Quelificerion Guidelines for PC AFD:

Training Considerations
The user should be able to configure the system such that training on the task can begin with che aircraft
positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for mancuvering, in straight-and-level flighz, at a specified
cruising speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°,
airspeed within 10 kes., and altitude within 100 ft.. In addition, since the trainee is transitioning from one
altitude to another, feedback should be provided both in maintaining the initial altitude, and in achieving
and maintaining the second altitude.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference ro Instruments
Task: 2.4 Constant rate climb to altitude

Learning Objectives
2.4.1 Maintain seraight-and-level flight

2.4.2 Transition from staight-and-level flight to a consrant rare climb configuration
2.3.2.1 Set full power and approximate pitch for required climb rate in a smocth and timely manner
2.4.2.2 Make proper use of trim control
2.4.2.3 Scan continuously without fixation or omission
2.4.2.4 Make small adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in climb rate and heading

2.4.3 Transition from a constant rate climb to straight-and-level flight at desired alticude
2.4.3.1 Begin level off at appropriate point priot co reaching desited altitude (10% rule)
2.4.3.2 Set approximate pitch and power for straight-and-level flight
2.4.3.3 Make proper use of trim contro!
2.4.3.4 Scan continuously without fixation or omission
2.4.3.5 Make small adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in attitude

Input Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yew
» altitude, heading, and airspeed
> power sering
+ picch ceim setting

Ourput Requirements:
+ rase of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourpuc
+ pitch wim

is



Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualificezion guidelines {see p. 4}

Conireis:
Physical or virtual controls for carburetor heat, magneto switch and fuel mixture.

Displays:

Display showing status of carburetor heat, magneto switch, fuel mixture, and fue! quantity.

Flight Dynamics:

The handling and pecformance qualities of the simulaced aircraft during simulated engine failure are consistent
with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.

Instructional Mamagemeat:
Instructor can contrel the presence of an engine failure during 2 training session.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures
Task: 3.10 Lost procedures

Learning Objectives
The primary partof this task wouid involve communication with Air Traffic Control (Task Set 6.0). In addition,
interpretation of navigational charts would come into play. However, the use of such charts would have to be
accomplished while maintaining positive control of the aircraft and so an important aspect of this task is learning
how to perform. multiple activities simultancously without compromising safety.

input Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw artitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altirude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ fuel quantity
+ navigetional chart information

Ontpat Requirements:
+ rare of change of pitch, bank. and yaw
+ engine power output

Training Considerations
The user should de able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air. at 2 reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 1D kis., bank within 5° end altitude within
100 fe.. Navigational charts should be available for the navigational database area available oa the PCATD. The
simulation of ATC comnuunication can oe done by the instructor using a separate display showing the trainees
position within the navigational area.


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Device Qualification Guidelines

Baseline qualification guidelines {see p. 4)

Controls:

Physical or virtual controls for setting a transponder code

Displays:

Transponder display

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures

Task 3.6 Instrument failure
Lesraing Objectives
5.6.1 Recognize instrument failure
3.6.2 Alter scan pattern to compensate for failed instrument
3.6.3 Increase speed of sean to compensate for filed instrument
3.6.4 Ply airplane
3.6.5 Report failure to ATC if malfunction is a loss of VOR, TACAN, or ADF receiver, complete or partial

loss of ILS receiver capability, or impairment of air/ground communications capabilicy

Input Requirements:

+ pitch, bank, and yaw arrirude
- rate of change of pisch, bank, and yax
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setcing

Oatpar Requirements:
~ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output

Training Considerations

The user should be able co begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable alritude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight. at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kts., bank within 5° and altitude within
160 ft.. The instructor should have the abilicy to disable. turn off, or blank ouz any one or more of the
instruments rior to beginning a training session and te disable or turn off any one o: more of the instuments

during the training session. In addition. to gain proficicncy in recognizing instrument fa

lure. it would be useful

for the system co be capable of randomly failing 2n instrument within a specified period of time or during the
performance of 2 particular maneuver.

32


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDe

Trainiog Considerations
The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned ia the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-levei flight, at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 5°, airspeed within 10 krs., bank wichin 5°, altirude within 100
fc., and CDI within a three-quarter-scale deflection. The task should begin with the aircraft positioned at varying
locations relative to che VOR station to provide practice at determining aircraft position and intercepting and
tracking a VOR radial. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at least 10 kes.

Device Qualification Guideli
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Flight Dyaemics:
The presence and amount of wind are seflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.

lestructional Management:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the CDI within a specified range of deflection.
Instructor can control che amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before the
session begins and daring the session.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 4.0 Radio Navigation Procedures
Task: 4.4 DME Arc

Learning Objectives
4.4.1 Track inbound on current heading

44.2 Turn 90° left of right (depending on position from station} when .5 nm from arc
4.4.2.1 Monitor DME readout closely to gauge when to roll out of curn
4.4.2.2 Msinzain continuous mental picture of position relative wo station
4.4.2.3 Noxe ADF needle at wingtip position after completion of turn

44.3 Fly segment of arc
4.4.3.1 Maintain constant heading and altitude uncil ADF needle is 5° co 10° behind wingtip
4.4.3.2 Turn coward station until ADF needie is 5° to 10° shead of wingtip
4.4.3.3 Correct for crosswind by adjusting amount that ADF atedic is positioned ahead and behind wingtip

Input Requiremente:
« picch, bank, and yaw attitude
- rave of change of piech, bank, and yaw
+ altivude, heading, and airspecd
+ power setting
- NDB station frequency and bearing

41


Qusiifiestion Guidelines for PC ATDs

inpat Requirements:

+ information about aircraft anti-icing/deicing systems and their operating characteristics

Outpt Requirements:
+ demonstration of understanding of aircraft anti-icing/deicing system(s} and their operating characteristics

Training Considerations
The ¢.monszretion of an understanding of anti-icing/deicing systems and their operating characteristics can be
accomplished using the PCAT + by having the system elicit information from the trainee through multiple
choice questions, filling in blinks, ecc. At a minimum, the system should be able to provide feedback to the
student regarding areas in need of review.

Device Qualification Guidelines
instructional Managemess
PCATD trains knowledge of anti-icing/deicing systems and their operating characteristics through multiple
choice questions, fill-in-the blanks, exc. and provides feedback on areas of knowledge thac are lacking for all of
the foilowing systems: 1) airframe; 2) propelior/inzake; 3) fuel system; and 4) pitot-static.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 1.0 Ground Phase
Task: 1.4 Flight instruments and navigation equipmen:

The learning objective of this task is to acquire adequate knowledge of air.raft flight instrument systeras and
their operating characteristics cu include: 1) pitot-static; 2) altimeter; 3) airspeed indicator; 4} vertical speed
indicator; 5) attitude indicator; 6) horizontal situation indicator; 7) magnetic compass; 8) turn-and-slip
indicator/tum coordinator; and 9) heading indicator, and to acquire adequate knowledge of aircraft navigation
systems and sheir operating methods xo include: 1) VHF omnirange (VOR); 2) distance measuring equipment.
(DME); 3) instrement landing system (1LS)/microwave landing system (MLS); 4) marker beacon receiver!
indicators; 5) transponder/altitude encoding; and 6) automatic direction finding (ADF).

lapet Requirements:
+ information of aircraft flight instrament systems and their opcrating characteristics
+ information of aircraft navigation systems and their operating methods

Oupat Requirements:
+ demonstration of understanding of aircraft flight instrument systems and their operating charactrristics
- demonstration of uaderstanding of aircraft navigation systerns and their operating methods



Qualification Guidetines for PC ATD:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the ADF bearing within 2 specified range of
deviation.

Feedback is presented by the system segarding maintaining altitude withia 100 f., but acc below the minimum
descent altitude.

Insteuctor can control rhe amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before the
session begins and during the session.

PCATD has a navigational area data hase that is local to che training facility.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Ser: §.9 Instrument Approsches
Task: 5.2 NDB instrument approach procedure

Learning Objectives
The NDB instrument approach procedure is essentially similar to a VOR approach procedur: {Task 5.1) with
the exception that the ADF is used to identify the final approach Sx (FAF) and all approach headings are
determined using the ADF card.

Input Requirements:
~ picch, bank, and yew attirude
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power seting
- NDB station frequency and bearing
+ instrument: approach procedure plates
+ time elapsed from specific poinss
+ ractio communications from ATC

Oeput Requireazents:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
- NDB sation fequency
+ timer or clock setring
- radio communicacions t ATC

‘“Trataing Considerations

The user should be able to begin che task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at 2 reasonable altitude for
mancuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed, at a position $ minutes prior to beginning
the intermediate approach segment to allow sime to secure approach chart, set up navigational frequencies, reset
heading indicator to magnetic compass, and review approach procedure. The system should provide fredback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, aisspeed within 10 kes., bank -within 5°, altitude within 100
ft., and ADF bearing within 10°. During Sinai approach, the system should erovide feedback regarding
maintaining altitude wichin 100 f., but noc below the minimum descent zitinude unti! seaching the missed
approach point. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at least 10 kes. ATC communications can
be provided by the instructor. Finally, iz is required that at least some of the approaches practiced are focal to
the training crea, which requires that the PCATD have a local navigational data base.


Qualification Gridelizas Sor PC ATDs

Table 6. instrument Flying Task Anatysis: Instrument Approaches

Axchosization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 5.0 Instrument Approaches
Task: 5.1 VOR/VORTAC instrument approach procedure

5.1.1

5.4.2

Leuraing Objectives
initial approach segment
5.1.1.1 Take out appropriate approach plare
5.1.4.2 Find primary and secondary VORs (if present) on approach plate
5.1.1.3 Set primary VOR frequency on NAVI and ident
5.1.1.4 Set secondary VOR frequency on NAV2 and ident
5.1.1.5 Select final approach heading on OBS}
$.1.1.6 Select heading from secondary VOR on OBS2 for identification of FAF
5.1.1.7 From approach plate, nove miseed approach procedure and MDA
5.1.1.8 Maintain straight-and-level flight
§.4.1.9 Reset heading indicator to magnetic compass reading
5.1,1.10 Turn to headings under direction of ATC. Typical ATC instruction is as follows “Turn icf
heading 210°, maintair: 3800 ucctil established on final approach couse, cleared for VOR 17L approach
at Will Rogers.”
5.L.1.11 Readback ATC instructions
5.1,1.12 Monitor course direction indicator (CDI) co primary VOR.
§.1.1.13 As CDI centers, curn to final approach heading and track radial inbound

Intermediate approach segment

5.1.2.1 Continue to track radial inbound

§.1,.2.2 Reduce speed 10% to 20% while descending to appropriate segment altitude indicated on
approach plate at approximately 500 FPM.

5.1.2.3 Begin level off at appropriate paint prior to reaching desired altitude

5.1.2.4 Maintain straight-and-level flight until you reach final approach fix

Final approach segment

5.1.3.1 Communicete ro tower that FAF has been passed, for example, “Cessna 918, passing Kongg”.
5.1.3.2 Stast timer (in order to identify missed approach point, unless DIME equipment is available or
FAF is positioned at the runway).

5.1.3.3 Begin descent ta appropriate segment altitude at 500-700fpm.

$.1.3.4 Select bearing on OBS2 for identification of next intersection (if applicable}

5.1.3.5 Selecs first stage flaps (depending on aircraft, not in a Cessna 172)

5.1.3.6 Continue to tack radial inbound

5.1.3.7 Monitor secondary CDI to identify final intezsection passage

5.1.3.8 Level off until past fina! intersection

$.1.3.9 Begin descent to MDA at 500-700fpra

$.1.3.10 Level off as MDA

5.1.3.11 At missed apptoach point make decision to perform a missed approach or to land.

48


Qualification Guidstine: for PC AED:

Displays:
LOM receiver

Flight Dynamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.

Instructional Management:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the localize: and glide slope indicators wirhin <
specified range of deflection.

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining altitude above the decision height before initiating
2 missed approach procedure or transitioning to @ normal landing approach.

Instructor can control the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task bozk before the
session begins and during the session.

PCATD has a navigational area data base that is local co the training faciliry.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 5.0 Instrument Approaches
Task: $.5 RNAV instrument approach procedure

Learning Objecti
The RNAV instrument approach procedure is essentially similar to a VOR approach procedure (Task 5.1} but
requires the presence ofan RNAV receiver. The receiver, when properly tuned and adjusred, wil! electronically
displace a VOR to any given location. After the displacements, the approach proceeds just like a normal VOR

approach.
Taput Requirements:
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
> power setting
- VOR station frequency and bearing
+ NDB station frequency and bearing
- instrament approach procedure plates
+ time elapsed from specific points
+ radio communications from ATC

Gutpat Requirements:
+ sate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
- VOR stasion frequency
+ NDB station frequency
+ course deviation indicator setting
- RNAV settings
+ timer or clock setting
- sadio communications te ATC

35


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Table 7. instrument Flying Task Analysis: Communications Procedures

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 6.0 Communications Procedures
Task: 6.1 Air Traffic Control Clearance

Learning Objectives
6.1.1 Tune communication radio

6.1.2 Concentrate on instructions

6.1.3 Copy inscructions fast enough co keep up with clearance delivery
6.1.4 Read back clearance

6.1.5 Respond to instructions

6.1.6 Be familiar with area

Taput Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, end yaw attitude
~ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ power secting
+ tadio communications from ATC

Qatpat Kequiremeats:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
+ radio communications to ATC

Training Considerations

Communication with ATC can be performed while engaged in almast any flight activiry, but initial practice
should probably be accomplished while stationary on the ground, using the PCATD as a training aid for part-
task training. Later practice would incorporate the flight simulation capabilities of the PCATD for full-rask
training (i.¢., while holding a particular heading, altitude, and speed). The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kes., bank within 5°, altitude within 160
ft.. ATC communications can be provided by che instructor.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Controis:
Physical communications radio microphone

59



Qualification Guidelines for PC AFD:

Input Requiremecatn
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ rare of change of pitch, bank, and ysw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ VOR station frequency and bearing or NDB station frequency and bearing
+ distance to reference station
- holding instructions

Output Requirements:
+ tate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
+ VOR station frequency or NDB station frequency
. Jeviation ind ‘

Training Considerations

The user should be able ro begin tie task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at 2 reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed. Either an ADF or a VOR will be used
to determine arrival at che holding fix. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of
heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kes., bank within 5°, altitude within 100 ft., CDI within a three-quarter-
scale deflection or ADF bearing within 10°, and distance to the arc within Inm. This procedure should be
practiced beginning from several positions along a DME arc. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none
to at feast 10 kts. Specific holding instructions can be provided by the instructor.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4}

Controls:
Physical or virtual control for DME seceiver

Displays:
DME display

Flight Dynamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflecred in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.

fastructional Management:
Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the CDI within a specified range of deflection.
Feedback is presented by che system regarding mzintaining ADF bearing within a specified range of deviation.
Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintsining the distance from the arc within a specified range
of deviation.
Instructor can control the amount of wind encountersd during the performance of the task both before the
session begins 2nd duzing the session.

a



Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

‘Training Considerations
The user shouid be able to configure the system such that training on the task can begin with the aircre
positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified
csuising speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°,
airspeed within 10 kts., and altitude within 100 ft.. In addition, since the erainee is transitioning from one
altitude to another, feedback should be provided both in maintaining the initial altirude, and in achieving
and maintaining the second altitude.

Device Qualificetion Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Autherization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference to Instruments
Task: 2.8 Level curns

2.8.1 Maintain straight-and-level fight

2.8.2 Transition from straight-and-level flight co level nsening fight
2.8.2.1 Apply coordinated aileron and rudder pressures in desired direction of eurn
2.8.2.2 Roll into turn ara rate based on race of instrument cross-check and interpretation (Nothing
is gained by maneuvering an airplane faster than your capacity to keep up with changes in instrument
indications)
2.8.2.3 Use attitude indicator to establish approximate angle of bank needed (approximacely 15
degrees)
2.8.2.4 Use altimeter, vertical speed indicator, and attitude indicator for pitch adjuscments
necessary as vertical life component decreases with increase in bank
2.8.2.5 Use airspeed indicator to maintain constant airspeed
2.8.2.6 Scan continuously without fixation or omission

2.8.3 Maintain turn
2.8.3.1 Use attitude indicator as primary bank instrument
2.8.3.2 Use turn coordinator as secondary bank instrzment ai-1 primary for controlling yaw (step
on the ball)
2.8.3.3 Make proper use of uim control
2.8.3.4 Scan continuously without fixation or omission
2.8.3.5 Make small adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in altitude, bank angle, yaw
(yoke and rudder pedals) and airspeed (throttle)

2.8.4 Transition from turning to straight-and-level flight at desired heading

2.8.4.1 Roll cut of turn beginning at a point before desired heading approximately equal to half your
angle of bank

2.8.4.2 Apply coordinated aileron and rudder pressures opposite direction of turn.

2.8.4.3 Roll out of tum at same rate 2s was used to rol! in co cura

ig



GeeliSearion Guidslize: far PCATD:

Device Quelification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Controls:
Physical control for radio microphone

Instrectional Management:
Instructor has a separate display showing the location of che trainee within the navigational area available on
the PCATD

Table 5. Instrument Flying Task Analysie: Radio Navigetion Procedures

Asthorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 4.0 Radio Navigation Proceduses
Tas: 4.1 VOR Navigation

4.1.1 Tune VOR receiver
4.1.1.1 Select frequency of VOR station
4.1.1.2 Identify correct station received
4.1.1.3 Adjust volume of VOR ceceiver to comfortable level
4.1.1.4 Note change in VOR display from “OFETM to “TO” or “FROM”
4.1.1.5 Rotate omni-bearing selector (OBS} unui course deviation indicator (CDI) centers (with “TO”
rotate OBS toward deflection of CDI, with “FROMTM rotate OBS away from deflection of CD})

4.1.2 Orient i VOR
4.1.2.1 Nove whether VOR flag is “TO” or “FROM*
4.1.2.2 Note course 2t which CDI is centered
4.1.2.3 Determine position of aircraft relative to VOR station

4.1.3 Intescepr VOR radial
4.1.3.1 Turn to a heading parallel to desired course, in same direction as course to be flown
4.1.3.2 Derermine difference berween radial to be intercepted and current radial
4.1.3.3 Determine interception engle to desired radial (double difference berween curre i: radial and
desired radial, nor less thar 20° or greater than 90°
4.1.3.4 Rozare OBS to desired radial
4.1.3.5 Turn to interception heading
4.1.3.6 Hold heading until CDI centers, leading turn to prevent overshooting the course
4.1.3.7 Turn to desired heading

7



Qualificarion Guidelines for PCATDs

CONCLUSIONS

Summarizing the results of the task analysis, che
tasks found in task sets 1.0, Ground Phase, and 3.0,
Abnormal and Emergency Procedures, require unique
guidelines thax are not needed for any of the other
tasks within or outside these task sets. “The tasks in
task set 2.0, Flight by Reference te Instruments, do
noc require any further guidelines than those provided
in the baseline qualification guidelines list. The only
extra guideline required in both task set 6.0, Commu-
nications Procedures, and 7.0, Cross-country Proce-
dures, chat is noc 2 past of the baseline qualification
guidelines list is the presence of 2 radio microphone
conttol. The control would nor be required to func-
tion, but would serve to provide a realistic sense of the
process of communicating with ait traffic control. As
is mentioned for many of the tasks, the instructor
could provide ATC communications either directly
to the student or over a headset arrangement.

For cask set 4.0, Radio Navigation Procedures, the
inclusion of only a smail set of requirements is neces-
saty beyond those given in the baseline list. This set is
as follows:

Controls:
+ A physical or virtual control for 2 DME receiver (for
tasks 4.4 and 4.8 only)

Displays:
- DME display (for tasks 4.4 and 4.8 only)

Flight Dynamics:

+ The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the
handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aizcraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed
gear, basic training aircraft with = fixed-pitch
propellor.

Instructional Management:

- Feedback is presented by the system regarding main-
taining the CDI within a specified range of deflec-
tion.

+ Feedback is presented by the system regarding main-
taining the ADF within a specified range of devia-
nea.

- Feedback is presented by the system regarding 9
taining a specified distance from :}
- (for tasks 4.4 and 4.8 only).

- The instructor can control the amount of wind
encountered during the performance of the task both
before the session begins and during the session.

For cask set 5.0, instrument Approaches, the extra
fequirements include the presence of a radio micro-
phone control, an RNAV control (task 5.5 only), an
LOM display (ILS casks only). an RNAV display (task
5.5 only), wind equations and the ability to control
wind parameters, feedback regarding maintaining
CDI, ADF, localizer and glide slope indications, and
altitude above minimum descent altitude, and the
presence of a navigational data base that is local to the
training faciliey.

ES GOVERNMENT FRINTERG OFMCE: toys . eDeRITY


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Guideline Use .... saotecasesascesseeeaequonsqnansenecsanennsessuvesanstanessecsnse 1
Developing the Flight Task Data Base ...
Analysis of the Flight Task Dara Base ...

Table 1. Flight Task Listing for Instrumente Rating. 3
Developing a Prototype Set of Qualification Guidelines .... 4
Baseline Qualification Guidelines ..........ccsscessssssssssessesse scan saeesescnnssneqeneessnnssaccenssueeseesueeness 4
Controls .......csscccceesseceseceessernesnssnenennatstsnengsnesesscsseteaessetassueetenssonenesessseneensaesnenseesansensessenre 4
Displays ....cs.ssccsssscsosseervesessssnenstescgnnneesssneessnnnecennseseusecsonsscsonsssceneectoneessnenonsosssonssnsansessesesess 5
Blight Deymamicss ........cc.sssesssssssesessnsesaneesssessesnnssenssesseetansennssenesannesanceanseesesenseseasesanennmessneee 5
Instructional Management .........csscssessseusssseessnsesnesene seaseessecenseqanesonersntesanteasectaeenssssanessuess 6
Table 2. Instrument Flying Task Analysis: Ground Phase.........sssseseereerscesestccneesscsueens 6
Table 3. Instrument Flying Task Analysis: Flight by Reference to Instruments............ 12
Table 4. Instrument Flying Task Analysis: Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....... 26
Table 5. Instrument Flying Task Analysis: Radio Navigation Procedures... 37
Table 6. Instrument Flying Task Analysis: Insccument Approaches ......sesscesseeeeesee 49
Table 7. Inserument Flying Task Analysis: Communications Procedures... 59
Table 8. Instrument Flying Task Analysis: Cross-country Procedures .........0-:0.0000 63
Additional Qualification Guidelines ..........ssscssssssseesesesesessneenconenscnetsonseseeonsecanesesensesese 66
Cormtrols: ....ceeccoesconssssssssssecseescesenessasasansensnssusssenecsatensnesticssusssnnesnuecansssaneneassessssaeeeserseneegnesea 66
Dispicys: ....sssccessssscsssesssecsseernscesntessesenessssesanesnsccentesnsetnasestaccnsecesnersiessersancsansesneseneesovecsses 66
Flight Dymamics: ........ccscsssssonsessoneessssssessnccssnseeeasseesssnsessanessanscessssensnsssssveccaseeessnsegsnsensanees 66
Instructional Management: ........csescesscesssessecseessneccestesseesasscssessueesueeessseeessneesscseneesoneenees 67
Conclusions .....cecsscesssssseessnesseeaescnssversesssssssecscstsersnesscsnesseescessesenseneeeeseucentesecsnseeeeneeasseee 68
Appendix... scsscsscsessessusenecenssseesessasensensenscenseneusasstenessouenstrscestensesssssnseseesesenssnesueqenscenenseaee Al


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Training Considerations

The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 krs., bank within 5° and altitude within
100 ft.. In addition, since the trainee is transitioning from one heading to another, feedback should be provided
in maintaining the initial heading 2.:d in achieving and maintaining the second heading. The trainee should
receive practice at turning both left and right through various degrees of heading changes. During practice at
this cask, the artitude and heading indicators should be nonfunctional or blanked out.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Instrectional Management:
Attitade and heading indicators can be rendered nonfunctional or blanked out

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures
Task: 3.4 Partial pane! maneuvers

Learning Objectives
Partial pane} maneuvers are performed in the same manner as full pane} mancuvers with the exception that the
attitude and heading indicators are not included in the visual scan. The following points should be kept in mind
while performing partial panel maneuvers:

3.4.1 Use rurn coordinator as primary bank instrument and magnetic compass as secondary bank iastrument
4.4.2 Use airspced indicator. altimeter, and vertical speed indicator to monitor pitch

3.4.3 Use a consistent power setting for each desired configuration. By secting power and holding altitude,
you will automatically configure correct attitude and airspeed

3.4.4 Always trim airciaft after it has been stabilized re avoid unusual ateitudes

Input Requirements:
- pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
~ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
» altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting

Cutput Requirements:
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and vaw
+ engine power output


Quelification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Training Considerations
The user should be able to configure the system such that training on the task can begin with the aircraft
positioned in the air, ata reasonable alrirude for maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within
10 kts., and altitude within 100 ft.. in addition, since the traince is transitioning from one altitude to another,
feedback should be provided both in maintaining the initial altitude, and in achieving and maintaining the
second altitude.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference ro Instruments
Taste 2.5 Constant airspeed descent to altitude

Learning Objectives
2.5.1 Maintain straight-and-level flight
2.3.2 Transition from staight-and-level flight to a constant airspeed descent configuration

2.5.2.1 Set approximate pitch and power for required descent speed in a smooth and timely manner
2.5.2.2 Set flaps to stage (depending on training goal)

2.5.2.3 Make proper use of crim control

2.5.2.4 Scan continuously without fixation or omission

2.5.2.5 Make smal} adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in descent speed and heading

2.5.3 Transition from a constant airspeed descent to straight-and-level flight at desired altitude
2.5.3.1 Begin level off at appropriate point prior to reaching desired altitude (10% rule)
2.5.3.2 Set flaps to full up.

2.5.3.3 Set approximate pitch and power for straight-and-level flight
2

3.4 Make proper use of trim contro!
2.5.3.5 Scan continuously without fixation or omission
2.5.3.6 Make small adjustments in controls co correct for deviations in attitude

Input Requirements:
+ picch, bank, end yaw atticude
+ race of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, beading, and airspeed
+ power setting
~ pitch trim setting
+ flaps setting


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Training Considerations

The user should be able to configure the system such that training on the task can begin with the aircrafe
positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at « specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within
10 kts., bank within 5° and altitude within 100 ft.. In addition. since the trainee is transitioning from one
heading to another, feedback should he provided both in maintaining the initial heading. and in achieving and
maintaining the secand heading. The trainee should receive practice at nurning both left and tight through
various degrees of heading changes.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference ro instruments
Task: 2.10 Short rurns

Learning Objectives
Shore turns ate defined here as turns requiring a change in heading of less than 15 degrees. The task requirements
for short turns are the same as those for level turns (see Task 2.8) with the exceptien that the bank angle
established is approximately equal to the required change in heading (c.g... a turn from 240 degrees to 250 degrees
would require 2 bank angle of approximately 10 degrees while 2 curn from 240 degrees to 245 degeees would
require a bank angle of approximately 5 degrees}

laput Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
- altitude, heading, and airspeed
> power setting
+ pitch trim setting

Outpat Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourput
+ pitch vim

Training Considerations

The user should be abic to configure the system such that training on the task can begin with the aircraft
positioned in the air, ata reasonable altitude for maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within
10 kes., bank within 5° and alticude within 100 ff.. In addition, since the trainee is transitioning from one
heading to another, feedback should be provided both in maintaining the initial heading. and in achieving and
maintaining the second heading. The trainee should receive practice at turning both lef and right through
various degrees of heading changes.


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Cetpat Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourput
+ pitch crim
+ flans setting

Training Considerations
The user should be able to configure the system such that training on che task can begin with the aircraft
positioned in the air, ara reasonable altitude for maneuvering, in straight-and-level fight, at z specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within
Okes., and altitude within 100 fz.. In addition, since the trainee is transitioning from one altitude to another,
feedback should be provided both in maintaining the initial altitude, and in achieving and maintaining the
second altitude.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference to Enstruments
Task: 2.7 Precision descent

Learning Objectives
Precision descent requires descent at a specific rate and airspeed and so an analysis of this task is a combination
of those wo activities (see tasks 2.5 and 2.6). This rate is usually 500fpm, speed approximately 70kts. Flaps are
usually used.

lapwt Requiremenss:
~ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading. and airspeed
+ power setting
+ pitch trim setting
+ flaps setting

Outpat Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
- pitch tim
- Raps senting

is


Qualification Guideiiwes far PCATOs

Training Considerations
The user should be able to begin the task with the sircraft positioned in the ais, at 2 reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level Aight, at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, aisspeed within 10 kts., benk within 5° and altitude within
100 ft.. In addition, since che trainee is cransitioning from one heading to another, feedback should be provided
in maintaining the inizial heading and in achieving and maintaining the second heading. The uainee should
receive practice at turning beth left and right through various degrees of heading changes. During practice at
this task, the attitude and heading indicators should be nonfunctional or blanked out.

Device Quatification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

instructional Management:
Artitude end heading indicators can be rendered nonfunctional or blanked out

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures
Task: 3.5 Loss of communications

Learning Objectives
3.5.1 Squewk 7700 on transponder

3.5.2 Comply with the procedures outlined in FAR 91.185

Input Requirements:
- pitch, bank, and yaw artinade
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ power serting,

Oxiput Requirements:
+ sage of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
+ transponder setting

Traiaing Considerations
The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level Hight, ar a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 16 kts., bank within 5° and altitude within
100 ft.. The trainee should receive some indication from the system that the cadio is not functioning.

3



Quaiifscation Guidelines for PCATDs

Training Considerations
The user should be able ro configure the system such that waining on the task can begin with the aircraft
positioned in the air, at 2 reasonable altitude for maneuvering, in steaight-and-level flight, at 2 specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within
10 kts, and altitude within 100 ft.

Device Qualification Geidedines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference to Instruments
Task: 2.2 Change of airspeed

2.2.1 Maintain straight-and-level flight

2.2.2 Transition from cruise airspeed to slow flight

2.2.2.2 Set approximate pitch and powez for required change in airspeed in a smooth and timely manner

2.2.2.2 Set flaps to stage 2 (depending on training goal)
2.2.2.3 Make proper use of ceim control

2.2.2.4 Scan continuously without fixation or omission
2.2.2.5 Make small adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in airspeed and heading

2.2.3 Transition from slow flight to cruise airspeed
2.2.3.1 Set approximate pitch and power for required change in airspeed in a smooth and timely manner
2.2.3.2 Set flaps to fuil up
2.2.3.3 Make proper use of trim control
2.2.3.4 Scan continuously withour fixation of omission
2.2.3.5 Make small adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in airspeed and beading

lapat Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ pitch wim setting
- flaps seming

Catpet Requirements:
+ rare of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
+ pisch crim
+ Slaps secting

13



Qxatification Guidelines for PC ATD:

Authorizetion: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 5.0 Instrument Approaches
Task: 5.6 Missed approach procedure

A missed approach vill be initiated ac the point where the aircraft has descended to authorized landing
minimums at a specified distance from the runway if visual contact is not established, or if the landing has not
been accomplished, or when directed by Air Traffic Control.

$.6.1 Decide to initiate missed approach procedure

$.6.2 Change aircraft configuration fer climbing
5.6.2.1 Set throttle to full power
5.6.2.2 Set flaps to full up position
$.6.2.3 Turn carburetor heat off (if applicable)

5.6.3 Climb to altitude given on approach chart
$.6.4 Turn to heading given on approach chart

5.6.5 Contact ATC and advise missed approach

Tapet Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw atutude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setring
+ radio communications from ATC

Output Requircssents:
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourpur

+ radio communications to ATC

Training Considerations
The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a ceasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in scraight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed, at 2 position just prior to the missed
approach point. The systesn should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed
within 10 kes., bank within 5°, alticude within 100 ft.. Amount of crosswind should be varied from mone to at
least 10 kes, ATC communications can be provided by the instructor. It is required that at least some of the
approaches practiced are local vo the training area, which requires thatthe PCATD have a local navigational database.
Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

57


4,

ik

Physical or virnial controls for Baps, pitch trim,
communication and navigation radios, VOR, ADF,
andaclock or timer. Ivis not necessary that the pizch
trim control relieve control pressure as it does in an
actual aircraft. However, the pitch crim concrof
might allow the simulated aircraft to be stabilized at
any particular pitch atcitude with the yoke or con-
trol stick in the neutral position.

Time from control input to recognizable system
cesponse (transport delay} should be 300 millisec-

onds or less.
Displays

Displays represented should include an altimeter,
heading indicator, airspeed indicator, vertical speed
indicarey, turn and bank coordinator, artieude indi-
cator, tachomerer, flaps setting. pitch tim indica-
tion, communication and navigation radios, VOR
(with TLS indicator), wich an aural, morse code

10.

Qualifications Guidelines for PCATD:

identification feature, ADF, with an aure!, morse
code identification feature, clock or timer, and ¢
magnetic compass.

Relative layout ef the primary displays must corre-
spond to the standard “I configuration with (a}
airspeed, (b) attitude and (c} aleimeter forming the
“cap” with (d) the heading indicator, located in the
“stem” below the attitude indicator.

Size, shape, and information content of displays
should closely resemble those found commonly in a
single-engine, fixed-pitch propeller, basic training
aircraft with a fixed landing gear.

Display update should be 10H2z or faster and be free
of distracting rastezing, stepping, aliasing, or quan-
tization.

The smallest display changes should be discriminable
from pilot’s normal operating position and corre-
spond to the following information:

Airspeed indicator ------ Change of Smph or less in airspeed
Attitude indicator --——- Change of 2° or fess pitch or bank
Altimeter —-------------- Change of 1G. or tess in altitude

Turn and bank ------——~- Change of 1/4 standard rate turn or less
Heading indicator ---——--- Change af 2° or less in heading

VSI --- Change of 100 ft. per min. or jess in vertical speed
Tachometer -----------—-- Changs of 25 RPM or less in engins RPM
VORMLS ——~------------ Change of 1/2 dot or fess in bearing deviation
ADF ~. ——--- Change of 2° or less in relative Dearing

Clock cr timer -------—----- Change of 1 second or less

Displays should reflece dynamic behavior of an
actual aircraft displey (e.g.. VSl reading of -500 fpm
is reflected by a corresponding movement in altim-
eter, an increase in throttle is reflected by an imme-
diste increase in RPM indicator, etc).

Flight Dynamics

32. Plight dynamics of the simulated aircraft should be

comparable in performance and handling with a
single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with
a fixed-pitch propeller.

13,

14.

45.

Aircraft performance pasametess (maximum speed,
cruise speed, stall speed, maximum cdimb rate) sould
be comparable tb a single-engine, fixed sear, basic
training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.
Aiccraft vertical lift component should change as 2
function of bank, comparable to a single-engine,
fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch
propeller.

Changes in flap setting should be accompanied by
appropriate changes in flight dynamics.



Quatification Guidelines for PLOATD:

3.2.

6

3.2.4.2 Roll into nurn at a rate based on rate of instrument cross-check and interpretation

3.2.4.3 Use miniature aircraft of tum coordinator to establish angie of bank needed fora standard rate turn
3.2.4.4 Use altimeter and vercical speed indicator for pitch adjustments necessary as vertical lift
component decreases with increase in bank

3.2.4.5 Use airspeed indicator to maintain constant: airspeed

3.2.4.6 Scan continuously withouz fixation or omission

Maintain ern

3.2.5.1 Use carn coordinator as primary bank instrument, altimeter as primary for pitch conuol, and
airspeed indicator for power control

3.2.5.2 Use ball of turn coordinator to control yaw

3.2.5.3 Substitute clock in place of heading indicator within your scan pattern

3.2.5.4 Make proper use of trim control

3.2.5.5 Scan continuously without fixation or omission

3.2.5.6 Make small adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in alzicude, bank angle. vaw (yoke

and rudder pedals} and airspeed (throttle)

Transition from turning to straight-and-level flight at desired heading

3.2.6.1 Begin rolling out of turn after required amount of time has elapsed

3.2.6.2 Apply coordinated aileron and rudder pressures opposite direction of rarn

3.2.6.3 Roll out of eurn at same rate as was used to roll in to curn

3.2.6.4 Scan continuously without fixation or omission

3.2.6.5 Make pitch, power and trim adjustments as changes in vertical lift component and aiispeed occur

Maintain straight-and-leve! flight

Enpat Requirements:
- pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ rare of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
- elapsed time from a chosen. point

Ovtpat Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
+ start, stop and reset timer (unless 2 continuously running clock is used)

Training Considezations

The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level fligh:, at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kts., bank within 5° and altitude within
100 ft.. In addition, since the trainee is transitioning from one heading to another, feedback should be provided
in maintaining the initial heading and in achieving and maintaining the second heading. The trainee should
receive practice at turning both left and right through various degrees of heading changes. During practice at
this task, the attitude and heading indicators should be nonfunctional or blanked out.

28


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Device Qualification Guidelines

Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Conieols:

Physical communications radio microphone

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Ser: 7.0 Cross-country Procedures
Task: 7.2 Enroute Procedures

7.24

a
te
te

ca)
wv
we

ct
be
)

7.2.6

Learning Objectives
Maintain heading and altitude as filed or as directed by ATC

Read and interpret navigation charts and conform to specified restrictions

Monitor appropriate frequency and, ualess operating under tadaz control, furnish position reports over
reporting points

Monitor flight instruments to ensure adherence to intended flight route

Report any of the following malfunctions to ATC: 2) Loss of VOR, TACAN, or ADF receiver
capabiliry; 2) Complete or partial loss of ILS receiver capability; 3} Impairment of aitfground
communications capability

Report any of the following conditions to ATC, without request by the conrrolier: 1) Time and aitiude!
flight level reaching a holding fix or point to which cleared {except when in “Radar Contact”): 2) When
vacating any previously assigned altitude/flight level for a newiy assigned altitude! flight lev.
leaving any assigned holding fix or point {exept when in “Radar Contact}: 4) When leaving fing
approach fix inbound on final approsch {exept when in “Radar Contact”); 5) When approach has been
missed: 6) A corrected estimate at any time it becomes apparent that an estimate as previously submiered
is in error in excess of three minutes (exept when in “Radar Contact”): or 7} When an altitude change
will be made if operating on a clearance specifying “VFR conditions-on-top”

Input Requirements:
. pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
. rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
. altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power serting
- radio communications from ATC

Gurput Requirements:
. gare of change of pitch. bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
radio communications to ATC


Queiification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Training Consideratioas
The user should be able co begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at 2 reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a poinz within the arrival area. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 30 kis., bank within 5°, altitude within 100
ft.. ATC communications can be provided by the instructor. STAR charts consistent with the area flown should
be available.

Device Qualification Guidelines

Baseline qualification guidelines {see p. 4)
2 g P

Controls:
Physical communications radio microphone

Additional Qualificatisn Guidelines
In addition to the baseline qualification gui
were added.

lines listed at the froni of this document, the following guidelines

Coatrois:

19. Physical or virtual control for akkimeer secting and carburetor heat

20. Physical or vicrual controls for serting 2 transponder code

21. Physical or virtual controls for carburetor heat, magneco switch and feel mixcure
22. Physical contro! for radio microphone

23. Physical ar virtual control for DME receiver

24. Physical or virtual contro! for RNAV

Displays:
25. PCATD can display all of che various forms of weather-related information, as well as 2 navigational chart and
information related to the airports displayed on that chare.
26. PCATD can display 2 flight log and a Right plan.
27, PCATD should Aave the following displays
+ engine instrumence
+ suction gauge.
28. Transponder display
29. Display showing status of carbureror heat, magneto switch, fuel mixture, and fuel quantiev
36. Displays indicating a systern failuce including:
» alternator light
+ low suction warniag light
32. DME display
32. LOM receiver
33. RNAV display

Flighe Dyaustics:
34. The presence aad amount of turbulence are redected in the handling and performance qualities of the simmulaced
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.


Qustifcation Guidelines for PCATDs

35. The handling and performance qualities of the simulated aircraft during simulated engine failure are consistent
with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aizcraft with a fixed-pirch propeller.

36. The presence and zmount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed geaz, basic training aircraft wit 2 fixed-pitch propeller.

instructional Management:

37, PCATD can train knowledge of weather through multiple choice questions, fill-in-the blanks, ete. and provide
feedback on areas of weather-related knowledge that are lacking. PCATD can train ability to analyze a specific
roure of flight and destination in relation to weather information through the use of multiple choice questions,

38. PCATD provides feedback regarding the selection of route segments and checkpoints, the computation of
headings, distances, airspeed, wind data, groundspeed, rime enroute, estimated time between check points, fuel
required, weight and balance, and the correct procedure for completing and filing a flight plan.

39. PCATD trains knowledge of anti-icing/deicing systems and their operating charactesistics through muttiple
choice questions, fill-in-the dianks, etc. and provides feedback on areas of knowledge that are lacking for all of
the following systems: 1) airframe; 2) propellor/intake; 3) fuel system; and 4) pitot-stacic.

40. PCATD mains knowledge of flight instrument systems and their operating charactesistics and navigation
systems and their operating methods through multiple choice questions, fill-in-the blanks, etc. and provides
feedback on areas of knowledge that ace lacking.

41. Independent of the simulation, user is able to manipulate aircraft attitude.

42. User receives feedback regarding whether pitch. bank, and power corrections are made in an appropriace
sequence to return aircraft to straight-and-level flight.

43. Artivude and heading indicators can be rendered nonfunctional or blanked out.

44, Inscruccor can disable o: blank our any one or more of che instruments prior te the beginning of a caining
session, and fail any ons of more of the instruments during a training session.

45. Instructor can disable any one of the aircraft systems during the training session.

46, Instructor can conto! the amount of curbulence encountered dusing the performance of the task both before the
session begins and during the session.

47. Instructor cen contro! the presence of an engine failure during a training session.

48. Lascructor has a separate display showing the location of the trainee within the navigational area available on the
PCATD.

49. Feedback is prescneed by the system regarding meintaining the CDE withi:. a specified range of deflection.

50. Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the ADF within a specified range of deviation.

51. Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the distance from the arc within a epecified range of
deviation.

2. Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining akticude within 100 f., bur not below the minimum
descent altizud :.

53. Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the localizer and glide slope indicators within 2
specified range of deflection.

54, Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining altitude above the decision height before initiating
a missed approach procedure or transitioning to a normal landing approach.

55. Inseructor can control the amount of wind encountered during the pecformance of the task both before the
session begins and dusing che session.

56. PCATD has a navigational area daz base chat is local co che training facilicy.

Ey



2.13.3

2.13.4

2.13.5

Quelificarion Guidelines for PCATD:

2.13.2.3 Roll into tura at a rate based on rate of instrument ceoss-check and interpretation (Nothing
is gained by maneuvering an airplane faster than your capacity co keep up with changes in instrament
indications}

2.13.2.4 Use attitude indicator to establish approximate angle of benk needed (approximately 45
degrees)

2.25.2.5 After bank angle exceeds 30 degrees, begin putting back pressurc on column to compensate for
loss of vertical lift component

2.13.2.6 Use altimeter, vertical speed indicacor, and attitude indicator for pitch adjustments necessary
as vertical life componenc decreases with increase in bank

2.13.2.7 Use airspeed indicator to maintain constant airspeed

2.13.2.8 Scan continuously without fixation or omission

Maintain turn

2.13.3.1 Use artitude indicator as primary bank instrament

2.13.3.2 Use turn coordinator as secondary bank instrament and primary for controlling yaw (step on
bell)

2.13.3.3 Scan continuously without fixation of omission

2.13.3.4 Make small adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in altitude, bank angi, yaw (yoke
and rudder pedals) and airspeed (throzte)

Transition from turning to straight-and-level flight at desired heading

2.13.4.1 Begin rolling ouz of ture at 2 point before reaching desired heading epproximately equa! to half
your angle of bank

2.13.4,2 Apply coordinated aileron and rudder pressures opposite direction of turn

2.13.4.3 Roll out of turn at same rate as was used to roll in to turn

2.13.4.4 Use heading indicator as primary bank instrument when approximately level as in straight-and-
level flight

2.13.4.5 Sean continuously without fixation or omission

2.13.4.6 Make picch, power and trim adjustments as changes in vertical lift component and airspeed
occur

Maintain straight-and-level flight

Taput Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw antitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ pitch crim setting

Outpa: Requisements:
+ rare of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
+ pitch aim

2s


Qualification Guidelines for POAT Ds

ing courses, through the focal FSDO. Part 141.55
specifies the information that must d< submitted to
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)} for this
purpose. A FSDO inspector, whose task it is to ap-
prove a Part 142 curriculum, must ensure that the
PCATD to be used in the curriculum will be used to
train only those lesson objectives (tasks) for which it
has been approved.

Box 4 shows that the FSDO inspector, after com-
paring the course curriculum with the results of the
evaluation of the PCATD. will decide if the PCATD
is being used to train only these tasks that it is suited
to train. Ef it is not, the inspector will disapprove the
curriculum with an explanation ofhow the PCATD is
being inappropriately applied (Box 5}. The school can
then review and upgrade the curriculum and begin the
approval process again (Box 6). If the training device
is being used properly within the curriculum, the
ESDO inspector will approve the curriculum, and the
process is compiete (Box ?).

leis not intended chat users of the guidelines will be
requited to search through the entire task analysis.
The analysis is provided so that the process used to
generate any particular guideline can be understood.
Resuits of the analysis are summarized at the end of
this document.

Developing che Flight Task Data Base

The first step in the analysis involved the develop-
ment of a flight task data base for instrument flight
tasks. The information came from two main sources.
The first source was the Practical Test Standards for
the Instrumeni Rating (FAA-S-8081-4A, 1989). These
standards provided a listing of tasks requited to re-
ceive an instrument rating, along with minimum
performance criteria for each task. However. che Prac-
tical Test Standards only list those tasks that would be
required as part of the certification practical test. They
do not fist all of the tasks that would commoniy be
taught during a course of training for the instrument
rating. The second seurce of information was syllabi
from selected Part 141 flight schools. The resulting
data base was reviewed and confirmed by certified
instrument flight inscructors (CFYs) as well as Flight
Standards District Office (FSDO) inspectors. Table i

presents the flight task data base for instrument rating
used in the zask analysis. While ic may not include
every task taught during a normal intrument flying
course, an attempt was made to include ail of those
tasks that would be trainable using 2 suitably equipped
PCATD.

Analysis of the Flight Task Data Base

Data for this analysis came from several sources
including: interviews with flight instructors from
certificated pilot schools; Practical Test Standards:
commercially developed pilot maneuvers guide, the
Instrument Flying Handbook (AC 61-27C}, and the
Airmen’s Information Manua! (ASA-94-AIM). The
analysis of each task is divided into four sections. The
first section is a starement of the learning objectives
for that task. The learning objectives for each task
were identified by an analysis of task objectives and
criteriz, task nomenclature, particular controls and
displays utilized during the performance of that task,
environmental information used in the task, and
movements and procedures required ro complete each
task. The summarization of learning objectives differs
for various tasks, depending en the type of task, the
complexity of the task, and the degree to which the
task relies on previously learned objectives. Some task
learning objectives are stared in the form of asummacy
paragraph, while others are broken down in the form
of subtasks and task elements. The Larning objectives
of each task were analysed so the extent necessary to make
a clear statement of che inputs and cutputs required to
perform that tack. These inputs and outputs comprise
the second section of the task analysis.

The second section of the task analysis consists of
a listing of the user inputs and cutputs required to
perform char task. The inputs and outputs are those
data that are required by the user (and so must be
provided to the user by cither che PCATD or from
some other source) and actions that must be per-
formed by the user co accomplish a particular cask.
Nore that an input to the user is an output from
somewhere else (primarily the PCATD). so potential
confusion can arise if it is not kept clear who is
receiving the inputs and giving the outputs. In this
analysis, the user is the focal point since the user is the


QUALIFICATION GUIDELINES FOR PERSONAL
COMPUTER-BASED AVIATION TRAINING DEVICES:
INSTRUMENT RATING

As part of the development of qualification guide-
lines for 2 personal compurer-based aviation training
device (PCATD), a task analysis of instrument flight
tasks has been completed and is reported in this paper.
In addition to the task analysis, task-specific qualifi-
cation guidelines have been developed for each of the
flight tasks listed. The purpese of this paper is to
present the analysis and to provide the reader with an
understanding of the process and reasoning used to
conduct che analysis. As with aay cask analysis, its
utiliey is determined primarily by the purpose for
which it was accomplished, however, the analysis,
perhaps in some modified form, may be useful for other
purposes within the aviation training community.

Guideline Use

The qualificatior: guidelines, when used in combi-
nation with a soon to be released Advisory Circular,
will enable a pilot schoo! co gain approval for the use
of a PCATD in an integrated ground and flight

training curriculum under Part 141 of the Federal
Aviation Regulations (FAR). Figure ! illusteares how
che curriculum approval process would occur. Box }
denotes that the curriculum approval process would
be initiared by apptication of « flight training facility
aspiring for approval as Part 141 waining school.
Boxes 2 and 3 shew thar the Flight Standards
District Office (FSDO) inspector would evaluate the
Past 141 curriculum relative to the use of PCATDs
and would then perform an analysis of the PCATD
being used in the curriculum using the PCATD Quali-
fication Teal (PQT). Use of the PQT invoives a five-
step process: 1) Obtain PCATD descriprive
information; 2) Compase baseline guidelines with
PCATD specifications; 3) Identify flight rasks to de
trained using the PCATD; 4) Assess candidate PCATD
on individual Might tasks; 5S) Approve or disapprove
the curriculum. Details of this five step process are
given in the appendix. FAR Part 141.53 requires FAA
approval of training courses, or amendments to train-

Figure 1. Approval of a Part 141 curriculum using the PCATD quatification quivelines.

3


Quaiifieasion Guidelines for PC ATD:

Training Considerstioas
The user should be able to configure the system such that training on the task can begin with the eircraft
positioned in the air, ata reasonabie altitude for maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within
10 kts., and altitude within 100 ft..

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4}

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference te Instruments
Task: 2.3 Constance airspeed climb to altitude

Learning Objectives
2.3.1 Maintain straight-and-level flight

2.3.2 Transition from staight-and-level flight to a constant airspeed climb configuration
2.3.2.1 Set full power and approximate pitch for required climb speed in a smooth and timely manner
2.3.2.2 Make proper use of trim control
2.3.2.3 Sean continuously without fixation or omission
2.3.2.4 Make small adjustments in controls vo correct for deviations in climb speed and heading

2.3.3 Transition from a constant airspeed climb to straight-and-level flight at desired altitude
2.3.3.1 Begin level off ar appropriate point prior to reaching desired altitude (10% rule)
2.3.3.2 Set approximate pitch and power for straight-and-level flight
2.3.3.3 Make proper use of trim contral
2.3.3.4 Sean continuously wichour fixation or omission
2.3.3.5 Make smail adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in attitude

Tapat Requirements:
- pitch, bank, and yaw artirude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ alticude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ pitch trim setting

Output Requicements:
- rate of change of picch, hank, and yaw
+ engine power ourput

+ pitch vim

id


Quahificasion Guidelines for PC ATDs

ene learning. So for any task, it is important to specify
what inpurs the user requires and what outputs the
user must give to perform the specific task.

The third section of the task analysis is a statement
of the training considerations chat are relevant to that
task. These raining considerations concern how train-
ing on that task is accomplished. These consider-
ations include items such as the initial conditions of
the task (.¢., the state of the simulation az the begin-
ning of performance of 2 task). how certain cask
parameters should vary during practice on the task,
and any special training requirements that are peculiar
to that task. These considerations do not determine
whether or not training eransfer occurs for that task,
but they will affect the quality of the training received
by correctly performing the rask.

Developing a Prototype Set of Qralification
Guidelines

The fourth section of each task analysis is 2 trans-
lation of the data in the previous three sections into a
set of training device qualification guidelines for that
task. The guidelines are divided into four categories:
1) controls, 2) displays, 3) flight dynamics, and 4)
instructional management. The first three categories
deal with the simulation of flight and the aircraft
cockpit. Instructional management characteristics of
the device manage the nature, and kind of training,
chat can be accomplished using the device. The de-
velopment of guidelines was done with rwo assump-
tions in mind. The first assumption is that the aircraft
simulated is a single engine, fixed gear, basic training
aircraft with 2 fixed-pitch propellor. The second as-
sumption is that the PCATD will be used as part of an
organized flight training curriculum, and ail practice
on the device will be accomplished under supervision
of a qualified flight instructor.

Baseline Qualification Guidelines

To simplify the process of specifying the qualifica-
tion guidelines for each task, a baseline set of qualiti-
cation guidelines has been identified on which to
build. This daseline ses of guidelines will be required
for any PCATD used in an integrated ground and
flight training program. Task specific guidelines given

as a result of the task analysis will nore only those
qualification guidelines that are in addition to those
given in the baseline.

This section includes a general summary of the
baseline PCATD qualification guidelines discussed
above. The guidelines specify general device charac-
retistics that any PC-besed simulation device should
possess, regardless af the type of training for which ic
is used. These guidelines are divided into fox: catego-
ties: (1) controls, (2} displays, (3) flight dynamics,
and (4) instructional management.

Controls

Controls used in the PC-based simulation device
can be of wo types: physical and virtual. Bath eypes of
controls should be recognizable solely from their
appearance as to their function and how they can de
manipulated. This requirement eliminates the use of
akeyboard to control the simulated aircraft (although
a keyboard may stifl be used in controlling aspects of
the simulation, such as sezting initial aircraft state,
location, wind, etc.). A physical control is an actual
physical object thar, when manipulated. provides in-
pat to the flight simulation. A virtual consol is
defined here as a realistic graphical representation of
a physical conrrol, displayed on the computer screen,
that can be unambiguously manipulated through the
use of a computer input device. An example of a
virtual control is a realistic-looking flaps switch thar is
displayed on the computer screen and manipulated
through any computer cursor-contro! device, such as
a mouse, or more directly with touch-screen technol-
ogy. The cursor is positioned on the flaps switch and
“pressed” by an appropriate action with the input
device. A virtual control provides 2 sense of direct
manipulation of a control without requiring the pres-
ence of external hardware. Fhe baseline qualification
guidelines for controls are as follows:

i. A physical, self-centering, displacemem yoke or
control stick chat allows continuous adjustment to
tare of change of pitch and bank.

Physical. selfcentering rudder pedals thai allow
continuous adjustment tu ret of change of yaw.

A physical x control thar allows continuous
movement from idle ta fall power settings.

rn

»



Quekification Guidelines for PC ATDs

2.8.4.4 Use heading indicator as primary bank instrument when airplane is epproximatefy level. as in
straight-and-level flight

2.8.4.5 Scan continuously without fixation or omission

2.8.4.6 Make pitch, power and trim adjustments as changes in vertical life component and airspeed
occur

is)
~
we

Maintain straight-and-level flight

Input Requirements:
- pitch, bank. and yaw atticude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank. and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ pitch trim setting

Output Req: ~ements:
+ rave of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourput
> pitch uim

Training Considerations

The user should be able co configure the system such that training on the task can begin with the aircraft
pos.tiened in the air, at 2 reasonable altitude for maneuvering, in straight-ana-level flight, ata specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 19°. airspeed within
10 kes., bank within 5° and altitude within 100 ft.. In addition, since che crainee is transitioning from one
heading to another, feedback should be provided both in maintaining the initial heading, and in achieving and
maintaining the second heading. The trainee should receive practice at turning both left and right through
various degrees of heading changes.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4}

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference to inseruments
Task: 2.9 Standard rate turn

2.9.2 Maincain straight-and-level flight

2.9.2 Transition from straight-and-level fight co level standard rate turn
2.9.2.1 Apply coordinated aileron and ruddec pressures in desired direction of turn
2.9.2.2 Roll into turn at a rate based on rate of instrument cross-check and interpretation


DOTIEAAIAM-96/8 Qualification Guidelines for

Personal Computer-Based
Office of Aviation Medicine Aviation Training Devices:
Washington, D.C. 20591 Instrument Training

Kevin W. Wiliams

Civil Aeromedical Instirute
Federal Aviation Administration
Oklahoma City, Oklahome 73125

February 1996

Final Repost

This document is available to the public
through the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22:1.

@

U.S. Department
4 of Transportation
’ Federal Aviation
Adminiatretion

SHIC QUALATY ANSPECIED 3


45.2

4.5.3

45.4
45.5

45.6

4.5.7

4.5.8

4.5.9

Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Determine position relative to holding fix

Determine entry pattern ro holding pattern (standard holding pattern)

4.5.3.1 Select a parallel entry pattern if position relative to holding fix is within an arc defined by
extending 2 line inbound along the holding course and a line 110° from the holding course line in a
clockwise direction, originating from the holding fix

4.5.3.2 Select a teardrop entry pattern if position relative to holding fix is within an are defined by the
holding course line and a line 70° from the holding course line in a counterclockwise direction,
originating from the holding fix

4.5.3.3 Select a direct entry pattern if position relative to holding fix is within any other part of the circle
not defined in paragraphs 4.5.3.1 and 4.5.3.2 above

Reduce airspeed from cruising speed to holding speed
Nore passage of holding fix

Perform appropriate pattern entry

4.5.6.1 Fly a parallel entry pattern by turning to a heading opposite but peralle! holding course, then
performing a level left turn to retuzn eo holding fix or intercept holding course

4.5.6.2 Fly a teardrop entry pattern by curning to an outbound track of 30° or less to holding course,
chen performing a level right turn to intercept holding course

4.5.6.3 Fly a direct entry pateern by curning to the inbound heading and then immediately executing
a right hand procedure turn to begin holding pattern

Fly holding pattern

4.5.7 1 Fly inbound on holding course until passage of holding fix
4.5.7.2 Execute 180° right turn

4.5.7.3 Fly ourbound for I minute

4.5.7.4 Execate 180° right carn

4.5.7.5 Fly inbound on holding course until passage of boiding fix

Adjust pastern for wind
Time pattern exit

Inpat Requirements:
- picch, bank, and yaw actinude
+ sate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
> power setting
- VOR station frequency and bearing
- holding instructions

I

|
|


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Training Coasiderations
The demonstration of an understanding of weather information can be accomplished using the PCATD by
having the system elicit information from the waince through multiple choice questions, filling in blanks, etc.
Ata minimum, the system should be able to provide feedback to the student «garding areas in need of review.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Displays:
PCATD can display all of che various forms of weather-related information, as well as a navigational chart and
information related to the airports displayed on that chart.

Insteuctional Management:

PCATD can ain knowledge of weather through multiple choice questions, fill-in-the bl: nks, exc. and provide
feedback on areas of weather-related knowledge that are lacking. PCATD can train ability to analyze a specific
route of flight and destination in relation to weather information through the use of multiple choice questions,
fill-in-the-blanks, etc.

Authorization: Inserument Rating
Task Set: 1.0 Ground Phase
Task: 1.2 Cross-country flight olanning

Learning Objecti
1.2.1 Perform preliminary weather check

1.2.2 Select tentative route(s) to destination airports and alternate(s}
1.2.2.1 Select a proposed altitude for each route .
1.2.2.2 Select route segments and checkpoints
1.2.2.3 Correct for true and magnetic course readings
1.2.2.4 Compute distances for each roure segment
1.2.2.5 Record communication and navigation frequencies t de used during the flight

1.2.3. Gather current instrument approach procedure charts for destination and alternate aisports

1.2.4 Gather current information on facilities and procedures related to flight
1.2.4.1 Check Airport/Facility Directory for airport conditions regarding lighting, obstructions, and
other notations under “Airport Remarks.” Also, check services at destination airport and aleernate(s)
1.2.4.2 Check Notices to Airmen (Class II, FDC NOTAMS)

1.2.5 Contact Flight Service Station (FSS) in person or by telephone for preflight briefing

1.2.6 Complete flight log
1.2.6.1 Compute true airspeed, wind data, and groundspeed
2.2.6.2 Compute estimated time enroute
1.2.6.3 Compute estimated time berween check poinzs
1.2.6.4 Compute fuel zequired

1.2.7 Compute weight and balance

rR


Qualification Guidelines for PO ATDs

fastructional Management 18. The system should be capable of recording both a

16. User should be able to pause the system at any point horizontal and vertical wack of aircraft position

for the purpose of receiving instruction regarding Curing the performance of 2 task for later playback
the task. and review.

17. For the purpose of beginning a training session with
the aircraft already in the air and ready for the Tables 2 through 8 present the complete task analy-
performance of a particular maneuver, the user sis for instrument flight tasks. A separate table is given
should be able to manipulate the following system —_ for each of the seven task sets identified in Table !.
parameters independently of the simulation: Following the tables is a summaty that provides 2
Geographic aircraft location {location within the __ listing of all of the guidelines and provides a cross-
available digitized space) reference between cach task and the guidelines.
Aircraft heading
Aircraft airspeed
Aircraft altitude
Engine RPM

Table 2. instrument Fiying Task Analysis: Ground Phase

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 1.0 Ground Phase
Task: 1.1 Obtaining weather information

Learning Objectives
The learning objective of this task is to acquire the ability to obtain, read, and analyze aviation weather
information including the following: 1) weather reports and forecasts; 2) pilot and radar reports; 3) sce

analysis charts; 4) radar summary charts; 5) significant weather prognostics; 6) winds and rempetacures aloft;
7} freezing level charts; 8} stability charts; 9} severe weather outlook charts; 10} constant pressure charts; 11}
constant pressure prognostics; 12) tables and conversion graphs; 13) SIGMETs and AIRMETs; and 14} ATIS
reports. A further learning objective is to obrain the abiliry to analyze the the assembled weather information
pertaining to .ae proposed route of flighr and destination airport. and determine whether an alternate airport
is required, and, if required, whether the selected alternace airport meets the regulatory requirements.

Input Requirements:
- weather information in ail formais listed above
+ navigational chart information containing proposed route of flight, destination airport and at least one alternate
airport

Output Requirements:
- demonstration of understanding of weather information in al! formats listed above
+ analysis of assembled weather information pertaining to 2 proposed route of flight and destication airport
+ determination of whether an alternate airport is required, and, ifrequired, whether the selected alternate meets the
regulatory requirement


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Trainiag Considerations

The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in che air, at 2 reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at 2 specified cruising speed, ata position 5 minutes prior to beginzing
the intermediate approach segment te allow time to secure approach chazt, sct up navigational frequencies, reset
heading indicator to magnetic compass, and review approach procedure. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kts., bank within 5°, altieude within 100
ft., CDI within a full-scafo defection prior to the final approach segment and 2 three-quarter-scale deflection
during finai approach, and ADF bearing within £0°. During final approach, the system should provide feedback
regarding maintaining altitude within 100 &., but not below the minimum descent altitude until reaching the
missed approach point. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at feast 16 kts. ATC communications
can be provided by the instructor. It is required that at least some of the approaches practiced are iocal to the
training area, which requires that the PCATD have a local navigational data base.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Controls:
Physical communications radio microphone
Physical or virtual control for RNAV

Displays:
RNAV display

Flight Dynamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the s:mulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-picch propeller.

Instructional Management:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the CDI within a specified range of deflection.
Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the ADF bearing within a specified range of
deviation.

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining altitude within 100 ft.. bur not below the minimum
descent altitude.

Instructor can control the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before the
session begins and during the session.

PCATD has 2 navigational area data base that is local co the training facility.



Quatificesion Guidelises far PC ATD2

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Tack Set: 4.0 Radio Navigation Procedures
Tesk: 4.2 NDB Navigation

Learning Objectives
4.2.1 Tune ADF receiver
4.2.1.1 Select frequency of NDB station
4.2.1.2 Idenzify correct station received
4.2.1.3 Adjust volume of ADF receiver to comfortable level

4.2.2 Grient to NDB
4.2.2.1 Note relative bearing to station indicated on ADF
4.2.2.2 Note current heading on heading indicatoz
4.2.2.3 Decermine bearing to station (Current heading plus relative bearing}

4.2.3 Track NDB radial
4.2.3.1 Turn to heading that wili zero ADF needie
4.2.3.2 Note deflection of ADF needle co left or right
4.2.3.5 Turn in direction of needle deflection when change in zimuth of 2° to 5° has occurred (magnitude
of curn depends on observed rate of bearing change, true zirspeed, and desired time to return to course)
4.2.3.4 Maintain interception angle until needle deflection from zero almost equals angle of interception
{amount of lead depends an distance from station, rate of closure, number of degrees to be turned, and
rave of rarn)
4.2.3.5 Turn to establish heading opposite direction of original needle deflection an amount equa! to
drift correction angle
4.2.3.6 Modify heading to compensate for further deflection of ADF needle

4.2.4 Recognize NDB station passage by noting steady rotation of ADF needle toward wing-tip position or
extatic leftérighe oscillations

4.2.5 Track NDB radial outbound in seme manner as inbound tracking is accomplished except interception
angle causes needie deflection away from 380° position

Tapat Reqairements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attirade
- sate of change of pirch, bank, and yaw
+ altinade, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting

Gutpuz Requirements:
+ tare of change of pitch, bank, and yew
+ engine power cutput
- NDB station frequency

sorneae



Quatification Guidelizes Sor PCATDs

Inpat Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ alticude, heading, and airspeed
+ power serting

Output Requiremeats:
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ouput

Training Considerat
The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, at a pitch angle greater than 225°, and a bank angle greater than #40°, with an airspeed dependent
on attitude bur greater than stall and less than VA. The system should provide feedback regarding following the
appropriate sequence of actions required to return to straight-and-level flight. Recovery from unusual attitudes
should be practiced from both nose high and nose low positions and banked both left and right.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Instructional Management:
Independent of the simulation, user is able to manipulate aircraft attitude
User receives feedback regarding whether pitch, bank, and power corrections are made in an appropriate
sequence to return aircraft to straight-and-leve] flight.

Authorization: Instrumenz Racing
Task Set: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures
Task: 3.2 Timed turns

Learning Objectives
3.2.1 Calibrate tern coordinator

3.2.1.1 Establish a standard rate turn as indicated by tuin coordinator and as sweep second hand of clock
passes a cardinal point (12, 3, 6, 9), or start timer

3.2.1.2 Note heading on heading indicator

3.2.1.3 While holding indicated rate of rurn constant, note indicated heading changes at 10-second
intervals

3.2.1.4 Note whether a larger or smaller deflection of miniature aircraft of cura coordinator is necessary
to produce a standard rate turn

3.2.2 Mainvain straight-and-level flight
3.2.3. Compute required turn interval to achieve desired heading

3.2.4 Transition from steaight-and-level flight to level scandard rate turn
3.2.4.1 Apply coordinated aileron and rudder pressures in desired direction of turn

27


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Outpat Requirements:
+ tate of change of pitch, bank, and jaw
+ engine power output
- VOR station frequency
+ course deviation indicator setting

Training Considerations

The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-tevel flight, at a specified cruising spevd, at least 3.5 minutes from the holding fix
in order to allow time co transition fram cruise to the holding airspeed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°. airspeed within 10 kes.. bank within 5°, altitude within 109
ft., and CDI within a three-quazter-scale deflection. This procedure should be practiced beginning from several
different directions from the helding fix to give the trainee practice ut orienting to the fix and deciding how to
enter the holding pattern. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at least 10 kts. Specific holding
inseructions can be provided by the instructor.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Flight Dynamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller

Instructional Management:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the CDI within a specified range of deflection.
Instructor can contol the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before the
session begins and during the session.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Tesk Set: 4.0 Radio Navigation Procedures
Task: 4.6 NDB Holdirg Pattern

Learning Objectives
ANDB holding pattem is essentially the same as 2 VOR holding pattern with the exception that determination
of the holding fix and position to the holding fix is accomplished using the ADF receiver and nor a VOR.

input Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
- altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ NDB station frequcacy and bearing
+ holding instructions


Qualification Guidelises for PCATDs

Training Considerations

The user should be able to configure the system such that raining on the task can begin with the aircraft
pos:tioned in the air, ata reasonable altitude for maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within
10 kts., bank within 5° and altitude within 100 &.. In addition, since the trainee is transitioning from one
heading to another, feedback should be provided both in maintaining the initial heading, and in achieving and
maintaining the second heading. Steep rumns are usually 180° or 360° to the left or right and both left and right
turns should be practiced.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Table 4. instrument Flying Task Analysis: Abnormal and Emergency Procedures

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures
Task: 3.1 Recovery from unusual attindes

Learning Objectives
3.1.1 Recognize unusual attitude
3.1.1.1 Note an instrument rate of movement or indication other than those associated with basic
instrument flight maneuvers
3.1.1.2 Increase speed of scan
3.1.1.3 Distinguish between unusual attitude, instrument error, or instrument malfunction

3.1.2 Initiate recovery by reference to aisspeed indicator, altimeter, vertical-speed indicator, and tara
coordinator (nat atticude indicator}

3.1.3 Recover from a nose-high attitude
3.1.3.1 Increase power as necessary in proportion to observed deceleration
3.1.3.2 Apply forward elevator pressure to lower nose and prevent 2 stall
3.1.3.3 Cossect bank by applying coordinated ailezon and ruddes pressure to level miniature ais-raft and
center ball of turn coordinator
3.1.3.4 Apply corrective control applications almost simultancously but in sequence given above

3.1.4 Recover from a nese-low atticude
3.1.4.1 Reduce power to prevent excessive airspeed and loss of altitude if airspeed is increasing, or is
above desired airspeed
3.1.4.2 Correct bank attitude with coordinated aileron and rudder pressure to straight fightby referring
to turn coordinator
3.1.4.3 Raise nose to level flight attitude by smooth back elevator pressure
3.1.4.4 Apply cor-sctive control applications almost simultaneously bur in sequence given above

3.1.5 Confirm recovery by reference to level miniature airceaft and centered ball of rurn coardinator

26


Qualification Guidsliscs for PC ATDs

Table 8. instrument Flying Tesk Analycis: Cross-country Procedures

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 7.0 Cross-country Procedures
Tesk: 7.1 Departure Procedur2s

Learaing Objecti
Perform standard instrument departure (SID)

7.4.2.1 Check and rune navigation receivers

7.1.1.2 Prepare to conduct navigation in the event of floss of communications with ATC
7.1.1.3 Read and interpret appropriate SID chart

7.1.1.4 Contact departure control immediately following takeo®

7.1.1.5 Listen to instructions and fly basic instrement maneuvers

7.1.1.6 Monitor instruments to ensure continuous orientation to specified route

Perform radar-vectored departure

7.1.2.1 Check and tune navigation receivers

7.1.2.2 Prepare to conduct navigation in the event of loss of communications with ATC
7.1.2.3 Contact depature control immediately following takeoff

7.1.2.4 Listen to instructions and fly basic instrument maneuvers

7.1.2.5 Monitor instruments to ensure continuous orientation to specified route

Perform non-standard instrument departure

7.1.3.1 Check and tune navigation receivers

7.1.3.2 Proceed on course via most direct route

7.1.3.3 Monitor instruments to ensure continuous orientation to selected route

Taput Requirements:

+ pitch, bank, and yaw arcitude

+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw

+ altitude, heading, and airspeed

+ power setting

+ radio communications from ATC

+ standard instrument departure charts
Gatpat Requiremcets:

+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw

+ efigine power output
- radio communications te ATC

Training Coasiderations

The user should be able co begin the cask with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering in straight-and-level fight, aad ata geographic point within the departure area acceptable for such
maneuvers. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed
within 10 kes., bank within 5°, alticude within 100 &.. ATC communications can be provided by the instructor.
SID charts consistent with the area flown should be availabic.

6



Tahie 1, Flight Task Listing for instrument Rating

1.0 Ground Phase
1.1 Obtaining weather information
1.2 Cross-country flight planning
1.2 Aircraft systems related to IFR operations
1.4) Aircraft Aight instruments and navigation

equipment
1.5 Instrument cockpit check

2.0 Flight by Reference zo Instruments
2.1 Straight-and-leve! flight
2.2 Change of sirspeed
2.3 Constant airspeed climbs to altitude
2.4 Conscane race climbs to alcituds
2.5 Constant airspeed descents to altitude
2.6 Conscant rate descents to altitude
2.7 Precision descent
2.8 Level cums
2.9 Standard rate turns
2.10 Shore turns
2.11 Climbing curns
2.12 Descending turns
2.13 Steep turns

3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures
3.2 Unusual artitudes
3.2. Timed terns
3.3 Compass turas
3.4 Partial panel maneuvers
3.5 Loss of communications
3.6 Instrument failure
3.7 Systems failure
3.8 Turbulence
3.9 Engine failcre
3.10 Lost procedures

Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

4.0 Radio Navigation Procedures

41
4.2
4.3
44
4.5
4.6
47
48
49

VOR Navigation

NDB Navigation

Localizer & ILS Navigation
DME are

VOR holding pattern

NDB holding pattern
Locaiizer holding pattern
DME holding parcern
Inversection holding pattern

5.0 Instrument Approaches

$.1

5.2
$3.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

VOR/VORTAC instrument approach pro-
cedure

NDB instrument approach procedure
ILS/MLS insorument approach procedure
ELS back course approach procedure
RNAY approach procedure

Missed approach procedure

6.6 Communications Procedures

61
6.2
6.3
6.4

Air Traffic Coatro! clearances
Departure clearances

Enroute clearances

Arrival clearances

7.0 Cross-country Proceduzes

FA
72
73

Depzrture procedures
Enroute procedures
Artival procedures


Quakification Guidelises for PC aTDs

Oatpat Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourput
+ pitch zim
+ flaps setting

Training Coasiderti
The user should be able to configure the system such that training va the task can begin with che aircraft
positioned in the air, ata reasonable altirude for maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed wichin
10 kes., and altitude within 100 ft.. In addition, since the trainee is transitioning from one altitude to another,
feedback should be provided both in maintaining the initial altitude, and in achieving and maintaining the
second altitude.

Device Qualificatios Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference to Instruments
Task: 2.6 Constant rate descent to an altitude
Learning Objectives
2.6.1 Maincain straight-and-level flight

2.6.2 Transition from staight-and-level flight to 2 constant rate descent configuration
2.6.2.1 Set approximate pitch and power for required descent rate in a smooth and dmely manner
2.6.2.2 Make proper use of trim control
2.6.2.3 Scan continuously without fixation ot omission
2.6.2.4 Make small adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in descent rate and heading

2.6.3 Transition from a constant rate descent to straight-and-levei flight at desired altirude
2.6.3.1 Begin level off at appropriate point prior to reaching desired altitude (10% rule)
2.6.3.2 Set approximate pitch and power for straight-and-level flight
2.6.3.3 Make proper use of trim contro!
2.6.3.4 Scan continuously without fixation or omission
2.6.3.5 Make small adjustments in conzrols eo correct for deviations in attitude

Inpst Requirements:
» pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ pitch erim sevting
- flaps setting


BS Saas ~

Qualificerion Guidelines for PC ATID:

Auchorization: lastrnmenz Rating
Task Set. 5.0 Lnsteument Approaches
Task: 5.4 ILS back course approach procedure

Learning Objectives
The ILS back course approach procedure is essentially similar to the ILS approach procedure (Task 5.3) with
the exception that the CDI indications are reversed unless an HSI is being used.

Input Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
» altitude, beading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ VOR station frequency and bearing
- NDB station frequency and bearing
+ instrament approach procedure plates
- time elapsed from specific points
+ radio communications from ATC
+ LOM signal

Output Requirements:
+ sare of change of pirch, bank, and yaw
~ engine power output
+ VOR seation frequency
- NDB station frequency
+ course deviation indicator setting
~ timer or clock setting
+ radio communications to ATC

Training Considerations

The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at 2 reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, ata specified cruising speed, at a position 5 minutes prior to beginning
che intermediate approach segment to allow time to secure approach chart, set up navigational frequencies, reset
heading indicator to magnetic compass, and review approach procedure. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kts.. Bank within 5°, altitude within 100
fe., localizer and glide slope indications within a three-quarter-scale deflection during finat approach, and ADF
bearing within 10°. Amount ef ctusswind should be varied frota none to at least 10 kes. ATC communications
can be provided by the instructor. fr is required thar at least some of the approaches practiced are local to the
training area, which requires that the PCATD have a local navigational data base.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Bascline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Controls:
Physical communications radio microphone


Qualificezion Guidelines for PC AFD:

Input Requirements:
~ pitch, bank, and yaw artitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
- altizude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ radio communications from ATC

Output Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
+ radio communications to ATC

Traising Considerations
Communication with ATC can be performed while engaged in almost any flight activity, but initial practice
should probably be accomplished while stationary on the ground, using the PCATD as a training aid for part-
task training, Later practice would incorporate the flight simulation capabilities of the PCATD for full-rask
taining {i.c., while performing an enroute procedure). The system should provide feedback regarding the
maintenance of heading within 10°, eirspeed within 10 kts.. bank within 5°, altitude within 100 f.. ATC
communications can be provided by the instructor.

Device Qualification Gaidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Controls:
Physical communications radio microphone

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 6.0 Communications Procedures
Task: 6.4 Arriva! Clearances

Objectives are the same as any involving radio communications (Task 6.1) but specific communications are
selevans £0 arrival procedures

Tapat Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and sirspeed
+ power serting
+ radio communications from ATC

Gatput Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
- radio communications to ATC

sr


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATD:

Tnstrectional Management:
Enstructor can disable any onc of the aixceaft systems during the taining session

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures
Task: 3.8 Turbulence

Learning Objectives
The presence of turbulence does not change the task requirements of any of the flight tasks but makes them more
difficult to perform. Pilots must compensate for che presence of turbulence by increasing their rate of scan aad
making more 2zdjustments to maintain proper contro! of the aircraft.

anput Requirements:
+ clich, bank, and yaw artitude
» rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspced
+ power setting

Output Requirements:
+ reve of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output

Training Considerations
The user should be abie to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at 2 rezsonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
tegerding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed withia 10 kes., bank within 5° and alticude within
100 fi.. The insteuctor should have the ability to control the amount of turbulence encountered during the
performance of zhe task both before the session begins and during the session.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (sze p. 4)

Flight Dynamics:
The presence and amount of turbulence are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic craining aiscraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.

Instructions] Mansgemena
Instructor can contro} the amount of rurbuience encountered during the performance of the task both before
the session begins and during the session.



Quelificacion Guidelines for PCATD:

Awthorization: Instrument Rating
Task Ser: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures
Task: 3.9 Engine failure

Learning Objectives
3.9.1 Recognize engine failure

3.9.2 Configure aircraft for maximum glide
3.9.2.1 Ses Maps up
3.9.2.2 Place wings level
3.9.2.3 Place nose down to appropriate attitude

3.9.3 Perform engine failure checklise
3.9.3.1 Set mixture rich
3.9.3.2 Turn on carburetor heat
3.9.3.3 Check magneto switch set on “BOTH”
3.9.3.4 Check fuel quantity

3.9.4 Restart engine

Input Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
»_ rate of change of pixch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ engine status (working/not working}
+ casburetor heat setting
+ magneto switch setting
+ fuel quantity
+ fuel mixture setting

Outpur Requirements:
~ rate of change of pisch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourpet
+ carburetor heat setting

Training Considerations
The user should be able to begin the cask with the aircraft positioned in che air, at 2 reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in scraight-and-level flight, at 2 specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 20 kes., bank within 5* and altitude within
100 f.. The instructor should have the ability to cause che system to simulaze an engine failure during the course
of 2 task.


Qualificerion Guidelines for PCATD:

input Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
- rate of change cf pitch, bank, and yew
+ altitude, heading. and airspeed
+ power setting
- VOR station frequency and bearing
+ NDB station frequency and bearing
+ instrument approach proosdure plates
- time elapsed from: specific points
+ radio communications from ATC

Output Requirements:
+ race of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourput
- VOR station frequency
+ NDB station frequency
+ course deviation indicaror serting
+ timer or clock setting
+ radio communications to ATC

Training Considerations

The user should be able to Segin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at 2 specified cruising specd, at a position § minutes prier to beginning
the intermediate approach segment to allow time to secure approach chart, set up navigational frequencies, reset
heading indicator to magnetic compass, and review approach procedure. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kts., benk within 5°, altitude within 100
&., CDI within a full-scale deflection prior to che final approach segment and a three-quarter-scale deflection
during fina! spproach, and ADF bearing within 10°. During final approach. the system should provide feedback
regarding maintaining aleirude within 100 ft., but nor below the minimum descenc altitude until scaching the
missed approach point. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at feast 20 krs. ATC communications
can be provided by the instructor. Alchough the example used two VORs, this task can be accomplished using
one VOR and one ADF. Finally, it is required that at lease some of the approaches practiced are Iocal to the
tsaining area, which requires that the PCATD have a local navigational data base.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Controls:
Physical communications radio microphone

Flight Dynamics:

The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are consistent with 2 single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft wich 2 fixed-pitch propeller.
Instructional Manegement:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the CDI within a specified range of deflection.

se


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference to Instruments
Task 2.13 Climbing curn

Learning Objectives
Climbing turns combine the techniques used in straight climbs with the various turn techniques (see Tasks 2.3,
2.4, 2.8-2.10). The aerodynamic factors affecting lif and power control must be considered in determining
power sectings, and the rate of cross-check and interpretation must be increased to enable control of bank as well
as pitch changes.

Input Requisemests:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw artitude
+ £a_¢ of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ pitch tim seving

Ourpaz Requircsments:
+ rare of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourput
+ pitch crira

Training Ceasiderations
The user should be able to configure the system such that raining on the cask can begin with the circraft
positioned in the air, ax « scasonable altitude for maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising
speed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within
10 kes., bank within 5° and altitude within 100 ft.. In addition, since the trainee is transitioning from one
heading to another, and from one altitude co another, feedback should be provided both in maintaining the
initial heading and altitude, and in achieving and maintaining the second heading and eltitude. The traince
should receive practice at curning both ieft and right through various degrees of heading and altitude changes.

Device Qualificstion Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4}



Qualification Guidelines for PC ATD:

Ovepat Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
- engine power output
- VOR station frequency
+ NDB scation frequency
+ course deviation indicator setting
+ timer or dock senting
+ radio communications to ATC

Troiaing Considerations

The user should be able ro begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at 2 seasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed, ata position 5 minutes prior to beginning
she intermediate approach segment to allow time to secure eppzoach chart, set up navigational frequencies, reset
heading indicator to magnetic compass, and review approach procedure. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenaace of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kes., bank within 9°, altitude within 100
ft., tocalizer and glide slope indications within a three-quarter-scaie deflection during final approach, and ADF
bearing within 10°. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at Jeast 19 kes. ATC communications
can be provided by che instructor. It is required that at least some of the approaches practiced are local to the
training area, which requires that che PCATD have 2 local navigational data base.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)
Coarrols:
Physical communications radio microphone
Displays:
LOM receiver

Flight Dynamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fined gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propelier.

instructions! Mazagemeet:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the localizer and glide dope indicators within 2
specified range of deflection.

Feedback is presented by che system regarding maintaining altitude above the decision height before initiating
2 missed approach procedure or transitioning co a normal landing approach.

Instructor can controf the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before the
session begins and during the session.

PCATD has a navigational area data base that is local to the training facility.

|


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Training Considerations
Communication with ATC can be performed while engaged in almost any flight activiry, but initial practice
should probably be accomplished while stationary on che ground, using the PCATD as a training aid for part-
task training. Later practice would incorporate the flight simulation capabilities of the PCATD for full-task
training (i.c., while performing an arrival procedure}. The system should provide feedback regarding the
maincenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kes.. bank within 5°, altitude within 100 ft. ATC
communications can be provided by the instructor.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines {see p. 4)

Controls:
Physical communications radio microphone

62


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

‘This project was jointly sponsored by AFS-800 and AFS-200, with direction and support
provided by Larry Pasham (AFS-840), Jan DeMuth (AFS-210), and Hop Potter (AFS-
214). Program management was provided by Ron Simmons (AAR-100).

In addition, appreciation is expressed to Dennis Beringer (AAM-514) for his technical
review and input, Robert Dippi, of the Okiahona City Flight Safety District Office, for
his critical review and comments on draft versions of this paper, and to Steve Jenkey,
CFI, for the Oxford School of Aviation in Oklahoma City, Okla., for his input to the
instrument fight task analysis.

ia


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Output Requirements:
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
~ NDB station frequeacy

Training Considerations
The user should be able to begin the task with che aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed, approximately 2nm from arc, inbound
on 290° bearing to the arc. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance of heading within
5°. airspeed within 10 kts., bank within 5°, altitude within 100 ft., bearing to station within 10°, and distance
from station within Inm. The task should begin with the aircraft positioned at varying locations relative to the
NDB station to provide practice at determining aircraft position and intercepting and trackieg a DME arc.
Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at least 16 kts.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)
Controls:
Physical or virtual contro! for DME receiver
Displays:
DME display
Flight Dynamics:

The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic traning aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.

Instractione! Management:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the ADF within a specified range of deviation.
Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the distance from the arc within a specified range
of deviation.

Instructor can control the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before rhe
session begins and during the session.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 4.0 Radic Navigation Procedures
Task: 4.5 VOR Holding Pactezn

4.5.1 Tune VOR ceceiver to station used ro determine holding fix
4.5.1.1 Select frequency of VOR station
4.5.1.2 Identify correct station received
4.5.1.3 Adjuse volume of VOR receiver to comfortable level
4.5.1.4 Nove change in VOR display from “OFF” to “TO* or “FROM”
4.5.1.5 Rotate omni-bearing selector (OBS) to appropriate bearing for holding fix

42


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Training Considerations
The user should be able co begin the task with the aircraft positioned in che air, az a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight. at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 5°, airspeed within 16 kes., bank within 5°, altitude within 100
ft., and bearing to station within 10°. The task should begin with the aircraft positioned at varying locations
relative to the NDB station ro provide practice at determining aircraft position and intercepting and tracking
an NDB redial. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at least 10 kts.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Flight Dyaamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of che simulated
aircralt and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fized-pirch propeller

Ipscructional Management:

Feedback is presenced by the system regarding maintaining the ADF withia 2 specified cange of deviation.
Instructor can control the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before che
session begins and during the session.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Tesk Set: 4.0 Radio Navigation Procedures
Task: 4.3 Localizer and ILS Navigation

Learning Objectives
The mechanics of ILS navigation are essentially identical to those of VOR navigation (see task 4.1) with the

exception that the ILS display is more sensitive (1 dot equals 2.5° instead of 10°} and includes 2 glide slope
indicaticn.

Tnpat Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ VOR station frequency and bearing

Output Requirements:
- rave of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
+ VOR station frequency
+ course deviation indicator setting


Qualification Guideliac: fer PCATDs

‘Training Considerations
The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flighr, at e point within the enroute area. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenaace of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kes., bank within 5°, altitude within 100
f.. ATC communications can be provided by the instructor. Navigational charts consistent with the area flown
should de available.

Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Controls:
Physical communications radio microphone

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task See. 7.0 Cross-country Procedures
Tasle 7.3 Arrival Procedures

Learning Objectives
7.3.1 Fly a standard terminal arrival rouce (STAR) if available
7.3.1.1 Read and interpret appropriate STAR information
7.3.1.2 Listen to instructions and fly basic instrument maneuvers
7.3.1.3 Monitor instruments to ensure continuous orientation to specified route

7.3.2 Listen and follow ATC arrival instructions
7.3.3 Fly appropriate approach procedure

Input Requirements:
- sate of change of nitch, bank, and yaw
+ alsinude, beading, and airspeed
+ power setting
- sadio communications from ATC
+ starcdard terminal arrival route information

Output Requirements:
+ rere of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
- engine power output
+ tadio communications to ATC

a



Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Teaining Considerations
The demonstration of an understanding of flight instrument systems and their operating characteristics and
navigation sysrems and their operating methods can be accomplished using the PCATD by having the system
elicit information from the uainee through muktiple choice questions, filling in blanks, ere. Aca minimum, the
system should be able to provide feedback to the student regarding areas in need of review for each of the flight
instrument systems fisted above.

Device Qualification Taidelines
Emstructions! Management:
PCATD trains knowledge of Aight instrument systems and theie operating characteristics and navigation
systems and their operating methods through multiple chvice questions, fill-in-the blanks, etc. and provides
feedback on areas of knowledge thar are lacking.

Authorization: Instrumenc Rating
Task Set: 1.0 Ground Phase
Task: 1.5 Instrument cockpit check

Learning Cojectives
1.5.1 Perform pre-engine-start checks
3.5.1.1 Nove presence of apovopriate handbooks, enroute chars, approach. . harts, computer, and flight log
2.5.4.2 Confirm radio equipment switches are set to off position
1.5.1.3 Confirm suction gauge has proper indication
1.5.1.4 Confirm pitot cover is removed
1.5.1.5 Confirm airspeed indicator has proper reading
1.5.1.6 Confirm heading indicator is uncaged (if applicable}
1.5.3.7 Confirm turn coordinator miniature aircraft is level and ball is app: imately centered {while
on level terrain)
1.5.1.8 Confirm vertical-speed indicator has zero indication
1.5.1.9 Confirm magnetic compass is full of fluid
1.5.1.0 Confizm clock is functional and set to proper time or timer is functional
1.5.1.11 Confirm engine instruments have proper markings and readings

1.5.2 Start engine

1.5.3 Perform post-engine-start checks
1.5.3.1 Confirm suction gauge has proper indication and, if gyros are electrically driven, check
generators and inverters for proper operation
2.5.3.2 Cheek that pitor head has heaz
15.3.3 Check magnetic compass card moves freely and is accurate
1.5.3.4 Compare heading indicator reading to magnetic compass reading after allowing 5 munutes efter
engine start for gyro rotc: to akain normal operating speed
1.5.3.5 Check attitude indicztor has proper indications after allowing 5 minutes after engine star. for
gyTO fotor fo attain normal operating speed and adjuse miniature aircraft to the horizon bat
1.5.3.6 Note any variation between known feid elevation and altimeter indication while altimeter is
set to cuztent teported altimeter setting

ie


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Bevice Qusfification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Controls:

Physical communications radio mictophone

Flight Dynamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
sizcraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear. basic training aircraft with a fixed: pitch propelier.

Instructional Management:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the ADF hearing within a specified range of deviation.
Feedbsk is presented by the sycem regarding maintaining alticude within 100 &., bur not below the nainimum
descent zitituds.

Instructor can control the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before the
session begins and during the session.

PCATD has a navigational area data base that is local co the training facility.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Vask Set: 5.0 Instrument Appreaches
Task: 5.3 ILS/MLS instrument approach procedure

Learning Cbiectives
The ILS/MLS inscrument approach procedure is essentially similar to 2 VOR approach procedure (Task 53.1) with
theexception that aa inserument landing system (LS) is used cooritactn the runway. The ILS consists of the folowing
components: 1) Lucalizer radio course co furnish horizonial guidance to airport runways 2) Glide dope radio course
for vertical guidance along correct descent angle to proper “touchdown” point on the eaway; 3° Two VHF marker
beacons {outer and middle} to provide radio fixes along approach path to runway (some locations use 2 third marker
beacon to indicate decision height point on a Category 1! ILS}: and 4) Approach lights to provide a means for transition
from instrument to visual Aight. in addition the following elements may be included to increase sysicm sefecy and
utility: 1) Compass locators to provide transition from enroute NAVAIDS to the ELS system, assist in hoiding
procedures, track localizer course, identify marker beacon sights, and provide a final appreach fix far ADF approaches:
2) Distance measuring equipment; and 3) Supplementary lighting systems. For alocalizer approach, however. the only
required navigation equipment is a focalizer receiver and a marker beacon receiver.
inpaz Requirement::
- pitch, bank, and yaw artitude
race of change of pitch, bank, and yaw

- altieude, heading, and airspeed

+ power semting

+ VOR station frequency and bear

- NDB station frequency and bearing

+ mecrument approach procedure plares

- Gee elapsed from specific poinss

- radio commanteations from ATC

- LOM signal

- glide slope deviation

32


Quadifiestien Guidelines fer PC ATDs:

Controls:
Physical communications sadio microphone

Flight Dynasaics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulazed
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.

instructional Management:

Instructor can control the amount of wind encountered ducing the performance of the task both before the
session begins and during the session.
PCATD has a navigational area data base that is local to the training facility.

SB


Qucitfcation Guidelines for PCATD:

Table 3. Instrument Flying Task Analysis: Flight by Reference to instruments

Authorization: [nstrument Rating
Task Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference to Instruments
Task: 2.1 Straight-and-level flight

Learning Objectives

Scan each primary flight insteument in the order and at a sampling rate determined by mission segment

Maintain altitude within 100ft.

2.1.2.1 Monitor attitude indicator, altimeter, vertical speed indicator, and airspeed indicator
2.1.2.2 Use half-bar-wideh correction in attitude indicator for altitude errors of less than 200 ft.
2.1.2.3 Use full-bar-width correction in attitude indicator for altitude errors of 100 ft. or more
2.1.2.4 Make an actitude change to correct altitude errors that will result in a vertical speed
approximately double the error in altitude but never exceeding optimum race of climb of descent for
a given airspeed and configuration

2.1.2.5 Recall lag characteristics of vertical speed indicator when monitoring instrument

Maintain heading within 10°

2.1.3.1 Monitor attitude indicator, heading indicazor, and turn coordinator

2.1.3.2 Make correction for heading errors by using an angle of bank no greater than number of degrees
to be turned and never greater than that required for a standard-rate turn

Maintain airspeed within 10krs.

2.1.4.1 Monitor airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, aleimeter, and engine power output indicator
(manifold pressure gauge or cachometer)

2.1.4.2 Determine need for a change in pitch and/or power based on relationship berween altitude and
airspeed

2.1.4.3 Make initial power changes greater than desired setting to accelerate rate of airspeed change
except for small speed changes

2.1.4.4 Apply aileron and rudder pressures when increasing power to counteract left yaw and roll
vendencies

Make smati adjustments in controls with light control pressures to correct for deviations in attitude.
2.1.5.1 Make adjustments in controls to stop movement of instrumsn: indications
2.1.5.2 Make adjustments in controls to return to desired altitude, heading o7 airspeed

Saput Requirements:
- pitch, bank, and yaw artitude
+ ate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed

+ power serting

Output Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourpur

12


Teetmical Reper Socumeniation Page

a 2 Sovernent accessor No. 5. Receuant’s Cotatog No
DOT/EAA/AM-96/8
& Wes ong Sura & Report Save
Qualification Guidelines for Personal Computer-Based Aviation February 1996
Training Devices: Instrument Rating
6 Pectornng Organzation Code
7 Auinors) 8. Rerforming Ceganzater: Raper No
Kevin W. Williams
F. Puctomming Onganwearion Nome and Agaress TO Work Unt No. RAIS)
FAA Civil Acromedical Institute i
P.O. Box 25082
Oklahoma City, OK 73125 11 Contract o Gront No.
32. Sponsoring Agency narne onc Actress 1S. Tyoe of Reno ond Period Coverec
FAA Office of Aviation Medicine
Federal Aviation Administration
800 Independence Avenue, SW.
Washington, DC 20591 14 Sponsoring Agency Coe

VS. Smplernerital Noves

Ve Abaoct

Tais is a report of the analytical development of qualification guidelines for personal computes-based aviation
waining devices (PCATDs) for use in instrument flight training. The report includes 2 task analysis of
instrument light tasks, along with baseline and task-specific guidelines that were developed as a result of the
analysis. in addition 2 PCATD qualification tool is presented in the appendix for use in approving 2 Pare 141
flight schoo! curriculum that incorporates 2 PCATD for use as a ground training aid. The purpose of this
paper is to provide the reader with an understanding of the process and reasoning behind the development of

the PCATD qualification guidelines.
17. tay Wor 1S. Oxstbution Sererent
Personal Computer-Based Aviation Training Devices, | Document is available xo the public
Flight Training, Psychology, Mernory, through the Nationa Technical
Applied Psychology information Service, Springfield,
Virginia 22151
19, Seouty GloBt. (ot the report) ZS Securty Clase. (Fe page) T Zi. Ne of Pages 2 Pace
Unclassified Unclassified t a4 |

Forn DOTE 2702.7 72) Reproduction of compieteci page outhorzed


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Jastructional Management:
Instructor can disable, turn off, or blank out any one or more of the instruments prior to the beginning of a
training session, and fail, or eurn off any one or more of the instruments during 2 taining session.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Tesk Set: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures
Task: 3.7 Systems failure

Learning Objectives
3.7.1 Recognize systems failure (electrical, vacuum, etc.)

3.7.2 Alter scan to compensate for failed instruments

3.7.3 Increase speed of scan

3.7.4 Fly airplane
Inpat Requirerzents:
~ pitch, bank, and yew artirude
+ rave of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
- altivade, herding, and aizspeed

+ power setting

Output Requirements:
+ rave of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output

Treining Considerations
The user should be able co begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kes., bank within 5° and alticude within
100 ft. The instructor should have the ability to disable any one of the aircraft systems during the taining session.
In addition, to gain proficiency in recognizing a system failure, it would be useful for the device to be capable of
randomly failing a system within a specified period of time or during the performance of a particular maneuver.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)
Displays:
Displays indicating 2 syscem failure including:
alvernacor light
low suction warning light

33


Qualification Guidelizes for PCATDs

2.9.2.3 Establish approximate angle of bank needed for 2 standard rave turn (dependent on airspeed,
use TAS/10 + 5 for approximate angle of bank) using attitude indicator, then check miniature aircraft
of cure coordinator for a stendard rate turn indication

2.9.2.4 Make pitch adjustments necessary as vertical lift component decreases with increase in bank
using altimecer, vertical speed indicator, and attitude indicator

2.9.2.5 Maintain constant airspeed using airspeed indicator

2.9.2.6 Scan continuously without fixation or omission

2.9.3 Maintain turn

2.9.3.1 Use turn coordinator as primary bank instrument and attitude indicator as supporting bank
instrument

2.9.3.2 Control yaw using ball of sum coordinator

2.9.3.3 Make proper use of trim control

2.9.3.4 Scan continuously without fixation o: omission

2.9.3.5 Make small adjustments in controls to correct for deviations in altitude, bank angie, yaw (yoke
and rudder pedals} and airspeed (throttic)

2.9.4 Transition from turning to straight-and-level flight at desired heading

2.2.5

2.9.4.1 Begin rolling out of turn at 2 point before reaching desired heading approximately equal to half
your angie of bank

2.9.4.2 Apply coordinated aileron and rudder pressures opposite dicection of turn

2.9.4.3 Roll out of rurn at same rate 23 was used to roll in to turn

2.9.4.4 Initiate turn recovery using attitude indicator as primary bank instrument

2.9.4.5 Use heading indicaror as primary bank instrument when airplane is approximately level, as in
straight-and-level flight

2.9.4.6 Scan continuously without fixation or omission

2.9.4.7 Make pitch, power and trim adjustments as changes in vertical lift component and airspeed occur

Maintain straight-and-leve! flight

input Requirements:
+ pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ tate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
- altitude, heading. and airspeed
+ pitch trim setting
Ostpat Requirement:
+ tate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power ourput
+ pitch tim

21

cared


NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of
the U.S. Department of Transportation in che interest of
information exchange. The United States Government
assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof.


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATD:s

Output Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
- NDB station frequency

Training Considerations

The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-ievel flight, at a specified cruising speed, at least 3.5 minutes from the holding fix
in order to allow time to transition from cruise to the holding airspeed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading withia 10°, airspeed within 16 kts., bank within 5°, alticude within 100
f., and bearing to station within 10°. This procedure should be practiced beginning from several different
directions from the holding fix to give the trainee practice at orienting to the fix and deciding how to enter the
holding pattern. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at least 10 kts. Specific holding
instructions can be provided by the instructor.

Device Qualification Guideli
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Flight Dynamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of che simulated
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller.

Instructional Masagemeat:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the beariag to the station within a specified range
of deviction.

Instructor can control the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before the
session begins and during the session.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 4.0 Radio Navigation Procedures
Tesk: 4.7 Localizer Holding Pattern

Learning Objectives
A localizer holding pattern is essentially the same as a VOR procedure with the exception that determination of the
holding fix and position vo the holding fix is accomplished esing either an ADF receiver or a VOR, depending on
the facilities available at the airport in question. Also, a LOM could be used to determine arrival at the holding fix.

Input Requirements:
- pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ tare of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ altinade, heading, and airspeed
- power setting
~ VOR station frequency and bearing or NDB stacion frequency and bearing
+ holding instructions

45



Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

Device Qualification Guidelines

Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Instructional Management:
Astitude and heading indicators can be rendered nonfunctional or blanked out.

Anthorization: Instrument Reting
Task Set: 3.0 Abnormal and Emergeacy Procedures
Task: 3.3 Compass turns

Learning Objectives

Bear in mind the following points when making turns to magnetic compass headings or when using the
magnetic compass as a reference for ssiting the heading indicator.

3.3.1

3.3.2

3.3.3
3.3.4

3.3.5

3.3.6

Ifyou are on a northerly heading and you start a turn to the east or west, indication of compass lags,
or shows 2 turn in opposite direction

ifyou are on a southerly heading and you start a turn to the east or west, compass indication precedes
turn, showing a greaver amount of murn than is actually occurring

As you accelerate airplane, compass indicates a turn te north
As you decelerate airplane, compass indicates a turn to south

Amount of lag or lead in a turn to a northerly or southerly heading is approximately equal to latitude
of aircraft

Abrupt changes in attitude or airspeed make accurate interpretations of compass difficult. Proficiency
in compass tums depends on knowledge of compass characteristics, smooth control technique, and
accurate bank and pitch contro!

inpot Requirements:
- pitch, bank, and yaw attitude
+ fate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
- altirude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting

Output Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output

23



Qualification Guidelines for POATDs

4.1.4 Teack VOR zadial
4.1.4.1 Maintain desired heading using CDI needle
4.1.4.2 Observe CDI for deflection lett or right
4.1.4.3 Turn 20° rowerd needle and hold heading until needle centers to correct for crosswind
4.1.4.4 Reduce crosswind correction to 10° and nore whether drift-corsection angle keeps CDI centered
4.1.4.5 Make further cortections for crosswind as necessary using smaller corzection changes until the
CDI remains centered

4.1.5 Recognize VOR station passage by noting change from “TO” to "FROMTM flag
4.1.6 Track VOR radial outbound in same manner as inbound tracking is accomplished

Input Requirements:
- pitch, bank, and yaw attiude
+ rate of change of piten, bank, and yaw
+ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
- VOR station frequency and bearing

Qutpat Requirements:
+ sate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power autput
+ VOR station frequency
+ course deviation indicatar setting

Training Considerations
The user should be able to begin the task with the aitcraft positioned in the air, at a reasonzble altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flighe, at a specified cruising speed. The system should provide feedback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 5°, airspeed within 10 kts., bank within 5°, altitude within 100
f., and CD! within a three-quarter-scale deflection. The task should begin with the aircraft positioned at varying
locations relative to the VOR station to provide practice at determining aiccreft position and intercepring aad
tracking 2 VOR radial. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at Isast 10 kts.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4}

Flight Dynamics:
The presence an¢ amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simuizted
aircraft and are consistent with a single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aizcraft with « fixed-pitch propeller

Tastructional Management:
Feedback is presented by the systern regarding maintaining the CDI within a specified range of deflection.

Insttucter can conzro! the amount of wind encountered duting the performance of the task both before the
sevsion begins and during the sssion.



Gualificssion Guidelines for PCATBs

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set. 2.0 Flight by Reference to Instruments
Task: 2.2 Descending turn

Learning Objectives
Descending rurns combine the techniques used in straight descents with the various turn techniques (sce Tasks
2.5, 2.6, 2.8-2.10). The aerodynamic factors affecting lift and power contre! must be considered in determining
power settings, and the rate of cross-check and interpretation must be increased to enable control of bank as well
as pitch changes.

Input Requirements:
~ pitch, bank, and yaw attude
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
- altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ pitch trim serring

Oatpat Requirements:
~ rae of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine pow'r output
+ pitch tim

Training Considerations

The usez should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the air, at 2 reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level Aight, ar a specified cruising seed. The system should provide fecdback
regarding the maintenance of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kts., bank within 5° and altitude within
100 ft.. In addition, since the trainee is transitioning from one heading to another, and from ane altitude zo
another, feedback should be provided both in maintaining the initial heading and altitude, and in achieving and
maintaining the second heading and altitude. The traince should receive practice at turning both left and right
through various degrees of heading and altitude changes.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Tsk Set: 2.0 Flight by Reference to instruments
Task: 2.13 Steep turns

Learning Objectives
2.13.1 Maintain straighz-and-level flight

2.13.2 Transition from straight-and-level Might co level steep turn
2.13.2.1 Add power (usually to around 2400 RPM}
2.13.2.2 Apply coordinated aileron and rudder pressures in desired direction of turn


Qualification Guidelines for PCATDs

3.2.8 Complete flight plan (FAA Form 7233-2) and file with FSS ar least 30 minutes before estimated
departure time

input Requirements:
+ weather information in all formats listed under Task 1.1
+ navigational chart information containing proposed route of flight, destination airport and at least one alternate
airport
+ instrument approach procedure charts fos destination and alrernate airports
+ facilities information from Airport/Facility Directory and NOTAMS

Output Requirements:
+ selected routes to destination airports and alternate(s}
+ analysis of assembled weather information pertaining to a proposed route of flight and destination airport
+ determination of whether an alternate airport is required. and, if required, whether the selected alternate meets the
regulatory requirement
+ fight log information
+ weight and balezce information
» fligh: pian

Training Consideration:
Much of the information required to complete this tack can be provided independently of the computer. This
includes an Airport/Facilicy Directory, NOTAMS, and inserument approach procedure charts. The PCATD
should ensure the trainee understands the use of this informatien by controlling che completion of a flight log
and flight plan and providing feedback on errors in the computation of various flight parameters (distances,
headings, airspeeds, etc.).

Device Qualification Guidelines
Displays:
PCATD can display all of the various fozms of weather-related information, as well as 2 navigational chart and
information related to the airports displayed on that chart
PCATD can display a flight log and a flight plan

Instructional Management:

PCATD provides feedback regarding the selection of roure segments and checkpo:nts, the campuration of
headings, distances, sirspeed, wind data, groundspeed. time enroute. estimated time between check points. fuel
required, weighs ard balance, and che correct procedure for completing and filing a flight plan.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 1.0 Ground Phase
Task: 1.3 Aircraft systerns related to [FR operations

Learning Objectives
The learning objective of this task is to acquire adequate knowledge of aircraft anti

ing/deicing systems and
their operating chzractezistics to include: !} airframe; 2} propellortintake; 3) fuel system: and 4) pitoc-static.


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Authorization: Insccumenc Rating
Task Set: 6.0 Communications Procedures
Task: 6.2 Departure Clearances

Learning Objectives
Objectives are the same as any involving radio communications (Task 6.1) bur specific communications are
celevant to deparzure procedures.
Input Requirements:
~ pitch, bank, and yaw artitude
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ alticude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
» radio communications from ATC

Outpat Requirements:
~ rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
- radio communications to ATC

Training Considerations
Communication with ATC can be performed while engaged in almost any flight activiry, but initial practice
shontd probably be accomplished while stationary on the ground, using the PCATD as a training aid for part-
task training. Later practice would incorporare the Aight simulation capabilities of the PCATD for full-cask
training (i.¢., while performing a departure procedure). The system should provide feedback regarding the
maintenance of heading within 16°, airspeed within 10 kts., bank within 5°, altitude within 100 ft.. ATC
comrnunications can be provided by the instructor.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Controls:
Physical communications radio microphone

Authorization: Instrument Racing
Task Set. 6.0 Communications Procedures
Taslkc 6.3 Enroute Clearances

Learning Objectives
Objectives are the same as any involving radio communications (Task 6.1} but specific communications are
relevant to enroute procedures


Qualification Guidelines for PC ATDs

Output Requirements:
+ fate of change of pitch. bank, and yaw
+ engine power output
- VOR station frequency or NDB station frequency
+ course deviation indicator setting

Training Considerations

The user should be able to begin the task with the aircraft positioned in the ait, at a reasonable altitude for
maneuvering, in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed, at least 3.5 minutes from the holding fix
in order to allow time to transition from cruise co the holding airspeed. Either an ADF, LOM, or a WOR will
be used co determine arrival at the holding fix. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance
of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kts., bank within 5°, altitude within 100 ft., and CDI within a three-
quarter-scale deflection or ADF bearing within 10°. This procedure should be practiced beginning from several
different disections from the holding fix to give the trainee practice at orienting to the fix and deciding how to
enter the holding pattern. Amount of crosswind should be varied from none to at least 16 kes. Specific holding
insttuctions can be provided by the instructor.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Flight Dynamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
aircraft and are concistent with 2 single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraft with « fixed-pitch propeller.

instructional Management:

Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the CDI within a specified range of deflection.
Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining ADF bearing within a specified range of deviation.
Instructor can contro! the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the task both before the
session begins and during the session.

Authorization: Instrument Rating
Task Set: 4.0 Radio Navigation Procedures
Task: 4.8 DME Holding Patrern

Learning Objectives
A DME holding pattern is essentially the same as a VOR procedure with the exceprion that determination of
the holding fix and position to the holding fix is accomplished using DME are procedures (Task 4.4).

6


Qualification Guidstines for PCAYOs

Aucvhorization: Instrument Rating
Tesk Set: 4.0 Radio Navigation Procedures
Task: 4.9 Intersection Holding Pattern

Learning Objectives
An intersection holding patcern is essentially the same as a VOR procedure with the exception that derermination
of the holding fix requires the use of wo VORs (usually) or a VOR end an ADF.

Inpat Requirements:
- pitch, bank, and yaw anitude
- rate of change of pitch, bank, and yaw
~ altitude, heading, and airspeed
+ power setting
+ VOR station frequency and bearing
- NDB szation frequency and bearing
- holding instractions

Output Requirements:
+ rate of change of pitch, bank, and raw
+ engine power output
- VOR station frequency
+ NDB station frequency
+ course deviation indicaror setting

Training Considerations

The user should be able to begin the cask with the aircraft positioned in the air, ata reasonable altirude for maneuvering,
in straight-and-level flight, at a specified cruising speed, at least 3.5 minutes from the holding fix in order to allow
time to transition from cruise to the holding airspeed. The system should provide feedback regarding the maintenance
of heading within 10°, airspeed within 10 kes. bank within 5°, alticude within 100 ft., CDI within a three-quateer-
scale deflection, and ADF bearing within 10°. This procedure should be practiced beginning from several different
directions from the holding fix to give the trainee practice at orienting to the fix and deciding how to enter the holding
pattern. Armount of crosswind should be varied from nonc to at least 10 kes. Specific helding instructions cau be
provided by the instructor. ‘This task can be accomplished using wo VORs or one VOR and one ADF.

Device Qualification Guidelines
Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Flight Dyaamics:
The presence and amount of wind are reflected in the handling and performance qualities of the simulated
airesaft and are consistent with 2 single-engine, fixed gear, basic training aircraé with 2 fixed-pitch propeller.

Instructional Management:

Feedback is presented by the systern regarding maintaining the CDI within a specificd range of deflection.
Feedback is presented by the system regarding maintaining the ADF bearing within a specified range of deviation.
Instructor can control the amount of wind encountered during the performance of the iask both before the session
begins and during the session.

48


Qualification Guidelimes for PC ATD:

1.5.3.5 Check attitude indicator has proper indications efter allowing $ minutes after engine start for
BYrO rotor te atcain normal operating speed and aciust miniature aircraft to the horizon bar

1.3.3.6 Nore any variation berween known fieid elevation and altimeter indication while altimeter is
set to current reporred altimeter sercing

1.3.3.7 Check miniature aircraft end bali of turn coordinator has proper indications during taxi curns
and straight taxiing

1.5.3.8 Check vertical-speed indicator for zero reading

1.5.3.9 Check carburetor heat for proper aperation and return to cold position

1.5,.3.10 Check engine instrurnents for proper readings

1.5,3.11 Check radie equipment for proper operation and set 2s desired

Eapat Requirements:
radio power status
+ suction gauge status

+ earburecor heat setting
» radio tuning

Training Consderations
Since some of the tasks require going outside of the cockpit (e.g., checking pitot tube), they will be ignored in
the specification of device qualification guidelines. Engine start procedures are not covered since they are 2 part
of private pilot training. Activities during taxi are ignored in order to avoid excessive control and flight dynamics
requirements.

Baseline qualification guidelines (see p. 4)

Conerols:
Physical or virtaal control for altimeter sevting and carburetor heat

Displays:
PCATD should have the following displays

+ engine instruments

+ suction gauge