United St ates 

Department of 

Aqriculqu re 

Forest Service 

M ardw 

Species in ndrnSou 

Soothe astern Forest Alexander Clark 111 

Experiment Station Douglas R. Phillips 

Research Paper Douglas J. Frederick 
Weight, Volume, and Physical Properties 

of Major Hardwood Species 

in the UplandsSouth 

Alexander Clark Ill, Wood Scientist 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 

Athens, Georgia 

Douglas R. Phillips, Mensurationist 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 

Clernson, South Carolina 

and 

Douglas J. Frederick, Professor 

School of Forest Resources 

North Carolina State University 

Raleigh, North Carolina 
Page 

Procedure 

Fie7d.....e.............e.e.....~.... 2 

Laboratory ............................. 3 

Analysis .............................. 4 

Results 

Physical Properties of Sample Trees ................. 6 

Prediction Equations ........................ 7 

How to Use Prediction Equations ................ .. . 8 

Literature Cited ............................ 11 

Tables (for hardwood species in the Upland-South) 

1, Mean. and range of tree age and measurements, by species and 

tree size cf ass ......................... 12 

2, hverage specific gravity of wood, bark, and wood and bark 

comkined, by tree component and size class ........... 14 

3, Average moisture content of wood, bark, and wood and bark 

combined, by tree component and size class ........... 18 

4. Average proportion of wood and bark green weight in bark, by 

tree component and size class .................. 22 

5, Average green weight per cubic foot of wood, bark, and wood and 

bark combined, by tree component and size class ......... 23 

6. Average green wight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood, 

by tree component and size class ................ 27 

7, Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

above-stump total-tree wood, bark, and foliage, wood and bark 

combined, and wood alone, with d.b.h. as the independent 

variable ............................ 28 

8. Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

total-sten wood and hark combined and wood alone, with d.h,he as 

the independent variable .................... 31 

9, Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot volume of 

above-stump total -tree wood and bark combined and wood alone, 

with d.b,h. as the independent variable ............. 33 

10, Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot vol ume of 

total-slem wood and bark combined and wood alone, with d.b.h, 

as the independent variable ................... 34 
Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

above-stump total-tree wood, bark, and fol iage, wood and bark 

cctmbined, and wood alone, with .d.b.h. and total height as 

independent variables ...................... 35 

Regression equations f6r est imat i ng green and dry weight of 

total-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone, with d.b.h. 

and total height as independent variables ............ 38 

Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot volume of 

above-stump total-tree wood and bark combined and wood alone, 

with d.b.h. and total height as independent variables ... ,. . 40 

Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot voi ume of 

totalmstern wood and bark combined and wood alone, with debah. 

and total height as independent variables ............ 41 

Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

above-stump total.-tree wood, bark, and fol iage, wood and bark 

combined, and wood alone, with deboh. and height to a 4-inch top 

as independent variables ..................... 42 

Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

total-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone, with dabah. 

and height to 4-inch top as independent variables ........ 45 

Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot volume of 

above-stump total-tree wood and bark combined and wood alone, 

with d.b.h. and height to 4-inch top as independent variables . . 47 

Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot volume of 

total-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone, with d,b.h, 

and height to 4-inch top as independent variables ........ 48 

Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

above-stump total-tree wood, bark, and foliage, wood and bark 

combined, and wood alone, with d.b.h. and saw-log merchantable 

height as independent variables ................. 49 

Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

saw-l og merch3ntabl e-stem wood and bark comhi ned and wood a1 one, 

with d.k.h. and saw-log merchantable height as independent 

variables.. .......................... 50 

Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot volume of 

above-stump total-tree wood and bark combined and wood alone, 

with d,h,h, and saw-log merchantable height as independent 

variables.. .......................... 51 

Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot vol ume of 

saw-l og merchantabl e-stem wood and bark combined and wood a1 one, 

with d,b.h, and saw-fog merchantable height as independent 

variables.. .......................... 51 
Page 

23. Regression coefficients for estimating above-stump stem weight 

to a specified d.0.b. top diameter as a proportion of total-stem 

weight ............................. 52 

24. Regression coefficients for estimating above-stump stem volume 

to a specified d.0.b. top diameter as a proportion of total-stem 

volume ............................. 53 

25.. Regression coefficients for estimating stem weight to a specified 

d.0.b. top diameter as a proportion of saw-log stem weight ... 54 

26. Regression coefficients for estimating stem volume to a specified 

d.0.b. top diameter as a proportion of saw-log stem volume ... 55 
ABSTRACT 

Weight, vofsme, and physical propertle; of trees ! to 25 

inches d,b,h, were aetemined for sweetgum, y~l i ow-po2: dr, 

hickspy, post oak, scarlet oak, SO?IL%~P-O red oarc, and &;te oak 

i PI AS imbznma, Mt'ssi szi ppi , Arkansas, Kenthc~y, ared lernessee, 

Equations for hard hardwoods, soft h&rdwoods, acd ~nds didua! 

species are presented Far predicting green ana dry *lahe and 

green volme of the total tre? above st~q and its cs~ponents, 

input variables are d,b,k, and total nelgQt, d*S,n, and ne~gk~t $6 

a 4-inch top, d,b.h, and saw-fog nerchanttible he:g+t, or a,b,h, 

alone, Equations twere de~el sped by bestrbcti ve iaap; r GS of $86 

trees at 15 locations, Average spec1 fi c gka~lty, m9l o:kre 

contend, and wight per cublc foot of dmb* bark, and wma ana bark com3ined are presented for eacn syecles sy zree sr ze class 

and component, Bark percentage 1s aisq ~r~sented fop eacb species 

by tree size class and component, 

Keywords: B-romass, eqcrat~ons, soec I f:c Qravr Q y, rr;::lrt,rre crlfitent, 

bark percentage, wejgnt per cub~c font, 

Hardwood forests of the Upland-South are underutr 1 ized, Harvests of wood for 

energy and fiber products could be increased many foid in these forests, and growth 

of high-qua1 ity sawtimber trees could be improved in the process. Increased 

uti l i zaii on sf Up1 and-South hardwoods for law-gal ue fi ber and energy products, 

however, is unlikely in the absence of reliable data on tile resource. Until now, 

however, few data have been available on the weight, voltme, and physical properties 

of total trees and their components far hardwood species of this region, 

7% meet this need, a southwide study was initiated by the Nosth Carolina State 

Hardwood Research Cooperative and the USOA Forest Service with parti a1 funding from 

the Tennessee Val 1 ey Authority's Southeastern Regi ona! Fli omass Energy Program, and 

tile Department of Energy. The primary objectives of this st~riy were to determine the 

aimiint and distribution of biomass ir, we-agea fill ly st.;ck~d cdtursl stands and to 

develop eqirations fnr estimating the weight and vo1vr;l~ of forest sri1~05 individual 

trees, and tree compnqents. Secondary nhj~cti ves vwro %-I der~rrni ne the sysci Fi c 

i,ir?vj %y , mo-i s"euse cnntent, and energy poteqti a1 ~f iJplili~sil~So~/t~ ha~dwoods, 

Foxhi s stlidy, the ~outh was di vidiad into tb~e2 :;~>~r?y;nic -yiog?s--gIhe Gud f - dnri Atlantic Coastal Plaios, t i edmont PB ateau , zinc: ti:? dp i dnd-Sowth, F he data 

col kcded ~n the Gulf and AtSa Coastal Qlalns and P-ierhont hzve bee0 reported in 

edrlier publications (Clark an hers 1983, E985b, 1336; Fredericac ?and rscbers 1983; 

Gswer and others 1983; Messina others 1983, ~egalos arid ozhws $9&6), 

fhj~ Paper pPesents tree physical prspert-ies and gr ?en ~leiqht, d;"? ~e";h~, and 

ween cubic-volume prediction equations for total tree and trees cenpsnerils of seven 

w ' - 

- $dipifera La), hi c spp,), post 

sca~3et oak (Q, coccinea Muenchh, uthern red oa 

oak (Q. -- alba r.) sampled in the Upland-South. 

splar (lj riot$@ndran ----- Gaercbs st~] : at3 Man -- --",--- -- Gal cszz !4-ici1x.j, 7 an "-- 

tither species ~ere also sampled baitnot in s~f-i.ic":en", ~~ambtay' far re-; izhle 

~redllctirrg of thei r deights and voltines in separate eaba",r?ris, V?Iides for red maple 

j A~er rubrut3 L ) silver map1 e (A. sacckari ndin . 1 a. a sSi;atica var. - --- bnr ) g) and syca?k~ us -------- I: i.m2rs are included in 

&he saft-hard~ood averayes present ---a "103~11 L, ;, ~njte 

i ---- Frax-i ~LAS LA cherr~lbark oak [;jrlercu ---- p4-4 ta var, &- $apdifclia * --- --- Elf .), chescrrut - inus L, and oi;her; ai.iznor species cia;. iY incL,d..a i-I :he 

hard-hardwood averages, 
Mood and bark specific gravity, moisture content, bark content, arld green 

weight per cubic foot are presented for the total tree and its components by species 

and tree size classes. Equations are given for estimating the weight and voluiqe of 

wood, bark, and foliage, wood and bark and wood only in the total tree, total stem, 

and the saw-log component of the stem. Ratio equations are also included for 

estimating total stem and saw-log stem weight or volume to any specified top 

diameter outside bark (d.o.b.). 

Procedure 

Biomass was sampled on 12 l/10-acre circular plots in mixed, even-aged hardwood 

stands in the Upland-South (fig. 1). Three aye classes (20, 40, and 60 years) were 

sanpl ed on two site types : 

Bottom land. Flood plain areas of major drainage systems and 

adjacent st ream margi ns, predomi nantl y sandy loam to si 1 t 1 oam 

surface soils, 

Upland (slopes and ridges). Land occupying the large upland 

i nterstrearn di vides, predominantly clay to sandy clay loam 

surface soi 1 s. 

Figure 1.--bocati ons of plots where trees were sampled on bottom-1 and 

sites (B), ridge and upland sites (R), and supplemental (S) locations. 
Age and site combinations were rep1 icated twice. Plots for a1 1 ages and site 

types were randomly located within representative ful ly stocked stands. Tree data 

collected on a1 1 plots were used to develop the species equations and properties data 

reported here. In addition to samples taken on the fixed-area plots, a stratified 

random sample of three trees per 2-inch class from 6- to 20-inches in diameter at 

breast height (d.b.h.) was taken at each of three locations to obtain an even 

distribution of trees across d.b.4. classes For commercially important species. 

Figure 1 shows the location of the fixed arPa and stratified random sample plots. 

Weights and volumes of entire trees above stumps and of tree cornponents were 

collected for trees 1 inch d.b.h. and larger. All trees > 5.Q inches d.b.h. on the 

l/l0-acre plots were sampled. At the center of each pl otT a coocentric 1/50-acre 

subplot was located on which all trees 1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h. were sampled. 

Means and ranges in age and physical dimensions of measured trees are shown in 

table lafor each species and species group sampled, Stump height averaged 0.2 foot 

for trees 1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b,h., 0.6 foot for trees 5.0 to 10,9 inches d.b.h., 

and 1.0 foot for trees > 11.0 inches d,b,h. GirarQ form class of the sawtimber-size 

trees (> 11.0 inches d.5.h.) ranged from 60 to 85 and averaged 76 for the soft 

hardwoozs; it ranged from 64 to 87 and averaged 76 for the hard hardwoods. 

Each tree was felled and measured for d.o.b. at 4-foot intervals up the stem, 

Total height; height to the saw-log top; height to 9-, 4-, and 2-inch d.o.b. tops, 

and height to base of full 1 ive crown were a1 so recorded. Cross-sectional disks of 

wood and bark were removed from the stem and branches of sample trees for laboratory 

determination of specific gravity, moisture content, bark percentage, energy value. 

and nutrient concentration. In a1 1 trees > 5.0 inches d.b.h, except sawtimber-qua1 ily 

trees (trees > 11.0 inches d.b.h. with a minimum of one 16-foot grade 3 log), disks 

were cut at txe butt, at breast height, at quarter-points to the 4-inch d.o.b. top, 

and at the 2-inch top. In sawtimber trees, disks were removed at the butt, at each 

saw-log bucking point, and at the stem locations ere d.o.b. measured 9, 4, and 2 

inches, For trees less than 5.0 inches dobehe, three disks per stem were taken--at 

stump height and at 25 and 75 percent of total stem height. 

The branches of each tree were cut from the stem and placed in four size 

categories: extra large (> 4.0 inches d.o.b.), large (2.0 to 3.9 inches d.o.b.), 

rnedium (0.6 to 1.9 inches 3.0.b.)~ and small (< 0.5 inches d.o.b.). Three 

cross-sectional disks were cut from randomly selected branches in each si ze 

category for analysi s in the 1 aboratory. Sample branches were randomly selected 

and weighed with and without fol iage to estimate foliage weight. A subsample of 

the foliage was taken to determine foliage moisture content and nutrient content. 

The stem of each tree was weighed by components (saw logs, pulpwood, and 

topwood) and the branches of each tree were weighted by size category. 

Laboratory 

Specific gravity was computed from green volume and ovendry wight. lloisture 

content as a percentage of ovendry wight was computed on the basis of wight loss 

after samples were dried to a constant wight at 215 OF. Percentage of bark was 

determined fro12 disks and based on the green w'l'yht of sample disks. Moisture 

content, specific gravity, and percentages sf bark in stea, branches, and total tree 

were calculated by wei yhtiny disk values in proportion to the val ume of the component 

they represented, Weighted values for moisture content wre used to convert 

component green wei yhts to ovendry wights, 
For each species, diameter inside bark (d b) prediction equations were 

developed from d.0.b. and d.i .b. stem disk measurements and the d.o.b. and height 

aeasurements taken at 4-foot intervals up the stem of each tree. The volume of wood 

in the stem to the saw-log, 9-inch, 4-inch, 3-inch, and 2-inch tops, and to the tip 

were calculated using Snalian's formula. Green wight per cubic foot of stem bark 

and branch wood and bark were calculated from wei yhted values for specific gravity 

and moisture content with the equation: 

MC Green weight per cubic foot = [l + -1 (SG) * (C) 100 (1) 

where: MC = weighted moisture content in percent 

SG = wi yhted specific gravity 

C = 62.4 pounds (weight of water per cubic foot) 

Cubic-foot volume of stem bark and branch wood and bark *re computed by 

dividin9 green component weight by its green weight per cubic foot. Cubic-foot 

volume of stem wood and bark combined was computed by adding the vol ume of bark to 

the volume of wood. 

Regression equations were developed to predict green and dry weight of wood, 

bark, and foliage and green volume of wood and bark in the total tree above stump, 

in the stem from butt to tip, and in the saw-log stem. Independent variables were 

diameter at breast height (D), total height (Th), saw-log merchantable height (Mh), 

and height to a 4-inch d.0.b. top (H4). 

A logarithmic transformation (base 10) was used to obtain relatively 

homogeneous vari ance, which is assumed in regression analysis. Two equations were 

developed for the d.h.h., d.b.h. and total height, and d.b.h. and height to 4-inch 

top--one for trees < 11.0 inches d.b.h. and one for trees > 11.0 inches d.b.h. 

The 11 inches was not the statistically optimum point to sFift from one equation to 

the other for all species or tree components, but it was the most desirable from a 

practical standpoint. Hardwood trees < 11 inches in diameter are classified as 

sapling or poletimber, and trees > 11 inches are classified as sawtimber. The 

procedure outlined in Draper and Smith (1981) for fitting two linear equations 

with a known point of intersection was used to develop the following equations: 

log Y, = a + b log X + E 

log Y, = a + b log (112~) + c log (DZ/1l2) + E 

where : Y, = predicted component weight or vol ume for trees 

< 11.0 inches d.b.h. 

Y, = predicted component wight or volume for trees 

> 11.0 inches d.b.h. - 
E = experimental error 

a,b,c = regression coefficienb 

The following model was used for developing regression equations based on 

d.b.h. and saw-log merchantable height: 

log Y = a + b log X, + c log x2 + E (4) 

where: Y = predicted component weight or volume 

E = experimental error 

a,b,c = regression coefficients 

When logarithmic estimates are converted back to original units, they are 

biased downward because the antilogarithm of an estimated mean is the geoinetric 

rather then the arithmetic man (Cunia 1964). To adjust for this bias, a 

correction factor was computed and applied to each model by using Baskerville's 

( 1972) procedure. The final equations, including correction factors, were: 

y = 10 a + b log (~~9 + c log CM~) +(sZyex tog, 10)/2 (5) 

Equations (5), (6), and (7) can be simplified to: 

S2y.x = error mean square from regression analysis 

Comparison of average deviations (actual minus predicted) by d.b.h. classes and 

the sums of the squared deviations for the sing1.e log-log equation and segmented 

log-log equation showed that segmented log-log equations (9) and (10) gave the 

best results for the d.b,h,, b,b.h, and total height, and d.h,h, and height to 

4-inch top independent variable combinations (Cl ark and others 19853). Equations 

(9) and (10) are more complex than a single eq[~ation, but the improved accuracy 

justified their use, 
exponential rd t io equat inn use4 to estimate the proportion of predicted 

tistd'i-stem weight Or wlum? in a ~lclsser stem silcti~n to a specified toj, d,o,h, was: 

where: Y, = rtitSo of fton weight or volume to top d.o,b. to 

$redjcted total stem 

d = specified stem top diameter in inches 

D = tree diameter at breast height in inches 

a ,h,c = regression coefficients 

e = base of natural log = 2.71828 

The exponential ratio model shown below was developed to estimate a ratio for 

expanding saw-log stem weight or volume to any d.o.b. top above the saw-log top. 

A 

wilere: Y, = ratio of stem weight or volume to specified top d.0.b. to 

estimated saw-log stem weight or vol~rme 

Yh = saw-lgg merchantable height in feet 

d = specified top diameter in incks 

U - tree diameter at breast height in inches 

.78 = constant based on average forin class 

a ,b,c = regression coefficients 

e = 2.71328 (base of natural log) 

Physical Properties of Sample Trees 

The average specific gravity of wood and bark by tree component is shown il 

table 2 for individual species, soft hardwoods, hard hardwoods, and all trees 

combined. The average total -tree wood speci fic gravity of the soft-hardwood 

species was 0.523 for saplings (1.0 to 4.9 inches'd.h.h.), 0.465 for poletimber 

(5.0 to 10.9 iwhes debah.), and 0.465 for sawtimher (> 11.0 inches d.h.h.). 

Averages for hard-hardwood species were 0.612 for saplings, 0.632 for pol etimber, 

and 0.513 for sawtimber. Specific gravity of bark was generally lower than tbat of 

wood for both soft-hardwood and hard-hardwood species (table 21. 

average moisture contents of wood and bark by tr~e cnlqponent and si ZP cl ass 

are is shown il table 3 for the species arid species gr:,ups sil-ipled. Totdi-tree woi~d 

~~o~sture cootent for the soft hardwoods averaged 81 percent for sag1 i~gs, 91) 

i~ercent for poletiaber, and 87 percent for sawtimher. Valiies for hard hardwoods 

~~~eraqed 66 percenx for sap1 iogs, 63 percent or pol ?timber. 2- 68 percent f~r 
sdwtimber. Hickory had a lower total-tree wood moisture coritent than the other 

hdrd-hardwood species. 

For the soft hardwoods, bark moisture content of total trees averaged 84 percent 

in sap1 ings, 105 percent in poletimber, and 109 percent in sawtimber. For the hardhardwood species, averages were 74 percent for sap1 ings, 66 percent for poletimber, 

and 58 percent for sawtimber (table 3). 

Table 4 shows the average proportions of total green wight in bark, by tree 

component and size cl ass, for the species sampled. The percentage of stem weight 

in bark decreased as stem d.b,h. increased, For example, the proportion of 

total-tree green weight in bark averaged 20 percent for saplings, 16 percent for 

poletimber, and 13 percent for sawtimber in the soft-hardwood group. In the 

hard-hardwood group, proportions in bark averaged 21 percent for saplings, 18 

percent for poletimber, and 17 percent for sawtimber. 

The averaye yreen ~jei yhts per cubic foot of wood, hdrk, and wood and bark 

combined, hj/ tree coaponent, for saplings, poletimber, and sawtimber are shown in 

table 5. The average yreen weiyht per cubic foot of wood for the soft-hardwood 

species was 59 pounds For sapling, 55 pounds for yoleetimber, and 54 puunds for 

sawtimber. Values for hard hardwoods vere 61 pounds for sap1 inys, and 62 pounds 

for poletimber and sdwtinber hard hardwoods. 

The average green ~~eiyht of wood and bark per cubic foot of k~ood is shown t?y 

tree companent for saplings, poletimber, and sawtimber-size trees in table 6. 

The wight OF wood and bark per cubic-foot voluvte of wood is a ~lseful factor for 

estimating the volume of wood in a tree or its componenb vdhen wight of wood and 

bark is known or for estiaating green 'v~eiyht of wood and bark when volume of wood 

is known. The green wight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wod for the total 

tree averaged 66 pounds for yoletirnber and 62 pounds for sawtimber in sof"ihilrdwoods 

compared with 76 pounds for poletimber and saaimber in laard I7ardwoods. 

The average yreen wight of wood and hark per cubic foot of vtood as highest 

for branches and decreased with increasing stem diaqeter (table 5). 

Prediction Equations ------ 

k series of equations was devei oped to predict total -tree and tree-component 

wei yhts and vol umes for each species, for the soft hardwood and hard hardwood groups, 

anc! far a1 1 species conthil?ed. Equatioris wre developed for predicting the green and 

dry weight of v~ood, bark and foliage, wod dnd bark csiqbined, and wood alone in the 

above-st~lnp total tree, Steu~ equations were developed fi3r estirrrating the green and 

dry weight of wood artci !,ark corlbineci and wood alone for the total stem, Vofulqe 

equatioris were dlso developed for ~ood dnd Ltdrk combined arid wood alone in the 

above-stump total tree dad total ste~, 

Since tree height is aeas~retl to diPferent top iirni%s by various 

oryani zations, eyuati ~rts were developed by using d-i arleter (Dj dlone and .i.~ 

conlbinatiorl with total height (Th), height to &-inch toy (ti4), and nerchantahle 

t-~eiyht (i'lh) ds independent variables. Equation (3) was used to c?stiir:aate the 

~eiyht dad voluqe of t4e total tree and stem for trees 1,0 to 10,9 inches d,h,h., 

2nd eqt~ation (10) eas 9sed for trees > 11,0 ;ncites d,h,h, Wt~en D alone, D and ih, 

or D and 114 were the independeot vari~~les. 

Equation (8) was used to estimate @eight and voluqe of the total tree and 

sciw-log merci-~antahle steq fi;r trees > 11.0 inches d,b,i-i, hen i? and Vh were the 

i ndepende~t varidbles. Equatio~s based on i) and 1% Here developed orlly for 
t 

species sarnpf ed sufficiently in the sawtirnber diameter classes. Equations were 

developed for the soft !lardwoods, hard hardwoods, scarlet oak, southern I-ed oak, and 

a1 1 species cowbi ned. 

Equation (If) was used to estirrlate the proportion of total weight or volu??e in 

the sten to selected d.o.b, tops when stem wi yht or volume @as estimated with U, 13 

and Th, or D arid ti3 as tile independent varidSles. Equation (1%) was used to 

estirrlate a ratio for expanding estin~ated saw-log stenl wight or volume to selected 

d.o.b. tops above the saw-log top &en D and fh kere the iridependent vdriables. 

Equations that use D with Th or D with H4 fit the existing total-tree and 

total-stem weight and volume data well, based on the criteria of mean square errfir 

and absolute deviation of observed from predicted values. Equations that use D and 

Mh also fit existing saw-log merchantable-stem weight and volume data well, When 

average tree height and stem taper are similar to those of our sample trees, the 

equations with D alone will result in good estimates of the tree weight and volume, 

When average tree heights by d.b.h. class are different from the sample trees, 

however, the equations that include a height variable should be applied directly or 

used to devet op local weight-1~01 ume tables based on D a1 one. 

Xeyression coefficients for estimating species and species group weight and 

volume are listed in tdbles 7 through 22. Each tahle contains a series of 

etiudtions for a speci fi c independent vdriabf e, tree corrlp~nent and unit of rneasure 

(weight or volume). Listed below is a guide to the tables by indepeqdent variable, 

url i t of measure, tree component, and tab1 e nurvber. 

Weight Vol ume 

Independent Total Total Saw-log Total Total Saw-log 

variable tree stem stem tree stem stem - 

D alone 7 8 9 10 

D and Th 11 12 13 14 

D and H4 15 16 17 18 

D and Mh 19 20 21 22 

In addition to the regression coefficients, tables 7 through 22 contain the 

coefficients of determination (~2) and standard error (S, log, ,) for each 

equation, 

Regression coefficients for estimating the proportion of the total-stem 

 eight and volume in the stem to a specified d,o.b, top arp given in tables 23 and 

24, Table 23 contains coefficients for estimating ratios for stem green and dry 

weight of wood and bark combined and wmd only, and tahle 24 cont3ins the 

coefficients for stem volume of wood an4 bark combined and wood alone. Equation 

c~efficients for expanding estimated wights and volumes of saw-log merchdntahle 

stews are shown in tables 25 and 75. 

How to Use Prediction Eyirations 

Use of the coefficients in tables 7 through 26 to estimate the weight and 

vol ume is best ill ustrated through examples. 
L 

0 

5 

CT 

0- 

m 

C 

V) 

m 

8, 

cc. 

0 

V, 

2, 

4 

ID 

Cu 

3 

dE: 

0 

-% 

%-+ 

z2- 

m 

c-f7 

it, 

(P 

CI-38 

0 :Z, --h 

ct it, 

ct vi 0 

C) C 

31v 7 

a 

4. 

3 

0 

=r 

m 

V1 

cl * 

tr * 

3 * 

QJ 

=I 

CL. 

1s) 

C3 
Sirr:1 weight to 4-indl lo; = (YSrzbii3) {y?) 

Stem weight to 4-inch too = 832 pounds 

The procedure shown above can he imx! to estimate the proportinn of total stem in 

tw stem to dny d.0.b. top by substitutiog for d in the above equation. 

In a second example, assume we have a 14.0-inch 2-109 soft hardwood tree and we 

wdnt to estimaxe the green weight of wood and bark in the saw-log merchantable stem 

(Ysn ). Since our independent variables are D and Mh and we want to estimate the 

welgfirBof the saw-log merchantable stem, we would use the soft-hardwood coefficients 

and equation listed in table 20. To use the D aild Mh equation, Mh must be in feet. 

Thus : 

Mh = 33.1 feet = (2.0 logs) (16.3 ft/log) + (0.5 ft for stump) 

We would then solve the D and Mh equation as foll ows: 

Y,,,,, = 1,337 pounds 

The same mathematical procedure shown above would be used to solve any of the D 

and Mh eqllations in tables 19 througk~ 22. 

To estimate a ratio (Y,) for expanding estimated saw-log merchantable-stem 

green weight of wood and bark of the previous example trw? to weight to a 4-inch 

r1.o.h. top, the following soft-hardwood ratio equqtion would be selected frocn table 

25 and solved as shown below: 

Stem weight to 4-inch top = (Y,,,,,) (Y,) 

Stem weight to 4-inch top = 1,905 pounds 
The tree components predicted by using the equations provided can be used to 

alculate additional tree components. For example, to estimate the weight or 

olume of the crown (branches and topwood), subtract estimated weight of the stem 

to a specified d.o.b. top from total-tree weight of wood an4 bark. The weight or 

val uqe of bark al one can a1 so be estimated by suhtracti ng component weight or 

vl~lume of wood from wood and bark. 

Similar-size trees may vary ir, weight and volume because of differerlces in 

crown size, stem taper, and weiyl~t per cuhic for~t. Therefore, these eki!iations 

si~ould be applied oniy to trees growing in natural, fully stocked stands with tree 

dimensions and weight per cubic foot similar to the tree sampled. 

Literature Cited 

Raskerville, G.L. Use of loqar~thmic reqre';s~on in the estimation of p!ar?t biomass, Gand?an Journal 

of Foresflesserch ?:49-53; 1972. 

Clark, Alexander, II I ; Muse, il. David; P~T 11 ips, Douglas R,; Frederlck, Douglas J. 1's~ of s~sn~~nti-~~~ 

log-iocj eq~dt~ons toestlnrat~ tree blntnacs. In: Sduc,i~r, Jos~ph ft., e(f. PTQTPP~~G~\ af tnrx !9:'q 

si)~ithert> forest b~n~tass workshop. Sjxth cinrit~al rqe~t~nq of th~ Southern Ft,rcl.~t ii3ni,iij\r, Mr,rkiity 

Lrctrrp; 1984 Janr 5-1; Athenr , GI. Ashevr 1 le, NC: I1.S. Department of Agrjrril ture, korest Stprv;rta3 

Soritl-~ea\t~rr~ For~st Expt-r:ment Statr on ; 198%: 51-57. 

Clark, Alexander, 111; Phillips, Douglas R.; Frederick, Douglas J. Biomass d1strihut:nn and product~ol 

of. Coasta 1 f'ldln harctwoocl stantic. In: Energy from b-inmass dnd wastes 7: proceei!;n(:s of !rstl Cute 

oI bds Te~t-r~oioljy byrnpobl uril; 1983 Jarludry 24-22; Lake Huend Vlsta, FL; 1983: ldl-1!5. CAgai ? db ie 

f ronl 1n.t 1 t~rte cjf G~s Technology, Ch~cdyo, IL] 

Clark, Alexander, III; Ph?llips, Douglas R.; Frederick, Douglas J, We~yht, volnrne, and pnys~cdl propert"\ r#f 

nta-0:- hdrcwliod rpec.-i~s Ir.1 the Gulf dnd Atlanttc, Coastal Plains. Kes. Pap. 5E-250. Asheviile, NC: U.5, 

Uepdrtnient ~:f i-lgricufturc, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Stat~on; l9WSb. 66 lip, 

Clark, Alexander, 111; Ph~llips, Douglas R.; Frederick, Douglas J. Welyht, volume, dnd pnys~cdi propert-?, 

of iiiajor hardwirco specres if: the Gledmont. iles. Pap. SE-255. Ashev~lle, NC: lJ.5. liepartine~t of 

Ayrlcuiture, Forest Servl~~, Southeastern Forest Experiment Stat3on; 1986, 78 pp. 

Cunia, T, irieryht~d ledst syi1art.5 rwthod and tonstrilction of volume tables. Forest Science IO:l80-191; 1 *c4* 

Draper, N.R.; Sm~th, H, 8ppi;ed reqrcssron aniilyses. 24 ed. New York: Joh~ W~ley. R Sons, :nr_,; 14i.,I, '"* , P. 

Frederlck, Dodgias 3,; Clark, Alexander, I€ I ; Phi 1 lips, Douglas R. Q~omass, ndtr~~nt an4 energy 

re'iaticnsh~ps of Guastdi Pla~r? hardwoods. In: The hdrdwonri rPsortrce and 7t~ i,tli7~atl0~: wt7efe are VV~ 

qulny?. iltk iirsn:_iai n4ri;'wi,ort sympo51itrn of the Hardwood Rcs~arci? Councl l ; iqi'i M"icij ?J-'3; W?ch r4~np+ re 

NG; i9??. :;i)-lb i. IAvd; 'i ah\ ff'('i% iJ.5. Department of Agrictil tiire, Forest SP~VICP, So~tnern Forc-.s"i 

Expep] nrent St dt I OQ , Yew Cpl c-iins , LA i 

Gower, S.Y *; Frederick, C.2 .; Clark, A,, I1 I. Cdlnr?c content e~t~~iat~or~ and d!';trlhtit~or: ~n sevrn 

hottomiilnd t~arii~~orirj LFPP sgiiv-rer; growl rig in nlit.iirirl stands in ih~ S~lith. I?: P~ij~~i;it~ipg~ : ft3il~ci- 

~~l'c:-a l hdrdwood forest conferenc~ ; 1982 Noverrtber 8-10; Lexr nrjmun, KY: ilnl v~rs? ty oaf Kentucky ; i9F3: 

3K4-3'3G. 

Megalos, M.A,; Freder~ck, R.3,; Clark, A,; Ph-ill~ps, D.R. Rlornass, nutr:ent, arid energy ~r?fi:ert vf ~ii~+b?-' 

i'iedi~iont hdr~lwt ~d fr)~~~t\. harwuoij !&search Couperative Serie< No, 5. Kalelgi?, riC: p$o*th Cd-o! lrd 'ii 4' 

Uol vers i iy ; 1986, 34 pp. 

Messlna, M.G.; Gowe;, S,T,; Frederick, R.J.; Clark, A., 111; Phi 1 l~ps, 5.R. ii~o~rass, nurr~ent, driC: ~e-! i~ 

c-orttent of roi,the.istt rn bpi ;and hdrdwood foresrs. Hardwood Kesedrch Cooperat; vc: Ser~es ho, i, ;id t~p, 

hC: Rorth Cdrol~nd htate Unlver~~ty; 1383. 28 pp. 
Table 1.--Mean and range of tree age and masurements, by species and tree size class 

Tree tieight to 4- Height to saw- D.o,b. at sawsize Sample Age D.h.h. Total height inch d.0.b. log mrchantable log n~rchantable 

class trees - top top ------ top ( inches) 

Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Range 

Number --- Inches - - - - - - Inches - - - 

SOFT HARDWOODS 

SWEETGUM 

YELLOW-POPLAR 

HARD HARDWOODS 

HICKORY 
.4 4 

. 

rnm 

1.44 

Ill 

"0."": 

coca 

r. h 

I ** I d.4 

.4 4 

I Icncn I INN 

cur. r. I Lnmm 

tltl 

r. r. c3 cO 

%G3 

I I I 

mom 

mwm 

ONN 

dNN 

Ill dm* 

... 

If+ 

DO"- 

.. ?--- 

din A14 
un rr 

P7m en)

* LI 

30 

CS 

Ln .cf M r. CON w 0 cr, 

9 c: m r3 

'3 0 "i 9 I 00 9 9 I 30 

1 +I it I +I +I I +I +I 

'd- cr) 

in* 

9 9 a 0 

1 +I +I 

am mr. 0 0 

e. 

0 0 

I +I +I 
wmo 

mrnm 

999 

warn 

mew 

mmcn **. 

ooa 

h w 0 

0 X3 C 

. . 0 3 

I +I +I 

CON 

3 3 

. 3 0 

OI0 

d-Ln 00 d- Ln ush 

00 mN 

. 00 9.9 

00 

3.9 

C-3 

I I I +I +I Y I +I +I +t +I 

do L or- mu? unm m d-4 Y cnm m 113- P-m 

. am ** $ -t-J .. 00 u a3 o oa t 0 V) 3 

u 0 

n 

0 

3. 

00 Lnd orc d-N 

99 00 

. . 00 00 

I 1 I +I +I I +I +I 

bN un* 04 

Lnm d-m 

. . W'5 . €30 30 

I +I +I 

mcn 

Wb wU3 . 00 

h w in cncn Ln 

. 00 
or-n 

amN 

999 

000 

OWN 

O(UN 

999 

000 

+I +I +I 

Lnd NN 5) 3 

. 0 3 

+I +I 

CON cl m 

22 

NN row 

93. 

00 

t +I +I 

WLn 

4 wln cn 

. 00 

(UN cnh 

99 

00 

I * +I +I 

CON 4 N 

?", 

N Ln rnh ma 

m'43 0 m 

. . iO LO . . C) 9 0 0 

.--( cno N 

?9 

00 

+I +I 

Ln d 

ID 0 0 U3 . . 00 

4WM NaN 

www ..* WOO 000 

cnoc 

G+ 

++ 

d LO A[ 
NV) 

N m CD Lo 

b0 Lei* 

3. =? 90 

I I +I +I 

am 

mo 

ma 

. 

00 

NOI rnm 00 

. . 00 

1 I +I +I 

om 

m o mw 

. * 00 

m Cll 

cob 0 0 

. . 0 0 

I +I +I 

m a mrc 

30 

. . 

00 

I +I +I 

cn r-- 

Ln mr- m 

. . 

O 0 

0. 

0 3 

I t +I fl 

Mr. 

am Ln cn 

. . Q O 

44r. 

r. 4 f-3 eulm 

I.. 
Table 3.--Average mi sture content of wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by tree corlponent and si ze c5 ass, 

for hardwood species in the Upland-South 

- Average and staridard deviation 

Tree Stem 

si ze Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to &inch to Butt to 

class t re@ 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

f t ncl~es j 

SOFT HARDWOODS 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

SWEETGUM 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

YELLOW-POPLAR 

Wood 

Bark 
Table 3,--Average misture content of wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by tree component and size class, 

for hardwood species in the Upland-South--Continued 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

Wood and Bark 

WARD WRDUOOOS 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

POST OAK 

Con t i nueb 
Table 3.--Average misture content of wood, bark, and mod and bark combined, by tree component and size class, 

for hardwood species in the Upland-South--Continued 

-. --- Average and standard $viation 

Tree Stem 

si ze Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-inch to Butt. to 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

(inches) 

--------..---..------ Percent - - - - - - - - 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

SCARLET OAK 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

SOUTHERN RED OAK 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 
Table 3.--Average misture content of wod, bark, and wood and bark combined, by tree component and size class, 

for hardwood species in the Up1 and-South--Conti nued 

Tree 

si ze class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

[ inches ) 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

ALL SPECIES 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 
idble 4,--Average ijroportion of wood and bark green wight in bark, by tree compon2nt and size class, for 

hardwood species in the Up1 and-South 

--- --- UdT 

Tree Stem - si ze Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-inch to Butt to 

GI ass tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

YELLOW-POPLAR 

HARD NARDWOODS 

HICKORY 

POST OAK 

SCARLET OAK 

SOUTHERN RED OAK 

WHITE OAK 

ALL SPECIES 
Table 5,--Average green wight per cubic foot of mod, bark, and wod and bark combined, by tree component and 

size class, for lrardwood species in the Up1 and-South 

Average and standard deviation 

Tree Stem 

si ze Tot a 1 

class t reg 9-inch top 4-inch top &inch top dip tip Branches 

(inches) 

SOFT WRDWOODS 

Wood 

L,O- 4.9 59 2 5.2 - - -- - - 48 k 0.0 60 +1 6-3 54 C 6-2 

5.0-10.9 55 t 6.3 57 + 10.8 53 4 13.2 55 + 7.4 57 i: 5.7 50 9 6-9 54 "_*2 

>11.U 54k5.7 - 54 t 6.2 53 + 6.9 54 r 5.9 55 + 6,O 54 i: 5,9 55 2 6,l 

Bark 

1.0- 4.9 50 t 4.5 - - - - - - - - 50 c 5*2 52 c 6-2 

5.0-10.9 51 t 7.4 52 r 4.4 56 2 7.5 49 + 9.1 55 r 15.6 50 + 8,7 56 r 4,b 

> 11.0 54 + 5.1 - 51 2 6.4 53 + 6-5 51 + 6.3 SO -+ 3.8 52 4 6,3 59 k 3-51 

Wood and Bark 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

YELLOW -POPLAR 

Wood 

Bark 
Tdblt" 5.--Averaye cjreen wight per cublc foot of wood, bark, and wood and bark contbined, by tree comi?one~it dnri 

sl ze class, for hardwood species in the Upldnd-South--Continued 

- --- & ------ Average and standard deviation ------ - - Tree St eirt 

SI ze Total --.- ----'EtTF---‘- T--o--TtT-tZ - - ------ ---- 

cldss tree 9-~nch top 4-inch top 4-lnch top 

.?-inch to v 

t7 11 tlii iirar~ctres 

( i rrches ! - - ---- 

--------_-_--___ - - -- Pounds per cubic foot - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I 

- 

Wood anci trark 

HAKD WARDWOODS 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and nark 

HICKORY 

Wood 

Wood and Bark 

POST OAK 

Wood 
Tahle 5,--Averaye green weight per cubic foot of wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by tree component and 

si ze class, for hardwood species in the Up1 and-South--Continued 

Average and standard deviation 

Tree Stem 

si ze Total 

class tree Y-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

( inches - 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

SCARLET OAK 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

SOUTHERN RED OAK 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

Continued 
Table 5,--itveraye green wight per cubic foot of wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by tree co~~ponent and 

size class, for hardwood species in the Upland-South--Continu@d 

-- Average dnd standard tievi a ti on - 

Tree - Stem 

si ze Tota 1 Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-inch to TurF 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Oranchf-is 

( incftes j --- --- 

WHITE OAK 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

ALL SPECIES 

Wood -- -- 61 t 7.3 61 t 6.7 

60 t ?,6 60 t 7.2 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 
Tab1 e 6,--Averaye grepn weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood, by tree component and size class, for 

hardwood species in the Up1 and-South 

- Average and standard deviation 

Tree Stem 

si ze Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-inch to ~utt to 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-ioch top tip tip Branch~c 

i inches\ 

------------------ Pounds uer cubic foot - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 

SOFT HARDWOODS 

SWEETGUM 

YELLOW-POPLAR 

HARD HARDWOODS 

HICKORY 

POST OAK 

SCARLET OAK 

SOUTHERN RED OAK 

WHITE OAK 

ALL SPECIES 
rable 1.--Reymssfern quatrims $;op &$mating Igr-een and dry wight of above-*mp total-tree , bark, hnd fovage, 

and bark inmhined, and wood afme for harriwocd species in the Upland-South, with d.b.h. as the independent ~riable 

TOTAL-TREE MOOD, MRK, AND FOLIAGE 

Ward ~iart.Pworl6?.; Gmn 4,41595 1.21429 3,90893 1.23972 0.99 0 .Q873 364 

DfY 2,47910 1,23265 3.00118 1.19280 0.99 0.0849 364 

Post rxk i; reen 3,52810 1.24978 11.43392 1.00460 0.98 0.0612 96 

D ry 2,23650 1,24077 6.79066 1,00918 0.98 0.0619 2 6 

Scarlet taic Gmen 5,85797 1.18664 3.44343 1,29743 0.98 0,0626 4 2 

orgi 3.71351 1.16900 2.45847 1.25500 0.98 0.0603 4 2 

Wh&e m< Green 3,77132 1,24770 11.91623 1.00781 0.99 0.0634 87 

UV 2,40974 1,23665 7.10021 1.01133 0.99 0.0653 87 

TOTAL-TREE MOOD AND BARK 

Soft nani wood\ Gwen 3,72086 1,23838 3.57667 1.24662 0.98 0.0988 122 

 or^ 2.13830 1.21440 1,53461 1,28357 0.98 0.1042 122 

Continued 
T&te 'I .--.ii-"egre-essim equatims for estimating gwn and dry wight of above-stump total-tree wrxxf, hark, and frqlia*, woad 

a& bark cumhinc..l, and wood alone for hanjwooci species in the Upland-South, with d.b.h, as the indepe~dent variable--Cmtinued 

- speci~5 o f detenn i nation 

oijp a" D a b (R21 - *-- - 

Yellow -p~.i~idr Gmn 1.38087 1.48551 8,44488 1,10792 0.98 0.0671 14 

Dr3i 0.44159 1.59040 5.80899 1.U5310 g-98 0.0754 I9 

Hard Hard woafs Gmn 4.03700 1.22483 3,70662 1,24263 0.99 0,8848 364 

Dry 2,34325 1.23822 2.81946 1.19465 0.99 0,0849 364 

Post ~slk Gwen 3,41839 1.24923 11.08083 1.00401 O,P8 r1,l)6liP 26 

Dry 2.17824 1.24051 6.65153 1 .I10744 0,98 U.OE24 2h 

Scarlet 1)3 k G~en 5.44452 1.19363 3.10346 1,31080 0.98 0.0637 42 

Y 3.52314 1.17476 2,25162 1.26812 0.98 0.0613 4'1 

South. rrd a3 k Green 3.20531 1.18487 3.39595 1.27282 0.88 0.0561 34 

I) ri" 1.88717 1,29016 2.38797 1.24109 0,98 0.05R5 3 4 

A11 fpclcicsk, Green 3,35891 1.22794 3.67112 1.24367 0.99 G e 0900 485 

Dry 2.27761 1,23522 2.61138 1.20671 0.93 0.09Sb 48 6 

TOTAL-TREE MOOD 

Soft iianl woods Green 2.87796 1,26330 3,19198 1,24171 9.98 0.1069 122 

Dry 1.65387 1.24218 1.37392 1.28085 0.98 0,1134 122 

Continued 
Table 7,--Reg~ssim equations for atinrating green and dry eight of above-*;ttintp ma1-t~ , bark, and fofiage, ~4 

and bark combimd, and wood alone for hardwad wcis in the Upland-WLh, with d.h .he as the independent ~riable--Continua! 

Hickory Gmn 

or31 

Post mk Gmn 

Dv 

Scarlet oak Gwn 

OTY 

White oak. Green 

Dry 

All Species Gmn 

Dw 

'Trees < 11 -0 inches d,b,h, 

2Trees 2 11 .u inches d,k ,il, 

Y .= a"(DZ)" 

khe~ : 'r = comwnent wight in munds 

I? = tm d,b,h. in inches 

a\a" ", = L:gwssim cstlfficimts 
Table 8.--Regressiw, equations for estimating gmn and dry wight of total-stem wood and bark combiwd and wood alone for 

had wood species in the Upland-South, with d.b .h. as the independent variable 

Species Weight Regression equation coefficients Gwfficient Tandard No TITf - 

o r areen Trees < 11,O in d.b.h, Tms - z 11.0 in d.K5T2 of ermr tees 

species or determination ( S sd ~lpled 

group dry a' b a It b f R2) ------- - 

TOTAL-STEM UOOO AH0 BARK 

Soft Hardwoods Green 3,06818 1.25087 6,08427 1.10811 0,98 0,10113 l2L 

r~ 1.76433 1.22669 2,56326 1.14881 0,98 8.1035 122 

S weetgu m Gwn 2.99399 1.26356 4,45413 1.18073 0.99 0.07 2 3 39 

OW 1.39136 1.27827 1,90083 1.21321 0.99 0.0776 39 

Yellow-poplar Green 0.99452 1.54032 27.951 74 0.84472 0.98 0.0642 1'3 

90' 0.30828 1.65371 20,33017 0.78027 0.98 0.0747 19 

Hard Hardwods Green 3.26963 1.21895 5.42981 1.11318 0.99 il.i11)79 364 

DW 1.90929 1.23052 4.47873 1,05274 0.99 0.0863 36.1 

Hickory Gwen 3.26299 1.18973 0.27607 1.7047 1 0,99 0,0656 3 7 

DO' 1.97974 1.20411 0.24648 1.63853 0-99 0,0584 3 1 

Post oak G ~en 2.66234 1.24130 12.23908 0.92322 0.98 0.0584 2b 

Dry 1.69741 1.23153 7.48033 0.92226 0.48 0,0567 26 

Scarlet aa k Green 5.55694 1,13364 3.18970 1.24940 0.97 0.0695 4 ,!

OW 3,68422 1.10559 2.38800 1.19600 0.97 61.0655 4 2 

South. red oak Green 2.75099 1,27903 7,67526 1.06509 0,913 0.0489 2 4 

Dry 1.60722 1.28419 5.99985 1.00952 0.98 0.050 3 4 

klhite oak Gmn 3.29276 1.20873 11.91547 0.94055 0.98 0.0713 8 7 

DfY 2.16839 1.19319 7,28460 0,9405 1 0,98 0.07213 8 7 

All Species Green 3,23553 1.22507 5.38233 1.11895 0.99 0.0918 486 

OW 1.86650 1.23090 4.03918 1.06993 0.99 0,0922 486 

TOTAL-STEM UOOD 

Soft I-tardwocds Green 2,42210 1,27710 5.58303 1.10297 0.98 (1.1105 12:) 

Dry 1,33138 1,25733 2.45365 1 .I3754 0,913 0,1146 12% 

S weetgum Green 2,29915 1.29698 4.65394 1.14994 0.99 0.0794 39 

DW 1,09577 1,30410 2.00097 1,17854 0.99 0.0793 33 
F: 

P 2% $2 40 fir- e-i mm -06 U')W my) 3\d ah ma r-h ah hh mu') Wh mm Q 

rg 30 00 00 00 30 00 00 

FT 0 0 

tc) .4 

cow MCV LON 

"1 ", 

0 0 

ma 

mc0 erj 

b m 

a19 

a r. d 

r_r( CC) 

CJR 

N =3- b CVCU w 

I * d 4 

k m 

Ln f.60 N 

m U3 

"", "5. CV .-* 

CZ1 

8 z? c-3 CJ 

Ad 

8 

"8 *r 

1Z 

3 

am 3rm 

0 * 0 3 

W S, 

Oh 

mq. 

N Lo .-(a . 

I--( rl 

P. w m cn r- cn NU3 om 

I) 0 

c;f. m 

P- m-r -r 

0 CJ 

";t rr- NN li. 

"-4 rl 

r_r( w rnN 

corn 

mm cnw 

a s 

w '4 

C: 

2 a II 

.F" 

M 

8 

CI 

2 
Table 9.--Pegessior? equations f0f estimaticll; chic-foot mlume of above-stump totaf-tree wood and bark comhinert and alme 

for hard wood species in the IJpIand-South, with d.b.h. as the idepencfeclt variable 

-- -- Species Re ression equation coefficients CoefficienF- Staclda rd No. of 

or wood A bark 1190in d.h.h.1 Trees1 11.0in~I.b.~ of error: trees 

species o f - rfeterm ination ( SY ,, 1 sampled ----- 

-A!?-@ woo4 only a ' b a -- 5 (R21 -7 -- 

TOTAL TREE 

Soft Hardwoods UdSBk 0.06522 1,24942 0.06347 1.25510 0.99 0,089e 122 

Wad 0.04865 1.28014 0.05379 1.25920 0.99 0.0953 122 

Sweetgum Wd& Rk 0.35751 1.26879 0.04395 1.32488 0.99 0.0681 3 9 

Wood 0.041 57 1.30404 0.04230 1.30039 0.99 0.0694 39 

Yellow-poplar WdRBk 0,02713 1,49101 0.18444 1,09136 0.99 0,0527 19 

Wood 0.02078 1.50826 0.12891 1,12772 0.99 0.0535 19 

Hard Hanlwoods Wd&Bk 0.06908 1.21 558 0.06849 1.21 737 0.99 0.0781 354 

Wood 0.05287 1.22720 0.05206 1.23040 0.99 0.0845 364 

Hickory WdR Bk 0.06553 1.21 345 0.00340 1.83000 0.99 0.0773 3 7 

Wood 0.04299 1.25015 0.00218 1.87161 0.99 0.0770 3 7 

Post oak Wd K Bu 0,05424 1.25505 0.17109 1,01553 0.99 0,0569 26 

Wood 0.03866 1.27544 0.12295 1.03417 0.99 0.0540 26 

Scarlet oak WdR Bk Cl.08748 1.15835 0.05709 1.27736 0.98 0.0571 42 

Wood 0.06580 1,20640 0.04215 1.29925 0.98 0.0618 42 

South. red clak WclABk 0.05510 1.26919 0.06666 1.72948 0.98 0.0541 3 4 

Wood 0.04528 1.25821 0.04655 1.25243 0.98 0.0574 3 4 

White oak WdRBk 0,06245 1.22881 0.14279 1 .a5637 0.99 0.05ciO 87 

Wood 0.04249 1.27200 0.11701 1.06075 0.99 0.0569 5 7 

A11 Species Wd&Bk 0,06851 1.22209 0.06460 1.23433 0.99 0.0522 986 

Wood 0.05232 1.23721 0.04915 1.25024 0-99 0.0899 486 

'Trees < 11.0 inches d.b.h. 

zTrt?es 2 11.0 inches d,b.h. 

dherr: Y = component volume in cubic feet 

D = tree d.b.h. in inches 

a' ,a", h = regression coefficients 
Table lO,--Reg~ssbn quations for eeetimartinq cubic-foot volume of tml-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone for 

hadwood swcies in the Upland-Socie;h, with d,b.h, as the indewndent variable 

TOTAL STEM 

Yellow -pop1 ar 

Hard b-lardwods 

H~ckov 

Post oak 

karlet oak 

Sotrtti* red oak 

White oak 

All Sp~ies 

flwp C: YIT*O inches d,b,ke 

2q-m~ > Il,O inches d,b,h, - 

'&ew: Y = rsmpsf?en& volume in cbtblc feet 

D - Wee d,b,h, in inches 

a' ,ah' b = qrpsslon ~wff~~ients 
Tabb : l . --Reg~ssion t3quatims f3r estimating gmn anr dry wight of above-gump Lotal-tree wood, bark, and foliage, wood 

and bark cor;bined, and ~00.i a?me for hadwoail vecic>s in mcl, lipland-South, *&tR 3 .h,R, and to"tal height, as Ule indedepcindeot 

variables 

species or de.tc?rm~nataan ISy sampled 

:(in d ry a' b a b c [ R 2) 

TOTAL-TREE MOOD, BARK, AND FOLIAGE 

tian' iwa-.: -ii~ods Green U,31320 0,93858 U, 10004 1.17655 0,93858 0,99 0.0823 364 

EV 0,16886 Q. 9528 1 0.0726U 1.12855 0,95261 i1.93 0,0792 364 

Sca rlet 31 k G merl 0.21961 0.99568 0,18321 l,i!3347 0.99568 il.99 0,042U 4 2 

D r~ 0,14984 0.93802 0,13591 0,94836 0.97802 0,9Y U. 0432 4 2 

Whrt~ rxik Green [I. 256 11 D.956a4 0. I8888 1.02993 !!. 36644 (1.90 0,0562 1"; 7 

Dry 0,16b90 0,35833 1,11693 1,:3246 0,95837 0,93 0 Q 0569 I! 7 

All Sp~c-IPS Green 11.325 74 0,92803 0,11479 1.14552 0.Q21103 0.99 i;i.09?a 486 

D lY 0.17932 0,93579 0,07785 1,10!477 0,~?579 U, 98 0.1046 4iib 

TOTAL-TREE WOOD AND BARK 

Soft iiafri wtjods Green i!. 32357 0.90550 0 - 130b5 1.09460 0.90550 i!.(3Y 0,0876 122 

i: fry 0,19618 0,8h726 U,05924 1,:3694 3,88126 C. 98 U .11963 122 

Continued 
Tabk li .--Regression qiluatims for estimating gmn and dry wight cf sbovr?-slump total-tree wood, bark, and foliage, wood 

and nark c~~iihinc>d, and wood alme for hadwood yiecles -rr: the Upland-SouUI, with d.D .h. and total height as the indedependent 

varidii:g 5 --f,cntlnued 

spei 5- 

"l i' 

determination 

YC!?IU~/ -po~lar G!"t%?n 3,20548 0,95804 U. 11558 1,67802 0.95804 3.38 0.0657 19 

r3 r3" I). lf5505: I, U3065 0,05976 1,01336 1.03065 0.98 0,0104 19 

Post [ak Limn ri.l8791 1.00655 11.22936 0.36498 f .00655 1). 98 0,0611 26 

1: ry 0,12487 U.49690 0.14035 U.97254 0,99690 1). 98 0.0649 2 6 

SOI:~~\, ti ~idk Green 0.11014 1.05261 0.06056 1.17735 1.05261 0.98 0.0558 34 

w 9.06299 1 ,ffSBTi 1 1.14380 1.05871 0.94 U.11572 34 

TOTAL-TREE WOOD 

Soft tiarrl woixlr Gwn U, 23621 0.92468 0.11041 1.08326 0.92468 0.99 0.0923 122 

D r~ i1.14112 il.90YW 0e05020 1.125511 0.90909 0.38 U. 1007 122 

Sweeb cum !hen 0,15232 0,97556 U,05739 1.17910 0.57556 U.99 0.0485 39 

ll y 0.07191 0,98024 i1.G?313 1.21678 0.98024 U.99 0.U492 3 9 

Ve'low-popiar Green 3,14161 U.97712 L1.117582 1.10797 U,97772 0.98 0. 0653 19 

Zi rj 0.U3583 1.061iO .1.04203 1.027811 1.06110 0.98 0.0719 19 

Continued 
Table 11, --Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of abow-stump total-tree wood, bark, wid foliage, wood 

and hdrk combined, and wood alone for hardwood species in the Upland-South, with d.h.h. and total height as the indedependent 

yar?ai.]pr -- Continued 

--7$2;7ij-< - -- Weight Regression equation coefficients Coefficient Standard No. of 

[I I' areen Trees < 11.0 in d.h.h. Trees - > 11.0 in d.b.h.L of ermr3 trees 

spries or kteninatiw, S 1 sampleci 

.y ~CRIP dry a' b a b c (Hz) 

Hard H,inf woods Green 0.21369 0.95558 0.07231 1.18151 0.95558 0.99 0.0822 364 

D r~ 0.12532 0.95098 0.05782 1.12226 0.96098 0.99 0.0766 364 

Hico ir-y Green U. 16542 0,96957 0.01160 1.52359 0.96957 0.99 0 .a683 3 7 

D ry 0.10653 U.37215 0.00907 1.48569 0.97215 0.99 0.0727 37 

Post ti3 i/ Green 0.15498 1.00515 0.16576 0.99114 1.00515 0.98 0.0631 2 6 

UV 0.10924 0.98774 0.10243 1.00116 0.98774 0.98 0.0695 26 

Scdrlri. n;t l: Green 0.14244 1.01912 0.12045 1.05408 1.01912 0.99 0.0495 42 

5~ 0.10107 0.99699 0.09206 1.01645 0.99699 0.99 0.0504 4 2 

South, wci oak Green 0.09406 1.04520 0.04594 1.19461 1.04520 0.98 0.0581 34 

0 ry 0.05847 1.03815 0.03284 1.15847 1.03815 0.98 0.0524 34 

White oak S reen 0.168013 0.9901 1 0.13795 1.03131 0.99011 0.99 0.0587 8 7 

DQ' 0.11322 0,98037 0.09452 1.01802 0.98037 0.99 0.0583 87 

A11 Species Green 0.21990 0.94766 0.08329 1.15009 0.94766 0.99 0.0898 486 

0 r~ 0.12996 0.94835 0.06072 1.10704 0.94835 0.99 0.0986 486 

-- 

~TEPS < Il .O inches d.b,h. 

2T~es 2 11 .I) inches d .b .he 

When? : Y = component wight in pounds 

U = tree d.b .he in inches 

Th = tree total height in feet 

a' ,*t" ,b ,c = regression coefficients 
Table 12 ,--Reg~ssrm quatims for estimating gmn and dry weight of total-*m wood and hark wmbined and wood alone tor 

hardwIwi vcjs in the Upland-Swth, with deb .he wd total height as the independent variables 

7n"r 

tees 

art pled 

TQTAL-STEM MOOD AND BARK 

Soft Hadw6cds Gwen 0,251?3 0,91865 0,22629 0.94037 0,91865 0.99 0.0718 121 

D1-y 0,15267 9,90026 U. 10080 U. 98656 U, 90026 Ci , 99 0,0787 112 

"illow-poplar Green U.12'997 1.UOU21 0.33457 0.80307 1,00023 0.99 U ,0550 l'4 

DW 0,03353 1.07770 0,17805 0.72957 1.U7770 0.98 0.0615 1 Y 

Wic kory b~wil 0,28645 0,90361 0,02854 1.WOA6 0.90361 11.99 C) . 0639 3 I 

3~ 11.16984 0,91313 0,02451 1.31586 0.91313 0.99 0.0709 .f l 

Post oak G *err 0,14156 5.00641 0.26456 0.87602 1.00641 0.99 0.0479 /h 

DTY 0,09446 0,99578 0.16531 0.87908 0.99578 0.99 U.0505 L !I 

Scarlet oak Gmn 0.21820 0,96294 0.19784 0.98336 0.96294 0.99 0.0396 42 

Dry 0,15824 0,93801 0,15837 0.93784 0.93801 0.99 0.0361 4 2 

TOTAL-STEM WOOD 

Continued 
laole 12, --Regression equations for estirilatiny green and dry weight of total-sttern ~~od and krk corqbined and wood alone for. 

harfw~crd species in the Upland -South, with d .b .he and total height as the indvpendent vandbles--Continueti 

------- Species Wsyht Re ressim equatim coefficients C~ffi~itzntm;iad----3~; r7-I o r qrren T=K&~-.% .h . I ires > 11.0 1n d.h.~.~ ot error3 tr~es - species or -- debrrn~nation ( S ) sdii pled 

group d ry a h c (HZ) a' - b - - --- 

'fellow -poplar Green 0.09541 1.01437 0.20464 0,855d6 1.01497 0.99 0,0581 1" 

Dry 0.02376 1.10030 0.12069 0.76144 1.10030 0.98 0.0h47 1 9 

Hard Hardwoods Green 0.17309 0,95630 0.11347 1.04436 0.95630 0.99 Q,0651 J i~ii 

DV 0.10252 0,95980 0.09821 0.95875 0.95980 0.99 0 ,0602 Mi 

Hickory G men 0.15515 0.95176 0.01938 1.3854% 3.95176 0.99 0.0551 I. i 

UV U ,10000 0,95385 0.01619 1,33348 0.95385 U. 99 0,0572 5 1 

Post oak Gwen 0.1Zlu7 1.00577 0.21433 U.886h7 1.U0571 0 99 f:. 053% 20 

Dr~i 0.08582 0.9869 1 0.1359 7 0.89096 0,98691 19.98 U.0611 r h 

Scarlet m k Green 0.15658 0.98251 G. 14710 0.99540 0.98251 U.99 U , 944; i ,' 

DfY 0.11396 0.95503 0,11833 0.94719 0.95503 0.99 0,0423 4 L' 

Souti.1, recf oak Green 0.07352 1.05553 0,09979 0.99184 1.05553 0.93 0.04bl i .I 

' Dry 0.0447 5 1.04948 0.07940 U.92992 1.04948 0,913 0.04136 $4 

White oak Green 0.16519 0.96663 0.17835 0.95064 0.96663 0.99 0.0473 ! i 

DY 0.11349 0.95393 0.12411 0.93528 0.95393 0,99 0.0408 ', 7 

A71 Species Green 0.17702 0.95148 0.13157 1.01336 0,95148 0,139 0.0709 LI:~€I 

D r~ 0.10491 0.95101 0.10184 0.95720 0.95101 0-99 0.0776 iiii6 

'Trees < 11.0 inches d.b.h. 

2Tn?c?s _L 11.0 inches d.b.h. 

'f = a"(02)b (Th)" 

Where: Y = amponent weight in pounds 

U = tree deb .h. in inches 

Th = tree total height in feet 

a ' ,a" , b ,c = reg wssion cwfficients 
Table 13,--Regression quations for estimating cubic-foot volume of above-stump total-tree wood and bark combined and wood alone 

for hafdwotxi species in the Upland-South, with d.b.h. and total height as the independent variables 

of" wood & bar): 

TOTAL TREE 

Soft Hardwoocis kidRBk 0,00555 0.91 352 C.00225 1.10191 0.91357 0.99 0,0774 122 

Woad 0.00385 0.93723 0,001 78 1.09782 0.93723 0.99 0.0769 122 

SweeQiim Wd S Bk 0.00390 0.94730 0,00099 1,73425 0.94730 0.99 0.0451 39 

Mood 0.00201 0.37370 0,00055 1.20700 0.97370 0.99 0.0451 39 

Yellow -mpl ar Mdt3 Bk 8,00388 0.96524 0.00252 1.05566 0.96521 0.99 0.0462 19 

Wood 0,00282 0.98015 0.00170 1.08579 0.98015 0.99 0.041 5 19 

Ward Hardwoods Wd&Bk 0.00486 0.94018 0.001 75 1.15251 0.94018 0.99 0.0683 364 

go& 0,00358 0.95048 0.00130 1.16142 0.95048 0.99 0.0662 364 

Hickory Wd&lfk 0.00554 0.91970 0.00033 1.50669 0.91970 0.99 0,0909 3 7 

Wood 0.00331 0.94932 0.00020 1.53200 0.94932 0.99 0.0776 3 7 

Post oak Wd&Bk 0.00294 1,01112 0.00348 0.97649 1.01112 0.99 0.0562 2 6 

Wood 0.00202 1.02657 0.00234 0.99582 1.02657 0.99 0.0547 2 6 

Scarlet oak Wd&Bk 0.00333 0.99473 0.00301 1.01555 0.99473 0.99 0.0371 42 

Wood 0.00233 1.01241 0.00214 1.03074 1.01241 0.99 0.0396 42 

South, red oak Wd&Bk 0.001 96 1.04024 0.00125 1.13479 1.04024 0.98 0.0535 3.4 

Wood 0.00162 1.03396 0,00090 1.15637 1.03396 0.98 0.0554 34 

Whib oak WdRBk 0.00442 0.95184 0.00241 1,07811 0.95154 0.99 0.0513 8 7 

Wood 0.00274 0.98507 0.00171 1.08362 0,98507 0.99 0.0492 87 

A11 Species Wd& Rk 0,00507 0.93368 0.00192 1.13430 0.93368 0.99 0.0724 486 

Wood 0.00365 0.94707 0.00142 1.14365 0.94707 0.99 0.0694 486 

ITrees (. 11.0 inches d.b.h. 

2Trees _t_ 11,O inches d.b.h. 

'f = a"[B2)5(Th)c 

Mhere: V = component volume in cubic feet 

D = trizct d,b.h. in inches 

Th = tree total height in feet 

a \a" ,b ,C = qwssion coefficients 
a Lo 

cs? a, V cg. 

w 

32 m m \;j. Lo 

C) C3) * e 

CJ a 

rm m a cn * * 0 C3 

rl- Cv V) *3 c- N nu, 

m 01 * * 0 0 

r. m 03 rJ- 

%f \2i G & 

0 0 

I s 

P-4 r( 

ma 

CrJ 4 

f*1 C\i 

0 8 

o,? 

0 B 

-3 ;tfu 

a 

PI- a3 w CC) in m m I. 

C3 C3 

r-4 m c? Tr) m C\d 

C) 0 c? 0 * * 0 a 

u 

$ -g 3 -0 2E 0 

W 

.rV 

<% 

"--" - 

.a: 
Table 15,--Reg~ssion quations for estimating green and dry weight of abow-stump total-tree wood, bark, and foliage, wood 

and hiirk cci:n$iwd, and wood alone for hhrdwod species in Ule Upland-South, with d.b.h. and height to a 4-inch top as independent 

variables 

TOTAL-TREE YOOD, BARK, AND FOLIAGE 

Hard Hardwoods Green 3.9u351 U.67935 0.30159 1.21330 0.67938 0.97 0.0792 2 

ofy 2.44712 0.67450 0.20537 1.191 17 0.67450 0.97 0.0749 ;'A2 

Post wk Green 2.55935 0.73349 0.85732 0.96954 0.73349 0.99 0.0561 2 0 

DfY 1.70907 0.726 70 0.51422 0,97714 0.72670 0.98 0.0598 7 6 

A14 Species G men 4,04651 0.66876 0.31363 1.20201 0.66876 0.96 0.0897 :;44 

0 r?, 2.48892 0.66273 0.20442 1.18390 0.66273 0.94 0.1032 ,144 

TOTAL-TREE WOOD AND BARK 

Soft f"ti-ia&woocls Gmn 3.07487 0,61891 U.31725 1.15252 0.67891 0.97 0. OH08 i: L 

!I ry 1.62822 0.67795 0.16680 1.15304 0.67795 0.97 0 .(I845 tJ 2 
Ta~]e 15.--Keyrc?ssion eqilatlons for estlmatiny g'wn and dry wight of above-!&ibimp totaitaltm WOI!, bark, and Folldlje, @oc\ct 

and hark comb~nttd, and wow alone for hardwood species in the Upland-South, hjth d,b.h, and height to a 4-inch tq as ?nde,>e~dent 

variables --Continued 

- species c r deWrra~aation S 1 sdrrr bled 

pLp- dry ---- a" b --- ( P 2) ------ ----- 

Hard Warvlwoods Green 3.647bl u.68079 0,27341 1,22330 2.68079 0-97 0.07145 L I]'! 

Dry 2.32058 0.67712 0,19005 1.19889 0,67712 0,97 0,0754 ;h2 

Post mk Gnren 2,568b6 0,73359 0,83382 U,9b819 0.73353 0,913 0,0561 i 6 

UTY 1,66112 0.72683 0.50476 9,97521 0.72683 0,913 0,0598 ib 

Scarlet oak G en 2.40363 11.75357 C-47158 1,09317 U-75357 0.98 0 , 0bOu 4 L 

OW 1.55375 U, 74338 0.35318 1,05229 0,74338 0.88 U,0578 4 1. 

South. red oak Gmrl 3.57751 U,68813 0,248b7 1,24403 0,68823 0.98 U, 0650 3 4 

Dry 2.U7U55 0,69313 0.17379 1,20977 b.69313 0.98 11.0656 3 4 

All Species Gmn 3,73809 0.67333 0.28657 1,20887 6,67333 0, (s6 U, 0886 ,844 

DV 2,33910 0.56674 0,19087 1,18927 0.66674 13.95 It, 10.21 19.3, 

TOTAL-TREE YOOD 

Soft Hardwoods Green 2,38544 0,69084 0,25886 1.15392 0,69084 0-97 0,0832 trz 

ow 1.24036 0,69379 0,13922 1.14984 0,69379 i3,91 O,UB65 M 2 

S weetgu m Green 1.80713 0.72679 0.13016 1.19623 0.12679 0,99 O.OS18 23 

Dry 0.86709 U.72999 0,07943 1,22855 U.72498 U,99 0.0466 23 
Table 15 .--Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of above-stdmp total-tm mod, hark, and foliage, woaj 

and bark coi?bined, and wood alone for hardwood species in the Upland-South, with d-b .he and height to d $-inch top as independent 

variables--Continued 

Cwfficit?nt StanddFd-'-Hri, 7 1 . . r of ermt" trees 

species or determination S sn,tipled 

group df.9 a@ b a b c f R2) - ---- - - --- 

Ward Hadwoods Snte~ 2.91534 0.68545 0.21197 1.23203 0,68545 0.97 U.0803 ;'G? 

Dry 1,88728 0.67810 1.16124 1.19105 0.67810 0.97 0.0742 ;'5 2 

Post oak Green 2.12724 0.73157 0,59799 0.99618 0,73157 0.98 0,0601 2 6 

DfY 1,43117 0.71905 0,36175 1.00583 0,71905 0. (38 0.0667 2 6 

Scarlet 0c3 k Green 1,94158 0.75654 0.35071 1.11337 0.75654 0.98 0.0656 4 i 

OfY 1.26702 0.74342 0.26448 1.07010 0.74342 0.98 0.0634 4 1 

South, red oak Len 3.U2525 0.58147 0.18607 1.26294 0.68147 0.98 0,0682 3 4 

Dry 1.79660 0.67962 0.13251 1.22322 0.67962 0.97 0.0699 34 

White oak G~en 2.59281 0.70141 0.41247 1.08473 0.70141 0.98 0.0632 f5 

u 1.78950 0,68733 0.26814 1.08314 0.68733 0.97 0,0643 / ', 

All Species Green 2.91422 0.68080 0.22312 1.21661 0.68080 0.96 0.0869 .54 4 

.Dm 1,84077 0.67317 0.15944 1.18325 U.b7317 0.95 0.0961 $44 

'Trees < 11,O inches d .b .h. 

ZTrees 2 15.0 inches d,b,h. 

Idhe=: Y = component weight in pounds 

D = tree d.b .h. in inches 

H4 = tree height to &inch top in feet 

a ' ,a" ,b ,c = regression coefficiwtts 
Tahlltl 3.--Regression quaticxrs for estimating green and dry weight of total-stem rrood and bark combined and wood alone top 

h;tr_i wood spc'ies -rr; the Upland-%jouth, with deb .!I. and kqht eo a 4-:rich top as the independent var~ablcs 

---q%ZcKp KezjE- Ccefficienr: Stdriddrd Tiim--6+-- o r green o f erfrtr4 t reps 

TOTAL-STEM WOOD AND MRK 

Soft Flawwoods itm~ 2,97910 u.71OU4 J.bQ943 U.9hS93 !J,71004 0-98 9-0625 ij2 

D PY 1 ~391d2 0.71037 0,32012 0.96620 !2-72337 0,98 0,064? t: 2 

Post ;ak Greer: 1.98856 0,72994 0.94179 0.88578 0,f2994 d,99 0,11500 26 

Be 1.28431 0.72233 0,58096 0,88855 U, 72233 U,99 d, 0523 26 

Sou-ttr, red oak Green 3,10349 0.68362 U, 56705 1,03806 0.68352 0,98 0.0500 34 

Dry 1.77778 0.68887 0,44099 0,97955 0.68887 0-98 U, 12594 34 

White? oak men 2.79743 U.68171 0.64114 0.98889 U,68111 0,9Y 0,0405 15 

Dry 1,92818 0,66675 0,39235 0.99875 G,66675 0-38 0, U484 75 

0.44984 1,0399 i ri,S:1754 U-97 0, Obcici * 1 

Ail Species Green 2,68331 0.68754 '.+A. 

D ry 1.67917 0.68044 0.317313 i.02;)il O.6i3044 0,535 0,0794 264 

TOTAL-STEM W 0 OD 
fable 16.--Regression w3iraticsns fr?r estimating greert and dry weight of total-stem wood and bark combinecl and mod alone for 

kardwotf species tn the ?$:land-South, with d.b,h, and he~yht to a 4-inch top as the independent variables--Continued 

--i-- --- - --- S~PL IPS Me iy ht Regression eqt~atron coefftcients Coefficient Standard No. of 

o r ween of error3 trees 

sf*cles 0 r - determination ( S,, , ) sampld 

--- gwup -- drgi a ' b a b c (R2 -- -- 

Post t~k G rc~~"n 1,711 133 0.72875 0.75924 0.89775 0.72875 0.98 0.0571 76 

1: rv 1,15750 0.71499 0.47f105 0.902110 0.71499 0.98 0.064 i 26 

South, reci oak Green 7.57606 0.68189 ~~12t3 1,06804 0.68189 0.97 0.0633 34 

i)~ 1 .5I).IWl t?. 68060 0.32090 1.00269 0.68060 0.97 0.0631 34 

Whlde oak Grwn 2.74cffi7 i). 69226 0.52268 0.99651 0.69226 0.99 0.0483 7 5 

D't y 1.56ll62 0.67688 0.34497 0.99161 O.fi7688 0.98 0.0490 7 5 

V~es < 11,0 inches d.h,h. 

where: "i ccnmpnn~nt wight in ponds 

2 = trw 4.h.h- rn inchec; 

H4 = tree height to 4-inch top in feet 

d ,a " ,b ,c = rriqRssion coefficients 

Table 18,--Regression qualions for esiimating cubic-foot volume of total-stem mod and bark combined and mod alone for 

haddo& species in the Upland-%&h, wit4 dab .he and height to a $-inch top as the 'indepndent variables 

Coefficient Standard No. of 

- 0 f error3 tfees 

determination 

TOTAL STEM 

Post cak Wd& !3k 0,031 03 0.7361 2 0.01437 0.89661 0.73612 0.99 0.0502 2 6 

Wood 8.02348 0.74714 0,01122 0.90116 0,74714 0.99 0,0525 26 

White oak Ud&Bk 0.04575 0.67960 0.00820 1.03809 0.67960 0.99 0.0348 75 

'docxi 0.03448 0.69609 0.00611 1.05686 0.69609 0.99 0,0363 7 5 

kdhere: Y -- component volume in cubic feet 

a3 = tree d,b ,he in inches 

H4 = tre height ko 4-inch top in feet 

a \,aM ;,b ,c = qression c~ff:cients 
z 

C 

-g 

P * 

! 2 +, I tn i 

3 2 

3g -"-. 

[I5 $ p." 

9 5 0 13 ul a rCI 'IG v 3? 

0% 

V? a 4 4 

4 b ha 'Qw 

"3.5 

C C 

00 

?", 

3 a 

4 4 

O - cC 

4 0 w 

59 

0 I 0 I 

COPb u' 

3 6 U> N CJ N 

. 7.4 4 

53 N 

0 rO ad3 rn CO d- 

. . em 

c= m 0 m r PC,? 

C C 

c r-- w h 

. . 

0 0 

4 

b 4 N Cn 

Cr 

CC V? I--, 

. . 

0 0 

m c CS 6 

m C '42 0- V? 0' 

. . a 0 

Ci b 

t\l 

C' 'T? 

d P-4 

h w P- 

. 

r, .;f 

C 

! 2 C" 0 

ln 

f: 0 

$ 

I: 

5 

V"1 
Table 20, --Re qua.t;oqs +or estimating green and dry weight of sa w-'log nerchantabie-9am wood 

and bark combined and mod alme for hardwood species in the gpland- sou^, with d.b.h. arid ~w-lo(i 

merchantable as the independent variables 

S~C~S We~g~t Regqssior. quatlcm soefficients " Cwfficient Standan3 No, of 

or green of error2 trees 

spc?es or a b c debmination (Sy lx sampled 

SAU-LOG STEM MOOD AND BARK 

Scarlet oak Green 0,74621 0,96120 0.75381 0.99 0.0177 15 

DO 6,55653 0.95154 0.74518 0.99 0.0204 15 

811 Species Green 0.81418 1.01247 0.62653 0.85 0,0777 90 

DcY 0,78474 0.99729 0.49733 0.84 0.0766 90 

SAW-LOG STEM WOOD 

Soft Hardwoods Gnren 0.67706 0.83804 0.87425 0.88 0.0699 27 

DO' 0,57297 0.82271 0.76992 0.90 0,05512 27 

Ham Hanrfwoods Green 0,46094 0,98576 0.81067 0.88 0,0709 63 

Br5' 0.35069 0,91457 0.84405 0.91 0,0608 63 

Scarlet eak Green 0.63282 0.96594 0.77919 0.99 0.0182 15 

Dry 0.47509 0.93755 0,73525 0.99 0,0223 15 

South. red mk Gwen 0.73337 0.73219 1.11587 0.96 0.0425 17 

Dry 0.49109 0.69192 1.12206 0.94 0.0516 17 

Ali Species Green 0,63334 1.00616 0.66992 0.86 0.0761 90 

r~ 0.58154 0.37246 0.58073 0.85 0.0736 90 

Whew: Y = component wight in pounds 

D = tree d,b.h, in inches 

Mh = tree saw-1% me~hantab'le height in feet 

a,b ,c = ~gressioc: coc?fficients 
Table 21.--Regression equations for est~mati~g cubic-foot mitime of above-st2_;.np toda3-tree wood dric Sa-ic 

coqoined and wod alone for hardwcixi spcies Ir the ir~lanci-Sout\ kt11 d.b.h, and sir-1% werchant3Sic; 

hejght as the independent variables 

Species Lsiu7ie Reqressior quatfm ccleffic~ents Coefficient Standard "in, of 

or wood & bark of erwr2 trees 

species or a b r, determl~atj~ 5, samp1i.d 

!Tar P wood cnly (R2) 

TOTAL TREE I) 

Ward Hadwoods WdARk 

Wood 

Scarlet m k Wd&Bk 

Wood 

South. red oak Wd&Bk 

Wood 

Ail Species WdilBh: 

Wood 

Where : Y = component volume in cubic feet 

O = tree d.b ,h. in inches 

Mh = saw-log merchantable height in feet 

a, b ,c = ~gression coeffic~ents 

"%,, form 

Table 22.--Regression equatims for estimatin~ cu~ic-foot valume of saw-log nerzhantabje-ste- #cod a~d 

bark combined and wood alone for hardwood wcies in the Ilpland-South, wkk b.b .he md sin-log 

merchantable height as the independent variables 

pecies No. of 

o r wood & bark of error2 trees 

species o r a b c determination (SYeX) sa-npliid 

grw P wood m1y ( R2) 

SAM-LOG STEM 

Soft Hardwoods Wd&Bk 0.01137 0.77554 1.03036 0.92 0.0586 27 

Wood 0.01208 0.76056 1.00385 0.94 0.0518 27 

Had Hadwoods WdRBk 0.01098 0.93232 0.82611 0.95 0.0455 63 

Wood 0,00739 0.94477 0.87744 0.94 0.036i: 04 

Scarlet wk Wd&Bk 0,01014 0.99544 0.76001 Q.99 0.0218 15 

Wood 0.00739 1.03445 0.74622 0.99 0.0259 16 

Sorjtn. red oak Wd&Bk 0.01833 0.721181 1.03953 0.96 0.0420 17 

Wood 0.01313 0.73957 1.04975 0.95 0.9443 i7 

A11 Species Wd&Bk 0,01356 0.92196 0.82244 0.93 0.0525 90 

Wood 0,00854 0.91813 0.87447 0.94 3.0435 91 

When?: Y = component volume in cubic feet 

D = t~ d,b.h, in inches 

Mh = saw-ly merchntable height in feet 

a ,b ,c = regrt3ss!m coeffic7ents 
Table 23.--Regression coefficients for estimating above-stunp stem weight to a 

specified d.o.b. top diaqeter as a proportion of the total -stem weight for hardwood 

species in the Uyl and-Sottth 

Green wight ----- Dry weight 

-- a b a h --- c ---- C - 

WOOD AND BARK 

Soft Hardwoods -1,56655 4.50927 -4.50649 -1.59620 4,52339 -4.50157 

Sweet gum -2,19544 4,75749 -4.82010 -2.07716 4,77234 -4.80657 

Ye1 1 ow-gopf ar -2,07710 4,79969 -4.93471 -1.97288 4,84199 -4,95434 

Hard tiardwoods -2.28360 4.46072 -4.68636 -2.23719 4.46112 -4,67358 

lii c kory -3,09629 4,28856 -4.67482 -3.10193 4.32745 -4.70710 

Post oak -1.91840 4,08257 -4,33818 -1.91071 5.10398 -4.35362 

Scarlet oak -1 -95138 4.47389 -4.71628 -2,00681 4.41270 -4.66309 

Sol~th. red oak -3.77533 4,00045 -4,43757 -3.83036 3.96024 -4,39942 

Mhite oak -2,07303 4,96243 -5,09445 -2.03925 4.97981 -5. 10296 

All Species -2,15806 4.41291 -4,60247 -2.1UOY 7 4.42002 -4, 59413 

WOOD ONLY 

Soft Hardwoods -1.55330 4,63552 -4.60547 -1,52136 4.63089 -4, 58383 

Sweet gur7 -2.03U43 4,91715 -4,93948 -1.93715 4.91375 -4.91348 

Y el 1 ow-pop1 a r -2,L502t< 4,95273 -5.09859 -1.99915 4.96877 -5.U8179 

Hard Hardwoods -2.22363 4,57247 -4,78530 -2.20462 4,55367 -4.75886 

tti G kory -3.08555 4,39543 -4,77375 -3.13432 4.49292 -4,78594 

Past oak -1,83092 4,17215 -4.40533 -1 -83838 4.18398 -4,412hl 

Scarlet oak -1.8893O 4.55232 -4.78981 -1,97765 4,48821 -4,73111 

South. red oak -3.72423 4.09132 -4.52401 -3.85832 4,02836 -4.47336 

Ifhite oak -1,96763 5.13852 -5,74179 -1,95384 5,13262 -5.23190 

All Species 

'~~here: YR = st?~~ ~~eight totop ri.o.h./total-sten weight ratio 

d = stc91 specified top d,o,b, i~ inches 

D = tree diarleter at breast height in inches 

a,h,c = reyression eosflfticieats 

e = 2.7182H (base of log E) 
Table 24 .--2egressi on coefficients for estimating above-stump stem vol ume to a 

speci fied d.o.b. top diameter as d proporti on of the total -stem vol me for hardwood 

speci es in the Up1 and-South 

Regression equation and coefficients1 -- ------ 

Species Y R = ea(d) 

- -- --- - Wood and bark Mood only ----- --- a b c a b c --------- 

Soft Hardwoods -1.58948 4,60349 -4.57456 -0.90981 4.67922 -4,40753 

Hard Hardwoods -2,36727 4,44955 -4,59286 -1 ,34780 4,43890 -4.44676 

Hickory -3,14288 4,29374 -4,69551 -1,13635 3.41956 -3,45810 

Post oak -2,10199 4,06511 -4.36727 -2.04081 4,%05>35 -4,49028 

Scarlet oak -2,27238 4,33991 -4 ,65336 -2,U5227 4.47319 -4.73863 

South, red oak -4,33279 3,90648 -4,40305 -4,55488 3,96664 -4.48531 

White oak 

All Species -2,19552 4,43283 -4.62984 -1,20804 4.441U3 -4,38550 

 here: Y, = sten volun~e to top d.o.b./total-stem volume ratio 

d = stem specified top d.o,b, in inches 

B = tree diawter at breast freight in inches 

a,b,c = reyressioo coefficients 

e = 2.71828 (base of lay E) 
Table 25.--9eyression coefficients for estimating stem pieight to a specified d.o.b. 

top dia~eter as a proportion of the saw-log stem rei yht for !lardwood species in the 

Up1 and-South 

-- 

Ratio equation and coefficients I 

Green wei yht Dry weight 

a b c a b c 

WOOD AND BARK 

Soft Hardwoods 8,47209 -0.87551 0.38432 11,59248 -9.96035 0,36964 

Hard flardwoods 38,51019 -1.42502 0,31682 41.82526 -1.44736 0,32237 

Scarlet oak 4,91453 -0,76090 0,29384 5,88406 -0,80823 0.30559 

South, red oak 10.40046 -0.98021 0.30150 11,98108 -1.01939 0.30963 

All Species 37,10465 -1.1432U 0,33495 20,83442 -1,19897 0.33719 

WOOD ONLY 

Soft Hardwoods 8,18203 -0,87109 0,38393 11 , 13685 -0,95361 0,37066 

Hard Hardwoods 37,96931 -1,42608 0,31456 37,98114 -1,42243 0.31609 

Scarf et oak 4,72979 -0.75216 0.29180 4,70978 -0,74676 0,29296 

Sou ti]. red oak 10.13408 -0.97664 0.29890 

All Species 17,42472 -1 16221 0,33145 19,26726 -1 18010 0.33297 

--- 

%here : Y, = ratio of stem wei yht to top d.o.b. saw-stem 

Ilh = saw-log merchantable height in feet 

d = steg specified top diameter in inches 

D = tree diameter at breast height in inches 

.75 = constant based on averaye forrn class 

a,b,c = regression coefficients 

e = 2.71828 (base of log E) 
Table 26.--2eyressio.t coefficierit.; for estir~atincj st^ voluq~e to a specified d.o.b. 

t did;~etor dc a proporti or) of the saw-?$g steril v01 UPW far hardwood species it1 the 

U;jI d~d -5ol~tb 

-- -- - --- ---- -- ---------- - ----- -- ---- -- ----- - Wood and hark biood oiiljt ----- ----- --------- ----- ----------------------- a R c a 5 c 

Soft Bardwoods 7.80439 -0.86234 2,38757 7,35624 -0.95166 0.33766 

Hard tiardwoods 35 .'-359i33 -1,41022 !1.:31304 39.34780 -1,45316 i1,30980 

Scarlet oak 3.8691s -O,rjt)44:3 0.23986 3.82096 -9 , 69744 3.29027 

Soutf-i, red oilk 7.42641 -9,87619 11.29843 6.9!;935 -0.857'30 0.29543 

All Species 1211 -1,13382 0,33255 15 0 94696 -1 , 13532 11.331540 

-- - --I--- --I-I --_Y_-l_l- _-II_-__I__ _--- _ -_-I---_ 

1bJhere : Y, - rdtio of sten volt~me to top d.o.b. saw-ste:q 

'!In = saw-log merchanta9le hei yht in feet 

d = st^^ specified top rii dneter it1 inches 

3 = tr2e diareter at breast height in itlches 

.713 = constant 5asc.d 011 average form class 

a,h,c = regression cilefficients 

e = 2.71828 (base af log E)