# Regional Haze in Hawaii

Proposed Federal Implementation Plan

### Regional Haze Overview
The EPA’s Regional Haze Rule set a goal of 2064 to eliminate human-made visibility impairment at Class I areas such as the Haleakala National Park and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in Hawaii. .The first phase of the Regional Haze program has three key requirements:

• Application of Best Available Retrofit Technology at certain facilities,

• Setting of a Reasonable Progress Goal for each Class I area, and

• Development of a long-term strategy to meet the Reasonable Progress Goals.

### Hawaii Volcanoes Good Visibility Day

4 deciviews

### Hawaii Volcanoes Bad Visibility Day

19 deciviews

### Hawaii Volcanoes Visibility Progress Chart

### Best Available Retrofit Technology

Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) is required on certain sources built between 1962 and 1977.
BART determinations are made on a case-by-case basis considering five factors. Sources may be exempted from BART if they do not cause or contribute to visibility impairment at any Class I area.
The EPA is proposing that any source with an computer-modeled impact less than 0.5 deciviews does not cause or contribute to visibility impairment at any Class I area.

### Results of BART Modeling

Source	and	Unit Class	I	Area Model	Results	for Visibility	Impact (deciview) Subject	to BART	or Exempt HC&S	Puunene	facility (Bagasse) Haleakala Hawaii	Volcanoes 0.059 0.008 Exempt

HC&S	Puunene	facility (Coal) Haleakala Hawaii	Volcanoes 0.133 0.039 Exempt

Chevron	Refinery Haleakala Hawaii	Volcanoes 0.021 0.016 Exempt

Tesoro	Refinery Haleakala Hawaii	Volcanoes 0.025 0.017 Exempt

Hu	Honua	Bioenergy	–Pepeekeo facility Haleakala Hawaii	Volcanoes 0.323 0.540 Exempt	due	to biofuel conversion. MECO	–	Kahului	facility, Haleakala Hawaii	Volcanoes 0.232 0.108 Exempt

HELCO	Kanoelehua	Hill Haleakala Hawaii	Volcanoes 0.808 2.334 Subject	to BART HECO	–	Waiau	facility Haleakala Hawaii	Volcanoes 0.083 0.038 Exempt

HECO	–	Kahe	facility Haleakala Hawaii	Volcanoes 0.221 0.132 Exempt

[1] CalPuff model, maximum 24-hour 98 th percentile visibility impact

### Reasonable Progress

• The EPA must ensure reasonable progress is made reducing haze on the worst days and that haze does not increase on the best days.

• In determining what would constitute reasonable progress, the Clean Air Act requires consideration of the following four factors:

– The costs of compliance;

– The time necessary for compliance;

– energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of compliance; and

– The remaining useful life of existing sources that contribute to visibility impairment.

### Hawaii (Big Island) Human-Made Emissions

2005	Inventory 2018	Inventory Source	Category NO x SO 2 NO x SO 2 Industrial	sources 1,036 4,551 1,736 5,266 Household	and	small	industrial 1,849 808 1,882 872 On-Road	Mobile 3,217 53 839 11 Non-Road	Mobile 784 95 428 1 Aircra] 177 18 207 21 Agricultural	Burning 2 0 2 0 Wildfires 1,712 469 1,712 469 in/near	port	Marine 537 418 546 20

Total 9,314 6,412 7,352 6,661

### Proposed Reasonable Progress Controls

• Human-made emissions of SO 2 on the Big Island are projected to increase by nearly 4% between 2005 and 2018.

• EPA has identified the fuel oil-fired boilers at Hill, Shipman and Puna because

– They are upwind of the Hawaii Volcanoes NP,

– They have high SO 2 emissions and lack modern pollution controls.

• EPA is proposing to cap total emissions at the fuel oil-fired boilers at Hill, Shipman and Puna at 3,550 tons of SO 2 per year, beginning in January 1, 2018.

• Once this control measure is in place, total SO 2 emissions on Big Island will decrease by at least 17% by 2018.

# Topic of Comments

Comments should address the EPA’s proposed Regional Haze Plan for Hawaii, including, but not limited to, such matters as:

• Best Available Retrofit Technology determinations

• Causes of Haze at Class I areas

• Reasonable Progress Goals

• Proposed Controls for Reasonable Progress