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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA,

 Petitioner,

v. Miscellaneous Action No. 20-36 (JEB)

FACEBOOK, INC.,

Respondent.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Republic of The Gambia is currently prosecuting in the International Court of Justice a 

case of genocide against Myanmar for its treatment of the Rohingya people. So how does this 

concern U.S. courts? The Gambia believes that critical evidence of the guilt of Myanmar

officials lies in their posts and messages on Facebook, many of which the company took down in 

2018 for contributing to the ethnic violence. Hoping to obtain the deleted material from these 

accounts to use in its prosecution of Myanmar, The Gambia filed an application under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1782 to take discovery from Facebook. While the company has agreed to turn over some of 

the desired records, it maintains that the Stored Communications Act prevents it from disclosing

private accounts and associated content. Agreeing with Facebook, the Court will vacate the 

Magistrate Judge Order’s requirement that it release the private communications. 

I. Background

A. Factual Background

This case stems from an ongoing proceeding before the ICJ in which The Gambia seeks 

to hold Myanmar accountable for genocide against the Rohingya people, an ethnic and religious 
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minority in Myanmar. See ECF No. 27 (Pet. Response) at 3–4. As the details of that conflict are 

ably described in Magistrate Judge Zia Faruqui’s Order, see ECF No. 22 (MJ Order) at 2–6, the 

Court need not recount them in depth here. Instead, it will focus on the facts most relevant to 

The Gambia’s ancillary dispute with Facebook. 

To aid its prosecution of Myanmar in the ICJ, The Gambia seeks to acquire information 

from several Facebook and Instagram accounts believed to have been run by Myanmar officials 

and used to spread “anti-Muslim, anti-Rohingya, and anti-activist sentiment” that contributed to 

the genocide. See Pet. Resp. at 4–5 (citation omitted). Facebook and its constituent apps 

(including Instagram) allow users to communicate through public and private postings, as well as 

through direct-messaging services like Facebook Messenger. See ECF No. 24 (Resp. Objections 

to MJ Order) at 8–9. “In countries like Myanmar, in particular, many users rely on Facebook for 

most of their personal communications.” Id. at 9 (citing U.N. Human Rights Council, Report of 

the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, ¶ 74, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/39/64 

(Sept. 12, 2018)). 

Recognizing that its platform and apps had potentially played a role in ethnic violence 

against the Rohingya, Facebook removed numerous accounts and pages in 2018. For example, 

in August of that year, it announced the removal of “18 Facebook accounts, one Instagram 

account and 52 Facebook Pages, followed by almost 12 million people.” Id. at 10 (quoting 

Removing Myanmar Military Official from Facebook, Facebook (Aug. 18, 2018, last updated 

Dec. 18, 2018), https://bit.ly/3G9lHWM (Removal Post)). The company determined that several 

of these pages and accounts had engaged in “coordinated inauthentic behavior on Facebook, 

meaning they used seemingly independent news and opinion Pages to covertly push the 

messages of the Myanmar military.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In 
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October and December 2018, Facebook removed another 425 pages, 17 Facebook groups, 135 

Facebook accounts, and 15 Instagram accounts for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Id. Many 

of these pages were inconspicuous — some of the most popular were titled “Beauty and 

Classic,” “Let’s Laugh Casually,” and “All About Myanmar”— but Facebook determined that 

they “were in-fact covert accounts linked to the Myanmar military.” Pet. Resp. at 5 (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted). Critically, when Facebook removed these pages and 

accounts, it preserved the content it had deleted. Id. at 6; see Resp. Objections at 10. 

Some of this content was maintained at the request of the Independent Investigative 

Mechanism for Myanmar (IIMM), a body created by the U.N. Human Rights Council to “collect 

evidence of the most serious international crimes and violations of international law and prepare 

files for criminal prosecution.” Resp. Objections at 11 (quoting U.N. Human Rights Council, 

Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar, https://bit.ly/31jHDjj). Facebook has

subsequently shared some of the content with the IIMM; to date, it has made 13 productions 

totaling approximately 1.5 million pages of documents and is engaged in ongoing dialogue to 

respond to additional requests. Id. at 12. The IIMM, however, “has no power to hold Myanmar 

accountable for the genocide of the Rohingya,” Pet. Resp. at 3 n.1, which brings the Court back 

to The Gambia’s request. 

B. Procedural History

The Gambia filed an Application to take discovery from Facebook under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1782 on June 8, 2020. See ECF No. 1 (Pet. Application). That section empowers district 

courts to order an individual or entity to “give his testimony or statement or to produce a 

document or other thing for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal . . . upon the 

application of any interested person.” 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a). The Gambia’s Application sought to 
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obtain “evidence indicating the involvement of Myanmar State officials and entities, or those 

affiliated with State officials and entities, in spreading anti-Rohingya hate speech on Facebook, 

including the content of related Facebook accounts and evidence of coordinated activity,” which 

Petitioner could then submit to the ICJ in support of its claims against Myanmar. See Pet. App. 

at 14. Specifically, The Gambia requested 12 discrete categories of documents and 

communications associated with pages and accounts linked to Myanmar government officials. 

Id. at 14–17. It also requested documents relating to Facebook’s investigation that led to its

conclusion that the removed accounts had engaged in coordinated inauthentic behavior, as well 

as a Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(6) deposition. Id. at 17. This Court referred the Application to 

Magistrate Judge Faruqui for full case management on June 9, 2020. See ECF No. 2 (Order 

Referring to MJ).

After briefing and a six-hour hearing, Magistrate Judge Faruqui issued a well-written and 

thorough Order granting in part and denying in part The Gambia’s Application on September 22, 

2021. See MJ Order. He rejected Facebook’s arguments that the Stored Communications Act,

18 U.S.C. § 2701, et seq., prohibited it from releasing much of the requested content. See MJ 

Order at 7–19. A subsequent weighing of the § 1782 factors, additionally, led him to conclude 

that discovery was appropriate. Id. at 23–28. He also ordered Facebook to produce any nonprivileged documentation relating to its internal investigation. Id. at 28–29. The Order declined 

to grant The Gambia’s request for a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, however, finding it “unduly 

burdensome.” Id. at 29.

Facebook filed its Objections to the Magistrate Judge Order on October 13, 2021. See

Resp. Objections. After receiving a Response from The Gambia and a further Reply from 

Facebook, see ECF Nos. 27 & 28 (Repl.), this Court held a hearing to clarify what remains in 
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dispute. See Minute Entry of November 12, 2021. Given that Facebook has now committed to 

produce public postings — e.g., postings that anyone on Facebook can view — and associated 

metadata, the parties there agreed that the Court should address at this juncture only the question 

of whether private pages and communications — e.g., direct messages between users — may be 

disclosed to The Gambia pursuant to a § 1782 subpoena. 

II. Legal Standard

A district court’s review of objections to a magistrate judge order is governed by Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 72. When reviewing non-dispositive orders, a court must “set aside any part of the order 

that is clearly erroneous or is contrary to law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a). The “clearly erroneous” 

standard provides for deferential review of factual findings, but the “contrary to law” standard 

“permits de novo review of a magistrate judge’s legal conclusions.” American Center for Civil 

Justice v. Ambush, 794 F. Supp. 2d 123, 129 (D.D.C. 2011) (citations omitted). Review of 

objections to dispositive motions, conversely, is governed by Rule 72(b), which provides that 

courts should conduct de novo review of any part of a magistrate judge’s order to which a party 

has objected. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). Since the Court now confronts only objections to the 

Order’s legal conclusions, whether such Order is considered non-dispositive or dispositive — a 

question that appears to remain open in this district — is of no consequence. The Court will thus 

apply de novo review. 

III. Analysis

Facebook proffers two types of objections to the Order’s determination that The Gambia 

may obtain the private pages and communications pursuant to a § 1782 subpoena: 1) the SCA 

prohibits Facebook from disclosing these communications, even if it wishes to do so, and 2) the 
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Magistrate Judge abused his discretion in granting the § 1782 subpoena if the SCA does not 

block disclosure. See Resp. Objections at 19–37. The Court need take up only the first here. 

A. Stored Communications Act

In challenging the Order, Facebook’s primary contention is that the SCA prohibits its

disclosure of the deleted private pages and communications stored on its servers. The Court 

provides a brief overview of the Act’s statutory framework before assessing its applicability to 

the communications at issue. 

Statutory Background

One of the difficulties this case presents is the interpretation of a communications statute 

enacted before the arrival of social media, smartphones, and the modern Internet. Passed in 

1986, the SCA “creates a set of Fourth Amendment-like protections by statute, regulating the 

relationship between government investigators and service providers in possession of users’ 

private information.” Orin S. Kerr, A User’s Guide to the Stored Communications Act, and a 

Legislator’s Guide to Amending It, 72 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1208, 1212 (2004). It does so by 

limiting service providers’ knowing disclosure of stored electronic communications, see 18 

U.S.C. § 2702, and imposing procedural requirements on the Government’s attempts to compel 

disclosure from these providers. See 18 U.S.C. § 2703. Its protections apply to content held by 

two types of service providers: providers of an “electronic communication service” (ECS),

defined as “any service which provides to users thereof the ability to send or receive wire or 

electronic communications,” 18 U.S.C. § 2510(15), and providers of a “remote computing 

service” (RCS), which “means the provision to the public of computer storage or processing 

services by means of an electronic communications system.” 18 U.S.C. § 2711(2).
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The Act prohibits both ECS and RCS providers from “knowingly divulg[ing] to any 

person or entity” certain communications. See 18 U.S.C. § 2702(a). ECS providers may not 

disclose any communication held “in electronic storage.” 18 U.S.C. § 2702(a)(1). “Electronic 

storage” is defined as: 

(A) any temporary, intermediate storage of a wire or electronic 

communication incidental to the electronic transmission thereof; 

and

(B) any storage of such communication by an electronic 

communication service for purposes of backup protection of such 

communication[.]

18 U.S.C. § 2510(17). RCS providers, similarly, may not divulge communications maintained 

on their service “on behalf of . . . a subscriber or customer . . . solely for the purpose of providing 

storage or computer processing services to such subscriber or customer, if the provider is not 

authorized to access the contents” for any other purpose. See 18 U.S.C. § 2702(a)(2)(A)–(B). 

Two distinctions are thus critical here in determining whether a communication is protected by 

the SCA’s disclosure prohibition: first, whether the possessing provider is an ECS or RCS (or 

neither), and, second, if the former, whether the communication is in “electronic storage.” 

Application to Provider-Deleted Private Communications 

In their briefing before this Court, the parties seem to agree both that Facebook is an ECS

with respect to the content at issue (setting aside whether it may also be an RCS) and that this 

content does not fall within the “temporary storage” category (subsection A) of “electronic 

storage,” and they also do not contest that “electronic storage” includes two discrete types of 

protected communications. See Pet. Resp. at 19; Resp. Objections at 20; Hately v. Watts, 917 

F.3d 770, 784 (4th Cir. 2019) (noting majority of courts have found that subsections (A) and (B) 

identify “two discrete types” of protected communications). Their squabble thus boils down to 

one basic question: whether the deleted private pages and communications are stored “for 
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purposes of backup protection” (subsection B). See 18 U.S.C. § 2510(17). To frame the 

question narrowly, however, does little to aid its resolution. Indeed, it raises a matter of first 

impression in both this district and elsewhere, at least as far as the Court and parties are aware.

Facebook argues that the content it possesses consists of copies of pages and messages 

retained to protect the communications from destruction, which fits squarely within the plain 

meaning of “for purposes of backup protection,” and that a contrary holding would undermine

the SCA’s purpose and have grave implications for electronic privacy. See Resp. Objections at 

19–27. The Gambia, agreeing with the Magistrate Judge’s Order, rejoins that deleted content 

stored on Facebook’s servers cannot be a “backup” when the original no longer exists, and that a

narrow definition of SCA-protected communications is in line with the Act’s intent to provide

only a limited set of protections. See Pet. Resp. at 18–23. 

The SCA does not define “backup protection,” and so the Court turns, as it must, to the 

plain meaning of the text. See Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. 632, 638 (2016); Blackman v. District of 

Columbia, 456 F.3d 167, 176 (D.C. Cir. 2006). “The most relevant definition of ‘backup’ is ‘a 

copy of computer data.’” Hately, 917 F.3d at 791 (emphasis in original) (quoting Backup, 

Merriam-Webster.com (last visited Feb. 26, 2019)). “Backup” is also defined as “[a] reserve or 

substitute.” Backup, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3d ed. 1992)

(published six years after SCA’s passage). “Protection” is “the act of protecting,” which is 

defined, in turn, as “keep[ing] from being damaged, attacked, stolen, or injured.” Protection, id.; 

Protect, id. A communication is stored “for purposes of backup protection,” then, when it is a 

“copy” or “reserve” held to prevent it being “damaged” or lost. See Hately, 917 F.3d at 791. 

Copies of the deleted private accounts and pages, and the communications associated 

with them, fall within this definition. When it deleted these pages and accounts, Facebook 
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“preserv[ed] data, including content, on the accounts and Pages [it] . . . removed.” Removal 

Post. “Facebook stored a duplicate of these communications, among other reasons, in case it was 

lawfully called upon to produce them by an international body like the United Nations after their 

removal.” Resp. Objections at 20 (citing ECF No. 19 (Hearing Transcript) at 80:17–81:25). 

Such storage was not unusual, as Facebook routinely stores removed communications “in case a 

user petitions Facebook successfully to restore their account to the platform.” Id. at 20–21 

(citing Hearing Transcript at 151:3–15). These duplicates “exist[] on the same servers, in the 

same place, in the same format, . . . in exactly the same manner” as they did before the accounts 

and pages were removed. See Hearing Transcript at 76:4–11. That constitutes a “copy” or 

“reserve” of communications stored to prevent their loss or destruction. As a result, Facebook’s 

storage of these communications “literally falls within the statutory definition” of “for purposes 

of backup protection.” Theofel v. Farey-Jones, 359 F.3d 1066, 1075 (9th Cir. 2004). 

The Gambia protests that the common understanding of “backup” requires the existence 

of an original; in other words, if the original is deleted, the backup then becomes the primary. 

See Pet. Resp. at 18–23; see also Jennings v. Jennings, 736 S.E. 2d 242, 245 (S.C. 2012) 

(“Congress’s use of ‘backup’ necessarily presupposes the existence of another copy to which this 

e-mail would serve as a substitute or support.”). But dictionary definitions of “backup” require 

no such thing; indeed, the idea that a backup is a copy or reserve seems to contemplate the 

potential loss of any “original.” The statute also imposes no requirement that there be an original 

copy of the communication in order for other material to qualify as backup. See 18 U.S.C. 

§ 2510(17)(B). Indeed, as the Fourth Circuit has noted, “[R]elying on definitions of ‘backup’ 

that define the term relative to an ‘original’ makes little sense in the context of messages stored 

by electronic communication services.” Hately, 917 F.3d at 796. In this context, “the ‘original’ 
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would seem to be most readily understood as the copy of a message that a sender types into his 

email client,” and even the recipient receives only a copy of that message. Id. (emphasis in 

original). “Put differently, all copies of an email held by a recipient’s email service . . . are 

‘copies,’ rather than ‘originals.’” Id. The same appears true for copies of the private 

communications at issue here.

This reading of “backup purposes,” moreover, comports with the SCA’s legislative 

context. Congress enacted the SCA to fill a gap in privacy protections for electronic stored 

communications, which were not protected by either existing federal statutes or the Fourth 

Amendment. Id. at 782 (citing H.R. Rep. No. 99-647, at 18 (1986) and S. Rep. No. 99-541, at 2 

(1986)); see also Kerr, 72 Geo. Wash. L. Rev., at 1209–13. The uncertainty associated with this 

gap generated three problems Congress sought to address: 1) “it may unnecessarily discourage 

potential customers from using such [innovative communications] systems”; 2) it might 

“encourage unauthorized users to obtain access to communications to which they are not a 

party”; and 3) “most important,” it may lead to “the gradual erosion of a precious right [to 

privacy].” H.R. Rep. No. 99-647, at 19; see also S. Rep. No. 99-541, at 5. In enacting the SCA, 

“Congress wanted to protect electronic communications that are configured to be private, such as 

email and private electronic bulletin boards,” Konop v. Hawaiian Airlines, Inc., 302 F.3d 868, 

875 (9th Cir. 2002), in order to avoid hindering the adoption of new communications 

technologies. 

Interpreting Congress’s definition of “for purposes of backup protection” to include 

provider-deleted communications is in keeping with these objectives. The counterfactual 

illustrates the point. Under a definition of “electronic storage” that excluded provider-deleted 

communications, an ECS like Facebook could avoid the SCA’s disclosure prohibition simply by 
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deactivating a user’s account. That would hand Facebook the SCA-on/off switch: it could

remove an account or page (which Facebook does without government supervision) and 

distribute the associated content freely — e.g., to the government or even to other private parties. 

See Resp. Objections at 26; see also Orin Kerr (@OrinKerr), Twitter (Sept. 24, 2021, 1:32 AM), 

https://bit.ly/31k2Lpg. Such a scheme would surely “discourage” individuals from using 

electronic-communications systems and risk “the gradual erosion of [the] precious right [to 

privacy].” H.R. Rep. No. 99-647, at 19; S. Rep. No. 99-541, at 5. It would also “lead[] to an 

arbitrary and untenable ‘gap’ in the legal protection of electronic communications,” Hately, 917 

F.3d at 798 (citing S. Rep. No. 99-541, at 5), and the Court “do[es] not believe Congress 

intended such an absurd result when it enacted a statute intended to fill in the gaps in the thenexisting privacy protections for electronic communications.” Id.

The House Report, furthermore, reveals that Congress intended the SCA’s protections to 

extend to backup copies not unlike those at issue in this case. Discussing § 2702 and other 

provisions, the Report contemplates the SCA’s application to copies of communications stored 

by service providers, separate and apart from those a user elects to store:

Even if the subscriber reads the message and discards or deletes it, 

the system maintains it as a backup copy for system maintenance 

and integrity purposes. These records are retrievable and the

Committee intends that subscribers and customers be afforded some 

protection as to these records. Therefore, a provider of electronic 

communications to the public such as an electronic mail service may 

not disclose the contents of stored communications unless one of the 

statutory exceptions in 2702(b) apply.

H.R. Rep. No. 99-647, at 72. Although this passage does not clarify whether the House intended 

these communications to find protection under the ECS or RCS provision of the SCA, the 

language used — “backup copy” held by a “provider of electronic communications” — suggests 

that it anticipated that these communications would fall within the “backup protection” category
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of “electronic storage” held by an ECS. Like the stored communications at issue here, those 

referenced above are copies stored by the service provider for its own purposes, rather than for 

the benefit of, or at the choice of, the user. Cf. Hately, 917 F.3d at 796–97 (communications 

may be stored for purposes of backup protection whether stored for benefit of user or service 

provider) (citing Theofel, 359 F.3d at 1075). If Congress wished to protect these providerstored communications even after the user chose to delete them, it would make little sense for 

that protection to lapse when the provider made the decision to remove them, as occurred here. 

That would grant providers power inconsistent with the SCA’s goal to restrict their ability to 

disclose user communications.

The Gambia rejoins that Facebook’s policy concerns are overblown and encourages this 

Court to follow cases that have interpreted “backup” in the context of undeleted content. See

Pet. Resp. at 18–23. Even under those decisions, however, much of the content at issue here —

namely, Facebook and Instagram posts — would appear to be stored “for purposes of backup 

protection” if the posts were undeleted. See Crispin v. Christian Audigier, Inc., 717 F. Supp. 2d 

965, 989 (C.D. Cal. 2010) (holding that Facebook posts are stored “for purposes of backup 

protection” under SCA by analogizing to electronic bulletin boards specifically discussed in 

SCA’s legislative history). The private Facebook messages and Instagram direct messages, 

conversely, pose a more difficult question, as courts are split on whether opened, undeleted 

messages fall within the definition of “electronic storage.” See Cheng v. Romo, 2013 WL 

6814691, at *3 (D. Mass. Dec. 20, 2013) (collecting cases and noting disagreement); see also

Crispin, 717 F. Supp. 2d at 987 (applying email-message precedent to Facebook messages). 

Although some courts hold that such messages are not stored “for purposes of backup 

protection,” see Sartori v. Schrodt, 424 F. Supp. 3d 1121, 1132–33 (N.D. Fl. 2019) (collecting 
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cases), the Fourth and Ninth Circuits have disagreed. See Hately, 917 F.3d at 797 (concluding 

that opened emails stored by web-based email service were stored for purposes of backup 

protection); Theofel, 359 F.3d at 1077 (same as to non-web-based email service). And at least 

one court has suggested that even if the copies of these opened messages available to the users 

are not in backup storage, “copies of webmail or private messaging communications on 

[providers’] servers separate from the storage available to [the user] . . . would plainly be [stored] 

for backup purposes.” Crispin, 717 F. Supp. 2d at 987 n.46. It remains unsettled, therefore, 

whether the private messages would be stored for backup protection if they were undeleted. 

As the reader can readily discern, no clear thread ties these decisions together, nor is 

there any D.C. Circuit precedent to follow. More important, no case bears directly on the issue 

at hand, as all involve undeleted content, in contrast to the provider-deleted content here. That

distinction matters. As evidenced by the House Report excerpted above, Congress may well

have anticipated that copies of deleted content would be treated differently under the SCA from

copies of content still available to — and within the control of — the user. That is especially so 

when the content has been removed by the provider. See supra, at 11–12. The Court therefore 

finds that the Gambia’s case citations provide no basis to reach a different outcome here.

It consequently holds that private Facebook and Instagram pages and their associated 

communications that have been deleted by Facebook and are maintained on its servers to prevent 

their destruction are stored “for purposes of backup protection” under the plain meaning of those 

words. Those communications are therefore in “electronic storage” by an “electronic 

communication service,” and § 2702(a)(1) of the Stored Communications Act prohibits their 

disclosure to The Gambia. 
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B. Remaining Issues

Having so concluded, the Court need not address Facebook’s remaining objections to the 

Magistrate Judge’s Order. It also declines to consider The Gambia’s alternative grounds for 

sustaining the Order, as they are not presented as objections to any specific portion of the Order. 

See Klayman v. Judicial Watch, Inc., 628 F. Supp. 2d 98, 102 (D.D.C. 2009) (court may reject 

arguments that fail to comply with Local Rule 72.2(b)’s requirement that party specifically 

object to parts of magistrate judge order). Finally, the Court does not reach the parties’ 

arguments regarding the scope of the subpoena or the request for a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, as 

both sides have agreed that those are best put on hold pending their discussions about the 

disclosure of the public information and non-content metadata.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, Facebook’s objections to the Magistrate Judge Order’s 

determination that the private communications are not in “electronic storage” will be sustained, 

and the Order will be vacated to the extent it is inconsistent with this Opinion. A separate Order 

so stating will issue this day.

/s/ James E. Boasberg

JAMES E. BOASBERG

United States District Judge

Date: December 3, 2021