U.S. Department of Agriculture

Forest Service

Research Paper SO-146

Tool Forces and Chip Types

In Orthogonal Cutting

Of Southern Hardwoods

BY G. E. WOODSON
SUMMARY

Specimens (l/El to l/4 inch thick) from 5 trees of each of 22 hardwood

species were cut orthogonally at 5 inches per minute. Average parallel

and normal cutting forces for various rake angles (50,60, and 70 degrees

for veneer; 10,20, and 30 degrees for planing; 20,30, and 40 degrees for

crosscutting) were measured at three moisture contents (10 percent, 20

percent, and saturated) and four depths of cut t.015, .030, .045, and .060

inch). Average parallel forces generally increased with deeper cuts and

greater specific gravity but decreased with greater rake angle and

moisture content. Average normal forces increased with deeper cuts but

were unrelated to specific gravity, moisture content, or rake angle when

cuts were in the veneer direction. In the crosscutting and planing directions, average normal forces decreased algebraically with increasing

rake angle and changed from positive to negative between 20 and 30

degrees, decreased with increasing moisture content, and increased in

magnitude with increasing specific gravity. The general conclusions

about chip types that follow are the result of observations made

throughout the study:

Chip Type

Planing-Crushing occurred at low rake angles in low density

diffuse porous hardwoods.

Cantilever-type failure occurred in all species at high rake

angles and low moisture content.

Continuous chip formed when making thin cuts and also

at intermediate rake angle (209.

Veneer-Continuous veneer formed at high rake angle in saturated

wood.

Crosscut-Smooth cut made at high rake angle and high moisture

content.

1979
Tool Forces and Chip Types

In Orthogonal Cutting

Of Southern Hardwoods

BY G. E. WOODSON

The objectives of the study reported here

were to determine average parallel and perpendicular tool forces and observe chip formation

during orthogonal cutting of 22 species of hardwoods commonly found on southern pine sites.

Basic aspects of machining such as chip formation, surface quality, and tool life can be better

understood with knowledge of the forces needed

during orthogonal cutting.

Orthogonal cutting is the machining process

in which the cutting edge is perpendicular to the

relative motion of tool and workpiece. (See figure

1 for nomenclature used in orthogonal cutting.)

A two-number notation introduced by McKenzie

(1961) is useful for describing the process. In this

notation, the first number indicates the orientation of the cutting edge with respect to the grain,

and the second number indicates the direction of

movement of the cutter. Thus, planing has the

simple notation of 90-O. The first number indicates

the cutter edge is perpendicular to the grain direction and the second number indicates the

movement of the cutter is parallel to the grain

direction. Similarly, veneer cutting is O-90 and

crosscutting is 90-90 (fig. 2).

Variables for which cutting forces were

measured are as follows:

I. Twenty-two species

II. Cutting direction

A. Veneer (O-90)

B. Planing (90-O)

C. Crosscut (90-90)

III. Moisture content

(table 1)

A. Equilibrium at 50 percent R.H.

B. Equilibrium at 83 percent R.H.

C. Saturated

IV. Rake angle

A. 50°, 60°, and 70° with O” clearance

angle (Veneer direction)

B. loo, 20°, and 30° with 15O clearance

angle (Planing direction)

C. 20°, 30°, and 400 with 150 clearance

angle (Crosscut direction)

V. Depth of cut (inch )

A. 0.015

B. .030

c. .045

D. .060

VI. Replications-one from each of five trees

per species

Collection, Preparation, and

Machining of Material

Material for the study was selected from

logs collected by Manwiller’ from throughout the

South. The collection consisted of 10 trees from

each of 22 species and was representative of 6-inch

hardwoods growing on southern pine sites.

Three specimens for machining were prepared

for each cutting direction from each of five logs

(selected randomly) per species. One specimen per

cutting direction was conditioned at 50 percent

R.H., another at 83 percent R.H., and the remaining specimen was saturated.

Specimens for veneer cutting were l/4-inch

wide al&g the grain and cutting distance was at

‘Manwiller, F. G. 1972. Collection plan for a series of

studies characterizing wood and bark properties of 22

species of low-grade hardwoods growing on southern pine

sites. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., South. For. Exp. Stn.,

Study Plan FS-SO-3201-1.38, 11 p.

G. E. Woodson is Principal Wood Scientist, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service-USDA, Pinetille, Louisiana.
Figure 1. -Nomenclature in orthogonal cutting.

a - Rake angle: angle between the tool face and a plane perpendicular to the direction of

tool travel.

/3 - Sharpness angle: angle between the tool face and back.

Y - Clearance angle: angle between the back of the tool and the work surface behind the

tool.

t - Nominal chip thickness; depth of cut.

w - Width of undeformed chip.

F,- Normal tool force: force component acting perpendicular to parallel tool force and perpendicular to the surface generated.

F,- Parallel tool force: force component acting parallel to tool motion in workpiece, i.e.,

parallel to cut surface.

R - Resultant tool force: the resultant of normal and parallel tool force components.

P - Angle of tool force resultant: the angle whose tangent is equal to the normal tool force

divided by the parallel tool force.

F - Friction force: force component acting along the interface between tool and chip.

N - Normal to the friction force: force component acting normal to tool face.

h - Angle between resultant tool force and the normal frictional force; the angle whose

tangent is equal to the friction force divided by the normal friction force.

Figure 2.-Specimens for orthogonal cutting.

least 2 inches in a radial direction toward the

log center. Crosscut specimens were cut radially,

as in quarter sawn lumber, about l/g-inch thick

by 2 inches wide and 4 inches along the grain.

Planing specimens were l/4-inch thick by 2 inches

wide by 4 inches along the grain and machining

was done in the radial face (fig. 2).

Specimens were machined in random order

within a moisture content. Effects of change in

moisture content of surface fibers were minimized

by keeping the specimens in the desired environment until test cuts were to be made. Cuts were

made in sequence from 0.015 to 0.060 inch after

one or, when roughness made it necessary, more

smoothing cuts. Knives were sharpened with an

Arkansas stone after each sequence of four cuts.

2
Instantaneous tool forces were measured with

a two-component tool dynamometer” (fig. 3) connected to a multi-channel oscillographic recorder.

The dynamometer was calibrated by suspending

known weights on a dummy knife. Thus, normal

and parallel tool forces were recorded in terms

of pen deflection and converted to load in pounds

by use of a calibration equation. A normal force

was considered negative when the knife tended

to lift the workpiece (i.e., deflected toward the

workpiece) and positive when the knife deflection

was away from the workpiece. The dynamometer

was attached to a modified grinding machine

and was positioned to allow movement of the

workpiece past the dynamometer at 5 inches per

minute. The workpiece, fixed in an air actuated

vise attached to the grinding-machine table, was

trimmed with a thin cut before adjustment for initial experimental cuts. For each cut, cutting forces

were determined from the oscillographic recordings as illustrated in figure 4.

To generalize the data and make them more

meaningful, cutting forces were correlated with

specific gravity by linear regression analysis.

Further generalizations were made to include only

typical rake angles and wood moisture conditions

for a particular cutting direction.

Moisture content and specific gravity were

determined from the material left after all cuts

were made; specific gravity (ovendry weight and

green volume) was determined on saturated specimens only. Saturated specimens were cut from

21 thank N. C. Franz for providing the dynamometer used

in this study. He is with the Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. B. C.

Figure 3.-Sketch of a two-component tool dynamometer.

NORMAL FORCE PARALLEL FORCE

(MAX.)

I-1 0 I+) (-) 0 (+)

Figure 4. -Illustration of method for obtaining

cutting forces from typical oscillographic force patterns.

wood adjacent to specimens conditioned at 50 and

83 percent relative humidity and were therefore

considered identical.

Results

Appendix tables contain values for average

and maximum parallel tool forces and average,

maximum, and minimum normal tool forces by

species, rake angle, moisture content, and depth

of cut.

Average moisture contents and specific gravities of saturated samples are shown by species

in text table 1. Specimens conditioned at 50 percent relative humidity averaged 10.90 percent and

those conditioned at 83 percent averaged 18.85

percent moisture content.

Yellow-poplar and red oak were chosen to

illustrate the effects of rake angle and moisture

content on average parallel and normal tool forces.

These species were selected to show the differences between a low density diffuse-porous hardwood

(yellow-poplar) and a high density ring-porous

hardwood (southern red oak ).

As expected, average cutting forces were

generally greater in southern red oak than in

yellow-poplar (tables 2 and 3). For both species,

average parallel forces usually decreased with

higher moisture content and greater rake angle.

Variation in normal force patterns was usually

caused by formation of different chip types.

Average normal forces for cutting veneer

were quite variable. Normal forces for planing

and crosscutting changed from positive to negative as rake angle increased from 20° to 30°; in

Woodson and Koch (1970) we found similar results

in orthogonal cutting of southern pine earlywood

3
Table l.-Specific gravity (ovendry weight and green volume) and average saturated moisture contents

of 22 southern hardwoods.

White oak ( Quercus alba L.)

Winged elm ( Ulmus al&a Michx.)

Hickory, true ( Carya spp.)

Post oak ( Q. stellata Wangenh. )

Northern red oak ( Q. rubra L.)

Blackjack oak ( Q. marilandica Muenchh. )

Shumard oak ( Q. shumardii Buckl.)

Scarlet oak (Q. coccinea Muenchh.)

Southern red oak ( Q. falcata Michx.)

Cherrybark oak ( Q. falcata Michx. var. pagodaefolia Ell.)

Black oak ( Q. velutina Lam.)

Laurel oak ( Q. Zaurifolia Michx.)

White ash (Fraxinus americana L.)

Water oak ( Q. nigra L. )

Green ash (F. pennsylvanica Marsh.)

American elm ( U. americana L. )

Hackberry ( Celtis spp.)

Black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.)

Red maple (Acer rubrum L. )

Sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana L.)

Sweetgum (Liquidambar s tyraciflua L. )

Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.)

Moisture

content

percent

81

89

92

80

88

118

90

92

91

92

94

92

104

101

107

106

115

121

132

140

145

157

Specific

gravity

0.644

.642

.640

.636

.626

.626

.620

.618

.618

.609

.598

.597

.577

.573

.562

.551

.541

.501

.489

.442

.439

.376

Table 2.-Average parallel (FP ) and normal (FII) tool force per 0.1 inch of knife for orthogonally cutting

yellow-poplar at .030 inch depth of cut, with three knives in each of three directions, at three

moisture contents and five replications.

Cutting direction

and

rake angle

Moisture Content

10% 20% Saturated

FP Fll FP FBI FP FIB

--

Veneer 500 2.20

60° 1.93

700 1.89

Planing 100 20.12

200 18.59

300 10.74

Crosscut 200 18.73

300 16.74

400 12.27

----------

.05

-.28

.18

4.66

2.34

-.66

4.07

1.34

-1.03

--pounds2.12

2.02

1.98

15.36

13.90

11.69

22.12

15.04

12.27

-.08

-.38

.12

4.81

1.81

-.08

2.24

-.30

-1.80

--------

1.84 .10

1.70 -.12

1.49 .28

12.81 5.67

10.24 1.61

7.53 .81

15.47 1.34

12.78 -.lO

8.08-1.10

4
Table 3.-Average parallel (F, ) and normal (F,) tool forces per 0.1 inch of knife for orthogonally cutting

southern red oak at .030 inch depth of cut, with three knives in each of three directions, at

three moisture contents and five replications.

Moisture content

Cutting direction and 10% 20% Saturated

rake angle PP PII FP Fn FP F”

__-__--_-------pounds----_--_--_-__

Veneer 500 6.12 .19 4.57 -.48 3.76 -.26

60° 6.40 .35 3.83 -1.16 3.19 -.82

700 4.72 .29 3.39 -.08 2.49 .09

Planing 100 37.97 10.15 22.46 5.54 18.90 4.55

200 32.78 3.05 19.11 1.74 14.23 1.18

300 21.47 -1.29 11.38 -.71 8.91 -.37

Crosscut 200 43.01 2.89 31.01 1.04 25.30 .52

300 37.03 -3.03 25.74 -2.57 17.13 -2.02

400 26.86 -6.74 18.86 -4.78 14.05 -3.93

and latewood. Generally, average normal forces

for planing and crosscutting were much lower

than average parallel forces and decreased algebraically with increased rake angle and moisture

content. Although normal forces decreased algebraically with increasing rake angle, their magnitude at the_ higher rake angles were sometimes

larger but changed from positive to negative.

Veneer Cutting: O-90 Direction

Average parallel force was consistently highest

for the thinnest cuts (.015-inch) (fig. 5). Thinner

cuts and cuts in saturated wood generally prnduced continuous chips with the knife continuously

in the wood (fig. 6A). Conversely, the thickest

cuts and cuts in dry wood generally produced

discontinuous chips (fig. 6B) with the knife disengaged from the wood much of the time. Thus,

discontinuous chips could produce higher maximum parallel forces and yet have lower average

parallel forces. Averaged over all depths of cut,

diffuse-porous hardwoods generally yielded chips

that were slightly more continuous than ringporous hardwoods.

When cut radially, ring-porous hardwoods exhibit zones of weakness in thin-walled earlywood

cells. As the knife edge approaches the earlywood

zone, stresses build until the chip fails as a cantilever beam (fig 6B). These zones of weakness are

not present if the cuts are made tangentially (fig.

6C). To eliminate the problems associated with

cutting all latewood or all earlywood, cutting in

the tangential direction was not included in this

study.

2; 6 _ VENEER 70” R.A. SATURATED

B

OS

s

;I! _&zgi

s

QO I I I I I I I I

.35 .45 .55 .65

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

- -

Depth of cut y-intercept Slope r

_--inch__-

.015 .04 6.21 .49

.030 -.71 5.47 .87

.045 -.78 6.55 .91

.060 -1.23 8.22 .93

Figure 5. -Relationship of average parallel cutting force per O.l-inch knife length

with specific gravity (ovendry weight

and green volume) for veneer cutting

saturated wood of 22 species with a

700 rake angle (O” clearance angle) at

four depths of cut. The dotted line

indicates regression significant at .05

level; others are significant at .Ol

level.

5
Figure 6.-Typical chip types resulting from orthogonal cutting in the veneer direction (o-90). A. Continuous veneer in saturated red maple cut .030-inch deep with 70° rake angle and O” clearance

angle. B. Cantilever beam type failure in dry (11.4percent) cherrybark oak cut .045-inch deep

with 60° rake angle and O” clearance angle. C. Continuous veneer in dry (11.4percent) cherrybark oak cut tangentially .060-inch deep with 70° rake angle and O” clearance angle.

Among the species, average normal forces

were not correlated with specific gravity, moisture

content, or rake angle but increased with deeper

cuts. Average parallel forces increased with deeper

cuts and with higher specific gravity but decreased

with increased rake angle and moisture content.

To summarize the effects of the principal

factors (depth of cut, moisture content, and rake

angle), the tool forces were averaged over all other

variables (table 4). In general, maximum parallel

forces for veneer cutting were about twice as large

as the average forces. Maximum and minimum

forces generally were similar in magnitude but opposite in sign.

Planing: 90-O Direction

As expected, average parallel and normal

forces increased with increasing depth of cut and

with increasing specific gravity when dry wood

was planed with a loo rake angle (fig. 7). At low

rake angle, chips were continuous (fig. BA) and

normal forces were positive (i.e., the knife was

pushing the workpiece). As rake angle increased,

the normal forces became more and more negative

and produced broken chips (i.e., broken as a cantilever beam as in figure BB). A combination of

low rake angle and low wood specific gravity produced extensive crushing ahead of the knife and

a chip similar to that shown in figure BC. In those

species exhibiting interlocked grain (such as black

tupelo and the elms), high rake angles produced

tearing ahead of the knife and left a rough surface

(fig. BD).

As rake angle increased, the normal forces

changed from positive to negative. This transition

occurred at about 20°; consequently, the relationship between average normal force and specific

gravity was not significant with a 20° rake angle.

The 30° rake angle produced increasingly negative cutting forces as the specific gravity increased.

Maximum parallel forces appeared to be

about 30 percent greater than the average parallel

forces (table 5). Similarly, the maximum normal

forces were 30 to 40 percent greater than the average normal forces.

Crosscut: 90-90 Direction

Average parallel force increased with increasing

depth of cut and specific gravity (fig. 9). Generally, average normal forces were positive for specific gravity below 0.50 and negative for specific

gravity above 0.50. For specific gravity greater

or less than 0.50, normal force increased with

depth of cut.

Average norma forces changed from positive

to negative as rake angle increased from 20 to

30 degrees (table 6). The maximum parallel forces

were about 23 percent greater than average parallel forces.

Uniform chips and smooth surfaces were produced with high rake angles in all types of wood

(fig. 10A). Low rake angles in dry wood produced

very rough surfaces with considerable failure beneath the plane of the knife cut (fig. 10B). Low

density species (of all moisture contents) cut with

low rake angles produced chips less than the desired thickness because the knife skimmed over

the surface and did little cutting (fig. 1OC).

6
Table L-Tool forces when orthogonally cutting in the veneer direction with various depths of cut,

moisture contents, and rake angles. Values are averaged over all other variables.

Principal Parallel force Normal force

factor Average Maximum Average Maximum Minimum

Depth of cut, inches ________-__ Pounds/O.1 inch ________-___

.015 3.1 6.2 0.0 1.3 -1.0

.030 3.5 7.2 - .2 1.2 -1.3

.045 4.2 9.0 - .5 1.2 -1.9

.060 4.9 10.6 - .7 1.3 -2.4

Moisture content, percent

10.9 4.7 10.8 0.0 2.0 -1.6

18.9 4.0 8.0 - .6 1.0 -1.9

104.3 3.1 6.0 - .4 .7 -1.4

Rake angle, degrees

50 4.1 9.3 -0.2 1.5 -1.5

60 3.9 8.0 - .5 1.0 -1.9

70 3.9 7.4 - .3 1.2 -1.6

IO” R.A. 10% M.C.

3

0

I I I I I I I I

.35 .45 .55 .65

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

.45 .55 .65

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Depth of

cut

_--inch_-_

Average parallel force

----

y-intercept Slope r

-----__

_----__-

Average normal force

__------

y-intercept _-__--_____~

Slope r

----

.015 -2.24 33.79 .87 .03 8.61 .80

.030 - 3.20 61.68 .89 .22 14.34 .84

.045 7.55 59.38 .74 1.83 15.44 .75

.060 10.40 73.26 .79 3.94 15.63 .67

Figure 7.-Relationship of average parallel and normal cutting force per O.l-inch knife length with specific gravity (ovendry weight and green volume) for planing dry wood (10 percent moisture

content) of 22 species with a 100 rake angle (150 clearance angle) at four depths of cut. All

regressions are significant at .Ol level.

7
Figure &-Typical chip types resulting from orthogonal cutting in the planing direction. A. Continuous

chip formed when making a .045-inch cut in black tupelo at 10.9-percent moisture content

with a 200 rake angle and 150 clearance angle. B. Broken chips formed when making a .060-

inch cut in winged elm at 10.9-percent moisture content with a 30° rake angle and 15O clearance angle. C. Crushing ahead of the knife produced when making a .060-inch cut in black

tupelo at 10.9percent moisture content with a loo rake angle and 150 clearance angle.

D. Tearing ahead of the knife produced when making a .030-inch cut in black tupelo with interlocked grain at 10.9-percent moisture content with a 30° rake angle and 15O clearance

angle.
Table 5.-Tool forces when orthogonally cutting in the planing direction with various depths of cut,

moisture contents, and rake angles. Values are averaged over all other variables.

Principal Parallel force Normal force

factor Average Maximum Average Maximum Minimum

Depth of cut, inches __- _____ __- Pounds/O.1 in& ________ ____

.015 9.9 12.0 1.7 2.3 1.0

.030 18.5 23.1 2.5 3.5 1.5

.045 24.2 31.4 3.1 4.4 1.7

.060 30.0 40.1 3.8 5.4 2.0

Moisture content, percent

10.9

18.9

104.3

Rake angle, degrees

10

20

30

28.2 38.4 4.0 5.5 2.2

20.0 24.5 2.6 3.5 1.5

13.8 17.1 1.8 2.6 1.0

26.3 33.2 6.7 8.6 4.6

23.1 27.0 2.3 2.9 1.6

12.5 19.8 - .6 .2 -1.5

CROSSCUT 30” R.A. 10% M.C.

, .060”

I 1 I 1 I I I

.35 .45 .55 .65

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Depth of

cut

_--inch___

.015

.030

.045

.060

Average parallel force

y-intercept Slope r

9.46 16.32 .50

-6.04 65.40 .90

-1.34 70.93 .79

-7.13 92.16 .82

CROSSCUT 30” R.A. IO % M.C.

I I I 1 I I I

.35 .45 .55 .65

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Average normal force

y-intercept Slope r

----

5.57 - 10.45 .88

10.35 -21.72 .91

13.80 -29.13 .90

18.81 - 38.77 .88

Figure 9.-Relationship of average parallel and normal cutting force per O.l-inch knife length with

specific gravity (ovendry weight and green volume) for crosscutting dry wood (10 percent

moisture content) of 22 species with a 30° rake angle (15O clearance angle) at four depths

of cut. Dotted line indicates regression significant at .05 level; others significant at .Ol level.

9
Table 6.-Tool forces when orthogonally cutting in the crosscutting direction with various depths of cut,

moisture contents, and rake angles. Values are averaged over all other variables.

Principal

factor

Depth of cut, inches

.015

.030

.045

.060

Moisture content, percent

10.9

18.9

104.3

Rake angle, degrees

20

30

40

Parallel force Normal force

Average Maximum Average Maximum Minimum

___________ Pounds/O.1 inch ____________

14.1 17.5 -0.4 0.8 -1.3

23.5 28.6 -1.5 .4 -3.0

29.9 36.5 -2.3 .3 -4.5

35.7 44.2 -3.1 .5 -6.0

32.5 41.1 -1.6 1.9 -4.4

25.5 30.8 -1.9 .l -3.6

19.4 23.2 -1.9 --.5 -3.1

31.5 38.3 1.9 4.1 0.1

25.6 31.4 -2.2 .l -4.1

20.2 25.3 -5.1 -2.6 -7.1

Figure lO.-Typical chip types resulting from orthogonal cutting in the crosscutting direction (90-90).

A. Uniform chips and smooth surfaces formed when making a .030-inch cut in black oak at

10.7 percent moisture content with a 40° rake angle and 150 clearance angle. B. Broken chips

and rough surfaces formed when making a .060-inch cut in cherrybark oak at 9.9 percent

moisture content with a 20° rake angle and 150 clearance angle. C. Undersized chips formed

when making a .045-inch cut in saturated sweetbay with a 20° rake angle and 150 clearance

angle.

Literature Cited

Franz, N. C.

1958. An analysis of the wood cutting process. University of Michigan Press.

Ann Arbor, 152 p.

McKenzie, W. M.

1961. Fundamental analysis of the wood

cutting process. Department of Wood

Technology, School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, 151 p.

Woodson, G. E., and Koch, P.

1970. Tool forces and chip formation in orthogonal cutting of loblolly pine.

U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Res. Pap.

SO-52, 25 p. South. For. Exp. Stn.,

New Orleans, La.

10
I

APPENDIX

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Common name Table number’

Ash, green 1 ABC

Ash, white 2 ABC

Elm, American 3 ABC

Elm, winged 4 ABC

Hackberry 5 ABC

Hickory 6 ABC

Maple, red 7 ABC

Oak, black 8 ABC

Oak, blackjack 9 ABC

Oak, cherrybark 10 ABC

Oak, laurel 11 ABC

Oak, northern red 12 ABC

Oak, post 13 ABC

Oak, scarlet 14 ABC

Oak, Shumard 15 ABC

Oak, southern red 16 ABC

Oak, water 17 ABC

Oak, white 18 ABC

Sweetbay 19 ABC

Sweetgum 20 ABC

Tupelo, black 21 ABC

Yellow-poplar 22 ABC

l A indicates veneer direction (o-90); B indicates

planing direction (90-O); C indicates crosscut

direction (90-90).

11
TABLE M.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING GREEN ASH VENEER IPI THE

O-90 DIRECTION’

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 50

Rake angle, degrees

- - 60 -_---__- JO

---_-----_____pou&s pep 0.1 inch of knife__________-__-

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.3

19.1

109.4

0.030 inch

11.0

19.1

109.4

0.045 inch

11.0

19.1

109.4

0.060 inch

11.0

19.1

109.4

0.315 inch

11.0

19.1

109.4

0.030 inch

11.0

19.1

109.4

0.045 inch

11.0

19.1

109.4

0.060 inch

11.0

19.1

109.4

2.9 ( 6.8)

2.7 ( 4.6)

1.6 ( 3.2)

“3.; y;.;i

2:4 ( 5:2)

3.4 ( 7.1)

:.; [ ;.;;

.

4.3 ( 9.2)

3.4 ( 7.7)

2.3 ( 4.1)

4.6 (11.2)

4.6 ( 9.8)

2.9 ( 5.7)

5.2 (12.5)

NOR!lAL FORCE394

0.3 (-0.8 to 1.9) 0.4 (-0.7 to 1.6)

-. 2 ( -.8 to .6) -.l ( -.9 to -9)

-. 2 ( -.6 to -2) -.2 ( -.6 to -2)

.O (-1.3 to 1.5) -.2 (-1.6 to -8)

-.6 (-1.5 to .l) -.J (-2.0 to -3)

-. 4 (-1.2 to -1) -.6 (-1.3 to -2)

-. 1 (-1.5 to 1.4) -.2 (-1.9 to .9)

-. 7 (-1.8 to -4) -1.1 (-2.9 to .3)

-. 5 (-1.5 to -1) -.9 (-1.8 to -3)

-. 1 (-1.8 to 1.6) -.4 (-2.2 to .9)

-.9 (-2.4 to .3) -1.0 (-2.7 to -2)

-. 6 (-1.9 to .3) -.9 (-2.2 to .3)

;.; [ ;.;i

2:1 ( 3:o)

4.1 ( 9.0)

3.8 ( 7.2)

2.4 ( 4.1)

5.8 (11.4)

4.7 ( 8.7)

3.0 ( 5.2)

-0.1 (-1.2 to 1.0)

.;

-.

[I;.; ;z 1.3)

-8)

.3 (-1.0 to 1.5)

-. _; 1 1.2 ;;

1.X)

.3)

.2 (-1.6 to 1.6)

-. 3 (-1.4 to .8)

-. 7 (-1.5 to -0)

-.2 (-1.9 to 1.4)

-. 5 (-2.0 to .9)

-. 8 (-1.9 to .l)

1 Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

12
TABLE lB.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING GREEN ASH PARALLEL TO THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION’

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 10

Rake angle, degrees

20 - 30

--------------&up_& pep 0.1 inch of knife________------

PARALLEL FORCE*

0.315 inch

10.7

18.8

100.7

0.030 inch

10.7

18.8

100.7

0.045 inch

10.7

18.8

100.7

0.060 inch

10.7

18.8

100.7

0.015 inch

10.7

18.8

100.7

0.930 inch

10.7

18.8

100.7

0.045 inch

10.7

18.8

100.7

0.060 inch

10.7

18.8

100.7

17.7 (21.7)

11.6 (14.6)

8.4 ( 9.2)

32.4 (41.1)

21.9 (25.7)

15.6 (17.4)

43.2 (54.5)

30.2 (36.5)

21.3 (25.0)

57.0 (72.7)

38.1 (46.4)

28.0 (33.8)

34.7 (39.0) 12.1 (29.5)

20.3 (22.8) 12.7 (17.2)

13.2 (15.1) 8.0 ( 9.8)

43.4 (48.1) 15.4 (38.3)

26.8 (29.3) 17.4 (23.2)

18.5 (21.6) 11.1 (13.7)

57.4 (63.2) 16.2 (48.8)

34.7 (38.8) 18.1 (28.1)

23.1 (26.9) 12.5 (16.6)

NORMAL FORCE3v4

5.3 ( 3.9 to 6.5) 2.2

3.4 ( 2.4 to 4.3) 1.4

2.5 ( 2.1 to 2.9) .9

8.8 ( 6.3 to 11.2) 4.3

5.9 ( 4.3 to 7.1) 2.3

3.7 ( 3.2 to 4.2) 1.2

11.3 ( 7.1 to 14.3) 5.5

8.0 ( 6.3 to 9.5) 2.7

4.8 ( 3.8 to 5.6) 1.2

15.2 (10.3 to 18.5) 6.8

9.7 ( 7.7 to 12.1) 3.6

5.9 ( 4.6 to 6.8) I.1

1.8 to 2.7)

1.1 to 1.8)

.7 to 1.3)

3.8 to 4.8)

1.6 to 2.7)

.7 to 1.7)

4.7 to 6.1)

2.3 to 3.2)

.6 to 1.7)

6.0 to 7.7)

2.3 to 4.1)

.5 to 1.7)

-0.3 (-0.7 to 0.1)

.3 ( -.4 to .7)

.2 ( -.2 to .6)

-.5 (-1.6 to .6)

-. 6 (-1.2 to .2)

-. 3 ( -.8 to .l)

-1.1 (-3.1 to 2)

-_ 9 (-1.8 to -:3)

-.9 (-1.4 to -.l)

-.8 (-3.2 to 1.0)

-1.1 (-2.2 to -.3)

-. 8 (-1.8 t.0 -.2)

l Clearance angle 15O; cutting vrlocity 5 inches per minut-ca.

* The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average, of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force: tht, numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximllm forces (avera*:e of f iv?).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiecr;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiec,e.

13
TABLE lC.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING GREEN ASH ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of clot and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

--------------Pounds per 0.1 inch o,c ~n~df~-___------____

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.315 inch

10.5 23.4 (28.5) 18.7 (22.4)

18.4 16.6 (19.5) 13.7 (16.8)

111.7 12.7 (15.1) 10.8 (12.2)

0.030 inch

10.5 35.9 (45.0) 32.4 (39.5)

18.4 30.3 (35.4) 22.3 (26.4)

111.7 21.2 (23.7) 16.2 (18.4)

0.045 inch

10.5 45.7 (56.6)

18.4 37.2 (42.3)

111.7 28.3 (33.1)

0.060 inch

10.5

18.4

111.7

0.015 inch

10.5

18.4

111.7

0.030 inch

10.5

18.4

111.7

0.045 inch

10.5

18.4

111.7

0.060 inch

10.5

18.4

111.7

46.5 (57.9)

30.2 (35.8)

21.2 (24.5)

54.6 (66.8)

36.4 (43.6)

25.4 (29.2)

NORMAL FORCE3v4

2.5 (1.8 to 4.5) 0.2 (-0.9 to 2.2) -2.5 ( -3.4 to -1.1)

1.9 (1.1 to 3.3) -.2 (-1.1 to .7) -1.6 ( -2.6 to -.6)

.6 (-.1 to 1.2) -.5 (-1.2 to .l) -1.8 ( -2.4 to -1.1)

4.1 (2.5 to 7.1) -1.3 (-3.2 to 1.3) -5.5 ( -7.2 to -2.3)

2.4 (1.2 to 4.3) -1.7 (-2.8 to -.2) -4.0 ( -5.1 to -2.0)

.5 (-.1 to 1.2) -1.8 (-2.6 to -.9) -3.6 ( -4.8 to -2.2)

5.4 (2.5 to 8.4) -1.9 (-4.7 to 3.1) -7.9 (-10.0 to -3.5)

2.5 (1.0 to 4.3) -3.0 (-4.7 to -.4) -5.9 ( -8.0 to -3.0)

.5 (-.6 to 1.5) -2.8 (-3.9 to -1.7) -5.1 ( -6.8 to -3.1)

6.3 (2.1 to 10.3) .9 (-6.5 to 11.9) -9.1 (-11.8 to -5.1)

2.6 ( .8 to 5.6) -3.8 (-6.3 to -.4) -7.3 ( -9.7 to -4.3)

.6 (-.8 to 2.3) -3.7 (-4.9 to -2.5) -6.4 ( -8.3 to -4.1)

15.2 (17.5

11.5 (13.9

8.6 (10.3

25.3 (29.7)

18.3 (22.0)

12.2 (14.7)

34.0 (39.3)

24.2 (28.7)

16.5 (20.6)

38.4 (46.4)

28.7 (34.7)

20.5 (25.2)

Clearance angle 150; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

14
TABLE 2A. --TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WHITE ASH VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 50

RaKe angle, degrees

60 70

___-__--_-____po~n& pep 0.1 inch of knif~fe-_-_--_--_----

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.2

19.1

106.0

0.030 inch

11.2

19.1

106.0

0.045 inch

11.2

19.1

106.0

0.060 inch

11.2

19.1

106.0

0.015 inch

11.2 -0.1

19.1 -.2

106.0 -.2

0.030 inch

3.7 ( 7.4) 3.7 ( 6.7)

2.9 ( 5.5) 2.5 ( 4.7)

2.1 ( 3.6) 2.0 ( 3.1)

;.; [l;.;; 4.8 (10.4)

2:9 ( 6:0) ;.; . [[ y; .

5.8 (15.0) 5.8 (13.9)

4.7 (10.9)

3.5 ( 7.3)

;.; yy;

6.6 (15.6)

5.9 (13.4)

4.1 ( 7.3)

NORMAL FORCE314

-1.0 to 1.2) 0.2 (-1.1 to 1.2)

-.9 to 1.0) -.2 (-1.0 to -6)

-.6 to .4) -.3 ( -.8 to .2)

11.2

19.1

106.0

Q.045 inch

11.2

19.1

106.0

0.060 inch

11.2

19.1 -

106.0

-. 2 (-1.8 to 1.6) -.l (-1.4 to 1.3)

-.7 (-1;8 to .l) -1.1 (-2.5 to .2)

-. 4 (-1.2 to .5) -.8 (-1.8 to .l)

-.l (-1.9 to 1.5) -.l (-1.9 to 1.8)

-.7 (-2.0 to .8) -1.1 (-3.2 to .2)

-. 6 (-1.6 to .3) -1.1 (-2.5 to .l)

.O (-2.7 to 1.8) .O (-1.8 to 1.7)

1.0 (-2.4 to .3) -1.4 (-3.3 to .l)

-.7 (-1.6 to .2) -1.1 (-2.7 to .2)

0.1

-:z

4.2 ( 7.5

5.0 (11.5

4.7 ( 8.0

.7

-.4

.3

.4

-.9

-.2

.6

-1.0

-.3

-2.2 to 1.4)

-1.2 to 2.5)

-1.4 to .7)

-1.3 to 2.2)

-1.2 to .9)

-.2 to 1.1)

-1.0 to 2.4)

-2.2 to .6)

-1.1 to .6)

-1.1 to 2.8)

-2.4 to 1.3)

-1.5 to .6)

Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry istheaverage cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

15
TABLE ZB.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WHITE ASH PARALLEL TO

THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION1

.Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, aegrees

(percent) 10 20 30

-__--__-------~o~~~ per 0.1 inch of knife----_-_-------

PARALLEL FORCE*

0.015 inch

11.0

19.2

98.5

0.030 inch

11.0

19.2

98.5

0.045 inch

11.0

19.2

98.5

0.060 inch

11.0

19.2

98.5

0.015 inch

11.0

19.2

98.5

0.030 inch

11.0

19.2

'98.5

0.045 inch

11.0

19.2

98.5

0.060 inch

11.0

19.2

98.5

17.3 (21.9)

y-53 . y;.;; .

29.3 (39.6)

22.6 (26.7)

14.1 (16.4)

40.0 (52.7)

28.4 (37.2)

20.8 (25.8)

49.0 (64.5)

34.3 (45.1)

26.3 (32.8)

1i.z [l;.$

6:2 ( 7:4)

;.:, [l;.$

4:4 ( 5:l)

25.6 (28.3)

17.2 (19.6)

11.0 (13.1)

37.5 (41.3)

23.1 (26.2)

16.5 (18.1)

53.3 (58.3)

32.7 (36.4)

21.8 (24.7)

18.3 (23.6)

1i.A . [lyj .

21.9 (32.3)

17.0 (18.9)

10.5 (11.7)

22.1 (37.8)

21.0 (24.0)

11.3 (13.6)

NORMAL FORCE394

5.0 (3.7 to 6.6) 1.9 (1.5 to 2.3)

3.4 (2.8 to 4.1) 1.1 ( .8 to 1.6)

2.3 (1.8 to 2.9) .9 ( .6 to 1.2)

8.4 (3.9 to 10.8) 3.2 (2.8 to 3.8)

5.8 (3.9 to 7.1) 2.0 (1.5 to 2.5)

3.5 (2.6 to 4.4) .9 ( .5 to 1.4)

11.4 (6.4 to 14.3) 4.4 (3.9 to 5.1)

7.3 (4.8 to 9.6) 2.5 (2.0 to 3.0)

4.8 (3.8 to 6.1) 1.0 ( .6 to 1.5)

12.8 (7.9 to 16.7) 5.8 (4.8 to 6.7

8.7 (5.6 to 10.6) 3.4 (2.7 to 3.9

5.5 (3.6 to 7.2) .8 ( .3 to 1.4

-.7 (-1.4 to .O)

-.6 (-1.0 to -.2)

-.3 ( -.7 to .2)

-1.0 (-2.0 to .O)

-1.0 (-1.4 to -.3)

-.6 (-1.1 to -.2)

-1.1 (-2.6 to .3)

-1.1 (-1.4 to -.5)

-1.2 (-1.7 to -.6)

Clearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

16
TABLE ZC.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WHITE ASH ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 20

Rake angle, degrees

30 40

O.Dl5 inch

10.8

18.3

106.2

0.030 inch

10.8

18.3

106.2

0.045 inch

10.8

18.3

106.2

0.060 inch

10.8

18.3

106.2

___-____---___pouq& pep 0.1 inch of ,Qnife____-_-_______

PARALLEL FORCE2

19.9 (24.3) 22.6 (26.2)

22.3 (25.3)

13.5 (15.3)

1;.;

.

[;;.;;

.

42.1 (49.2) 33.7 (39.2)

33.8 (37.8) 23.2 (26.6)

21.2 (23.8) 15.6 (17.8)

51.3 (60.7) 44.8 (50.7)

41.8 (46.9) 31.1 (35.2)

27.5 (31.5) 20.5 (23.3)

62.7 (76.2) 51.2 (60.2)

49.4 (57.8) 38.1 (43.6)

35.5 (41.3) 25.0 (28.2)

17.1 (20.6)

27.2 (31.5)

20.3 (23.2)

13.7 (15.3)

35.0 (43.4)

24.7 (28.0)

17.4 (20.3)

41.8 (49.7)

30.3 (35.8)

21.7 (24.6)

NORMAL FORCE3q4

0.015 inch

10.8 2.3 ( 1.3 to 3.6) -0.8 (-1.9 to 0.4) -3.2 ( -4.4 to -1.9)

18.3 1.6 ( 1.0 to 2.5) -.3 (-1.0 to .3) -2.0 ( -2.6 to -1.2)

106.2 .4 ( .o to 1.0) -.7 (-1.3 to -.2) -1.8 ( -2.3 to -1.2)

0.030 inch

10.8 3.1 ( 1.7 to 4.9) -2.3 (-3.8 to -.4) -6.1 ( -8.2 to -4.2)

18.3 1.5 ( .7 to 3.0) -2.3 (-3.4 to -1.3) -4.6 ( -5.9 to -2.9)

106.2 .2 ( -.5 to .8) -2.1 (-2.9 to -1.3) -3.8 ( -4.8 to -2.7)

0.045 inch

10.8 4.1 ( 1.5 to 6.1) -3.8 (-6.1 to -1.1) -9.1 (-11.8 to -6.3)

18.3 1.6 ( .l to 3.5) -3.7 (-5.1 to -2.0) -6.8 ( -8.2 to -4.2)

106.2 -.l ( -.9 to 1.0) -3.3 (-4.4 to -2.2) -5.3 ( -6.6 to -4.0)

0.060 inch

10.8 4.8 ( 1.6 to 8.0) -4.4 (-7.7 to -.7) -11.3 (-14.0 to -7.9)

18.3 1.9 ( -.2 to 4.1) -5.1 (-7.5 to -2.8) -8.5 (-11.5 to -4.9)

106.2 -.2 (-1.4 to 1.1) -4.3 (-5.5 to -2.9) -6.9 ( -8.7 to -5.2)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

17
TABLE 3A.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING AMERICAN ELM VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

---___-_______~oun,& per 0.1 inch of knife---_---_______

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.7

18.9

108.0

0.030 inch

11.7

18.9

108.0

0.045 inch

11.7

18.9

108.0

0.060 inch

11.7

18.9

108.0

0.015 inch

11.7

18.9

108.0

0.030 inch

11.7

18.9

108.0

0.045 inch

11.7

18.9

108.0

0.060 inch

11.7

18.9

108.0

5.8 (12.1) 5.1 (11.1)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

;.; y]

3:3 (5:3)

3.3 (5.6)

2.5 (4.2)

2.1 (3.1)

3.7 (7.1)

3.3 (5.3)

2.7 (4.1)

;.; g.;;

3:0 (4:8)

0.1 (-0.6 to .6) 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.1) -0.2 (-1.0 to 0.6)

-.2 ( -.8 to .7) -.3 ( -.8 to .2) -_4 (-1.8 to .9)

-. 2 ( -.5 to .2) -.3 ( -.6 to .2) -.4 (-1.6 to .7)

-.2 (-1.3 to .6) -.l (-1.3 to .8) .3 ( -.6 to 1.2)

-.5 (-1.5 to .8) -.9 (-1.8 to .l) -.8 to .6)

-. 5 (-1.1 to .2) -.7 (-1.3 to .O) -1: [ -.4 to .6)

-.5 (-1.9 to .8) -.3 (-1.8 to 1.2) -.2 (-1.6 to .9)

-.7 (-2.1 to .9) -1.2 (-2.7 to .2) -.7 (-1.7 to .3)

-. 7 (-1.6 to -3) -.9 (-1.8 to -.l) -.5 (-1.1 to .3)

-. 7 (-2.5 to 1.1) -.6 (-2.6 to 1.2) -.4 (-1.9 to .9)

-. 9 (-2.4 to .5) -1.4 (-3.1 to .l) -1.0 (-2.2 to .4)

-. 9 (-2.2 to .2) -1.2 (-2.5 to -.2) -.8 (-1.9 to -3)

lclearance angle Do; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

18
TABLE 3B .--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING AMERICAN ELM PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

---------_____pounds per 0.1 inch of knife-----_________

PARALLEL FORCE'

0.015 inch

10.8

18.8

102.8

0.030 inch

10.8

18.8

102.8

0.045 inch

10.8

18.8

102.8

0.060 inch

10.8

18.8

102.8

b.015 inch

10.8

18.8

102.8

0.030 inch

10.8

18.8

102.8

0.045 inch

10.8

18.8

102.8

0.060 inch

10.8

18.8

102.8

15.8 (18.7)

1;.y . y${ .

30.3 (38.2)

22.5 (27.9)

14.1 (17.2)

40.5 (50.8)

30.7 (37.7)

25.4 (31.9)

50.1 (64.6)

37.7 (46.3)

30.0 (38.5)

14.9 (17.1

9.2 (10.2

7.5 ( 8.0

31.0 (35.0

19.1 (21.4

14.1 (15.9

38.7 (46.6

26.4 (30.5

19.6 (22.9

NORMAL FORCE3y4

4.6 (3.8 to 5.2) 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) -0.2

3.5 (2.7 to 4.0) 1.3 ( .9 to 1.6) -.2

2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) .8 ( .6 to 1.1) -.l

8.2 (6.0 to 9.7)

5.9 (3.8 to 7.3)

4.1 (3.3 to 5.0)

-0.5 to 0.2)

-.5 to -4)

-.4 to .2)

3.6 (3.0 to 4.0) -.6 (-1.5 to .l)

2.0 (1.6 to 2.4) -1.0 (-1.3 to -.5)

1.1 ( .8 to 1.5) -.5 ( -.8 to -.l)

10.5 (7.5 to 12.8)

7.6 (5.0 to 9.4)

5.7 (4.6 to 6.9)

12.7 (8.9 to 16.5)

9.2 (6.1 to 11.4)

6.8 (5.0 to 8.4)

9.3 (12.0)

yD . 1 ;.g

11.9 (21.1)

1i.z . [l;.;; .

13.0 (35.1)

14.7 (23.7)

10.7 (15.8)

13.9 (43.3)

16.4 (32.3)

12.7 (18.6)

3.8 (2.7 to 4.6) -.6 -2.4 to .2)

2.5 (2.0 to 2.9) -1.2 -2.0 to -.l)

1.2 ( .8 to 1.7) -.8 -1.6 to -.2)

4.9 (3.6 to 6.0) -.8 (-3.1 to .O)

2.9 (2.3 to 3.5) -1.3 (-2.7 to -.3)

1.2 ( .6 to 1.7) -1.1 (-2.1 to -.3)

IClearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

*The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece,

19
TABLE 3C.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING AMERICAN ELM ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

_-____-_______p~u~s per 0.1 inch of k&fg____--__---___

PARALLEL FORCE'

0.015 inch

10.4

18.4

107.9

0.030 inch

10.4

18.4

107.9

0.045 inch

10.4

18.4

107.9

0.060 inch

10.4

18.4

107.9

-0.015 inch

10.4

1804

107"9

0.030 inch

10.4

18.4

107.9

0.045 inch

10.4

18.4

107.9

0.060 inch

10.4

18.4

107.9

20.1 (25.0) 18.9 (23.0)

17.2 (19.3) 13.2 (15.4)

12.0 (14.0) 10.4 (11.8)

38.3 (44.0) 30.5 (35.3)

30.1 (33.0) 22.9 (26.4)

22.3 (25.1) 17.1 (19.5)

42.9 (50.0) 38.0 (44.6)

38.5 (43.4) 29.1 (33.2)

30.4 (33.3) 21.8 (24.0)

51.3 (60.5) 42.0 (51.5)

48.4 (54.8) 35.5 (39.7)

38,2 (42.9) 26.7 (30.7)

1.7

1.5

.6

NORMAL FORCE3

0.8 to 2.3) -0.6

1.0 to 1.8) -.7

.3 to .9) -.5

2.3 (100 to 4.3) -2.3

1.6 (1.0 to 2.8) -2.0

.5 (-.l to 1.0) -1.7

3.0

1.8

.6

-3.9 to -.2) -5.3 ( -7.3 to -3.7)

-3.2 to -1.1) -4.1 ( -5.9 to -3.2)

-2.6 to -.9) -3.6 ( -4.4 to -2.7)

.l to 4.7) -3.1 (-5.3 to -.3) -7.6 (-10.2 to -5.1)

.8 to 3.6) -3.0 (-4.3 to -1.9) -6.2 ( -7.9 to -4.3)

-.3 to 1.4) -2.6 (-3.7 to -1.6) -4.9 ( -6.8 to -3.7)

13.8 (18.3)

11.0 (13.3)

7.8 ( 9.0)

23.1 (28.7)

17.3 (21.1)

12.6 (14.6)

30.6 (36.6)

22.7 (26.6)

15.3 (18.7)

35.5 (43.7)

28.0 (36.0)

19.4 (22.5)

-1.8 to 0.8) -2.6 ( -3.8 to -126)

-1.2 to -.l) -1.6 ( -2.5 to -1.1)

-.9 to -.l) -1.7 ( -2.4 to -.9)

3.9 (1.1 to 6.7) -3.6 (-6.9 to -1.3) -9.8 (-13.1 to -6.5)

2.3 ( .8 to 4.4) -4.4 (-5.9 to -2.6) -7.8 (-10.6 to -3.9)

.9 (-.5 to 2"O) -3,4 (-4.9 to -2.2) -6.6 ( -8.0 to -4.7)

lclearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five)

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece

20
TABLE 4A.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WINGED ELM VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

---_--___-----pou&s per 0.1 inch of knife_____---------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.6

19.1

88.8

0.030 inch

11.6

19.1

88.8

0.045 inch

3.2 ( 6.3) 3.9 (

2.7 (

;.; . [ ;.;;. 2.3 (

5.3 (10.3) 5.4 (

3.9 (

3.3 (

11.6

19.1

88.8

0.060 inch

11.6

19.1

88.8

-0.015 inch

11.6

19.1

88.8

0.030 inch

11.6

19.1

88.8

0.045 inch

11.6

19.1

88.8

0.060 inch

11.6

19.1

88.8

602)

z;..

9.8)

6.2)

5.3)

6.8 (13.8) 6.5 (11.9)

5.2 (10.4)

4.3 ( 9.0)

7.0 (15.2)

5.8 (10.5)

4.4 ( 9.1)

NORMAL FORCE3q4

-0.3 (-0.9 to .5) 0.7 ( 0.2 to 1.4) 0.0 (-1.0 to 1.1)

-. 5 (-1.0 to .1) -.7 (-1.1 to .l) -. 5 (-2.0 to 1.2)

-. 3 ( -.7 to -2) -.2 ( -.6 to .3) -. 9 (-2.2 to .7)

-. 7 (-1.9 to .6) -.3 (-1.6 to 1.2) .l ( -.8 to 1.2)

-.9 (-1.9 to .l) -1.3 (-2.3 to -.2) -. 4 (-1.2 to -8)

-. 7 (-1.7 to .5) -1.0 (-1.9 to .O) -. 1 ( -.8 to .4)

-. 8 (-2.8 to .8) -.7 (-2.4 to .9) -.7 (-2.0 to .7)

-1.0 (-2.5 to .5) -1.5 (-2.9 to .2) -1.3 (-2.2 to .3)

-. 8 (-2.4 to .7) -1.1 (-2.7 to .l) -. 9 (-1.7 to .O)

-. 9 (-3.2 to 1.2) -.6 (-2.6 to 1.2) -. 6 (-2.4 to -6)

-1.3 (-3.2 to .5) -1.7 (-3.5 to .l) -1.4 (-2.8 to .5)

-.9 (-2.8 to .6) -1.2 (-3.0 to .6) -1.2 (-2.5 to .3)

5.0 ( 9.1)

lclearance angle 00; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in‘each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when theknife pushed the workpiece.

21
TABLE 4B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WINGED ELM PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION’

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

___---___-----pouts per 0.1 inch of knife___-______--_-

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.9

19.2

87.7

0.030 inch

10.9

19.2

87.7

0.045 inch

10.9

19.2

87.7

0.060 inch

10.9

19.2

87.7

0.015 inch

10.9

19.2

87.7

0.030 inch

10.9

19.2

87.7

0.045 inch

10.9

19.2

87.7

0.060 inch

10.9

19.2

87.7

15.5 (18.9)

1i.y . \y; .

33.0 (41.3)

24.4 (29.0)

15.8 (20.5)

39.6 (55.4)

29.8 (38.2)

21.3 (31.5)

51.8 (71.3)

36.4 (47.7)

28.6 (40.9)

13.7 (15.7

9.4 (10.4

7.2 ( 8.8

30.4 (34.7

20.2 (22.8

13.2 (18.3

41.0 (46.0

25.1 (29.3

15.8 (22.9

50.3 (56.2

29.2 (35.0

18.6 (30.6

8.4 (10.9)

;.; . [ ;.;; .

14.1 (20.3)

12.6 (15.7)

7.8 (10.5)

16.0 (28.5)

169.; . I:;.;{ .

19.7 (34.6)

18.7 (25.4)

12.0 (15.9)

NORMAL FORCE3e4

4.7 (3.9 to 5.7)

3.8 (2.6 to 4.7)

2.6 (2.1 to 3.0)

9.0 (5.9 to 10.8)

6.1 (4.8 to 7.1)

3.9 (2.6 to 5.0)

11.1 (6.5 to 14.4)

7.6 (5.3 to 9.1)

5.1 (2.8 to 7.3)

13.9 (7.6 to 18.0)

9.0 (5.7 to 11.0)

6.2 (3.9 to 8.9)

2.0 (1.6 to 2.4) -0.1 (-0.5 to 0.5)

1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) .l ( -.2 to .4)

.% ( .6 to 1,l) .o ( -.3 to .3)

3.7 (3.0 to 4.4) -.5 (-1.3 to .3)

1.9 (1.5 to 2.2) -.5 ( -.9 to .l)

1.0 ( .5 to 1.4) -.4 ( -.8 to .O)

4.7 (4.1 to 5.3) -.7 (-2.2 to .l)

2.2 (1.9 to 2.6) -.% (-1.4 to -.l)

1.1 ( .5 to 1.9) -.6 (-1.2 to -.l)

5.6 (4.6 to 6.4) -1.1 (-2.7 to .2)

2.5 (1.7 to 3.0) -1.0 (-1.a to -.l)

1.3 ( .6 to 1.9) -.7 (-1.4 to .l)

lclearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in'each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

22
TABLE 4C.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WINGED ELM ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

- -

Depth of cut and

moisture content

Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

--------------~o~~~ per 0.1 inch of knife______________

PARALLEL FORCE*

0.015 inch

11.6

18,6

91.2

0.030 inch

11.6

18.6

91.2

0.045 inch

11.6

18.6

91.2

0.060 inch

11.6

18.6

91.2

0.015 inch

11.6

18.6

91.2

0.030 inch

11.6

18,6

91.2

0.045 inch

11.6

18.6

91.2

0.060 inch

11.6

18.6

91.2

22.0 (28.2) 19.7 (23.2)

17.4 (20.7) 14.2 (16.9)

14.5 (16.7) 10.2 (12.3)

42.5 (48.8) 35.5 (42.1)

34.5 (38.8) 24.9 (28.7)

26.2 (28.8) 17.7 (19.8)

54.3 (60.3) 40.7 (46.9)

41.9 (46.9) 32.8 (38.9)

35.4 (39.1) 24.6 (28.4)

60.2 (68.1) 53.7 (62.3)

52.6 (61.6) 39.0 (45.4)

44.0 (48.8) 30.7 (34.2)

NORMAL FORCE3*4

1.6 (0.9 to 2.5) -1.0 (-2.0 to -0.2) -3.3 ( -4.3 to -2.4)

1.3 (1.0 to 2.0) -1.0 (-1.6 to -.4) -2.4 ( -2.9 to -1.7)

.5 ( .l to 1.0) -.7 (-1.1 to -.3) -1.9 ( -2.4 to -1.3)

2.0 ( .8 to 4.9) -3.3 (-5.1 to -.7) -6.7 ( -8.3 to -4.2)

1.3 ( .4 to 2.4) -2.9 (-4.1 to -1.8) -5.2 ( -6.4 to -4.1)

.3 (-.5 to .9) -2.4 (-3.3 to -1.7) -4.3 ( -5.1 to -3.5)

2.9 (-.1 to 5.8) -4.2 (-6.3 to -1.6) -9.2 (-11.5 to -6.7)

1.5 ( .4 to 2.9) -4.3 (-6.1 to -2.7) -7.3 ( -9.1 to -5.3)

.3 (-.9 to 1.2) -3.6 (-4.5 to -2.4) -5.6 ( -6.9 to -4.3)

3.4 (-.6 to 6.8) -6.3 (-9.1 to -1.0) -11.7 (-14.2 to -8.1)

1.8 ( .3 to 3.6) -5.6 (-7.5 to -3.4) -9.7 (-12.1 to -5.8)

.5 (-.8 to 1.8) -4.7 (-6.0 to -3.5) -7.5 ( -9.4 to -4.6)

15.8 (18.6

25.6 (30.1)

19.3 (21.2)

14.0 (16.6)

34.2 (41.0)

24.8 (28.4)

19.0 (21.7)

39.9 (48.4)

29.7 (35.6)

23.3 (27.7)

lClearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

*The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five),

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

23
TABLE 5A.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING HACKBERRY VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content

Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

--_-----_--_--pou&s per 0.1 inch of knife______________

PARALLEL FORCE'

0.015 inch

11.1

19.5

115.0

0.030 inch

11.1

19.5

115.0

0.045 inch

11.1

19.5

115"O

0.060 inch

11.1

19.5

115.0

0.015 inch

11.1

19.5

115.0

0.030 inch

11.1

19.5

115.0

0.045 inch

11.1

19,5

115.0

0.060 inch

11,l

19.5

115.0

2.8 ( 5.7)

:.; [ ;.;;

. .

43’; [ pi;

2:7 ( 5:l)

5.8 (12.7)

;.; [ ;*;j

. .

5.1 (14.9)

3.6 ( 7.4)

3.5 ( 5.7)

2.6 ( 4.4)

5.3 (11.3)

4.8 ( 8.6)

3.5 ( 6.8)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

0.1 (-0.6 to 1.3) 0.2 (-0.6 to 1.1)

-.l ( -.8 to .7) -.4 ( -.,9 to .l)

-.3 ( -.6 to .2) -.3 ( -.6 to .2)

-.l (-1.4 to 1.3) -.6 (-1.5 to .9)

-.7 (-1.3 to .2) -1.0 (-1.9 to "2)

-.5 (-1.1 to .l) -.7 (-1.3 to -.l)

-.l (-1.5 to 2.0) -,4 (-2.0 to 1.1)

-.8 (-1.8 to .4) -1.1 (-205 to .O)

-. 6 (-1.6 to .2) -.9 (-2.1 to ul)

-.2 (-2.0 to 1.8) -.3 (-1,8 to 1.8)

-.9 (-2.3 to .3) -1,3 (-2.9 to .O)

-.6 (-2.1 to .6) -.8 (-2.2 to .3)

3.9 ( 7.3

z . i :*: .

3.6 ( 6.1

2.9 ( 4.2

2.4 ( 3.4

4.3 ( 7.8

3.6 ( 5.3

3.0 ( 4.3

-0.1

.O

-.7

.3 -.7 to 1.2)

-.6 1.2 to .2)

-.l -.5 to .6)

.l (-1.2 to 1.5)

-1.1 (-1.9 to .O)

-.6 (-1.3 to .2)

-1.7 to 1.2)

-1.2 to 1.3)

-1.5 to .4)

.2 (-1.5 to 1.9)

-1.3 (-2.4 to -.l)

-1.0 (-1.7 to .2)

'Clearance angle 00; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

24
TABLE 5B.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING HACKBERRY PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

_-_-_________-pou&s per 0.1 inch of ,&ife______________

PARALLEL FORCE*

0.015 inch

10.7

19.6

117.6

0.030 inch

10.7

19.6

117.6

0.045 inch

10.7

19.6

117.6

0.060 inch

10.7

19.>6

117.6

0,015 inch

lO"7

19.6

117.6

0.030 inch

10.7

19.6

117.6

0.045 inch

10.7

19.6

117.6

0.060 inch

10.7

19.6

117.6

30.0 (37.8)

18.7 (25.0)

15.1 (18.4)

40.7 (52.3) 37.7 (40.9)

24.2 (33.9) 21.8 (24.8)

21.2 (26.6) 15.7 (18.6)

52.3 (66.0) 50.4 (56.4)

31.8 (43.7) 28.2 (32.4)

25.9 (31-9) 18.0 (22.0)

13,8 (16-2)

76.; [ ;.a;

.. ..

29.5 (34.4)

15.4 (18.6)

11.1 (12.6)

NORMAL FORCE3v4

;y; p;.;;

319 ( 4:8)

15.1 (24.7)

11.5 (13.4)

7.0 ( 8 7)

14.2 (33.9)

15.7 (19.1)

9.1 (11.5)

17 6 (43.0)

17n6 (25.3)

11.6 (14.1)

4.2 (2.7 to 5.6) 1.7 (1.4 to 2.3) -0.2 (-0.7 to 0.5)

2.9 (1.7 to 4.1) 1.1 ( .7 to 1.6) .o ( -.4 to .3)

2.7 (1.9 to 3.6) 1.2 ( .6 to 1.8) .5 ( -.l to 1.2)

8.1 (5.0 to 10.2) 3.4 (2.7 to 4.1) -.9 (-1.6 to -.l)

4.9 (2.9 to 6.1) 1.7 (1.2 to 2.1) -.5 ( -.8 to .l)

3.9 (2.5 to 5.0) 1.2.( .7 to 1.8) -.l ( -.7 to .9)

11.0 (7.2 to 13.9) 4.1 (3.4 to 4.7) -.8 (-2.6 to .4)

6.3 (3.2 to 8.3) 2.1 (1.5 to 2.7) -.8 (-1.3 to .O)

5.1 (3.4 to 6.4) 1.3 ( .6 to 2.1) -.2 ( -.8 to .5)

13.5 (8.7 to 16.9) 5.6 (5.1 to 6.2) -1.2 (-3.4 to .l)

7.9 (3.7 to 9.9) 2.6 (1.8 to 3.3) -1.0 (-2.0 to .2)

5.6 (3.3 to 7.4) 1.4 ( .5 to 2.4) -.5 (-1.1 to .4)

'Clearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

*The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five)

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five)

4A negative normal force 'indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

25
TABLE 5C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING HACKBERRY ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

--------------Pounds per 0.1 inch of kn7:fe--------------

0.015 inch

10.6

18.9

111.7

0.030 inch

10.6

18.9

111.7

0.045 inch

10.6

18.9

111.7

0.060 inch

10.6

18.9

111.7

0.015 inch

lo,6

18.9

111.7

0.030 inch

10.6

18.9

111.7

0.045 inch

10.6

18.9

111.7

0.060 inch

10.6

18.9

111.7

PARALLEL FORCE2

20.2 (25.7) 17.7 (20.9)

18.1 (21.8)

10.9 (12.3)

l;.;

.

i;;.;;

.

36.6 (43.7) 32.3 (37.7)

29.7 (35.9) 20.5 (24.4)

21.0 (22.6) 15.1 (17.2)

43.7 (53.1) 38.1 (45.1

37.5 (42.9) 27.6 (32.4

26.6 (29.7) 19.9 (22.3

53.1 (67.0) 46.4 (55.0

45.0 (51.1) 33.8 (38.5

33.0 (37.2) 23.6 (27.6

NORMAL FORCE3*4

2.3 (0.9 to 3.8) 0.0 (-1.0 to 1.3) -2.5 ( -3.5 to -1.3)

1.4 ( .8 to 2.0) -.7 (-1.4 to .2) -1.8 ( -2.4 to -1.2)

.9 ( .5 to 1.1) -.l ( -.8 to -4) -1.4 ( -2,l to -.9)

3.4 ( .8 to 6.5) -1.8 (-3.9 to .2) -5.1 ( -6.7 to -3.1)

1.4 ( .5 to 2.8) -1.9 (-3.2 to -.9) -4.1 ( -5.2 to -3.1)

.5 (-.l to 1.2) -1,.3 (-2.3 to -.6) -3.3 ( -4.1 to -2.5)

4.1 (1.4 to 8.4) -2,,1 (-4.9 to 2.2) -7.0 ( -9.3 to -3.2)

1.5 ( .3 to 3.2) -3.1 (-4.7 to -1.7) -6.0 ( -7.8 to -4.1)

.6 (-.2 to 1.5) -2.3 (-3,2 to -1.3) -4.6 ( -6.0 to -3.4)

5.1 (1.7 to 10.0) -208 (-6.2 to 2.2) -8.8 (-12.2 to -2.7)

2.1 ( .l to 3.8) -4.1 (-6.1 to -2.3) -7.6 ( -9.9 to -4.6)

.5 (-.6 to 1.7) -3,3 (-5.2 to -1.8) -6.2 ( -7.6 to -4.7)

15.1 (18.3)

l;.; . jy; .

25.6 (29.6)

17.1 (20.0)

12.1 (14.9)

31.9 (38.3)

22.0 (26.4)

15.6 (18.4)

39.1 (48.6)

26.6 (32.2)

19.2 (22.0)

iClearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five)

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece

26
TABLE 6A .--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING HICKORY VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisutre content

Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

--___--______-pounds per 0.1 inch Of knife_--------_----

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

12.1

20.5

98.2

0.030 inch

12.1

20.5

98.2

0.045 inch

12.1

20.5

98.2

0.060 inch

12.1

20.5

98.2

3.6 ( 8.1) 4.1 ( 7.6)

:*"9 . 11 ;*;I . ;*; . [[ y; .

5.9 (14.6) 5.9 (12.4)

4.1 ( 7.6)

2.7 ( 4.7)

7.3 (18.3)

z-69 5.0 (

..

I';*$

.. 3.3 (

7.5 (

506 (

3,9 (

NORMAL FORCE3e4

0.015 inch

12.1 -0.3 (-1.4 to 0.8) 0.8 (-0.3 to 2.0) 0.1

20.5 -.2 (-1.0 to 1.3) -.3 (-1-O to .4) .3

98.2 -.l ( -.6 to .6) -.l ( -.7 to .4) -.5

0.030 inch

-0.7 to 1.1)

-1.8 to 2.2)

-2.0 to 1.2)

.6 ( -.8 to 1.8)

-.4 (-1.4 to .7)

-.l ( -.6 to .6)

18.1)

11.5)

7.3)

3.5 ( 5.4)

"4.; . [l;.;] .

43.;

2:7

1 ;.;I

( 3:7)

5.9 (11.5)

4.7 ( 7.6)

3.2 ( 4.6)

732 (14.2)

12.1

20.5

98.2

0.045 inch

12.1

20.5

98.2

0.060 inch

12.1

20.5

98.2

-.4 (-2.4 to 1.7) .5 (-1.6 to 2.4)

-.4 (-1.8 to 1.1) -1.1 (-2.5 to .3)

-.4 (-1.3 to .5) -.7 (-1.5 to .4)

-,3 (-3.3 to 2.2) -.l (-2.6 to 2.1

-.% (-2.6 to 1.3) -1.4 (-3.4 to .5

-.5 (-1.6 to .5) -.% (-1.9 to .2

-.5 (-2.8 to 1.8) -.4 (-2.7 to 2.5)

-.6 (-3.0 to 2.0) -1.8 (-4.1 to .4) -

-.6 (-1.8 to .7) -1.0 (-1.8 to .7)

.2 -2.2 to 106)

-. 8 ;-2.5 to .%)

-. 6 -1.2 to .2)

-.3 (-2.6 to 1.4)

,1.6 (-3.5 to .6)

-.% (-1.8 to .3)

~~~

iclearance angle 0'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

27
TABLE 6B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING HICKORY PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

----_----___--pou&s per 0.1 inch of knife------_------_

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.0

19.6

91.2

0.030 inch

11.0

19.6

91.2

0.045 inch

11.0

19.6

91.2

0.060 inch

11.0

19.6

91.2

0.015 inch

11.0

19.6

91.2

0.030 inch

11.0

19.6

91.2

0.045 inch

11.0

19.6

91.2

0.060 inch

11.0

19.6

91.2

18.2 (21.9) 17.8 (19.7)

1;*; [l;*;; 8.3 (10.0)

. . 6.0 ( 7.5)

37.2 (45.2) 40.9 (45.2)

21.4 (24.5) 16.0 (18.3)

14.4 (18.0) 10.9 (12.9)

47.6 (62.2) 47.5 (52.7)

29.1 (33.0) 21.9 (26.5)

20.1 (24.0) 14.6 (17.1)

59.5 (78.0) 58.5 (71.7)

36.1 (42.9) 28.5 (34.3)

26.9 (31.7) 18.6 (22.5)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

5.2 (4.4 to 6.3) 2.0 (1.5 to 2.5)

3.0 (2.3 to 3.4) 1.1 ( .8 to 1.4)

2.3 (1.7 to 2.9) .9 ( .5 to 1.4)

9.7 (7.2 to 11.5) 3.7 (2.9 to 4.5)

5.5 (4.3 to 6.3) 1.8 (1.4 to 2.1)

3.6 (2.6 to 4.5) 1.2 ( .9 to 1.9)

12.2 (7.2 to 16.5) 4.3 (2.9 to 5-5)

6.9 (5.1 to 7.9) 2.5 (2.0 to 3.0)

4.7 (3.0 to 6.0) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7)

14.4 (8.4 to 20.0) 5.8 (3.0 to 7.3)

8.5 (6.9 to 9.9) 2.9 (1.9 to 3.7)

5.8 (4.1 to 7.2) 1.5 (1.0 to 2.0)

9.5 (14.5)

;.; . [ y;.

16.7 (26.7)

1;.19 . [l;.;i .

14.7 (35.1)

17.4 (19.8)

8.4 (11.9)

19.8 (49.5)

19.1 (25.5)

10.0 (14.4)

-0.3 (-0.9 to 0.3)

-.2 ( -.4 to .2)

.3 ( .O to .6)

-.9 (-2.2 to .l)

-.8 (-1.2 to -.4)

-.l ( -.4 to .3)

-1.1 (-3.1 to -5)

-1.1 (-1.6 to -.5)

-,2 ( -.6 to .3)

-1.4 (-4.0 to .O)

-1.2 (-2.2 to -.5)

-.6 (-1.2 to -.l)

'Clearance angle 15O;

2

cutting velocity 5 inches per minute

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force. indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

28
TABLE 6C .--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING HICKORY ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

___----_____--&x,&s per 0.1 inch of knife___----______-

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.7

20.0

85.9

0.030 inch

10.7

20.0

85.9

0.045 inch

10.7

20.0

85.9

0.060 inch

10.7

20.0

85.9

0.015 inch

10.7

20.0

85.9

0.030 inch

10.7

20.0

85.9

0.045 inch

10.7

20.0

85.9

0.060 inch

10.7

20.0

85.9

25.8 (32.2) 21.8 (28.6)

19.7 (22.6) 15.1 (17.8)

12.8 (15.1) 13.0 (14.5)

42.6 (52.4) 36.8 (45.2)

34.1 (39.8) 25.9 (30.3)

23.9 (26.3) 19,,3 (22.2)

49.1 (61.2) 49.2 (61.9)

43.2 (48.2) 33.6 (39.5)

31.9 (36.6) 23-5 (27.2)

56.0 (71.1) 5201 (68.8)

52.6 (59.8) 40.5 (49.1)

38,,8 (43.5) 29,3 (35.5)

16.3 (20.2)

1i.i . ;;;.;j .

29.0 (35.3)

22.4 (27.1)

14 7 (16.5)

35.3 (44.2)

29.1 (35.4)

18.6 (21.0)

46.1 (55.1)

34.6 (41.7)

22.0 (25.3)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

0.9 (-0.4 to 2.4) -1.8 ( -3.5 to -0.8) -4.3 ( -5.7 to -2.6)

1.2 ( .6 to 1.8) -1.4 ( -2.1 to -.5) -2.9 ( -4.0 to -1.9)

.5 ( .o to 1.1) -1.1 ( -1.9 to -.3) -2.2 ( -2.8 to -1.4)

.2 (-2.1 to 2.4) -408 ( -7.1 to -2.9) -8.7 (-11.4 to -5.4)

.8 ( -.l to 2.0) -3.5 ( -4.8 to -2.0) -6.0 ( -8.1 to -4.1)

.O (-1.0 to .8) -2.6 ( -3.8 to -1.3) -4.3 ( -5.4 to -3.1)

.2 (-3.3 to 3.4) -7.0 (-10.2 to -3.7) -11.6 (-14.8 to -6.7)

1.0 ( -.7 to 2.6) -4.8 ( -7.1 to -2,8) -8.4 (-10.7 to -5.1)

-.3 (-1.5 to 1.2) -3.7 ( -5.5 to -2.0) -6.0 ( -7.7 to -3.7)

.2 (-4.0 to 5.6) -8.3 (-11.9 to -3.2) -15.1 (-19.1 to -9.7)

1.3 ( -.3 to 2.9) -6.4 ( -9.2 to -3.5) -10.9 (-14.5 to -6.1)

.l (-1.3 to 1.8) -4,8 ( -7.5 to -2.7) -7.8 (-10.0 to -4.8)

'Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five)

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece

29
TABLE 7A.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING RED MAPLE VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION1

--_--______-__pou&.y pep 0.1 inch of sniff_______-------

PARALLEL FORCE*

2.6 ( 4.4)

2.3 ( 3.5)

1.9 ( 2.8)

3.4 ( 7.4) 3.5 (6.2) 3.0 (4.7)

3.2 ( 5.0) 2.8 (4.2)

2.6 ( 4.0) 2.3 (3.2)

4.2 ( 10.0)

3.8 ( 7.2)

2.8 ( 5.1)

4.5 (11.4) 4.1 (9.4)

;.; 1 ;.;I 3.7 (7.0)

. 2.9 (4.6)

NORMAL FORCE3*4

0.315 inch

11.7 0.1 (-0.3 to 1.0) 0.0 (-0.4 to 0.5) -0.5 -1.4 to 0.3)

18.8 .o ( -.5 to .7) -.3 ( -.7 to .O) -.4 -1.4 to 1.0)

136.2 .1 ( -.3 to .5) -.l ( -.4 to .3) -.5 -1.4 to 1.0)

0.030 inch

11.7 -.3 (-1.2 to .6) -.4 (-1.3 to .4) -.2 ( -.8 to .4)

18.8 -.7 (-1.2 to .O) -.9 (-1.5 to -.l) -.5 ( -.9 to -.l)

136.2 -. 3 ( -.8 to .3) -.5 (-1.0 to .O) .o ( -.3 to .5)

0.045 inch

11.7 -. 5 (-1.7 to .7) .6 (-1.9 to .7)

-;.o (-2.1 to -.2)

-. 6 (-1.4 to -2)

18.8 -. 7 (-1.7 to .l) -1.1 (-1.7 to -.2)

136.2 -.4 (-1.1 to .4) -.7 (-1.5 to -.l) -.5 ( -.9 to .2)

0.060 inch

11.7 -.6 (-2.i to .7) -.7 (-2.2 to .7) -. 6 (-1.9 to .5)

18.8 -1.0 (-2.2 to .l) -1.4 (-2.6 to .O) -1.3 (-2.4 to .l)

136.2 -. 6 (-1.5 to .3) -.8 (-1.9 to .O) -.8 (-1.a to .O)

0.015 inch

11.7

18.8

136.2

0.030 inch

11.7

13.8

136.2

0.045 inch

11.7

18.8

136.2

0.060 inch

11.7

18.8

136.2

1 Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

* The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

30
TABLE 7B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING RED MAPLE PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O 0IRECTIONl

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 13 20 30

_-_______-_-_-Pounds per 0.1 inch oif &ifs--------------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.8

18.7

124.8

0.030 inch

10.8

18.7

124.8

0.045 inch

10.8

18.7

124.8

0.060 inch

10.8

18.7

124.8

0.015 inch

10.8

18.7

124.8

0.030 inch

10.8

18.7

124.8

0.045 inch

10.8

18.7

124.8

0.060 inch

10.8

18.7

124.8

13.6 (19.1)

10.2 (13.2)

7.7 (10.0)

25.2 (36.1)

17.3 (23.8)

14.8 (17.8)

34.3 (48.5)

24.3 (33.6)

21.2 (25.1)

43.7 (62.4)

31.5 (44.3)

27.0 (32.3)

1;.: [ 1i.y;

5:4 ( 7:2)

27.1 (29.2)

16.9 (18.7)

11.2 (13.4)

37.4 (40.8)

25.5 (28.0)

16.7 (18.9)

47.3 (51.6)

31.9 (34.4)

22.0 (25.0)

NORMAL FORCE394

1y.i p;.;;

4:7 ( 5:7)

13.5 (25.4)

14.2 (17.0)

8.5 (10.2)

11.6 (35.6)

16.7 (22.7)

10.6 (13.1)

12.8 (45.0)

18.3 (29.6)

13.2 (18.7)

4.1 (2.5 to 6.0) 2.0 (1.6 to 2.5) -0.1 (-0.5 to 0.5

3.3 (2.1 to 4.8) 1.4 (1.0 to 1.7) .2 ( -.2 to .6

2.8 (1.6 to 4.2) .9 ( .4 to 2.1) .6 ( .o to 1.1

7.0 (4.2 to 9.3)

4.7 (2.9 to 6.4)

3.5 (2.7 to 4.7)

8.8 (4.9 to 11.8)

6.4 (3.4 to 8.4)

4.8 (3.4 to 6.1)

11.3 (6.4 to 15.4)

7.6 (4.5 to 12.3)

5.1 (3.1 to 6.6)

3.6 (3.3 to 4.1)

2.1 (1.7 to 2.5)

.9 ( .5 to 1.4)

4.8 (4.2 to 5.2)

2.9 (2.3 to 3.3)

1.1 ( .5 to 1.9)

5.7 (4.6 to 6.5)

3.1 (2.8 to 3.5)

1.2 ( .5 to 2.1)

-.6 (-1.5 to .5)

-.4 (-1.0 to .2)

.O ( -.6 to .4)

-.6 (-2.2 to .4)

-.7 (-1.5 to .2)

-.3 (-1.1 to .5)

-. 6 (-2.8 to -3)

-.8 (-2.0 to -4)

-.9 (-2.1 to .3)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is theaverage cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number ,in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

31
TABLE 7C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING RED MAPLE ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 20

Rake- angle, degrees

30 40

0.015 inch

11.3

18.3

135.1

0.030 inch

11.3

18.3

135.1

0.045 inch

11.3

18.3

135.1

0.060 inch

11.3

18.3

135.1

0.015 inch

11.3

18.3

135.1

0.030 inch

11.3

18.3

135.1

0.045 inch

11.3

18.3

135.1

0.060 inch

11.3

18.3

135.1

---___________pou~s pep 0.1 inch of knife--------------

PARALLEL FORCE2

18.3 (22.7) 16.1 (20.6) 12.6 (14.4

14.9 (18.1)

12.0 (13.7)

1;.; 9.5 (11.4

..

y;t.:;

.. 8.1 ( 9.0

29.1 (36.3) 25.6 (30.9) 19.1 (22.7

26.1 (30.9) 20.1 (23.2) 15.1 (17.9

19.3 (21.5) 15.1 (17.2) 11.2 (13.3

34.6 (46.9) 36.5 (43.5) 26.7 (32.4

33.1 (38.1) 26.7 (30.2) 19.6 (24.1

26.3 (30.5) 19.4 (22.7) 14.1 (17.1

32.0 (48.1) 40.4 (53.1)

41.3 (46.1) 32.1 (35.9)

31.9 (36.9) 24.5 (27.6)

NORMAL FORCE394

2.8 (1.7 to 4.8) 1.1 (-0.7 to 2.7)

1.7 (1.1 to 2.6) .3 ( -.4 to 1.1)

.8 ( .5 to 1.3) .o ( -.3 to .5)

4.6 (2.5 to 7.8) 1.0 (-1.4 to 4.5)

2.2 1.0 ((1.2.4 toto 3.4) 1.4) -.7 -.9 (-2.0 (-1.6 toto ::I

6.7 (2.3 to 12.6) 1.8 (-1.9 to 6.8)

2.4 (1.3 to 4.2) -1.7 (-3.0 to -1)

.8 ( .1 to 1.9) -1.6 (-2.6 to -.5)

5.4 (1.1 to 16.5) 1.5 (-3.6 to 7.6)

2.4 ( .9 to 4.9) -2.4 (-4.2 to -.l)

1.0 (-.3 to 2.2) -2.5 (-3.8 to -1.1)

28.3 (36.2)

24.1 (29.6)

17.5 (20.7)

-0.9 (-2.0 to 0.4)

-1.1 (-1.7 to -.5)

-1.2 (-1.6 to -.9)

-2.8 (-4.5 to -.6)

-2.9 (-3.7 to -1.8)

-2.4 (-3.3 to -1.7)

-4.2 (-6.3 to .O)

-4.4 (-6.4 to -2.9)

-3.5 (-5.1 to -2.6)

-4.1 (-7.9 to 1.4)

-6.2 (-8.6 to -3.4)

-4.7 (-6.4 to -3.1)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

32
TAELE 8A.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING BLACK OAK VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 50

Rake angle, degrees

60 JO

_______-___---poumjs pep 0.1 inch of knife---____-------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.6

18.5

92.3

0.030 inch

10.6

18.5

92.3

0.045 inch

10.6

18.5

92.3

0.060 inch

10.6

18.5

92.3

0.015 inch

10.6

18.5

92.3

0.030 inch

10.6

18.5

92.3

0.045 inch

10.6

18.5

92.3

0.060 inch

10.6

18.5

92.3

3.5 ( 9.3)

2.8 ( 6.8)

2.0 ( 5.1)

5.6 (17.7)

3.3 ( 8.0)

5.5 (14.6)

;.; i1;.;j

.. ..

5.9 (16.0)

5.5 (12.2)

4.0 ( 8.6)

NORMAL FORCE3g4

0.6 (-0.8 to 3.8) 0.9 (-0.2 to 3.1)

:J4 [ -.8 to 2.7)

-.5 to 1.6)

:; [[ -.9 to 2.0)

-.7 to 1.3)

.4 (-1.7 to 3.9) .6 (-1.4 to 3.1)

.o (-1.5 to 2.1) .O (-1.7 to 1.7)

.O (-1.0 to 1.4) -.3 (-1.6 to .9)

.8 (-1.6 to 6.3) .6 (-1.5 to 3.7)

.O (-1.7 to 1.7) -.l (-1.9 to 1.9)

-. 1 (-1.2 to 1.3) -.4 (-2.4 to 1.3)

.3 (-2.1 to 4.8) .3 (-2.1 to 3.9)

-. 4 (-2.1 to 2.1) .l (-2.4 to 2.6)

-. 3 (-1.8 to 1.1) 1.7 (-2.5 to 1.3)

3.4 ( 6.3)

5.5 (12.0)

4.3 ( 8.5)

5.3 (12.1)

4.4 ( 8.3)

3.5 ( 6.9)

0.3 (-0.7 to 2.0)

.5 (-1.9 to 2.7)

.2 (-1.4 to 1.9)

1.5 ( -.4 to 3.5)

.3 ( -.7 to 1.8)

.4 ( -.7 to 1.5)

.8 (-1.8 to 3.8)

-. 3 (-1.6 to 1.8)

.o (-1.0 to 1.2)

.8 (-2.2 to 4.1)

-.6 (-2.3 to 1.6)

-. 2 (-1.5 to 1.1)

Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the warkpiece.
TABLE 8B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING BLACK OAK PARALLEL TO

THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 10

Rake angle, degrees

20 30

-------_------pours pep 0.1 inch of kr,~f~______-_______

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.6

18.3

90.5

0.030 inch

10.6

18.3

90.5

0.045 inch

10.6

18.3

90.5

0.360 inch

10.6

18.3

90.5

0.015 inch

10.6

18.3

90.5

0.030 inch

10.6

18.3

90.5

0.045 inch

10.6

18.3

90.5

0.060 inch

10.6

18.3

90.5

19.2 (23.4) 15.2 (18.3)

1i.i . [;;.;i . 17.; p;.;; .

36.3 (42.0) 32.8 (39.0)

27.1 (31.9) 23.7 (26.6)

17.7 (20.7) 12.6 (15.8)

47.9 (58.0) 41.7 (52.7)

36.9 (43.4) 31.7 (35.0)

25.6 (31.3) 20.0 (23.4)

57.6 (73.2) 52.0 (63.8)

45.1 (54.6) 39.3 (44.8)

33.1 (41.3) 23.6 (30.4)

9.8 (14.7

8.3 ( 9.7

4.9 ( 6.2

13.4 (26.1

15.0 (18.8

9.0 (12.3

16.8 (40.2

19.4 (25.5

9.3 (15.2

17.7 (44.3

21.7 (33.6

10.9 (18.2

NORMAL FORCE394

5.2 (3.7 to 6.2) 1.8 (1.3 to 2.3 -0.5 -1.0 to 0.1)

3.4 (2.6 to 4.2) 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9 -.2 -.7 to -3)

2.4 (1.8 to 2.9) .9 ( .5 to 1.2 .2 -.4 to .9)

8.6 (5.8 to 10.6)

6.6 (5.3 to 7.7)

4.2 (3.6 to 5.1)

11.6 (8.4 to 14.7)

9.1 (7.2 to 10.5)

5.8 (3.7 to 6.7)

12.8 (7.1 to 17.6)

10.5 (8.2 to 12.8)

7.7 (5.4 to 9.2)

3.3 (2.1 to 4.5) -1.0 -2.1 to -1)

2.1 (1.5 to 2.5) -1.0 -1.7 to -.2)

1.0 ( .6 to 1.4) -.6 -1.2 to .O)

4.0 (2.3 to 5.2 -1.1 (-2.9 to .4)

2.6 (1.8 to 3.1 -1.0 (-2.0 to -.l)

1.2 ( .7 to 1.8 -. 5 (-1.5 to .2)

5.1 (3.3 to 6.9) -1.3 (-3.4 to -0)

2.9 (2.1 to 3.8) -2.0 (-3.3 to -.9)

1.3 ( .7 to 2.2) -.8 (-1.7 to -.l)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force ind,icates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

34
TABLE 8C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING BLACK OAK ACROSS TliE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

______________pou~s per 0.1 inch of knife--------------

PARALLEL FORCE'

0.015 inch

10.7 21.6 (28.6)

18.3 16.4 (20.6)

99.4 14.8 (17.9)

0.030 inch

10.7 37.9 (50.2)

18.3 30.0 (36.5)

99.4 24.1 (28.6)

0.045 inch

10.7 44.1 (55.3)

18.3 37.0 (46.5)

99.4 32.1 (37.7)

0.060 inch

10.7 49.8 (63.2)

18.3 46.6 (58.5)

99.4 38.9 (46.8)

17.7 (24.1)

13.2 (16.9)

11.1 (13.9)

32.0 (42.2)

23.6 (28.6)

17.6 (20.9)

37.4 (47.5)

31.0 (38.9)

22.2 (26.6)

45.9 (60.7)

37.2 (45.1)

27.2 (32.4)

NORMAL FORCE3*4

0.015 inch

10.7 2.0 (0.7 to 3.6) -0.7 (-2.1 to 1.2)

18.3 1.3 ( .5 to 2.1) -.7 (-1.7 to 1.0)

99.4 .8 ( .2 to 1.2) -.7 (-1.5 to .3)

0.033 inch

10.7 2.6 ( .4 to 5.4) -3.0 (-5.6 to .8)

18.3 1.2 ( .2 to 3.3) -2.4 (-4.4 to -.6)

99.4 .7 (-.2 to 1.4) -1.7 (-2.7 to -.5)

0.045 inch

10.7 3.5 ( .1 to 7.1) -4.0 (-7.1 to .9)

18.3 1.8 (-.3 to 3.6) -3.5 (-6.1 to -.4)

99.4 .9 (-.7 to 2.7) -2.7 (-4.1 to -1.3)

0.060 inch

10.7 4.6 ( .5 to 8.9) -4.4 (-8.9 to 1.7)

18.3 2.0 (-.4 to 4.9) -5.3 (-7.7 to -1.2)

99.4 1.0 (-.9 to 2.6) -3.5 (-5.D to -1.8)

14.5 (19.3)

li.9” . I;;.;;

24.2 (31.2)

19.8 (25.1)

14.4 (18.4)

30.7 (38.2)

24.4 (31.8)

18.2 (22.9)

34.9 (45.5)

-2.7 ( -4.4 to -1.0)

-2.0 ( -3.3 to -.8)

-1.9 ( -3.0 to -.8)

-5.4 ( -8.6 to -2.7

-4.8 ( -6.9 to -3.1

-4.0 ( -5.4 to -2.0

-7.5 (-11.2 to -3.1

-6.8 (-10.0 to -4.0

-5.2 ( -7.0 to -3.1

-9.1 (-12.6 to -4.3)

-8.7 (-11.6 to -4.2)

-6.8 (-10.0 to -3.2)

Clearance angle 150; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

35
TABLE 9A .--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING BLACKJACK OAK VENEER

IN THE O-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 50

Rake angle, degrees

60 70

-----------_--~ hounds per 0.1 inch of knife--------------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.7

19.2

82.5

0.030 inch

11.7

19.2

82.5

0.045 inch

11.7

19.2

82.5

0.060 inch

11.7

19.2

82.5

3.9 ( 8.9)

2.9 ( 6.2)

2.1 ( 5.1)

5.8 (14.5)

4.4 ( 9.3)

4.0 ( 7.4)

6.7 (15.9)

5.2 (10.1)

4.6 ( 9.1)

3.7 ( 7.1)

2.9 ( 5.5)

2.4 ( 4.6)

5.4 (12.6) 6.0 (14.0)

4.8 ( 8.3)

3.9 ( 7.3)

6.4 (14.3)

5.6 (10.6)

4.6 ( 8.8)

NORMAL FORCE394

0.015 inch

11.7

19.2

82.5

0.030 inch

11.7

19.2

82.5

0.045 inch

11.7

19.2

82.5

0.060 inch

11.7

-0.2 (-1.3 to 1.5) -0.5 (-2.3 to .9) 0.5 (-9.6 to 1.6)

.o ( -.9 to 1.7) -.6 (-2.3 to 1.1) -.2 ( -.8 to .8)

-. 1 ( -.8 to -6) -1.0 (-3.2 to .3) . 1 ( -.5 to .8)

-.; I:;.; ;i 1.6) -.4 (-2.0 to .9) -.5 (-2.1 to .8)

-. .3)

-.S (-2:0 to .3)

-.8 (-1.8 to .5) -1.2 (-2.4 to .2)

-.8 (-2.0 to -.l) -.9 (-1.8 to .l)

-.5 (-2.9 to 2.1) -.9 (-2.8 to .5) -.8 (-2.9 to 1.2)

-1.0 (-2.6 to .4) -1.3 (-3.0 to .2) -1.5 (-3.0 to .2)

-1.1 (-2.6 to .2) -1.3 (-2.9 to -.3) -1.4 (-2.6 to -1)

-.9 (-4.2 to 1.4) -1.0 (-3.0 to .8) -1.4 (-4.0 to .7)

19.2 -1.5 (-3.2 to .l) -1.8 (-3.9 to -.l) -2.3 (-3.8 to .O)

82.5 -1.3 (-2.7 to .O) -1.7 (-3.7 to -0) -2.2 (-3.4 to -.4)

Clearance angle 0'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

36
TABLE 9B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING BLACKJACK OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 10

Rake angle, degrees

20 30

--------------Pounds per 0.1 inch of knife_________-_-__

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.6

19.2

80.8

0.030 inch

11.6

19.2

80.8

0.045 inch

11.6

19.2

80.8

0.060 inch

11.6

19.2

80.8

0.015 inch

11.6

19.2

80.8

0.030 inch

11.6

19.2

80.8

0.045 inch

11.6

19.2

80.8

0.060 inch

11.6

19.2

80.8

19.0 (22.7)

1;.; i;;.;j

33.2 (41.9)

24.9 (29.1)

17.2 (20.1)

48.1 (56.4)

31.7 (39.3)

23.8 (27.6)

57.7 (73.4)

42.3 (48.6)

30.6 (36.1)

15.2 (18.2)

10.6 (12.2)

6.9 ( 8.4)

31.3 (36.0)

20.8 (24.1)

12.3 (15.3)

40.0 (46.2)

27.1 (30.1)

17.2 (21.4)

53.7 (63.0)

35.7 (40.2)

22.7 (27.7)

NORMAL FORCES, 4

5.3 ( 4.0 to 6.4) 1.7 (1.1 to 2.3)

3.4 ( 2.5 to 4.1) 1.3 ( .8 to 1.5)

2.5 ( 1.8 to 3.2) .8 ( .5 to 1.1)

9.0 ( 6.6 to 10.7) 2.9 (2.2 to 3.7)

5.9 ( 4.3 to 7.1) 1.7 (1.1 to 2.3)

4.0 ( 3.0 to 4.8) 1.0 ( .5 to 1.4)

11.5 ( 8.4 to 14.1) 3.3 (2.0 to 4.6)

7.5 ( 5.7 to 9.2) 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7)

5.3 ( 4.0 to 6.2) 1.1 ( .6 to 1.7)

13.7 (10.2 to 17.1) 4.2 (2.4 to 5.8)

9.5 ( 7.1 to 11.0) 2.6 (1.9 to 3.1)

6.3 ( 4.7 to 7.6) 1.2 ( .5 to 1.8)

10.1 (14.6

7.3 ( 9.0

4.5 ( 6.0

17.8 (27.6)

y.24 11;.;j

19.9 (38.2)

15.5 (19.9)

10.1 (13.0)

20.4 (50.7)

16.8 (25.5)

11.9 (15.7)

-0.3 (-0.8 to 0.2)

-. 3 ( -.6 to .l)

-.2 ( -.5 to .4)

-1.1 (-2.6 to .8)

-.9 (-1.4 to -.3)

-.6 (-1.0 to -.2)

-1.4 (-3.8 to .9)

-1.2 (-1.8 to -.6)

-1.0 (-1.5 to -.5)

-1.4 (-5.1 to 1.2)

-1.5 (-2.8 to -.3)

-1.2 (-1.9 to -.6)

l Clearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

37
TABLE 9C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING BLACKJACK OAK ACROSS

THE GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

---____-______pou&s per 0.1 inch of &<fe--___---------

PARALLEL FORCE*

0.015 inch

10.9

17.7

89.2

0.030 inch

10.9

17.7

89.2

0.045 inch

10.9

17.7

89.2

0.060 inch

10.9

17.7

89.2

0.015 inch

10.9

17.7

89.2

0.030 inch

10.9

17.7

89.2

0.045 inch

10.9

17.7

89.2

0.060 inch

10.9

17.7

89.2

17.3 (25.6) 15.4 (21.8)

16.5 (21.5) 12.9 (16.9)

11.9 (15.4) 10.1 (12.4)

31.5 (41.9) 27.7 (35.4)

31.7 (38.5) 22.2 (26.9)

21.3 (25.4) 16.4 (19.3)

33.8 (49.2) 33.3 (46.6)

36.7 (43.9) 29.9 (36.3)

28.0 (34.9) 21.1 (25.9)

40.5 (55.4) 40.9 (51.7)

43.1 (52.9) 35.4 (43.3)

33.7 (42.2) 26.9 (32.8)

NORMAL FORCE394

1.4 (-0.2 to 4.1) -0.4 (-2.0 to 1.8) -2.4 ( -4.3 to -0.1)

1.3 ( .3 to 2.8) -.9 (-2.0 to .l) -2.5 ( -3.8 to -1.1)

.5 ( -.l to 1.3) -.9 (-1.8 to .O) -1.7 ( -2.6 to -.7)

2.1 (-1.5 to 7.9) -1.7 (-4.8 to 3.7) -5.2 ( -8.5 to -1.3)

1.0 ( -.7 to 4.8) -2.4 (-4.0 to -.6) -4.7 ( -6.4 to -2.6)

.3 ( -.7 to 1.8) -1.9 (-3.1 to -.3) -3.9 ( -5.7 to -1.7)

2.0 (-2.2 to 8.9) -2.8 (-7.2 to 3.7) -7.2 (-11.3 to -3.2)

1.2 ( -.8 to 4.4) -4.2 (-6.7 to -1.8) -6.8 ( -9.2 to -4.1)

.6 ( -.9 to 3.3) -2.8 (-4.4 to -.6) -5.2 ( -7.7 to -3.3)

2.6 (-2.6 to 11.6) -3.7 (-8.1 to 4.2) -9.1 (-14.0 to -2.7)

1.2 (-2.1 to 5.0) -5.2 (-9.0 to -2.4) -8.6 (-12.1 to -4.2)

.7 (-1.5 to 4.2) -3.8 (-5.9 to -.8) -6.7 ( -9.2 to -3.7)

12.2 (17.1)

1i.i . t;;.yj .

20.6 (28.2)

17.7 (21.9)

14.3 (18.2)

25.5 (35.7)

23.8 (30.0)

18.3 (25.2)

34.1 (45.4)

28.2 (36.1)

22.3 (28.6)

1 Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

* The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

38
TABLE lOA.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING CHERRYBARK OAK VENEER

IN THE O-90 DIRECTION]

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

--------------pocky per 0.1 inch Of knife--------______

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.4

18.8

93.4

0.030 inch

11.4

18.8

93.4

0.045 inch

11.4

18.8

93.4

0.060 inch

11.4

18.8

93.4

0.015 inch

11.4

18.8

93.4

0.030 inch

11.4

18.8

93.4

0.045 inch

11.4

18.8

93.4

0.060 inch

11.4

18.8

93.4

5.5 (15.3)

7.9 (21.7)

4.6 (11.6)

2.9 ( 5.9)

2.4 ( 4.5)

5.5 (14.3)

"3.; . 1 y;.

6.7 (18.3)

;.; . 1 ;.;I .

NORMAL FORCE3*4

0.5 (-0.9 to 3.1) 1.2 (-0.4 to 3.2) -0.1 (-1.6 to 1.6)

.5 (-1.0 to 2.9) -. 1 ( -.9 to 1.6) .O (-2.5 to 2.4)

.3 ( -.4 to 1.5) .O ( -.8 to .9) -1.0 (-2.4 to 1.3)

.6 (-1.9 to 5.2)

.3 (-1.6 to 3.1)

-.l (-1.1 to 1.3)

.8 (-1.1 to 3.6) 1.4 ( -.3 to 3.6)

-.9 (-2.5 to .9) -. 1 (-1.5 to 2.0)

-. 5 (-1.6 to .6) .4 ( -.6 to 1.8)

.7 (-1.5 to 3.9) .2 (-2.0 to 3.0)

.l.l (-2.8 to .7) -.7 (-2.7 to 1.8)

-.7 (-2.2 to 1.3) -.3 (-1.5 to 1.3)

.7 (-1.9 to 5.1)

-.l (-1.9 to 2.4) -

-.2 (-1.3 to 1.3)

.8 (-1.9 to 5.9) .9 (-2.3 to 4.9) .2 (-2.5 to 3.3)

-.2 (-2.2 to 2.7) - 1.3 (-3.8 to .8) -1.3 (-3.6 to 1.1)

-.5 (-2.1 to 1.6) -. 9 (-2.8 to .7) -.5 (-1.9 to 1.2)

3.5 ( 7.8)

6.2 (14.7)

1 Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive whentie knife pushed the workpiece.

39
TABLE lOB.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING CHERRYBARK OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 10

Rake angle, degrees

20 30

______ _____--_po~~s per 0.1 inch of ~~~~f~__~~~~~~~~~~~~

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.4

18.7

87.9

0.030 inch

10.4

la.7

87.9

0.045 inch

10.4

la.7

87.9

0.060 inch

10.4

18.7

87.9

17.8 (21.5) 16.7 (19.3)

1;*; . I;;*;{ . 1;.; . [l;.;; .

37.0 (45.0) 37.6 (41.8)

23.6 (27.0) 19.8 (22.9)

16.9 (20.1) 11.9 (13.5)

47.9 (59.0) 45.8 (52.3)

30.0 (38.1) 27.4 (30.5)

24.3 (30.0) 17.9 (20.2)

58.0 (72.9) 55.3 (66.8)

38.1 (47.5) 34.3 (36.8)

30.0 (34.6) 22.4 (25.7)

12.9 (16.6

7.4 ( 8.4

4.7 ( 6.0

21.9 (29.7

14.6 (17.8

7.2 ( 9.1

19.5 (42.6

17.9 (22.1

9.3 (11.6

23.9 (49.9

23.0 (29.5

13.3 (16.7

0.015 inch

10.4

la.7

87.9

0.030 inch

10.4

la.7

87.9

0.045 inch

10.4

18.7

87.9

0.060 inch

10.4

18.7

87.9

NORMAL FORCES.4

5.1 ( 4.1 to 6.2) 2.0 (1.4 to 2.6) -0.7 (-1.1 to -0.1)

3.2 ( 2.6 to 3.8) 1.2 ( .9 to 1.6) -.I ( -.5 to .3)

2.4 ( 2.0 to 3.3) .a ( .4 t0 1.4) .o ( -.4 to .5)

a.9 ( 6.1 to 11.3) 3.6 (2.6 to 4.5) -1.7 (-2.5 to -.7)

6.0 ( 4.4 to 7.0) 1.9 (1.5 to 2.3) -.9 (-1.4 to -.4)

4.0 ( 3.2 to 5.0) 1.0 ( .6 to 1.6) -.2 ( -.8 to 05)

11.3 ( a.0 to 15.2) 4.1 (2.4 to 5.4) -1.5 (-3.5 to -.l)

7.4 ( 5.4 to 8.9) 2.3 (1.8 to 2.9) -1.3 (-2.1 to -.4)

5.8 ( 4.6 to 7.3) 1.1 ( .5 t0 1.8) -. 5 (-1.2 to .4)

14.7 (10.7 t0 18.3) 4.5 (2.5 to 6.3) -1.6 (-4.2 to 01)

9.2 ( 7.0 to 10.9) 3.0 (2.3 to 3.5) -1.8 (-2.8 t0 -.7)

6.7 ( 5.2 to 8.1) 1.2 ( .6 to 1.8) -1.2 (-2.0 to -.2)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

40
TABLE lOC.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING CHERRYBARK OAK ACROSS

THE GRAIN IN THE 90-90 OIRECTIONI

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 20

Rake angle, degrees

30 40

_________-____pouy&.y pep 0.1 inch of knife_--___________

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

9.9

18.6

96.0

0.030 inch

9.9

18.6

96.0

0.045 inch

9.9

18.6

96.0

0.060 inch

9.9

18.6

96.0

0.015 inch

9.9

18.6

96.0

0.030 inch

9.9

18.6

96.0

0.045 inch

9.9

18.6

96.0

0.060 inch

9.9

18.6

96.0

25.0 (32.6) 18.1 (24.1)

18.0 (22.6) 13.7 (17.3)

13.3 (15.6) 10.6 (12.8)

40.6 (52.3) 35.4 (44.4)

30.7 (36.9) 23.4 (28.0)

24.7 (28.6) 17.5 (21.9)

48.5 (61.7) 43.2 (54.2)

37.9 (45.1) 29.2 (34.5)

32.5 (37.5) 22.5 (27.0)

63.6 (79.3) 48.2 (63.9)

46.2 (54.1) 35.9 (42.9)

39.3 (46.2) 27.3 (33.8)

NORMAL FORCEas

2.3 ( 1.0 to 3.9) -0.4 (-1.9 to 1.8) -2.9 ( -5.0 to -1.2)

1.5 ( .6 to 2.6) -.5 (-1.3 to .5) -1.9 ( -3.0 to -.3)

.7 ( -.l to 1.6) -.5 (-1.2 to .O) -1.9 ( -2.7 to -.8)

3.3 ( .8 to 7.2) -2.5 (-5.1 to 1.0) -6.2 ( -8.9 to -2.6)

1.5 ( .O to 3.6) -2.2 (-3.7 to -.3) -4.7 ( -6.6 to -2.6)

.4 ( -.7 to 1.7) -2.2 (-3.4 to -.9) -3.9 ( -5.3 to -2.4)

4.1 ( .8 to 7.9) -3.2 (-6.9 to -8.4 (-12.2 to -3.6)

1.6 ( -.4 to 4.0) -3.1 (-5.2 to

2:;;

-6.6 ( -8.7 to -3.7)

.4 (-1.1 to 1.9) -3.2 (-4.9 to -1.5) -5.3 ( -7.2 to -3.2)

4.9 ( .l to 9.7) -3.9 (-8.8 to 3.2) -10.9 (-15.7 to -4.0)

2.2 ( -.5 to 4.8) -4.5 (-7.3 to -1.6) -8.7 (-12.1 to -4.2)

.4 (-1.3 to 2.7) -4.2 (-6.2 to -1.9) -6.8 ( -9.6 to -3.7)

15.5 (20.7

11.0 (14.2

8.7 (11.4

27.3 (34.2

18.4 (23.3

14.1 (17.9

32.8 (43.9

24.2 (29.5

18.0 (22.1

40.6 (53.5)

28.3 (37.2)

21.2 (27.0)

1 Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number .in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

41
TABLE llA.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING LAUREL OAK VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

--____________pou~s per 0.1 inch of knife--------------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.1

19.0

91.2

0.030 inch

11.1

19.0

91.2

0.045 inch

11.1

19.0

91.2

0.060 inch

11.1

19.0

91.2

0.015 inch

11.1

19.0

91.2

0.030 inch

11.1

19.0

91.2

0.045 inch

11.1

19.0

91.2

0.060 inch

11.1

19.0

91.2

4.2 (10.0)

5.0 (13.7)

;.; [ ;.;;

. .

5.2 (15.9)

;.; y&y;

. .

6.7 (18.5)

6.1 (13.5)

4.1 (10.3)

4.3 ( 9.2)

306 ( 7.4)

2.8 ( 5.9)

5.2 (13.4)

;.; . [[ ;.;i .

6.5 (16.2)

5.8 (11.4)

4.3 ( 9.4)

NORMAL FORCE394

0.1 (-1.2 to 2.6) -0.1 (-1.7 to 2.2)

.2 ( -.7 to 2.0) -.l (-1.8 to 2.1)

.2 ( -.7 to 1.9) -.6 (-2.1 to 1.3)

.4 (-1.4 to 3.1) .7 ( -.9 to 2.6)

-.4 (-1.9 to 2.0) -.3 (-1.5 to 1.8)

.2 (-1.2 to 1.8) -.6 (-1.6 to .5)

.l (-1.8 to 3.0) .l (-1.7 to 1.9)

-. 3 (-2.1 to 1.9) -.8 (-2.5 to 1.7)

-. 1 (-1.8 to 1.9) -.7 (-2.3 to .6)

.l (-2.0 to 3.3) .4 (-2.0 to 3.3)

-.6 (-2.8 to 1.8) -1.2 (-3.3 to 1.2)

.O (-1.6 to 2.3) -1.1 (-3.3 to .9)

5.9 (13.6)

4.5 ( 9.1)

3.5 ( 6.9)

0.8 (-0.6 to 2.4)

.3 ( -.7 to 1.8)

.3 ( -.5 to 1.2)

.3 (-2.1 to 3.6)

-.5 (-1.7 to 1.1)

-.l (-1.3 to 1.3)

.l (-2.6 to 3.5)

-.8 (-2.4 to 1.2)

-.l (-1.8 to 2.3)

.l (-2.8 to 3.6)

-1.5 (-3.3 to .3)

-. 2 (-1.8 to 1.1)

iclearance angle 0'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five)

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five)

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece

42
TABLE llB.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING LAUREL OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

--_______-__-_&u&s per 0.1 inch of knife___-----------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.9

19.0

89.4

0.030 inch

10.9

19.0

89.4

0.045 inch

10.9

19.0

89.4

0.060 inch

10.9

19.0

89.4

0.015 inch

10.9

19.0

89.4

0.030 inch

10.9

19.0

89.4

0.045 inch

10.9

19.0

89.4

0.060 inch

10.9

19.0

89.4

19.0 (22.3

1i.i . t;;.; .

36.3 (43.2

23.7 (29.1

15.9 (19.7

48.9 (58.0

30.8 (39.1

20.5 (27.9

61.3 (77.5

39.5 (50.7

27.4 (34.7

16.8 (19.3)

1;.:, . [l;.;; .

31.6 (35.4)

20.2 (22.2)

12.8 (15.7)

44.4 (48.3)

28.3 (32.0)

18.1 (21.8)

61.2 (64.1)

35.3 (39.9)

23.4 (28.3)

17.6 (28.9)

':.; . i;;.;; .

19.3 (40.6)

16.9 (23.2)

10.7 (14.6)

18.5 (50.1)

18.7 (31.6)

14.4 (18.0)

NORMAL FORCE394

5.8 ( 4.9 to 6.8

3.5 ( 2.8 to 4.1

2.6 ( 1.6 to 4.0

9.7 ( 7.6 to 11.5

6.1 ( 3.7 to 7.7

3.7 ( 2.3 to 4.9

12.7 (10.5 to 15.2

7.6 ( 5.1 to 9.4

4.6 ( 3,O to 6.3

2.1 (1.7 to 2-5

1.2 ( .9 to 1.6

.8 ( .,4 to 1.2

3.6 (3.1 to 4.2

1.9 (1.5 to 2.3

1.1 ( .6 to 1.7

4.5 (3.9 to 5.2

2.4 (1.8 to 2.9

1.2 ( .7 to 1.8

15.4 (11.6 to 18.9) 6.2 (5.4 to 7.0

9.9 ( 6.8 to 12.4) 2.8 (2.1 to 3.5

6.0 ( 4.4 to 7.8) 1.4 ( .8 to 2.1

-0.6 (-1.1 to 0.0

-.l ( -.4 to .5

- . 1 ( -.5 to .4

-1.3 (-2.4 to -.l)

-.7 (-1.4 to -.l)

-. 4 (-1.1 to .5)

-1.5 (-3.4 to .3)

-1.2 (-2.0 to -.5)

-. 8 (-1.4 to -.l)

-1.5 (-4.4 to .l)

-1.4 (-2.6 to -,7)

-1.4 (-2.2 to -.7)

-

iclearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is-the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece

43
TABLE llC.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING LAUREL OAK ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

-________--_-_pou&s per 0.1 inch of knife---___________

PARALLEL FORCE*

0.015 inch

10.7

18.6

94.4

0.030 inch

10.7

18.6

94.4

0.045 inch

10.7

18.6

94.4

0.060 inch

10.7

18.6

94.4

0,015 inch

10.7

18.6

94.4

0.030 inch

10.7

18.6

94.4

0.045 inch

10.7

18.6

94,4

0.060 inch

10.7

18.6

94.4

23.4 (29.2) 21.2 (27.6)

18-3 (21.8) 12.1 (15.6)

14.1 (17.6) 12.1 (15.0)

36.5 (4806) 33.4 (41.6)

33.6 (39.9) 23.9 (29.5)

24.8 (30.3) 16.9 (21.1)

47.9 (59.1) 43.0 (53.7)

42.1 (47.7) 30.8 (37.3)

32.3 (39.7) 22.9 (29.1)

49.5 (70.5) 48-l (63.0)

50.9 (58.9) 39.3 (46.3)

39.4 (49.4) 28.1 (35.1)

NORMAL FORCE394

2.2 ( 0.6 to 4.7) -0.5 (-2.0 to 1.6) -2.5 ( -3.9 to -0.7)

1.4 ( .8 to 2.6) -.2 (-1.2 to .8) -1.9 ( -3.0 to -.7)

.8 ( .l to 1.9) -.8 (-1.7 to .O) -1.7 ( -2.6 to -.6)

3.2 ( .7 to 7.2) -1.8 (-4.6 to 2.6) -5.9 ( -8.3 to -3.0)

1.4 ( .2 to 3.1) -2.4 (-4.1 to -.6) -4.6 ( -6.5 to -2.4)

.5 ( -.9 to 1.6) -2.0 (-3.1 to -.6) -3.7 ( -5.2 to -1.7)

4.5 ( .8 to 9.2) -2.9 (-6.0 to 2.8) -7.9 (-10.7 to -3.8)

1.5 ( .o to 3.9) -3.8 (-5.7 to -1.6) -6.7 ( -8.9 to -3.1)

.5 (-1.1 to 2.1) -3.2 (-4.7 to -1.1) -5.1 ( -7.7 to -2.6)

5.7 ( 1.5 to 10.2) -2.8 (-7.7 to 4.6) -10.4 (-14..2 to -4.6)

1.4 ( -.7 to 3.9) -5.2 (-8.1 to -1.3) -8.7 (-12.0 to -4.2)

.3 (-1.9 to 2.2) -4.3 (-6.3 to -1.6) -6.6 (-10.0 to -3.2)

16.0 19.3

10.8 14.2

8.3 11.0

28.1 (35.1)

18.5 (22.2)

13.5 (16.9)

34.2 (40.5)

23.5 (29.4)

17.2 (22.7)

43.8 (54.7)

3;l.Z (38.0)

20 8 (27.0)

'Clearance angle 15O; cutting veloc'ity 5 inches per minute.

*The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five)

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

44
TABLE lZA.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING NORTHERN RED OAK VENEER IN

THE O-90 DRIECTION'

Depth of cut and

mdisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

---------_----poets per 0.1 inch of ~ni~~~______________

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.9

18.1

91.9

0.030 inch

10.9

18.1

91.9

0.045 inch

10.9

18.1

91.9

0.060 inch

10.9

18.1

91.9

0.015 inch

10.9

18.1

91.9

0.030 inch

10.9

18.1

91.9

0.045 inch

10.9

18.1

91.9

0.060 inch

10.9

18.1

91.9

4.2

3.6

3.0

4.6 (15.0) 5.4

;:g [ 1 li6j 4.4

. 9.5) 3.6

6.2 (

4.6 (

4,.7 (

8.4)

2.6)

2.1)

8.6) 3.5 ( 6.9)

5.8) 4.8 (11.9)

4.4) 3.9 ( 7.6)

12.0)

8.3)

6.5)

5.3 (10.6)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

0.5 (-0.7 to 2.7) 0.9 (-0.4 to 3.0)

.3 ( -.7 to 1.9) .3 ( -.8 to 2.0)

.2 ( -.5 to 1.3) .2 ( -.4 to .8)

.5 (-1.1 to 3.8) .6 (-1.0 to 3.3)

.l (-1.3 to 2.3) -.l (-1.5 to 2.0)

.O ( -.8 to 1.5) -.3 (-1.4 to .8)

.8 (-1.1 to 4.2) .4 (-1.7 to 3.1)

.2 (-1.5 to 2.3) .l (-2.0 to 2.5)

-.l (-1.2 to 1.7) -.4 (-1.9 to .8)

.6 (-1.4 to 4.6) .8 (-1.2 to 4.0)

-. 1 (-1.6 to 2.1) .l (-2.4 to 2.9)

.O (-1.5 to 1.7) -.7 (-2.7 to .7)

0.6 (-0.6 to 1.6)

1.0 (-1.2 to 4.3)

.4 (-1.2 to 1.9)

1.4 ( -.4 to 3.1)

.4 (-1.1 to 2.0)

.4 ( -.5 to 1.3)

1.7 ( -.l to 4.0)

.l (-1.7 to 2.3)

-.l (-1.2 to 1.0)

1.8 ( -.6 to 5,l)

-.3 (-1.8 to 1.8)

-.4 (-1.7 to 1.1)

iclearance angle 0"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece

45
TABLE 12B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING NORTHERN RED OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

- -

(percent) 10 20 30

__----_---_-__Poun~'s per 0.1 inch of knife--__----------

0.015 inch

10.4

17.8

78.9

0.030 inch

10.4

17.8

78.9

0.045 inch

10.4

17.8

78.9

0.060 inch

10.4

17.8

78.9

0.015 inch

10.4

17.8

78.9

0.030 inch

10.4

17.8

78.9

0.045 inch

10.4

17.8

78.9

0.060 inch

10.4

17.8

78.9

PARALLEL FORCE2

20.1 (23.3) 17.6 (19.7

1i.i [;;.:i 11.9 (13.4

. . 8.0 ( 9.0

37.2 (44.9) 31.9 (38.4

25.6 (31.5) 23.4 (25.5

19.9 (22.5) 15.5 (17.0

45.2 (58.1

32.3 (38.2

27.1 (30.3

58.9 (77.7

44.0 (54.5

36.4 (40.9

47.3 (70.6

40.9 (43.8

27.9 (33.1

18.9 (31.8)

15.9 (21.0)

10.5 (12.3)

21.4 (38.7)

17.8 (27.5)

15.4 (18.1)

24.9 (52.4)

20.4 (34.7)

17.5 (22.8)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

5.6 (4.5 to 6.7) 2.0 (1.4 to 2.5) -.4 (-0.9 to 0.3)

3.5 (3,O to 4.2) 1.3 ( .9 to 1.7) -.8 to .l)

2.6 (1.9 to 3.1) -9 ( .6 to 1.3) -:; I -.3 to .5)

9.1 (6.8 to 11.8) 3.1 (2.2 to 4“o) -1.2 (-2.8 to -.l)

6.4 (4.9 to 7.6) 1.8 (1.1 to 2.4) -1.3 (-2.0 to -.5)

4.2 (3.5 to 5.2) 1.0 ( .6 to 1.6) -.8 (-1.2 to -.2)

10.8 (8.1 to 13.5) 3.8 (2.4 to 5.2) -1.6 (-3.5 to -.l)

7.7 (5.7 to 8.9) 2.3 (1.6 to 2.9) -1.5 (-2.6 to -.4)

6.0 (4,8 to 7.0) 1.1 ( .6 to l-9) -1.4 (-2.0 to -.6)

13.6 (9.5 to 17.8) 3.7 (1.5 to 5.7) -2.0 (-4.7 to -.3)

10.4 (7.7 to 12.7) 2.8 (1.9 to 3.4) -1.9 (-3.6 to -.5)

7.3 (5.8 to 8.5) 1.1 ( .5 to 1.7) -1.6 (-2.6 to -.7)

iclearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force: the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five)

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

46
TABLE 12C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING NORTHERN RED OAK ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION’

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

----_-_-_-___-pounds per 0 1 inch 0s knife______________

0.015 inch

10.6

17.8

92.3

0.030 inch

10.6

17.8

92.3

0.045 inch

10.6

17.8

92.3

0.060 inch

10.6

17.8

92.3

0.015 inch

10.6

17.8

92.3

0.030 inch

10.6

17.8

92.3

0.045 inch

10.6

17.8

92.3

0.060 inch

10.6

17.8

92.3

PARALLEL FORCE2

21.8 (27.4) 17.1 (21.7)

17.2 (21.3) 14.8 (17.5)

12.8 (15.0) 10.6 (13.5)

34.5 (42.5) 29.4 (40.9)

29.9 (36.3) 21.9 (26.3)

23.1 (27.4) 18.3 (22.0)

37.0 (49.8) 35.0 (46.6)

41.4 (47.8) 29.6 (36.2)

31.3 (37.6) 22.7 (29.1)

45.0 (56.9) 40.8 (52.9)

46.1 (53.3) 36.1 (43.0)

36.7 (43.8) 27.6 (32.7)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

1.7 (0.6 to 2-9) -0.3 (-1.5 to 1.2) -3.5 ( -5.2 to -1 7

1.3 ( .5 to 2.1) -1.0 (-1.9 to -.l) -2.6 ( -3.8 to -1.2

.7 ( .2 to 1.3) -.7 (-1.7 to .l) -2.0 ( -2.8 to -1.0)

2.3 ( .5 to 4.2) -2.0 (-4.1 to 1.2) -5.6 ( -8.0 to -2.7)

1.4 (-.2 to 2.9) -2.5 (-3.8 to -1.0) -4.7 ( -6.5 to -2.4)

.4 (-.5 to 1.4) -2.2 (-3.3 to -.8) -4.0 ( -5.2 to -2.5)

2.4 (-.2 to 5.4) -3.0 (-5.7 to -.5) -7.4 (-10.4 to -3.7)

1.3 (-.7 to 3.5) -3.4 (-4.9 to -2.0) -7.1 (-10.1 to -4.4)

.7 (-.6 to 1.8) -3.1 (-4.6 to -1.,6) -5.2 ( -7.3 to -3.3)

3.6 (-.l to 8.2) -3.6 (-6.6 to -.2) -9.9 (-13.5 to -6.4)

1.7 (-.7 to 4.7) -4.3 (-7.0 to -1.6) -8.3 (-11.5 to -4.9)

1.3 (-"5 to 2.9) -4.0 (-6.0 to -2.2) -6.8 ( -9.0 to -3.8)

17.4 (22.0)

1;.; . [;;.;; .

24.4 (31.3)

18.3 (23.6)

14.0 (17.0)

29.3 (36.83

24.5 (32.7)

17.4 (21.4)

36.9 (46.7)

29.2 (35.9)

20.9 (25.5)

'Clearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

47
TABLE 13A.--TOOL FORCES WH[N ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING POST OAK VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

--____________poun& per 0.1 inch of knife--------------

PARALLEL FORCE*

0.015 inch

11.6

19.5

78.5

0.030 inch

11.6

19.5

78.5

0.045 inch

11.6

19.5

78.5

0.060 inch

11.6

19.5

78.5

0.015 inch

11.6

19.5

78.5

0.030 inch

11.6

19.5

78.5

0.045 inch

11.6

19.5

78.5

0.060 inch

11.6

19.5

78.5

“3.; [ y,’

2:4 ( 4:3)

;.; ; yJ{

2:1 ( 4:3)

5.6 (13.4) 5.1 (11.9)

y4 . 1 ;*;; ( 1 ;.; . 11 ;.;; .

6.2 (17.4) 6.3 (13.7)

5.5 (11.1)

4.0 ( 8.5) ;.; . [lOa.:; .

7.7 (18.4) 6.6 (17.6)

5.6 (10.7)

4.4 ( 9.4)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

-0.3 (-1.4 to 1.2) 0.2 (-1.0 to 1.3)

-. 3 (-1.2 to 1.4) -.5 (-1.3 to .9)

-01 ( -.7 to .8) -.2 (-1.0 to .7)

-.3 (-2.1 to 1.7) -.4 (-2.2 to 1.1)

-. 8 (-2.0 to .5) -1.1 (-2.2 to .4)

- 6I > (-1.4 to .4) -.8 (-1.8 to -2)

-.7 (-2.6 to 1.8) -.9 (-3.0 to 1.2)

-1.1 (-2.5 to .6) -1.6 (-3.2 to .3)

-. 8 (-2.1 to .4) -l.,l (-2.5 to .3)

-.9 (-3.4 to 1.4) -1.0 (-3.9 to 1.9)

-1.2 (-3.2 to .7) -1.9 (-3.6 to .O)

-1.1 (-2.9 to .4) -1.2 (-2.9 to .5)

3.6 ( 5.9

5.9 (11.0

4.8 ( 8.8

4.6 ( 9.0

3.2 ( 5.4

2.8 ( 4.9

5,4 (10.9

6.9 (14.4)

5.5 ( 9.1)

4.0 ( 7.3)

-0.6 (-1.6 to 0.8)

-.7 (-2.7 to 1.7)

.o (-2.0 to 1.9)

.3 (-1.2 to 1.9)

-.5 (-1.4 to .5)

.1 ( -.6 to -9)

-.3 (-2.3 to 1.3)

-1.4 (-2.7 to .3)

-.6 (-1.5 to 1.0)

-.7 (-2.8 to 2.1)

-1,6 (-3.6 to -8)

-. 9 (-2.2 to .7)

iclearance angle 0'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five)

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece

48
TABLE 13B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING POST OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

______________Poun& per 0.1 inch of knife----------____

PARALLEL FORCE*

0.015 inch

11.3

19.7

79.6

0.030 inch

11.3

19.7

79.6

0.045 inch

11.3

19.7

79.6

0.060 inch

11.3

19.7

79.6

0.015 inch

11.3

19.7

79.6

0.030 inch

11.3

19.7

79.6

0.045 inch

11.3

19.7

79.6

0.060 inch

11.3

19.7

79.6

18.0 (20.3)

1;J8 . [;;.A; .

32.6 (40.4)

22.3 (26.8)

17.4 (21.4)

40.8 (55.9)

31.6 (38.0)

23.8 (31.5)

52.3 (73.2)

38.3 (50.1)

29.8 (38.0)

1); [yj

714 ( 8:7)

1g.g p;.y

4:9 ( 5:9)

31.8 (36.1)

17.2 (20.1)

11.6 (14.1)

38.9 (46.9)

24.0 (27.5)

15.8 (19.3)

45.9 (57.7)

28.8 (35.0)

18.0 (23.6)

15.3 (22.1)

lye; . y;.;j .

19.4 (36.5)

193.; . I;;.;; .

21.2 (40.7)

15.5 (21.0)

12.4 (15.4)

NORMAL FORCE3*4

4.8 (3.5 to 5.8)

3.5 (2.6 to 4.1)

2.4 (1.7 to 3.1)

8.2 (5.8 to 10.7)

5.4 (4.0 to 6.6)

4.1 (3.0 to 5.3)

10.3 (6.9 to 13.5)

7.4 (5.4 to 9.2)

5.0 (3.4 to 6.1)

11.8 (7.6 to 18.1)

8.8 (5.8 to 11.5)

6.1 (4.2 to 7.5)

1.8 (1.3 to 2.4)

1.2 ( .8 to 1.6)

.8 ( .5 to 1.3)

2.9 (2.0 to 3.7)

1.6 (1.0 to 2.0)

1.1 ( ..6 to 1.6)

3.4 (2.0 to 4.6)

2.0 (1.3 to 2.6)

1.3 ( .6 to 1.9)

3.9 (1.9 to 5.6)

2.0 (1.3 to 2.8)

1.4 ( .9 to 2.1)

-0.6 (-1.1 to 0.0)

.1 ( -.6 to -8)

.D ( -.3 to .4)

-1.1 (-2.0 to .l)

1:; t-1.4 to -.2)

-.8 to .3)

-1.5 (-3.2 to -.4)

-1.1 (-1.5 to -.4)

-.5 (-1.0 to .2)

-1.7 (-4.1 to .1)

-1.3 (-1.9 to -.6)

-.6 (-1.3 to .1)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

49
TABLE 13C.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING POST OAK ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

___-__________pou~s per 0.1 inch of knife--------------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.0 24.5 (32.1)

19.5 16.4 (20.6)

83.1 15.4 (18.5)

0.030 inch

10.0 40.7 (50.1)

19.5 31.2 (38.0)

83.1 23.6 (27.5)

0.045 inch

10.0 48.3 (61.1)

19.5 39.2 (48.0)

83.1 34.7 (41.4)

0.060 inch

10.0 51.2 (65.2)

19.5 45.9 (55.0)

83.1 41.6 (50.6)

0.015 inch

10.0

19.5

83.1

0.030 inch

10.0

19.5

83.1

0.045 inch

10.0

19.5

83.1

0.060 inch

10.0

19.5

83.1

18.0 (23.3)

14.1 (18.1)

11.4 (14.1)

35.2 (44.5)

23.0 (29.1)

18.3 (21.9)

43.4 (56.4)

31.4 (39.1)

23.1 (29.3)

51.3 (67.6)

37.7 (45.4)

29.2 (34.6)

NORMAL FORCE394

1.6 ( 0.2 to 4.3) -0.8 ( -2.0 to 0.8) -3.2 ( -5.0 to -1.3)

1.1 ( .3 to 1.8) -.9 ( -1.9 to .8) -2.0 ( -3.0 to -.9)

.5 1 -.l to 1.2) -.9 ( -1.6 to -.2) -2.1 ( -3.0 to -.9)

1.3 ( -.9 to 4.7) -4.2 ( -6.5 to -.9) -7.6 (-11.4 to -4.6)

.8 ( -.6 to 2.6) -2.6 ( -4.7 to -.3) -4.6 ( -6.3 to -2.3)

.3 ( -.5 to 1.2) -2.4 ( -3.5 to -.9) -4.1 ( -5.6 to -2.4)

1.5 (-1.5 to 7.5) -5.6 ( -8.4 to -.9) -10.7 (-15.0 to -6.6)

.9 ( -.9 to 3.4) -4.0 ( -6.5 to -.7) -6.8 ( -9.6 to -3.8)

.2 (-1.7 to 1.7) -3.4 ( -5.2 to -1.8) -5.7 ( -7.6 to -3.3)

2.0 (-2.6 to 7.8) -7.4 (-11.9 to -2.5) -13.7 (-19.4 to -7.1)

1.3 (-1.4 to 4.3) -5.3 ( -8.3 to -2.0) -8.6 (-12.4 to -4.7)

.3 (-2.1 to 2.7) -4.5 ( -6.6 to -2.5) -6.8 ( -9.6 to -4.0)

1;.; [f;.;{

8:5 (11:Z)

28.5 (38.1)

17.2 (22.1)

13.7 (17.3)

36.2 (48.0)

23.0 (30.1)

18.4 (22.9)

45.0 (60.1)

28.5 (36.4)

22.1 (29.0)

l Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

50
TABLE 14A .--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SCARLET OAK VENEER IN

THE O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 50

Rake angle, degrees

60 70

______________pou~s per 0.1 inch of knife--------_---___-

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.0

18.8

92.3

0.030 inch

11.0

18.8

92.3

0.045 inch

11.0

18.8

92.3

0.060 inch

11.0

18.8

92.3

0.015 inch

11.0

18.8

92.3

0.030 inch

11.0

18.8

92.3

0.045 inch

11.0

18.8

92.3

0.060 inch

11.0

18.8

92.3

5.7 (16.5)

4.8 (10.3)

3.0 ( 5.5)

2.4 ( 5.3)

NORMAL FORCE3*4

1.1 (-1.2 to 4.5) 1.5 (-0.2 to 3.7)

:;’ [ -.8 to 2.3) .5 (-1.0 to 2.8)

-.6 to 1.0) -.2 (-1.1 to 1.0)

.3 (-1.7 to 5.5) .6 (-1.9 to 5.0)

-.l (-1.7 to 2.5) -.4 (-2.0 to 1.3)

-.3 (-1.4 to 1.3) -.8 (-2.0 to .8)

.5 (-1.6 to 5.6) .7 (-1.8 to 5.2)

-.2 (-1.9 to 2.0) -.8 (-2.9 to 1.3)

-.4 (-1.9 to 1.2) -1.1 (-2.7 to .5)

.7 (-1.9 to 5.4) 1.2 (-2.4 to 5.2)

-.2 (-2.2 to 2.8) -!.2 (-3.8 to 1.5)

-.4 (-2.3 to 1.5) -1.0 (-2.9 to .8)

0.7 (-0.6 to 2.0)

.2 (-1.8 to 2.8)

.3 ( -.4 to 1.6)

.9 (-1.5 to 3.8)

-.l (-1.4 to 1.8)

-.4 (-1.4 to .8)

.9 (-1.6 to 4.1)

-1.1 (-2.9 to 1.3)

-.8 (-2.2 to .5)

.7 (-2.1 to 4.9)

-1.5 (-3.5 to 1.0)

-.9 (-2.6 to .8)

Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force,indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

51
TABLE 14B. --TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SCARLET OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

_----__---__--P~u~s per 0.1 inch of kn~f~fe--_______---__

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.3

18.2

88.7

0.030 inch

10.3

18.2

88.7

0.045 inch

10.3

18.2

88.7

0.060 inch

10.3

18.2

88.7

19.8 (23.8)

1i.z I;;.;;

34.6 (41.9)

24.5 (29.0)

17.0 (19.8)

44.5 (59.2)

29.8 (36.3)

22.4 (27.9)

54.4 (74.3)

42.8 (49.7)

28.6 (36.9)

8.015 inch

10.3 5.7 (4.3 to 7.3

18.2 3.1 (2.3 to 4.1

88.7 2.7 (1.8 to 4.1

0.030 inch

10.3 8.4 (6.0 to 10.9)

18.2 6.2 (5.0 to 7.4)

88.7 4.1 (3.1 to 5.4)

0.045 inch

10.3 11.0 (7.3 to 14.3)

18.2 7.4 (5.4 to 9.0)

88.7 5.0 (3.7 to 6.8)

0.060 inch

10.3 12.4 (8.2 to 19.1)

18.2 9.8 (7.0 to 11.5)

88.7 6.4 (3.8 to 8.5)

28.5 (36.2)

20.1 (23.2)

12.7 (15.6)

38.8 (50.5)

22.3 (30.6)

17.6 (21.7)

50.9 (64.7)

35.8 (38.7)

21.6 (26.2)

1y.i p;.;{

4:6 ( 5:7)

15.2 (27.0)

13.9 (18.1)

7.8 (10.5)

18.2 (38.7)

19.7 (23.1)

10.3 (15.4)

25.7 (51.7)

21.8 (26.7)

11.9 (11.5)

NORMAL FORCE3*4

1.9 (1.2 to 3.4) -0.4 (-1.0 to 0.6

1.1 ( .6 to 1.5) -.l ( -.6 to .4

1.0 ( .5 to 1.5) .4 ( -.3 to .8

2.9 (1.6 to 4.1) -1.1 (-2.1 to .2)

1.9 (1.2 to 2.4) -.9 (-1.5 to -.2)

1.2 ( .6 to 2.0) -.3 ( -.8 to .3)

4.0 (2.6 to 5.3) -1.3 (-3.3 to .2)

1.3.8 (1.1 to 2.9) ( .6 to 2.1) -1.8 - (-1.423 to -1:;;

5.0 (3.3 to 6.6) -1.6 (-4.4 to .9)

2.7 (1.8 to 3.2) -2.0 (-2.6 to -1.2)

1.3 ( .6 to 2.4) -1.0 (-1.9 to -.2)

l Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in.each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

52
TABLE 14C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SCARLET OAK ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

--_-_--__-----pou&s per 0.1 inch of knife--------------

0.015 inch

10.6

18.2

94.5

0.030 inch

10.6

18.2

94.5

0.045 inch

10.6

18.2

94.5

0.060 inch

10.6

18.2

94.5

0.015 inch

10.6

18.2

94.5

0.030 inch

10.6

18.2

94.5

0.045 inch

10.6

18.2

94.5

0.060 inch

10.6

18.2

94.5

23.0

17.3

14.1

PARALLEL FORCE2

31.3) 21.4 (28.5

20.8) 14.6 (17.8

17.5) 10.1 (12.2

38.1 (4.9.2) 35.4 (44.5

29.8 (36.8) 21.5 (25.8

23.7 (27.7) 17.0 (21.0

39.8 (50.2

29.3 (35.3

21.1 (26.4

46.9 (60.7

32.8 (43.6

26.9 (33.1

41.3 (54.0)

39.5 (44.8)

30.4 (36.7)

47.5

47.1

164.1)

57.0)

34.3 j40.3)

NORMAL FORCE3v4

1.29 ( 0.7.2 to 4.3) 21) -1.21 (-2.06 to l:;{

.5 ( -.2 to 1.1) -.6 (-1.4 to .O)

2.9 ( .9 to 5.4) -3.1 (-5.0 to -.4)

1.0 ( -.2 to 2.2) -2.7 (-4.2 to -.9)

.3 (-1.0 to 1.3) -2.1 (-3.2 to -.8)

3.9 ( -.5 to 8.3) -3.2 (-6.2 to .3)

1.1 ( -.6 to 2.7) -4.2 (-6.6 to -1.6)

.5 (-1.0 to 1.8) -2.9 (-4.6 to -1.5)

4.7 ( .6 to 9.7) -4.0 (-8.2 to 3.3)

1:; t-1.2 to 3.7) -5.5 (-9.1 to -2.2)

-.8 to 2.3) -4.2 (-6.3 to -2.2)

17.2 (21.8)

1i.E i;;.;;

27.1 (34.9)

18.6 (23.3)

14.2 (18.3)

34.5 (43.5)

23.0 (29.7)

18.1 (23.3)

43.1 (53.5)

27.9 (39.1)

22.0 (28.5)

-3.3 ( -4.8 to -1.6)

-2.4 ( -3.6 to -1.0)

-2.2 ( -3.3 to -1.2)

-6.4 ( -8.9 to -3.0)

-5.0 ( -6.6 to -3.0)

-4.0 ( -5.9 to -2.3)

-8.8 (-11.8 to -4.9)

-6.9 ( -9.5 to -3.5)

-5.6 ( -8.1 to -3.5)

-11.7 (-16.0 to -5.2)

-9.2 (-12.9 to -3.5)

-7.8 (-10.3 to -4.5)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force'indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

53
TABLE 15A.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SHUMARD OAK VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

___________-_-pou&s per 0.1 inch of knife_________-----

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.0

18.4

92.5

0.030 inch

11.0

18.4

92.5

0,045 inch

11.0

18.4

92.5

0.060 inch

11.0

18.4

92.5

0.015 inch

11.0

18.4

92.5

0.030 inch

11.0

18.4

92.5

0.045 inch

11.0

18.4

92.5

0.060 inch

11.0

18.4

92.5

4.0

3.1

2.4

5.2 (15.0) 4.5

3.3

2.8

6.0

4.8

4.3

NORMAL FORCE3*4

15.2)

10.0)

9.2)

4.4 ( 9.2)

3.0 ( 5.7)

2.6 ( 4.5)

;.; [l;.$

3'3 ( 6:3)

5.9 (13.3)

4.8 ( 9.0)

3.5 ( 7.4)

6.5 (15.8)

5.4 (10.3)

4.4 ( 8.4)

0.8 (-1.1 to 3.6) -0.5 (-2.4 to 1.4)

.3 ( -.7 to 1.8) .4 (-1.5 to 3.0)

.6 ( -.4 to 2.3) .l (-1.4 to 1.9)

.3 (-1.8 to 4.0) 1.2 ( -.6 to 3.1)

-.4 (-1.5 to 2.1) -.4 (-1.6 to 1.2)

.3 (-1.2 to 2.0) .l (-1.2 to 1.5)

.4 (-1.8 to 5.0) .6 (-1.3 to 3.1)

-.7 (-1.9 to 1.7) -.4 (-2.1 to 1.8)

.l (-1.1 to 2.4) -.2 (-1.9 to 2.0)

.5 (-2.1 to 4.6) .3 (-1.7 to 3.0)

-.7 (-2.3 to 1.9) -.6 (-2.6 to 1.6)

.2 (-1.1 to 2.3) -.5 (-2.6 to 1.8)

1.5 (-0.4 to 3.8)

.6 ( -.8 to 2.0)

.8 ( -.2 to 1.8)

.9 (-1.0 to 3.5)

:i I-l.7 to 2.1)

-.7 to 1.6)

.4 (-1.4 to 3.0)

-.6 (-2.2 to 1.4)

.l (-1.4 to 1.7)

.5 (-1.9 to 3.8)

-. 4 (-2.3 to 1.7)

-.2 (-1.9 to 1.4)

lclearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five)

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

54
TABLE 15B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SHUMARD OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30 -

_____------_-_pou&s per 0.1 inch of knife______--------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.4

18.8

88.0

0.030 inch

10.4

18.8

88.0

0.045 inch

10.4

18.8

88.0

0.060 inch

10.4

18.8

88.0

0.015 inch

10.4

18.8

88.0

0.030 inch

10.4

18.8

88.0

0.045 inch

10.4

18.8

88.0

0.060 inch

10.4

18.8

88.0

19.7 (23.1)

1;.; [;;.;;

1;.; ;;;.;I

. . 7:o ( 7:9)

35.8 (45.0) 29.1 (40.9)

24.5 (28.3) 20.5 (23.7)

17.7 (20.6) 13.3 (15.5)

43.7 (55.6) 40.1 (52.7)

32.5 (36.6) 25.5 (29.0)

25.5 (30.3) 19.2 (22.0)

51.2 (72.3) 47.2 (70.1)

40.3 (49.1) 34.3 (38.1)

31.1 (37.1) 24x8 (28.5)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

5.6 (4.3 to 6.5) 2.3 (1.6 to 2.8)

3.7 (2.5 to 4.7) 1.1 ( .7 to 1.6)

2.6 (2.2 to 3.1) 1.1 ( .7 to 1.4)

9.6 (7.4 to 11.6) 3.5 (2.0 to 4.6)

6.3 (5.4 to 7.3) 1.9 (1.3 to 2.7)

4.3 (3.5 to 4.9) 1.4 ( .8 to 1.9)

11.2 (8.9 to 13.7) 401 (2-6 to 5.4)

7.9 (6.4 to 8.9) 2.3 (1.5 to 3.0)

5.9 (4.7 to 7.0) 1.5 (1.0 to 1.8)

12.5 (8.4 to 17.3) 4.4 (2.3 to 6.5) -1.2 (-3.6 to .3)

9.8 (6.7 to 11.5) 3.0 (2.2 to 3.7) -1.7 (-2.6 to -.7)

7.1 (5.2 to 8.4) 1.6 ( .9 to 2.2) -.7 (-1.6 to .4)

11.6 (16.6)

7.3 ( 8.9)

4.6 ( 6.3)

16.5 (31.0)

13.8 (17 1)

8.3 (10.5)

20.8 (39.9)

18.4 (23.0)

11.4 (14.2)

20.3 (47.4)

21.0 (27.6)

14.8 (18.5)

-0.2 (-0.8 to 0.3)

-. 1 ( -.5 to .3)

.3 ( -.l to .7)

-.9 (-2.0 to .O)

-.9 (-1.4 to -.4)

-.2 ( -.6 to .3)

-1.1 (-3.2 to .2)

-1.4 (-2.0 to -.5)

-. 6 (-1.1 to .l)

'Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

55
TABLE 15C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SHUMARD OAK ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

Rakes angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

--_---_-_--_--Pounds per 0.1 in& Of !&f+-_-__________

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.4

17.5

90.8

0.030 inch

10.4

17.5

90.8

0.045 inch

10.4

17.5

90.8

0.060 inch

10.4

17"5

90.8

0.015 inch

28.6 (36.8) 20.0 (25.7)

18.2 (21.7) 14.0 (18.7)

13.6 (15.8) 11.8 (13.8)

41.0 (51.2) 36.8 (43.0) 26.5 (33.2)

30.6 (36.7) 23.0 (27.6) 17.3 (22.4)

24.5 (29.3) 18.0 (20.8) 14.7 (17.3)

48.8 (59.1) 42.4 (53.0) 33.9 (42.5)

38.6 (44.7) 29.9 (36.2) 23.3 (30.2)

31.2 (36.5) 23.7 (27.4) 18.6 (21.9)

59.1 (75.8) 52.2 (68.5) 40.2 (53.2)

45.5 (53.5) 35.3 (43.9) 26.9 (35.9)

36.9 (42.1) 28.8 (33.1) 22.3 (26.8)

16.6 (21.9)

1A.Z [;y;

. .

NORMAL FORCE3*4

0.4 to 3.4) -0 6 (-1.8 to 0.7) -3.3 ( -4.6 to -2.1

.8 to 2.0) -.9 (-2.2 to .O) -2.1 ( -3.1 to -12

.l to 1.2) -.8 (-1.4 to -.2) -2.0 ( -2.9 to -1.2

10.475 1.94 i

90.8 < , 7 ' )

0.030 inch

10.4 2.4 ( .5 to 4.5) -3.4 (-5.2 to -.6) -6.3 ( -8.8 to -3.6)

17.5 1.4 ( .2 to 2.8) -2.3 (-4.1 to -.9) -4.5 ( -6.3 to -2.7)

90.8 5 (-.4 to 1.6) -2.0 (-3.0 to -1.0) -4,0 ( -5.4 to -2.6)

0.045 inch

10.4 3.0 ( .5 to 6.1) -4.0 (-7.0 to -1.3) -8.9 (-12.1 to -5.1)

17.5 1.2 (-.3 to 3.2) -3.7 (-5.9 to -2.0) -6.7 ( -9.9 to -3.4)

90.8 .6 (-.8 to 1.8) -3.1 (-4.5 to -1.6) -5.7 ( -7.4 to -3.9)

0.060 inch

10.4 3.7 ( .9 to 7.4) -5.5 (-9.4 to -1.4) -11.5 (-14.7 to -6.4)

17.5 l"5 (-.2 to 4.1) -4.7 (-7.1 to -2.4) -8.4 (-12.5 to -3.9)

90.8 1.1 (-.5 to 2.6) -4.3 (-6.3 to -2.1) -7.2 ( -9.7 to -4.7)

'Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in eac,h entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

56
TABLE 16A.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SOUTHERN RED OAK VENEER

IN THE O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) 50

Rake angle, degrees

60 70

___________---pounds pep 0.1 inch of knife-_-___________

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.2

19.4

91.3

0.030 inch

11.2

19.4

91.3

0.045 inch

11.2

19.4

91.3

0.060 inch

11.2

19.4

91.3

0.015 inch

11.2

19.4

91.3

0.030 inch

11.2

19.4

91.3

0.045 inch

11.2

19.4

91.3

0.060 inch

11.2

19.4

91.3

7.8 (21.9)

6.3 (13.2)

4.8 (11.8)

6.4 (14.5)

NORMAL FORCE394

0.4 (-1.1 to 3.0) 0.8 (-0.9 to 2.3)

.o (-1.1 to 2.0) -.3 (-1.1 to .8)

.1 ( -.5 to 1.2) -.l (-1.0 to .9)

.2 (-1.5 to 2.7) .3 (-1.9 to 3.1)

-.5 (-1.8 to 1.6) -1.2 (-2.4 to .l)

-.3 (-1.6 to 1.3) -.8 (-2.1 to .8)

.3 (-3.0 to 4.9) -.l (-2.7 to 3.1)

-.9 (-2.5 to 1.1) -1.2 (-3.3 to 1.1)

-.4 (-1.6 to 1.1) -.7 (-2.9 to 1.2)

.8 (-2.3 to 6.5) -.2 (-3.7 to 3.0)

-1.0 (-3.1 to .7) -1.5 (-4.1 to 1.2)

-.2 (-1.7 to 1.5) -1.2 (-3.3 to 1.2)

4.7 (10.0)

3.4 ( 6.1)

2.5 ( 5.1)

-0.4 (-2.2 to 0.9

.5 (-2.1 to 3.9

-.5 (-2.1 to .8

.3 (-1.5 to 1.7)

-.l (-1.3 to 1.1)

.l (-1.0 to 1.1)

.2 (-2.0 to 2.5)

-1.1 (-2.3 to .4)

-.3 (-1.5 to .9)

-.8 (-3.4 to 1.8)

-1.6 (-2.8 to .1)

-1.1 (-2.6 to .4)

1 Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

57
TABLE 16B.--TOOL FORCE

TO THE GRI

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent)

___-.

0.015 inch

10.9 1

19.5 1

89.1 1

0.030 inch

10.9 3

19.5 2

89.1 1

0.045 inch

10.9 4

19.5 :

89.1 i

0.060 inch

10.9 L

19.5 I

89.1

0.015 inch

10.9 5.7

19.5

89.1 ;::

0.030 inch

10.9 10.2

19.5 5.5

89.1 4.5

0.045 inch

10.9 12.1

19.5 7.2

89.1 6.C

0.060 inch

10.9 14.1

19.5 9 .:

89.1 7 .:

1 Clearance angle 1:

2 The first number

following in pare

3 The first number

following in pare

4 A negative normal

force was positiv

TABLE 17A .--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WATER OAK VENEER IN

O-90 DIRECTION’

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

______________Poun& per 0.1 in& of knife-_--__-____

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.030 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.045 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.060 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.015 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.030 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.045 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.060 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

3.7 ( 9.5) 3.3 ( 7.3)

2.8 ( 6.9)

1.9 ( 4.8)

6.0 (16.6) 4.7 (11.6)

NORMAL FORCE3*4

0.8 (-0.7 to 3.2) 0.4 (-0.8 to 1.3)

.5 ( -.7 to 2.5) -.l (-1.0 to 1.2)

.2 ( -.5 to 1.7) -.l ( -.8 to .4)

.4 (-1.1 to 3.5) -.2 (-1.6 to 1.4)

-.l (-1.4 to 2.0) -.4 (-1.9 to 1.3)

-.l (-1.1 to 1.7) -.6 (-1.6 to .6)

.4 (-1.6 to 3.0) -.3 (-2.3 to 1.5)

-.4 (-2.0 to 1.8) -.7 (-2.5 to 1.2)

-.l (-1.5 to 1.9) -.7 (-2.1 to .7)

.5 (-2.3 to 4.1) -.4 (-2.3 to 1.4)

-.8 (-2.6 to 2.0) -1.2 (-3.3 to .6)

-.2 (-1.8 to 1.6) -.8 (-2.8 to 1.2)

4.2 (

4.5 (11

3.7 (

3.7 ( I

2.8 ( I

2.2 ( ’

4.7 (1:

:?I I ;

I

. .

5.0 (li

4.3 ( E

3.4 i t

0.0 (-1.9

-.l (-1.9

-.4 (-2.0

.8 ( -.9

-:: Ye2 -. 6

.O (-1.8

-.5 (-1.8

-.3 (-1.6

-.3 (-2.6.

-.7 (-2.2

-.4 (-1.8 1

Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numb

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numb

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of f

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the G

force was positive when the knife pushedthe workpiece.

60
TABLE 16C.--TOOL FORCES NHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SOUTHERN RED OAK ACROSS

THE GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

---_____-_____pouy& per 0.1 inch of knife--------------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.6

18.7

91.9

0.030 inch

10.6

18.7

91.9

0.045 inch

10.6

18.7

91.9

0.060 inch

10.6

18.7

91.9

25.4 (33.0) 21.0 (26.3)

13.7 (18.4) 13.2 (16.7)

14.5 (17.5) 11.0 (14.0)

43.0 (52.5) 37.0 (46.6)

31.0 (36.7) 25.7 (30.7)

25.3 (30.2) 17.1 (21.9)

54.5 (65.4) 43.1 (52.3)

39.6 (46.0) 30.2 (37.6)

36.0 (43.3) 23.6 (29.2)

59.3 (73.0) 50.9 (64.2)

44.1 (52.8) 39.4 (50.9)

39.2 (49.6) 29.5 (40.1)

NORMAL FORCE3v4

17.5 (23.7)

1i.t i;y;

26.9 (33.8)

18.9 (22.5)

14.0 (17.7)

36.0 (47.2)

23.1 (30.5)

18.2 (23.4)

42.3 (53.6)

28.4 (37.3)

21.1 (28.5)

0.015 inch

10.6 2.2 ( 0.9 to 3.8) -1.1 (-2.3 to -3.7 ( -5.5 to -1.5

18.7 1.1 ( .4 to 2.6) -.8 (-1.6 to

0:;;

-2.0 ( -2.9 to -1.1

91.9 .5 ( .o to 1.1) -.7 (-1.6 to .2) -2.0 ( -2.8 to -1.0

0.030 inch

10.6 2.9 ( 1.3 to 6.1) -3.0 (-5.6 to -.6) -6.7 ( -9.2 to -3.3

18.7 1.0 ( -.l to 2.8) -2.6 (-4.6 to -.9) -4.8 ( -6.5 to -2.9

91.9 .5 ( -.4 to 1.5) -2.0 (-3.3 to -.7) -3.9 ( -5.5 to -2.2

0.045 inch

10.6 3.4 ( .O to 7.2) -4.1 (-6.5 to -.2) -9.4 (-13.4 to -4.1

18.7 1.3 ( -.6 to 4.0) -3.9 (-6.4 to .6) -6.6 ( -9.6 to -3.2

91.9 .6 (-1.2 to 2.2) -3.2 (-5.0 to -1.4) -5.4 ( -7.9 to -3.0

0.060 inch

10.6 4.8 ( .O to 11.6) -5.0 (-9.1 to -1.3) -11.0 (-15.5 to -2.1)

18.7 1.4 (-1.0 to 4.9) -5.5 (-9.4 to -1.0) -8.5 (-13.0 to -3.6)

91.9 1.3 ( -.8 to 3.1) -4.7 (-6.7 to -1.8) -7.0 ( -9.9 to -3.2)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force: the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

59
TABLE 17A.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WATER OAK VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

---------_____Pou&s peya 0.1 inch of knife-____-----____

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.030 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.045 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.060 inch

10.7

18.7

102.6

0.015 inch

10.7 0.8 (-0.7 to 3.2

18.7 .5 ( -.7 to 2.5

102.6 .2 ( -.5 to 1.7

0.030 inch

10.7 .4 (-1.1 to 3.5)

18.7 -.l (-1.4 to 2.0)

102.6 -.l (-1.1 to 1.7)

0.045 inch

10.7 .4 (-1.6 to 3.0)

18.7 -.4 (-2.0 to 1.8)

102.6 -.l (-1.5 to 1.9)

0.060 inch

10.7 .5 (-2.3 to 4.1)

18.7 -.8 (-2.6 to 2.0)

102.6 -.2 (-1.8 to 1.6)

5.6 (13.7)

NORMAL FDRCE3e4

0.4 (-0.8 to 1.3)

1:; l-1.0 to 1.2)

-.8 to .4)

-.2 (-1.6 to 1.4)

-.4 (-1.9 to 1.3)

-.6 (-1.6 to .6)

-.3 (-2.3 to 1.5)

-.7 (-2.5 to 1.2)

-.7 (-2.1 to .7)

-.4 (-2.3 to 1.4)

-1.2 (-3.3 to .6)

-.8 (-2.8 to 1.2)

3.7 ( 8.6)

2.8 ( 6.0)

2.2 ( 4.6)

;.; [‘:J{

3:o ( 5:5)

5.0 (12.3)

4.3 ( 8.7)

3.4 ( 6.5)

0.0 (-1.9 to 2.0

-.l (-1.9 to 1.6

-.4 (-2.0 to 1.1

.8 ( -.9 to 2.6)

-.2 (-1.2 to 1.6)

.l ( -.6 to 1.2)

.O (-1.8 to 2.4)

-.5 (-1.8 to 1.1)

-.3 (-1.6 to .7)

-.3 (-2.6 to 2.4)

-.7 (-2.2 to 1.5)

-.4 (-1.8 to 1.1)

1 Clearance angle O”; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushedthe workpiece.

60
TABLE 17B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WATER OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION1

-- _ -____~

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

______________pouy& per 0.1 inch of knife______________

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.4

18.4

95.5

0.030 inch

10.4

18.4

95.5

0.045 inch

10.4

18.4

95.5

0.060 inch

10.4

18.4

95.5

0.015 inch

10.4

18.4

95.5

0.030 inch

10.4

18.4

95.5

0.045 inch

10.4

18.4

95.5

0.060 inch

10.4

18.4

95.5

20.6 (25.7)

13.6 (14.9)

9.6 (11.0)

34.9 (41.8)

25.2 (29.4)

17.7 (20.8)

48.8 (59.9)

29.9 (38.2)

25.2 (29.7)

17.7 (20.1) 11.6 (15.6

12.2 (14.0) 8.3 (10.0

7.0 ( 8.7) 5.8 ( 7.5

44.8 (52.3)

32.5 (37.1)

20.3 (22.9)

58.4 (67.7)

40.3 (44.4)

23.6 (27.2)

17.0 (32.1)

16.1 (19.7)

10.0 (12.1)

17.9 (43.5)

22.0 (28.7)

13.3 (16.7)

19.4 (58.3)

17.9 (36.8)

17.6 (23.2)

NORMAL FORCE3v4

6.1 ( 4.6 to 7.6)

4.0 ( 3.2 to 4.7)

2.6 ( 2.0 to 3.0)

9.3 ( 7.7 to 10.9)

6.1 ( 4.5 to 6.9)

3.9 ( 2.9 to 5.0)

12.1 ( 8.5 to 15.7)

8.1 ( 5.5 to 9.8)

5.4 ( 4.0 to 6.5)

14.6 (10.5 to 19.5)

9.8 ( 6.7 to 12.5)

6.0 ( 5.1 to 7.2)

2.1 (1.6 to 2.5)

1.5 (1.1 to 1.8)

1.0 ( .5 to 1.8)

3.3 (2.3 to 4.2)

2.0 (1.5 to 2.6)

1.0 (-.4 to 1.8)

3.8 (2.6 to 5.1)

2.5 (1.8 to 3.1)

1.0 ( .4 to 2.0)

4.6 (2.1 to 6.5)

3.1 (2.3 to 3.8)

1.0 ( .3 to 1.9)

-0.1 -0.8 to 0.4)

.O -.3 to .4)

.O -.5 to .5)

-1.1

-.8

-.7

-1.2

-1.3

-1.0

-1.0

-1.3

-1.4

-2.5 to .3)

-1.4 to .2)

-1.1 to .O)

-3.3 to .6)

-2.4 to -.l)

-1.8 to -.l)

-4.6 to 1.1)

-3.4 to .3)

l-2.8 to -.2)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

61
TABLE 17C.--TOOL FORCES

GRAIN IN TH

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent)

------

0.015 inch

10.7

18.0

105.3

0.030 inch

10.7

18.0

105.3

0.045 inch

10.7

18.0

105.3

0.060 inch

10.7

18.0

105.3

0.015 inch

10.7

18.0

105.3

0.030 inch

10.7

18.0

105.3

0.045 inch

10.7

18.0

105.3

0.060 inch

10.7

18.0

105.3

18.8

15.2

13.1

35.C

29.c

21.f

38.f

35.i

28.l

47.!

39.!

35.4

2.5 (

‘:F i

3.4 (

73 t

3.9 (

‘2 i

43.23 i

1:o (-

1 Clearance angle 15O.

2 The first number in

following in parent1

3 The first number in

following in parent1

4 A negative normal fl

force was positive 1

TABLE 18B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WHITE OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

--------------Pounds per 0.1 inch of knife-__________

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.9 19.3 (22.7) 5.4

19.6 12.0 (14.0)

1;.; y$;; (

6.4

75.1 9.4 (11.2) 6:5 ( 8:9)

(

4.5

0.030 inch

( !

10.9 33.3 (42.7) 31.2 10.4

19.6 21.1 (27.7)

(34.6) (l!

18.6 (21.1) 11.2

75.1 16.4 (21.1)

(1;

10.5 (12.7) 7.4

0.045 inch

( !

10.9 41.0 (52.1) 40.8 (45.1) 12.0

19.6 28.0 (36.5)

(2:

24.4 (28.0) 15.5

75.1 24.4 (30.2)

(21

14.9

0.060 inch

(16.8) 9.5 (11

10.9 50.2 (70.3) 54.8 12.7

19.6 35.9 (49.8)

(61.9) (2;

28.2 18.7

75.1 30.8 (38.4)

(32.3) (25

18.1 (22.3) 11.4 (12

0.015 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

0.030 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

0.045 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

0.060 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

NORMAL FORCE3n4

5.2 (3.4 to 6.3) -0.4

3.8 (2.6 to 4.3)

1.9 (1.3 to 2.6) (-0.7 t

1.3 ( .8 to

(1.8

1.7) -.l ( -.3 t

2.8 to 3.5) 1.1 ( .5 to 1.9) .2 ( -.2 t

8.5 (5.7 to 10.8) 3.0 (2.3 to 4.2) -1.0 (-1.8 tl

5.9 (3.9 to 7.6) 2.0 (1.5 to 2.4) -.6 (-1.0 t l

4.2 (3.0 to 5.3) 1.3 ( .6 to 1.9) -.l ( -.6 tc

9.5 (5.5 to 13.7) 3.9 (2.9 to 4.8) -1.2 (-2.0 tc

7.2 (4.5 to 8.9) 2.4 to -1.0 tc

6.1 (4.4

(1.7 3.2) (-1.3

to 7.3) 1.5 ( .6 to 2.0) -.3 (-1.1 tc

11.6 (7.0 to 16.2) 5.3 (4.2 to 6.4) -1.3 (-2.4 tc

9.1 (6.1 to 11.8) 2.9 (2.3 to -1.5 tc

7.5 (4.1

3.6) (-2.4

to 9.6) 1.8 ( .7 to 2.8) -.5 (-1.1 t c

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbe

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbe

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of fi

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the wo

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

64
TABLE 18A.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WHITE OAK VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

_-____________pouy& per 0.1 inch of sniff__________----

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.5

19.3

82.1

0.030 inch

11.5

19.3

82.1

0.045 inch

11.5

19.3

82.1

0.060 inch

11.5

19.3

82.1

0.015 inch

11.5

19.3

82.1

0.030 inch

11.5

19.3

82.1

0.045 inch

11.5

19.3

82.1

0.060 inch

11.5

19.3

82.1

4.0 ( 8.9)

;.; 1 ;.;;

5.4 (13.4)

;.; ;1;.;;

6.6 (17.6)

;.; 11;.;;

5.1 (12.3)

NORMAL FORCE3*4

0.2 (-1.0 to 2.1) 0.4 (-0.9 to 1.8)

-.l (-1.2 to 2.0) -.3 (-1.5 to 1.2)

.l ( -.6 to 1.2) -.2 (-1.2 to .7)

.l (-2.1 to 2.9) -.l (-1.5 to 1.9)

-. 3 (-2.5 to 2.9) -1.2 (-3.0 to .8)

-.2 (-1.2 to 1.4) -.6 (-1.9 to .9)

-.4 (-3.2 to 3.3) -.l (-2.3 to 2.2)

-.5 (-2.3 to 2.3) -1.3 (-4.2 to .6)

-.2 (-1.6 to 1.6) -.8 (-2.7 to .7)

-. 0 (-2.8 to 4.2) .O (-2.7 to 3.0)

-.6 (-3.0 to 2.4) -1.5 (-4.3 to 1.3)

-.5 (-2.0 to 1.1) -1.0 (-2.9 to .7)

Fx I,:.:;

5:3 ( 9:6)

“3.; [l;.;;

2:8 ( 4:9)

;.; [l;.;j

3:3 ( 6:l)

6.6 (15.6)

6.4 (12.0)

4.1 ( 8.5)

-0.3 (-2.3 to 2.6)

-. 5 (-2.9 to 1.4)

-.9 (-3.2 to 1.4)

1.3 (-1.0 to 3.2)

.3 (-1.0 to 1.4)

.2 ( -.5 to 1.4)

.5 (-1.6 to 3.2)

-1.0 (-2.9 to 1.0)

-. 2 (-1.5 to 1.2)

-.2 (-3.3 to 3.3)

-1.5 (-3.7 to 1.7)

.l (-1.8 to 2.0)

Clearance angle 00; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number,in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

63
TABLE 18B.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WHITE OAK PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

----__-----__-pounds per 0.1 inch of knife______________

0.015 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

0.030 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

0.045 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

0.060 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

-0.015 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

0.030 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

0.045 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

0.060 inch

10.9

19.6

75.1

19.3 (22.7

12.0 (14.0

9.4 (11.2

33.3 (42.7

21.1 (27.7

16.4 (21.1

41.0 (52.1

28.0 (36.5

24.4 (30.2

50.2 (70.3 54.8 (61.9

35.9 (49.8 28.2 (32.3

30.8 (38.4 18.1 (22.3

PARALLEL FORCE2

16.2 (19.2

8.5 (10.1

6.5 ( 8.9

31.2 (34.6

18.6 (21.1

10.5 (12.7

40.8 (45.1

24.4 (28.0

14.9 (16.8

5.2 3.4 to 6.3)

3.8 2.6 to 4.3)

2.8 1.8 to 3.5)

8.5 5.7 to 10.8)

5.9 3.9 to 7.6)

4.2 3.0 to 5.3)

9.5 (5.5 to 13.7)

7.2 (4.5 to 8.9)

6.1 (4.4 to 7.3)

11.6 7.0 to 16.2)

9.1 6.1 to 11.8)

7.5 4.1 to 9.6)

NORMAL FORCE3v4

5.4 ( 9.3)

g.2 [[ ;.;;

..

10.4 (15.9)

11.2 (12.8)

7.4 ( 9.6)

12.7 (22.2)

18.7 (25.7)

11.4 (13.7)

1.9 (1.3 to 2.6) -0.4 (-0.7 to 0.2)

1.3 ( .8 to 1.7) -.l ( -.3 to .3)

1.1 ( .5 to 1.9) .2 ( -.2 to .8)

3.0 (2.3 to 4.2) -1.0 (-1.8 to -.3)

2.0 (1.5 to 2.4) -.6 (-1.0 to -.l)

1.3 ( .6 to 1.9) -.l ( -.6 to .6)

3.9 (2.9 to 4.8) -1.2 (-2.0 to -.4)

2.4 (1.7 to 3.2) -1.0 (-1.3 to -.6)

1.5 ( .6 to 2.0) -.3 (-1.1 to .2)

5.3 (4.2 to 6.4) -1.3 (-2.4 to -.5)

2.9 (2.3 to 3.6) -1.5 (-2.4 to -.6)

1.8 ( .7 to 2.8) -.5 (-1.1 to .2)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

64
TABLE 18C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING WHITE OAK ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content

(percent) - 20

Rake angle, degrees

30 40 1

___-__-_--____pounds per 0.1 in& of knife_______-____-_

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.2

18.8

86.3

0.030 inch

11.2

18.8

86.3

0.045 inch

11.2

18.8

86.3

0.060 inch

11.2

18.8

86.3

0.015 inch

11.2

18.8

86.3

0.030 inch

11.2

18.8

86.3

0.045 inch

11.2

18.8

86.3

0.060 inch

11.2

18.8

86.3

24.6 (32.1)

16.2 (20.3)

13.9 (16.5)

39.6 (50.9)

29.9 (37.7)

23.4 (27.3)

48.7 (57.7)

34.5 (43.9)

32.8 (38.1)

54.6 (69.5)

42.3 (54.1)

38.6 (47.6)

20.9 (26.9)

14.1 (17.7)

11.6 (13.8)

31.6 (43.8)

21.4 (27.8)

17.4 (20.8)

43.1 (53.2)

31.0 (37.7)

23.3 (27.9)

48.0 (61.2)

36.3 (47.6)

28.0 (33.1)

NORMAL FORCE3q4

1.3 (-0.2 to 3.7) -1.7 ( -3.0 to 0.1)

1.0 ( .3 to 1.8) -.7 ( -1.8 to .4)

.5 ( .O to 1.1) -.8 ( -1.6 to -.l)

-9 (-1.3 to 4.6) -3.6 ( -6.2 to

1.1 ( -.3

.7)

to 3.2) -2.3 ( -4.1 to -.7)

.4 ( -.6 to 1.3) -1.9 ( -3.2 to -.7)

1.0 (-2.4 to 3.8) -5.5 ( -8.5 to

1.1 ( -.8

-1.2)

to 4.2) -3.7 ( -6.4 to -.8)

.4 (-1.0 to 1.6) -3.2 ( -4.9 to -1.4)

1.0 (-2.7 to 6.2) -6.3 (-10.8 to -.5)

-9 (-1.0 to 4.5) -4.1 ( -7.5 to -.l)

.6 (-1.4 to 2.7) -4.1 ( -6.3 to -2.2)

16.1 (20.9

10.0 (14.0

8.8 (11.1

26.7 (34.0)

17.2 (21.8)

13.2 (16.5)

34.3 (44.8)

20.7 (27.5)

16.9 (20.8)

-3.7 ( -5.3 to -1.6)

-2.1 ( -3.4 to -1.1)

-1.9 ( -2.5 to -.9)

-7.2 (-10.0 to -4.4)

-4.6 ( -6.4 to -2.4)

-3.7 ( -5.0 to -1.9)

-9.9 (-13.4 to -4.7)

-6.0 ( -9.0 to -3.2)

-5.6 ( -7.2 to -3.1)

-12.2 (-17.4 to -5.7)

-8.1 (-12.3 to -3.7)

-6.8 ( -9.0 to -3.3)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to-lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

65
TABLE 19A.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SWEETBAY VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 JO

--_-____----__P~unds per 0.1 inch of &jfg--______---__-

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.3

18.7

150.8

0.030 inch

11.3

18.7

150.8

0.045 inch

11.3

18.7

150.8

0.060 inch

11.3

18.7

150.8

2.2 (4.3)

;.; y;

3.3 (7.0)

;.y [;.;i

3.8 (8.3)

2.9 (5.5)

2.2 (4.7)

0.015 inch

11.3 0.1 (-0.4 to 1.1)

18.7 .6 ( -.2 to 2.0)

150.8 .2 ( -.2 to 1.1)

0.030 inch

11.3 -. 1 ( -.8 to 1.2)

18.7 -.3 ( -.9 to .8)

150.8 -.l ( -.J to .7)

0.045 inch

11.3 -. 2 (-1.2 to 1.0)

18.7 -.4 (-1.1 to .6)

150.8 -.2 ( -.8 to .5)

2.7 (5.2) 2.5 (4.0)

2.5 (4.0) 2.3 (3.7)

1.9 (2.9) 1.7 (2.5)

3.5 (7.5)

3.4 (6.2)

2.5 (4.2)

NORMAL FORCE394

-0.1 (-0.5 to .5)

-.2 ( -.6 to .5)

.o ( -.3 to .4)

-.5 (-1.3 to .2)

-.5 (-1.2 to .2)

-.3 ( -.8 to .3)

-.8 (-1.9 to .l)

-.9 (-1.8 to .l)

-. 6 (-1.2 to .l)

0.060 inch

11.3 -. 2 (-1.5 to 1.0) -.6 (-2.0 to .6)

18.7 -.4 (-1.5 to .6) -1.0 (-2.2 to .2)

150.8 -.4 (-1.2 to .5) -.7 (-1.7 to .O)

2.1 (3.2)

;."5 [;.$

-0.1 (-0.7 to 0.6)

-.4 (-1.4 to .6)

-.5 (-1.3 to .5)

1; [ L.2 ;I 1.1)

.9)

.2 ( -:3 to .5)

-.2 (-1.2 to .6)

-. 4 (-1.2 to .9)

-.4 ( -.8 to .l)

-‘.2 (-1.5 to 1.1)

-1.0 (-1.9 to .l)

-. 7 (-1.4 to -.l)

1 Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

66
TABLE 19B.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SWEETBAY PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

_____-_-------Pounds per 0.1 inch of knife--------------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.7

19.2

102.7

0.030 inch

10.7

19.2

102.7

0.045 inch

10.7

19.2

102.7

0.060 inch

10.7

19.2

102.7

0.015 inch

10.7

19.2

102.7

0.030 inch

10.7

19.2

102.7

0.045 inch

10.7

19.2

102.7

0.060 inch

10.7

19.2

102.7

3.6

3.4

2.7

5.7

5.6

3.3

8.2

6.7

4.3

12.1 15.6)

9.9 11.9)

6.3 8.5)

20.6 (27.7)

18.3 (24.4)

12.6 (15.9)

31.7 (41.1)

25.4 (32.7)

16.3 (23.0)

40.8 (50.9)

31.3 (43.7)

20.6 (27.9)

1;.; y93.i;

4:o ( 5:7)

23.4 (25.8)

16.0 (17.8)

8.8 (11.5)

36.0 (39.5)

23.9 (25.6)

12.6 (17.0)

43.4 (48.2)

30.7 (33.5)

17.7 (22.3)

;.; [‘:.$

3:4 ( 4:5)

12.2 (22.1)

1;.; [l;.;;

11.0 (29.5)

1F.A [:A.;;

10.5 (34.8)

10.3 4.9 to 13.4) 5.1 4.6 to 5.7 -. 6 (-2.6 to .3)

8.0 5.0 to 12.2) 3.4 2.6 to 3.8 -1.1 (-1.9 to .O)

5.6 3.0 to 8.6) 1.1 .5 to 1.8 -. 5 (-1.1 to .3)

2.2 to 4.9) 1.7

2.2 to 4.3) 1.4

1.3 to 4.8) 1.1

3.1 to 7.6) 2.8

3.2 to 8.0) 2.1

2.0 to 5.0) .9

5.0 to 11.1) 3.7

3.8 to 10.8) 2.7

2.2 to 6.0) 1.1

NORMAL FORCE394

1.4 to 1.9 -0.3

1.0 to 1.7 .3

[-".F ;; 0:;;

.5 to 2.1 .4 ( -:1 to 1.2)

2.5 to 3.2) -.8 (-1.5 to .l)

1.7 to 2.6) -.4 ( -.9 to .l)

.5 to 1.7) .l ( -.4 to .7)

2.7 to 4.5) -.7 (-2.0 to .2)

2.3 to 3.1) -.9 (-1.5 to -.3)

.5 to 1.8) -.3 (-1.0 to .2)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting vel.ocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

67
TABLE 19C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SWEETBAY ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

_-----_--__--_~oun& per 0.1 in& of .&if+---__________

0.015 inch

11.0

17.6

146.5

0.030 inch

11.0

17.6

146.5

0.045 inch

11.0

17.6

146.5

0.060 inch

11.0

17.6

146.5

0.015 inch

11.0

17.6

146.5

0.030 inch

11.0

17.6

146.5

0.045 inch

11.0

17.6

146.5

0.060 inch

11.0

17.6

146.5

16.9 (22.1)

1i.z y;.;;

14.5 (19.6) 11.1 (15.1

9.4 (11.4

6.8 ( 8.2

26.1 (33.1) 22.7 (30.9) 18.6 (22.0)

25.3 (29.4) 19.0 (22.8) 14.7 (18.0)

19.0 (21.4) 15.7 (19.3) 10.1 (12.4)

28.6 (37.4) 27.4 (37.0) 24.5 (31.2)

29.4 (36.0) 25.7 (30.2) 19.0 (23.2)

24.6 (28.5) 19.1 (23.9) 13.2 (15.9)

33.6 (49.0) 29.5 (38.5) 27.6 (40.4)

31.5 (40.0) 30.6 (37.1) 22.7 (28.9)

29.2 (35.8) 22.8 (28.3) 17.4 (22.7)

PARALLEL FORCE2

NORMAL FORCE3e4

3.2 (1.4 to 6.9) 1.7 ( 0.0 to 4.3) -0.2 (-2.2 to 1.9)

1.8 (1.1 to 3.5) .4 ( -.4 to 1.4) -.8 (-1.3 to .l)

.8 ( .6 to 1.3) .l ( -.4 to 6) -.7 (-1.2 to -.l)

5.1 (2.1 to 9.4) 2.0 (-1.0 to 6.9) -2.2 (-3.4 to .9)

2.8 (1.3 to 4.9) -.2 (-1.5 to 121 -2.1 (-3.5 to -.6)

1.1 ( .5 to 1.8) -.8 (-2.0 to -1.8 (-2.8 to -1.0)

7.2 (2.6 to 13.9) 2.8 (-1.3 to 7.9) -2.4 (-5.6 to 3.9)

3.3 ( .5 to 5.5) -1.2 (-3.1 to 1.2) -3.3 (-5.2 to -.6)

1.2 ( .l to 2.3) -1.6 (-3.0 to .O) -2.9 (-4.5 to -1.2)

7.3 (1.6 to 17.9) 4.5 (-2.1 to 12.2) -1.9 (-7.5 to 4.8)

3.0 ( .4 to 6.1) -1.6 (-4.3 to 1.7) -4.6 (-7.2 to -.8)

1.3 (-.8 to 3.6) -2.3 (-4.3 to -.2) -4.7 (-6.7 to -2.1)

Clearance angle 15O; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force: the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in' each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

68
TABLE ZOA.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SWEETGUM VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION1

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

--------------~o~~~~ per 0.1 inch of knife_____-_-_--_--

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.4

20.4

157.0

0.030 inch

11.4

20.4

'157.0

0.045 inch

11.4

20.4

157.0

0.060 inch

11.4

20.4

157.0

3.3 (5.1)

3.8 (7.2)

;.; y;

NORMAL FORCE394

0.015 inch

11.4 0.0 (-0.3 to 0.5) -0.2 (-0.5 to 0.2) -1.2 (-2.5 to 0.1)

20.4 -.l ( -.4 to .3) -.4 ( -.7 to -.l) -.5 (-1.6 to .6)

157.0 .l ( -.l to .3) .o ( -.3 to .3) -.5 (-1.3 to .3)

0.030 inch

11.4 -.4 (-1.1 to .3) -.8 (-1.4 to .O) -.3 ( -.7 to .3)

20.4 1:; I-l.0 to -.l) -.9 (-1.3 to -.5) -.4 ( -.6 to -.l)

157.0 -.6 to .l) -.4 ( -.8 to .O) .2 ( -.2 to .4)

0.045 inch

11.4 -.7 (-1.7 to .2) -.8 (-2.1 to .2) -.7 (-1.4 to .O)

20.4 -.8 (-1.4 to .O) -1.3 (-1.9 to -.5)

157.0 -.4 (-1.0 to .2) -.7 (-1.2 to -.l)

1:; I-l.3 to -.2)

-.7 to .2)

0.060 inch

11.4 -.7 (-2.0 to .4) .9 (-2.4 to .3) -.8 (-1.9 to .3)

20.4 -1.0 (-1.9 to .l) -;.5 (-2.4 to -.2) -1.3 (-2.0 to .l)

157.0 -.6 (-1.3 to .2) -.9 (-1.6 to .O) -.8 (-1.2 to .l)

1 Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

2 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3 The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4 A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

69
TABLE 20B.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SWEETGUM PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake-angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

______________pou~s per 0.1 in& o$ ~nij'e_____________-

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.9

20.0

130.0

0.030 inch

10.9

20.0

130.0

0.045 inch

10.9

20.0

130.0

0.060 inch

10.9

20.0

130.0

0.015 inch

10.9

20.0

130.0

0.030 inch

10.9

20.0

130,o

0.045 inch

10.9

20.0

130.0

0.060 inch

10.9

20.0

130.0

27.7 (3602) 24.2 (26.8)

15.3 (19.6)

10.7 (14.0) 1;.; . I;;*;{ .

33.7 (4506) 32.6 (36.7)

21.4 (28.6) 20.8 (22.8)

14.8 (20.3) 12.2 (15.4)

43.2 (56.8) 42.0 (49.9)

28.2 (37.3) 27.4 (31.5)

17.7 (25.5) 16.5 (19.6)

14.1 (23.3)

1;*; . y;.;j .

12.7 (34.4)

15.2 (1900)

8.0 (1007)

11.3 (40.5)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

4.3 (202 to 6.2) 2.1 (1.7 to 2.4)

2.6 (1.8 to 3.3) 1.1 ( .9 to 1.5)

2.2 (1.2 to 2.7) .9 ( .8 to 1.1)

7.7 (4.6 to 10.7) 3.3 (2.9 to 3.8)

4.3 (2.8 to 5.3) 1.7 (1.4 to 2"l)

3.2 (1.9 to 4.4) 1.2 ( .9 to 1.5)

9.3 (5.5 to 12.5) 4.2 (3.6 to 4.8)

6.0 (3.9 to 8.6) 2.3 (1.9 to 2.6)

4.0 (2.3 to 5.3) 1.3 ( .9 to 1.8)

11.6 (7.4 to 15.5) 5.1 (4.1 to 5.9) -.9 (-2.6 to .O)

7.4 (4.3 to 10.3) 2.4 (1.9 to 2.9) -.8 (-1.8 to .l)

4.8 (2.7 to 6.4) 1.5 (1.2 to 2.0) .O ( -.6 to .9)

-0.2 (-0.6 to 0.2)

-.l to .3)

.2 to .8)

-.7 (-1.5 to .O)

-:; i

-.7 to .O)

-.2 to -6)

-.7 (-2.3 to .2)

-:; t-1.3 to -.l)

-.5 to .7)

iclearance angle 15o; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute..

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

70
TABLE 20C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING SWEETGUM ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake-angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

-___---_____--pounds per 0.1 in& of knife____-_________

0.015 inch

10.6

19.2

147.9

0.030 inch

10.6

19.2

147.9

0.045inch

10.6

19.2

147.9

0.060 inch

10.6

19.2

147.9

-0,015 inch

10.6

19.2

147.9

0.030 inch

10.6

19.2

147.9

0.045 inch

10.6

19.2

147.9

0.060 inch

10.6

19.2

147.9

PARALLEL FORCE2

15.9 (20.3) 13.6 (16.7)

1;*; . y;.;,' . 1C8; 0 [;;.;I .

28.0 (33.8) 21.6 (26.0)

24.9 (27.9) 16.8 (18.9)

17.4 (20.0) 14.9 (17.6)

36.1 (44.7) 31.8 (39.0

32.9 (37.0) 23.2 (26.7

24.2 (27.8) 18.3 (22.3

40.7 (53.8) 3603 (45.4

36.1 (42.7) 28.7 (33.6

30.0 (53.9) 22.4 (27.1

1.8

1.8

.9

4.0

2.2

.9

5.6

3.1

.8

NORMAL FORCE3*4

0.7 to 208) 0.5 (-0.2 to 1.8

1.1 to 2.6) .2 ( -.5 to .6

.6 to 1.3) .o ( -.4 to .4

16.4 (21.2)

12.8 (14.8)

10.3 (12.5)

20.7 (26.8)

17.1 (21.5)

13.0 (16.9)

27.5 (37.8)

21.0 (28.5)

15.3 (20.5)

-2.0 to -0.4)

-1.4 to -.4)

-1.0 to -.l)

1.7 to 6.0) .2 (-1.0 to 1.7) -3.1 -4.4 to -1.6)

1.2 to 3.5) -.7 (-1.8 to .4) -2.4 -3.2 to -1.4)

.6 to 1.6) -.8 (~1.8 to .O) -2.0 -2.9 to -1,O)

2.5 to 9.3) -.5 (-2.7 to 2.0) -4.3 (-6.2 to -1.8)

1.6 to 5.0) -1.7 (-3.2 to -02) -3.7 (-5.3 to -1.7)

-.2 to 1.9) -1.5 (-2.9 to -.3) -3.3 (-4,.9 to -1.4)

5.2 ( 1.6 to 9.4) -.l (-2.5 to 3.4) -5.7 (-8.9 to -1.8)

2.6 ( .2 to 4.8) -2.6 (-4.7 to -.6) -5.2 (-7.6 to -1.7)

.6 (-1.2 to 2.2) -2.3 (-4.5 to -.5) -4.7 (-7.0 to -.8)

iclearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five)"

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

71
TABLE 21A .--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING BLACK TUPELO VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth,of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

______________pou&s per 0.1 inch of knife_---___-------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

11.4

19.5

124.7

0.030 inch

11.4

19.5

124.7

0.045 inch

11.4

19.5

124.7

0.060 inch

11.4

19.5

124.7

0,015 inch

11.4

19.5

124.7

0.030 inch

11.4

19.5

124.7

0.045 inch

11.4

19.5

124.7

0.060 inch

11.4

19.5

124.7

2.8 ( 4.2)

5.1 (10.3)

5.4 (10.4)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

-0.4 (-1.0 to 0.3) -0.5 (-0.9 to .D)

-.3 ( -.7 to .O) -.7 (-1.0 to .O)

-.l ( -.3 to .2) -.3 ( -.6 to .l)

-.9 (-1.9 to .2) -1.1 (-2.2 to -.l)

-1.0 (-1.6 to -.l) -1.4 (-2.1 to -.6)

-. 5 ( -.9 to .l) -.8 (-1.3 to -.3)

-1.1 (-2.3 to .O) -1.2 (-2.6 to 01)

-1.1 (-2.3 to -.2) -1.8 (-2.7 to -.5)

-.7 (-1.3 to .2) -1.1 (-1.8 to -.3)

-1.2 (-3.0 to .3) -1.3 (-2.9 to .3)

-1.5 (-2.8 to -.2) -2.0 (-3.3 to -.5)

-.8 (-1.7 to .2) -1.5 (-2.5 to -.3)

5

3:7

I :-:;

( 5:4)

3.3 ( 4.9)

;.; . [[ ;.;I .

4.4 ( 7.0)

3.3 ( 4.7)

2.6 ( 3.4)

5.2 (10.0)

-0.5 (-1.6 to 0.7)

-.8 (-2.6 to .5)

-1.3 (-2.4 to -.l)

-.6 (-1.5 to .3)

-.8 (-1.2 to -.l)

-,l ( -.5 to .4)

-1.1 (-2.3 to .O)

-1.5 (-2.2 to -.5)

-.9 (-1.3 to -.3)

-1.2 (-2.9 to .7)

-2.0 (-3.0 to -.7)

-1.3 (-2.0 to -.3)

:Clearance angle O"; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute,

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentehses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).,

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

72
TABLE 21B.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING BLACK TUPELO PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

---------_____pou~' per 0.1 inch of knife_-_-----------

PARALLEL FORCE*

0.015 inch

10.9

19.1

113.0

0.030 inch

10.9

19.1

113.0

0.045 inch

10.9

19.1

113.0

0.060 inch

10.9

19.1

113.0

0.015 inch

10.9

19.1

113.0

0.030 inch

10.9

19.1

113.0

0.045 inch

10.9

19.1

113.0

0.060 inch

10.9

19.1

113.0

26.8 (35.3)

17.8 (24.8)

14.0 (18.9)

35.3 (47.7)

25.8 (34.4)

17.2 (25.2)

43.3 (58.7)

3408 (43.8)

21.2 (2704)

26.7 (30.6)

12.; . [;y; .

37.1 (41.4)

21.2 (24.2)

11.2 (14.3)

48.5 (52.8)

2803 (31.0)

1408 (19.9)

NOl+lAL FORCE3s4

4.9 (2.9 to 7.0) 1.7 (1.4 to 2.2)

4.2 (1.8 to 6.5) 1.3 ( .9 to 2.1)

3.0 (1.5 to 5.2) 1.2 ( .8 to 1.4)

7.8 (4.1 to 10.3) 3.3 (2.8 to 3.8)

6.4 (2.8 to 10.1) 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7)

4.7 (2.3 to 6.5) 1.2 ( .7 to 1.6)

9.9 (6.0 to 13.0) 4.4 (3.7 to 5.0)

8.0 (4.4 to 1104) 2.4 (2.0 to 3.2)

5.4 (2.7 to 8.0) 1.2 ( .7 to 1.6)

11.3 (7.2 to 15.5) 5.7 (5.1 to 6.1)

9.9 (5.2 to 13.0) 3.2 (2.5 to 3.9)

6.3 (3.3 to 8.9) 1.2 ( .5 to 2.2)

9.0 (12.3

:.: . IE.

14.7 (23.1

12.7 (14.7

6.8 ( 8.0

14.7 (31.2

14.7 (18.8

9.3 (1106

15.6 (40.7)

18.D (2209)

13.3 (16.3)

-0.1 (-0.5 to 0.3)

.l ( -.3 to .5)

.5 ( .2 to .7)

-. 5 (-1.4 to .2)

-. 3 ( -.8 to .l)

.2 ( -.l to .4)

-.7 (-2.3 to .5)

-.4 (-1.1 to .2)

.o ( -.3 to .4)

-1.0 (-3.0 to .3)

-. 9 (-1.7 to -.l)

-.6 (-1.0 to -.l)

iclearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

73
TABLE 21C.-- TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING BLACK TUPELO ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION'

0.015 inch

10.4

19.0

125.2

0.030 inch

10.4

19.0

125.2

0.045 inch

10.4

19.0

125.2

0.060 inch

10.4

19.0

125.2

0.015 inch

10.4

19.0

125.2

0.030 inch

10.4

19.0

125.2

0.045 inch

10.4

19.0

125.2

0.060 inch

10.4

19.0

125.2

20.1 (27.8)

15.6 (17.7)

11.5 (13.5)

34.4 (44.6)

30.0 (35.1)

19.8 (22.7)

45.9 (61.4)

37.8 (45.2)

28.1 (32.3)

59.5 (71.8)

45.9 (56.6)

34.2 (39.5)

PARALLEL FORCE2

17.0 (20.7) 10.9 (13.7)

l;o; . [;;a;; . ;.g . y,.

27.4 (34.4) 20.5 (25.5)

20.5 (24.3) 15.3 (18.2)

15.0 (18.3) 10.9 (12.4)

37.3 (45.2) 28.3 (34.4)

25.6 (30.3) 20.1 (24.2)

19.5 (23.4) 14.1 (17.0)

46.0 (56.7) 35.9 (45.0)

34.4 (41.9) 25.0 (31.4)

24.7 (31.5) 17.5 (22.2)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

2.6 (0.8 to 7.8) 004 (-0.6 to 2.9) -1.5 ( -2.3 to -0.4

1.6 (1.1 to 2.1)

.8 ( .6 to 1.3)

1:; 1 -.6 to .5) -1.3 ( -1.9 to -.7

-.5 to .6) -1.2 ( -1.8 to -.8

3.5 ( .8 to 7.2) -.7 (-2.6 to 3.3) -4.6 ( -6.2 to -1.4

2.1 (1.3 to 3.7) -1.3 (-2.2 to -.2) -3.2 ( -4.3 to -2.2

.9 ( .4 to 1.8) -1.0 (-2.1 to .l) -2.6 ( -3.4 to -1.7

4.6 (1.3 to 9.1) -1.5 (-4.6 to .X.9) -6.1 ( -8.7 to -1.6

2.3 (1.2 to 4.0) -2.4 (-404 to -.5) -4.8 ( -6.7 to -2.9

.8 (-.4 to 1.7) -203 (-3.4 to -.7) -3.9 ( -5.6 to -2.6 i

4.9 (-.2 to 12.3) -3.1 (-6.3 to 5.4) -8.4 (-12.7 to -3.5)

1.7 ( .l to 4.7) -3.6 (-6.4 to -.7) -6.9 ( -9.7 to -3.3)

.6 (-.5 to 2.6) -3.2 (-5.9 to -1.5) -5.0 ( -7.1 to -2.7)

iclearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

3The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five),

4A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

74
TABLE 22A.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING YELLOW-POPLAR VENEER IN THE

O-90 DIRECTION'

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 50 60 70

_-------_--_--Pounds per 0.1 inch of knife______________

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 i nch

10.6

18.8

180.9

0.030 inch

10.6

18.8

180.9

0.045 inch

10.6

18.8

180.9

0.060 inch

10.6

18.8

180.9

3.4 (5.4

2.4 (5.0

2.2 (3.7

;.; t:.;;

2:o (3:4)

2.4 (4.7

2.5 \4.1

2.1 (3.0

0.015 inch

10 6

18 8

180.9

0.030 inch

10.6

18.8

180.9

0.045 inch

10.6

18.8

180.9

0.060 inch

10.6

18.8

180.9

PARALLEL FORCE3'4

0.2 (-0.2 to 0.8) 0.1 (-0.4 to .6) -0.3 (-1.8 to

.3 ( -.6 to

.o (-1.0 to

.O ( -.6 to .5) -.3 ( -.8 to .2)

-.l ( -.5 to .6) -.4 ( -.9 to .2)

.1 ( -.4 to .7) -.l ( -.6 to .2)

-.l ( -.9 to .6) -.3 (-1.0 to .3)

-. 3 (-1.0 to .5) -.5 (-1.2 to .O)

-1 ( -.5 to .7) -.3 ( -.9 to .2)

-.l (-1.4 to 1.2) -.5 (-1.6 to .4)

-.4 (-1.2 to .5) -.8 (-1.6 to .3)

-.l ( -.7 to .6) -.6 (-1.2 to .O)

1.2)

1.4)

.9)

.2 ( -.5 to .9)

.l ( -.4 to .7)

.3 ( .o to .7)

-.3 (-1.0 to .5)

-. 4 ( -.9 to .4)

-.l ( -.5 to .3)

-. 4 (-1.3 to .7)

-.6 (-1.2 to .l)

-. 3 ( -.8 to .4)

,$learance angle 0'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.
TABLE 22B .--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTT{NG YELLOW-POPLAR PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN IN THE 90-O DIRECTION

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 10 20 30

______________~ounds per 0.1 inch of knife___---____---_

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.4

19.2

124.4

0.030 inch

10.4

19.2

124.4

0.045 inch

10.4

19.2

124.4

0.060 inch

10.4

19.2

124.4

0.015 inch

10.4

19.2

124.4

0.030 inch

10.4

19.2

124.4

0.045 inch

10.4

19.2

124.4

0.060 inch

16.4

19.2

124.4

20.1 (25.5)

15.4 (20.2)

12.8 (16.8)

28.4 (36.4)

21.0 (26.5)

16.6 (20.4)

37.4 (45.7)

27.3 (34.2)

20.3 (26.6)

10.1 (12.2)

6.9 ( 7.8)

5.6 ( 7.1)

18.6 (25.2)

13.9 (15.9)

10.2 (11.8)

25.8 (35.3)

20.2 (23.1)

14.7 (17.6)

30.5 (43.3)

26.1 (30.7)

19.4 (22.7)

2.6 1.3 to 4.0) 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0

3.2 2.3 to 4.2) 1.3 ( .9 to 1.6

3.6 2.3 to 4.9) 1.3 ( .7 to 2.0

4.7

4.8

5.7

6.0

6.6

5.8

2.6 to 7.0) 2.3 (1.6 to 2.9

3.0 to 6.4) 1.8 (1.3 to 2.4

2.4 to 8.6) 1.6 (1.0 to 2.5

2.6 to 8.8) 3.4 (2.6 to 4.2

3.2 to 9.5) 2.2 (1.8 to 2.7

2.6 to 8.7) 1.6 ( .9 to 2.3

3.0 to 11.7) 3.4 (2.5 to 4.1

3.9 to 10.9) 2.9 (2.2 to 3.8

4.0 to 8.9) 1.7 ( .9 to 2.5

8.1

7.7

7.2

NORMAL FORCE3'4

6.9 (10.3

6.4 ( 7.4

4.2 ( 5.4

10.7 (19.8

11.7 (15.0

7.5 ( 9.7

6.9 (24.6

1i.i y;.o"

6.6 (30.2

16.9 (29.2

10.6 (17.4

-0.3 (-0.7 to 0.0)

.4 ( .o to 1.0)

1.0 ( .3 to 1.7)

-.7 (-1.7 to .O)

-.l ( -.6 to .7)

.8 ( -.o to 2.1)

-. 4 (-2.2 to .3)

-.3 (-1.3 to .5)

.5 ( -.2 to 1.4)

-.5 (-2.6 to .3)

.-.4 (-1.8 to .8)

.7 ( -.4 to 1.6)

iclearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

4A negative normal force ind,icates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

76
TABLE 22C.--TOOL FORCES WHEN ORTHOGONALLY CUTTING YELLOW-POPLAR ACROSS THE

GRAIN IN THE 90-90 DIRECTION

Depth of cut and

moisture content Rake angle, degrees

(percent) 20 30 40

---____-----_-pounds per 0.1 inch of kn{fe_______-------

PARALLEL FORCE2

0.015 inch

10.8

17.7

165.5

0.030 inch

10.8

17.7

165.5

0.045 inch

10.8

17.7

165.5

0.060 inch

10.8

17.7

165.5

0.015 inch

10.8

17.7

165.5

0.030 inch

10.8

17.7

165.5

0.045 inch

10.8

17.7

165.5

0.060 inch

10.8

17.7

165.5

12.1 (16.7)

1E.Z y;.;;

1z.i [y{

. 7:8 ( 9:0)

18.7 (26.4) 16.7 (22.9)

22.1 (27.4) 15.0 (20.1)

15.5 (18.2) 12.8 (15.2)

24.1 (37.2) 19.1 (24.2)

26.2 (32.7) 20.3 (25.0)

21.1 (24.3) 16.3 (19.5)

28.2 (46.3) 18.9 (28.8)

27.4 (35.6) 24.9 (29.2)

25.7 (29.2) 20.4 (25.4)

NORMAL FORCE3'4

3.3 (1.2 to 6.9) 1.2 (-0.2 to 3.0)

1.6 ( .9 to 2.6) .2 ( -.3 to

.8 ( .6 to 1.2) .3 ( .o to

4.1 (1.4 to 7.6) 2.2 (1.1 to 3.8) 1.3 - ((-1.1 -.6 to 4:;;

1.3 ( .7 to 1.7) -.l ( -.7 to .6)

2.7 5.1 (1.9 to 9.4) ( .8 to 4.8) 2.0 -8 ((-2.3 -4 to 5:;;

1.4 ( .5 to 2.1) -.5 (-1.6 to .3)

5.0 ( .4 to 10.7) 3.4 ( -.7 to 10.4) -2.8 (-5.9 to 1.1)

2.9 ( .2 to 4.9) -1.4 (-2.7 to -.l) -3.8 (-6.0 to -1.5)

1.3 ( .l to 2.6) -.9 (-2.1 to .3) -3.0 (-4.9 to -1.2)

7.7 (10.8)

;.; ['y;

12.3 (15.8)

1i.f ['y;

17.2 (22.5)

14.7 (19.0)

10.6 (14.0)

20.5 (25.1)

18.8 (24.3)

12.9 (16.6)

-0.3 (-1.5 to 1.4)

-.6. 5 (-1.3 -.9 to :;;

-1.0 (-2.4 to .4)

-1.8 (-2.8 to -.9)

-1.1 (-2.1 to -.5)

-2.1 (-4.2 to .6)

-2.7 (-4.5 to -1.2)

-2.1 (-3.3 to -1.0)

iclearance angle 15'; cutting velocity 5 inches per minute.

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

3following in parentheses are maximum forces (average of five).

The first number in each entry is the average cutting force; the numbers

4following in parentheses are minimum and maximum forces (average of five).

A negative normal force indicates that the knife tended to lift the workpiece;

force was positive when the knife pushed the workpiece.

77

* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-672-820



Woodson, G. E.

One-eighth to one-quarter inch thick specimens from each of 22

hardwood species were cut at 5 inches per minute orthogonallyas with a carpenter’s plane in the three major modes, that is, planing (90-O), veneer (O-90), and crosscut (90-90) directions. Parallel

and normal cutting forces for various rake angles were measured

at three moisture contents and four depths of cut.

1979. Tool forces and chip types in orthogonal cutting

of southern hardwoods. U.S. Dep. Agric. For.

Serv. Res. Pap. SO-146, 77 p. South. For. Exp.

Stn., New Orleans, La.