter to be referred falls within the jurisdiction of more than

one subcommittee, the Chairman or the Committee may refer the

matter to two or more subcommittees for joint consideration.

(b) Assignments.—Assignments of members to subcommittees

shall be made in an equitable fashion. No member of the Committee may receive assignment to a second subcommittee until, in

order of seniority, all members of the Committee have chosen assignments to one subcommittee, and no member shall receive assignments to a third subcommittee until, in order of seniority, all

members have chosen assignments to two subcommittees.

No member of the Committee may serve on more than four subcommittees at any one time.

The Chairman and Ranking Minority Member of the Committee

shall be ex officio members, without vote, of each subcommittee.

(c) Meetings.—Except when funds have been specifically made

available by the Senate for a subcommittee purpose, no subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations shall hold hearings involving expenses without prior approval of the Chairman of

the full Committee or by decision of the full Committee. Meetings

of subcommittees shall be scheduled after consultation with the

Chairman of the Committee with a view toward avoiding conflicts

with meetings of other subcommittees insofar as possible. Meetings

of subcommittees shall not be scheduled to conflict with meetings

of the full Committee.

The proceedings of each subcommittee shall be governed by the

rules of the full Committee, subject to such authorizations or limitations as the Committee may from time to time prescribe.

RULE 3—MEETINGS

(a) Regular Meeting Day.—The regular meeting day of the Committee on Foreign Relations for the transaction of Committee business shall be on Tuesday of each week, unless otherwise directed

by the Chairman.

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(b) Additional Meetings.—Additional meetings and hearings of

the Committee may be called by the Chairman as he may deem

necessary. If at least three members of the Committee desire that

a special meeting of the Committee be called by the Chairman,

those members may file in the offices of the Committee their written request to the Chairman for that special meeting. Immediately

upon filing of the request, the Chief Clerk of the Committee shall

notify the Chairman of the filing of the request. If, within three

calendar days after the filing of the request, the Chairman does not

call the requested special meeting, to be held within seven calendar

days after the filing of the request, a majority of the members of

the Committee may file in the offices of the Committee their written notice that a special meeting of the Committee will be held,

specifying the date and hour of that special meeting. The Committee shall meet on that date and hour. Immediately upon the filing of the notice, the Clerk shall notify all members of the Committee that such special meeting will be held and inform them of

its date and hour.

(c) Minority Request.—Whenever any hearing is conducted by

the Committee or a subcommittee upon any measure or matter, the

minority on the Committee shall be entitled, upon request made by

a majority of the minority members to the Chairman before the

completion of such hearing, to call witnesses selected by the minority to testify with respect to the measure or matter during at least

one day of hearing thereon.

(d) Public Announcement.—The Committee, or any subcommittee

thereof, shall make public announcement of the date, place, time,

and subject matter of any hearing to be conducted on any measure

or matter at least one week in advance of such hearings, unless the

Chairman of the Committee, or subcommittee, determines that

there is good cause to begin such hearing at an earlier date.

(e) Procedure.—Insofar as possible, proceedings of the Committee

will be conducted without resort to the formalities of parliamentary

procedure and with due regard for the views of all members. Issues

of procedure which may arise from time to time shall be resolved

by decision of the Chairman, in consultation with the Ranking Minority Member. The Chairman, in consultation with the Ranking

Minority Member, may also propose special procedures to govern

the consideration of particular matters by the Committee.

(f) Closed Sessions.—Each meeting of the Committee on Foreign

Relations, or any subcommittee thereof, including meetings to conduct hearings, shall be open to the public, except that a meeting

or series of meetings by the Committee or a subcommittee on the

same subject for a period of no more than fourteen calendar days

may be closed to the public on a motion made and seconded to go

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into closed session to discuss only whether the matters enumerated

in paragraphs (1) through (6) would require the meeting to be

closed followed immediately by a record vote in open session by a

majority of the members of the Committee or subcommittee when

it is determined that the matters to be discussed or the testimony

to be taken at such meeting or meetings—

(1) will disclose matters necessary to be kept secret in the

interests of national defense or the confidential conduct of the

foreign relations of the United States;

(2) will relate solely to matters of Committee staff personnel

or internal staff management or procedure;

(3) will tend to charge an individual with crime or misconduct; to disgrace or injure the professional standing of an

individual, or otherwise to expose an individual to public contempt or obloquy, or will represent a clearly unwarranted invasion of the privacy of an individual;

(4) will disclose the identity of any informer or law enforcement agent or will disclose any information relating to the investigation or prosecution of a criminal offense that is required

to be kept secret in the interests of effective law enforcement;

(5) will disclose information relating to the trade secrets or

financial or commercial information pertaining specifically to a

given person if—

(A) an Act of Congress requires the information to be

kept confidential by Government officers and employees; or

(B) the information has been obtained by the Government on a confidential basis, other than through an application by such person for a specific Government financial

or other benefit, and is required to be kept secret in order

to prevent undue injury to the competitive position of such

person, or

(6) may divulge matters required to be kept confidential

under other provisions of law or Government regulations.

A closed meeting may be opened by a majority vote of the Committee.

(g) Staff Attendance.—A member of the Committee may have

one member of his or her personal staff, for whom that member assumes personal responsibility, accompany and be seated nearby at

Committee meetings.

Each member of the Committee may designate members of his

or her personal staff, who hold a Top Secret security clearance, for

the purpose of their eligibility to attend closed sessions of the Committee, subject to the same conditions set forth for Committee staff

under Rules 12, 13, and 14.

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In addition, the Majority Leader and the Minority Leader of the

Senate, if they are not otherwise members of the Committee, may

designate one member of their staff with a Top Secret security

clearance to attend closed sessions of the Committee, subject to the

same conditions set forth for Committee staff under Rules 12, 13,

and 14. Staff of other Senators who are not members of the Committee may not attend closed sessions of the Committee.

Attendance of Committee staff at meetings shall be limited to

those designated by the Staff Director or the Minority Staff Director.

The Committee, by majority vote, or the Chairman, with the concurrence of the Ranking Minority Member, may limit staff attendance at specified meetings.

RULE 4—QUORUMS

(a) Testimony.—For the purpose of taking sworn or unsworn testimony at any duly scheduled meeting a quorum of the Committee

and each subcommittee thereof shall consist of one member.

(b) Business.—A quorum for the transaction of Committee or

subcommittee business, other than for reporting a measure or recommendation to the Senate or the taking of testimony, shall consist

of one-third of the members of the Committee or subcommittee, including at least one member from each party.

(c) Reporting.—A majority of the membership of the Committee

shall constitute a quorum for reporting any measure or recommendation to the Senate. No measure or recommendation shall

be ordered reported from the Committee unless a majority of the

Committee members are physically present. The vote of the Committee to report a measure or matter shall require the concurrence

of a majority of those members who are physically present at the

time the vote is taken.

RULE 5—PROXIES

Proxies must be in writing with the signature of the absent

member. Subject to the requirements of Rule 4 for the physical

presence of a quorum to report a matter, proxy voting shall be allowed on all measures and matters before the Committee. However,

proxies shall not be voted on a measure or matter except when the

absent member has been informed of the matter on which he is

being recorded and has affirmatively requested that he or she be

so recorded.

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RULE 6—WITNESSES

(a) General.—The Committee on Foreign Relations will consider

requests to testify on any matter or measure pending before the

Committee.

(b) Presentation.—If the Chairman so determines, the oral presentation of witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes. However, written statements of reasonable length may be submitted by witnesses

and other interested persons who are unable to testify in person.

(c) Filing of Statements.—A witness appearing before the Committee, or any subcommittee thereof, shall file a written statement

of his proposed testimony at least 48 hours prior to his appearance,

unless this requirement is waived by the Chairman and the Ranking Minority Member following their determination that there is

good cause for failure to file such a statement.

(d) Expenses.—Only the Chairman may authorize expenditures

of funds for the expenses of witnesses appearing before the Committee or its subcommittees.

(e) Requests.—Any witness called for a hearing may submit a

written request to the Chairman no later than 24 hours in advance

for his testimony to be in closed or open session, or for any other

unusual procedure. The Chairman shall determine whether to

grant any such request and shall notify the Committee members of

the request and of his decision.

RULE 7—SUBPOENAS

(a) Authorization.—The Chairman or any other member of the

Committee, when authorized by a majority vote of the Committee

at a meeting or by proxies, shall have authority to subpoena the

attendance of witnesses or the production of memoranda, documents, records, or any other materials. When the Committee authorizes a subpoena, it may be issued upon the signature of the

Chairman or any other member designated by the Committee.

(b) Return.—A subpoena, or a request to an agency, for documents may be issued whose return shall occur at a time and place

other than that of a scheduled Committee meeting. A return on

such a subpoena or request which is incomplete or accompanied by

an objection constitutes good cause for a hearing on shortened notice. Upon such a return, the Chairman or any other member designated by him may convene a hearing by giving 2 hours notice by

telephone to all other members. One member shall constitute a

quorum for such a hearing. The sole purpose of such a hearing

shall be to elucidate further information about the return and to

rule on the objection.

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(c) Depositions.—At the direction of the Committee, staff is authorized to take depositions from witnesses.

RULE 8—REPORTS

(a) Filing.—When the Committee has ordered a measure or recommendation reported, the report thereon shall be filed in the Senate at the earliest practicable time.

(b) Supplemental, Minority and Additional Views.—A member of

the Committee who gives notice of his intentions to file supplemental, minority, or additional views at the time of final Committee approval of a measure or matter, shall be entitled to not less

than 3 calendar days in which to file such views, in writing, with

the Chief Clerk of the Committee, with the 3 days to begin at 11:00

p.m. on the same day that the Committee has ordered a measure

or matter reported. Such views shall then be included in the Committee report and printed in the same volume, as a part thereof,

and their inclusion shall be noted on the cover of the report. In the

absence of timely notice, the Committee report may be filed and

printed immediately without such views.

(c) Rollcall Votes.—The results of all rollcall votes taken in any

meeting of the Committee on any measure, or amendment thereto,

shall be announced in the Committee report. The announcement

shall include a tabulation of the votes cast in favor and votes cast

in opposition to each such measure and amendment by each member of the Committee.

RULE 9—TREATIES

(a) The Committee is the only Committee of the Senate with jurisdiction to review and report to the Senate on treaties submitted

by the President for Senate advice and consent. Because the House

of Representatives has no role in the approval of treaties, the Committee is therefore the only congressional committee with responsibility for treaties.

(b) Once submitted by the President for advice and consent, each

treaty is referred to the Committee and remains on its calendar

from Congress to Congress until the Committee takes action to report it to the Senate or recommend its return to the President, or

until the Committee is discharged of the treaty by the Senate.

(c) In accordance with Senate Rule XXX.2, treaties which have

been reported to the Senate but not acted on before the end of a

Congress ‘‘shall be resumed at the commencement of the next Congress as if no proceedings had previously been had thereon.’’

(d) Insofar as possible, the Committee should conduct a public

hearing on each treaty as soon as possible after its submission by

47

the President. Except in extraordinary circumstances, treaties reported to the Senate shall be accompanied by a written report.

RULE 10—NOMINATIONS

(a) Waiting Requirement.—Unless otherwise directed by the

Chairman and the Ranking Minority Member, the Committee on

Foreign Relations shall not consider any nomination until 6 calendar days after it has been formally submitted to the Senate.

(b) Public Consideration.—Nominees for any post who are invited to appear before the Committee shall be heard in public session, unless a majority of the Committee decrees otherwise.

(c) Required Data.—No nomination shall be reported to the Senate unless (1) the nominee has been accorded a security clearance

on the basis of a thorough investigation by executive branch agencies; (2) in appropriate cases, the nominee has filed a financial disclosure report and a confidential statement with the Committee; (3)

the Committee has been assured that the nominee does not have

any interests which could conflict with the interests of the government in the exercise of the nominee’s proposed responsibilities; (4)

for persons nominated to be chief of mission, ambassador-at-large,

or minister, the Committee has received a complete list of any contributions made by the nominee or members of his immediate family to any Federal election campaign during the year of his or her

nomination and for the 4 preceding years; and (5) for persons nominated to be chiefs of mission, a report on the demonstrated competence of that nominee to perform the duties of the position to

which he or she has been nominated.

RULE 11—TRAVEL

(a) Foreign Travel.—No member of the Committee on Foreign

Relations or its staff shall travel abroad on Committee business unless specifically authorized by the Chairman, who is required by

law to approve vouchers and report expenditures of foreign currencies, and the Ranking Minority Member. Requests for authorization of such travel shall state the purpose and, when completed,

a full substantive and financial report shall be filed with the Committee within 30 days. This report shall be furnished to all members of the Committee and shall not be otherwise disseminated

without the express authorization of the Committee. Except in extraordinary circumstances, staff travel shall not be approved unless

the reporting requirements have been fulfilled for all prior trips.

Except for travel that is strictly personal, travel funded by nonU.S. Government sources is subject to the same approval and substantive reporting requirements as U.S. Government-funded travel.

In addition, members and staff are reminded of Senate Rule

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XXXV.4 requiring a determination by the Senate Ethics Committee

in the case of foreign-sponsored travel.

Any proposed travel by Committee staff for a subcommittee purpose must be approved by the subcommittee chairman and ranking

minority member prior to submission of the request to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member of the full Committee.

When the Chairman and the Ranking Minority Member approve

the foreign travel of a member of the staff of the committee not accompanying a member of the Committee, all members of the Committee shall be advised, prior to the commencement of such travel

of its extent, nature, and purpose.

(b) Domestic Travel.—All official travel in the United States by

the Committee staff shall be approved in advance by the Staff Director, or in the case of minority staff, by the Minority Staff Director.

(c) Personal Staff.—As a general rule, no more than one member

of the personal staff of a member of the Committee may travel with

that member with the approval of the Chairman and the Ranking

Minority Member of the Committee. During such travel, the personal staff member shall be considered to be an employee of the

Committee.

(d) Personal Representatives of the Member (PRM).—For the purposes of Rule 11 as regards staff foreign travel, the officially-designated personal representative of the member (PRM) shall be

deemed to have the same rights, duties, and responsibilities as

members of the staff of the Committee on Foreign Relations. Furthermore, for the purposes of this section, each Member of the

Committee may designate one personal staff member as the ‘‘Personal Representative of the Member.’’

RULE 12—TRANSCRIPTS

(a) General.—The Committee on Foreign Relations shall keep

verbatim transcripts of all Committee and subcommittee meetings

and such transcripts shall remain in the custody of the Committee,

unless a majority of the Committee decides otherwise. Transcripts

of public hearings by the Committee shall be published unless the

Chairman, with the concurrence of the Ranking Minority Member,

determines otherwise.

(b) Classified or Restricted Transcripts.—

(1) The Chief Clerk of the Committee shall have responsibility for the maintenance and security of classified or restricted transcripts.

(2) A record shall be maintained of each use of classified or

restricted transcripts.

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(3) Classified or restricted transcripts shall be kept in locked

combination safes in the Committee offices except when in active use by authorized persons for a period not to exceed 2

weeks. Extensions of this period may be granted as necessary

by the Chief Clerk. They must never be left unattended and

shall be returned to the Chief Clerk promptly when no longer

needed.

(4) Except as provided in paragraph 7 below, transcripts

classified secret or higher may not leave the Committee offices

except for the purpose of declassification.

(5) Classified transcripts other than those classified secret or

higher may leave the Committee offices in the possession of authorized persons with the approval of the Chairman. Delivery

and return shall be made only by authorized persons. Such

transcripts may not leave Washington, DC, unless adequate

assurances for their security are made to the Chairman.

(6) Extreme care shall be exercised to avoid taking notes or

quotes from classified transcripts. Their contents may not be

divulged to any unauthorized person.

(7) Subject to any additional restrictions imposed by the

Chairman with the concurrence of the Ranking Minority Member, only the following persons are authorized to have access

to classified or restricted transcripts.

(i) Members and staff of the Committee in the Committee rooms;

(ii) Designated personal representatives of members of

the Committee, and of the Majority and Minority Leaders,

with appropriate security clearances, in the Committee’s

Capitol office;

(iii) Senators not members of the Committee, by permission of the Chairman in the Committee rooms; and

(iv) Members of the executive departments involved in

the meeting, in the Committee’s Capitol office, or, with the

permission of the Chairman, in the offices of the officials

who took part in the meeting, but in either case, only for

a specified and limited period of time, and only after reliable assurances against further reproduction or dissemination have been given.

(8) Any restrictions imposed upon access to a meeting of the

Committee shall also apply to the transcript of such meeting,

except by special permission of the Chairman and notice to the

other members of the Committee. Each transcript of a closed

session of the Committee shall include on its cover a description of the restrictions imposed upon access, as well as any apVerDate 11-MAY-2000 15:09 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00061 Fmt 0191 Sfmt 0191 51737.004 SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2
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plicable restrictions upon photocopying, note-taking or other

dissemination.

(9) In addition to restrictions resulting from the inclusion of

any classified information in the transcript of a Committee

meeting, members and staff shall not discuss with anyone the

proceedings of the Committee in closed session or reveal information conveyed or discussed in such a session unless that person would have been permitted to attend the session itself, or

unless such communication is specifically authorized by the

Chairman, the Ranking Minority Member, or in the case of

staff, by the Staff Director or Minority Staff Director. A record

shall be kept of all such authorizations.

(c) Declassification.—

(1) All restricted transcripts and classified Committee reports shall be declassified on a date twelve years after their

origination unless the Committee by majority vote decides

against such declassification, and provided that the executive

departments involved and all former Committee members who

participated directly in the sessions or reports concerned have

been consulted in advance and given a reasonable opportunity

to raise objections to such declassification.

(2) Any transcript or classified Committee report, or any

portion thereof, may be declassified fewer than twelve years

after their origination if:

(i) the Chairman originates such action or receives a

written request for such action, and notifies the other

members of the Committee;

(ii) the Chairman, Ranking Minority Member, and each

member or former member who participated directly in

such meeting or report give their approval, except that the

Committee by majority vote may overrule any objections

thereby raised to early declassification; and

(iii) the executive departments and all former Committee members are consulted in advance and have a reasonable opportunity to object to early declassification.

RULE 13—CLASSIFIED MATERIAL

(a) All classified material received or originated by the Committee shall be logged in at the Committee’s offices in the Dirksen

Senate Office Building, and except for material classified as ‘‘Top

Secret’’ shall be filed in the Dirksen Senate Building offices for

Committee use and safekeeping.

(b) Each such piece of classified material received or originated

shall be card indexed and serially numbered, and where requiring

onward distribution shall be distributed by means of an attached

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indexed form approved by the Chairman. If such material is to be

distributed outside the Committee offices, it shall, in addition to

the attached form, be accompanied also by an approved signature

sheet to show onward receipt.

(c) Distribution of classified material among offices shall be by

Committee members or authorized staff only. All classified material sent to members’ offices, and that distributed within the working offices of the Committee, shall be returned to the offices designated by the Chief Clerk. No classified material is to be removed

from the offices of the members or of the Committee without permission of the Chairman. Such classified material will be afforded

safe handling and safe storage at all times.

(d) Material classified ‘‘Top Secret,’’ after being indexed and

numbered shall be sent to the Committee’s Capitol office for use by

the members and authorized staff in that office only or in such

other secure Committee offices as may be authorized by the Chairman or Staff Director.

(e) In general, members and staff undertake to confine their access to classified information on the basis of a ‘‘need to know’’ such

information related to their Committee responsibilities.

(f) The Staff Director is authorized to make such administrative

regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of these

regulations.

RULE 14—STAFF

(a) Responsibilities.—

(1) The staff works for the Committee as a whole, under the

general supervision of the Chairman of the Committee, and the

immediate direction of the Staff Director; provided, however,

that such part of the staff as is designated Minority Staff, shall

be under the general supervision of the Ranking Minority

Member and under the immediate direction of the Minority

Staff Director.

(2) Any member of the Committee should feel free to call

upon the staff at any time for assistance in connection with

Committee business. Members of the Senate not members of

the Committee who call upon the staff for assistance from time

to time should be given assistance subject to the overriding responsibility of the staff to the Committee.

(3) The staff’s primary responsibility is with respect to bills,

resolutions, treaties, and nominations.

In addition to carrying out assignments from the Committee

and its individual members, the staff has a responsibility to

originate suggestions for Committee or subcommittee consideration. The staff also has a responsibility to make suggestions

52

to individual members regarding matters of special interest to

such members.

(4) It is part of the staff’s duty to keep itself as well informed as possible in regard to developments affecting foreign

relations and in regard to the administration of foreign programs of the United States. Significant trends or developments

which might otherwise escape notice should be called to the attention of the Committee, or of individual Senators with particular interests.

(5) The staff shall pay due regard to the constitutional separation of powers between the Senate and the executive branch.

It therefore has a responsibility to help the Committee bring

to bear an independent, objective judgment of proposals by the

executive branch and when appropriate to originate sound proposals of its own. At the same time, the staff shall avoid impinging upon the day-to-day conduct of foreign affairs.

(6) In those instances when Committee action requires the

expression of minority views, the staff shall assist the minority

as fully as the majority to the end that all points of view may

be fully considered by members of the Committee and of the

Senate. The staff shall bear in mind that under our constitutional system it is the responsibility of the elected Members of

the Senate to determine legislative issues in the light of as full

and fair a presentation of the facts as the staff may be able to

obtain.

(b) Restrictions.—

(1) The staff shall regard its relationship to the Committee

as a privileged one, in the nature of the relationship of a lawyer to a client. In order to protect this relationship and the mutual confidence which must prevail if the Committee-staff relationship is to be a satisfactory and fruitful one, the following

criteria shall apply:

(i) members of the staff shall not be identified with any

special interest group in the field of foreign relations or

allow their names to be used by any such group;

(ii) members of the staff shall not accept public speaking

engagements or write for publication in the field of foreign

relations without specific advance permission from the

Staff Director, or, in the case of minority staff, from the

Minority Staff Director. In the case of the Staff Director

and the Minority Staff Director, such advance permission

shall be obtained from the Chairman or the Ranking Minority Member, as appropriate. In any event, such public

statements should avoid the expression of personal views

53

and should not contain predictions of future, or interpretations of past, Committee action; and

(iii) staff shall not discuss their private conversations

with members of the Committee without specific advance

permission from the Senator or Senators concerned.

(2) The staff shall not discuss with anyone the proceedings

of the Committee in closed session or reveal information conveyed or discussed in such a session unless that person would

have been permitted to attend the session itself, or unless such

communication is specifically authorized by the Staff Director

or Minority Staff Director. Unauthorized disclosure of information from a closed session or of classified information shall be

cause for immediate dismissal and may, in the case of some

kinds of information, be grounds for criminal prosecution.

RULE 15—STATUS AND AMENDMENT OF RULES

(a) Status.—In addition to the foregoing, the Committee on Foreign Relations is governed by the Standing Rules of the Senate

which shall take precedence in the event of a clear inconsistency.

In addition, the jurisdiction and responsibilities of the Committee

with respect to certain matters, as well as the timing and procedure for their consideration in Committee, may be governed by

statute.

(b) Amendment.—These Rules may be modified, amended, or repealed by a majority of the Committee, provided that a notice in

writing of the proposed change has been given to each member at

least 48 hours prior to the meeting at which action thereon is to

be taken. However, Rules of the Committee which are based upon

Senate Rules may not be superseded by Committee vote alone.

These rules speak for themselves. It should be noted that attendance of members at Committee meetings is voluntary and not compulsory.

Meetings and Hearings

Committee meetings are held at the call of the chairman. During

consideration of important and complex measures, it is not unusual

for the Committee to meet daily, both mornings and afternoons, the

Senate permitting. Under normal circumstances, it is a routine

courtesy to give standing committees permission to meet while the

Senate is in session. Thus, for example, the Committee and its subcommittees met some 330 times during the 93rd Congress, 311

times in the 98th Congress, and over 200 times in the 106th Congress.

54

Meetings and agenda are initiated by the chairman and ranking

minority member with the advice of members. Members have the

right to suggest meetings on particular subjects and that certain

bills and resolutions be placed on the agenda or scheduled for hearings.

In accordance with Senate rules (S. Res. 9, adopted November 7,

1975), all meetings are open to the public, except when the Committee, by majority vote, decides otherwise. Because of the sensitive nature of certain of the information required by the Committee, some hearings are voted to be closed to the public. Briefings

by Department of State officials on negotiations in process or of

current U.S. policy on various issues, for example, often fall into

that category.

The Committee holds hearings on legislation, nominations, treaties, general oversight, and current international situations which

are of interest to the Chairman or Subcommittee Chairmen. By

custom, but not by rule, the Committee has permitted administration representatives to appear on the first witness panel, to be followed by one or more panels of private witnesses. Every effort is

made to maintain a two to one witness ratio, with two witnesses

on the private panel appearing at the request of the majority for

each witness appearing at the request of the minority to ensure

that a diversity of views is heard on matters before the Committee.

If there are numerous witnesses to be heard on a particular bill

or treaty, the Committee may limit the oral presentation of witnesses to 10 minutes. The Committee has adopted a time limit for

questioning witnesses by its own members so as to give every Senator an equal chance at examining a witness. On certain occasions,

the Committee has also set a time limit on the period during which

requests to be heard will be accepted by the Committee. Written

statements, submitted by witnesses limited in their oral presentation, are printed in the hearing records, if of reasonable length

and if received within a reasonable period after the hearings. Other

information directly pertaining to a hearing has also been printed

in hearing records. For example, during the 105th Congress, additional material was included in the printed record relating to

NATO enlargement, and during the 106th Congress on the future

of ABM. Major hearings and many others are printed by the Committee. However, it has become the practice of the Committee, for

reasons of economy, not to print all hearings, especially on nominations. In many cases, brief hearings or principal witness statements

are printed in the appendix to the Committee’s report on the measure under consideration; in all cases, the typed transcript of public

proceedings is available to the public to read in the Committee offices.

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Beginning in the fall of 1973, the Committee started a pioneering

project of publishing its hitherto classified executive sessions dating from the 80th Congress in 1947, when pursuant to the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, verbatim records of committee

meetings were ordered to be kept. This so-called historical series

has become a continuing activity, complementing the Department

of State’s collection of diplomatic papers in the Foreign Relations

of the United States series with a record of congressional action

and views.

Subcommittees

It is the tradition of the Committee on Foreign Relations to consider legislation, resolutions, treaties, and nominations in the full

committee on the theory that most questions of foreign relations

are not divisible by geographic or substantive matter. A major exception was made in 1975 with the creation of the Subcommittee

on Foreign Assistance, which was given jurisdiction over all legislation on foreign aid and international financial institutions. In recent years, the Committee has returned to the practice of approving all legislation, treaties, and nominations on the full committee

level.

Standing, temporary, or ad hoc, and oversight subcommittees

have been utilized by the Committee at various times. Subcommittees are appointed by majority vote of the Committee, unless otherwise authorized by law or Senate resolution.

Standing Subcommittees

From 1950 to 1975, the Committee on Foreign Relations maintained a series of consultative subcommittees, corresponding to the

organization of the Department of State to a greater or lesser degree at various times.

The consultative subcommittee system was designed to foster

more extensive consultations between the members of the Foreign

Relations Committee and officers of the Department of State and

to undertake independent studies in areas of special Committee interest. Since World War II the U.S. role in the world thrust new

and important responsibilities upon the Congress. Moreover, the

problems which confront the United States in various parts of the

world increased tremendously in number and complexity. This

meant that a degree of specialization in the work of the Committee

on Foreign Relations became desirable. By organizing along subcommittee lines it was possible for the members to keep abreast of

the more important developments within each of the geographic

and substantive areas of concern in the conduct of foreign policy.

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While the word ‘‘consultative’’ has been dropped from the subcommittee system, the role of the subcommittees in developing specialized information has continued much the same.

During the 106th Congress, the subcommittee structure was as

follows:

(Subcommittees are listed in the order of chairmen’s seniority within the full committee.)

(The Chairman and Ranking Minority Member of the full committee are ex officio

members of each subcommittee on which they do not serve as members.)

Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, Export

and Trade Promotion

CHUCK HAGEL, Chair PAUL S. SARBANES, Ranking

CRAIG THOMAS JOHN F. KERRY

BILL FRIST BARBARA BOXER

RICHARD G. LUGAR

Jurisdiction:

The subcommittee’s responsibilities encompass U.S. foreign economic policy, including export enhancement and trade promotion,

and international economic growth and development. The subcommittee’s jurisdiction includes measures that address:

(1) the enhancement of American exports and promotion of

U.S. trade opportunities and commercial interests abroad;

(2) the promotion of and protection of economic interests of

U.S. citizens abroad;

(3) international investment, management, intellectual property, technological transfer and general commercial policies;

(4) international monetary policy, including U.S. participation in international financial institutions; and

(5) U.S. bilateral humanitarian, development, economic,

trade and security assistance programs and policies carried out

by the Agency for International Development and other U.S.

agencies and U.S. voluntary contributions to international organizations providing assistance to foreign nations.

The subcommittee is also responsible for matters and policies involving the use, development and protection of the environment, including the oceans and space.

57

Subcommittee on European Affairs

GORDON H. SMITH, Chair JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Ranking

RICHARD G. LUGAR PAUL S. SARBANES

JOHN ASHCROFT CHRISTOPHER J. DODD

CHUCK HAGEL PAUL D. WELLSTONE

LINCOLN D. CHAFEE

Jurisdiction:

The subcommittee deals with matters concerning the continent of

Europe, including the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union and member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Matters relating to Greenland, Iceland, and the north polar

region are also the responsibilities of this subcommittee.

This subcommittee’s responsibilities include all matters, problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and oversight over U.S.

foreign assistance programs that fall within this subcommittee’s regional jurisdiction.

Subcommittee on International Operations

ROD GRAMS, Chair BARBARA BOXER, Ranking

JESSE HELMS JOHN F. KERRY

SAM BROWNBACK RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD

BILL FRIST

Jurisdiction:

The subcommittee’s responsibilities include all matters, problems

and policies involving international operations. This jurisdiction includes the general oversight responsibility for the Department of

State, the United States Information Agency, the Foreign Service,

international educational and cultural affairs, foreign broadcasting

activities, foreign buildings, United States participation in the

United Nations, its affiliated organizations, and other international

organizations not under the jurisdiction of other subcommittees.

The subcommittee also has jurisdiction over general matters of

international law, law enforcement, and illegal activities.

Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs

SAM BROWNBACK, Chair PAUL D. WELLSTONE, Ranking

JOHN ASHCROFT ROBERT G. TORRICELLI

GORDON H. SMITH PAUL S. SARBANES

ROD GRAMS CHRISTOPHER J. DODD

CRAIG THOMAS

58

Jurisdiction:

This subcommittee deals with all matters and problems relating

to the Middle East and Arab North Africa, including Arab-Israeli

and inter-Arab issues, economic relations, and general security in

the Persian Gulf, Mediterranean, the Middle East and North Africa. This subcommittee also deals with matters and problems relating to Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives,

Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

This subcommittee’s responsibilities include all matters, problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and oversight over U.S.

foreign assistance programs that fall within this subcommittee’s regional jurisdiction.

Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs

CRAIG THOMAS, Chair JOHN KERRY, Ranking

JESSE HELMS RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD

CHUCK HAGEL PAUL D. WELLSTONE

GORDON H. SMITH ROBERT G. TORRICELLI

LINCOLN D. CHAFEE

Jurisdiction:

The geographic scope of the subcommittee extends from China

and Mongolia to Burma, inclusive of the mainland of Asia, Japan,

Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand, Oceania, and the South Pacific Islands.

This subcommittee’s responsibilities include all matters, problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and oversight over U.S.

foreign assistance programs that fall within this subcommittee’s regional jurisdiction.

Subcommittee on African Affairs

BILL FRIST, Chair RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Ranking

ROD GRAMS PAUL S. SARBANES

SAM BROWNBACK

Jurisdiction:

The subcommittee has geographic responsibilities corresponding

to those of the Bureau of African Affairs in the Department of

State. The subcommittee considers all matters and problems relating to Africa, with the exception of countries bordering on the Mediterranean Sea from Egypt to Morocco, which are under the purview of the Subcommittee on Near Eastern Affairs.

59

This subcommittee’s responsibilities include all matters, problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and oversight over U.S.

foreign assistance programs that fall within this subcommittee’s regional jurisdiction.

Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps,

Narcotics and Terrorism

LINCOLN D. CHAFEE, Chair CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Ranking

JESSE HELMS BARBARA BOXER

RICHARD G. LUGAR ROBERT G. TORRICELLI

JOHN ASHCROFT

Jurisdiction:

The geographic scope of this subcommittee extends from the Arctic Ocean to Tierra del Fuego, including the Caribbean. Problems

which are of concern to the subcommittee include relations between

the American nations, U.S.-Canadian affairs, boundary matters,

the implementation of various treaties and conventions, economic

relations and security matters affecting the Western Hemisphere,

and the Organization of American States.

This subcommittee’s responsibilities include all matters, problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and export;

crime; and oversight over U.S. foreign assistance programs that fall

within this subcommittee’s regional jurisdiction.

This subcommittee also exercises general oversight over:

(1) all of the activities and programs of the Peace Corps;

(2) all U.S. foreign policy, programs and international cooperative efforts to combat the flow of illegal drugs or substances;

and

(3) all U.S. foreign policy, programs and cooperative efforts

to combat international terrorism.

In the recent past the practice was to follow preferences of Committee members with respect to subcommittee assignments which

resulted in varied sizes and differing ratios between majority and

minority members. However, beginning in the 95th Congress, ratios were set and minority members assumed different ‘‘ranking’’

positions on each subcommittee.

Except for the practice noted above, that legislation is considered

by full committee, there is no rule as to whether a matter is considered by the full committee or a subcommittee.

Study or Oversight Subcommittees

In the past, when the Committee on Foreign Relations decided

on a major oversight undertaking, requiring more staff and funds

60

than available under its ordinary budget, the Committee has

sought special authority and funds for the conduct of such studies.

The first such study authorized by the Senate after passage of the

Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 was a study of overseas information programs of the United States in 1952 (S. Res. 74, 82d

Cong.) which ended in 1954. This study set the pattern for most

of the subsequent studies during the 1950’s, namely, studies of the

United Nations Charter (S. Res. 126, 1953), of the technical assistance program (S. Res. 214, 1954), of disarmament issues (S. Res.

93, 1955), of foreign assistance programs (S. Res. 285, 1956), and

U.S. foreign policy (S. Res. 336, 1958). A subcommittee was appointed to conduct the study or oversight and included non Committee members as well as Committee members. The procedure

generally was to collect and publish relevant documents; problem

areas were explored in staff studies; questionnaires were sent to

groups having special knowledge of the subject matter (American

businessmen and reporters overseas, ambassadors, or retired Foreign Service Officers); on the spot surveys were made overseas,

hearings were held on the accumulated data; and a final report

was submitted to the Senate, giving the subcommittee’s recommendations and conclusions.

Ad Hoc Subcommittees

For many years Ad hoc subcommittees were the only kind of subcommittees appointed by the Committee on Foreign Relations.

They were normally authorized to consider only one item or a related group of items, such as a series of double taxation conventions or broadcasting agreements. As the Committee began more

and more to consider treaties and legislation as a whole, the appointment of ad hoc subcommittees decreased. No such subcommittees were appointed between 1959, when one was set up to consider certain broadcasting agreements, and 1965, when three ad

hoc subcommittees were appointed to handle certain international

organization matters, claims legislation, and double tax conventions. In 1967 four additional ad hoc subcommittees were set up to

consider customs and maritime matters, human rights conventions,

deployment of U.S. troops in Europe, and a Foreign Service Information corps. Since then, similar subcommittees have gone into

passport matters, the International Grain Arrangement, the Genocide Convention, the International Wheat Agreement of 1971, and

the operation of the War Powers Resolution.

Ad hoc subcommittees cease to exist the moment the matters referred to them are disposed of or upon adjournment of Congress.

61

10See page 65, below, for paragraph 9 of rule XXVI.

Staff

The following provisions of the amended Standing Rules of the

Senate are applicable to the Committee staff.

RULE XXVII

COMMITTEE STAFF

1. Staff members appointed to assist minority members

of committees pursuant to authority of a resolution described in paragraph 9 of rule XXVI or other Senate resolution shall be accorded equitable treatment with respect

to the fixing of salary rates, the assignment of facilities,

and the accessibility of committee records. 10

2. The minority shall receive fair consideration in the

appointment of staff personnel pursuant to authority of a

resolution described in paragraph 9 of rule XXVI.

3. The staffs of committees (including personnel appointed pursuant to authority of a resolution described in

paragraph 9 of rule XXVI or other Senate resolution)

should reflect the relative number of majority and minority members of committees. A majority of the minority

members of any committee may, by resolution, request

that at least one-third of all funds of the committee for

personnel (other than those funds determined by the chairman and ranking minority members to be allocated for the

administrative and clerical functions of the committee as

a whole) to be allocated to the minority members of such

committee for compensation of minority staff as the minority members may decide. The committee shall thereafter

adjust its budget to comply with such resolution. Such adjustment shall be equitably made over a four-year period,

commencing July 1, 1977, with not less than one-half

being made in two years. Upon request by a majority of

the minority members of any committee by resolution, proportionate space, equipment, and facilities shall be provided for such minority staff.

4. No committee shall appoint to its staff any experts or

other personnel detailed or assigned from any department

or agency of the Government, except with the written permission of the Committee on Rules and Administration.

As of September 29, 1999, the Committee’s annual budget which

provides funding for the exercise of its legislative oversight and for

all staffing is included in S. Res. 189, the omnibus committee fundVerDate 11-MAY-2000 15:09 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00073 Fmt 0191 Sfmt 0191 51737.005 SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2
62

ing resolution. From March 1 until September 30, 1999 temporary

funding was authorized by S. Res. 49. Portions of S. Res. 49 and

S. Res. 189 are set forth on pages 66 and 68.

Prior to 1981, staff funding was included in the budget and also

in separate resolutions. For example, in 1958 the position of an

interparliamentary assistant was authorized as visits of foreign

dignitaries to Washington increased and as the Congress became

more involved in interparliamentary activities. This position was

made permanent in 1962.

The size of the staff has increased over the years. At the beginning of the 80th Congress, when the Committee began to organize

its independent professional staff, it employed four persons; as of

October 2000, 48 persons, professional and clerical, were employed

on a permanent basis.

As a rule, the staff is assigned to the full committee, and subcommittees are not separately staffed. Members of the full committee staff have the responsibility for taking care of the needs of

subcommittees.

In accordance with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, as

amended, members of the full committee staff were occasionally assigned to work primarily for the minority, but were also available

for general committee assignments. However, in January 1979 the

minority members of the Committee elected to establish a minority

staff as stipulated in Rule XXVII.2. Since then, formal coordination

of relations between the majority and minority staffs has been accomplished through the two staff directors, and various members

of the staff performing administrative and clerical functions for the

Committee have been considered as ‘‘nondesignated.’’ It should be

noted that prior to the hiring of a minority staff in 1979, the Committee had appointed a personnel subcommittee in early 1958

which made recommendations to the full committee, and filled professional staff vacancies at the discretion of the Chairman as they

developed. This subcommittee consisted of the two ranking majority and minority members.

In the case of long-term special oversight studies, however, it has

been occasionally necessary to augment the regular Committee

staff with specialists for a limited period of time. For shorter periods, consultants have been hired by the Committee, as in 1979 for

consideration of the SALT II treaty, in 1981 for the nomination of

Alexander M. Haig, Jr., to be Secretary of State, and in 1988 for

consideration of the INF Treaty.

S. Res. 60 of the 94th Congress (June 12, 1975) authorized the

hiring of additional persons by Committee members on their personal staff to assist them on Committee matters. This resolution

was superseded by the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act,

63

1978, which contains provisions for the hiring of Personal Representatives of Members as follows:

Public Law 95–94 [Excerpt]

AN ACT Making appropriations for the Legislative Branch for the

fiscal year ending September 30, 1978, and for other purposes

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following sums are appropriated, out of any

money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the

Legislative Branch for the fiscal year ending September

30, 1978, and for other purposes, namely:

* * * * * * *

SEC. 111. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), the aggregate

of the gross compensation which may be paid to employees in the

office of a Senator during each fiscal year under section 105(d) of

the Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1968, as amended and

modified (2 U.S.C. 611(d)), is increased by an amount equal to

three times the amount referred to in section 105(e)(1) of such Act,

as amended and modified.

(b)(1) In the case of a Senator who is the chairman or ranking

minority member of any committee, or of any subcommittee that

receives funding to employ staff assistance separately from the

funding authority for staff of the full committee, the amount referred to in subsection (a) shall be reduced by the amount referred

to in section 105(e)(1) of the Legislative Branch Appropriation Act,

1968, as amended and modified, for each such committee or subcommittee.

(2) In the case of a Senator who is authorized by a committee,

a subcommittee thereof, or the chairman of a committee or subcommittee, as appropriate, to recommend or approve the appointment to the staff of such committee or subcommittee of one or more

individuals for the purpose of assisting such Senator solely and directly in his duties as a member of such committee or subcommittee, the amount referred to in subsection (a) shall be reduced, for each such committee or subcommittee, by the amount

equal to (A) the aggregate annual gross rates of compensation of

all staff employees of that committee or subcommittee (i) whose appointment is made approved, or recommended and (ii) whose continued employment is not disapproved by such Senator, if such employees are employed for the purpose of assisting such Senator

solely and directly in his duties as a member of such committee or

subcommittee thereof as the case may be, or (B) the amount reVerDate 11-MAY-2000 15:09 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00075 Fmt 0191 Sfmt 0191 51737.005 SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2
64

ferred to in section 105(e)(1) of the Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1968, as amended and modified, whichever is less.

(3) In the case of a Senator who is serving on more than three

committees, one of the committees on which he is serving, as selected by him, shall not be taken into account for purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2). Any such Senator shall notify the Secretary of

the Senate of the committee selected by him under this paragraph.

(c)(1) A Senator may designate employees in his office to assist

him in connection with his membership on committees of the Senate. An employee may be designated with respect to only one committee.

(2) An employee designated by a Senator under this subsection

shall be certified by him to the chairman and ranking minority

member of the committee with respect to which such designation

is made. Such employee shall be accorded all privileges of a professional staff member (whether permanent or investigatory) of such

committee including access to all committee sessions and files, except that any such committee may restrict access to its sessions to

one staff member per Senator at a time and require, if classified

material is being handled or discussed, that any staff member possess the appropriate security clearance before being allowed access

to such material or to discussion of it. Nothing contained in this

paragraph shall be construed to prohibit a committee from adopting policies and practices with respect to the application of this

subsection which are similar to the policies and practices adopted

with respect to the application of section 705(c)(1) of Senate Resolution 4, 95th Congress, and section 106(c)(1) of the Supplemental

Appropriations Act, 1977.

(3) A Senator shall notify the chairman and ranking minority

member of a committee whenever a designation of an employee

under this subsection with respect to such committee is terminated.

(d) The second sentence of section 105(d)(2) of the Legislative

Branch Appropriation Act, 1968, as amended and modified, is

amended—

(1) by inserting after ‘‘(i)’’ the following: ‘‘the salaries of three

employees may be fixed at rates of not more than the rate referred to in subsection (e)(1), (ii)’’; and

(2) by striking out ‘‘(ii)’’ and inserting in lieu thereof ‘‘(iii)’’.

The amendments made by this subsection shall have no effect on

section 6(c) of the Order of the President pro tempore issued on October 8, 1976, under section 4 of the Federal Pay Comparability Act

of 1970.

(e)(1) Section 106 of the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1977

(other than subsection (f) thereof) is repealed.

65

(2) As an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate, section

705 of Senate Resolution 4, 95th Congress (other than subsection

(h) thereof) is repealed.

(f) This section, and the amendments made by subsection (d) and

the repeals made by subsection (e), shall take effect on October 1,

1977.

In accordance with a provision of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act of 1965, the name, title, and total salary of each staff

member is reported semiannually in the report of the Secretary of

the Senate which is printed as a Senate document.

Finances

In accordance with Rule XXVI of the Standing Rules of the Senate:

1. Each standing committee, including any subcommittee of any

such committee is authorized to hold such hearings, to sit and act

at such times and places during the sessions, recesses, and adjourned periods of the Senate, to require by subpoena or otherwise

the attendance of such witnesses and the production of such correspondence, books, papers, and documents, to take such testimony

and to make such expenditures out of the contingent fund of the

Senate as may be authorized by resolutions of the Senate. Each

such committee may make investigations into any matter within its

jurisdiction, may report such hearings as may be had by it, and

may employ stenographic assistance at a cost not exceeding the

amount prescribed by the Committee on Rules and Administration.

The expenses of the committee shall be paid from the contingent

fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman.

Rule XXVI.9 requires that each committee report a resolution authorizing the committee to make expenditures out of the contingent

fund of the Senate to defray its expenses, including the compensation of members of its staff and agency contribution (i.e., retirement, life and health insurances) related to such compensation during a budget period beginning on March 1 of each year and ending

on the last day of February of the following year:

Rule XXVI.9 reads as follows:

9. (a) Except as provided in subparagraph (b), each committee

shall report one authorization resolution each year authorizing the

committee to make expenditures out of the contingent fund of the

Senate to defray its expenses, including the compensation of members of its staff and agency contributions related to such compensation, during the period beginning on March 1 of such year and ending on the last day of February of the following year. Such annual

authorization resolution shall be reported not later than January

66

31 of each year, except that, whenever the designation of members

of standing committees of the Senate occurs during the first session

of a Congress at a date later than January 20, such resolution may

be reported at any time within thirty days after the date on which

the designation of such members is completed. After the annual authorization resolution of a committee for a year has been agreed to,

such committee may procure authorization to make additional expenditures out of the contingent fund of the Senate during that

year only by reporting a supplemental authorization resolution.

Each supplemental authorization resolution reported by a committee shall amend the annual authorization resolution of such

committee for that year and shall be accompanied by a report

specifying with particularity the purpose for which such authorization is sought and the reason why such authorization could not

have been sought at the time of the submission by such committee

of its annual authorization resolution for that year.

(b) In lieu of the procedure provided in subparagraph (a), the

Committee on Rules and Administration may—

(1) direct each committee to report an authorization resolution for a two-year budget period beginning on March 1 of the

first session of a Congress; and

(2) report one authorization resolution containing more than

one committee authorization resolution for a one-year or twoyear budget period.

The following are excerpts from S. Res. 49 and S. Res. 189 which

provide funds to be spent by the Foreign Relations and other Senate committees in budget year 1999–2001.

[S. Res. 49, 106th Congress, 1st Session]

Approved February 24, 1999

RESOLUTION

To authorize expenditures for the committees of the Senate for the

period March 1, 1999, through September 30, 1999.

Resolved,

SECTION 1. AGGREGATE AUTHORIZATION.

(a) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of carrying out the powers, duties, and functions of the Senate under the Standing Rules of the

Senate, and under the appropriate authorizing resolutions of the

Senate, there is authorized for the period March 1, 1999, through

September 30, 1999, in the aggregate of $28,632,851, in accordance

with the provisions of this resolution, for all Standing Committees

67

of the Senate, for the Committee on Indian Affairs, the Special

Committee on Aging, and the Select Committee on Intelligence.

(b) REPORTING LEGISLATION.—Each committee referred to in subsection (a) shall report its findings, together with such recommendations for legislation as it deems advisable, to the Senate

at the earliest practicable date, but not later than September 30,

1999.

(c) EXPENSES OF COMMITTEES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), any

expenses of a committee under this resolution shall be paid

from the contingent fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee.

(2) VOUCHERS NOT REQUIRED.—Vouchers shall not be

required—

(A) for the disbursement of salaries of employees of the

committee who are paid at an annual rate;

(B) for the payment of telecommunications expenses provided by the Office of the Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper, United States Senate, Department of Telecommunications;

(C) for the payment of stationery supplies purchased

through the Keeper of Stationery, United States Senate;

(D) for payments to the Postmaster, United States Senate;

(E) for the payment of metered charges on copying

equipment provided by the Office of the Sergeant at Arms

and Doorkeeper, United States Senate; or

(F) for the payment of Senate Recording and Photographic Services.

(d) AGENCY CONTRIBUTIONS.—There are authorized such sums as

may be necessary for agency contributions related to the compensation of employees of the committees from March 1, 1999, through

September 30, 1999, to be paid from the appropriations account for

‘‘Expenses of Inquiries and Investigations’’ of the Senate.

* * * * * * *

SEC. 10. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

(a) GENERAL AUTHORITY.—In carrying out its powers, duties, and

functions under the Standing Rules of the Senate, in accordance

with its jurisdiction under rule XXV of the Standing Rules of the

Senate, including holding hearings, reporting such hearings, and

making investigations as authorized by paragraphs 1 and 8 of rule

XXVI of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the Committee on Foreign Relations is authorized from March 1, 1999, through September 30, 1999, in its discretion—

68

(1) to make expenditures from the contingent fund of the

Senate;

(2) to employ personnel; and

(3) with the prior consent of the Government department or

agency concerned and the Committee on Rules and Administration to use, on a reimbursable or nonreimbursable basis, the

services of personnel of any such department or agency.

(b) EXPENSES.—The expenses of the committee for the period

March 1, 1999, through September 30, 1999, under this section

shall not exceed $1,697,074, of which amount—

(1) not to exceed $45,000, may be expended for the procurement of the services of individual consultants, or organizations

thereof (as authorized by section 202(i) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946); and

(2) not to exceed $1,000, may be expended for the training

of the professional staff of such committee (under procedures

specified by section 202(j) of the Legislative Reorganization Act

of 1946).

* * * * * * *

[S. Res. 189, 106th Congress, 1st Session]

Approved September 29, 1999

RESOLUTION

Authorizing Expenditures by Committees of the Senate for the periods October 1, 1999, through September 30, 2000, and October

1, 2000, through February 28, 2001

Resolved,

SECTION 1. AGGREGATE AUTHORIZATION

(a) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of carrying out the powers, duties, and functions under the Standing Rules of the Senate, and

under the appropriate authorizing resolutions of the Senate there

is authorized for the period October 1, 1999, through September 30,

2000, in the aggregate of $52,933,922, and for the period October

1, 2000, through February 28, 2001, in the aggregate of

$22,534,293, in accordance with the provisions of this resolution,

for standing committees of the Senate, the Special Committee on

Aging, the Select Committee on Intelligence, and the Select Committee on Indian Affairs.

(b) EXPENSES OF COMMITTEES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), any

expenses of a committee under this resolution shall be paid

69

from the contingent fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee.

(2) VOUCHERS NOT REQUIRED.—Vouchers shall not be

required—

(A) for the disbursement of salaries of employees of the

committee who are paid at an annual rate;

(B) for the payment of telecommunications expenses provided by the Office of the Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper and the Department of Telecommunications;

(C) for the payment of stationery supplies purchased

through the Keeper of Stationery;

(D) for payments to the Postmaster;

(E) for the payment of metered charges on copying

equipment provided by the Office of the Sergeant at Arms

and Doorkeeper; or

(F) for the payment of Senate Recording and Photographic Services.

(c) AGENCY CONTRIBUTIONS.—There are authorized such sums as

may be necessary for agency contributions related to the compensation of employees on the committees for the period October 1, 1999,

through September 30, 2000, and for the period October 1, 2000,

through February 28, 2001, to be paid from the appropriations account for ‘‘Expenses of Inquiries and Investigations’’ of the Senate.

* * * * * * *

SEC. 10. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS.

(a) GENERAL AUTHORITY.—In carrying out its powers, duties, and

functions under the Standing Rules of the Senate, in accordance

with its jurisdiction under rule XXV of such rules, including holding hearings, reporting such hearings, and making investigations

as authorized by paragraphs 1 and 8 of rule XXVI of the Standing

Rules of the Senate, the Committee on Foreign Relations is authorized from October 1, 1999, through February 28, 2001, in its

discretion—

(1) to make expenditures from the contingent fund of the

Senate;

(2) to employ personnel; and

(3) with the prior consent of the Government department or

agency concerned and the Committee on Rules and Administration, to use on a reimbursable, or nonreimbursable, basis

the services of personnel of any such department or agency.

(b) EXPENSES FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000 PERIOD.—The expenses of

the committee for the period October 1, 1999, through September

30, 2000, under this section shall not exceed $3,158,449, of which

amount—

70

(1) not to exceed $45,000, may be expended for the procurement of the services of individual consultants, or organizations

thereof (as authorized by section 202(i) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946); and

(2) not to exceed $1,000, may be expended for the training

of the professional staff of such committee (under procedures

specified by section 202(j) of such Act).

(c) EXPENSES FOR PERIOD ENDING FEBRUARY 20, 2001.—For the

period October 1, 2000, through February 28, 2001, expenses of the

committee under this section shall not exceed $1,347,981, of which

amount—

(1) not to exceed $45,000, may be expended for the procurement of the services of individual consultants, or organizations

thereof (as authorized by section 202(i) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946); and

(2) not to exceed $1,000, may be expended for the training

of the professional staff of such committee (under procedures

specified by section 202(j) of such Act).

* * * * * * *

(71)

APPENDICES

Appendix I

Alphabetical List of Members of the Committee on Foreign Relations

Name State Term of Service

Adams, Brock .............................. Washington .................. 1987–1989

Aiken, George ............................. Vermont ........................ 1954–1975

Aldrich, Nelson W. ..................... Rhode Island ................ 1881

Allen, William ............................. Ohio ............................... 1839–1841, 1845–1846

Archer, William S. ...................... Virginia ......................... 1842–1847

Ashcroft, John ............................. Missouri ........................ 1995–2000

Atchison, David R. ...................... Virginia ......................... 1850

Atherton, Charles G. .................. New Hampshire ........... 1845–1847

Austin, Warren R. ...................... Vermont ........................ 1943–1946

Bachman, Nathan L. .................. Tennessee ..................... 1933–1937

Bacon, Augustus O. .................... Georgia ......................... 1899–1914

Bailey, Joseph W. ....................... Texas ............................. 1901–1903

Baker, Howard H., Jr ................. Tennessee ..................... 1975, 1977–1985

Barbour, James ........................... Virginia ......................... 1816–1825

Barkley, Alben W. ...................... Kentucky ...................... 1938–1949, 1955–1956

Bell, Samuel ................................ New Hampshire ........... 1826–1833

Benton, Thomas H. ..................... Missouri ........................ 1847–1850

Berrien, John McPherson .......... Georgia ......................... 1828–1829, 1841–1845

Beveridge, Albert J. .................... Indiana ......................... 1905–1911

Bibb, George M. .......................... Kentucky ...................... 1832–1833

Biden, Joseph R., Jr. .................. Delaware ....................... 1975–

Black, Hugo L. ............................ Alabama ........................ 1929–1937

Bogy, Lewis V. ............................ Missouri ........................ 1875–1979

Borah, William E. ....................... Idaho ............................. 1911–1940

Boschwitz, Rudy ......................... Minnesota ..................... 1981–1991

Boxer, Barbara ............................ California ...................... 1999–

Brandegee, Frank B. .................. Connecticut ................... 1915–1924

Breckinridge, John C. ................ Kentucky ...................... 1861–1863

Brewster, Owen .......................... Maine ............................ 1951–1953

Bridges, Styles ............................ New Hampshire ........... 1945–1947

Brown, Bedford ........................... North Carolina ............. 1839–1841

Brown, Hank ............................... Colorado ........................ 1991–1997

Brown, James ............................. Louisiana ...................... 1819–1823

Brown, Joseph E. ........................ Georgia ......................... 1883–1891

Brownback, Sam ......................... Kansas .......................... 1997–

Browning Orville H. ................... Illinois ........................... 1861–1863

Buchanan, James ....................... Pennsylvania ................ 1836–1845

Buchalew, Charles R. ................. Pennsylvania ................ 1865–1867

Bulkley, Robert J. ....................... Ohio ............................... 1933–1936

Burnside, Ambrose ..................... Rhode Island ................ 1881–1883

Burton, Theodore E. ................... Ohio ............................... 1911–1915

Butler, Matthew C. ..................... South Carolina ............. 1891–1895

Butler, William M. ..................... Massachusetts .............. 1925

Byrnes, James F. ........................ South Carolina ............. 1941

Calhoun John C. ......................... South Carolina ............. 1840–1841

Call, Wilkinson ........................... Florida .......................... 1881

Cameron, J. Donald .................... Pennsylvania ................ 1895–1897

72

Alphabetical List of Members of the Committee on Foreign

Relations—Continued

Name State Term of Service

Cameron, Simon ......................... Pennsylvania ................ 1867–1879

Capehart, Homer E. ................... Indiana ......................... 1954–1963

Capper, Arthur ........................... Kansas .......................... 1925–1949

Carlson, Frank ............................ Kansas .......................... 1959–1969

Carpenter, Matthew ................... Wisconsin ...................... 1879–1881

Carter, Thomas H. ...................... Montana ....................... 1907–1911

Case, Clifford P. .......................... New Jersey ................... 1965–1979

Cass, Lewis ................................. Michigan ....................... 1845–1851

Casserly, Eugene ........................ California ...................... 1869–1873

Chafee, Lincoln D. ...................... Rhode Island ................ 1999–

Chambers, Ezekiel F. ................. Maryland ...................... 1826–1827

Chavez, Dennis ........................... New Mexico .................. 1935–1938

Choate, Rufus ............................. Massachusetts .............. 1841–1845

Church, Frank ............................ Idaho ............................. 1959–1981

Clark, Bennett Champ ............... Missouri ........................ 1939–1949

Clark, Clarence ........................... Wyoming ....................... 1897–1917

Clark, Dick .................................. Iowa .............................. 1975–1978

Clark, Joseph S. .......................... Pennsylvania ................ 1965–1969

Clark, William A. ........................ Montana ....................... 1901–1907

Clarke, James P. ......................... Arkansas ....................... 1911–1916

Clarke, John H. .......................... Rhode Island ................ 1851–1858

Clay, Henry ................................. Kentucky ...................... 1834–1841

Clayton, John M. ........................ Delaware ....................... 1853–1857

Collamer, Jacob .......................... Vermont ........................ 1861–1863

Conkling, Roscoe ......................... New York ...................... 1873–1881

Connally, Tom ............................. Texas ............................. 1931–1953

Cooper, John Sherman ............... Kentucky ...................... 1967–1973

Coverdell, Paul ........................... Georgia ......................... 1993–2000

Cranston, Alan ............................ California ...................... 1981–1993

Crittenden, John J. .................... Kentucky ...................... 1857–1859

Cullom, Shelby M. ...................... Illinois ........................... 1895–1913

Cutting, Bronson ........................ New Mexico .................. 1931–1935

Dagget, David ............................. Connecticut ................... 1818–1819

Dana, Samuel W. ........................ Connecticut ................... 1816–1817

Daniel, John W. .......................... Virginia ......................... 1893–1903

Davis, Cushman K. .................... Minnesota ..................... 1891–1901

Davis, Garrett ............................. Kentucky ...................... 1862–1867

Davis, James J. ........................... Pennsylvania ................ 1943–1945

Dillingham, William P. .............. Vermont ........................ 1912–1913

Dodd, Christopher J. .................. Connecticut ................... 1981–

Dodd, Thomas J. ......................... Connecticut ................... 1961–1971

Dodge, Henry .............................. Wisconsin ...................... 1850–1853

Dolph, Joseph N. ........................ Oregon .......................... 1887–1895

Doolittle, James R. ..................... Wisconsin ...................... 1861–1869

Douglas, Stephen A. ................... Illinois ........................... 1850–1863

Duffy, F. Ryan ............................ Wisconsin ...................... 1933–1938

Eagleton, Thomas F. .................. Missouri ........................ 1985–1987

Eaton, William W. ...................... Connecticut ................... 1875–1881

Edge, Walter F. ........................... New Jersey ................... 1924–1929

Edmunds, George F. ................... Vermont ........................ 1881–1891

Elliot, John .................................. Georgia ......................... 1821–1825

Eustice, James B. ....................... Louisiana ...................... 1889–1891

Evans, Daniel J. ......................... Washington .................. 1985–1989

Evarts, William M. ..................... New York ...................... 1885–1891

Everett, Edward ......................... Massachusetts .............. 1853–1855

Fairbanks, Charles W. ............... Indiana ......................... 1901–1905

73

Alphabetical List of Members of the Committee on Foreign

Relations—Continued

Name State Term of Service

Fall, Albert B. ............................. New Mexico .................. 1917–1923

Feingold, Russell ........................ Wisconsin ...................... 1993–

Feinstein, Dianne ....................... California ...................... 1995–1998

Ferguson, Homer ........................ Michigan ....................... 1953–1955

Ferris, Woodbridge N. ................ Michigan ....................... 1927–1928

Ferry, Thomas W. ....................... Michigan ....................... 1881–1883

Fess, Simeon D. .......................... Ohio ............................... 1928–1934

Fessenden, William P. ................ Maine ............................ 1867–1869

Fish, Hamilton ............................ New York ...................... 1855–1857

Fogg, George G. .......................... New Hampshire ........... 1866–1867

Foot, Solomon ............................. Vermont ........................ 1857–1861, 1865–1867

Foote, Henry S. ........................... Mississippi .................... 1849–1853

Foraker, Joseph B. ..................... Ohio ............................... 1897–1909

Forsyth, John .............................. Georgia ......................... 1832–1835

Foster, Lafayette S. .................... Connecticut ................... 1862–1865

Fowler, Joseph S. ........................ Tennessee ..................... 1966

Frazier, James B. ....................... Tennessee ..................... 1907–1911

Frelinghuysen, F. T. ................... New Jersey ................... 1873–1877

Frist, Bill ..................................... Tennessee ..................... 1997–

Frye, William P. ......................... Maine ............................ 1885–1911

Fulbright, J. W. .......................... Arkansas ....................... 1949–1975

Gaillard, John ............................. South Carolina ............. 1825–1826

George, Walter F. ....................... Georgia ......................... 1928–1957

Gillett, Fred H. ........................... Massachusetts .............. 1926–1931

Gillette, Guy M. .......................... Iowa .............................. 1939–1945, 1951–1953

Glass, Carter ............................... Virginia ......................... 1941–1946

Glenn, John ................................. Ohio ............................... 1977–1985

Glenn, Otis .................................. Illinois ........................... 1931–1933

Goff, Guy D. ................................ West Virginia ............... 1929–1931

Gore, Albert ................................. Tennessee ..................... 1959–1971

Grams, Rod ................................. Minnesota ..................... 1995–2000

Gray, George ............................... Delaware ....................... 1891–1899

Green, Theodore F. ..................... Rhode Island ................ 1937–1947, 1949–1959

Gregg, Judd ................................. New Hampshire ........... 1993–1995

Griflin, Robert P. ........................ Michigan ....................... 1973–1979

Griffey, Joseph F. ....................... Pennsylvania ................ 1939–1947

Gurney, Chan .............................. South Dakota ............... 1945–1947

Hagel, Chuck .............................. Nebraska ...................... 1997–

Hamlin, Hannibal ....................... Maine ............................ 1871–1881

Hannegan, Edward A. ................ Indiana ......................... 1847–1849

Harding, Warren G. ................... Ohio ............................... 1919

Harlan, James ............................ Iowa .............................. 1867–1873

Harris, Ira ................................... New York ...................... 1861–1867

Harrison, Benjamin .................... Indiana ......................... 1886–1887

Harrison, Pat .............................. Mississippi .................... 1925–1941

Hatch, Carl A. ............................. New Mexico .................. 1945–1949

Hawkins, Paula .......................... Florida .......................... 1984–1985

Hayakawa, S. I. .......................... California ...................... 1979–1983

Helms, Jesse ............................... North Carolina ............. 1979–

Henderson, John B. .................... Missouri ........................ 1865–1867

Hickenlooper, Bourke B. ............ Iowa .............................. 1947–1969

Hicks, Thomas H. ....................... Maryland ...................... 1863–1867

Hill, Benjamin ............................ Georgia ......................... 1879–1883

Hill, Lister ................................... Alabama ........................ 1945–1947

Hiscock, Frank ............................ New York ...................... 1891–1893

Hitchcock, Gilbert M. ................. Nebraska ...................... 1911–1923

74

Alphabetical List of Members of the Committee on Foreign

Relations—Continued

Name State Term of Service

Howe, Timothy O. ....................... Wisconsin ...................... 1872–1879

Huger, Daniel ............................. South Carolina ............. 1845–1847

Humphrey, Gordon J. ................. New Hampshire ........... 1989–1991

Humphrey, Herbert H. ............... Minnesota ..................... 1953–1965, 1973–1978

Humphrey, Muriel ...................... Minnesota ..................... 1978

Hunter, Robert M. T. ................. Virginia ......................... 1850–1851

Hunter, William .......................... Rhode Island ................ 1819–1821

Jackson, Andrew ......................... Tennessee ..................... 1823–1825

Javits, Jacob K. ........................... New York ...................... 1969–1981

Jeffords, James M. ..................... Vermont ........................ 1991–1995

Johnson, Andrew ........................ Tennessee ..................... 1875–1877

Johnson, Hiram .......................... California ...................... 1919–1945

Johnson, Reverdy ....................... Maryland ...................... 1863–1869

Johnston, John W. ...................... Virginia ......................... 1877–1883

Kassebaum, Nancy L. ................ Kansas .......................... 1981–1996

Kean, John .................................. New Jersey ................... 1901–1911

Kellogg, Frank B. ....................... Minnesota ..................... 1921–1923

Kenna, John E. ........................... West Virginia ............... 1891–1893

Kennedy, John F. ....................... Massachusetts .............. 1957–1960

Kerry, John F. ............................. Massachusetts .............. 1985–

King, John P. .............................. Georgia ......................... 1834–1839

King, Rufus ................................. New York ...................... 1816–1823

King, William R. ......................... Alabama ........................ 1829–1833, 1847–1850

Kirkwood, Samuel J. .................. Iowa .............................. 1877–1881

Knowland, William F. ................ California ...................... 1953–1959

Knox, Philander C. ..................... Pennsylvania ................ 1917–1921

Lacock, Abner ............................. Pennsylvania ................ 1816–1819

LaFollette, Robert, Jr ................. Wisconsin ...................... 1929–1947

Langer, William .......................... North Dakota ............... 1953–1959

Lapham, Elbridge G. .................. New York ...................... 1881–1885

Lausche, Frank J. ....................... Ohio ............................... 1959–1969

Lee, Josh ..................................... Oklahoma ..................... 1941–1943

Lenroot, Irvine L. ....................... Wisconsin ...................... 1923–1927

Lewis, J. Hamilton ..................... Illinois ........................... 1931–1939

Lodge, Henry Cabot .................... Massachusetts .............. 1895–1924

Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr. ............. Massachusetts .............. 1947–1953

Long, Russell B. .......................... Louisiana ...................... 1956–1966

Lucas, Scott W. ........................... Illinois ........................... 1945–1947

Lugar, Richard G. ....................... Indiana ......................... 1979–

Mack, Connie .............................. Florida .......................... 1989–1991

Macon, Nathaniel ....................... North Carolina ............. 1816–1829

Mangum, Willie P. ...................... North Carolina ............. 1832–1837, 1847–1853

Mansfield, Mike .......................... Montana ....................... 1953–1977

Mason, James M. ........................ Virginia ......................... 1848–1861

Mathews, Harlan ........................ Tennessee ..................... 1993–1995

Mathias, Charles McC., Jr. ........ Maryland ...................... 1981–1987

Matthews, Stanley ...................... Ohio ............................... 1877–1879

McCarthy, Eugene J. .................. Minnesota ..................... 1965–1969

McConnell, Mitch ....................... Kentucky ...................... 1987–1993

McCormick, Medill ..................... Illinois ........................... 1921–1925

McCreary, James B. ................... Kentucky ...................... 1903–1909

McCreery, Thomas C. ................. Kentucky ...................... 1873–1879

McCumber, Porter J. .................. North Dakota ............... 1911–1923

McDougall, James A. .................. California ...................... 1863–1865

McDuffie, George ........................ South Carolina ............. 1846–1847

McGee, Gale W. .......................... Wyoming ....................... 1966–1967, 1969–1977

75

Alphabetical List of Members of the Committee on Foreign

Relations—Continued

Name State Term of Service

McGovern, George ...................... South Dakota ............... 1973–1981

McLean, George P. ..................... Connecticut ................... 1924–1929

McMahon, Brien ......................... Connecticut ................... 1949–1952

Miller, John F. ............................ California ...................... 1881–1886

Mills, Elijah ................................ Massachusetts .............. 1823–1827

Mills, Roger Q. ............................ Texas ............................. 1895–1899

Money, Hernando ....................... Mississippi .................... 1899–1911

Morehead, James T. ................... Kentucky ...................... 1843–1845, 1899

Morgan, John T. ......................... Alabama ........................ 1879–1907

Morse, Wayne ............................. Oregon .......................... 1955–1969

Morton, Oliver P. ........................ Indiana ......................... 1867–1879

Moses, George H. ........................ New Hampshire ........... 1919–1933

Moynihan, Daniel P. ................... New York ...................... 1987–1995

Mundt, Karl E. ........................... South Dakota ............... 1963–1972

Murkowski, Frank H. ................. Alaska ........................... 1983–1995

Murray, James E. ....................... Montana ....................... 1936–1947

Muskie, Edmund S. .................... Maine ............................ 1971–1975, 1979–1980

New, Harry S. ............................. Indiana ......................... 1919–1923

Niles, John M. ............................. Connecticut ................... 1838–1839

Norris, Moses .............................. New Hampshire ........... 1851–1855

Nye, Gerald P. ............................ North Dakota ............... 1940–1945

O’Gorman, James A. .................. New York ...................... 1913–1917

Oliver, George T. ........................ Pennsylvania ................ 1915–1917

Owen, Robert L. .......................... Oklahoma ..................... 1923–1925

Patterson, James W. .................. New Hampshire ........... 1867–1873

Payne, Henry B. ......................... Ohio ............................... 1885–1891

Pearson, James B. ...................... Kansas .......................... 1971–1979

Pell, Claiborne ............................ Rhode Island ................ 1965–1997

Pendleton, George H. ................. Ohio ............................... 1879–1885

Pepper, Claude ............................ Florida .......................... 1937–1947, 1949–1951

Pepper, George Wharton ............ Pennsylvania ................ 1923–1927

Percy, Charles H. ........................ Illinois ........................... 1972–1985

Phelps, Samuel S. ....................... Vermont ........................ 1850–1851

Pittman, Key ............................... Nevada .......................... 1916–1940

Polk, Trusten .............................. Missouri ........................ 1857–1862

Pomerene, Atlee .......................... Ohio ............................... 1913–1923

Pope, James P. ............................ Idaho ............................. 1933–1938

Porter, Alexander ....................... Louisiana ...................... 1835–1837

Pratt, Thomas G. ........................ Maryland ...................... 1856–1857

Pressler, Larry ............................ South Dakota ............... 1981–1995

Preston, William C. .................... South Carolina ............. 1841–1843

Rawlias, Joseph L. ...................... Utah .............................. 1901–1905

Rayner, Isidor ............................. Maryland ...................... 1911–1912

Reed, David A. ............................ Pennsylvania ................ 1927–1934

Reed, James A. ........................... Missouri ........................ 1925–1929

Reynolds, Robert R. .................... North Carolina ............. 1939–1945

Rives, William C. ........................ Virginia ......................... 1833–1839, 1841–1843

Roane, William H. ...................... Virginia ......................... 1839–1841

Robb, Charles S. ......................... Virginia ......................... 1989–1998

Robinson, Arthur R. ................... Indiana ......................... 1930–1934

Robinson, Joseph T. .................... Arkansas ....................... 1918–1919, 1923–1937

Root, Elihu .................................. New York ...................... 1909–1915

Sanford, Nathan ......................... New York ...................... 1826–1831

Sanford, Terry ............................. North Carolina ............. 1987–1993

Sarbanes, Paul S. ....................... Maryland ...................... 1977–

Saulsbury, Eli ............................. Delaware ....................... 1885–1889

76

Alphabetical List of Members of the Committee on Foreign

Relations—Continued

Name State Term of Service

Saulsbury, Willard ..................... Delaware ....................... 1914–1919

Schurz, Carl ................................ Missouri ........................ 1869–1875

Schwellenbach, Lewis B. ............ Washington .................. 1937–1941

Scott, Hugh ................................. Pennsylvania ................ 1971–1977

Sevier, Ambrose H. ..................... Arkansas ....................... 1845–1848

Seward, William H. .................... New York ...................... 1857–1861

Sherman, John ............................ Ohio ............................... 1883–1897

Shields, John K. .......................... Tennessee ..................... 1916–1925

Shipstead, Henrik ....................... Minnesota ..................... 1923–1947

Shively, Benjamin F. .................. Indiana ......................... 1909–1916

Simon, Paul ................................. Illinois ........................... 1987–1995

Slidell, John ................................ Louisiana ...................... 1853–1861

Smathers, George A. .................. Florida .......................... 1963–1965

Smith, Gordon ............................. Oregon .......................... 1997–

Smith, H. Alexander ................... New Jersey ................... 1947–1959

Smith, Marcus A. ........................ Arizona ......................... 1913–1921

Smith, William A. ....................... Michigan ....................... 1909–1919

Snowe, Olympia J. ...................... Maine ............................ 1995–1997

Sparkman, John ......................... Alabama ........................ 1951–1979

Spong, William B., Jr. ................ Virginia ......................... 1971–1973

Spooner, John C. ......................... Wisconsin ...................... 1901–1907

Sprague, Peleg ............................ Maine ............................ 1833–1835

Stockton, John P. ........................ New Jersey ................... 1873–1875

Stone, Richard (Dick) ................. Florida .......................... 1977–1980

Stone, William J. ........................ Missouri ........................ 1908–1918

Sumner, Charles ......................... Massachusetts .............. 1859–1871

Sutherland, George .................... Utah .............................. 1911–1917

Swanson, Claude A. .................... Virginia ......................... 1913–1931

Symington, Stuart ...................... Missouri ........................ 1961–1976

Taft, Robert A. ............................ Ohio ............................... 1953

Tallmadge, Nathaniel P. ............ New York ...................... 1834–1839, 1841–1845

Tazewell, Littleton W. ................ Virginia ......................... 1825–1833

Thomas, Charles S. .................... Colorado ........................ 1917–1919

Thomas, Craig ............................. Wyoming ....................... 1995–

Thomas, Elbert D. ...................... Utah .............................. 1933–1951

Thompson, Fred .......................... Tennessee ..................... 1995–1997

Tobey, Charles W. ...................... New Hampshire ........... 1951–1953

Tomlinson, Gideon ...................... Connecticut ................... 1832–1833

Torricelli, Robert G. .................... New Jersey ................... 1999–

Trible, Paul S., Jr. ...................... Virginia ......................... 1985–1989

Troup, George M. ........................ Georgia ......................... 1817–1819

Tsongas, Paul E. ......................... Massachusetts .............. 1980–1985

Tunnell, James M. ...................... Delaware ....................... 1941–1947

Turpie, David .............................. Indiana ......................... 1893–1899

Tydings, Millard E. .................... Maryland ...................... 1949–1951

Underwood, Joseph R. ................ Kentucky ...................... 1851–1853

Underwood, Oscar W. ................. Alabama ........................ 1923–1927

Van Nuys, Frederick .................. Indiana ......................... 1933–1943

Vance, Zebulon B. ....................... North Carolina ............. 1883–1885

Vandenberg, Arthur H. .............. Michigan ....................... 1929–1951

Wade, Benjamin F. ..................... Ohio ............................... 1865–1867

Wadsworth, James W., Jr. ......... New York ...................... 1921–1925

Wagner, Robert F. ...................... New York ...................... 1929–1949

Walker, Freeman ........................ Georgia ......................... 1819–1821

Wallace, William A. .................... Pennsylvania ................ 1877–1879

Walsh, Thomas J. ....................... Montana ....................... 1923–1933

77

Alphabetical List of Members of the Committee on Foreign

Relations—Continued

Name State Term of Service

Webster, Daniel .......................... Massachusetts .............. 1846–1850

Weller, John B. ........................... California ...................... 1853–1857

Wellstone, Paul ........................... Minnesota ..................... 1997–

White, Hugh Lawson .................. Tennessee ..................... 1825–1833

White, Wallace H. ....................... Maine ............................ 1935–1949

Whyte, William Pinkney ............ Maryland ...................... 1907–1908

Wiley, Alexander ........................ Wisconsin ...................... 1945–1963

Wilkins, William ......................... Pennsylvania ................ 1833–1835

Williams, John J. ........................ Delaware ....................... 1960–1971

Williams, John Sharp ................. Mississippi .................... 1913–1923

Willis, Frank B. .......................... Ohio ............................... 1923–1932

Wilmot, David ............................. Pennsylvania ................ 1861–1863

Wilson, James F. ........................ Iowa .............................. 1883–1885

Windon, William ......................... Minnesota ..................... 1881–1883

Wofford, Harris ........................... Pennsylvania ................ 1991–1995

Wolcott, Edward O. .................... Colorado ........................ 1899–1901

Wright, Joseph A. ....................... Indiana ......................... 1862–1863

Zorinsky, Edward ....................... Nebraska ...................... 1977, 1979–1987

78

Appendix II

Composition of the Committee on Foreign Relations

by Congress

The data for the 14th through the 77th Congress is taken from Eleanor Dennison

(see bibliography) whose introductory statement is as follows:

The party designations given are unavoidably subject to error in the early

period, owing to the vagueness of party lines and the shifting of men from

one party to another on critical issues at that time. The information as to

party affiliation here included is from the Biographical Dictionary of the

American Congress, 1774–1927, and the various Congressional Directories.

For the 28th to the 33d and the 35th and 36th Congresses the designations

are those given in the Congressional Globe. Where a designation in the latter has differed from that in the Biographical Dictionary, preference has

been given to the Congressional Globe. Other authorities employed are the

Dictionary of American Biography, 1928–36, Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of

American Biography, 1888–1918, and the National Cyclopaedia of American

Biography, 1893–1939.

14th Congress, 1816–1817

COMMITTEE (5 members)

2d Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman (AntiDem. and States Rights)

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Dem.)

Rufus King, New York (Fed.)

Samuel W. Dana, Connecticut (Fed.)

Abner Lacock, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

15th Congress, 1817–1819

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman (AntiDem. and States Rights)

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Dem.)

George M. Troup, Georgia (Dem.)

Rufus King, New York (Fed.)

Abner Lacock, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

2d Session

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, Chairman

(Dem.)

James Barbour, Virginia (Anti-Dem.)

Rufus King, New York (Fed.)

Abner Lacock, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

David Daggett, Connecticut (Fed.)

16th Congress, 1819–1821

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

James Brown, Louisiana, Chairman

William Hunter, Rhode Island (Fed.)

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Dem.)

James Barbour, Virginia (Anti-Dem.)

Freeman Walker, Georgia (Dem.)

2d Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman

(Anti-Dem.)

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Dem.)

James Brown, Louisiana

William Hunter, Rhode Island (Fed.)

Rufus King, New York (Fed.)

79

17th Congress, 1821–1823

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

Rufus King, New York, Chairman (Fed.)

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Dem.)

James Brown, Louisiana

James Barbour, Virginia (Anti-Dem.)

John Elliott, Georgia

2d Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman

(Anti-Dem.)

James Brown, Louisiana

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Dem.)

Rufus King, New York (Fed.)

John Elliott, Georgia

18th Congress, 1823–1825

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman

(Anti-Dem.)

Rufus King, New York (Fed.)

Excused December 16, 1823

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Dem.)

Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (Dem.)

John Elliott, Georgia

Elijah Mills, Massachusetts (Fed.)

Appointed December 16, 1823

2d Session

James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman

(Anti-Dem.)

Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (Dem.)

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Dem.)

John Elliott, Georgia

Elijah Mills, Massachusetts (Fed.)

19th Congress, 1825–1827

COMMITTEE (5 members)

Special Session

No committee appointed

1st Session

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, Chairman

(Dem.)

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia (Dem.)

John Gaillard, South Carolina (Dem.)

Died February 26, 1826

Elijah Mills, Massachusetts (Fed.)

Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)

Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)

Appointed March 1, 1826

2d Session

Nathan Sanford, New York, Chairman (Dem.)

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia (Dem.)

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Dem.)

Samuel Bell, New Hampshire (Jeffersonian

Rep.)

Ezekiel F. Chambers, Maryland (Whig)

20th Congress, 1827–1829

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, Chairman

(Dem.)

Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia (Dem.)

Samuel Bell, New Hampshire

(Jeffersonian Dem.)

Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)

2d Session

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia, Chairman

(Dem.)

Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)

Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)

John McPherson Berrien, Georgia (Dem.)

Samuel Bell, New Hampshire (Jeffersonian

Dem.)

80

21st Congress, 1829–1831

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia,

Chairman (Dem.)

Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)

Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)

Samuel Bell, New Hampshire

(Jeffersonian Dem.)

William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)

2d Session

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia,

Chairman (Dem.)

Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)

Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)

Samuel Bell, New Hampshire

(Jeffersonian Dem)

William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)

22d Congress, 1831–1833

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia,

Chairman (Dem.)

Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)

William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)

John Forsyth, Georgia (Dem.)

Samuel Bell, New Hampshire

(Jeffersonian Dem.)

2d Session

John Forsyth, Georgia, Chairman (Dem.)

Rufus King, New York (Fed.)

George M. Bibb, Kentucky

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Dem.)

Gideon Tomlinson, Connecticut (Dem.)

23d Congress, 1833–1835

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

William Wilkins, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Dem.)

William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)

Resigned February 22, 1834

Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)

Appointed May 12, 1834

John Forsyth, Georgia (Dem.)

Peleg Sprague, Maine (National Rep.)

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Whig)

2nd Session

Henry Clay, Kentucky, Chairman (Whig)

John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)

Willie P. Mangum, 1 North Carolina, (Whig)

Peleg Sprague, Maine (National Rep.)

Resigned January 1, 1835

N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)

Alexander Porter, Louisiana (Whig)

Appointed January 7, 1835

24th Congress, 1835–1837

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

Henry Clay, Kentucky, Chairman (Whig)

N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Whig)

John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)

Alexander Porter, Louisiana (Whig)

2d Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Dem.)

N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)

John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)

Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)

William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)

1 Although Mangum supported Jackson at first, he subsequently broke with the administration. He refused to follow instructions from the North Carolina Legislature, and later resigned.

Because of his opposition to Jackson in 1834 he is listed in the 23rd and 24th Congresses

as a Whig.

81

25th Congress, 1837–1839

COMMITTEE (5 members)

Special Session

No committee appointed

1st Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Dem.)

N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)

John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)

Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)

William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)

2d Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Dem.)

N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)

Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)

William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)

William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)

3d Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Dem.)

N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)

Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)

William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)

John M. Niles, Connecticut (Dem.)

26th Congress, 1839–1841

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Dem.)

Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)

Bedford Brown, North Carolina (Dem.)

William H. Roane, Virginia (Dem.)

William Allen, Ohio (Dem.)

2d Session

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Dem.)

Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)

John C. Calhoun, South Carolina (Dem.)

William H. Roane, Virginia (Dem.)

William Allen, Ohio (Dem.)

27th Congress, 1841–1843

COMMITTEE (5 members)

Special Session

No committee appointed

1st Session

William C. Rives,2 Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

William C. Preston, South Carolina (Calhoun

nullifier)

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

N.P Tallmadge,3 New York (Whig)

Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)

2d Session

William C. Rives, Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

William C. Preston, South Carolina (Calhoun

nullifier)

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

N.P Tallmadge, New York (Whig)

Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)

3d Session

William S. Archer, Virginia,

Chairman (Whig)

John McPherson Berrien, Georgia (Whig)

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Whig)

Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)

2 Rives had supported Harrison for the Presidency, and the Congressional Biographical Directory states that he was elected as a Whig in 1841; but the Congressional Globe, 27th Cong.,

1st sess., p. 1, lists him as a Democrat. 3Listed as a Whig in the Congressional Globe, loc. cit. This change is not mentioned in

the Congressional Biographical Directory.

82

28th Congress, 1843–1845

COMMITTEE (5 members)

1st Session

William S. Archer, Virginia,

Chairman (Whig)

John McPherson Berrien, Georgia (Whig)

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Whig)

Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)

2d Session

William S. Archer, Virginia,

Chairman (Whig)

John McPherson Berrien, Georgia (Whig)

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

James T. Morehead, Kentucky (Whig)

Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)

29th Congress, 1845–1847

COMMITTEE (5 members)

Special Session

William Allen, Ohio, Chairman (Dem.)

Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.)

William S. Archer, Virginia (Whig)

Charles G. Atherton, New Hampshire (Dem.)

Daniel E. Huger,4 South Carolina (State

Rights Dem.)

1st Session

William Allen, Ohio, Chairman (Dem.)

Excused June 15, 1846

Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.) (Dem.)

William S. Archer, Virginia (Whig)

Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas (Dem.)

Charles G. Atherton, New Hampshire (Dem.)

George McDuffie, South Carolina, Chairman

Elected June 18, 1846

2d Session

Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas,

Chairman (Dem.)

Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.)

William S. Archer, Virginia (Whig)

Charles G. Atherton, New Hampshire (Dem.)

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts (Whig)

30th Congress, 1847–1849

COMMITTEE (5 Members)

Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas, Chairman

(Dem.) Resigned March 14, 1848

Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (Dem.)

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts (Whig)

Edward A. Hannegan, Indiana (Dem.)

Elected Chairman, March 14, 1848, to

succeed Sevier

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Whig)

James M. Mason, Virginia (Dem.)

Appointed March 14, 1848

2nd Session

Edward A. Hannegan, Indiana (Dem.)

Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (Dem.)

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts (Whig)

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Whig)

William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)

4The Biographical Dictionary of the American Congress (H. Doc. 783, 69th Cong., 2d sess.,

p. 1126) states that Huger resigned March 3, 1845; but the Senate Journal for the 28th

Cong., 2d sess., credits him with the Special Session.

83

31st Congress, 1849–1851

COMMITTEE (5 members)

Special Session

Thomas H. Benton, Missouri,

Chairman (Dem.)

Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.)

Henry S. Foote, Mississippi (Dem.)

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts (Whig)

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Whig)

1st Session

William R. King, Alabama, Chairman (Dem.)

Excused July 26, 1850

Henry S. Foote, Mississippi (Dem.)

Succeeded King as Chairman, July 26,

1850

Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (Dem.)

Excused April 2, 1850

David R. Atchison, Missouri (Dem.)

Appointed April 4, 1850; resigned

July 26, 1850

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Whig)

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts (Whig)

Resigned July 22, 1850

Robert M.T. Hunter, Virginia (Dem.)

Samuel S. Phelps, Vermont (Whig)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

Hunter, Phelps, and Douglas were all

appointed July 26, 1850

2d Session

Henry S. Foote, Mississippi, Chairman (Dem.)

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Whig)

Samuel S. Phelps, Vermont (Whig)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

Excused December 19, 1850

James M. Mason, Virginia (Dem.)

Henry Dodge, Wisconsin (Dem.)

Appointed December 19, 1850

32d Congress, 1851–1853

COMMITTEE (5 members)

Special Session

Henry S. Foote, Mississippi, Chairman (Dem.)

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina

Henry Dodge, Wisconsin (Dem.)

James M. Mason, Virginia (Dem.)

John H. Clarke, Rhode Island (Whig)

1st Session

James M. Mason Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

Moses Norris, New Hampshire (Dem.)

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Whig)

Joseph R. Underwood, Kentucky (Whig)

2d Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

Moses Norris, New Hampshire (Dem.)

Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina (Whig)

Joseph R. Underwood, Kentucky (Whig)

33d Congress, 1853–1855

COMMITTEE (5–6–5 members)

Special Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

John M. Clayton, Delaware (Whig)

Moses Norris, New Hampshire (Dem.)

Edward Everett, Massachusetts (Whig)

1st Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

John Slidell, Louisiana (State Rights Dem.)

John M. Clayton, Delaware (Whig)

John B. Weller, California (Union Dem.)

Edward Everett, Massachusetts (Whig)

2d Session

Same committee reappointed 5

5 Committee reduced to 5 after motion to continue same committee as first session. There

is no record of who was dropped; but presumably it was Everett, as he is at the bottom

of the list.

84

34th Congress, 1855–1857

COMMITTEE (6 members)

1st Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

Expelled February 20 and

restored February 26, 1856

John Slidell, Louisiana (State Rights Dem.)

John M. Clayton, Delaware (Whig)

John B. Weller, California (Union Dem.)

Hamilton Fish, New York (Whig)

2d Session

Same committee reappointed

3d Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

John Slidell, Louisiana (State Rights Dem.)

John B. Weller, California (Union Dem.)

Hamilton Fish, New York (Whig)

Thomas G. Pratt, Maryland (Whig)

35th Congress, 1857–1859

COMMITTEE (7 members)

Special Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

John Slidell, Louisiana (State Rights Dem.)

Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)

John J. Crittenden,6 Kentucky (Whig)

William H. Seward, New York (Rep.)

Solomon Foot, Vermont (Rep.)

1st Session

Same committee reappointed

2d Special Session

Same committee reappointed

2d Session

Same committee reappointed

36th Congress, 1859–1861

COMMITTEE (7 members)

Special Session

James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman (Dem.)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

John Slidell, Louisiana (State Rights Dem.)

Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)

John J. Crittenden, Kentucky (Whig)

William H. Seward, New York (Rep.)

Solomon Foot, Vermont (Rep.)

1st Session

Same committee reappointed, except that Charles Sumner, Massachusetts (Rep.),

replaced Solomon Foot

2d Special Session

Same committee reappointed

2d Session

Same committee reappointed

37th Congress, 1861–1863

COMMITTEE (7 members)

Special Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Jacob Collamer, Vermont (Rep.)

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)

Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.)

Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)

John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky (Dem.)

1st Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Jacob Collamer, Vermont (Rep.)

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

David Wilmot, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Orville H. Browning, Illinois (Rep.)

Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)

John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky (Dem.)

6Listed as ‘‘Native American’’ in Congressional Globe, 35th Cong., 1st sess., p. 1.

85

37th Congress, 1861–1863 (continued)

COMMITTEE (7 members)

2d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Jacob Collamer, Vermont (Rep.)

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

David Wilmot, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Orville H. Browning, Illinois (Rep.)

Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.) Expelled

January 10, 1862

Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Old-line Whig)

Appointed January 10, 1862

Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)

3d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Lafayette S. Foster, Connecticut (Rep.)

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

David Wilmot, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Orville H. Browning, Illinois (Rep.)

Retired February 2, 1863

John B. Henderson, Missouri (Dem.)

Appointed February 2, 1863

Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Old-line Whig)

Joseph A. Wright, Indiana (Dem.)

Withdrew January 23, 1863

Thomas H. Hicks, Maryland (Dem.)

Appointed January 23, 1863

38th Congress, 1863–1865

COMMITTEE (7 members)

Special Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Lafayette S. Foster, Connecticut (Rep.)

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Whig)

Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)

James A. Bayard, Delaware (Dem.)

Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)

1st Session

Same committee appointed, except that James A. McDougall,

California (Dem.), replaced Bayard

2d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Lafayette S. Foster, Connecticut (Rep.)

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)

Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Whig)

Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)

James A. McDougall, California (Dem.)

39th Congress, 1865–1867

COMMITTEE (7 members)

Special Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)

Solomon T. Foot, Vermont (Rep.)

Benjamin F. Wade, Ohio (Rep.)

Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Whig)

Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)

1st Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)

John B. Henderson, Missouri (Dem.)

Benjamin F. Wade, Ohio (Rep.)

Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)

Charles R. Buckalew, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

2d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)

Benjamin F. Wade, Ohio (Rep.)

Joseph S. Fowler, Tennessee (Union Rep.)

George G. Fogg, New Hamphire (Rep.)

Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

86

40th Congress, 1867–1869

COMMITTEE (7 members)

1st Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

William Pitt Fessendan, Maine (Rep.)

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)

Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union Rep.)

James W. Patterson, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem)

Special Session

Same committee reappointed

2d Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

William Pitt Fessenden, Maine (Rep.)

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)

Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union Rep.)

James W. Patterson, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)

Resigned July 10, 1868

James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Appointed July 15, 1868

3d Session

Same committee reappointed except that James A. Bayard, Delaware (Dem.),

replaced Doolittle

41st Congress, 1869–1871

COMMITTEE (7 members)

1st Session

Charles Sumner, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

William Pitt Fessenden, Maine (Rep.)

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)

Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union Rep.)

James W. Patterson, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Eugene Casserly, California (Dem.)

Special Session

Same committee reappointed

2d Session

Same committee reappointed, except that Carl Schurz, Missouri (Rep.),

replaced Fessenden

3d Session

Same committee reappointed as in 2d Session

42d Congress, 1871–1873

COMMITTEE (7 members)

1st Session

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Rep.)

James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)

Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union Rep.)

James W. Patterson, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Carl Schurz, Missouri (Rep.)

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)

Eugene Casserly, California (Dem.)

Special Session

Same committee reappointed

2d Session

Same committee reappointed

3d Session

Same committee reappointed, except that Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin

(Union Rep.), replaced Casserly

87

43d Congress, 1873–1875

COMMITTEE (7–9 members)

Special Session

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, Chairman

(Union Rep.)

Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Rep.)

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)

Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union Rep.)

Frederick T. Frelinghuysen,

New Jersey (Rep.)

Roscoe Conklin, New York (Union Rep.)

Carl Schurz, Missouri (Rep.)

1st Session

Committee enlarged to 9. Same committee reappointed and the following added:

John P. Stockton, New Jersey (Dem.) Thomas Clay McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

2d Session

Same committee reappointed

44th Congress, 1875–1877

COMMITTEE (9 members)

Special Session

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Rep.)

Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union (Rep.)

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)

Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union Rep.)

F.T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey (Rep.)

Roscoe Conkling, New York (Union Rep.)

Thomas C. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

Lewis V. Bogy, Missouri (Dem.)

Andrew Johnson, Tennessee (Dem.)

1st Session

Same committee reappointed, except that William W. Eaton,

Connecticut (Dem.), replaced Johnson

2d Session

Same committee reappointed as 1st Session

45th Congress, 1877–1879

COMMITTEE (9 members)

Special Session

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania,

Chairman (Rep.)

Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union Rep.)

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Union Rep.)

Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union Rep.)

Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)

Thomas C. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

Lewis V. Bogy, Missouri (Dem.)

William W. Eaton, Connecticut (Dem.)

John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)

1st Session

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, Chairman

(Union Rep.)

Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union Rep.)

Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union Rep.)

Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)

Stanley Matthews, Ohio (Rep.)

Thomas C. MeCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

William W. Eaton, Connecticut (Dem.)

John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)

William A. Wallace, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

2d Session

Same committee reappointed, except that Samuel J. Kirkwood,

Iowa (Rep.), replaced Morton

3d Session

Same committee reappointed as 2d Session

88

46th Congress, 1879–1881

COMMITTEE (9 members—5 Dem., 4 Rep.)

1st Session

William W. Eaton, Connecticut, Chairman

(Dem.)

John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)

John Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Benjamin H. Hill, Georgia (Dem.)

George H. Pendleton, Ohio (Dem.)

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)

Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)

Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa (Rep.)

Matthew H. Carpenter, Wisconsin (Rep.)

2d Session

Same committee reappointed

3d Session

Same committee reappointed

47th Congress, 1881–1883

COMMITTEE (9 members—5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

1st Special Session

Ambrose E. Burnside, Rhode Island,

Chairman (Rep.)

Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)

Resigned May 17, 1881

George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)

John F. Miller, California (Rep.)

Thomas W. Ferry, Michigan (Rep.)

John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Benjamin H. Hill, Georgia (Dem.)

George W. Pendleton, Ohio (Dem.)

2d Special Session

Same committee with the following exceptions:

George F. Edmunds, Vermont, became

Chairman

Nelson W. Aldrich, Rhode Island (Rep.)

Appointed for Burnside, October 17, 1881

Elbridge G. Lapham, New York (Rep.)

Appointed for Conkling, October 17, 1881

1st Session

Same committee reappointed except that William Windon, Minnesota (Rep.), replaced Aldrich

on December 16, 1881, and was made Chairman in place of Edmunds on day of appointment

2d Session

Same committee reappointed, except that Wilkinson Call,

Florida (Dem.), replaced Hill

48th Congress, 1883–1885

COMMITTEE (9 members—5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

1st Session

John F. Miller, California, Chairman (Rep.)

John Sherman, Ohio (Rep.)

Elbridge G. Lapham, New York (Rep.)

George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)

James F. Wilson, Iowa (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

George W. Pendleton, Ohio (Dem.)

Zebulon B. Vance, North Carolina (Dem.)

Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)

2d Session

Same committee reappointed

49th Congress, 1885–1887

COMMITTEE7 (9 members—5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

John F. Miller, California, Chairman (Rep.)

Died March 8, 1886

Benjamin Harrison, Indiana (Rep.)

Appointed April 5, 1886

John Sherman, Ohio (Rep.)

Made Chairman, April 5, 1886

George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

William M. Evarts, New York (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)

Eli Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)

Henry B. Payne, Ohio (Dem.)

7 Beginning with the 49th Congress, committee appointments were made for the duration

of the Congress instead of by sessions.

89

50th Congress, 1887–1889

COMMITTEE (9 members—5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.)

George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

William M. Evarts, New York (Rep.)

Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)

Eli Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)

Henry B. Payne, Ohio (Dem.)

51st Congress, 1889–1891

COMMITTEE (9 members—5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.)

George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

William M. Evarts, New York (Rep.)

Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)

Henry B. Payne, Ohio (Dem.)

James B. Eustis, Louisiana (Dem.)

52d Congress, 1891–1893

COMMITTEE (9 members—5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)

Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.)

Frank Hiscock, New York (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Matthew C. Butler, South Carolina (Dem.)

John E. Kenna, West Virginia (Dem.)

George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)

53d Congress, 1893–1895

COMMITTEE (9 members—5 Dem., 4 Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama, Chairman (Dem.)

Matthew C. Butler, South Carolina (Dem.)

George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)

David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)

John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)

John Sherman, Ohio (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)

Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.)

54th Congress, 1895–1897

COMMITTEE (11 members—6 Rep., 5 Dem.)

John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.)

J. Donald Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)

David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)

John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)

Roger Q. Mills, Texas (Dem.)

90

55th Congress, 1897–1899

COMMITTEE (9 members—4 Reps., 5 Dem.)

Special Session (and half of 1st) 8

William P. Frye, Maine, Acting Chairman

(Rep.)

Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)

David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)

John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)

Roger Q. Mills, Texas (Dem.)

COMMITTEE (11 members—6 Rep., 5 Dem.—appointed May 10, 1897)

Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota, Chairman

(Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)

David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)

Excused last day of the Congress

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Appointed last day of the Congress

John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)

Roger Q. Mills, Texas (Dem.)

Excused last day of the Congress

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

Appointed last day of the Congress

56th Congress, 1899–1901

COMMITTEE (11 members—7 Rep., 4 Dem.)

Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota, Chairman

(Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)

Edward O. Wolcott, Colorado (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

57th Congress, 1901–1903

COMMITTEE9 (9 members—5 Rep., 4 Dem.)

Special Session

William P. Frye, Maine, Acting Chairman

(Rep.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

COMMITTEE (13 members—8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Chairman (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)

John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana (Rep.)

John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

Joseph L. Rawlins, Utah (Dem.)

Joseph W. Bailey, Texas (Dem.)

Resigned March 3, 1903

William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)

Appointed March 3, 1903

8 By resolution of March 3, 1897, the committees of the 54th Congress were continued

until the first Monday in December or until new committees should be appointed. The number

did not remain the same because the Senate terms of some had expired. Committees of

the 55th Congress were appointed May 10, 1897. 9 Committees of the 56th Congress were continued by resolution of March 2, 1901. Committees of the 57th Congress were appointed December 18, 1901.

91

58th Congress, 1903–1905

COMMITTEE10 (13 members—8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Special Session (and half of 1st)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Chairman (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)

John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana (Rep.)

John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

Joseph L. Rawlins, Utah (Dem.)

William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)

COMMITTEE (13 members—8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Chairman (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)

John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana (Rep.)

John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)

James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

59th Congress, 1905–1907

COMMITTEE11 (12 members—7 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Special Session

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Chairman, (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)

John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)

John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)

James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

COMMITTEE (13 members—8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Chairman, (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)

John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)

John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)

John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)

John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)

James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

60th Congress, 1907–1909

COMMITTEE (13 members—8 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Chairman, (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)

John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)

Albert J. Beveridge, Indiana (Rep.)

Thomas H. Carter, Montana (Rep.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)

James B. Frazier, Tennessee (Dem.)

William Pinckney Whyte, Maryland (Dem.)

Died March 17, 1908

William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)

Appointed April 23, 1908

10 Committees of the 57th Congress were continued by resolution of March 3, 1903. Committees of the 58th Congress were appointed November 25, 1903. 11 Committees of the 58th Congress continued by resolution, February 27, 1905. Committees

of the 59th Congress appointed December 18, 1905.

92

61st Congress, 1909–1911

COMMITTEE (14 members—9 Rep., 5 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Chairman (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)

John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)

Albert J. Beveridge, Indiana (Rep.)

Thomas H. Carter, Montana (Rep.)

William Alden Smith, Michigan (Rep.)

Elihu Root, New York (Rep.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)

James B. Frazier, Tennessee (Dem.)

William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)

Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana (Dem.)

62d Congress, 1911–1913

COMMITTEE (15 members—9 Rep., 6 Dem.)

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Chairman (Rep.)

William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)

Died August 8, 1911

William P. Dillingham, Vermont (Rep.)

Appointed January 9, 1912

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

William Alden Smith, Michigan (Rep.)

Elihu Root, New York (Rep.)

Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota (Rep.)

George Sutherland, Utah (Rep.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Theodore E. Burton, Ohio (Rep.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)

William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)

Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana (Dem.)

James P. Clarke, Arkansas (Dem.)

Isidor Rayner, Maryland (Dem.)

Died November 25, 1912

Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Dem.)

James A. O’Gorman, New York (Dem.)

Appointed January 4, 1913

63d Congress, 1913–1915

COMMITTEE (17 members—10 Dem., 7 Rep.)

Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia, Chairman

(Dem.) Died February 14, 1914

Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)

Appointed March 10, 1914

William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)

Made Chairman March 2, 1914

Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana (Dem.)

James P. Clarke, Arkansas (Dem.)

Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Dem.)

James A. O’Gorman, New York (Dem.)

John Sharp Williams, Mississippi (Dem.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)

Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

William Alden Smith, Michigan (Rep.)

Elihu Root, New York (Rep.)

Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota (Rep.)

George Sutherland, Utah (Rep.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Theodore E. Burton, Ohio (Rep.)

64th Congress, 1915–1917

COMMITTEE (17 members—10 Dem., 7 Rep.)

William J. Stone, Missouri, Chairman (Dem.)

Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana (Dem.)

Died March 14, 1916

James P. Clarke, Arkansas (Dem.)

Died October 1, 1916

Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Dem.)

James A. O’Gorman, New York (Dem.)

John Sharp Williams, Mississippi (Dem.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)

Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)

Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

William Alden Smith, Michigan (Rep.)

Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota (Rep.)

George Sutherland, Utah (Rep.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut (Rep.)

George T. Oliver, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

Appointed March 28, 1916

John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)

Appointed December 12, 1916

93

65th Congress, 1917–1919

COMMITTEE (14 members—9 Dem., 5 Rep.)

Special Session, first half 12

William J. Stone, Missouri, Chairman (Dem.)

Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Dem.)

John Sharp Williams, Mississippi (Dem.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)

Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)

Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

William Alden Smith, Michigan (Rep.)

Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota (Rep.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut (Rep.)

COMMITTEE (17 members—10 Dem., 7 Rep.)

William J. Stone, Missouri, Chairman (Dem.)

Died April 12, 1918

Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Dem.)

Made Chairman May 10, 1918

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Appointed May 10, 1918

John Sharp Williams, Mississippi (Dem.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)

Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)

Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)

Charles D. Thomas, Colorado (Dem.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts (Rep.)

William Alden Smith, Michigan (Rep.)

Porter J McCumber, North Dakota (Rep.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut (Rep.)

Albert B. Fall, New Mexico (Rep.)

Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

66th Congress, 1919–1921

COMMITTEE (17 members—10 Rep., 7 Dem.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota (Rep.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut (Rep.)

Albert B. Fall, New Mexico (Rep.)

Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Warren G. Harding, Ohio (Rep.)

Resigned January 11, 1921; not replaced

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

Harry S. New, Indiana (Rep.)

George H. Moses, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Dem.)

John Sharp Williams, Mississippi (Dem.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Atlee Pomerene, Ohio, (Dem.)

Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)

67th Congress, 1921–1923

Committee13 (15 members—9 Rep., 6 Dem.)

Special Session

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota (Rep.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut (Rep.)

Albert B. Fall, New Mexico (Rep.)

Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

Harry S. New, Indiana (Rep.)

George H. Moses, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Dem.)

John Sharp Williams, Mississippi (Dem.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)

12 Committees of the 64th Congress continued by resolution, March 1, 1917. Committees

of the 65th Congress appointed March 12, 1917. 13 Committees of the 66th Congress continued by resolution, Jan. 18, 1921. Committees

of the 67th Congress appointed April 18, 1921. On April 18, 1921, a clause was added to

Rule XXV of the Senate Rules providing that all standing committees were to continue until

their successors were appointed.

94

67th Congress, 1921–1923 (continued)

COMMITTEE (16 members—10 Rep., 6 Dem.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.)

Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota, (Rep.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut (Rep.)

Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Died October 12, 1921

James W. Wadsworth, Jr., New York (Rep.)

Appointed October 21, 1921

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

Harry S. New, Indiana (Rep.)

George H. Moses, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Frank B. Kellogg, Minnesota (Rep.)

Medill McCormick, Illinois (Rep.)

Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Dem.)

John Sharp Williams, Mississippi (Dem.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)

68th Congress, 1923–1925

COMMITTEE (18 members—10 Rep., 7 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts,

Chairman (Rep.),

Died November 9, 1924

Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)

Appointed December 3, 1924

George P. McLean, Connecticut (Rep.)

Appointed December 3, 1924

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Made Chairman, December 3, 1924

Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut (Rep.)

Died October 14, 1924

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

George H. Moses, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Medill McCormick, Illinois (Rep.)

James W. Wadsworth, Jr., New York (Rep.)

Irvine L. Lenroot, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Frank B. Willis, Ohio (Rep.)

George Wharton Pepper, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Oscar W. Underwood, Alabama (Dem.)

Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)

Robert L. Owen, Oklahoma (Dem.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

69th Congress, 1925–1927

COMMITTEE (18 members—10 Rep., 7 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

George H. Moses, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Irvine L. Lenroot, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Frank Willis, Ohio (Rep.)

George Wharton Pepper, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

George P. McLean, Connecticut (Rep.)

Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

William M. Butler, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Term expired November 1925

Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts (Rep.)

Appointed December 14, 1926

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Oscar W. Underwood, Alabama (Dem.)

Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)

James A. Reed, Missouri (Dem.)

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

70th Congress, 1927–1929

COMMITTEE (18 members—9 Rep., 8 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

George H. Moses, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Frank Willis, Ohio (Rep.)

Died March 30, 1928

Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)

Appointed May 10, 1928

George P. McLean, Connecticut (Rep.)

Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts (Rep.)

David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)

James A. Reed, Missouri (Dem.)

Pat Harrison. Mississippi (Dem.)

Woodbridge N. Ferris, Michigan (Dem.)

Died March 23, 1928

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Appointed April 28, 1928

Thomas F. Bayard, Delaware (Dem.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

95

71st Congress, 1929–1931

COMMITTEE (15 members—8 Rep., 6 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Special Session (continuing)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

George H. Moses, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts (Rep.)

David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

COMMITTEE (20 members—11 Rep., 8 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor; appointed April 22, 1929)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

George H. Moses, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.)

Resigned November 21, 1929

Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)

Appointed January 11, 1930

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts (Rep.)

David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)

Guy D. Goff, West Virginia (Rep.)

Robert La Follette, Jr.,

Wisconsin (Rep.)

Arthur Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Hugo Black, Alabama (Dem.)

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

72d Congress, 1931–1933

COMMITTEE (22 members—11 Rep., 10 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)

William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

George H. Moses, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)

Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin (Rep.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)

Otis Glenn, Illinois (Rep.)

Bronson Cutting, New Mexico (Rep.)

Claude Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)

Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.)

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)

J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

96

73d Congress, 1933–1934

COMMITTEE (18 members—8 Dem., 9 Rep., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Special Session (continuing)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.)

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)

J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)

Robert La Follette Jr., Wisconsin (Rep.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)

Bronson Cutting, New Mexico (Rep.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

COMMITTEE (23 members—14 Dem., 8 Rep., 1 Farmer-Labor; appointed March 9, 1933)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.)

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)

J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)

Nathan L. Bachman, Tennessee (Dem.)

Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)

Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.)

F. Ryan Duffy, Wisconsin (Dem.)

James P. Pope, Idaho (Dem.)

Robert J. Bulkley, Ohio (Dem.)

Appointed June 10, 1933

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)

Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin (Rep.)

Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

74th Congress, 1935–1936

COMMITTEE (23 members—16 Dem., 5 Rep., 1 Prog., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Hugo L Black, Alabama (Dem.)

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)

J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)

Nathan L. Bachman, Tennessee (Dem.)

Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)

Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.)

F. Ryan Duffy, Wisconsin (Dem.)

James P. Pope, Idaho (Dem.)

Robert J. Bulkley, Ohio (Dem.)

James E. Murry, Montana (Dem.)

Dennis Chavez, New Mexico (Dem.)

Appointed May 31, 1935

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin (Prog.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Bronson Cutting, New Mexico (Rep.)

Died May 6, 1935

Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine (Rep.)

Appointed May 31, 1935

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

75th Congress, 1937–1938

COMMITTEE (23 members—16 Dem., 5 Rep., 1 Prog., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman (Dem.)

J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)

Died July 4, 1937

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Appointed November 30, 1937

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.)

Resigned August 20, 1937

Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)

Appointed February 2, 1938

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)

J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)

Nathan L. Bachman, Tennessee (Dem.)

Died April 23, 1937

Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)

Appointed May 11, 1937

Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)

Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.)

F. Ryan Duffy, Wisconsin (Dem.)

James P. Pope, Idaho (Dem.)

James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)

Dennis Chavez, New Mexico (Dem.)

Lewis B. Schwellenbach, Washington (Dem.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin (Prog.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine (Rep.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

97

76th Congress, 1939–1941

COMMITTEE (23 members—16 Dem., 5 Rep., 1 Prog., 1 Farmer-Labor)

Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman (Dem.)

Died November 11, 1940

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Made Chairman November 25, 1940

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)

J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)

Died April 9, 1939

Bennett Champ Clark, Missouri (Dem.)

Appointed April 27, 1939

Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)

Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.)

James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)

Lewis B. Schwellenbach, Washington (Dem.)

Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)

Robert R. Reynolds, North Carolina (Dem.)

Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)

William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)

Died January 19, 1940

Gerald P. Nye, North Dakota (Rep.)

Appointed February 8, 1940

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin (Prog.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine (Rep.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-L.)

77th Congress, 1941–1942

COMMITTEE (23 members—16 Dem., 6 Rep., 1 Prog.)

Walter F. George, Georgia, Chairman (Dem.)

Excused from Chairmanship June 30, 1941

Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)

Died June 22, 1941

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)

Made Chairman June 30, 1941

Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)

Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.)

James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)

Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)

Robert R. Reynolds, North Carolina (Dem.)

Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)

Bennett Champ Clark, Missouri (Dem.)

Carter Glass, Virginia (Dem.)

James F. Byrnes, South Carolina (Dem.)

Resigned July 8, 1941

Josh Lee, Oklahoma (Dem.)

Appointed June 31, 1941

James M. Tunnell, Delaware (Dem.)

Appointed June 30, 1941

Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin (Prog.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine (Rep.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (Rep.)

Gerald P. Nye, North Dakota (Rep.)

78th Congress, 1943–1944

COMMITTEE (23 members—14 Dem., 8 Rep., 1 Prog.)

Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)

James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)

Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)

Robert R. Reynolds, North Carolina (Dem.)

Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)

Bennett Champ Clark, Missouri (Dem.)

Carter Glass, Virginia (Dem.)

James M. Tunnell, Delaware (Dem.)

Hiram W. Johnson, California (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin (Prog.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine (Rep.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (Rep.)

Gerald P. Nye, North Dakota (Rep.)

James J. Davis, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

Warren R. Austin, Vermont (Rep.)

98

79th Congress, 1945–1946

COMMITTEE (23 members—14 Dem., 8 Rep., 1 Prog.)

Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)

James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)

Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)

Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

Carter Glass, Virginia (Dem.)

Died May 28, 1946

James M. Tunnell, Delaware (Dem.)

Carl A. Hatch, New Mexico (Dem.)

Lister Hill, Alabama (Dem.)

Scott W. Lucas, Illinois (Dem.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin (Prog.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine (Rep.)

Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (Rep.)

Warren R. Austin, Vermont (Rep.)

Resigned August 2, 1946

Styles Bridges, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Chan Gurney, South Dakota (Rep.)

80th Congress, 1947–1948

COMMITTEE (13 members—7 Rep., 6 Dem.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan,

Chairman (Rep.)

Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)

Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine (Rep.)

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)

H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey (Rep.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., Massachusetts (Rep.)

Tom Connally, Texas (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)

Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)

Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)

Carl A. Hatch, New Mexico (Dem.)

81st Congress, 1949–1950

COMMITTEE (13 members—8 Dem., 5 Rep.)

Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)

Millard E. Tydings, Maryland (Dem.)

Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Brien McMahon, Connecticut (Dem.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)

H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey (Rep.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., Massachusetts (Rep.)

82d Congress, 1951–1952

COMMITTEE (13 members—7 Dem., 6 Rep.)

Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman (Dem.)

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Brien McMahon, Connecticut (Dem.)

Died July 28, 1952

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)

Arthur H. Vandenberg Michigan (Rep.)

Died April 18, 1951

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)

H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey (Rep.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., Massachusetts (Rep.)

Charles W. Tobey, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Owen Brewster, Maine (Rep.)

Appointed May 9, 1951

83d Congress, 1953–1954

COMMITTEE (15 members—8 Rep., 7 Dem.)

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin, Chairman (Rep.)

H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey (Rep.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

Charles W. Tobey, New Hampshire (Rep.)

Died July 24, 1953

Robert A. Taft, Ohio (Rep.)

Died July 31, 1953

William Langer, North Dakota (Rep.)

Homer Ferguson, Michigan (Rep.)

William F. Knowland, California (Rep.)

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Appointed January 13, 1954

Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)

Appointed January 13, 1954

Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)

Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

99

84th Congress, 1955–1956

COMMITTEE (15 members—8 Dem., 7 Rep.)

Walter F. George, Georgia, Chairman (Dem.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)

Died April 30, 1956

Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)

Appointed May 8, 1956

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Alexander Smith, New Jersey (Rep.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

William Langer, North Dakota (Rep.)

William F. Knowland, California (Rep.)

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)

85th Congress, 1957–1958

COMMITTEE (15 members—8 Dem., 7 Rep.)

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island,

Chairman (Dem.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)

Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)

John F. Kennedy, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)

H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey (Rep.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

William Langer, North Dakota (Rep.)

William F. Knowland, California (Rep.)

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)

86th Congress, 1959–1960

COMMITTEE (17 members—11 Dem., 6 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman (Dem.)

Appointed Chairman February 6, 1959

Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Resigned chairmanship February 6, 1959

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)

Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)

John F. Kennedy, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Resigned December 22, 1960

Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)

Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

William Langer, North Dakota (Rep.)

Died November 8, 1959

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)

Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)

John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)

Appointed January 18, 1960

87th Congress, 1961–1962

COMMITTEE (17 members—11 Dem., 6 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)

Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)

Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)

Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)

Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)

Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)

John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)

88th Congress, 1963–1964

COMMITTEE (17 members—12 Dem., 5 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)

Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)

Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)

Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)

Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

George A. Smathers, Florida (Dem.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)

John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)

Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)

100

89th Congress, 1965–1966

COMMITTEE (19 members—13 Dem., 6 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)

Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.)

Resigned March 25, 1966

Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)

Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)

Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

George A. Smathers, Florida (Dem.)

Resigned April 26, 1965

Joseph S. Clark, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Eugene J. McCarthy, Minnesota (Dem.)

Appointed April 26, 1965

Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)

Appointed March 25, 1966

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)

John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)

Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)

Clifford P. Case, New Jersey (Rep.)

90th Congress, 1967–1968

COMMITTEE (19 members—12 Dem., 7 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)

Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)

Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)

Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

Joseph S. Clark, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Eugene J. McCarthy, Minnesota (Dem.)

Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.)

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)

John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)

Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)

Clifford P. Case, New Jersey (Rep.)

John Sherman Cooper, Kentucky (Rep.)

91st Congress, 1969–1971

COMMITTEE (15 members—9 Dem., 6 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)

Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)

Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)

Clifford P. Case, New Jersey (Rep.)

John Sherman Cooper, Kentucky (Rep.)

John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)

Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)

92d Congress, 1971–1972

COMMITTEE (16 members—9 Dem., 7 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)

Edmund S. Muskie, Maine (Dem.)

William B. Spong, Jr., Virginia (Dem.)

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)

Resigned February 23, 1972

Clifford P. Case, New Jersey (Rep.)

John Sherman Cooper, Kentucky (Rep.)

Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)

Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)

Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)

Appointed February 23, 1972

93d Congress, 1973–1974

COMMITTEE (17 members—10 Dem., 7 Rep.)

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman (Dem.)

John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)

Edmund S. Muskie, Maine (Dem.)

George McGovern, South Dakota (Dem.)

Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)

Clifford P. Case, New Jersey (Rep.)

Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)

Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)

Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)

Robert P. Grfffin, Michigan (Rep.)

101

94th Congress, 1975–1976

COMMITTEE (16 members—10 Dem., 6 Rep.)

John Sparkman, Alabama, Chairman (Dem.)

Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)

George McGovern, South Dakota (Dem.)

Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

Dick Clark, Iowa (Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

Clifford P. Case, New Jersey (Rep.)

Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)

Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania (Rep.)

James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)

Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)

Robert P. Griffin, Michigan (Rep.)

Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee (Rep.)

Excused Sept. 19, 1975, when

committee ratio was changed

from 7 to 6 Republicans

95th Congress, 1977–1978

COMMITTEE (16 members—10 Dem., 6 Rep.)

John Sparkman, Alabama, Chairman (Dem.)

Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

George McGovern, South Dakota (Dem.)

Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

Died January 13, 1978

Dick Clark, Iowa (Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)

Richard Stone, Florida (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Muriel B. Humphrey, Minnesota (Dem.)

Appointed February 6, 1978

Clifford P. Case, New Jersey (Rep.)

Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)

James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)

Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)

Robert P. Griffin, Michigan (Rep.)

Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee (Rep.)

96th Congress, 1979–1980

COMMITTEE (15 members—9 Dem., 6 Rep.)

Frank Church, Idaho, Chairman (Dem.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

George McGovern, South Dakota (Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)

Richard Stone, Florida (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Edmund Muskie, Maine (Dem.)

Resigned May 7, 1980

Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)

Paul E. Tsongas, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Appointed May 13, 1980

Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)

Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)

Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee (Rep.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)

S.I. Hayakawa, California (Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

97th Congress, 1981–1982

COMMITTEE (17 members—9 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Charles H. Percy, Illinois, Chairman (Rep.)

Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee (Rep.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)

S.I. Hayakawa, California (Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland (Rep.)

Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)

Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)

Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)

Paul E. Tsongas, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

98th Congress, 1983–1984

COMMITTEE (18 members—10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Charles H. Percy, Illinois, Chairman (Rep.)

Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee (Rep.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland (Rep.)

Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)

Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)

Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)

Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)

Paula Hawkins, Florida (Rep.)

Appointed Feb. 9, 1984

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)

Paul E. Tsongas, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

102

99th Congress, 1985–1986

COMMITTEE (17 members—9 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana, Chairman (Rep.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)

Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland (Rep.)

Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)

Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)

Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)

Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)

Paul S. Trible, Jr., Virginia (Rep.)

Daniel J. Evans, Washington (Rep.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)

Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

Thomas F. Eagleton, Missouri (Dem.)

John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)

100th Congress, 1987–1988

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, Chairman

(Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.)

Terry Sanford, North Carolina (Dem.)

Brock Adams, Washington (Dem.)

Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)

Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)

Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)

Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)

Paul S. Trible, Jr., Virginia (Rep.)

Daniel J. Evans, Washington (Rep.)

Mitch McConnell, Kentucky (Rep.)

101st Congress, 1989–1990

COMMITTEE (19 members—10 Dem., 9 Rep.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, Chairman

(Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.)

Terry Sanford, North Carolina (Dem.)

Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)

Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)

Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)

Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)

Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)

Mitch McConnell, Kentucky (Rep.)

Gordon J. Humphrey, New Hampshire

Connie Mack, Florida (Rep.)

102d Congress, 1991–1992

COMMITTEE (19 members—11 Dem., 8 Rep.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, Chairman

(Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.)

Terry Sanford, North Carolina (Dem.)

Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)

Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)

Harris Wofford, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)

Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)

Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)

Mitch McConnell, Kentucky (Rep.)

Hank Brown, Colorado (Rep.)

James M. Jeffords, Vermont (Rep.)

103

103d Congress, 1993–1994

COMMITTEE (20 members—11 Dem., 9 Rep.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, Chairman

(Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.)

Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)

Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)

Harris Wofford, Pennsylvania (Dem.)

Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin (Dem.)

Harlan Mathews, Tennessee (Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)

Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.)

Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)

Hank Brown, Colorado (Rep.)

James M. Jeffords, Vermont (Rep.)

Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.)

Judd Gregg, New Hampshire (Rep.)

104th Congress, 1995–1996

COMMITTEE (18 members—10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina, Chairman

(Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)

Hank Brown, Colorado (Rep.)

Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.)

Olympia J. Snowe, Maine (Rep.)

Fred Thompson, Tennessee (Rep.)

Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.)

Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.)

John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.)

Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, (Dem.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem.)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)

Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin

Dianne Feinstein, California (Dem.)

104

105th Congress, 1997–1998

COMMITTEE (18 members—10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina, Chairman

(Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.)

Chuck Hagel, Nebraska (Rep.)

Gordon H. Smith, Oregon (Rep.)

Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.)

Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.)

John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.)

Bill Frist, Tennessee (Rep.)

Sam Brownback, Kansas (Rep.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)

Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin (Dem.)

Dianne Feinstein, California (Dem.)

Paul D. Wellstone, Minnesota (Dem.)

106th Congress, 1999–2000

1st Session

COMMITTEE (18 members—10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina, Chairman

(Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.)

Chuck Hagel, Nebraska (Rep.)

Gordon H. Smith, Oregon (Rep.)

Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.)

Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.)

Sam Brownback, Kansas (Rep.)

John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.)

Bill Frist, Tennessee (Rep.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin (Dem.)

Paul D. Wellstone, Minnesota (Dem.)

Barbara Boxer, California (Dem.)

Robert G. Torricelli, New Jersey (Dem.)

2nd Session

COMMITTEE (18 members—10 Rep., 8 Dem.)

Jesse Helms, North Carolina, Chairman

(Rep.)

Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)

Chuck Hagel, Nebraska (Rep.)

Gordon H. Smith, Oregon (Rep.)

Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.)

Sam Brownback, Kansas (Rep.)

Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.)

John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.)

Bill Frist, Tennessee (Rep.)

Lincoln D. Chafee, Rhode Island (Rep.)

Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware (Dem)

Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)

Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)

John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.)

Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin (Dem.)

Paul D. Wellstone, Minnesota (Dem.)

Barbara Boxer, California (Dem.)

Robert G. Torricelli, New Jersey (Dem.)

105

Appendix III

Chairmen of the Committee on Foreign Relations

Congress Dates Senator

14th 1816–1817 James Barbour, Virginia.

15th 1817–1819 James Barbour, Virginia.

Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (2d

session).

16th 1819–1821 James Brown, Louisiana.

James Barbour, Virginia (2d session).

17th 1821–1823 Rufus King, New York.

James Barbour, Virginia (2d session).

18th 1823–1825 James Barbour, Virginia (2d session).

19th 1825–1827 Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina.

Nathan Sanford, New York (2d session).

20th 1827–1829 Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina.

Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia (2d

session).

21st 1829–1831 Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia (2d

session).

22d 1831–1833 Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia.

John Forsyth, Georgia (2d session).

23d 1833–1835 William Wilkins, Pennsylvania.

Henry Clay, Kentucky (2d session).

24th 1835–1837 Henry Clay, Kentucky.

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania (2d

session).

25th 1837–1839 James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.

26th 1839–1841 James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.

27th 1841–1843 William C. Rives, Virginia.

William S. Archer, Virginia (3d session).

28th 1843–1845 William S. Archer, Virginia.

29th 1845–1847 William Allen, Ohio.

Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas (2d session).

30th 1847–1849 Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas.

Edward A. Hannegan, Indiana (2d

session and part of 1st beginning

Mar. 14, 1848).

31st 1849–1851 Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (special

session).

William R. King, Alabama (1st session).

Henry S. Foote, Mississippi (2d session and part of 1st beginning July

26, 1850).

32d 1851–1853 Henry S. Foote, Mississippi (special

session).

James M. Mason, Virginia.

106

Chairmen of the Committee on Foreign Relations—Continued

Congress Dates Senator

33d 1853–1855 James M. Mason, Virginia.

34th 1855–1857 James M. Mason, Virginia.

35th 1857–1859 James M. Mason, Virginia.

36th 1859–1861 James M. Mason, Virginia.

37th 1861–1863 Charles Sumner, Massachusetts.

38th 1863–1865 Charles Sumner, Massachusetts.

39th 1865–1867 Charles Sumner, Massachusetts.

40th 1867–1869 Charles Sumner, Massachusetts.

41st 1869–1871 Charles Sumner, Massachusetts.

42d 1871–1873 Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania.

43d 1873–1875 Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania.

44th 1875–1877 Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania.

45th 1877–1879 Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (special session).

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine.

46th 1879–1881 William W. Eaton, Connecticut.

47th 1881–1883 Ambrose E. Burnside, Rhode Island

(lst special session).

George F. Edmunds, Vermont (2d

special session).

William Windon, Minnesota.

48th 1883–1885 John F. Miller, California.

49th 1885–1887 John F Miller, California.

50th 1887–1889 John Sherman, Ohio.

51st 1889–1891 John Sherman, Ohio.

52d 1891–1893 John Sherman, Ohio.

53d 1893–1895 John T. Morgan, Alabama.

54th 1895–1897 John Sherman, Ohio.

55th 1897–1899 William P. Frye, Maine (acting, special session).

Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota.

56th 1899–1901 Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota.

57th 1901–1903 William P. Frye, Maine (acting, special session).

Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.

58th 1903–1905 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.

59th 1905–1907 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.

60th 1907–1909 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.

61st 1909–1911 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.

62d 1911–1913 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.

63d 1913–1915 Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (died

February 14, 1914)

William J. Stone, Missouri (appointed

Chairman March 2, 1914).

64th 1915–1917 William J. Stone, Missouri.

65th 1917–1919 William J. Stone, Missouri.

66th 1919–1921 Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts.

67th 1921–1923 Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts.

107

Chairmen of the Committee on Foreign Relations—Continued

Congress Dates Senator

68th 1923–1925 Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts

(died Nov. 9, 1924).

William E. Borah, Idaho (appointed

Chairman December 3, 1924).

69th 1925–1927 William E. Borah, Idaho.

70th 1927–1929 William E. Borah, Idaho.

71st 1929–1931 William E. Borah, Idaho.

72d 1931–1933 William E. Borah, Idaho.

73d 1933–1935 Key Pittman, Nevada.

74th 1935–1937 Key Pittman, Nevada.

75th 1937–1939 Key Pittman, Nevada.

76th 1939–1941 Key Pittman, Nevada (died Nov. 11,

1940).

Walter F. George, Georgia (appointed

Chairman Nov. 25, 1940).

77th 1941–1943 Walter F. George, Georgia (excused

from chairmanship June 31, 1941).

Tom Connally, Texas.

78th 1943–1945 Tom Connally, Texas.

79th 1945–1947 Tom Connally, Texas.

80th 1947–1949 Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan.

81st 1949–1951 Tom Connally, Texas.

82d 1951–1953 Tom Connally, Texas.

83d 1953–1955 Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin.

84th 1955–1957 Walter F. George, Georgia.

85th 1957–1959 Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island.

86th 1959–1961 Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island (resigned chairmanship Feb.

6, 1959).

J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (appointed

Chairman Feb. 6, 1959).

87th 1961–1963 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.

88th 1963–1965 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.

89th 1965–1967 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.

90th 1967–1969 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.

91st 1969–1971 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.1

92d 1971–1973 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.

93d 1973–1975 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.

94th 1975–1977 John Sparkman, Alabama.

95th 1977–1979 John Sparkman, Alabama.

96th 1979–1981 Frank Church, Idaho.

97th 1981–1983 Charles H. Percy, Illinois.

98th 1983–1985 Charles H. Percy, Illinois.

99th 1985–1987 Richard G. Lugar, Indiana.

100th 1987–1989 Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.

101st 1989–1991 Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.

102d 1991–1993 Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.

103d 1993–1995 Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.

104th 1995–1997 Jesse Helms, North Carolina.

108

Chairmen of the Committee on Foreign Relations—Continued

Congress Dates Senator

105th 1997–1999 Jesse Helms, North Carolina.

106th 1999–2001 Jesse Helms, North Carolina.

1On Apr. 24, 1970, Senator J.W. Fulbright became the longestserving Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations.

109

Appendix IV

Staff Directors of the Committee on Foreign Relations

Following the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 the committee for the first time appointed a chief of staff (the title was

changed to staff director in 1979). Those who have served in this

position since 1947 are as follows:

1947–1955 ............................ Francis O. Wilcox

1955–1973 ............................ Carl M. Marcy

1974–1977 ............................ Pat M. Holt

1977–1978 ............................ Norvill Jones

1979–1980 ............................ William B. Bader

Albert A. Lakeland, Jr. (Minority)

1981–1983 ............................ Edward G. Sanders

Geryld B. Christianson (Minority)

1983–1984 ............................ Scott Cohen

Gerald B. Christianson (Minority)

1985–January 17, 1986 ....... Jeffrey T. Bergner

Geryld B. Christianson (Minority)

January 20, 1986–1987 ....... M. Graeme Bannerman

Geryld B. Christianson (Minority)

1987–1988 ............................ Geryld B. Christianson

James P. Lucier (Minority)

1989–1990 ............................ Geryld B. Christianson

James P. Lucier (Minority)

1991–1992 ............................ Geryld B. Christianson

James W. Nance (Minority)

1993–1994 ............................ Geryld B. Christianson

James W. Nance (Minority)

1995–1996 ............................ James W. Nance

Edwin K. Hall (Minority)

1997–1998 ............................ James W. Nance

Edwin K. Hall (Minority)

1998–1999 ............................ James W. Nance,1 Stephen E. Biegun 2

Edwin K. Hall (Minority)

1999–2000 ............................ Stephen E. Biegun

Edwin K. Hall (Minority) 1Deceased May 11, 1999

2 Appointed May 24, 1999

110

1Pursuant to section 68c of title 2, United States Code, the Committee on Rules and Administration issues ‘‘Regulations Governing Rates Payable to Commercial Reporting Firms for Reporting Committee Hearings in the Senate.’’ Copies of the regulations currently in effect may be obtained from the Committee.

2The term ‘‘each committee’’ when used in these rules includes standing, select, and special

committees unless otherwise specified.

Appendix V

Selected provisions of the Standing Rules of the Senate, relating to

committee procedures.

RULE XXVI

COMMITTEE PROCEDURE

1. Each standing committee, including any subcommittee of any

such committee is authorized to hold such hearings, to sit and act

at such times and places during the sessions, recesses, and adjourned periods of the Senate, to require by subpoena or otherwise

the attendance of such witnesses and the production of such correspondence, books, papers, and documents, to take such testimony

and to make such expenditures out of the contingent fund of the

Senate as may be authorized by resolutions of the Senate. Each

such committee may make investigations into any matter within its

jurisdiction, may report such hearings as may be had by it, and

may employ stenographic assistance at a cost not exceeding the

amount prescribed by the Committee on Rules and Administration. 1 The expenses of the committee shall be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman.

2. Each committee 2 shall adopt rules (not inconsistent with the

Rules of the Senate) governing the procedure of such committee.

The rules of each committee shall be published in the Congressional Record not later than March 1 of each year, except that if

any such committee is established on or after February 1 of a year,

the rules of that committee during the year of establishment shall

be published in the Congressional Record not later than sixty days

after such establishment. An amendment to the rules of any such

committee shall be published in the Congressional Record not later

than thirty days after the adoption of such amendment. If the Congressional Record is not published on the last day of any period referred to above, such period shall be extended until the first day

thereafter on which it is published.

3. Each standing committee (except the Committee on Appropriations) shall fix regular weekly, biweekly, or monthly meeting days

for the transaction of business before the committee and additional

meetings may be called by the chairman as he may deem necessary. If at least three members of any such committee desire that

111

a special meeting of the committee be called by the chairman, those

members may file in the offices of the committee their written request to the chairman for that special meeting. Immediately upon

the filing of the request, the clerk of the committee shall notify the

chairman of the filing of the request. If, within three calendar days

after the filing of the request, the chairman does not call the requested special meeting, to be held within seven calendar days

after the filing of the request, a majority of the members of the

committee may file in the offices of the committee their written notice that a special meeting of the committee will be held, specifying

the date and hour of that special meeting. The committee shall

meet on that date and hour. Immediately upon the filing of the notice the clerk of the committee shall notify all members of the committee that such special meeting will be held and inform them of

its date and hour. If the chairman of any such committee is not

present at any regular, additional, or special meeting of the committee, the ranking member of the majority party on the committee

who is present shall preside at that meeting.

4. (a) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations

and the Committee on the Budget) shall make public announcement of the date, place, and subject matter of any hearing to be

conducted by the committee on any measure or matter at least one

week before the commencement of that hearing unless the committee determines that there is good cause to begin such hearing

at an earlier date.

(b) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations)

shall require each witness who is to appear before the committee

in any hearing to file with the clerk of the committee, at least one

day before the date of the appearance of that witness, a written

statement of his proposed testimony unless the committee chairman and the ranking minority member determine that there is

good cause for noncompliance. If so requested by any committee,

the staff of the committee shall prepare for the use of the members

of the committee before each day of hearing before the committee

a digest of the statements which have been so filed by witnesses

who are to appear before the committee on that day.

(c) After the conclusion of each day of hearing, is so requested

by any committee, the staff shall prepare for the use of the members of the committee a summary of the testimony given before the

committee on that day. After approval by the chairman and the

ranking minority member of the committee, each such summary

may be printed as a part of the committee hearings if such hearings are ordered by the committee to be printed.

(d) Whenever any hearing is conducted by a committee (except

the Committee on Appropriations) upon any measure or matter,

112

the minority on the committee shall be entitled, upon request made

by a majority of the minority members to the chairman before the

completion of such hearing to call witnesses selected by the minority to testify with respect to the measure or matter during at least

one day of hearing thereon.

5. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of the rules, when the

Senate is in session, no committee of the Senate or any subcommittee thereof may meet, without special leave, after the conclusion of the first two hours after the meeting of the Senate commenced and in no case after two o’clock post meridian unless consent therefor has been obtained from the majority leader and the

minority leader (or in the event of the absence of either of such

leaders, from his designee). The prohibition contained in the preceding sentence shall not apply to the Committee on Appropriations or the Committee on the Budget. The majority leader or his

designee shall announce to the Senate whenever consent has been

given under this subparagraph and shall state the time and place

of such meeting. The right to make such announcement of consent

shall have the same priority as the filing of a cloture motion.

(b) Each meeting of a committee, or any subcommittee thereof,

including meetings to conduct hearings, shall be open to the public,

except that a meeting or series of meetings by a committee or a

subcommittee thereof on the same subject for a period of no more

than fourteen calendar days may be closed to the public on a motion made and seconded to go into closed session to discuss only

whether the matters enumerated in clauses (1) through (6) would

require the meeting to be closed, followed immediately by a record

vote in open session by a majority of the members of the committee

or subcommittee when it is determined that the matters to be discussed or the testimony to be taken at such meeting or meetings—

(1) will disclose matters necessary to be kept secret in the interests of national defense or the confidential conduct of the

foreign relations of the United States;

(2) will relate solely to matters of committee staff personnel

or internal staff management or procedure;

(3) will tend to charge an individual with crime or misconduct, to disgrace or injure the professional standing of an

individual, or otherwise to expose an individual to public contempt or obloquy or will represent a clearly unwarranted invasion of the privacy of an individual;

(4) will disclose the identity of any informer or law enforcement agent or will disclose any information relating to the investigation or prosecution of a criminal offense that is required

to be kept secret in the interests of effective law enforcement;

113

(5) will disclose information relating to the trade secrets of

financial or commercial information pertaining specifically to a

given person if—

(A) an Act of Congress requires the information to be

kept confidential by Government officers and employees; or

(B) the information has been obtained by the Government on a confidential basis, other than through an application by such person for a specific Government financial

or other benefit, and is required to be kept secret in order

to prevent undue injury to the competitive position of such

person; or

(6) may divulge matters required to be kept confidential

under other provisions of law or Government regulations.

(c) Whenever any hearing conducted by any such committee or

subcommittee is open to the public, that hearing may be broadcast

by radio or television, or both, under rules as the committee or subcommittee may adopt.

(d) Whenever disorder arises during a committee meeting that is

open to the public, or any demonstration of approval or disapproval

is indulged in by any person in attendance at any such meeting,

it shall be the duty of the Chair to enforce order on his own initiative and without any point of order being made by a Senator. When

the Chair finds it necessary to maintain order, he shall have the

power to clear the room, and the committee may act in closed session for so long as there is doubt of the assurance of order.

(e) Each committee shall prepare and keep a complete transcript

or electronic recording adequate to fully record the proceeding of

each meeting or conference whether or not such meeting or any

part thereof is closed under this paragraph, unless a majority of its

members vote to forgo such a record.

6. Morning meetings of committees and subcommittees thereof

shall be scheduled for one or both of the periods prescribed in this

paragraph. The first period shall end at eleven o’clock ante meridian. The second period shall begin at eleven o’clock ante meridian

and end at two o’clock post meridian.

7. (a)(1) Except as provided in this paragraph, each committee,

and each subcommittee thereof is authorized to fix the number of

its members (but not less than one third of its entire membership)

who shall constitute a quorum thereof for the transaction of such

business as may be considered by said committee, except that no

measure or matter or recommendation shall be reported from any

committee unless a majority of the committee were physically

present.

(2) Each such committee, or subcommittee, is authorized to fix a

lesser number than one-third of its entire membership who shall

114

constitute a quorum thereof for the purpose of taking sworn testimony.

(3) The vote of any committee to report a measure or matter

shall require the concurrence of a majority of the members of the

committee who are present. No vote of any member of any committee to report a measure or matter may be cast by proxy if rules

adopted by such committee forbid the casting of votes for that purpose by proxy; however, proxies may not be voted when the absent

committee member has not been informed of the matter on which

he is being recorded and has not affirmatively requested that he

be so recorded. Action by any committee in reporting any measure

or matter in accordance with the requirements of this subparagraph shall constitute the ratification by the committee of all action

theretofore taken by the committee with respect to that measure

or matter, including votes taken upon the measure or matter or

any amendment thereto, and no point of order shall lie with respect

to that measure or matter on the ground that such previous action

with respect thereto by such committee was not taken in compliance with such requirements.

(b) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations)

shall keep a complete record of all committee action. Such record

shall include a record of the votes on any question on which a

record vote is demanded. The results of roll call votes taken in any

meeting of any committee upon any measure, or any amendment

thereto, shall be announced in the committee report on that measure unless previously announced by the committee, and such announcement shall include a tabulation of the votes cast in favor of

and the votes cast in opposition to each such measure and amendment by each member of the committee who was present at that

meeting.

(c) Whenever any committee by roll call vote reports any measure or matter, the report of the committee upon such measure or

matter shall include a tabulation of the votes cast by each member

of the committee in favor of and in opposition to such measure or

matter. Nothing contained in this subparagraph shall abrogate the

power of any committee to adopt rules—

(1) providing for proxy voting on all matters other than the

reporting of a measure or matter, or

(2) providing in accordance with subparagraph (a) for a lesser number as a quorum for any action other than the reporting

of a measure or matter.

8. In order to assist the Senate in—

(1) its analysis, appraisal, and evaluation of the application,

administration, and execution of the laws enacted by the Congress, and

115

(2) its formulation, consideration, and enactment of such

modifications of or changes in those laws, and of such additional legislation, as may be necessary or appropriate,

each standing committee (except the committees on Appropriations

and the Budget), shall review and study, on a continuing basis the

application, administration, and execution of those laws, or parts of

laws, the subject matter of which is within the legislative jurisdiction of that committee. Such committees may carry out the required analysis, appraisal, and evaluation themselves, or by contract, or may require a Government agency to do so and furnish a

report thereon to the Senate. Such committees may rely on such

techniques as pilot testing, analysis of costs in comparison with

benefits, or provision for evaluation after a defined period of time.

(b) In each odd-numbered year, each such committee shall submit not later than March 31, to the Senate, a report on the activities of that committee under this paragraph during the Congress

ending at noon on January 3 of such year.

9. (a) Except as provided in subparagraph (b), each committee

shall report one authorization resolution each year authorizing the

committee to make expenditures out of the contingent fund of the

Senate to defray its expenses, including the compensation of members of its staff and agency contributions related to such compensation, during the period beginning on March 1 of such year and ending on the last day of February of the following year. Such annual

authorization resolution shall be reported not later than January

31 of each year, except that, whenever the designation of members

of standing committees of the Senate occurs during the first session

of a Congress at a date later than January 20, such resolution may

be reported at any time within thirty days after the date on which

the designation of such members is completed. After the annual authorization resolution of a committee for a year has been agreed to,

such committee may procure authorization to make additional expenditures out of the contingent fund of the Senate during that

year only by reporting a supplemental authorization resolution.

Each supplemental authorization resolution reported by a committee shall amend the annual authorization resolution of such

committee for that year and shall be accompanied by a report

specifying with particularity the purpose for which such authorization is sought and the reason why such authorization could not

have been sought at the time of the submission by such committee

of its annual authorization resolution for that year.

(b) In lieu of the procedure provided in subparagraph (a), the

Committee on Rules and Administration may—

116

(1) direct each committee to report an authorization resolution

for a two year budget period beginning on March 1 of the first

session of a Congress; and

(2) report one authorization resolution containing more than

one committee authorization resolution for a one year or two year

budget period.

10. (a) All committee hearings, records, data, charts, and files

shall be kept separate and distinct from the congressional office

records of the Member serving as chairman of the committee; and

such records shall be the property of the Senate and all members

of the committee and the Senate shall have access to such records.

Each committee is authorized to have printed and bound such testimony and other data presented at hearings held by the committee.

(b) It shall be the duty of the chairman of each committee to report or cause to be reported promptly to the Senate any measure

approved by his committee and to take or cause to be taken necessary steps to bring the matter to a vote. In any event, the report

of any committee upon a measure which has been approved by the

committee shall be filed within seven calendar days (exclusive of

days on which the Senate is not in session) after the day on which

there has been filed with the clerk of the committee a written and

signed request of a majority of the committee for the reporting of

that measure. Upon the filing of any such request, the clerk of the

committee shall transmit immediately to the chairman of the committee notice of the filing of that request. This subparagraph does

not apply to the Committee on Appropriations.

(c) If at the time of approval of a measure or matter by any committee (except for the Committee on Appropriations), any member

of the committee gives notice of intention to file supplemental, minority, or additional views, that member shall be entitled to-not

less than three calendar days in which to file such views, in writing, with the clerk of the committee. All such views so filed by one

or more members of the committee shall be included within, and

shall be a part of, the report filed by the committee with respect

to that measure or matter. The report of the committee upon that

measure or matter shall be printed in a single volume which—

(1) shall include all supplemental, minority, or additional

views which have been submitted by the time of the filing of

the report, and

(2) shall bear upon its cover a recital that supplemental, minority, or additional views are included as part of the report.

This subparagraph does not preclude—

(A) the immediate filing and printing of a committee report

unless timely request for the opportunity to file supplemental,

117

minority, or additional views has been made as provided by

this subparagraph; or

(B) the filing by any such committee of any supplemental report upon any measure or matter which my be required for the

correction of any technical error in a previous report made by

that committee upon that measure or matter.

11. (a) The report accompanying each bill or joint resolution of

a public character reported by any committee (except the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on the Budget) shall

contain—

(1) an estimate, made by such committee, of the costs which

would be incurred in carrying out such bill or joint resolution

in the fiscal year in which it is reported and in each of the five

fiscal years following such fiscal year (or for the authorized duration of any program authorized by such bill or joint resolution, if less than five years), except that, in the case of measures affecting the revenue, such reports shall require only an

estimate of the gain or loss in revenues for a one-year period;

and

(2) a comparison of the estimate of costs described in subparagraph (1) made by such committee with any estimate of

costs made by any Federal agency; or

(3) in lieu of such estimate or comparison, or both, a statement of the reasons why compliance by the committee with the

requirements of subparagraph (1) or (2), or both, is impracticable.

(b) each such report (except those by the Committee on Appropriations) shall also contain—

(1) an evaluation, made by such committee, of the regulatory

impact which would be incurred in carrying out the bill or joint

resolution. The evaluation shall include (A) an estimate of the

numbers of individuals and businesses who would be regulated

and a determination of the groups and classes of such individuals and businesses, (B) a determination of the economic impact of such regulation on the individuals, consumers, and

businesses affected, (C) a determination of the impact of the

personal privacy of the individuals affected, and (D) a determination of the amount of additional paperwork that will result from the regulations to be promulgated pursuant to the

bill or joint resolution, which determination may include, but

need not be limited to, estimates of the amount of time and financial costs required of affected parties, showing whether the

effects of the bill or joint resolution could be substantial, as

well as reasonable estimates of the recordkeeping requirements

that may be associated with the bill or joint resolution; or

118

(2) in lieu of such evaluation, a statement of the reasons why

compliance by the committee with the requirements of clause

(1) is impracticable.

(c) It shall not be in order for the Senate to consider any such

bill or joint resolution if the report of the committee on such bill

or joint resolution does not comply with the provisions of subparagraphs (a) and (b) on the objection of any Senator.

12. Whenever a committee reports a bill or a joint resolution repealing or amending any statute or part thereof it shall make a report thereon and shall include in such report or in an accompanying document (to be prepared by the staff of such committee)

(a) the text of the statute or part thereof which is proposed to be

repealed; and (b) a comparative print of that part of the bill or joint

resolution making the amendment and of the statute or part thereof proposed to be amended, showing by stricken through type and

italics, parallel columns, or other appropriate typographical devices

the omissions and insertions which would be made by the bill or

joint resolution if enacted in the form recommended by the committee. This paragraph shall not apply to any such report in which

it is stated that, in the opinion of the committee, it is necessary to

dispense with the requirement of this subsection to expedite the

business of the Senate—

13. (a) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations)

which has legislative jurisdiction shall, in its consideration of all

bills and joint resolutions of a public character within its jurisdiction, endeavor to insure that—

(1) all continuing programs of the Federal Government and

of the government of the District of Columbia, within the jurisdiction of such committee or joint committee, are designed; and

(2) all continuing activities of Federal agencies, within the

jurisdiction of such committee or joint committee, are carried

on;

so that, to the extent consistent with the nature, requirements, and

objectives of those programs and activities, appropriations therefor

will be made annually.

(b) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations)

shall with respect to any continuing program within its jurisdiction

for which appropriations are not made annually, review such program, from time to time, in order to ascertain whether such program could be modified so that appropriations therefor would be

made annually.

119

Appendix VI

The Role of Congress in Foreign Policy: Selected References

Prepared by the Congressional Research Service,

Library of Congress

Abshire, David M. Foreign Policy Makers: President vs. Congress,

Beverly Hills Calif., Sage Publications, 1979, 80 p. (The Washington Papers, 66)

Acheson, Dean. A Citizen Looks at Congress, New York, Harper,

1957, 124 p.

Allison, Graham T., and Peter Szanton. Remaking Foreign Policy:

The Organization Connection, New York, Basic Books, 1976,

238 p.

Avery, William P., and David P. Forsythe. Human Rights, National Security, and the U.S. Senate: Who Votes For What, and

Why, International Studies Quarterly, v. 23, June 1979: 303–

320.

Balmer, Thomas A. The Use of Conditions in Foreign Relations

Legislation. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, v.

7, Spring 1978: 197–238.

Bax, Frans R. The Legislative-Executive Relationship in Foreign

Policy: New Partnership or New Competition. Orbis, v. 20, Winter 1977: 881–904.

Bennet, Douglas J., Jr. Congress in Foreign Policy: Who Needs It?

Foreign Affairs v. 57, Fall 1978: 40–50.

Bestor, Arthur. Respective Roles of Senate and President in the

Making and Abrogation of Treaties—the Original Intent of the

Framers of the Constitution Historically Examined. Washington Law Review, v. 55, no. 1, 1979–1980: 4–135.

Bozeman, Barry, and Thomas E. James. Toward a Comprehensive

Model of Foreign Policy Voting in the U.S. Senate. Western Political Quarterly, v. 28, September.

Briggs, Philip J. Congress and Collective Security: the Resolutions

of 1943. World Affairs, v. 132, March 1970: 332–344.

Brookings Institution. The Formulation and Administration of

United States Foreign Policy. Study prepared at the request of

the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington,

U.S. Government Printing Office 1960, 191 p. At head of title:

86th Cong., 2d sess. Committee print.

Bundy, Harvey H., and James Grafton Rogers. The Organization

of Government for the Conduct of Foreign Affairs: Report With

Recommendations Prepared for the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, Washington,

120

U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949, 134 p. Task Force Report on Foreign Affairs, Appendix H.

Bundy, William P. The National Security Process. International

Security, v. 7 Winter 1982–83: 94–109.

Casper, Gerhard. Constitutional Constraints on the Conduct of

Foreign and Defense Policy: A Nonjudicial Model. University of

Chicago Law Review, v. 43, Spring 1976: 463–498.

Center for Strategic and International Studies, Foreign Policy into

the 21st Century: The U.S. Leadership Challenge, Washington,

D.C., October 9, 1998.

Cheever, Daniel S., and H. Field Haviland, Jr. American Foreign

Policy and the Separation of Powers. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1952, 244 p.

Cheney, Richard, and others. Executive-Congressional Relations.

Washington Quarterly, v. 3, Autumn 1980, special supplement:

81–96.

Christopher, Warren. Ceasefire Between the Branches: A Compact

in Foreign Affairs. Foreign Affairs, v. 60, Summer 1982: 989–

1005.

Colegrove, Kenneth W. The American Senate and World Peace.

New York, Vanguard Press, 1944, 209 p.

Committee for Economic Development. Congressional Decision

Making for National Security: A Statement on National Policy,

by the Research and Policy Committee of the Committee for

Economic Development. New York, The Committee, 1974, 56 p.

Congressional Quarterly, Inc. Congress and the Nation—A Review

of Government and Politics in the Postwar Years. Washington

[1965–annual] 4 vols. Volume 1: 1945–1964; Volume 2: 1965–

1968; Volume 3: 1968–1972; Volume 4: See portions of the volumes relating to foreign policy.

Connally, Tom and Alfred Stenberg. My Name is Tom Connally.

New York, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1951, 376 p.

Corwin, Edward S. The President’s Control of Foreign Relations.

Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1971, 216 p.

Crabb, Cecil V., Jr. and Pat M. Holt. Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President and Foreign Policy. 2nd edition. Washington, Congressional Quarterly, 1984, 267 p. (Politics and

Public Policy Series)

Dahl, Robert A. Congress and Foreign Policy. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1950, 305 p.

Dangerfield, Royden J. In Defense of the Senate: A Study in Treaty Making. Port Washington, N.Y., Kennikat Press 1966

[c1933] 365 p.

Dennison, Eleanor. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1942, 201 p.

121

Destler, I. M. Dateline Washington: Congress as Boss? Foreign

Policy, No. 42, Spring 1981: 167–180.

———‘‘Executive-Congressional Conflict in Foreign Policy: Explaining It, Coping with It.’’ In Dodd, Lawrence C., and Bruce I.

Oppenheimer. Congress Reconsidered. 2d edition. Washington,

Congressional Quarterly Press, [1981] p. 296–316.

Ervin, Sam J., Jr. Separation of Powers and Foreign Affairs In

Remarks of Claude Pepper. Congressional Record v. 119, Oct.

12, 1973: 33928–33929.

Farnsworth, David N. The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1961, 189 p. (Illinois

Studies in the Social Sciences, v. 49)

Fascell, Dante B. Congress and Foreign Policy. Congressional

Studies, v. 7, Winter 1980: 5–9.

Fleming, Denna F. The Role of the Senate in Treaty-Making, A

Survey of Four Decades. American Political Science Review, v.

28, August 1934: 583–598.

———The Treaty Veto of the American Senate. New York, G. P.

Putnam’s Sons, 1930, 325 p.

Forging Bipartisanship. Washington, Center for Strategic and

International Studies, Georgetown University, 1984, 35 p.

Franck, Thomas M. Foreign Policy by Congress. New York, Oxford

University Press, 1979, 357 p.

Frye, Alton. Congress and President: The Balance Wheels of American Foreign Policy. Yale Review, v. 69, Autumn 1979: 1–16.

———A Responsible Congress: The Politics of National Security.

New York, Published for the Council on Foreign Relations,

McGraw-Hill [1975] 238 p.

Fulbright, James William. American Foreign Policy in the 20th

Century Under an 18th Century Constitution, Cornell Law

Quarterly, v. 47, Fall 1961: 1–7.

———The Arrogance of Power. New York, Random House, 1967,

264 p.

———Old Myths and New Realities and Other Commentaries.

New York, Random House, 1964, 147 p.

Gallagher, Hugh G. Advise and Obstruct: The Role of the United

States Senate in Foreign Policy Decisions, New York, Delacorte

Press, 1969. 338 p.

Glad, Betty. The Significance of Personality for Role Performance

as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee: A

Comparison of Borah and Fulbright. Paper prepared for presentation at the 65th annual meeting of the American Political

Science Association, New York, 1969. n.p., 1969, 44 1. Copies

available from University Microforms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

122

Gould, James W. The Origins of the Senate Committee on Foreign

Relations. Western Political Quarterly, v. 12, September 1959:

670–682.

Gregorian, Hrach. Assessing Congressional Involvement in Foreign

Policy: Lessons of the Post-Vietnam Period. Review of Politics,

v. 46, Jan. 1984: 91–112.

Griffith, Ernest S., and Francis R. Valeo. Congress, Its Contemporary Role, 5th ed. New York, New York University Press,

1975, 268 p.

Haass, Richard. Congressional Power: Implications for American

Security Policy, London, International Institute for Strategic

Studies, 1979, 39 p. (Adelphi Papers, no. 153)

Hamilton, Lee H., and Michael H. Van Dusen. Making the Separation of Powers Work, Foreign Affairs, v. 57, Fall 1978: 17-39.

Hammond, Paul Y. Cold War and Detente: The American Foreign

Policy Process Since 1945, New York, Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1975, 370 p.

Harris, John P. The Advice and Consent of the Senate: A Study

of the Confirmation of Appointments by the United States Senate, New York Greenwood Press 1968 [c1953] 457 p.

Hayden, Joseph Ralston. The Senate and Treaties, 1789–1817,

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Appendix VII

Authorizing Resolution, S. Res. 310

130

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