Contents
 

Contents
 

About This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
 

Section I: Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
 

Section II: Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
 

Section III: Accomplishments to Date. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
 

Section IV: Products in Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
 

Section V: Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
 

Appendices 

Appendix A: Tier 1 Products for Enhanced Security of Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems 

(Completed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
 

Appendix B: Tier 1 Products to Enhance the Security of Drinking Water and 
 

Wastewater Systems (In Development) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
 

Appendix C: Tier 2 Products to Enhance the Security of Drinking Water and 
 

Wastewater Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
 

Appendix D: Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
 

A joint publication of EPA’s National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) and Water Security Division (WSD) 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

i 

About 

This Document 

T

his report describes progress on issues set forth in the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency’s (EPA’s) Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan (Action 

Plan). EPA collaborated with many stakeholders in developing the Action Plan, which 

identifies research and technical support needs to ensure the security of the nation’s water 

infrastructure. (It should be noted that, for the purposes of this document, the term “water,” 

as it applies to the water infrastructure, encompasses both drinking water and wastewater.) 

EPA has initiated more than 100 projects to meet the needs listed in the Action Plan. 

These projects will result in a number of important products—including voluntary guidelines, 

protocols, technologies, software, training, handbooks, and other scientific and technical 

tools—to improve the nation’s capabilities in preventing and responding to a water security 

threat or incident. 

This report is divided into the following sections: 

� Section I, Executive Summary, provides an overview of the progress made to date. 

� Section II, Background, describes EPA’s role in water security and the development 

of the Action Plan. 

� Section III, Accomplishments to Date, summarizes the technical support and 

research products currently completed. 

� Section IV, Products in Development, describes the high-priority, “Tier 1” technical 

support and research products in development. Tier 1 products are the highest-priority 

research products identified in the Action Plan and are of interest to a diverse group of 

stakeholders. 

� Section V, Next Steps, describes additional collaborative efforts under way to further 

address the needs identified in the Action Plan. 

� Appendices to this report include tables that summarize the status of all technical 

support and research products. Appendix A addresses completed Tier 1 products, and 

Appendix B describes Tier 1 products still in development. Appendix C focuses on Tier 

2 products, which are of interest to smaller, specialized groups of stakeholders and are 

not described in detail in this report. Appendix D lists acronyms used in this report. 
Section I: 

Executive Summary 

Section I:

Executive Summary

S

ince the events of September 11, 2001, improving the security of our nation’s drinking 

water and wastewater infrastructure has become a top priority. The U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) plays a critical role in this effort as the federal agency lead for 

water security. 

In March 2004, EPA released the peer-reviewed Water Security Research and Technical 

Support Action Plan (Action Plan), which identified important issues for the drinking water and 

wastewater industries, outlined research and technical support needs to address those issues, and 

presented a list of projects to be undertaken in response to the identified needs. This document 

describes the progress in addressing the issues identified in the Action Plan. 

The National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) in the Office of Research and 

Development (ORD) and the Water Security Division (WSD) in the Office of Water (OW) led the 

development of the Action Plan, which mobilized a wide range of partners (see sidebar, page 3). 

During the development of the Action Plan, these partners helped identify critical technical support and research projects needed to ensure the security of the nation’s drinking water and wastewater systems. These needs form the core of the Action Plan. The various partnerships initiated by 

EPA will continue to be of critical importance as the Action Plan is implemented and updated. 

The completion of the Action Plan marked a major step towards developing a comprehensive 

research strategy to protect the country’s water infrastructure. Much has been accomplished since 

the release of the Action Plan. Partners have joined together to address the multiple concerns facing the nation’s water sector. EPA has also put into place contracts, interagency agreements, and 

memoranda of understanding with organizations to conduct research studies, create standard 

operating procedures and protocols, and develop new technologies and tools to enhance water 

security (see Figure 1 on page 3 for the breakdown and status of EPA’s Tier 1 and Tier 2 technical support and research projects). 

A number of key technical and research products have already been completed: 

�	 Reports describing the most likely physical, electronic or cyber, and contamination threats 

to the nation’s drinking water and wastewater systems. 

�	 Updates of software tools and training to help water facilities conduct vulnerability assessments of their systems. 

�	 Guidance, decision trees, protocols, and methodical approaches for responding to contamination threats and incidents. 

�	 Procedures for handling and processing emergency water samples suspected of contamination with a known or unknown chemical or biological material. 

2

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 
Section I: Executive Summary 

�	 A series of guides that describe products available for 

enhancing communication, physical security, electronic 

security, and water monitoring. 

�	 A compendium of environmental laboratories nationwide 

that could assist water utilities and government agencies 

respond to contamination threats, terrorist attacks, or natural disasters. 

�	 Studies to determine the inactivation/removal capabilities of 

boiling and chlorination on pathogens. 

�	 Evaluations and verifications of technologies related to contamination detection systems, point-of-use (POU) drinking 

water treatment, and wastewater treatment. 

The completion of the remaining projects set forth in the Action 

Plan will result in the development of valuable tools in the areas of 

physical and cyber infrastructure protection; contamination identification; monitoring and analysis; treatment, decontamination, and 

disposal; contingency planning; infrastructure interdependencies; 

and risk assessment and communication. 

Figure 1. Breakdown and Status of EPA’s Tier 1 and Tier 2
 

Technical Support and Research Projects Enhancing
 

Drinking Water and Wastewater System Security
 

Completed Tier 1 

Products (18) 

Tier 1 Products in 

Development (38) 

Tier 2 Products (43) 

Collectively, these products will enhance the capabilities of the 

many parties involved in protecting the nation’s water assets, 

including drinking water and wastewater facility operators and 

managers; homeland security and law enforcement officials; public 

health officials and organizations; laboratories with water testing 

capabilities; state, regional, and local response organizations; federal agencies and departments; academia and consulting firms; 

vendors; and elected officials and the public. 

Partnering for Water 

Security Research 

From preparation of the Action Plan 

through the research, development, 

review, and distribution of water security projects and products, partnerships are critical to ensuring the safety 

of the nation’s water infrastructure. 

EPA has established relationships with 

many organizations in order to 

address the needs of the Action Plan. 

The following is a sampling of the 

many partners involved: 

■	 American Society of Civil Engineers 

(ASCE) 

■	 American Water Works Association 

(AWWA) 

■	 American Water Works Association 

Research Foundation (AwwaRF) 

■	 Association of Metropolitan 

Water Agencies (AMWA) 

■	 Association of Public Health 

Laboratories (APHL) 

■	 Association of State and Territorial 

Health Officials (ASTHO) 

■	 Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention (CDC) 

■	 Department of Energy (DOE) 

National Laboratories 

■	 Department of Homeland Security 

(DHS) 

■	 Department of the Navy (NAVSEA) 

■	 National Association of Clean 

Water Agencies (NACWA), formerly Association of Metropolitan 

Sewerage Agencies (AMSA) 

■	 National Institute of Standards and 

Technology (NIST) 

■	 National Research Council (NRC) 

■	 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(USACE) 

■	 U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical 

Biological Center (ECBC) 

■	 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 

■	 Water Environment Federation 

(WEF) 

■	 Water Environment Research 

Foundation (WERF) 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

3 
Section II: 

Background 

Section II:

Background

T

he terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center and subsequent delivery 

of anthrax-contaminated letters in Washington, D.C., have changed the way the nation 

thinks about threats to national security. As the federal government reviewed its security 

priorities, the need to protect the country’s critical infrastructures has come to the fore. The 

U.S. water system is widely recognized as one of the safest in the world, providing millions of 

Americans with clean, affordable water. As a critical infrastructure, however, water systems 

can be subject to threats and intentional attacks and must be protected. 

EPA’s Expanded Role 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) traditional mission of “protecting 

human health and the environment” has been broadened to include responsibility for protecting the United States against the environmental and health consequences of terrorist acts. 

The President’s National Strategy for Homeland Security, published in July 2002, established 

priorities and direction for securing the nation’s water infrastructure. In December 2003, 

Homeland Security Presidential Directive-7 (HSPD-7) designated EPA as the sector-specific 

lead agency for water infrastructure. 

To address the Agency’s water security mandate, EPA’s Office of Water (OW) created the 

Water Protection Task Force, which was formally organized as the Water Security Division 

(WSD) in August 2003. WSD provides national leadership in developing and promoting 

security programs that enhance the water sector’s ability to prevent, detect, respond to, and 

recover from potential terrorist or other intentional attacks. WSD provides the water industries 

with information on best security practices and assists them in developing vulnerability assessments and incorporating security enhancements into day-to-day operations. WSD also develops emergency response systems and tools, provides technical and financial support, and 

establishes information exchange mechanisms to assist members of the water industry. 

EPA established the National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) in September 

2002. NHSRC became a permanent part of the Agency’s Office of Research and 

Development (ORD) in December 2004. NHSRC is tasked with conducting research to 

provide information, tools, and guidelines that help decisionmakers adequately prepare for, detect, contain, and decontaminate chemical, biological, and radiological 

attacks on the United States. Within NHSRC, the Water Infrastructure Protection 

Division (WIPD) conducts research and reports on ways to protect the nation’s water 

infrastructure. WIPD provides its products to water security stakeholders through 

close interaction with WSD, other Agency offices, and the 10 EPA regions. 

4 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 
Section II: Background 

EPA’s Statutory Authority 

The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and 

Response Act (the Bioterrorism Act) of 2002 provides the 

legislative mandate for EPA’s water security work. 

EPA’s responsibilities under the Bioterrorism Act include: 

�	 Section 1433: Terrorist and Other Intentional
 

Acts. Requires EPA to provide information on poten­
 

tial adversarial actions that could threaten water sup­
 

ply systems and provide strategies and responses that
 

utilities could consider while conducting vulnerability
 

assessments of their systems.
 

�	 Section 1434: Contaminant Prevention, Detection, and 

Response. Directs EPA to review methods to prevent, detect, 

and respond to the intentional contamination of water systems, including a review of equipment, early warning notification systems, awareness programs, distribution 

systems, treatment technologies, and biomedical research. 

�	 Section 1435: Supply Disruption Prevention, Detection, and Response. Requires EPA to 

review methods by which the water system and all its parts could be intentionally disrupted or 

rendered ineffective or unsafe, including methods to interrupt the physical infrastructure, 

computer infrastructure, and treatment process. 

Several Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPDs) have also helped define EPA’s homeland 

security role: 

�	 HSPD-7, Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection, designates
 

EPA as the sector-specific lead agency for critical water infrastructure.
 

�	 HSPD-9, Defense of United States Agriculture and Food, directs EPA to develop a robust,
 

comprehensive, and fully coordinated surveillance and monitoring program to provide early
 

detection of biological, chemical, or radiological contaminants. HSPD-9 also requires EPA to
 

develop a nationwide laboratory network to support the routine monitoring and response
 

requirements of the surveillance program.
 

�	 HSPD-10, Biodefense in the 21st Century, currently a classified document, reaffirms EPA’s
 

responsibilities under HSPD-9 while adding a directive regarding the Agency’s responsibilities
 

during decontamination efforts.
 

The Action Plan 

To better identify, understand, and address the potential threats facing water infrastructure 

in the United States, NHSRC and WSD developed the Water Security Research and Technical 

Support Action Plan (Action Plan). Released in March 2004, the Action Plan addresses drinking water supply, water treatment, finished water storage, and drinking water distribution 

infrastructure. It also addresses wastewater treatment and collection infrastructure, including 

sanitary and storm sewers and combined sanitary/storm sewer systems, wastewater treatment, 

and treated wastewater discharges. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

5 
Section II: Background 

The Action Plan identifies seven major needs: 

1.	 Protecting physical and cyber infrastructure. 

2.	 Identifying drinking water contaminants. 

3.	 Improving analytical methodologies and monitoring systems for drinking water. 

4.	 Containing, treating, decontaminating, and disposing of contaminated water and 

materials. 

5.	 Planning for contingencies and addressing infrastructure interdependencies. 

6.	 Targeting impacts on human health and informing the public about risks. 

7.	 Protecting wastewater treatment and collection systems. 

To ensure that all avenues were explored in identifying water security needs and potential 

projects, several EPA offices and a number of stakeholders collaborated in the development 

of the Action Plan. These stakeholders included drinking water and wastewater industry professionals, government agencies, homeland security experts, academics, and consultants. 

Development of the Action Plan commenced in November 2002, when EPA convened a 

meeting of federal partners and water utility representatives in Cincinnati, Ohio, to discuss 

and refine water security issues and needs. Based on the results of that meeting, the Action 

Plan was drafted and presented for review at the Water Security Stakeholders Meeting, held in 

February 2003 in Washington, D.C. 

National Homeland Security 
 

Research Center
 

In September 2002, EPA announced the creation of a program for 

Homeland Security Research within the Agency’s Office of Research 

and Development (ORD). The National Homeland Security 

Research Center (NHSRC) is headquartered at EPA’s Andrew W. 

Breidenbach Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and also maintains offices at EPA 

headquarters in Washington, D.C., and in EPA’s Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, facility. 

NHSRC is now a permanent component of ORD, and is organized into three divisions, each of 

which focuses on a specific area of homeland security research. The three divisions are: 

■ Water Infrastructure Protection Division (WIPD) 

■ Threat and Consequence Assessment Division (TCAD) 

■ Decontamination and Consequence Management Division (DCMD) 

WIPD is the primary driver of research efforts being conducted under the Action Plan.The division focuses on water supply, treatment, and distribution infrastructures in U.S. communities and 

conducts research concerning contaminant detection and characterization; emergency response 

and mitigation; and prevention and security.The division also addresses wastewater treatment 

and collection infrastructure, including collection (sanitary and storm sewers, or combined sanitary/storm sewer systems) and impacts on receiving waters such as rivers, estuaries, and lakes. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

6 
Section II: Background
 

Additional needs and projects proposed for inclusion at this meeting were added to the 

Peer Review Draft of the Action Plan. This draft was presented to an independent peer review 

panel in two meetings with the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies. 

EPA addressed the comments received from the review panel and incorporated the majority 

of them into the Action Plan. In addition to NRC review, EPA collaborated with the Water 

Environment Research Foundation (WERF) to conduct a wastewater security symposium in 

August 2003. Symposium participants identified needs and projects for inclusion in the 

Action Plan. 

Product Use and Availability 

More than 100 projects have been initiated to address the needs listed in the Action Plan. 

Various EPA offices, stakeholders, and federal organizations are leading different projects and 

assisting in the implementation of the Action Plan. Information and products resulting from these 

projects will be widely disseminated to interested stakeholder groups through documents; databases; Web sites; scientific and technical journals; and symposia, workshops, and conferences. 

Stakeholders will be able to use the information gathered and products developed through 

the Action Plan to make more informed decisions regarding prevention, preparedness, 

response, and recovery in case of a threat or actual attack on the water sector. These users 

include water industry representatives; public health officials and organizations; laboratories 

with water testing capabilities; state, regional, and local response organizations; federal 

agencies and departments; state environmental agencies; academia and consulting firms; 

vendors; and elected officials and the public. 

Certain products contain sensitive material and require distribution through secure or limited-access information exchanges. In November 2004, the National Association of Clean 

Water Agencies (NACWA) developed the Water Security Channel (WaterSC) for distributing 

sensitive material. For more information about WaterSC, visit <www.watersc.org>. 

A listing of publicly available NHSRC research 

products is available through the NHSRC Web site at 

<www.epa.gov/nhsrc>; a catalogue of publicly 

available products from both WSD and NHSRC is 

provided on the WSD Web site at 

<www.epa.gov/safewater/security>. 

7 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 
Section III: 

Accomplishments

to Date 

Section III:

Accomplishments

to Date

I

n collaboration with the drinking water and wastewater community, federal partners, and other stakeholders, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made 

significant progress in addressing the needs identified in the Action Plan. The Agency has 

developed guidance and training, created new analytical tools, and conducted important 

research to improve the security of the nation’s water infrastructure and emergency response 

capabilities. A number of high-priority technical support and research products have been 

completed, as described on the following pages. A summary of these projects and more 

information on accessing these products is presented in Appendix A. 

Threat Scenarios for Water Systems Report 

(Classified) 

EPA has developed a report ranking the most likely physical, cyber, and contamination 

threats to drinking water systems. This information will inform a number of other projects in 

the Action Plan, and more generally, the federal homeland security community. To develop 

the report, EPA first created a list of potential threat scenarios relevant to drinking water and 

wastewater systems. Building from other EPA efforts to rank and prioritize threats to human 

health, EPA developed a risk-based methodology to screen out unlikely or low-impact scenarios. The methodology ranked threat scenarios according to their feasibility, availability of 

materials, public health, economic, and environmental impacts. The report was reviewed by 

all program offices in EPA before being finalized. The report has been classified. 

Wastewater Baseline Threat Document 


(Classified) 


Under this project, EPA worked with the Water Environment Federation (WEF) to 

identify and prioritize potential physical, cyber, and contamination (e.g. biological, 

chemical, radiological) threats and threat scenarios for the nation’s wastewater 

treatment and collection infrastructure, including consequence analysis of adverse 

events. This document can help wastewater system managers: 

� Understand potential vulnerabilities of their systems 

� Understand potential threats to their systems 

� Identify approaches for risk-based vulnerability assessments of their assets 

� Understand the planning steps needed to perform a vulnerability assessment 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

8 
Section II: Accomplishments 

Methodologies and Tools for Conducting Vulnerability Assessments 

The 2002 Bioterrorism Act mandates that all community water systems serving more than 

3,300 people conduct vulnerability assessments to evaluate their susceptibility to potential 

threats and identify risk reduction measures. The law also requires that EPA develop guidance 

for small systems serving less than 3,300 people. Under the Action Plan, EPA has supported 

the development of new methodologies and training for assessing vulnerabilities to drinking 

water, combined drinking water/wastewater, and wastewater systems. EPA and its project partners have performed modifications and enhancements to the following two tools: 

Risk Assessment Methodology for Water Utilities (RAM-WSM) 

(Publicly available at <www.epa.gov/safewater/watersecurity> under Vulnerability Assessments) 

While a number of security risk assessment procedures and tools are now available, many 

utilities are using a tool known as the Risk Assessment Methodology for Water Utilities 

(RAM-WSM). With EPA support, the American Water Works Association Research Foundation 

(AwwaRF) and the Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) developed 

RAM-WSM and conducted extensive training on the tool for thousands of water utility participants. RAM-WSM and other vulnerability assessment tools can help water utilities identify and 

prioritize threats, determine critical assets that could be subject to terrorism or other harmful 

acts, assess the likelihood of such an event occurring, evaluate countermeasures, and develop a plan for reducing risks. RAM-WSM is available only to relevant stakeholders in the water 

supply community, such as personnel at drinking water utilities; consulting engineers working 

for drinking water systems; state drinking water program regulatory personnel; and others 

providing security for drinking water utilities. 

Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool (VSATTM ) - Version 3.1 

(Publicly available at <www.epa.gov/safewater/watersecurity> under Vulnerability Assessments) 

With support from EPA, the National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA) 

developed new software to help water utilities create, update, or revise their vulnerability 

assessments. The Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool (VSATTM) Version 3.1 enables users to 

assess a complete range of utility assets and offers significant upgrades, including new information on threats and countermeasures, an improved vulnerability evaluation method, and a 

new “expert mode” that makes the review and update of analysis easier. The Emergency 

Response Plan (ERP) module included in VSATTM Version 3.1 has been enhanced for both 

drinking water and combined drinking water/wastewater systems. NACWA is collaborating 

with the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) to make a similar ERP module 

available for wastewater utilities. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

9 
Section III: Accomplishments
 

Interim Guidance and Voluntary Design Standards to Improve Security at 

Drinking Water and Wastewater and Stormwater Facilities 

(Publicly available at <www.asce.org/static/1/wise.cfm>) 

To improve security at the nation’s water utilities, EPA established a cooperative agreement 

with the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Water Works Association 

(AWWA), and the Water Environment Federation (WEF) to develop guidance and voluntary 

design standards. To date, the project partners have completed three interim documents, as 

described as follows. EPA and its partners are continuing to develop additional guidance (see 

page 17). 

Interim Voluntary Guidelines for Designing an Online Contaminant Monitoring System 

(OCMS) 

Many water utility operators have identified timely contaminant monitoring as an important 

element in risk management. This document provides the water infrastructure community with 

important guidance for the design and implementation of an online contaminant monitoring 

system (OCMS). The report addresses numerous key issues concerning OCMS development: 

� OCMS development rationale 

� Detection, concentration, and identification of contaminants 

� Instrument and platform selection and siting 

� Data analysis and model use 

� Communication system design 

� Contamination event response 

� Connection to existing surveillance systems 

� System operations, maintenance, and upgrades 

Interim Voluntary Security Guidance for Water Utilities 

This document provides water utilities with guidance on designing new facilities and retrofitting existing ones to enhance security and reduce risks to the public water supply. The guidance emphasizes facility management, operations, and design considerations that can facilitate the installation and upgrade of physical security systems. The document also provides 

guidance on enhancing cyber security, selecting the optimal equipment, and developing an 

emergency response plan. 

Interim Voluntary Security Guidance for Wastewater/Stormwater Utilities 

This guidance document is intended for wastewater utilities that have completed a vulnerability assessment and are seeking methods for improving system security. While the guidance is primarily focused on design considerations for wastewater and stormwater systems, it also provides 

important information on management and operational practices that can be implemented 

without major capital investment. The report also provides initial guidance for enhancing cyber 

security, installing electronic security devices, and developing an emergency response plan. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

10 
Section III: Accomplishments
 

Response Protocol Toolbox (RPTB)
 

(Publicly available at <www.epa.gov/safewater/watersecurity> under
 

Emergency/Incident Planning)
 

The Response Protocol Toolbox (RPTB) is a comprehensive planning 

tool that includes decision trees, protocols, and analytical and methodical approaches to help drinking water utilities, laboratories, emergency 

responders, state drinking water programs, technical assistance providers, 

and public health and law enforcement officials effectively and appropriately plan for and respond to contamination threats and incidents. 

The RPTB contains six interrelated modules: 

1.	 Water Utility Planning Guide. Module 1 provides a brief discussion of the nature of
 

the contamination threat to the public water safety. It also describes planning activities
 

that utilities can take to effectively manage contamination threats and incidents.
 

2.	 Contamination Threat Management Guide. Module 2 provides a framework for
 

evaluating a water contamination threat. It also describes information that could be
 

useful for conducting a threat evaluation and describes actions that could be taken in
 

response to a threat.
 

3.	 Site Characterization and Sampling Guide. Site characterization is defined as the
 

process of collecting information from the site of a suspected contamination incident at
 

a drinking water system. Module 3 presents protocols and procedures for site charac­


terization activities.
 

4.	 Analytical Guide. Module 4 presents approaches and procedures for analysis of
 

water samples that can be collected from the site of a suspected contamination inci­


dent. It also describes special laboratory considerations for handling and processing
 

the samples.
 

5.	 Public Health Response Guide. Module 5 deals with public health response meas­


ures that could be used to minimize public exposure to potentially contaminated water.
 

It examines the role of the water utility during a public health response action, as well
 

as the interactions between the utility and other organizations and officials involved in
 

making public health decisions. Public notification strategies and alternative water sup­
 

ply issues also are discussed.
 

6.	 Remediation and Recovery Guide. Following a confirmed water contamination inci­
 

dent, it will be necessary to remediate the system and demonstrate that the system has
 

been successfully restored prior to resuming normal operation. Module 6 describes
 

the planning and implementation of remediation and recovery activities.
 

The toolbox will be updated periodically, and additional products will be added to the 

toolbox over time. 

A laboratory drill was conducted in 2003 to assess the responsiveness of laboratories to 

Module 4. Because each laboratory’s approach is developed based on existing laboratory 

methodologies and infrastructure, the drill was designed to be a test of laboratory responsiveness, similar to that required in an emergency situation. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

11 
Section III: Accomplishments
 

Security Product Guides 
 

(Publicly available at <www.epa.gov/safewater/watersecurity/guide/index.html>)
 

EPA has developed a series of Security Product Guides to provide information on products 

that are available to enhance: 

�	 Communication/integration, such as electronic sensors and Supervisory Control 

and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. 

�	 Physical security, such as card identification and biometric security systems, fences, 

gates, and manhole locks, to prevent or delay unauthorized entry into buildings or 

pipe systems. 

�	 Electronic or cyber security, such as computer firewalls, anti-virus software, and 

remote monitoring systems. 

�	 Water monitoring, such as water quality sensors, biological sensors, chemical sensors, and radiation detection equipment, which can identify anomalies that pose a 

threat in raw water, process streams, finished water, and influent/effluent wastewater. 

The products described in these guides are applicable to distribution systems, wastewater 

collection systems, pumping stations, treatment processes, main plant and remote sites, personnel entry, chemical delivery and storage, SCADA, and control systems for water and wastewater treatment systems. EPA will regularly update these guides, and develop additional guides 

as needed, to ensure the most recent information on security technologies is available. The 

inclusion of specific products in the guide does not signify endorsement by EPA. 

Environmental Laboratory Compendium 
 

(Restricted access available at <www.epa.gov/compendium>)
 

EPA developed a compendium of environmental laboratories nationwide that could assist 

water utilities and government agencies in responding to contamination threats, terrorist 

attacks, or natural disasters. The compendium is a live, secure, searchable database that 

contains each laboratory’s specific capabilities to analyze chemical and biological analytes, 

radiochemical agents, and contaminants associated with chemical warfare and bioterrorism. 

Users must be registered in order to access the database. 

One of the compendium’s special features is a “water view,” which allows users to directly 

access laboratories that possess water analysis capabilities. Specific information listed 

includes the laboratory’s location, contact information, capabilities, and instrumentation. 

Gaps and vulnerabilities in the current laboratory analytical support area have also been 

identified, and recommendations for addressing these gaps will be integrated into existing 

and future projects. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

12 
Section III: Accomplishments
 

Inactivation/Removal Capabilities of Treatment and Disinfection Technologies 

for Biological Contaminants 

(Publicly available at <www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no10/04-0158.htm>) 

EPA conducted a study to determine the capabilities of technologies for effectively inactivating various strains of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis). The study’s results were published in the 

October 2004 edition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Emerging 

Infectious Diseases, a peer-reviewed journal that tracks and analyzes disease trends. 

Effectiveness of Chlorination on Vegetative and Spore Forms of Bacterial 

Bioterrorist Agents 

(Abstract is publicly available at 

<http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/1/566>) 

In a recently completed study, EPA and CDC determined 

that select bacterial bioterrorist agents can be effectively inactivated through exposure to free available chlorine (FAC). 

Researchers exposed both vegetative cells (Brucella melitensis, 

Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella 

tularensis, and Yersinia pestis) and spore forms (Bacillus 

anthracis) to varying concentrations of FAC. The team also varied exposure times and temperature to determine the most 

effective parameters for inactivation. A summary of the study 

and detailed results were published in the January 2005 edition of Applied and 

Environmental Microbiology, a peer-reviewed journal that highlights research findings applicable to the development of new processes or products. Additional ongoing research on 

inactivation and disinfection through chlorination is discussed on page 23. 

Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program: Water Supply Systems,
 

Point-of-Use (POU) Treatment, and Wastewater Treatment 
 

(Publicly available at <www.epa.gov/etv/verifications/verification-index.html>)
 

EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program focuses on verifying effective 

technologies that can be used by water utility operators to monitor, detect, and treat chemical 

or biological contaminants introduced into a water system. ETV targets technologies related 

to three sections of the water usage cycle: water supply systems, point-of-use (POU) treatment, and wastewater treatment. ETV has evaluated and tested a number of technologies, as 

described as follows. 

Immunoassay Test Kits for Pathogens and Biotoxins 

Four immunoassay test kits for pathogens and biotoxins have been tested. These portable 

technologies allow water utility operators to conduct onsite testing for anthrax, botulinum 

toxin, and ricin contamination. Test results, which are available in a matter of minutes, are 

read using immunochromatographic or photometric devices. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

13 
Section III: Accomplishments 

Portable Cyanide Analyzers 

Six monitoring technologies to rapidly detect the presence and concentration of cyanide in 

water have also been verified. One of the technologies is a colorimetric test that uses a photometer to measure cyanide contamination, while two others use portable colorimeters to generate results. The remaining three technologies rely on solid sensing elements. 

Rapid Toxicity Testing Systems 

ETV has verified the performance of eight rapid toxicity testing systems. Six of the tested 

technologies rely on luminescent microorganisms to measure toxicity. A seventh technology 

measures the respiration rates of small crustaceans to measure contamination, while the 

eighth system relies on chemiluminescence to quantitatively assess water samples. 

Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technologies 

Three rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies have been recently evaluated. 

One technology is an integrated system that includes PCR chemistry, instrumentation, and 

data analysis software for the detection of Eschericia coli (E. coli). The provided software 

offers both a real-time and endpoint assay for PCR and data analysis. A second technology— 

also a three-part system—allows for the timely detection of Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis), Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis), Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), Brucella suis (B. suis), and E. 

coli, as well as a number of biowarfare agents, including plague, salmonella, and botulism. 

A third technology is a multiplex system capable of detecting F. tularensis, Y. pestis, B. 

anthracis, and smallpox in individual endpoint assays. 

Reverse Osmosis Point-of-Use (POU) Devices 

For POU treatment, investigators evaluated three processes that use combinations of 

reverse osmosis and filtration to remove sediments, contaminants, and tastes and odors from 

drinking water. During a three or five-phase process, depending on the technology selected, 

inlet water passes through a series of reverse-osmosis membranes and carbon blocks or filters. 

Decontamination Wastewater Treatment Technologies 

The ETV program has verified the performance of an easily portable, self-contained 

wastewater treatment system to decontaminate water and wastes generated during the 

cleanup of buildings and structures contaminated with biological or chemical agents. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

14 
Section III: Accomplishments
 

EPA’s Technology Testing Programs 

In 1995, EPA launched the Environmental Technology 

Verification (ETV) Program to develop testing protocols 

and verify the performance of innovative technologies that 

have the potential to improve protection of human health 

and the environment. ETV was created to accelerate the 

entrance of new environmental technologies into the domestic and international marketplace. ETV operates through public/private testing partnerships and input is provided by the active 

involvement of stakeholder groups.All test/quality assurance plans and 

protocols are developed with the participation of technical experts, stakeholders, and vendors. In 2001, ETV’s traditional role was expanded to test and verify homeland security 

technologies. 

In 2004, NHSRC began a new program, the Technology Testing and Evaluation Program 

(TTEP), to provide reliable information regarding the performance of homeland security 

related technologies.TTEP is an offshoot of the ETV Program, but differs in that it is not 

based on voluntary vendor participation and that it compares the performance of similar 

technologies.TTEP is based on user needs, and the selection and prioritization of technologies evaluated is made with stakeholder input. 

In 2003-2004, ETV verified 40 monitoring and treatment technologies relevant for water 

security. In 2005, an additional 20 homeland security verifications are expected.This will 

complete ETV verification of homeland security technologies, and further work will continue under TTEP. 

Reports of testing performed under the ETV and TTEP programs can be found under the 

“Publications” section of the NHSRC Web site at <www.epa.gov/nhsrc> or at 

<www.epa/etv/homeland>. A fact sheet providing additional information on TTEP is also 

available under the “Publications” section of the NHSRC Web site. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005
 

15 
Section IV: 

Products 

in Development 

Section IV:

Products 

in Development

As described in Section III of this report, a 

significant amount of work has been accomplished in a short time, and many high-priority 

technical support and research products are complete. At the same time, a number of other activities 

outlined in the Action Plan are still in progress. Some 

products are nearing completion; others will require 

more time. The body of research currently under way 

will result in additional guidance, tools, and improvements to safeguard the nation’s water infrastructure. 

This section of the report describes “Tier 1 products,” which are the products of the Action Plan’s 

highest-priority research projects. These high-priority 

products, currently in development, are of interest to 

a diverse group of stakeholders. Appendix B provides 

a summary listing of these products. “Tier 2 

products,” which are of interest to 

smaller, specialized groups of stakeholders, are not described in detail 

in this report, but are summarized 

in Appendix C. 

Addressing Stakeholder 

Needs 

The Tier 1 products discussed in this 

section are organized by the following 

needs, which were outlined in the 

2004 Water Security Research and 

Technical Support Action Plan: 

1. Protecting drinking water systems 

from physical and cyber threats. 

2. Identifying drinking water threats, 

contaminants, and threat scenarios. 

3. Improving analytical methodologies 

and monitoring systems for drinking 

water. 

4. Containing, treating, decontaminating, 

and disposing of contaminated water 

and materials. 

5.	 Planning for contingencies and 

addressing infrastructure interdependencies. 

6. Targeting impacts on human health 

and informing the public about risks. 

7. Protecting wastewater treatment and 

collection systems. 

A final need, Implementing the Action 

Plan, is addressed on pages 32-33 of this 

report. 

16
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 
Protecting Drinking Water Systems from Supervisory Control and Physical and Cyber Threats Data Acquisition 

Water systems are vulnerable to physical attacks that can compromise (SCADA) Systems the quantity and quality of a community’s drinking water, as well as elec- Many drinking water and wastewater tronic or cyber attacks that can disrupt a system’s computer operations. facilities use Supervisory Control and 

Physical threats include disruptions to water supply, treatment plants, stor- Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems to 

age facilities, and distribution systems. Cyber threats include attacks integrate the monitoring of various faciliagainst computers, networks, and information stored in them, such as ty operations into a central processing 

center.With the help of remote sensors intrusion by hackers into a plant’s system. Computer attacks could alter and alarms located throughout a facility 

water quality or flow, disrupt plant operations, or release or prevent the system (e.g., at pump houses, reservoirs, 

release of chemicals that are stored, generated, or used on site. and water tanks), SCADA systems can 

help detect atypical or abnormal water 

quality conditions in real-time.These sys- Guidance and Voluntary Design Standards to Improve tems also can be programmed to 

Security at Drinking Water and Wastewater and respond to changes in system parameStormwater Facilities ters, either by performing automated 

actions (such as adding chlorine to a 

In partnership with the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), drinking water system in response to low 

the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the Water residual chlorine levels), or by sounding 

an alarm, which can alert operators and Environment Federation (WEF), the U.S. Environmental Protection allow them to respond manually. 

Agency (EPA) is developing guidance and voluntary design standards 

for reducing risks to the drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater infrastructure arising from 

both malevolent and natural occurrences. Information on a full spectrum of potential solutions 

is being addressed, including retrofits, operational and management practices, and new design 

features. The standards are placing special emphasis on multiple benefits (in addition to security 

benefits) to increase the cost-effectiveness of design enhancements. The completion of these 

standards involves three phases: 

� Phase I - Development of pre-standards guidance documents 

� Phase II - Preparation of training materials 

� Phase III - Development, vetting, and acceptance of appropriate standards 

To date, Phase I has been completed for three different standards (see page 10 for a 

more detailed description of these products). 

Guidance on Protecting Drinking Water and Wastewater Facilities from Blasts 

EPA is working in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) - Engineer 

Research and Development Center to develop a methodology for drinking water and wastewater utilities to assess their vulnerability to blasts from explosive devices that could severely 

damage their facilities and disrupt operations. The methodology, which will be compatible 

with existing vulnerability assessment approaches currently used by drinking water and wastewater utilities, would also identify measures that could be implemented by utilities to better 

protect their facilities from blasts. 

17 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

Guidance for Water and Wastewater Utility Computer Systems 

EPA has funded a project to provide guidance to drinking water and wastewater utilities 

on securing and protecting their automated systems. The Water Environment Research 

Foundation (WERF) and the American Water Works Association Research Foundation 

(AwwaRF) are developing guidance for water infrastructure computer systems, including 

SCADA systems. The guidance will also document technology that is currently available (and 

being further developed) to sense and correct security breaches, as well as to alert the relevant authorities about the event. 

Identifying Drinking Water Threats, Contaminants, and Threat 

Scenarios 

Knowing the biological, chemical, and radiological contaminants of greatest concern to the 

nation’s drinking water supplies and systems is critical to the Agency’s research and technical 

support efforts. EPA has undertaken an extensive effort to identify these contaminants and the 

situations in which the contaminants could be used. The effort is an evolving one, and tools are 

being developed that will be updated and improved as more information becomes available. 

Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT) 

EPA is developing the Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT), a Web-accessible 

database that will manage current, peer-reviewed information on priority contaminants for 

both drinking water and wastewater. The tool will contain information on physical properties, 

fate and transport, medical information and toxicity properties, drinking water and wastewater 

treatment effectiveness, sampling and analysis, potential early warning indicators, and considerations for a utility’s planning for and responding to an incident. WCIT 

users will include drinking water and wastewater utilities, emergency 

responders, public health officials, environmental laboratories, states, 

federal entities, and technical assistance providers. 

WCIT will support the development of vulnerability assessments, 

emergency response plans, and site-specific response guidelines. WCIT 

will also inform response decisions and identify knowledge gaps for priority contaminants, which will, in turn, direct future research efforts. Users 

will be able to search on a variety of parameters, generate standard or 

customized reports, compare agent information, and perform simple 

contamination calculations. User training and guidance will be incorporated into WCIT through an online user’s guide, help menus, and a glossary. A feedback 

module will also be available. As more research is conducted, WCIT will be updated and 

populated with more information. 

Water Contaminant Surrogates and Simulants Methods, Guidance, and Training 

EPA has signed a memorandum of understanding with the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical 

Biological Center (ECBC) to identify and validate surrogates or simulants for various agents. 

ECBC is also identifying or developing methods to detect the surrogates. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

18 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

The surrogates will provide safer alternatives for use in testing, evaluation, and verification 

of technologies to protect drinking water supplies and systems. Validation studies will be conducted to ensure that the selected surrogates appropriately mimic their corresponding agent in 

response to various situations. ECBC will develop information describing the relationship 

between the surrogate and the contaminant of interest regarding a variety of biological, physiochemical, and toxicological properties. Guidance and training materials will also be developed for approved individuals and organizations. 

Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring Systems 

for Drinking Water 

Correctly identifying contaminants after they have entered a drinking water 

system is of critical importance, particularly when they are not apparent 

through general observation or conventional testing. To safeguard the 

drinking water supply, treatment, and distribution infrastructure in U.S. 

communities, technologies need to be developed that can rapidly detect 

and identify unknown contaminants. EPA has formed several partnerships 

to help in this effort and to assist water utilities implement effective, new 

contamination warning systems. The water quality sensor technologies and 

software in these research agreements could potentially be incorporated 

into a system that will provide local drinking water quality officials with a 

timely alert of intentional or accidental drinking water contamination. 

Development of Ultrafiltration Devices and a Water Filtering Protocol 

While concentration techniques are essential to the sampling and analysis of biological 

contaminants, many of the currently available technologies are time-consuming and complex. 

EPA is working to enhance concentration technologies in cooperation with the Department of 

Defense’s (DoD’s) Joint Service Agent Water Monitor (JSAWM) Program, the Centers for 

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), AwwaRF, and the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) 

Idaho National Laboratory. Ultrafiltration has been identified as the most practical technology 

based on input from water utilities and response organizations. Two versions (automated and 

manual) of a new ultrafiltration concentration device are in development, along with a protocol for filtering water samples. EPA will solicit feedback from users to improve the technology 

and protocols for using the devices. 

Sampling and Analytical Methods and Interim Protocol for Detecting 

Biological Contaminants in Water 

Water utilities need improved analytical methods that can provide reliable information on 

contaminants. An initiative is under way to develop analytical methods for detecting biological contaminants, which will be integrated into a protocol to guide sampling and analysis. 

This protocol will become part of the Response Protocol Toolbox, described on page 11 of 

this report. A draft interim protocol will be developed for field and laboratory testing. Based 

on lessons learned from testing and real-world experiences, the protocol will be improved 

accordingly. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

19 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

In the meantime, the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) is being updated to 

include analytical methods for biological, chemical, and radiological water contaminants. 

NEMI is an online database that allows users to search for and compare analytical methods. 

Upon completion of the protocol, NEMI-CBR (the version of NEMI that includes water security 

contaminants) will be further updated. 

Reports on Biotoxins 

This project is being conducted through an interagency agreement between EPA and the 

Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division. A literature review is under way to identify 

the properties of specific biotoxins or their role as intentional drinking water contaminants. 

Experimental laboratory work will follow the literature review and will be directed at developing methods for detecting and remediating biotoxins in water. 

A number of products will result from this work: 

�	 A report focusing on the state of knowledge on biotoxins as intentional contaminants 

for drinking water systems. 

�	 A report detailing the use, performance, and suitability of immunoassay test kits in 

detecting biotoxins at concentrations of concern in drinking water. 

�	 A report summarizing the data generated from using heat inactivation treatment and 

water treatment processes on biotoxins. 

The information gleaned from this project will help inform the development of a protocol 

for analyzing unknown contaminants in drinking water supplies and systems. The protocol will 

be incorporated into the Response Protocol Toolbox. 

Early Warning System (EWS) Technologies and Techniques to Monitor and 

Evaluate Drinking Water Quality: State-of-the-Art Review 

EPA is developing a state-of-the-art document on technologies applicable to Early 

Warning Systems (EWSs) in drinking water. The document is for water utility operators, water 

organizations, monitoring technology and system developers and vendors. An EWS is an integrated system of monitoring sensors or devices linked in near real-time to provide immediate 

analysis and interpretation of a contamination event for a distribution system. 

As promising technologies are brought into the commercial market, pilot testing will be 

conducted to observe the feasibility of EWSs. The results from the pilot-scale testing will be 

used to plan, organize, and conduct field-scale testing and evaluation. Through an interagency agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), detectors and systems are being 

evaluated at an operating water utility. Upon successful completion of field-scale testing and 

evaluation, a report will be prepared that identifies qualifying protocols and technologies to 

apply tested EWSs to drinking water supply and distribution system protection. This document 

and additional reports on pilot testing will be made available over the next couple of years, 

and will play a role in meeting the requirements of HSPD-9. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

20 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

Integrated Consortium of Laboratory Networks 

In 2004, EPA and CDC developed a roadmap for integrating laboratories into an existing 

national network to meet emergency water analysis needs. The roadmap presents a phased 

strategy for aligning water laboratories with the CDC’s Laboratory Response Network (LRN). 

EPA has joined the LRN Steering Committee and is working with the U.S. Food and Drug 

Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to integrate this strategy 

with the Food Emergency Response Network (FERN), a system of laboratories for food and 

agriculture sample analysis. At the Agency level, EPA and CDC also developed a plan to 

address laboratory capability and capacity for handling environmental samples. This plan is 

being considered as EPA participates with CDC, USDA, FDA, the Department of Homeland 

Security (DHS), and other federal partners to address issues in laboratory preparedness for 

homeland security events. 

Laboratory Response Tools 

EPA is developing several tools, including training exercises and simulation modules, to 

prepare laboratories in responding to drinking water contamination events: 

�	 A computer-assisted tool to increase effectiveness of lab­
 

oratory strategies and decisionmaking in the process of
 

identifying unknown contaminants in an emergency
 

response situation. 
 

�	 Additional laboratory drills to build on the lessons learned
 

from the 2003 laboratory response (see Response
 

Protocol Toolbox on page 11).
 

Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and 

Disposing of Contaminated Water and 

Materials 

To be prepared for a contamination event, water utilities, emergency responders, and others 

must have the knowledge and technology for containing and treating the nation’s drinking 

water, decontaminating both water and equipment, and safely disposing of any residuals from 

response activities. EPA is developing modeling tools, reports, databases, and guidance to 

help water utilities and others better prepare and respond to a potential contamination event. 

Reference Guide for Utilities—Distribution System Analysis: Field Studies, 

Modeling, and Management 

This guide for drinking water utilities explains how to hydraulically model distribution systems, conduct tracer studies for distribution system evaluation, calibrate hydraulic and water 

quality models, and integrate geospatial technology into data management and modeling. 

The document guides utility personnel on selecting the proper equipment and software needed to understand fate and transport in complex piping systems. The guide is a collection of 

“lessons learned” from many EPA studies regarding distribution system research and analysis. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

21 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) Modeling Tool for Water 

Distribution Systems 

The EPANET model (version 2.0), developed by EPA’s National Risk Management Research 

Laboratory, performs extended period simulations of hydraulic and water quality behavior 

within pressurized pipe networks. The model provides the time-series concentration of a 

chemical as a single component; however, it does not consider bulk chemical reactions or 

pipe wall interactions. EPA is upgrading EPANET 2.0 to add the ability to perform modeling 

of multi-component reactions involving bulk water phase compounds, pipe surface compounds, and chemical and biochemical mechanisms. EPA is also developing improved methods for model calibration and data collection and identifying dual use benefits of these 

model improvements. 

Through a collaborative interagency agreement with DOE’s Argonne National Laboratory 

(ANL), EPA is developing the TEVA Modeling System. The TEVA system provides a suite of software tools for drinking water distribution system security that can be used in a distributed computing environment. This system enables high performance computing of multiple probabilistic simulations of complex behavior in large distribution systems, including chemical reactions, biological 

transformations, and interactions with the pipe wall. The TEVA computing framework makes large 

complex simulations tractable on small computing clusters. 

By integrating software tools for drinking water security, the TEVA Modeling 

System will be useful in helping utilities to prepare for and respond to events to 

minimize their consequences. Based on the application of the TEVA Modeling 

System to several utility distribution systems, EPA will develop guidance on the 

use of models in mitigating and responding to contamination events. This guidance will include information on isolating affected portions of the network, 

locating the contamination source, identifying locations for confirmatory sampling, and developing decontamination strategies. Ultimately, the lessons 

learned from the TEVA Modeling System development and application will be 

used to assist those water distribution system networks not having detailed 

hydraulic models. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

22 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) Contamination Warning 

System Data Analysis Tools 

EPA and DOE’s Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) are working in partnership to develop 

new software tools that will be incorporated in the TEVA Modeling System. EPA and SNL are 

developing tools to: 

�	 Assess the vulnerability of distribution systems to contamination events. 

�	 Estimate the public health impacts due to ingestion of contaminated water. 

�	 Design, evaluate, and optimize sensor networks for contamination in a drinking water
 

system. 
 

�	 Identify contamination events from a stream of water quality online sensors. 

�	 Locate the source of contamination from sensor data. 

These tools will be contained within the TEVA Modeling System and will be available to water 

utilities, consultants, and researchers. 

Resource Guide on the Aquatic Fate of Biological, Chemical, and Radiological 

Contaminants 

Due to the threat of intentional attacks, there has been a significant increase in interest 

surrounding the fate of contaminants in natural waters. EPA is particularly interested in the 

hydrolysis rates and the formation of degradation byproducts resulting from interaction with 

dissolved humic materials (substances formed from the biological and chemical breakdown 

of animal and plant life). 

To address this information need, EPA is developing a technical resource document on the 

fate of numerous biological, chemical, and radiological contaminants in source waters, 

drinking water treatment plants, and distribution systems. The document will incorporate the 

results of joint research with ECBC on the effect of humic material on these chemicals. 

Research on the Inactivation of Biological Agents in Water 

EPA has published two articles concerning its water treatment research, which has examined 

the effectiveness of: 1) boiling anthrax-contaminated water and 2) inactivating select bacterial 

agents through chlorination (see page 13). EPA is also researching the chlorination of 

Francisella tularensis and numerous surrogates for anthrax spores, as well as the resistance of 

Bacillus spores to chlorine dioxide when used as a disinfectant for drinking water treatment. 

Drinking Water Treatability Database 

To provide a more thorough understanding of effective treatment and decontamination 

processes for contaminated drinking water, EPA is developing a computerized database. The 

database will contain information on various drinking water contaminants, including those 

that are regulated, of particular interest to water security, or on the contaminant candidate list 

(CCL), as well as pesticides, endocrine disruptors, and pharmaceuticals. This online resource 

will also provide data on more than 30 different treatment processes. Information from this 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

23 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

database will be added to WCIT as it becomes available (see page 18). 

To help compile the database, EPA will use information gathered during numerous related 

research activities. This research covers the following areas: 

�	 The ability of common water treatment methods to remove microbial and chemical 

contaminants. 

�	 Identification of point-of-use/point-of-entry (POU/POE) technologies for treating 

contaminants. 

�	 Chemical contaminants that could create hazardous byproducts during the decontamination process. 

Municipal water system engineers and emergency responders will be able to use this database to identify the most appropriate and effective treatment processes or series of treatment 

processes in response to intentional (water security) and unintentional (spill) contamination 

events. Others (including regulators, researchers, design engineers, and academia) can use 

the data to identify best available technology (BAT), perform regulatory reviews, make CCL 

determinations, and identify research needs. 

The Agency will update the database regularly to expand the number of contaminants included and to provide the most current information on treatment processes. 

Resource Document and Guidance for Decontaminating Post-Service 

Connections 

Through an interagency agreement, EPA and the National Institute of 

Standards and Technology (NIST) are developing a technical resource document that will provide critical information about tested decontamination 

technologies for post-service (post-distribution system) connection pipes, 

equipment, and appliances, including copper pipes, ice machines, and hot 

water heaters. Pipe towers at NIST will be used as part of the project fieldtesting. EPA will also use the information gathered through this testing to 

help draft guidance on decontaminating piping and equipment following an 

intentional attack on a water distribution system (see next product description). 

Handbook for Decontaminating Piping and Equipment 

Using information from research on decontaminated drinking water system components, 

EPA is developing a handbook for effectively decontaminating piping and equipment following an intentional attack on a water distribution system. This handbook, which will be included in EPA’s Response Protocol Toolbox (see page 11), will help first responders, water utilities, 

and state and federal regulators prepare for and respond to an attack. This document will 

also provide important clean-up level criteria, helping utilities and regulators determine when 

a system is safe to use again. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

24 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

Disposal Alternatives Tool 

Following an attack on a water system, the immediate challenge that utilities and emergency 

responders face is the decontamination of the system and post-service connections so that the 

public can continue to receive safe drinking water. An additional challenge that must be 

addressed is the safe disposal of any contaminated waste, including contaminated piping, treatment residuals, and sludges generated during the decontamination process or the dismantling 

of a system. EPA is developing an online tool that will provide information about disposal 

options and associated regulations for decontamination-related waste. 

The tool will provide users with: 

�	 Disposal regulations for various types of waste streams. 

�	 Specific waste characteristics. 

�	 Decontamination methods. 

�	 Types of treatment and handling requirements necessary for safe 

disposal of waste streams. 

�	 Lists of potential treatment options. 

This effort is part of a larger undertaking to address disposal of all materials from intentional attacks. 

Planning for Contingencies and Addressing Infrastructure 

Interdependencies 

Following an intentional event or accidental disruption to water service, water utilities and 

municipalities must work as quickly as possible to address the root cause of the disruption. 

Prompt response is critical to decreasing the potential down time for a water distribution system. In some cases, a straightforward system repair might address the concern. In other cases, 

however, a primary water distribution system could be unavailable for an extended period of 

time. Under these circumstances, water utilities and municipalities must have effective contingency plans in place for supplying alternative sources of safe drinking water. EPA is developing tools to assist utilities plan for contingencies and provide alternative water supplies. The 

Agency is also examining interdependencies that water distribution and treatment systems 

have with other critical infrastructures, which could be disrupted or damaged by a water security breach. 

Guidance for Drinking Water and Wastewater Utilities to Minimize Outages 

Due to Interdependencies with Other Critical Sectors 

The operations of drinking water and wastewater facilities are dependent, to some degree, on 

the operations in 10 other critical sectors. Likewise, 13 sectors are dependent in some way on 

the supply of drinking water or wastewater services. EPA is working with Argonne National 

Laboratory (ANL) to provide tools to help drinking water and wastewater utilities minimize outages 

resulting from problems initiating within their own systems, as well as problems in other infrastructures (e.g., power supply, telecommunications) that critically affect the operations of water systems. Minimizing outages is important for not only maintaining continuity of drinking water and 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

25 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

wastewater services, but also for reducing the possibility of cascading or escalating effects. 

Application of these tools will allow drinking water and wastewater utilities to assess their vulnerabilities with respect to interdependencies, take preventative measures reduce these vulnerabilities, 

and respond more effectively in the event that problems occur. 

Report on Impacts to Water Systems Following Community-wide Radiological 

Events 

EPA and ANL are evaluating the potential secondary impacts to water resources and infrastructure from a variety of possible incidents involving a radiological dispersal device (RDD) in 

urban areas. An RDD is any device that causes the intentional spreading of radioactive material across an area using conventional explosives. The research addresses different aspects of 

drinking water and wasterwater system impacts following an RDD event. A report is being 

prepared to provide an estimate of the magnitude of the impacts that could potentially occur 

to drinking water and wastewater systems. 

Guide on Deployment of Alternative Water 

When drinking water systems are disrupted by an attack, it is essential for local utilities 

and municipalities to have contingency plans in place to provide customers with alternative 

sources of safe drinking water. EPA is working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) 

to provide information on planning for alternative water supplies. The information will include 

a compendium of options for a variety of situations. 

USACE is conducting a number of activities: 

1)	 Developing case studies. These case studies examine contingency planning efforts 

under numerous situations (e.g., community water system size, population, geographic location, short-term versus long-term water needs) to help water utilities make the 

most technically feasible and cost-effective decisions. 

2)	 Assessing the deployment of portable water treatment facilities. This project 

entails locating existing truck-mounted and otherwise portable water treatment units 

throughout the United States and within military installations and identifying a number 

of characteristics for each unit, including ownership, operating costs, type of treatment processes and capabilities, speed of deployment, and accessibility during 

domestic water emergencies. 

3)	 Assessing drinking water system redundancies. This project identifies best practices 

for assessing and managing system redundancy based on technical feasibility and 

cost-effectiveness. Redundancies among a system can include backup diesel pumps, 

alternative storage, bypass delivery systems, and interconnections for rerouting water 

distribution. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

26 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

Targeting Impacts on Human Health and Informing the Public 

About Risks 

In the event of a water security threat or attack, responders will need to rapidly assess the risks 

and communicate information to the public in a clear, consistent, and accurate way. Research 

in this area focuses on adapting standard risk assessment methods for use during and immediately after a terrorist attack or other emergency. EPA is also developing a Web-based rapid risk 

assessment tool and a risk communication framework for emergency responders. 

Health Effects Database 

EPA is compiling a comprehensive, readily modified information system on the acute (one 

hour to less than one day), short-term (one day to 30 days), and chronic non-cancer health 

effects associated with the identified priority contaminants. Toxicity and infectivity information, 

risk assessment methods, dose-response, and health effects information is being compiled for 

chemicals (warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals, and biotoxins) and microbiological 

agents of interest in both water and air. 

As part of this project, EPA will evaluate nontraditional data sources for deriving acute and 

chronic toxicity values applied to water. The project will evaluate the 

use of lethal dose 50th percentile (LD50) and QSAR (Quantitative 

Structure Activity Relationship) models to determine health and risk 

information for chemical agents that lack a complete set of toxicological data. 

EPA will also compile and evaluate LD50 extrapolation methods 

for deriving acute and chronic toxicity values. This project is 

designed to develop and test methodologies to extrapolate across 

durations, to extrapolate from lethal doses to minimally toxic doses, 

and to interpret and apply summary toxicity properties of chemical 

groups to derive appropriate advisory levels. 

The project will evaluate all possible routes by which people might be exposed to contaminated water. Although the traditional exposure route for contaminated drinking water is 

ingestion, some contaminants could result in exposures following inhalation, dermal, and 

ocular routes. 

The information compiled will be made available through a secure and easy-to-update 

information portal on exposure routes and public health effects associated with various threat 

scenarios to water supplies and treated water. The compiled information also will be used as 

inputs into numerous activities and products such as fact sheets, derivation of toxicity values, 

and rapid risk tools. Collected data will also be incorporated into WCIT (see page 18). 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

27 
Section IV: Products in Development 

Health Surveillance Network Linkages 

EPA is collaborating with CDC, FDA, and state and local agencies to improve health surveillance networks and develop procedures for detecting water-related disease outbreaks. 

New and existing public health surveillance monitoring systems will be evaluated for their 

ability to track a disease or illness outbreak. 

“Syndromic” systems are one type of network that could be useful in early disease detection. These systems include the reporting of increased cases of diseases by entities such as 

pharmacies and hospitals. The project will examine ways to improve input to such surveillance 

systems, link them with water utility data, and link the information electronically. 

A technical guidance document will also be developed to help water utilities, public health 

officials, and other organizations institute a program for tracking disease outbreaks associated with water contamination events. This guidance will incorporate threat scenarios, detection 

methods, available technologies, distribution models, public health information, and other 

available data as appropriate. 

Risk Assessment Decisionmaking Tools 

Risk assessment and risk management need to be integrated into the decisionmaking 

process during all stages of a water security event, so that responders understand the options 

for minimizing exposures to the public. Using a holistic approach, this project will develop a 

decisionmaking framework for determining the actions needed to mitigate the health impacts 

of a water contamination event. 

Using risk assessments and characterizations based on scenarios suggested by stakeholders (emergency response teams, regional response teams), this project will develop exercises 

that can be used by anyone looking to sharpen their risk assessment skills and to understand 

the nature of the potential risks within their communities. “Tabletop” exercises for group training and computer-based simulations for more individualized learning will be included. 

Methods for Communicating Risks to Local Communities 

EPA is developing a risk communication framework to help water utilities, health officials, 

emergency responders, and others communicate quickly and effectively with local communities when a threat or attack occurs. The Agency is reviewing existing risk communication 

resources and information-sharing strategies to help develop and refine the framework. Once 

the framework is established, tools will be developed to facilitate effective communication 

with a variety of audiences during a crisis. For example, EPA is currently developing a series 

of fact sheets that describe the risks of contaminants and/or toxicological information in multiple languages and for multiple uses. In addition, educational and training programs are 

being created on effective risk communication techniques. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

28 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

Message Mapping for Decisionmakers 

EPA is developing written and verbal message statements that 

water and wastewater utilities and elected officials can use to 

effectively communicate the potential risks arising from water 

emergencies. EPA anticipates that these communication tools will 

help communities establish local networks prior to the onset of 

crises and also enlist their cooperation with public agencies both 

before and during any such events. 

Emergency Consequence Assessment Tool 

This project is developing a tool that uses readily available 

risk assessment techniques to rapidly assess the risks following a 

threat or intentional attack. The tool is envisioned to be a Webbased expert system, which can instantly calculate the health 

risks from multiple attack scenarios. Through a series of simple 

questions or queries, the system will provide step-by-step guidance through the risk assessment process and provide a numeric 

estimate of risk to human health. The system will be made available to users via secured access to EPA’s Web site. 

The system will be organized around data collection and 

evaluation, exposure assessment, toxicity assessment, and risk 

characterization. Data collection and evaluation will focus on 

identifying, measuring, and characterizing the toxic agents 

involved in the terrorist incident. Exposure assessment will focus 

on rapidly predicting and estimating the fate, transport, and 

transformation of the chemical or biological agent from its 

source to possible human receptors. Toxicity assessment will 

focus on the acute and sub-chronic effects and dose-response 

relationships of chemical and biological agents. Toxicologic 

information will be provided on a route-specific basis (e.g., 

ingestion, inhalation, dermal). 

Crisis Communication 

Symposium 

In May 2004, EPA conducted the National Water 

Security Risk Communication Symposium in San 

Francisco, California.The event featured presentations on the state-of-the-art of crisis communication and provided a forum for participants to 

share effective water security-related communication strategies, best practices, tools, and projects. 

Approximately 100 individuals attended the 

event, including drinking water and wastewater 

utility managers, public health officials, state and 

local government representatives, local emergency response officials, elected officials, and the 

media. EPA is developing a comprehensive proceedings of the symposium on CD-ROM featuring PowerPoint presentations, video summaries of 

keynote topics, audio-recorded question and 

answer sessions, written summaries, photographs, 

and references. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

29 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

Protecting Wastewater Treatment and Collection 

Systems 

In addition to addressing threats against drinking water systems, EPA and 

its project partners are also conducting a multitude of projects to address 

the similar and more unique threats against wastewater treatment systems. To provide a more clear understanding of these threats, EPA is 

supporting research with the Water Environment Research Foundation 

(WERF) and others in a number of areas. These areas include identifying 

threats; assessing potential health and safety risks resulting from contaminated wastewater treatment facilities; developing intrusion prevention 

technologies; and delivering appropriate response guidance and communication tools for 

wastewater treatment personnel. 

Guidance on Managing Contamination Events 

In collaboration with WERF, EPA is developing a guidance document to help wastewater 

utilities safely respond to, remediate, and recover from direct or secondary intentional contamination of wastewater collection and treatment systems. This report will emphasize risks 

associated with specific contaminants, detection methods, treatment and inactivation mechanisms, fate and transport, and emergency operating procedures. Its purpose it to protect public and employee health and safety, and prevent the spread of materials to other environmental media. More specifically, this report will: 

�	 Identify biological, chemical, and radiological agents of concern for municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Each contaminant's impact on wastewater infrastructure, 

treatment processes, plant operators, public health, and the environment will be 

examined. 

�	 Assess available treatment technologies and emergency operating procedures that 

detect, remove, degrade, inactivate, or minimize the effect of these agents on workers, the public, and the environment. These technologies or operating procedures 

would also be expected to prevent the spread of the agents to other environmental 

media, or determine that treatment is not necessary for specific agents. 

�	 Provide information on the fate and transport and treatability of these agents in a typical municipal wastewater treatment plant. Contaminant volatility; uptake by biosolids; 

and degradation, inactivation, or disinfection will be explored. 

�	 Address high-priority, critical areas of uncertainty through experimentation to develop 

guidance for emergency operating procedures, treatment process modifications, and 

potentially new treatment technologies. 

�	 Compile available data to prioritize the critical areas of future research. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

30 
Section IV: Products in Development
 

Information on Current Practices for Controlling Access to Wastewater 

Collection and Treatment Systems 

To assist wastewater collection and treatment facilities around the country in better defending against system intrusion, EPA and WERF are developing a guidance document that contains comprehensive information on the use of a number of intrusion 

control methods and technologies. One such technology is a real-time 

sensing device that can detect and provide early warning of the presence 

of gases, toxins, and other contaminants that can result in process disruption. These sensors might be integrated with other emerging technologies to develop “smart pipes” and “intelligent infrastructure” with realtime monitoring capabilities. This guidance document will also incorporate research conducted by other agencies, including the American 

Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Federal Emergency 

Management Agency (FEMA). 

Response Protocol Playbooks 

In collaboration with WERF, EPA is developing a series of response protocol playbooks to 

help wastewater treatment system operators respond to moderate and severe chemical and 

biological contamination events. The playbooks will contain strategic decision support networks and guidance on how to avoid treatment process failures and most effectively decontaminate a treatment process while minimizing down time. 

To develop the playbooks, EPA’s research team will first conduct field experiments analyzing the effects of various chemicals and toxins on water treatment processes (e.g., conventional aerobic activated sludge, nitrogen removal, biological phosphorous removal, and 

biofilm treatment). As part of these experiments, EPA will characterize the changes in key 

process model parameters that occur in response to the intrusion of contaminants. 

EPA expects that the playbooks will help prevent or minimize permit violations, downstream ecological damage, and public health concerns that can arise from contaminant 

discharges or a malfunctioning biological treatment plant, especially in urban areas where 

the travel time and dilution effect between wastewater discharge and drinking water intake 

are minimal. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

31 
Section V: 

Next Steps 

Section V:

Next Steps

T

he U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is implementing the Action Plan with 

the help of many partners and stakeholders. A number of collaborative technical, research, 

and information-sharing efforts are under way—both within the Agency and with federal 

agencies, research organizations, and water sector associations. Some examples of the collaborations in place are described below. 

Collaborative Research 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agnecy (EPA) is establishing relationships with organizations 

that are critical to the execution of the Action Plan, including federal agency research laboratories, national science institutions, and water association research foundations. 

�	 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), <www.dhs.gov> 

EPA is working with the Science and Technology Directorate within DHS, which serves as 

the primary research and development arm of the department, to examine both internal 

and external threats to the nation’s water systems. EPA and DHS are: 

•	 Developing and implementing the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) for 

water infrastructure. 

•	 Jointly managing DHS-funded water security projects. 

•	 Routinely meeting to exchange information on water infrastructure research. 

�	 Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB),
 

<www7.nationalacademies.org/wstb>
 

EPA has engaged the National Research Council’s Water Science and Technology Board 

(WSTB) to provide consultation and peer review of the Agency’s water security efforts. A 

peer panel, consisting of approximately 12 members supported by WSTB, has been established to gather information, deliberate on critical research issues, and discuss short- and 

long-term research needs related to securing the nation’s water infrastructure. The panel will 

also highlight opportunities for EPA and help the Agency advance its research program on 

water security. 

32 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 
�	 Distribution System Research Consortium 

EPA has formed the Distribution System Research 

Consortium (DSRC), an umbrella organization made up 

of 14 partnering organizations, to advance science, 

technology, and research in: 1) monitoring and detection, 2) contamination warning systems, 3) models and 

modeling of systems, 4) treatment waters in systems, and 

5) decontamination of equipment and materials. The 

consortium is also working to identify challenges; prioritize solutions to expedite technology implementation; 

and transfer research results and guidance to users. 

Information Sharing 

Communication and information dissemination is of critical 

importance to all of EPA’s homeland security activities. EPA is 

reviewing a variety of venues and media to disseminate technical information and research results to its stakeholders. 

Currently, all publicly available products are being placed on 

two main EPA Web sites at: <www.epa.gov.nhsrc> and 

<www.epa.gov/safewater/security>. 

�	 Water Sector Stakeholder Conferences,
 

<www.epa.gov/nhsrc>
 

EPA and the Water Environment Federation (WEF), in 

partnership with many other organizations, hosted three 

regional water sector stakeholder conferences in 2005. 

The conference participants identified a list of trends 

and needs to enhance the overall security of the water 

infrastructure in the nation. Participants also developed 

recommendations on how to best meet the identified 

needs. The output from the workshops is a report on 

trends and utility needs. 

The Path Forward 

Distribution System 

Research Consortium 

To advance the science, technology, and 

research efforts underway to protect 

water distribution systems from terrorist attack, EPA formed the Distribution 

System Research Consortium (DSRC). 

Once a year, DSRC brings together 14 

partnering federal and non-federal 

organizations, including EPA, the U.S. 

Army Edgewood Chemical Biological 

Center, the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, the American Water Works 

Association Research Foundation, the 

Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention, and the U.S. Geological 

Survey among others, to collaborate on 

issues including: 

•	 Monitoring and detection. 

•	 Early alert and warning systems. 

•	 Models and modeling of systems. 

•	 Treatment of waters in systems. 

•	 Decontamination of equipment and 

materials. 

DSRC also works to identify challenges 

and prioritize the development of 

short- and long-term solutions that 

expedite the implementation of useful 

and feasible distribution system technologies. The group disseminates information and provides assistance to 

drinking water utilities, states, 

researchers, policymakers, risk assessors, public health community members, 

and others in need of research results 

or guidance through EPA communication mechanisms and other routes. 

The Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan was released in March 

2004. It was prepared with the help of federal partners and stakeholders and was reviewed 

by the NRC. The Action Plan is a comprehensive approach to addressing security issues and 

needs related to water infrastructure; however, it is only a snapshot in time. As work progresses on the projects identified in the Action Plan, efforts are also under way to update and 

revise the Action Plan based on EPA’s current understanding of threats to, and vulnerabilities 

of, drinking water and wastewater systems. 

33 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 
Appendix A
 

Appendix A—Tier 1 Products for Enhanced Security of 

Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems (Completed) 

Product Name* Access Information Product 

Type 

Related 

Projects** 

Primary Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory 

Authority/ 

Programmatic 

Basis 

3.1 Protecting Physical and Cyber Infrastructure 

Threat Scenarios for 

Water Systems Report 

(August 2004) 

Classified Document 3.1.a.1 

3.2.a.2 

Federal agencies 

working on water 

security and threat 

analysis 

N/A 

Methodologies and 

Tools for Conducting 

Vulnerability 

Assessments: 

1) Risk Assessment 

Methodology for 

Water Utilities (RAMWSM) 

2) Vulnerability Self 

Assessment Tool 

(VSATTM) - Version 3.1 

www.epa.gov/ 

safewater/ 

watersecurity 

(under Vulnerability 

Assessments) 

Tools 3.1.a.3 (combined with 

3.1.a.2) 

3.1.c.2 

3.1.c.3 

4.0.a.3 

Water utilities 

State and local governments 

Threat analysts 

Federal 

policymakers 

American Water 

Works 

Association 

Research 

Foundation 

(AwwaRF) 

Department of 

Energy’s 

Sandia National 

Laboratories 

(SNL) 

National 

Association of 

Clean Water 

Agencies 

(NACWA) 

Bioterrorism Act 

of 2002, Section 

1434(a), 

1435(a) 

HSPD-7 Critical 

Infrastructure 

Identification, 

Prioritization, and 

Protection 

Interim Guidance and 

Voluntary Design 

Standards to Improve 

Security at Drinking 

Water and 

Wastewater and 

Stormwater Facilities 

www.asce.org/ 

static/1/wise.cfm 

Guidance 

Documents 

3.1.c.1 

3.1.c.3 

4.0.a.3 

Drinking and wastewater utilities 

State water boards 

State and local 

health and environmental regulatory 

agencies 

Threat analysts 

Federal policymakers 

American Society 

of Civil Engineers 

(ASCE) 

American Water 

Works 

Association 

(AWWA) 

Water 

Environment 

Federation (WEF) 

Bioterrorism Act 

of 2002, Section 

1435 (a) (1-4) 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

34 
Appendix A
 

Product Name* Access 

Information 

Product 

Type 

Related 

Projects** 

Primary Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory 

Authority/ 

Programmatic 

Basis 

3.3 Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring 

Response Protocol 

Toolbox 

EPA Document #817­

D-03-004 

www.epa.gov/ 

safewater/ 

watersecurity 

(under Emergency/ 

Incident Planning) 

Document; 

online 

resource 

3.3.a.1 

3.3.a.2 

3.3.a.3 

3.3.a.4 

3.2.b.1 

3.3.a.5 

3.3.a.6 

3.3.b.7 

3.3.c.1 

3.3.c.2 

3.3.c.4 

Chemical analysis 

laboratories 

Laboratory capacity 

and infrastructure 

planners 

Emergency 

responders 

Analytical method 

developers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 

2002, Sections 1434 

(a) (1) and (a) (3) 

HSPD-9 Defense of 

United States 

Agriculture and 

Food 

Security Product 

Guides 

www.epa.gov/ 

safewater/ 

watersecurity/ 

guide/index.html 

Online guide 3.3.c.1 

3.3.c.2 

3.3.c.3 

Drinking water 

utilities 

Laboratory capacity 

and infrastructure 

planners 

Emergency 

responders 

Analytical method 

developers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 

2002, Sections 1434 

(a) (1) and (a) (3) 

HSPD-9 Defense of 

United States 

Agriculture and 

Food 

Environmental 

Laboratory 

Compendium 

www.epa.gov/ 

compendium 

(Restricted access) 

Online 

database 

3.3.f.1 

3.3.f.2 

3.3.f.3 

Water utilities 

Individuals responsible for planning for 

analytical response 

to contamination 

threats 

State officials 

Emergency 

responders 

Laboratories 

N/A HSPD-9 Defense of 

United States 

Agriculture and 

Food 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

35 
Appendix A
 

Product Name* Access 

Information 

Product 

Type 

Related 

Projects** 

Primary Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory 

Authority/ 

Programmatic 

Basis 

3.4 Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and Disposing of Contaminated Water and Materials 

1) Inactivation/Removal 

Capabilities of 

Treatment and 

Disinfection 

Technologies for 

Biological 

Contaminants 

2) Effectiveness of 

Chlorination on 

Vegetative and Spore 

Forms of Bacterial 

Bioterrorist Agents 

www.cdc.gov/ 

ncidod/EID/ 

vol10no10/ 

04-0158.htm 

http://aem.asm.org/ 

cgi/content/abstract/ 

71/1/566 

Journal 

articles 

3.4.c.3 

3.4.c.5 

Emergency 

responders 

State and local 

agencies 

Water utilities 

Centers for 

Disease Control 

and Prevention 

(CDC) 

Bioterrorism Act 

of 2002; Section 

1434 (a) (1-6), 

Section 1435 

(a)(1-4) 

HSPD-10 

Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

4.0 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Infrastructure Materials 

Wastewater Baseline 

Threat Document 

Classified Document 4.0.a.1 

4.0.b.1 

3.1.c.2 

4.0.b.5 

Wastewater utilities 

State and local 

health and environmental regulatory 

agencies 

Water 

Environment 

Federation (WEF) 

Bioterrorism Act 

of 2002, Sections 

1434 (a) (3) and (a) 

(6) 

HSPD-7 Critical 

Infrastructure 

Identification, 

Prioritization, and 

Protection 

HSPD-9 Defense 

of United States 

Agriculture and 

Food 

HSPD-10 

Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

36 
Appendix A
 

Product Name* Access 

Information 

Product 

Type 

Related 

Projects** 

Primary Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory 

Authority/ 

Programmatic 

Basis 

5.0 Providing the Means to Implement the Action Plan 

Environmental 

Technology Verification 

(ETV) Program Detection 

Technologies: 

- Immunoassay Test Kits 

for Pathogens and 

Biotoxins 

- Portable Cyanide 

Analyzers 

- Rapid Toxicity Testing 

Systems 

- Rapid Polymerase 

Chain Reaction (PCR) 

Technologies 

www.epa.gov/etv/ 

verifications/ 

verificationindex.html 

Online 

verification 

reports 

5.2.a.1 Water utilities 

State officials 

Emergency 

responders 

Technology 

developers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act 

of 2002, Sections 

1434 (a) (1-3) and 

(a) (5), Section 

1435 (d) 

HSPD-9 Defense 

of United States 

Agriculture and 

Food 

HSPD-10 

Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Environmental 

Technology Verification 

(ETV) Program 

Point-of-Use (POU) 

Water Treatment 

Technology: 

- Reverse Osmosis Pointof-Use (POU) Devices 

www.epa.gov/etv/ 

verifications/ 

verificationindex.html 

Online 

verification 

report 

5.2.a.2 Water utilities 

State officials 

Emergency 

responders 

Technology 

developers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act 

of 2002, Sections 

1434 (a) (1-3) and 

(a) (5), Section 

1435 (d) 

HSPD-10 

Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Environmental 

Technology Verification 

(ETV) Program 

Wastewater and 

Residuals Treatment 

Technology: 

- Decontamination 

Wastewater Treatment 

Technologies 

www.epa.gov/etv/ 

verifications/ 

verificationindex.html 

Online 

verification 

report 

5.2.a.3 Water utilities 

State officials 

Emergency 

responders 

Technology 

developers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act 

of 2002, Sections 

1434 (a) (1-3) and 

(a) (5), Section 

1435 (d) 

HSPD-10 

Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

37 
Appendix B
 

Appendix B: Tier 1 Products to Enhance 

the Security of Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems 

(In Development) 

Product Name* Product 

Type 

Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product Partner(s) Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

3.1 Protecting Physical and Cyber Infrastructure 

Guidance and 

Voluntary Design 

Standards to Improve 

Security at Drinking 

Water and 

Wastewater and 

Stormwater Facilities 

Guidance 

documents 

3.1.c.1 

3.1.c.3 

4.0.a.3 

Drinking and wastewater 

utilities 

State water boards 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Threat analysts 

Federal policymakers 

American Society of Civil 

Engineers (ASCE) 

American Water Works 

Association (AWWA) 

Water Environment 

Federation (WEF) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-7 Critical 

Infrastructure 

Identification, Prioritization 

and Protection 

Guidance on Protecting 

Drinking Water and 

Wastewater Facilities 

from Blasts 

Software 3.1.c.3 

3.1.c.1 

Drinking water systems 

State water boards 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Threat analysts 

Federal agencies 

U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers (USACE) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-7 Critical 

Infrastructure 

Identification, 

Prioritization, and 

Protection 

Guidance for Water 

and Wastewater Utility 

Computer Systems 

Standards 3.1.c.2 

4.0.c.6 

Drinking water and 

wastewater utilities 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

American Water Works 

Association Research 

Foundation (AwwaRF) 

Water Environment 

Research Foundation 

(WERF) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and 

(a) (6) 

HSPD-7 Critical 

Infrastructure 

Identification, Prioritization 

and Protection 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

38 
Appendix B
 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product Partner(s) Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

3.2 Identifying Drinking Water Contaminants 

Water Contaminant 

Information Tool 

(WCIT) 

Tool (Web-based 

database) 

3.2.a.1 

(combined 

with 

3.2.b.1) 

3.2.b.2 

3.2.b.3 

3.3.a.2 

3.3.c.3 

3.4.b.1 

3.4.c.1 

3.4.c.8 

3.6.a.1 

4.0.f.1 

Drinking water and 

wastewater utilities 

Emergency responders 

Public health officials 

State officials 

Federal agencies 

Technical assistance 

providers 

Environmental laboratories 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Food and 

Agriculture 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

Training Modules 

Contained Within the 

WCIT 

Training modules 3.2.b.2 

3.2.b.1 

3.2.b.3 

Federal agencies 

State drinking water 

programs 

Drinking water and 

wastewater utilities 

Public health officials 

Environmental 

laboratories 

Emergency responders 

Technical assistance 

providers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

Improvements to the 

WCIT 

Tool (Web-based 

database) 

3.2.b.3 

3.2.b.1 

Federal agencies 

State drinking water programs 

Drinking water and 

wastewater utilities 

Public health officials 

Environmental laboratories 

Emergency responders 

Technical assistance 

providers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

* 

** 

Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan. 

Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

39 
Appendix B
 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product Partner(s) Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

3.3 Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring Systems for Drinking Water 

Water Contaminant 

Surrogates and 

Simulants Methods, 

Guidance, and Training 

Document 3.2.c.1 Federal agencies involved 

in research 

Utilities 

Emergency responders 

Public health 

decisionmakers 

Scientific community at 

large 

U.S. Army Edgewood 

Chemical Biological Center 

(ECBC) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

Development of 

Ultrafiltration Devices 

and a Water Filtering 

Protocol 

Physical product 3.3.b.1 

3.3.b.5 

Laboratories 

Emergency responders 

Individuals responsible 

for planning for analytical 

responses to contamination threats 

Department of the Defense 

Joint Service Agent Water 

Monitor (JSAWM) 

Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention 

(CDC) 

American Water Works 

Association Research 

Foundation (AwwaRF) 

Department of Energy’s 

Idaho National Laboratory 

Bioterrrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

Sampling and 

Analytical Methods for 

Detecting Biological 

Contaminants in Water 

Documents 3.3.b.5 

3.2.b.4 

3.3.b.1 

3.3.b.4 

3.3.b.7 

Drinking water utilities 

Environmental 

laboratories 

Emergency responders 

U.S. Army Edgewood 

Chemical Biological Center 

(ECBC) 

Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention 

(CDC) 

Metropolitan Water 

District of Southern 

California 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (1) and 

(a) (3) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

Interim Protocol for 

Detecting Biological 

Contaminants in Water 

Document 3.3.b.7 

3.2.b.4 

3.3.b.4 

3.3.b.5 

Drinking water utilities 

Environmental 

laboratories 

Emergency responders 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (1) and 

(a) (3) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

40 
Appendix B
 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product Partner(s) Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

Reports on Biotoxins Documents 3.3.c.3 

3.2.a.3 

Rapid risk (threat) assessors 

Fate and transport modelers 

Naval Surface Warfare 

Center, Dahlgren Division 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (1) and 

(a) (3) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

3.2.b.1 

3.3.c.1 

Analytical method developers 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

3.3.c.2 Drinking water utilities 

3.3.c.4 Laboratory capacity and 

infrastructure planners 

Emergency response officials 

Early Warning System 

Technologies and 

Techniques to Monitor 

and Evaluate Drinking 

Water Quality: Stateof-the-Art Review 

Document 3.3.e.4 

3.3.e.1 

3.3.e.2 

3.3.e.3 

Water utilities 

Water organizations 

Monitoring technology 

and system developers 

and vendors 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

Integrated Consortium 

of Laboratory 

Networks 

Document 3.3.f.4 

3.3.f.2 

Water utilities 

Laboratories 

Emergency responders 

Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention 

Laboratory Response 

Network (LRN) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

Federal agencies U.S. Food and Drug 

Administration (FDA) 

the 21st Century 

U.S. Department of 

Agriculture (USDA) 

Laboratory Response 

Tools 

Tools 3.3.g.1 Water utilities 

Laboratories 

N/A HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

3.3.a.3 Emergency responders 

3.3.f.3 Federal agencies 

3.3.f.6 Public in need of environmental testing laboratory 

support to contamination 

threats 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

41 
Appendix B
 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product Partner(s) Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

3.4 Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and Disposing of Contaminated Water and Materials 

Reference Guide for 

Utilities—Distribution 

System Analysis: Field 

Studies, Modeling, and 

Management 

Document 3.4.a.1 Water utilities 

Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5), 

Section 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

Threat Ensemble 

Vulnerability 

Assessment (TEVA) 

Modeling Tool for 

Water Distribution 

Systems 

Modeling tools 3.4.a.2 

3.2.b.1 

3.4.a.1 

3.4.a.3 

3.6.a.3 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Department of Energy’s 

Argonne National 

Laboratory (ANL) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5), 

Section 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

Threat Ensemble 

Vulnerability 

Assessment (TEVA) 

Contamination 

Warning System Data 

Analysis Tools 

Computer 

models/ 

software 

3.4.a.3 

3.2.b.1 

3.4.a.1 

3.4.a.2 

3.6.a.3 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Department of Energy’s 

Sandia National 

Laboratories (SNL) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5), 

Section 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and 

Food 

Resource Guide on the 

Aquatic Fate of 

Biological, Chemical, 

and Radiological 

Contaminants 

Document 3.4.b.3 

3.4.b.2 

3.4.c.5 

3.6.a.1 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-9 Defense of the 

United States Agriculture 

and Food 

Research on the 

Inactivation of 

Biological Agents in 

Water 

Ongoing research 3.4.c.3 

3.4.c.5 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1-6), 

Section 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

42 
Appendix B
 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product Partner(s) Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

Drinking Water 

Treatability Database 

Database 3.4.c.5 

3.2.b.1 

3.4.c.3 

3.4.c.4 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

3.4.c.6 

3.4.c.8 

Resource Document Document 3.4.d.7 State and local health National Institute of Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

and Guidance for and environmental regu- Standards and Testing Section 1434 (a) (5) 

Decontaminating PostService Connections 3.4.d.8 latory agencies 

Building owners 

(NIST) HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

Water utilities 

Handbook for 

Decontaminating 

Piping and Equipment 

Document 3.4.d.8 

3.4.c.9 

3.4.d.1 

3.4.d.2 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Federal agencies 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

3.4.d.5 

3.4.d.6 

3.4.d.7 

3.4.d.9 

Disposal Alternatives 

Tool 

Web-based tool 

(also on CD-ROM) 

3.4.d.9 

3.4.c.9 

3.4.d.1 

3.4.d.2 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Federal agencies 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

3.4.d.5 

3.4.d.6 

3.4.d.7 

3.4.d.8 

Report on Impacts to 

Water Systems 

Following Communitywide Radiological 

Events 

Document 3.4.d.10 Federal agencies 

Water utilities 

Emergency responders 

Planners 

Department of Energy’s 

Argonne National 

Laboratory (ANL) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-7 Critical 

Infrastructure 

Identification, Prioritization, 

and Protection 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

43 
Appendix B
 

Product Name* Product 

Type 

Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product Partner(s) Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

3.5 Planning for Contingencies and Addressing Infrastructure Interdependencies 

Guidance on 

Deployment of 

Alternative Water 

Document 3.5.a.5 

3.5.a.1 

3.5.a.2 

3.5.a.3 

3.5.a.4 

Federal agencies 

State health and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Consulting engineers 

U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers (USACE) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (b) 

Guidance for Drinking 

Water and 

Wastewater Utilities 

to Minimize Outages 

Due to 

Interdependencies 

with Other Critical 

Sectors 

Document 3.5.c.2 

(incorporated into 

3.1.b.1) 

Federal agencies 

State health and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Consulting engineers 

Department of Energy’s 

Argonne National 

Laboratory (ANL) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (b) 

HSPD-7 Critical 

Infrastructure 

Identification, Prioritization 

and Protection 

3.6 Targeting Impacts on Human Health and Informing the Public About Risks 

Health Effects 

Database 

Database 3.6.a.1 

(scope of project 

completed through 

Rapid Risk Project 

#1 [RR1]) 

3.2.b.1 

3.4.b.3 

3.6.a.2 

3.6.a.3 

3.6.a.4 

3.6.c.1 

3.6.c.2 

Risk assessors 

Detection limits 

scientists 

Decontamination 

planners 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and 

(a) (6) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

44 
Appendix B
 

Product Name* Product Type Related Anticipated Users Product Statutory Authority/ 

Projects** Partner(s) Programmatic Basis 

Health Surveillance Document 3.6.b.2 Risk assessors Centers for Disease Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Network Linkages (scope of project 

encompassed by 

Rapid Risk Projects 

#22 [RR22] and #23 

[RR23]) 

3.6.b.1 

Public health officials 

Scientists 

Water utility operators 

Planners 

Control and 

Prevention (CDC) 

U.S. Food and Drug 

Administration (FDA) 

Sections 1434 (a)(2) and 

(a)(6) 

HSPD-9 Defense of 

United States Agriculture 

and Food 

Emergency responders 

Risk Assessment 

Decisionmaking Tools 

Tabletop and 

computer-based 

simulation exercises 

3.6.d.2 

3.6.d.3 

Risk assessors 

Detection limits 

scientists 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434(a)(2) 

Decontamination 

planners 

Water utilities 

Emergency responders 

Methods for Documents; 3.6.e.1 Emergency N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Communicating Risks to training responders Sections 1434 (a) (3) and 

Local Communities modules 

3.6.d.3 Public officials (a) (6) 

Message Mapping for 

Decisionmakers 

Tools 4.0.e.3 (combined 

with 3.6.e.2) 

Wastewater utilities 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and 

(a) (6) 

HSPD-10: Biodefense 

for the 21st Century 

Emergency Consequence 

Assessment Tool 

Tool 

(Web-based) 

3.6.e.2 

(scope of project 

completed through 

Rapid Risk Project 

#38 [RR38]) 

3.6.e.3 

3.6.e.4 

Risk assessors 

Detection limits 

scientists 

Decontamination 

planners 

Emergency responders 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and 

(a) (6) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for 

the 21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 DRAFT ONLY 

45 
Appendix B
 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

4.0 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Infrastructure Projects 

Guidance on Managing 

Contamination Events 

Document 4.0.b.4 

3.1.c.2 

4.0.b.1 

4.0.b.2 

Wastewater utilities 

Emergency responders 

Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water Environment 

Research Foundation 

(WERF) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) 

(6) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Information on Current 

Practices for Controlling 

Access to Wastewater 

Collection and Treatment 

Systems 

Documents 4.0.c.1 Wastewater utilities 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water Environment 

Research Foundation 

(WERF) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) 

(6) 

HSPD-10: Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Response Protocol 

Playbooks 

Document 4.0.e.1 Wastewater utilities 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Water Environment 

Research Foundation 

(WERF) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) 

(6) 

HSPD-10: Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

46 
Appendix B
 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

5.0 Providing the Means to Implement the Action Plan 

Technology Testing and 

Evaluation Program 

(TTEP) 

Detection Technologies 

Documents 5.2.a.1 Water utilities 

State officials 

Emergency responders 

Technology developers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (1-3) and (a) 

(5), Section 1435 (d) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Technology Testing and 

Evaluation Program 

(TTEP) 

Point-of-Use (POU) Water 

Treatment Technology 

Documents 5.2.a.2 Water utilities 

State officials 

Emergency responders 

Technology developers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (1-3) and 

(a) (5), Section 1435 (d) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Technology Testing and 

Evaluation Program 

(TTEP) 

Wastewater and 

Residuals Treatment 

Technology 

Documents 5.2.a.3 Water utilities 

State officials 

Emergency responders 

Technology developers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (1-3) and (a) 

(5), Section 1435 (d) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

47 
Appendix C
 

Appendix C—Tier 2 Products to Enhance the Security of 

Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

3.1 Protecting Physical and Cyber Infrastructure 

Guidance for Using 

Models to Analyze 

Terrorist Attack 

Consequences 

Document 3.1.b.1 

3.5.c.1 

3.5.c.2 

Drinking water systems 

State water boards 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Threat analysts 

EPA and other federal 

policymakers 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure 

Identification, Prioritization, 

and Protection 

Decision Tree for 

Alternatives to Chlorine 

Disinfection 

Document 3.1.c.4 Wastewater utilities 

using chlorine gas for 

disinfection 

Department of 

Homeland Security 

(DHS) 

National Association 

of Clean Water 

Agencies (NACWA) 

HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure 

Identification, Prioritization, 

and Protection 

3.2 Identifying Drinking Water Contaminants 

Documentation of 

Background Levels of 

Priority Biological 

Contaminants 

Document 3.2.b.4 

3.3.b.5 

Federal agencies 

Water utilities 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Scientific community at 

large 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

48 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

3.3 Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring Systems for Drinking Water 

Revisions to the 

National Environmental 

Methods Index (NEMI) 

Database to Include 

Analytical Methods for 

Priority Water 

Contaminants 

Database 3.3.b.2/ 

3.3.b.6 

3.3.b.5 

Laboratories 

Individuals responsible 

for planning for analytical responses to contamination threats 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Report on the Water 

Industry’s Position 

Regarding the Use of 

Ultrafiltration to Identify 

Contaminants in Water 

Document 3.3.b.3 

3.3.b.1 

3.3.b.5 

Laboratories 

Individuals responsible 

for planning for analytical responses to contamination threats 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Reports and Journal 

Articles Summarizing 

the Response of 

Sensors to the 

Introduction of 

Contaminants 

Documents 3.3.d.1 

3.4.a.1 

3.3.d.2 

3.3.d.6 

Water utility operators 

Water organizations 

Monitoring technology 

and system developers 

and vendors 

EPA’s Water 

Awareness 

Technology 

Evaluation Research 

and Security 

(WATERS) Center 

U.S. Army Edgewood 

Chemical Biological 

Center (ECBC) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

49 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product Type Related Anticipated Users Product Statutory Authority/ 

Projects** Partner(s) Programmatic Basis 

Standard Operating Documents 3.3.d.2 Water utility N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Procedures and Quality operators Section 1434 (a) (1) 

Assurance and Control 

Practices to Guide the 

Evaluation of Monitoring 

Technologies 

3.3.d.1 

3.3.d.6 

Water organizations 

Monitoring technology 

and system developers 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

5.2.a.1 and vendors 21st Century 

Identification of Sensors Documents 3.3.d.3 Water utility N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Used in Other Sectors operators Section 1434 (a) (1) 

That Might Be Applicable 

to Drinking Water 

Monitoring and Detection 

3.3.d.6 

3.4.a.2 

Water organizations 

Monitoring technology 

and system developers 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

and vendors 21st Century 

Report on Biosensor Document 3.3.d.4 Water utility N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Responses and the operators Section 1434 (a) (1) 

Development and Use of 

an Interpretive Algorithm 3.3.d.6 Water organizations 

Monitoring technology 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

and system developers HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

and vendors 21st Century 

Standard Operating 

Procedures for Evaluating 

Monitoring Technologies 

Document 3.3.d.5 

*updates 

3.3.d.2 

Water utility operators 

Water organizations 

Monitoring technology 

and system developers 

and vendors 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (1) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

50 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product Type Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

3.4 Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and Disposing of Contaminated Water and Materials 

Upgrade of the EPANET 

Model to Allow the 

Modeling of MultiComponent Reactions 

Model 3.4.a.1 

3.2.b.2 

3.3.c.3 

3.3.d.1 

3.3.d.3 

3.4.a.2 

3.4.a.3 

3.4.d.4 

3.4.d.5 

3.4.d.6 

3.4.d.7 

3.6.a.3 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5), and 

Sections 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Guidance and Models 

for Performing 

Computational 

Contaminant Fate and 

Transport Studies 

Document 3.4.a.2 

3.2.b.1 

3.4.a.1 

3.4.a.3 

3.6.a.3 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Department of 

Energy’s Argonne 

National Laboratory 

(ANL) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5), and 

Sections 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Final Report on the 

Environment Fate of 

Selected Biological, 

Chemical, and 

Radiological 

Contaminants in Source 

Waters 

Document 3.4.b.1 

3.2.b.1 

3.4.b.3 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

U.S. Army Edgewood 

Chemical Biological 

Center (ECBC) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5), and 

Sections 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Report on the Treatability 

of Less Well Understood 

Water Contaminants and 

Recommendations for 

Additional Treatability 

Studies 

Document 3.4.c.1 

3.2.b.1 

3.4.c.5 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (1-6) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* 

** 

Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan. 

Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

51 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product Related Anticipated Users Product Statutory Authority/ 

Type Projects** Partner(s) Programmatic Basis 

Method for Evaluating Document 3.4.c.2 Federal agencies N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Existing and Innovative 

Treatment Technologies (combined with 

5.2.a.2) 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Sections 1434 (a) (1-6), and 

Sections 1435 (a) (1-4) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Water utilities 

Report on the Ability of Document 3.4.c.4 Federal agencies Department of the Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Common Drinking Water 

Treatment Methods to 

Remove Microbial and 

Chemical Agents 

3.4.c.5 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

Navy (NAVSEA) Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Report Identifying Pointof-Use/Point-of-Entry 

(POU/POE) Devices, 

Uses, and Disposal 

Requirements 

Document 3.4.c.6 

3.4.c.5 

5.2.a.3 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Report Describing Document 3.4.c.7 Federal agencies N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Pretreatment 

Technologies and 

Effectiveness 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Report Describing 

Decontamination 

Byproducts and Health 

Effects 

Document 3.4.c.8 

3.2.b.1 

3.4.c.5 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

52 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product Related Anticipated Users Product Statutory Authority/ 

Type Projects** Partner(s) Programmatic Basis 

Decontamination 

Residues Disposal Tool 

Document 3.4.c.9 

3.4.c.1 

3.4.c.3 

3.4.c.4 

Federal agencies 

Emergency responders 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

3.4.c.5 

3.4.c.6 

3.4.c.7 

3.4.c.8 

Standard Operating Document 3.4.d.1 Federal agencies American Water Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Procedures for the 

Decontamination of 

Drinking Water 

Infrastructure 

3.4.d.2 

3.4.d.3 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Works Association 

Research Foundation 

(AwwaRF) 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

3.4.d.4 

3.4.d.5 

3.4.d.6 

3.4.d.8 

Report on the Relevant 

Physiochemical 

Properties of 

Contaminants That Are 

Difficult to Remove from 

Pipes and Equipment 

Document 3.4.d.2 (combined with 

3.4.b.2) 

3.2.b.1 

Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

3.4.d.1 

3.4.d.3 

3.4.d.4 

3.4.d.6 

3.4.d.8 

* 

** 

Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan. 

Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

53 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product Related Anticipated Users Product Statutory Authority/ 

Type Projects** Partner(s) Programmatic Basis 

Reports Describing the Documents 3.4.d.3 Federal agencies U.S. Army Edgewood Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Results of Fate and 

Transport Studies and 

Enzyme-Based 

Decontamination 

Methods 

3.4.a 

3.4.d.1 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Chemical Biological 

Center (ECBC) 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

3.4.d.2 

3.4.3.4 

3.4.d.5 

3.4.d.6 

3.4.d.8 

Mirco-Scale Models to Computer 3.4.d.4 Federal agencies N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Evaluate Fate and 

Transport of 

Contaminants in a Pipe 

and Decontamination 

and Recovery Methods 

models 

3.4.a .1 

3.4.d.2 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

3.4.d.3 21st Century 

3.4.d.5 

3.4.d.8 

Report on the Use of Document 3.4.d.5 Federal agencies N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

EPANET to Design 

Decontamination Policies 

and Procedures for 

Drinking Water 

Distribution Systems 

3.4.a.2 

3.4.d.1 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

3.4.d.3 21st Century 

3.4.d.4 

3.4.d.6 

3.4.d.8 

Report on Document 3.4.d.6 Federal agencies N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Decontamination Efforts 

on In Situ Water Utility 

Pipes 3.4.a .1 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

3.4.d.2 Water utilities 

3.4.d.3 

3.4.d.4 

3.4.d.8 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

54 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product 

Type 

Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

Report on the Preliminary 

Assessment of the 

Potential Impacts of 

Radiological Dispersion 

Devices on Water 

Systems 

Document 3.4.d.10 Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water utilities 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (5) 

HSPD-9 Defense of United 

States Agriculture and Food 

3.5 Planning for Contingencies and Addressing Infrastructure Interdependencies 

Case Studies on 

Technical and Cost 

Aspects of Existing 

Contingency Plans 

Document 3.5.a.1 

3.5.a.5 

3.5.c.5 

Federal agencies 

State health and environmental regulatory 

agencies 

Water utilities 

Consulting engineers 

U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers (USACE) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (b) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Report Assessing the 

Feasibility of Deploying 

Portable Water 

Treatment Facilities 

Document 3.5.a.2 

3.5.a.5 

Federal agencies 

State health and environmental regulatory 

agencies 

Water utilities 

Consulting engineers 

U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers (USACE) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (b) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Report on Best Practices 

for Managing Drinking 

Water System 

Redundancies 

Document 3.5.a.3 

3.5.a.5 

Federal agencies 

State health and environmental regulatory 

agencies 

Water utilities 

Consulting engineers 

U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers (USACE) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (b) 

HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure 

Identification, Prioritization, 

and Protection 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

55 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product Related Anticipated Users Product Statutory Authority/ 

Type Projects** Partner(s) Programmatic Basis 

Database of Water 

Supply Sources 

Database 3.5.a.4 Federal agencies 

State health and enviU.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers (USACE) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1435 (b) 

3.5.a.5 ronmental regulatory 

agencies 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Water utilities 

Consulting engineers 

Feasibility Study on the Document 3.5.b.1 Federal agencies N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Implementation of 

Innovative Drinking 

Water Technologies 3.5.b.2 

State health and environmental regulatory 

agencies 

Section 1435 (b) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Water utilities 

Consulting engineers 

Report Assessing the Document 3.5.b.2 Federal agencies N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Performance of 

Innovative Drinking 

Water Technologies 3.5.b.1 

State health and environmental regulatory 

agencies 

Section 1435 (b) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Water utilities 

Consulting engineers 

Reports on a Variety of Document; 3.5.c.1 Federal agencies Department of Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Water Interdependency 

Issues and a Water 

Version of the Critical 

Infrastructures 

model (combined with 

3.1.b.1, 4.0.a.4, 

and 4.0.a.5) 

Drinking water and 

wastewater utilities 

State and local health 

Energy’s Argonne 

National Laboratory 

(ANL) 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Interdependencies and environmental 

Integrator Repair and regulatory agencies 

Recovery Model 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

56 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product 

Type 

Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

3.6 Targeting Impacts on Human Health and Informing the Public About Risks 

Report on Bioaerosol 

Generation During 

Bathing and Screening 

Guidance for Evaluating 

Direct and Indirect 

Exposure Pathways 

Documents 3.6.a.2 

3.6.a.1 

Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Risk assessors 

Decontamination 

planners 

Water utilities 

Emergency responders 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (2) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Report on Risk 

Assessment 

Methodology, 

Application, and 

Limitations 

Document 3.6.a.4 

3.6.a.1 

3.6.c.2 

Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Risk assessors 

Decontamination 

planners 

Water utilities 

Emergency responders 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (2) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Methods for Developing 

Short-Term Toxicity Data 

Document 3.6.c.1 

3.6.a.1 

3.6.a.4 

Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Risk assessors 

Decontamination 

planners 

Water utilities 

Emergency responders 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (3) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

57 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product Related Anticipated Users Product Statutory Authority/ 

Type Projects** Partner(s) Programmatic Basis 

Report on the 

Uncertainty of the QSAR 

Model’s Application to 

Chemicals Without 

Empirical Data 

Document 3.6.c.2 

3.6.a.1 

3.6.a.4 

Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Risk assessors 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (3) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Decontamination 

planners 

Water utilities 

Emergency responders 

Decision Trees for 

Contamination Event 

Response 

Document 3.6.d.1 

3.6.d.2 

Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (2) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Risk assessors 

Decontamination 

planners 

Water utilities 

Emergency responders 

Consequence 

Management Protocol for 

Addressing Threats and 

Attacks on Drinking 

Water Supplies and 

Systems 

Document 3.6.d.3 

3.6.d.1 

Federal agencies 

State and local health 

and environmental regulatory agencies 

Risk assessors 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Section 1434 (a) (2) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Decontamination 

planners 

Water utilities 

Emergency responders 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

58 
Appendix C
 

Product Name* Product 

Type 

Related 

Projects** 

Anticipated Users Product 

Partner(s) 

Statutory Authority/ 

Programmatic Basis 

4.0 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Infrastructure Projects 

Resource Document on 

the Efficacy of Treatment 

Methods for a Variety of 

Contaminants 

Document(s) 4.0.b.2 

3.2.b.1 

4.0.b.1 

Federal agencies 

Drinking water and 

wastewater utilities 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water Environment 

Research Foundation 

(WERF) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6) 

HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure 

Identification, Prioritization, 

and Protection 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Guidance Manual for 

Expert Detection System 

Software 

Document 4.0.c.2 

4.0.c.3 

Federal agencies 

Wastewater utilities 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

N/A Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6) 

HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure 

Identification, Prioritization, 

and Protection 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

Report Documenting the 

New SewerNet and 

PipelineNet Module 

Development Activities, 

Findings, and 

Recommendations 

Document, 

model 

4.0.c.4 Federal agencies 

Wastewater utilities 

State and local health 

and environmental 

regulatory agencies 

Water Environment 

Research Foundation 

(WERF) 

Bioterrorism Act of 2002, 

Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6) 

HSPD-10 Biodefense for the 

21st Century 

* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 

** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold. 
 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

59 
Appendix D 

Appendix D—Acronyms 

AMWA Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies 

ANL Argonne National Laboratory 

APHL Association of Public Health Laboratories 

ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 

ASTHO Association of State and Territorial Health Officials 

AWWA American Water Works Association 

AwwaRF American Water Works Association Research Foundation 

BAT best available technology 

CCL contaminant candidate list 

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

DCMD Decontamination and Consequence Management Division 

DHS Department of Homeland Security 

DoD Department of Defense 

DOE Department of Energy 

DSRC Distribution System Research Consortium 

ECBC U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

ERP Emergency Response Plan 

EWS Emergency Warning System 

ETV Environmental Technology Verification 

FAC free available chlorine 

FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration 

FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency 

FERN Food Emergency Response Network 

HSPD Homeland Security Presidential Directive 

JSAWM Joint Service Agent Water Monitor 

LD50 lethal dose 50 (dose causing death in 50 percent of exposed animals) 

LRN Laboratory Response Network 

MOU Memorandum of Understanding 

NACWA National Association of Clean Water Agencies, formerly Association of 

Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies (AMSA) 

NAVSEA Department of the Navy 

NEMI National Environmental Methods Index 

NHSRC National Homeland Security Research Center 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

60 
Appendix D
 

NIPP National Infrastructure Protection Plan 

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology 

NRC National Research Council 

OCMS online contaminant monitoring system 

ORD EPA Office of Research and Development 

OW EPA Office of Water 

PCR polymerase chain reaction 

POU/POE point-of-use/point-of-entry 

QSAR Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship 

RAM-W Risk Assessment Methodology for Water Utilities 

RDD radiological dispersal device 

RPTB Response Protocol Toolbox 

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 

SNL Sandia National Laboratories 

TCAD Threat and Consequence Assessment Division 

TEVA Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment 

TTEP Technology Testing and Evaluation Program 

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture 

USGS U.S. Geological Survey 

VSATTM Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool 

WaterSC Water Security Channel 

WCIT Water Contaminant Information Tool 

WEF Water Environment Federation 

WERF Water Environment Research Foundation 

WIPD Water Infrastructure Protection Division 

WSD Water Security Division 

WSTB Water Science and Technology Board 

Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005 

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Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan – Progress Report for 2005
 

62 

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Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Research and Development 

Office of Water 

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(163)
 

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www.epa.gov/nhsrc 

www.epa.gov/safewater/security 

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