1

It appears, although it is not clear from the record, that Stines planted the marijuana in the

car. The marijuana was found later in Stines' locker. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 95-2867.

Heather Ann SEWELL, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

TOWN OF LAKE HAMILTON, Defendant-Appellant.

July 21, 1997.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 93-2037-CIVT-25A), Henry Lee Adams, Jr., Judge.

Before TJOFLAT, DUBINA and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Town of Lake Hamilton ("the Town") appeals from a judgment entered on a jury

verdict against it for violations of Appellee Heather Sewell's ("Sewell") constitutional rights. For

the reasons that follow, we reverse.

BACKGROUND FACTS

At approximately 3:00 a.m. on May 13, 1991, Paul Stines ("Stines"), an officer with the

Town's police department, stopped Sewell, a 22-year old female, for speeding. Stines searched

Sewell's car, with her consent, and found an illegal duplicate driver's license and a bag of marijuana.1

Stines had Sewell follow him to the police station, where they arrived at 3:30 a.m. Realizing they

were alone at the station, Sewell became hysterical and believed that Stines was going to rape her.

Stines issued a ticket to Sewell. Stines then offered to let her go on the drug charge if she consented

to a strip search. Sewell consented to a strip search by a female officer but Stines refused. Stines

persisted in his threats to "ruin her life" with the drug charge unless she submitted to a strip search

by him. He also indicated that he would accept any sexual advances made by her during the strip

search. Eventually, Sewell undressed and lay naked on the floor as instructed. Stines molested her

but no sexual intercourse took place. Stines then permitted Sewell to dress and leave the police
 2

Lake Hamilton is a small town of approximately 1,000 residents. The Town employs five

police officers. Because of its small size, calls to the police station are routed to the dispatcher

in neighboring Haines City whenever the station is unmanned. The police station typically is

unmanned at night and was unmanned on the night of May 13, 1991. 

station. Sewell reported the incident to the State Attorney's office the next morning.

Earlier that same morning, Stines had stopped a 20-year old woman, Sharon Washington

("Washington"), at approximately 2:14 a.m. for speeding. Stines conducted an inappropriate

patdown search of Washington and told her that women could offer their bodies to him to get out

of a ticket. Washington refused and Stines wrote her a ticket. Washington's boyfriend reported the

incident to the Haines City dispatching service at 3:11 a.m.2 The dispatcher told Washington's

boyfriend that the police chief was not on duty and instructed him to call back the next day during

normal business hours. Washington reported the incident to Police Chief Freeman ("the Chief") the

next day.

Sewell brought a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against the Town alleging violations of her Fourth,

Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The district court denied the Town's motion for

summary judgment based on failure to state a claim for municipal liability. After a trial, the jury

awarded Sewell $452,000 in damages. The district court denied the Town's motions for judgment

as a matter of law, remittitur, and a new trial.

 The Town then perfected this appeal, raising several issues. We address only one: Whether

the district court erred in finding that the Town could be liable for the actions of Stines, and thus

wrongly denied the Town's motions for summary judgment and for judgment as a matter of law. We

review de novo the district court's rulings on these motions. Daniel v. City of Tampa, 38 F.3d 546,

549 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 2557, 132 L.Ed.2d 811 (1995).

DISCUSSION

 A municipality may be held liable under § 1983 if the plaintiff shows that a "custom" or

"policy" of the municipality was the "moving force" behind the constitutional deprivation. Monell

v. Department of Social Services of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690-94, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2035-38, 56

L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). A policy is a decision that is officially adopted by the municipality, or created
 3

Because we have concluded that the Town cannot be held liable for the actions of Stines and

have reversed the district court's judgment, we need not address the remaining issues presented

by an official of such rank that he or she could be said to be acting on behalf of the municipality.

Brown v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 923 F.2d 1474, 1479-80 (11th Cir.1991). A custom is a practice

that is so settled and permanent that it takes on the force of law. Monell, 436 U.S. at 690-91, 98

S.Ct. at 2035-36. Obviously, the Town has no policy commanding its officers to barter arrests for

sexual favors. Likewise, the Town has no custom of allowing such behavior on the part of its

officers. However, municipal liability also may be based on a claim of inadequate training "where

a municipality's failure to train its employees in a relevant respect evidences a "deliberate

indifference' to the rights of its inhabitants [such that the failure to train] can be properly thought of

as a city "policy or custom' that is actionable under § 1983." City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378,

389, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 1205, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989). Sewell's claim is a failure to train and supervise

claim.

 It seems apparent to us that Sewell cannot establish deliberate indifference on the part of the

Town. As the Second Circuit has held:

It is not enough to show that a situation will arise and that taking the wrong course in that

situation will result in injuries to citizens.... City of Canton also requires a likelihood that

the failure to train or supervise will result in the officer making the wrong decision. Where

the proper response ... is obvious to all without training or supervision, then the failure to

train or supervise is generally not "so likely" to produce a wrong decision as to support an

inference of deliberate indifference by city policymakers to the need to train or supervise.

Walker v. City of New York, 974 F.2d 293, 299-300 (2nd Cir.1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 972, 113

S.Ct. 1412, 122 L.Ed.2d 784 (1993)(applying City of Canton, 489 U.S. at 390 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. at

1205 n. 10). We are persuaded that the Second Circuit's interpretation of City of Canton is correct.

Applying the Walker reasoning to the facts of this case, we cannot say that the Town acted or failed

to act in such a way as to constitute deliberate indifference.

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment entered on the jury's verdict and remand

this case to the district court with directions that judgment be entered in favor of the Town and

against Sewell.

REVERSED and REMANDED.3
in this appeal.