F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAY 30 2000

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

HOWARD COOPERMAN and

TRUDY COOPERMAN,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

MATT DAVID d/b/a/ WYOMING

RIVERS & TRAILS,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 98-8075

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Wyoming

(D.C. No. 98-CV-009-D)

Robert R. Rose, III of Rose & Rose, P.C., Cheyenne, Wyoming (Keith J. Stone of

the Law Offices of Keith J. Stone, San Diego, California, with him on the brief)

for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Gary R. Scott of Hirst & Applegate, P.C., Cheyenne, Wyoming for DefendantAppellee.

Before EBEL, Circuit Judge, McWILLIAMS, Senior Circuit Judge and

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

EBEL, Circuit Judge.
- 2 -

Appellants Howard and Trudy Cooperman (“the Coopermans”) appeal the

district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Appellee Matt David,

d/b/a/ Wyoming Rivers and Trails (“WRT”) in this personal injury diversity

action. The Coopermans argue that the district court erred when it found that a

slipping saddle is an inherent risk of horseback riding. Because this record on

summary judgment establishes, without genuine dispute, that it is an inherent risk

of horseback riding that a saddle may slip because of a loose cinch, and because 

plaintiffs put on no evidence of a more specific cause for Dr. Cooperman’s

accident, we conclude that there are no material questions of fact precluding

summary judgment. Thus, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

BACKGROUND

On August 11, 1997, Howard Cooperman (“Dr. Cooperman”), his wife

Trudy, and several other family members hired WRT to guide them on a

horseback ride in an area outside Pinedale, Wyoming. The ride took

approximately forty-five minutes to an hour and a half to ride from Fort William

to an area where the group stopped for lunch. The group then returned to Fort

William by a different route. 

When the Coopermans arrived at Fort William, they were ushered down to

the corral where the horses were located by three employees of WRT. Once at the

corral, the employees brought out the already saddled horses and matched riders
- 3 -

to the horses based on the size, weight, height, and experience of the riders and

the disposition of the horses. Dr. Cooperman had informed the WRT employees

that he was a novice rider with minimal prior experience riding horses. After the

riders were matched with their horses for the day, one of the employees provided

the Coopermans with a brief safety orientation, which included basic riding

techniques and safety issues. Following the orientation, Dr. Cooperman was

helped on to his horse by one of the employees, who had previously saddled and

prepared the horse.

After all of the guests were seated on their horses, two of the employees led

the group on the ride. Dr. Cooperman’s morning ride up to the lunch spot was

uneventful. At no time during that ride did he feel his saddle slipping, nor did it

seem loose to him in any way. During the lunch break, Dr. Cooperman’s saddle

was loosened, but was tightened down again by one of the employees before he

remounted the horse for the return trip to Fort William. 

Approximately fifteen minutes after the lunch break, the group stopped,

either to wait for slower riders or to rest the horses. At that point, Dr. Cooperman

felt his saddle begin to slide. The saddle slipped all the way around the belly of

the horse, causing Dr. Cooperman to fall to the ground and suffer injury to his

right shoulder area. Prior to the saddle slipping, Dr. Cooperman had not had any
- 4 -

problems with his horse or his saddle, and had not sensed that anything was

wrong with the saddle.

Dr. Cooperman brought suit against WRT in the United States District

Court for the District of Wyoming alleging that WRT owed him a duty of

reasonable care which was breached. Trudy Cooperman, Dr. Cooperman’s wife,

also brought a claim for loss of consortium as a result of WRT’s allegedly

negligent acts. WRT moved for summary judgment, arguing that under the

Wyoming Recreation Safety Act (“the Safety Act”), a slipping saddle is an

inherent risk of horseback riding. Thus, under the Safety Act, WRT owed Dr.

Cooperman no duty of care. The Coopermans challenged the motion by arguing

that the question of duty was for the jury and that slipping saddles were not an

inherent risk of horseback riding. See Cooperman v. David, 23 F. Supp.2d 1315,

1316 (D. Wyo. 1998). The district court initially held that the question of

whether slipping saddles are an inherent risk of horseback riding is a question of

fact, and on that factual issue the court found there was a genuine dispute. Thus,

the court denied summary judgment. After obtaining additional evidence on the

question of whether slipping saddles are an inherent risk of horseback riding,

primarily from the deposition testimony of plaintiffs’ expert Mr. James Anderson,

WRT filed a motion with the district court to reconsider its denial of summary

judgment. Because the Safety Act had not been applied by a court in its current
- 5 -

form at the time WRT filed its first summary judgment motion, and thus neither

party had clear guidance as to what issues were and were not relevant to the issue

of inherent risk, and because additional evidence relevant to that question was

subsequently obtained, the district court construed the motion to reconsider as a

renewed motion for summary judgment. Id. at 1319. See also In re Independent

Serv. Orgs. Antitrust Litig., 964 F. Supp. 1479, 1482 (D. Kan. 1997) (treating a

motion for reconsideration as a renewed motion for summary judgment in light of

new factual issues and legal arguments). The district court found that the

evidence presented by WRT, in particular the testimony of the Coopermans’

expert witness, showed that slipping saddles were an inherent risk of horseback

riding. Because the district court found that the Coopermans had presented no

evidence to dispute this finding, nor had the Coopermans put on evidence

establishing a more precise cause for the accident that was not an inherent risk,

the court determined that there were no material questions of fact precluding the

grant of summary judgment. Thus, the court granted summary judgment in favor

of WRT. The Coopermans appeal the court’s grant of summary judgment.

DISCUSSION

We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal

standards as used by the district court. See Simms v. Oklahoma ex rel. Dep’t of
- 6 -

Mental Health & Substance Abuse Servs., 165 F.3d 1321, 1326 (10th Cir. 1999),

cert. denied, 120 S.Ct. 53, 145 L.Ed. 2d. 46 (1999). 

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings,

depositions, answers to the interrogatories, and admissions on

file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party

is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c). When applying this standard, we view the evidence and

draw reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party.

Id. Under the summary judgment standard, a mere factual dispute will not

preclude summary judgment; instead there must be a genuine issue of material

fact. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505,

2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). “As to materiality, the substantive law will identify

which facts are material. Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome

of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary

judgment.” Id. 

In addition, a federal court sitting in diversity must ascertain and apply

state law to reach the result the Wyoming Supreme Court would reach if faced

with the same question. See Shugart v. Central Rural Elec. Coop., 110 F.3d 1501,

1504 (10th Cir. 1997). We “‘review de novo a district court’s determination of

state law.’” Id. (quoting Salve Regina College v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 231, 111

S.Ct. 1217, 1221, 113 L.Ed.2d 190 (1991)). 
1

 The Wyoming Supreme Court distinguished between primary assumption

of risk and secondary assumption of risk. Under primary assumption of risk there

is no liability to the plaintiff because the defendant had no duty to the plaintiff.

Secondary assumption of risk is a type of contributory negligence which is

considered to be an affirmative defense that the defendant must raise and prove,

after the plaintiff has met his or her burden of proving that the defendant

breached a legal duty owed to the plaintiff. The absolute defense of secondary

assumption of risk was abolished in Wyoming with the adoption of a comparative

negligence statute. See Halpern, 890 P.2d at 565.

- 7 -

The district court determined that the evidence in the record established

that slipping saddles are a characteristic of horseback riding and thus qualify as

an inherent risk. Under the Wyoming Recreation Safety Act, a provider of a

recreational opportunity such as horseback riding has no duty or corresponding

liability to participants for injuries resulting from inherent risks. See Wyo. Stat.

Ann. § 1-1-123(a); see also Halpern v. Wheeldon, 890 P.2d 562, 565 (Wyo. 1995)

(finding that the Safety Act employs the doctrine of primary assumption of risk,

which limits the provider’s duty to a participant).1

 The district court, therefore,

granted summary judgment to WRT.

In order to prevail on any negligence action, a plaintiff must first establish

that the defendant owed him or her a duty of care. See Halpern, 890 P.2d at 565. 

Whether WRT owed Dr. Cooperman a duty of care depends on whether the

slipping saddle in this case was an inherent risk of horseback riding under the

Wyoming Recreation Safety Act. Thus, the Coopermans carry the burden of
2

 Following the Halpern decision in 1995 but before Dr. Cooperman’s

accident in 1997, the Wyoming legislature amended the Act; however, the

Wyoming Supreme Court in Keller v. Merrick, 955 P.2d 876, 879 (Wyo. 1998), a

(continued...)

- 8 -

establishing that Dr. Cooperman’s injury was not caused by an inherent risk. Id.

The Safety Act provides in relevant part:

(a) Any person who takes part in any sport or recreational

opportunity assumes the inherent risks in that sport or

recreational opportunity, whether those risks are known or

unknown, and is legally responsible for any and all damage,

injury or death to himself or other persons or property that

results from the inherent risks in that sport or recreational

opportunity.

(b) A provider of any sport or recreational opportunity is not

required to eliminate, alter or control the inherent risks within

the particular sport or recreational opportunity.

(c) Actions based upon negligence of the provider wherein the

damage, injury or death is not the result of an inherent risk of

the sport or recreational opportunity shall be preserved

pursuant to W.S. 1-1-109.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-1-123. The Safety Act defines inherent risk as “those

dangers or conditions which are characteristic of, intrinsic to, or an integral part

of any sport or recreational opportunity.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-1-122. 

The Wyoming Supreme Court has analyzed the language of the Safety Act

and determined that the legislature’s use of assumption of risk terminology was

intended to limit the duty that a provider owes to a participant. See Halpern, 890

P.2d at 565. The court defined this type of assumption of risk as primary

assumption of risk. Id.2

 If the doctrine of primary assumption of risk is
2

(...continued)

post-amendment decision, affirmed that the Safety Act continues to encompass

the doctrine of primary assumption of risk.

- 9 -

applicable, a defendant cannot be liable to a plaintiff, “because there is no

negligence on the part of the defendant to begin with; the danger is not one which

defendant is required to extinguish or warn about; having no duty to begin with,

there is no breach of duty to constitute negligence.” Catherine Hansen-Stamp,

Recreational Injuries and Inherent Risks: Wyoming’s Recreational Safety Act-An

Update, 33 Land & Water L. Rev. 249, 253 (1998) (internal quotations and

citations omitted); see also Madsen v. Wyoming River Trips, Inc., 31 F. Supp.2d

1321, 1326 (D. Wyo. 1999); W. Page Keeton et. al., Prosser and Keeton on the

Law of Torts § 68, at 481 & n.10 (5th ed. 1984) (explaining that under primary

assumption of risk the defendant is relieved of any duty that would otherwise

exist). Thus, if the slipping of Dr. Cooperman’s saddle is an inherent risk of

horseback riding under the Safety Act, WRT owed no duty and the court need

never get to the issue of negligence.

Generally under Wyoming law, the issue of duty is decided by the court as

a matter of law. See Halpern, 890 P.2d at 565. The Wyoming Supreme Court,

however, has held that in certain instances, the issue of duty is a question of fact. 

See id. In Halpern, the Wyoming Supreme Court held that whether a risk is
3

 At the time of the Halpern decision, the Safety Act defined an inherent

risk as “any risk that is characteristic of or intrinsic to any sport or recreational

opportunity and which cannot reasonably be eliminated, altered or controlled.” 

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-1-122(a)(i) (1989) (emphasis added). The Wyoming

legislature responded to the Halpern decision by eliminating the underlined

portion of the inherent risk definition--whether the risk could be reasonably

eliminated, altered or controlled. Thus, at the time of Dr. Cooperman’s accident,

inherent risk was defined with only one requirement, namely that it is a “danger[]

or condition[] which [is] characteristic of, intrinsic to, or an integral part of any

sport or recreational opportunity.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-1-122(a)(i). A careful

reading of Halpern persuades us that the Wyoming Supreme Court would apply

the same analytical approach to the amended Safety Act as it did to the Safety Act

before this amendment. See Madsen, 31 F. Supp.2d at 1327.

- 10 -

inherent to an activity under the Safety Act is a question of fact for the jury. See

Halpern, 890 P.2d at 566. 

The plaintiff in Halpern was injured when the horse he was attempting to

mount bucked and threw him to the ground. The plaintiff sued the ranch operator

for the injuries sustained in the fall. The district court granted summary

judgment, finding that being thrown from the horse was intrinsic to the sport of

horseback riding. Id. at 564. The Wyoming Supreme Court reversed, finding that

a genuine issue of material fact existed with regard to whether the risks

encountered by the plaintiff in mounting the horse were intrinsic to horseback

riding and whether the ranch operator could have reasonably eliminated, altered,

or controlled those risks.3 Id. at 566. The court did concede, however, that in

certain instances where no material questions of fact exist, the district court may
- 11 -

decide as a matter of law that a provider does not owe a duty to the participant

under the Safety Act. Id.

After the Halpern court held that the question of inherent risk was a

question of fact, it then went on to determine whether there was a material dispute

as to that question of fact which would preclude summary judgment. See

Halpern, 890 P.2d at 566. We must do the same in this case. To determine what

facts are material to the question of whether the risk in this case is an inherent

risk of horseback riding, we must first ascertain what an inherent risk is. The

Wyoming Safety Act defines inherent risk as those “dangers or conditions which

are characteristic of, intrinsic to, or an integral part of any sport or recreational

activity.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-1-122(a)(i). In Halpern, the court implicitly found

similar language under the preamendment Safety Act to be unambiguous and

required the jury to make the necessary factual finding as to whether a risk was

inherent. See Halpern, 890 P.2d at 565-66. We follow that lead. 

Characteristic is defined as “belonging to or especially typical or distinctive

of the character or essential nature of.” Webster’s Third New International

Dictionary 376 (1986). Intrinsic means “belonging to the inmost constitution or

essential nature of a thing: essential or inherent,” id. at 1186, and integral is

defined as “of, relating to, or serving to form a whole: essential to completeness.” 

Id. at 1173. Hansen-Stamp’s article discussing the Wyoming Safety Act provides
- 12 -

some helpful insight into the meaning of inherent risk under the Act. The author

argues that inherent risks are one of two things. They are either “those risks

which are essential characteristics of a sport and those which participants desire

to confront,” or they are undesirable risks which are simply a collateral part of the

recreational activity. Hansen-Stamp, Inherent Risks, supra at 271; see also

Madsen, 31 F. Supp.2d at 1327 (relying on Hansen-Stamp’s definition of inherent

risk when interpreting the Wyoming Safety Act). Armed with this understanding

of inherent risk, we now turn to whether there are any material questions of fact

precluding summary judgment.

Horseback riding undoubtedly carries some inherent risk that the rider will

fall off the horse and get injured. A horse could stumble on an uneven path, or

rear, or simply begin to gallop for no apparent reason. All of these risks clearly

would qualify as inherent risks of horseback riding. Simply because some risks

are inherent in horseback riding, however, does not mean that all risks of falling

from a horse are necessarily inherent; instead, it is necessary to look factually at

the specific risk to which the rider was exposed. When attempting to determine

whether a risk is inherent to a sport, we can not look at the risk in a vacuum, apart

from the factual setting to which the rider was exposed. And, we must evaluate

the risk at the greatest level of specificity permitted by the factual record. See

Madsen, 31 F. Supp.2d at 1328 (“The Court believes that one must look to the
4

 It is important to remember, however, that in framing the duty question,

we are not to ask whether the recreational provider could have controlled or

(continued...)

- 13 -

specific facts of a case to see whether there is a duty, and not simply look to the

abstract character of the risk.”). 

This was the approach taken by the Wyoming Supreme Court in Halpern. 

There the Wyoming Supreme Court reversed the district court’s grant of summary

judgment, holding that material questions of fact existed with regard to whether

the specific risk encountered was inherent. In framing the duty issue the court

took a fact specific approach, stating that the jury must decide “whether [the

defendants] owed a duty to [plaintiff] by determining whether the risks

encountered by [the plaintiff] while he was mounting his horse are inherent to the

sport of horseback riding.” Id. at 566. The court could have framed the inquiry

at a high level of abstraction or generality as whether being thrown from a horse

is an inherent risk. Instead, the court framed the issue such that the specific risks

encountered by the defendant in connection with the mounting procedures were to

be considered.

In determining whether a certain risk is inherent to a sport, we are taken to

the level of specificity that the facts support. While at some level all sports have

inherent risks, as we add in the facts of a specific risk encountered the risk may or

may not be inherent.4

 “Thus, the duty question is best resolved by framing the
4

(...continued)

eliminated the risk. The Wyoming Safety Act states that once a risk is determined

to be inherent, the provider “is not required to eliminate, alter or control the

inherent risks. . . .” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-1-123(b). Thus, we are simply to look at

the specific facts which surround the risk without questioning the provider’s

ability to control or eliminate those risks. And because at this stage of the

analysis we are focusing only on duty, we do not ask if the defendant was

negligent in any of its actions with regard to the plaintiff.

5

 The parties have cited to numerous saddle slipping cases to support their

argument that a slipping saddle either is or is not an inherent risk of horseback

riding. Compare Douglas v. Holzhouser, 404 N.Y.S.2d 528, 529-30 (Sup. Ct.

1978) (holding that plaintiff could not recover for injuries sustained from a

slipping saddle because she voluntarily assumed the risk, where the facts showed

that the defendant properly cinched and checked the saddle), with Liossis v.

Cavalry Riding Academy Co., 87 N.E.2d 266, 268 (Ohio Ct. App. 1949) (holding

that a slipping saddle was not a risk assumed by the rider when the facts showed

the saddle was not properly cinched). The different outcomes in these cases can

be explained by the differing factual scenarios present in each case. While

slipping saddles under certain fact specific situations may be inherent, under other

facts it may not be inherent. 

- 14 -

question correctly.” Madsen, 31 F. Supp.2d at 1328. For example, if the only

fact presented to the court is that the horse bucked while the rider was properly

sitting on the horse, we would frame the duty question as whether a bucking horse

is an inherent risk of horseback riding. However, if the facts established that the

owner of the horse lit firecrackers next to the horse and the horse bucked, we

would ask whether a horse bucking when firecrackers are lit next to the horse is

an inherent risk of horseback riding.5

Turning to the present case, we need to examine the risk at the level of

specificity to which the facts lead us. The facts show that the saddle slipped. If
- 15 -

this were the only fact with which we were presented, we would quickly agree

with the district court and hold that saddle slipping is an inherent risk of

horseback riding. The Coopermans’ own expert testified that saddles slip for a

variety of reasons including: stretching leather, the tensing or relaxing of a horse,

the horse losing weight from sweat, the compression of certain types of saddle

pads and loosening of the cinch due to the movement of the horse, or the rider

failing to ride straight in the saddle. The expert further stated that a slipping

saddle is always a possibility when horseback riding; that this was not the first

time a saddle had slipped and it would not be the last. This evidence clearly

indicates that a slipping saddle is an undesirable risk which is simply a collateral

part of horseback riding. Cf. Hansen-Stamp, Inherent Risks, supra at 271. Thus,

a slipping saddle, with no other facts provided, is an inherent risk of horseback

riding.

This case, however, presents facts which take us to a greater degree of

specificity than simply stating that the saddle slipped. Thus we must take the

analysis one step further. The Coopermans presented evidence that after Dr.

Cooperman fell off the horse, his saddle was hanging loosely under the belly of

the horse. One of WRT’s employees testified that “if the saddle just fell off and

was hanging loosely under the belly, then obviously the saddle wasn’t tightened
- 16 -

enough.” For purposes of summary judgment, then, the issue is whether a

slipping saddle that is loosely cinched is an inherent risk of horseback riding. 

As discussed above, it is inherent that a saddle will slip, and the plaintiffs’

expert testified that saddles will slip for a variety of reasons. The expert also

testified that although there are dangers in cinching the saddle too loosely, there

are also dangers in cinching the saddle too tightly. For example, if a saddle is

cinched too tightly the expert testified that the horse may roll, which could also

obviously result in injury to the rider. Thus, because cinching a saddle is done by

hand, and not with scientific precision, a provider must make a judgment call as

to how tight or loose to cinch the saddle. This imprecision in the cinching of the

saddle is “characteristic” or “typical” of and therefore “inherent in” the sport of

horseback riding. It is an undesirable risk which is simply a collateral part of the

sport. When the cinching of a saddle can be too tight or too loose, and the

cinching is not done with scientific precision, it is inherent in the sport that the

provider at times will cinch too loosely or too tightly. Thus, the testimony of

WRT’s employee that a saddle hanging underneath a horse would be evidence that

the saddle was not cinched tightly enough does not take us outside the realm of

inherent risk. It does not explain why the saddle was not cinched tightly enough.

As part of the Coopermans’ burden of showing that WRT owed Dr.

Cooperman a duty of care, the Coopermans must provide some evidence to
- 17 -

explain why the saddle fell, which explanation is not inherent to the sport. The

Wyoming Legislature expressly stated in the Safety Act that a recreational

provider has no duty to “eliminate, alter or control the inherent risks within the

particular sport or recreational opportunity.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-1-123(b). 

Thus, stating only that the cinch was not tight enough does not show that the risk

was no longer inherent to the sport. The Coopermans have the burden of

presenting some evidence on summary judgment that would raise a question of

fact that the loosely cinched saddle was caused, not by an inherent risk, but rather

by a risk that was atypical, uncharacteristic, not intrinsic to, and thus not inherent

in, the recreational activity of horseback riding. The Coopermans have not met

this burden. 

Because under Wyoming law the question of what is an inherent risk is

normally a question of fact for the jury, we do not attempt to set the parameters

here as to what factual proof would take the risk of a slipping saddle outside the

realm of an inherent risk. We can only say that presenting testimony that the

saddle was not cinched tightly enough is not sufficient. As a result, this court

agrees that there is no genuine dispute of material fact that would preclude

summary judgment. We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of WRT.