i

Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Mineralogy of Los

Angeles Basin Core Samples

James R. Hein1, Brandie R. McIntyre1, Brian D. Edwards1, and Orion I. Lakota1

Open-File Report 2006-1036

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

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U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., MS999, Menlo Park, Ca 94025
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U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Pat Leahy, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2006

Revised and reprinted: 2006

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copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.
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Contents

Explanation.................................................................................................................................... 1

Rationale........................................................................................................................................ 2

Methods.......................................................................................................................................... 3

Literature Cited .............................................................................................................................. 6

Key Words...................................................................................................................................... 6

Figures

Figure 1. Location map showing three drill sites studied here

Figure 2. Typical X-ray diffraction pattern of the core-sediment sample

Tables

Table 1. Quantitative mineralogy for mineral groups for core-sediment samples from

Long Beach Pier F

Table 2. Quantitative mineralogy for mineral groups for core-sediment samples from

Long Beach Pier C

Table 3. Quantitative mineralogy for mineral groups for core-sediment samples from

Long Beach Webster
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Appendices

Appendix 1. Descriptions and ages of samples from Long Beach Pier F, Pier C, and 

Webster drill cores

Appendix 2. Quantitative mineralogy of core-sediment samples from Long Beach Pier F

Appendix 3. Quantitative mineralogy of core-sediment samples from Long Beach Pier C

Appendix 4. Quantitative mineralogy of core-sediment samples from Long Beach 

Webster

Appendix 5. Explanation of clay and mica minerals in Appendices 2-4
1

Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Mineralogy of Los Angeles

Basin Core Samples

By James R. Hein, Brandie R. McIntyre, Brian D. Edwards, and Orion Lakota

Explanation 

This report contains X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of mineralogy for 81 sediment

samples (Appendix 1) from cores taken from three drill holes in the Los Angeles Basin in 2000-

2001. We analyzed 26 samples from Pier F core, 29 from Pier C core, and 26 from the Webster

core (Fig 1). These three sites provide an offshore-onshore record across the Southern California

coastal zone. This report is designed to be a data repository; these data will be used in further

studies, including geochemical modeling as part of the CABRILLO project. Summary tables

quantify the major mineral groups (Table 1, 2, 3), whereas detailed mineralogy is presented in three

appendices (Append. 2-4). The rationale, methodology, and techniques are described below.
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Figure 1. Location of drill sites for the USGS FOQUS-L.A. and CABRILLO Projects. Cores collected at

sites Pier F, Pier C, and LB Webster, located within the white box, were analyzed here.

Rationale

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists are working in collaboration with other Federal

and State agencies as well as regional, county, and local water managers to better understand the

Quaternary stratigraphy of the Los Angeles Basin and to identify pathways of salt-water intrusion

into fresh-water coastal aquifers in the Long Beach, California (Dominguez Gap) area. USGS

efforts involve both the Water Resources and Geologic Disciplines. The latter includes the

FOQUS-LA Project, a component of the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, and Coastal

Aquifers Stratigraphic Architecture (CASA), a component of the CABRILLO Project (Southern

California Bight Regional Investigations-Life, Land, and Ocean) of the Coastal and Marine

Geology Program.

We present the mineralogy of samples from three 425-m deep (1400 feet) continuousrecovery boreholes completed in 2000-2001 by the joint CASA/FOCUS-LA projects: Long Beach 

Pier F (LBPF), Long Beach Pier C (LBPC), and Long Beach Webster (LWEB). The boreholes
3

were sited and designed to: (1) provide 1-D stratigraphic and sedimentological data that would 

serve as detailed reference sections in building a 3-D model of the coastal Los Angeles Basin; (2)

identify and classify depositional environments and sediment physical properties with respect to 

age (chronostratigraphy); (3) integrate interpretations of onshore borehole geophysical logs with 

offshore seismic-reflection data; and (4) model the chemistry of the pore fluids and integrate with

the chemistry and mineralogy of the solid phases. Descriptions of the joint project and a

preliminary report of the 3-D model can be found in Edwards and Evans (2002), Hillhouse et al.

(2002), and Ponti et al. (2005). This report contains the quantitative XRD mineralogy that will be

used for the modeling and to aid in interpreting the geological evolution of the Los Angeles Basin.

Samples for XRD analysis were taken from cores after the cores were split, photographed,

and described (e.g., Powell and Ponti, 2001). The sediment samples were selected based on an 

even distribution through time periods, changes in sediment type, and proximity to intervals

sampled for pore-waters. Sediment samples were taken at the top, middle, and bottom of agedated stratigraphic units. Samples were also chosen to represent the range of textual types: sand,

silt, and clay layers within each time period.

Methods

Quantitative mineralogy was determined by XRD for all samples. The samples were

prepared for analysis according to the methods described by Eberl (2003) and summarized below.

Three gram samples were mixed with 0.333g of pure ZnO and ground with a mortar and pestle

until fine enough to pass through a 500 μm sieve. This mixture was then ground with 4.0 ml

methanol for 5 min. in a McCrone micronizing mill. The ground mixture was then dried at 80°C.

The resulting powder was ground once more with a mortar and pestle to 500 μm. The sample was

then back-packed into an aluminum sample holder. Samples were analyzed using a Philips XRD
4

with a graphite monochromator. Step scans were run from 5o to 65o 2Θ with 0.02o steps, using Cu 

kα radiation, and a count time of 2 s/step. A typical XRD pattern is presented in Figure 2.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Figure 2. Example of X-ray diffractogram (sample XRD115, Long Beach Pier C)

XRD scan digital data were first input to Philips X-Pert High Score for initial qualitative

peak analysis. A background level was calculated using a bending level of approximately one, and 

a peak search completed with a significance level of 0.30. The Search-Match command identified

possible minerals contained in the sample. Minerals were selected from the Search-Match results

based on their significance of fit score, their likely possibility of being contained in the sample

based on the geology of the Los Angeles Basin, and a visual examination of diffraction patterns.

Minerals that may not have been chosen by X-Pert HighScore, but which are present based on a

visual examination of the diffraction pattern (mostly poorly crystalline phases) were manually 

added to the minerals list. Zincite (internal standard) and aluminum (sample holder material) were

also added to the group of minerals. Minerals were chosen until all significant peaks were

accounted for.
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These qualitative results from X-Pert High Score were then used as a basis for quantitative

analysis in another software program, RockJock 2 (Eberl, 2003). The program compares integrated 

X-ray intensities for minerals present in a sample with that of an internal standard (zincite) and

weight percents are calculated from previously measured mineral intensity factors (Eberl 2004).

The RockJock program is freely available from the USGS at ftp://brrcrftp.cr.usgs.gov/pub/ddeberl/.

Each sample scan was analyzed using RockJock’s Solver function and the auto background

setting, from 20° to 65° 2-theta, omitting 37.9°-39° and 44°-45° to remove peaks created by the

aluminum sample holder. Samples were first analyzed using the minerals matched in X-Pert High

Score. If the sample contained chlorite, illite, mica, or smectite, all entries for each mineral were

selected, and a second iteration was preformed, accepting minerals with results of 1.0% or greater.

If the total percentage did not fall between 90% and 110%, the sample was run again, refining the

likely suite of minerals present. Only one sample (XRD208) falls outside (128%) the range 90-

110%, for which we could not find an explanation.

The cumulative error (≤10%) and cumulative accuracy translates into individual mineral

errors of usually less than 2% (Eberl, 2004). The RockJock procedure has been checked for

accuracy using artificial mixtures and generally gives results that are within 1 or 2 weight % of

actual values (Eberl, 2003). A sum for an analysis that is close to 100% is a further check because

weight percents for each mineral are calculated independently with respect to the zincite internal

standard. The analysis is limited by the mineral suite available in RockJock compared to the suite

in Philips HighScore. Therefore, some minerals are indicated to be present in the tables and 

appendices, but are not quantified.
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Acknowledgements

D.D. Eberl provided advice on using the RockJock Program. Robert Rosenbauer and D.D.

Eberl provided helpful reviews of this paper.

Literature Cited

Eberl, D.D., 2003. User’s Guide to Rockjock – A program for determining quantitative mineralogy

from powder X-ray diffraction data. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-78, 46 pp.

Eberl, D.D., 2004. Quantitative mineralogy of the Yukon River system: Changes with reach and 

season, and determining sediment provenance. American Mineralogist, v 89. p 1784-1794.

Edwards, B.D. and Evans, K.R., 2002. Saltwater intrusion in Los Angeles area coastal aquifers -

the marine connection. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 030-02, 2 pp 

(http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs030-02).

Hillhouse, J.W., Reichard, E.G., and Ponti, D.J., 2002. Probing the Los Angeles basin - insights

into ground-water resources and earthquake hazards. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 086-02

2 pp (http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs086-02).

Ponti, D.J., Ehman, K.D., Edwards, B.D., Tinsley, J.C., Hildenbrand, T., Hillhouse, J.W., Hanson,

R.T., McDougall, K., Powell, C.L. II, Wan, E., Land, M., Mahan, S., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M.,

2005. A 3-dimensional model of water-bearing sequences in the Dominguez Gap region, Long 

Beach, California. U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report to Los Angeles area water

managers, 18 manuscript pages, 1 table, 15 figures.

Powell, C. II, and Ponti, D. (eds.), 2001. Research coring in the Los Angeles Region: data and 

initial report of the Long Beach Daniel Webster core site (LWEB) and monitoring well, Long

Beach, California (unpublished, compiled data).
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Key Search Words: Mineralogy, RockJock, X-ray diffraction, Los Angeles Basin
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Table 1. Quantitative mineralogy for mineral groups for core-sediment samples from Long Beach

Pier F (See Appendix 2 for detailed mineralogy)

XRD No. XRD 148 XRD 149 XRD 150 XRD 151 XRD 152 XRD 153 XRD 154 XRD 155

Core LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF

Section 4 8 8 13 26 36 47 52

Starting cm 93.5 115.5 8.0 114.3 9.2 20.0 31.0 29.3

Ending cm 95.5 117.5 11.0 117.0 11.6 24.0 34.5 31.5

Quartz 18.0 21.7 12.5 18.9 16.8 12.0 9.4 23.4

K-Feldspar 28.2 20.8 39.1 33.8 41.4 37.1 15.3 29.7

Plagioclase 29.8 50.3 9.0 27.9 11.6 9.6 22.6 39.8

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Kaolinite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Smectite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Illite 6.0 -- 11.5 -- 5.0 9.3 34.9 --

Mica 14.6 5.1 16.1 15.9 14.3 14.7 2.6 8.8

Chlorite -- 3.4 8.3 -- 5.8 12.2 12.2 2.2

Amphibole 1.6 x 2.7 4.9 2.0 3.0 1.4 x

Pyroxene x 1.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 x x 2.6

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Vermiculite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total 98.2 103.1 99.7 102.0 97.1 97.9 98.4 106.5

XRD No. XRD 156 XRD 157 XRD 158 XRD 159 XRD 160 XRD 161 XRD 162 XRD 163

Core LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF

Section 65 80 88 102 109 128 134 137

Starting cm 8.1 91.4 20.9 32.6 63.7 52.4 38.2 28.4

Ending cm 10.8 94.2 23.4 35.3 35.4 54.5 40.7 31.1

Quartz 20.0 17.7 17.5 15.0 20.5 14.2 9.1 10.1

K-Feldspar 35.8 21.1 0.0 23.6 40.3 41.7 12.8 37.7

Plagioclase 33.9 34.7 38.2 28.1 26.7 12.3 16.2 8.9

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Kaolinite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.3

Smectite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Illite -- 4.4 12.3 -- -- 8.8 24.8 16.4

Mica 7.9 15.0 14.7 15.2 9.1 16.8 19.7 18.6

Chlorite 3.7 3.4 9.2 5.3 3.6 8.4 6.9 5.6

Amphibole 0.6 1.9 1.9 3.0 1.8 3.4 0.4 x

Pyroxene 1.0 2.6 2.7 1.8 x 0.4 1.2 x

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Vermiculite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total 102.9 100.8 96.5 92.0 102.0 106.0 91.1 100.5
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Table1 continued

XRD No. XRD 164 XRD 165 XRD 166 XRD 167 XRD 168 XRD 169 XRD 170 XRD 171

Core LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF

Section 152 159 170 184 184 197 203 220

Starting cm 63.5 70.5 49.5 102.8 22.5 123.0 58.4 35.5

Ending cm 66.0 73.2 51.2 104.5 25.5 125.4 61.0 38.3

Quartz 18.0 10.6 10.7 10.9 24.4 17.8 18.5 12.4

K-Feldspar 42.1 53.3 -- 17.8 18.7 35.3 16.7 18.3

Plagioclase 22.5 4.8 24.1 24.5 46.9 9.8 37.7 29.6

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Kaolinite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Smectite -- -- -- -- -- 14.5 -- --

Illite -- -- 25.3 -- -- -- -- --

Mica 12.4 19.5 16.8 16.3 12.5 15.6 7.2 16.6

Chlorite 6.9 7.2 11.7 17.0 3.2 0.9 9.8 12.7

Amphibole 3.4 3.8 0.2 2.2 1.0 2.2 4.1 2.9

Pyroxene 0.6 x 2.4 2.6 1.9 0.4 1.3 2.1

Gypsum -- -- -- -- 0.8 -- -- --

Vermiculite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total 105.9 99.2 91.2 91.3 109.4 96.5 95.4 94.6

XRD No. XRD 172 XRD 173

Core LBPF LBPF

Section 233 238

Starting cm 46.1 62.3

Ending cm 48.3 64.7

Quartz 8.8 13.8

K-Feldspar 15.8 20.3

Plagioclase 19.9 26.8

Calcite -- x

Kaolinite 3.7 --

Smectite 11.6 --

Illite 8.8 9.0

Mica 16.4 8.5

Chlorite 8.0 15.4

Amphibole 2.6 2.0

Pyroxene -- 1.4

Gypsum -- x

Vermiculite -- +

Total 95.6 94.4

Dash means not present; x means present based on visual examinations of diffraction pattern, but

RockJock would not quantify; + means present based on X-Pert HighScore, but mineral not in the

RockJock database
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Table 2. Quantitative mineralogy for mineral groups for core-sediment samples from Long Beach

Pier C (See Appendix 3 for detailed mineralogy)

XRD No. XRD 115 XRD 116 XRD 117 XRD 118 XRD 119 XRD 120 XRD 121 XRD 122

Core LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC

Section 2 5 5 8 11 14 36 39

Starting cm 27.5 18.6 79.7 53.5 8.0 13.5 30.8 30.6

Ending cm 29.4 21.6 83.5 56.4 10.0 16.0 35.1 33.4

Quartz 14.8 19.2 6.6 3.6 12.7 10.6 19.5 19.4

K-Feldspar 20.7 22.2 21.8 24.0 14.1 16.7 23.6 41.3

Plagioclase 34.0 43.2 11.3 3.1 30.9 28.4 49.4 26.6

Calcite -- -- 2.2 2.2 8.2 3.4 -- --

Kaolinite -- -- -- -- -- 2.4 -- --

Smectite -- -- 24.7 24.2 -- -- -- --

Illite -- -- 3.2 7.4 -- -- -- --

Mica 16.2 12.2 15.6 15.2 14.7 15.3 8.0 13.5

Chlorite 2.7 2.8 3.2 8.7 8.1 12.4 3.5 3.4

Amphibole 2.1 2.9 1.4 x 4.3 2.7 0.4 2.9

Pyroxene 2.0 1.2 1.2 x 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.4

Vermiculite -- -- + + -- -- -- --

Total 92.5 103.7 91.1 88.4 94.2 92.8 105.6 107.5

XRD No. XRD 123 XRD 124 XRD 125 XRD 126 XRD 127 XRD 128 XRD 129 XRD 130

Core LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC

Section 45 46 52 54 74 84 96 97

Starting cm 35.4 46.6 46.0 8.2 6.6 52.4 135.0 50.2

Ending cm 38.0 48.7 48.4 10.5 9.3 54.4 137.5 52.5

Quartz 15.3 20.6 23.5 11.5 7.4 18.0 16.9 14.1

K-Feldspar -- 25.8 52.5 15.0 12.9 37.9 19.8 48.5

Plagioclase -- 41.4 15.5 26.0 19.8 23.4 38.1 17.6

Calcite 0.9 -- -- x 0.8 -- -- --

Kaolinite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Smectite -- -- -- -- 13.7 -- -- --

Illite -- -- -- -- 15.2 -- -- 7.4

Mica -- 16.2 13.1 16.9 21.5 11.5 14.5 17.8

Chlorite -- 0.8 0.5 21.8 6.6 13.8 10.5 11.2

Amphibole 1.7 2.9 x 1.7 -- 3.3 2.4 2

Pyroxene 0.7 x x 2.3 2 1.3 1.8 x

Vermiculite -- -- -- -- + -- -- --

Total 103.6 107.7 105.1 95.2 99.7 109.2 104.0 118.7
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Table 2 continued

XRD No. XRD 132 XRD 133 XRD 134 XRD 136 XRD 137 XRD 138 XRD 139 XRD 140

Core LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC

Section 120 127 145 154 163 177 182 192

Starting cm 11.5 23.5 7.4 8.2 33.7 37.3 17.8 83.3

Ending cm 14.3 26.2 9.8 11.3 36.4 39.6 20.2 86.4

Quartz 14.6 27.5 18.8 20.9 23.4 16.1 9.7 12.8

K-Feldspar 22.1 36.0 23.6 34.9 8.0 44.9 33.9 17.4

Plagioclase 29.4 28.4 32.7 34.0 51.0 21.5 9.3 36.2

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Kaolinite 3.4 2.0 -- -- -- -- -- --

Smectite -- -- -- -- 4.4 -- -- --

Illite -- -- -- -- -- -- 25.5 10.0

Mica 17.0 7.0 15.9 3.8 14.3 17.7 26.3 15.9

Chlorite 11.0 -- 6.9 9.8 -- 6.5 -- 8.1

Amphibole 2.4 0.5 1.7 2.7 3.2 2.4 x x

Pyroxene 2.0 0.7 1.5 x 1.6 x 0.7 1.2

Vermiculite -- -- -- -- + -- -- --

Total 101.9 102.1 101.1 106.1 105.9 109.1 105.3 103.7

XRD No. XRD 141 XRD 143 XRD 144 XRD 145 XRD 146

Core LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC

Section 207 222 226 226 234

Starting cm 63.0 129.5 30.2 5.6 141.9

Ending cm 65.6 133.0 33.2 8.0 143.0

Quartz 13.9 26.9 17.0 23.3 26.6

K-Feldspar 38.0 45.9 36.4 21.5 43.3

Plagioclase 16.0 20.7 25.6 45.4 13.9

Calcite -- -- -- -- --

Kaolinite -- -- -- -- --

Smectite -- -- -- -- --

Illite -- -- -- -- 1.7

Mica 17.4 7.3 12.8 11.5 14.4

Chlorite 6.9 -- 2.0 -- --

Amphibole 2.6 x 3.4 1.5 0.2

Pyroxene x 2.2 0.6 3.1 x

Vermiculite -- -- -- -- --

Total 94.7 103.0 97.8 106.3 100.1

Dash means not present; x means present based on visual examinations of diffraction pattern, but

RockJock would not quantify the mineral; + means present based on X-Pert HighScore, but mineral

not in the RockJock database
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Table 3. Quantitative mineralogy for mineral groups for core-sediment samples from Long Beach

Webster (See Appendix 4 for detailed mineralogy)

XRD No. XRD 184 XRD 185 XRD 186 XRD 187 XRD 188 XRD 189 XRD 190 XRD 191

Core LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB

Section 1 7 8 16 22 40 47 58

Starting cm 21.0 24.9 24.0 42.5 13 26.6 24.5 21.0

Ending cm 23.0 27.2 26.5 45.0 14.5 29.0 28.0 23.0

Quartz 11.4 18.6 3.4 24.0 16.1 22.7 10.6 36.0

K-Feldspar 38.8 20.3 12.7 11.3 38.6 20.0 13.0 22.3

Plagioclase 9.5 41.3 20.6 60.0 10.6 48.6 22.2 33.5

Calcite -- -- x -- -- -- -- --

Kaolinite -- -- 8.7 -- -- 2.9 -- --

Smectite -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.6 --

Illite 8.1 -- 24.2 -- -- 1.6 10.9 --

Mica 18.0 13.3 17.8 -- 12.1 8.6 20.9 8.0

Chlorite 2.2 1.0 -- 3.4 15.1 -- 6.8 4.4

Amphibole 3.4 2.7 x 4.3 2.5 1.7 1.7 x

Pyroxene x 1.4 -- 2.4 x -- x 1.7

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Alunite -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.5 --

Clinoptilolite -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.5 --

Magnetite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total 91.4 98.6 87.5 108.4 95.0 106.0 91.7 105.9

XRD No. XRD 192 XRD 193 XRD 194 XRD 195 XRD 196 XRD 197 XRD 198 XRD 199

Core LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB

Section 66 72 85 101 110 129 134 146

Starting cm 28.5 25.0 12.6 31.5 31.0 16.6 25.0 74.5

Ending cm 31.0 27.0 14.7 34.5 33.0 19.0 27.0 77.0

Quartz 18.6 15.4 29.0 18.2 22.9 11.5 8.2 36.0

K-Feldspar 44.3 34.6 24.7 25.1 28.1 42.8 7.2 20.5

Plagioclase 10.5 9.9 38.1 50.5 44.4 -- 17.2 2.2

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.2 --

Kaolinite 1.0 -- -- -- -- 3.0 7.1 --

Smectite -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.0 --

Illite 1.5 4.8 -- -- -- 11.4 0.4 --

Mica 11.1 15.0 11.4 7.1 10.7 14.2 0.5 8.0

Chlorite 10.2 6.9 -- -- -- 13.5 33.5 --

Amphibole 3.2 3.8 0.8 x x 7.3 7.4 28.8

Pyroxene x x 1.6 1.2 1.3 x 3.4 1.7

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.4 --

Alunite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Clinoptilolite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Magnetite -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.8 --

Total 100.4 90.4 105.6 102.1 107.4 103.7 90.4 97.2
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Table 3 continued

XRD No. XRD 200 XRD 201 XRD 202 XRD 203 XRD 204 XRD 205 XRD 206 XRD 207

Core LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB

Section 160 160 189 200 235 241 244 245

Starting cm 21.0 86.5 24.0 49.5 46.0 105.5 21.5 14.0

Ending cm 22.5 88.0 33.0 53.0 49.0 108.0 23.0 17.0

Quartz 10.4 16.2 32.2 23.1 36.0 29.5 15.0 18.8

K-Feldspar 13.0 33.9 -- 54.8 48.3 -- 23.9 40.5

Plagioclase 25.2 2.9 61.6 8.3 22.2 63.5 29.0 20.1

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Kaolinite -- 4.0 -- -- -- -- -- --

Smectite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Illite -- 16.9 -- -- -- -- -- --

Mica 13.2 17.8 5.8 10.1 -- 3.1 16.5 12.1

Chlorite 21.5 9.0 2.0 1.9 -- 3.9 6.6 3.2

Amphibole 4.9 1.0 x x x x 0.6 1.5

Pyroxene 3.0 x 4.5 x x 3.8 0.5 x

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Alunite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Clinoptilolite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Magnetite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total 91.4 101.7 106.1 98.2 106.6 103.8 92.1 96.2

XRD No. XRD 208 XRD 209

Core LWEB LWEB

Section 247 249

Starting cm 28.5 36.5

Ending cm 31.0 38.0

Quartz 27.0 18.9

K-Feldspar 24.6 51.7

Plagioclase 35.7 4.2

Calcite 1.2 --

Kaolinite -- 1.5

Smectite -- --

Illite 6.5 --

Mica 10.6 15.4

Chlorite 18.1 5.1

Amphibole 3.5 3.5

Pyroxene 0.7 x

Gypsum -- --

Alunite -- --

Clinoptilolite -- --

Magnetite -- --

Total 127.8 100.3

Dash means not present; x means present based on visual examinations of diffraction pattern, but

RockJock would not quantify; + means present based on X-Pert HighScore, but mineral not in the

RockJock database
14

Appendix 1. Sample Descriptions and ages of Long Beach Pier F, Pier C, and Webster drill cores

Long Beach Pier F Core

Sample No./lab No. Age Unit Description Sample Description

LBPF-4-C1/XRD-93.5-95.5 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Silty sand Silty sand

LBPF-8-C1/XRD-115.5-117.5 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Silty clay Silty clay

LBPF-8-C1/XRD-8-11 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Clayey silt Sticky clay

LBPF-13-C1/XRD-114.3-117 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Sandy silt Dark mineral band

LBPF-26-C1/XRD-9.2-11.6 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Silt Silt with shell fragments

LBPF-36-C1/XRD-20-24 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Mud Mud

LBPF-47-C1/XRD-31-34.5 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Silty clay Silty clay

LBPF-52-C1/XRD-29.3-31.5 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Sand Sand

LBPC-65-C1/XRD-8.1-10.8 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Sand Sand

LBPF-80-C1/XRD-91.4-94.2 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Silty sand Silty sand

LBPF-88-C1/XRD-20.9-23.4 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Silty clay Silty clay

LBPF-102-C1/XRD-32.6-35.3 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Sandy silt Sandy silt

LBPF-109-C1/XRD-63.7-65.4 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Sand Sand

LBPF-128-C1/XRD-52.4-54.5 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silt Silt

LBPF-134-C1/XRD-38.2-40.7 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Compact clay Mudstone at 713.5 ft

LBPF-137-C1/XRD-28.4-31.1 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Clay Clay-rich layer

LBPF-152-C1/XRD-63.5-66 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silt Silt

LBPF-159-C1/XRD-70.5-73.2 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Clay-rich layer Clay-rich layer

LBPF-170-C1/XRD-49.5-51.2 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Clay-rich layer Clay-rich layer

LBPF-184-C1/XRD-102.8-104.5 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Clay Clay

LBPF-184-C1/XRD-22.5-25.5 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Sand Sand

LBPF-197-C1/XRD-123-125.4 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silt Silt

LBPF-203-C1/XRD-58.4-61.0 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Silt clay Silt clay

LBPF-220-C1/XRD-35.5-38.3 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Clay Very compact clay

LBPF-233-C1/XRD-46.1-48.3 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Clay Clay

LBPF-238-C1/XRD-62.3-64.7 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Silt clay Silt clay
15

Appendix 1 continued

Long Beach Pier C Core

Sample No./lab No. Age Unit Description Sample Description

LBPC-2-C1/XRD-27.5-29.4 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Sandy silt Sandy silt

LBPC-5-C1/XRD-18.6-21.6 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Sand Sand

LBPC-5-C1/XRD-79.7-83.5 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Mud Mud

LBPC-8-C1/XRD-53.5-56.4 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Clay Lens organic-rich clay laminae

LBPC-11-C1/XRD-8-10 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Silty sand Silt surrounding carbonate

rock fragment

LBPC-14-C1/XRD-13.5-16 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Silty clay Silty clay

LBPC-36-C1/XRD-30.8-35.1 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Pebbly sand Sand

LBPC-39-C1/XRD-30.6-33.4 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Silty sand Dark mineral sand

LBPC-45-C1/XRD-35.4-38 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Silt Silt surrounding small

carbonate mass

LBPC-46-C1/XRD-46.6-48.7 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Sand Sand

LBPC-52-C1/XRD-46-48.4 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Sand Sand

LBPC-54-C1/XRD-8.2-10.5 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Clayey silt Clayey silt

LBPC-74-C1/XRD-6.6-9.3 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Mud Sticky laminated mud

LBPC-84-C1/XRD-52.4-54.4 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silt Silt

LBPC-96-C1/XRD-135-137.5 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silt Silt

LBPC-97-C1/XRD-50.2-52.5 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Clay Clayey silt

LBPC-120-C1/XRD-11.5-14.3 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Clayey silt Clayey silt

LBPC-127-C1/XRD-23.5-26.2 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Sand Clayey silt to sand

LBPC-145-C1/XRD-7.4-9.8 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silty clay Silty clay

LBPC-154-C1/XRD-8.2-11.3 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silt Silt

LBPC-163-C1/XRD-33.7-36.4 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silty sand Silty sand

LBPC-177-C1/XRD-37.3-39.6 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silty sand Silty sand

LBPC-182-C1/XRD-17.8-20.2 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Clayey silt Clayey silt

LBPC-192-C1/XRD-83.3-86.4 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Clayey silt Clayey silt

LBPC-207-C1/XRD-63-65.6 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Silty clay Silty clay

LBPC-222-C1/XRD-15.3-19.4 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Clayey silt Bentonite (?)

LBPC-226-C1/XRD-30.2-33.2 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Sand Dark mineral sand

LBPC-226-C1/XRD-5.6-8.0 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Sand Sand

LBPC-234-C2/XRD-141.9-143 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Sand-silt-clay Sand-silt-clay
16

Appendix 1 continued

Long Beach Webster Core

Sample No./lab No. Age Unit Description Sample Description

LWEB-1-C1/XRD-21-23 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Silty sand Silty sand

LWEB-7-C1/XRD-24.9-27.2 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Sand Sand

LWEB-8-C1/XRD-24-26.5 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Sand Sand

LWEB-16-C1/XRD-42.5-45 l Pleistocene, Holocene (<15 ka) Gravelly sand Gravelly sand

LWEB-22-C1/XRD-13-14.5 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Silt Silt

LWEB-40-C1/XRD-26.6-29 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Sand Dark mineral concentration

LWEB-47-C1/XRD-24.5-28 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Clay Clay

LWEB-58-C1/XRD-21-23 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Silt Silt

LWEB-66-C1/XRD-28.5-31 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Sandy silt Sandy silt

LWEB-72-C1/XRD-25-27 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Silt Silt

LWEB-85-C1/XRD-12.6-14.7 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Silty sand Silty sand w/ drilling mud(?)

LWEB-101-1C/XRD-31.5-34.5 m,l Pleistocene (300-50 ka) Sand Sand

LWEB-110-C1/XRD-31-33 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Sand Sand

LWEB-129-C1/XRD-16.6-19 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Silty clay Cross-burrowed silty/clay

LWEB-134-C1/XRD-25-27 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Clay Silty clay

LWEB-146-C1/XRD-74.5-77 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Silt Clay-rich layer w/ abundant

dark mineral banding

LWEB-160C1/XRD-21-22.5 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Silty clay Silty clay

LWEB-160-C1/XRD-86.5-88 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Clayey silt Green clay w/ shell fragments

LWEB-189-C1/XRD-24-33 m,l Pleistocene (500-300 ka) Sand Yellow-stained sand

LWEB-200-C1/XRD-49.5-53 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Pebbly sand Pebbly sand

LWEB-235-C1/XRD-46-49 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Sand Sand

LWEB-241-C1/XRD-105.5-108 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Sand Sand

LWEB-244-C1/XRD-21.5-23 m Pleistocene (<780-300 ka) Silty sand Silty sand

LWEB-245-C1/XRD-14-17 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Silty sand Clay-rich lamina in sandy silt

LWEB-247-C1/XRD-28.5-31 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Clayey silt Clayey silt

LWEB-249-C1/XRD-36.5-38 Pliocene (<2.0-1.8 Ma) Silty sand Dark mineral lens

l=late; m=middle; m,l=middle and late; ka=thousand years; Ma=million years
17

Appendix 2. Quantitative mineralogy of core-sediment samples from Long Beach Pier F

XRD # XRD 148 XRD 149 XRD 150 XRD 151 XRD 152 XRD 153 XRD 154 XRD 155

Core LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF

Section 4 8 8 13 26 36 47 52

Starting cm 93.5 115.5 8.0 114.3 9.2 20.0 31.0 29.3

Ending cm 95.5 117.5 11.0 117.0 11.6 24.0 34.5 31.5

Quartz 18.0 21.7 12.5 18.9 16.8 12.0 9.4 23.4

Microcline - combined 12.2 16.4 7.6 10.3 13.1 11.4 15.3 29.7

Sanidine -- 4.4 -- -- -- -- -- --

Orthoclase 7.4 -- 2.4 5.5 -- -- -- --

Anorthoclase 8.6 -- 29.1 18.0 28.3 25.7 -- --

Albite 15.1 33.1 8.9 27.9 11.6 9.6 12.6 39.8

Oligoclase 7.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Labradorite 6.9 17.2 0.1 -- -- -- 10.0 --

Bytownite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Anorthite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ord. Kaolinite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Dickite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Smectite - combined -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1Md Illite (+mica) 6.0 -- 11.5 -- 5.0 9.3 34.9 --

IM Illite (R>1; 70-80%I) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (RM30) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Biotite (1M) -- 4.3 -- -- -- -- -- --

Biotite (2M1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8.8

Phlogopite (2M1) 14.6 0.8 16.1 15.9 14.3 14.7 2.6 --

Chlorite CCa-1 -- -- -- -- 1.9 4.6 4.1 --

Chlorite CCa-3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite Tusc -- 3.4 8.3 -- 2.8 4.3 8.1 --

Mg-Chlorite (A) -- -- -- -- 1.1 1.8 -- 2.2

Clinochlore -- -- -- -- -- 1.5 -- --

Amphibole 1.6 x 2.7 4.9 2.0 3.0 1.4 x

Pyroxene x 1.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 x x 2.6

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Vermiculite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total 98.2 103.1 99.7 102.0 97.1 97.9 98.4 106.5
18

Appendix 2 continued

XRD # XRD 156 XRD 157 XRD 158 XRD 159 XRD 160 XRD 161 XRD 162 XRD 163

Core LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF

Section 65 80 88 102 109 128 134 137

Starting cm 8.1 91.4 20.9 32.6 63.7 52.4 38.2 28.4

Ending cm 10.8 94.2 23.4 35.3 65.4 54.5 40.7 31.1

Quartz 20.0 17.7 17.5 15.0 20.5 14.2 9.1 10.1

Microcline - combined 13.7 21.1 -- 23.6 14.4 10.5 12.8 11.1

Sanidine -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Orthoclase 7.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Anorthoclase 14.9 -- -- -- 25.9 31.2 -- 26.6

Albite 33.9 22.7 27.1 28.1 26.7 12.3 16.2 5.8

Oligoclase -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Labradorite -- 12.0 11.1 -- -- -- -- --

Bytownite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.1

Anorthite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ord. Kaolinite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Dickite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.3

Smectite - combined -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1Md Illite (+mica) -- 4.4 12.3 -- -- 8.8 24.8 12.3

IM Illite (R>1; 70-80%I) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (RM30) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4.1

Biotite (1M) 1.9 -- -- 0.5 -- -- -- --

Biotite (2M1) 6.0 -- -- 14.7 9.1 1.1 2.8 --

Phlogopite (2M1) -- 15.0 14.7 -- -- 15.7 16.9 18.6

Chlorite CCa-1 -- 3.1 1.0 4.0 -- 1.0 1.7 --

Chlorite CCa-3 -- x -- -- x -- -- --

Chlorite Tusc 3.7 0.3 4.8 0.5 -- 4.2 3.8 --

Mg-Chlorite (A) -- -- 3.4 0.8 3.6 3.2 1.4 5.6

Clinochlore -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Amphibole 0.6 1.9 1.9 3.0 1.8 3.4 0.4 x

Pyroxene 1.0 2.6 2.7 1.8 x 0.4 1.2 x

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Vermiculite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total 102.9 100.8 96.5 92.0 102.0 106.0 91.1 100.5
19

Appendix 2 continued

XRD # XRD 164 XRD 165 XRD 166 XRD 167 XRD 168 XRD 169 XRD 170 XRD 171 XRD 172 XRD 173

Core LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF LBPF

Section 152 159 170 184 184 197 203 220 233 238

Starting cm 63.5 70.5 49.5 102.8 22.5 123.0 58.4 35.5 46.1 62.3

Ending cm 66.0 73.2 51.2 104.5 25.5 125.4 61.0 38.3 48.3 64.7

Quartz 18.0 10.6 10.7 10.9 24.4 17.8 18.5 12.4 8.8 13.8

Microcline -

combined 18.1 -- -- 17.8 18.7 -- 16.7 18.3 9.2 9.9

Sanidine -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.8

Orthoclase -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.6 7.6

Anorthoclase 24.0 53.3 -- -- -- 35.3 -- -- -- --

Albite 8.3 4.8 14.5 -- 46.9 9.8 8.0 6.6 9.4 8.4

Oligoclase -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.5 7.9 -- --

Andesine -- -- -- -- -- -- 9.7 -- -- 7.7

Labradorite 14.2 -- 9.6 24.5 -- x 12.5 13.1 10.5 10.7

Bytownite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.0 -- --

Anorthite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- x

Ord. Kaolinite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.7 --

Dickite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Smectite -

combined -- -- -- -- -- 14.5 -- -- 11.6 --

1Md Illite

(+mica) -- -- 25.3 -- -- -- -- -- 8.8 --

IM Illite (R>1;

70-80%I) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite

(RM30) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9.0

Biotite (1M) -- 3.6 -- -- -- -- -- x -- --

Biotite (2M1) 12.4 15.9 -- -- -- x -- x -- 8.5

Phlogopite

(2M1) -- -- 16.8 16.3 12.5 15.6 7.2 16.6 16.4 --

Chlorite CCa-1 -- 6.0 -- 2.2 1.9 0.9 -- -- -- --

Chlorite CCa-3 -- -- -- 5.4 -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite Tusc 5.4 1.2 10.1 9.3 1.3 -- 6.1 9.1 8.0 8.5

Mg-Chlorite (A) 1.5 -- 1.6 0.1 -- -- 3.7 3.6 -- 6.9

Clinochlore -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Amphibole 3.4 3.8 0.2 2.2 1.0 2.2 4.1 2.9 2.6 2.0

Pyroxene 0.6 x 2.4 2.6 1.9 0.4 1.3 2.1 -- 1.4

Gypsum -- -- -- -- 0.8 -- -- -- -- x

Vermiculite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- +

Total 105.9 99.2 91.2 91.3 109.4 96.5 95.4 94.6 95.6 94.4

Dash means not present; x means present based on visual examinations of diffraction pattern, but RockJock would not

quantify; + means present based on X-Pert HighScore, but mineral not in the RockJock database; See Appendix 4 for

explanation of clay minerals and mica minerals
20

Appendix 3. Quantitative mineralogy of core-sediment samples from Long Beach Pier C

XRD # XRD 115 XRD 116 XRD 117 XRD 118 XRD 119 XRD 120 XRD 121 XRD 122 XRD 123

Core LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC

Section 2 5 5 8 11 14 36 39 45

Starting cm 27.5 18.6 79.7 53.5 8.0 13.5 30.8 30.6 35.4

Ending cm 29.4 21.6 83.5 56.4 10.0 16.0 35.1 33.4 38.0

Quartz 14.8 19.2 6.6 3.6 12.7 10.6 19.5 19.4 15.3

Microcline - combined 20.7 22.2 7.8 6.2 9.2 8.8 18.9 10.8 13.0

Sanidine -- -- -- -- 4.9 -- -- -- --

Orthoclase -- -- -- -- -- 7.9 4.7 4.7 --

Anorthoclase -- -- 14.0 17.8 -- -- -- 25.8 24.6

Albite 34.0 43.2 5.8 3.1 12.3 12.1 13.2 17.0 9.0

Oligoclase -- -- -- -- -- 5.7 12.8 1.3 --

Andesine -- -- -- -- -- 2.8 12.3 -- --

Labradorite -- -- 5.5 -- 18.6 7.8 11.1 8.3 4.4

Bytownite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.6

Anorthite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Calcite -- -- 2.2 2.2 8.2 3.4 -- -- 0.9

Kaolinite (Dry Branch) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Dickite -- -- -- -- -- 2.4 -- -- --

Smectite - combined -- -- 24.7 17.0 -- -- -- -- --

Saponite -- -- -- 7.2 -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (R>2; 88%I) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (RM30) -- -- 3.2 -- -- -- -- -- --

2M1 Illite (SG4) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1Md Illite (+mica) -- -- -- 7.4 -- -- -- -- 6.3

Biotite (1M) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Biotite (2M1) -- 1.1 3.2 -- -- -- -- -- --

Phlogopite (2M1) 16.2 11.1 12.4 15.2 14.7 15.3 8.0 13.5 15.8

Chlorite CCa-1 2.2 -- -- -- 0.7 -- -- -- --

Chlorite CCa-3 0.5 -- 3.2 -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite CCM -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite Tusc -- 0.2 -- 6.5 7.4 9.2 2.8 -- 4.6

Mg-Chlorite (A) -- 2.6 -- 2.2 -- 3.2 0.7 3.4 3.8

Clinochlore -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Amphibole 2.1 2.9 1.4 x 4.3 2.7 0.4 2.9 1.7

Pyroxene 2.0 1.2 1.2 x 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.7

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Vermiculite -- -- + + -- -- -- -- --

Total 92.5 103.7 91.1 88.4 94.2 92.8 105.6 107.5 103.6
21

Appendix 3 continued.

XRD # XRD 124 XRD 125 XRD 126 XRD 127 XRD 128 XRD 129 XRD 130 XRD 132 XRD 133

Core LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC

Section 46 52 54 74 84 96 97 120 127

Starting cm 46.6 46.0 8.2 6.6 52.4 135.0 50.2 11.5 23.5

Ending cm 48.7 48.4 10.5 9.3 54.4 137.5 52.5 14.3 26.2

Quartz 20.6 23.5 11.5 7.4 18.0 16.9 14.1 14.6 27.5

Microcline - combined 14.5 15.0 9.4 10.5 14.6 15.7 13.1 14.0 18.8

Sanidine -- -- -- -- -- 4.1 -- -- 2.2

Orthoclase 11.3 -- 5.6 2.4 -- -- -- 8.1 --

Anorthoclase -- 37.5 -- -- 23.3 -- 35.4 -- 15.0

Albite 32.3 12.0 -- 12.3 9.6 14.5 10.8 8.3 18.4

Oligoclase 4.8 3.5 -- -- -- 6.3 -- 5.6 --

Andesine -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5.8 --

Labradorite -- -- 20.1 4.8 13.8 17.3 -- 9.7 10.0

Bytownite 4.3 -- -- 2.7 -- -- 6.8 -- --

Anorthite -- -- 5.9 -- -- -- -- -- --

Calcite -- -- x 0.8 -- -- -- -- --

Kaolinite (Dry Branch) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.0

Dickite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.4 --

Smectite - combined -- -- -- 13.7 -- -- -- -- --

Saponite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (R>2; 88%I) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (RM30) -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.4 -- --

2M1 Illite (SG4) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1Md Illite (+mica) -- -- -- 15.2 -- -- -- -- --

Biotite (1M) -- -- x -- 1.7 -- -- -- 1.0

Biotite (2M1) -- -- -- 0.4 9.8 4.6 -- -- 6.0

Phlogopite (2M1) 16.2 13.1 16.9 21.1 -- 9.9 17.8 17.0 --

Chlorite CCa-1 -- -- -- 1.6 -- -- -- 4.2 --

Chlorite CCa-3 -- -- -- -- 13.8 -- -- -- --

Chlorite CCM -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite Tusc 0.8 0.5 -- 5.0 -- 8.3 11.2 4.7 --

Mg-Chlorite (A) -- -- x -- -- 2.2 -- 2.1 --

Clinochlore -- -- 21.8 -- -- -- -- -- --

Amphibole 2.9 x 1.7 -- 3.3 2.4 2.0 2.4 0.5

Pyroxene x x 2.3 2.0 1.3 1.8 x 2.0 0.7

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Vermiculite -- -- -- + -- -- -- -- --

Total 107.7 105.1 95.2 99.7 109.2 104.0 118.7 101.9 102.1
22

Appendix 3 continued.

XRD # XRD 134 XRD 136 XRD 137 XRD 138 XRD 139 XRD 140 XRD 141 XRD 143

Core LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC LBPC

Section 145 154 163 177 182 192 207 222

Starting cm 7.4 8.2 33.7 37.3 17.8 83.3 63.0 129.5

Ending cm 9.8 11.3 36.4 39.6 20.2 86.4 65.6 133.0

Quartz 18.8 20.9 23.4 16.1 9.7 12.8 13.9 26.9

Microcline - combined 18.1 14.3 -- 15.2 8.4 17.4 10.6 17.0

Sanidine -- 4.3 8.0 -- -- -- 4.0 2.9

Orthoclase 5.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Anorthoclase -- 16.3 -- 29.7 25.5 -- 23.4 26.0

Albite 11.5 16.9 34.3 10.0 5.1 10.0 7.8 20.7

Oligoclase 6.9 -- -- -- -- 4.9 -- --

Andesine -- -- -- -- -- 9.1 -- --

Labradorite 14.3 13.0 16.7 11.5 -- 7.4 8.2 --

Bytownite -- -- -- -- 4.2 4.8 -- --

Anorthite -- 4.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Kaolinite (Dry Branch) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Dickite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Smectite - combined -- -- 4.4 -- -- -- -- --

Saponite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (R>2; 88%I) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (RM30) -- -- -- -- -- 4.7 -- --

2M1 Illite (SG4) -- -- -- -- -- 5.3 -- --

1Md Illite (+mica) -- -- -- -- 25.5 -- -- --

Biotite (1M) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Biotite (2M1) -- 3.8 -- 2.7 5.3 -- x 7.3

Phlogopite (2M1) 15.9 -- 14.3 15.0 21.0 15.9 17.4 --

Chlorite CCa-1 -- -- -- -- -- 3.2 -- --

Chlorite CCa-3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite CCM -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite Tusc 5.3 6.4 -- 5.4 -- 4.9 -- --

Mg-Chlorite (A) 1.6 3.4 -- 1.1 -- -- 6.9 --

Clinochlore -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Amphibole 1.7 2.7 3.2 2.4 x x 2.6 x

Pyroxene 1.5 x 1.6 x 0.7 1.2 x 2.2

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Vermiculite -- -- + -- -- -- -- --

Total 101.1 106.1 105.9 109.1 105.3 103.7 94.7 103.0
23

Appendix 3 continued

XRD # XRD 144 XRD 145 XRD 146

Core LBPC LBPC LBPC

Section 226 226 234

Starting cm 30.2 5.6 141.9

Ending cm 33.2 8.0 143.0

Quartz 17.0 23.3 26.6

Microcline - combined 13.4 21.5 --

Sanidine -- -- --

Orthoclase -- -- --

Anorthoclase 23.0 -- 43.3

Albite 13.4 31.3 13.9

Oligoclase -- -- --

Andesine -- -- --

Labradorite 12.2 14.1 --

Bytownite -- -- --

Anorthite -- -- --

Calcite -- -- --

Kaolinite (Dry Branch) -- -- --

Dickite -- -- --

Smectite - combined -- -- --

Saponite -- -- --

IM Illite (R>2; 88%I) -- -- --

IM Illite (RM30) -- -- --

2M1 Illite (SG4) -- -- --

1Md Illite (+mica) -- -- 1.7

Biotite (1M) -- -- --

Biotite (2M1) -- -- --

Phlogopite (2M1) 12.8 11.5 14.4

Chlorite CCa-1 -- -- --

Chlorite CCa-3 -- -- --

Chlorite CCM -- -- --

Chlorite Tusc -- -- --

Mg-Chlorite (A) 2.0 -- --

Clinochlore -- -- --

Amphibole 3.4 1.5 0.2

Pyroxene 0.6 3.1 x

Gypsum -- -- --

Vermiculite -- -- --

Total 97.8 106.3 100.1

Dash means not present; x means present based on visual examinations of diffraction pattern, but RockJock would not

quantify; + means present based on X-Pert HighScore, but mineral not in the RockJock database; See Appendix 4 for

explanation of clay minerals and mica minerals
24

Appendix 4. Quantitative mineralogy of core-sediment samples from Long Beach Webster

XRD # XRD 184 XRD 185 XRD 186 XRD 187 XRD 188 XRD 189 XRD 190

Core LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB

Section 1 7 8 16 22 40 47

Starting cm 21.0 24.9 24.0 42.5 13.0 25.6 24.5

Ending cm 23.0 27.2 26.5 45.0 14.5 29.0 28.0

Quartz 11.4 18.6 3.4 24.0 16.1 22.7 10.6

Microcline - combined 7.8 20.3 6.8 -- -- -- --

Sanidine -- -- -- 11.3 -- -- --

Orthoclase -- -- 5.9 -- -- 20.0 13.0

Anorthoclase 31.0 -- -- -- 38.6 -- --

Albite 9.5 24.6 -- 41.1 10.6 43.7 22.2

Oligoclase -- -- 10.3 -- -- -- --

Andesine -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Labradorite -- 16.7 10.3 18.9 -- 4.9 --

Bytownite -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Anorthite -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Calcite -- -- x -- -- -- --

Kaolinite - combined -- -- 8.0 -- -- 2.9 --

Dickite -- -- 0.7 -- -- -- --

Smectite - combined -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.6

1Md Illite (+mica) -- -- 16.4 -- -- -- 1.4

IM Illite (R>2; 88%I) 8.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (R>1; 70-80%I) -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (RM30) -- -- 7.8 -- -- -- --

2M1 Illite (SG4) -- -- -- -- -- 1.6 9.5

Biotite (1M) -- -- -- -- 1.6 3.5 --

Biotite (2M1) -- -- -- -- 10.5 5.1 4.3

Phlogopite (2M1) 18.0 13.3 17.8 -- -- -- 16.6

Chlorite CCa-1 -- 1.0 -- -- -- -- 1.2

Chlorite CCa-3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite CCM -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite CO -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite Tusc -- -- -- -- 7.2 -- 5.6

Mg-Chlorite (A) 2.2 -- -- 3.4 x -- --

Clinochlore -- -- x -- 7.9 -- --

Amphibole 3.4 2.7 x 4.3 2.5 1.7 1.7

Pyroxene x 1.4 -- 2.4 x -- x

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Alunite -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.5

Clinoptilolite -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.5

Magnetite -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total 91.4 98.6 87.5 108.4 95.0 106.0 91.7
25

Appendix 4 continued

XRD # XRD 191 XRD 192 XRD 193 XRD 194 XRD 195 XRD 196 XRD 197 XRD 198 XRD 199

Core LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB

Section 58 66 72 85 101 110 129 134 146

Starting cm 21.0 28.5 25.0 12.6 31.5 31.0 16.6 25.0 74.5

Ending cm 23.0 32.0 27.0 14.7 34.5 33.0 19.0 27.0 77.0

Quartz 36.0 18.6 15.4 28.7 29.0 18.2 11.5 8.2 36.0

Microcline - combined -- 15.6 -- -- 24.7 25.1 -- -- --

Sanidine -- -- 4.6 -- -- -- -- -- 20.5

Orthoclase 22.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.8 --

Anorthoclase -- 28.7 30.0 57.7 -- -- 42.8 0.4 --

Albite 33.5 10.5 9.9 7.6 7.3 14.3 x 17.2 2.2

Oligoclase -- -- -- -- 14.8 9.3 -- -- --

Andesine -- -- -- -- -- 14.2 -- -- --

Labradorite -- -- -- -- 16.0 12.7 -- -- --

Bytownite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Anorthite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.2 --

Kaolinite - combined -- 1.0 -- -- -- -- -- 7.1 --

Dickite -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.0 -- --

Smectite - combined -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.0 --

1Md Illite (+mica) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.4 --

IM Illite (R>2; 88%I) -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.9 -- --

IM Illite (R>1; 70-80%I) -- 0.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (RM30) -- 0.7 -- -- -- -- 9.5 -- --

2M1 Illite (SG4) -- -- 4.8 -- -- -- -- -- --

Biotite (1M) -- -- -- -- -- 7.1 -- 0.5 --

Biotite (2M1) 8.0 -- -- 9.5 x -- 6.2 -- 8.0

Phlogopite (2M1) -- 11.1 15.0 -- 11.4 -- 8.0 -- --

Chlorite CCa-1 x -- 0.7 2.2 -- -- 1.2 -- --

Chlorite CCa-3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.7 --

Chlorite CCM -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.4 --

Chlorite CO -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.0 --

Chlorite Tusc 4.4 -- 6.2 -- -- -- 12.3 1.6 --

Mg-Chlorite (A) -- -- -- -- -- -- 27.6 --

Clinochlore -- 10.2 -- -- -- -- -- 1.2 --

Amphibole x 3.2 3.8 x 0.8 x 7.3 7.4 28.8

Pyroxene 1.7 x x x 1.6 1.2 x 3.4 1.7

Gypsum -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.4 --

Alunite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Clinoptilolite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Magnetite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.8 --

Total 105.9 100.4 90.4 105.7 105.6 102.1 103.7 90.4 97.2
26

Appendix 4 continued

XRD # XRD 200 XRD 201 XRD 202 XRD 203 XRD 204 XRD 205 XRD 206 XRD 207 XRD 208 XRD 209

Core LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB LWEB

Section 160 160 189 200 235 241 244 245 247 249

Starting cm 21.0 86.5 24.0 49.5 46.0 105.5 21.5 14.0 36.5

Ending cm 22.5 88.0 33.0 53.0 49.0 108.0 23.0 17.0 38.0

Quartz 10.4 16.2 32.2 23.1 36.0 29.5 15.0 18.8 27.0 18.9

Microcline -

combined 11.8 -- -- -- 27.3 -- 23.9 18.4 -- --

Sanidine 1.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Orthoclase -- 8.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- 24.6 --

Anorthoclase -- 25.2 -- 54.8 21.0 -- -- 22.1 -- 51.7

Albite 12.7 -- -- 8.3 22.2 63.5 9.2 x 35.7 4.2

Oligoclase 3.5 -- -- -- -- -- 19.8 20.1 -- --

Andesine 2.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Labradorite 6.7 2.9 61.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Bytownite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Anorthite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Calcite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.2 --

Kaolinite -

combined -- 4.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Dickite -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.5

1Md Illite (+mica) -- -- -- -- x -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (R>2;

88%I) -- x -- -- x -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (R>1; 70-

80%I) -- 7.4 -- -- x -- -- -- -- --

IM Illite (RM30) -- 1.6 -- -- x -- -- -- 2.5 --

2M1 Illite (SG4) -- 7.9 -- -- x -- -- -- 4.0 --

Biotite (1M) -- x -- -- x 3.1 -- -- 10.6 --

Biotite (2M1) -- 17.8 5.8 -- x -- x 12.1 -- --

Phlogopite (2M1) 13.2 -- -- 10.1 -- -- 16.5 -- -- 15.4

Chlorite CCa-1 2.8 -- 2.0 -- x -- -- 3.2 -- --

Chlorite CCa-3 7.5 0.4 -- x -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite CCM -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite CO -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorite Tusc 11.2 8.6 -- -- -- 3.9 4.9 -- 9.5 5.0

Mg-Chlorite (A) -- -- -- 1.9 -- -- 1.7 -- 8.6 0.1

Clinochlore -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Amphibole 4.9 1.0 x x x x 0.6 1.5 3.5 3.5

Pyroxene 3.0 x 4.5 x x 3.8 0.5 x 0.7 x

Total 91.4 101.7 106.1 98.2 106.6 103.8 92.1 96.2 127.8 100.3

Dash means not present; x means present based on visual examinations of diffraction pattern, but RockJock would not

quantify; + means present based on X-Pert HighScore, but mineral not in the RockJock database; See Appendix 4 for

explanation of clay minerals and mica minerals
27

Appendix 5. Explanation of clay and mica minerals in Appendices 2-4

Mineral Explanation

1Md Illite (+mica) 1Md = Illite polytype characterized by disordered, metastable one-layer monoclinic structural arrangement

2M1 Illite (SG4) 2M1 = Illite polytype characterized by a metastable two-layer monoclinic structural arrangement

Biotite (1M) 1M = Biotite polytype characterized by a metastable one-layer monoclinic structural arrangement

Biotite (2M1) 2M1 = Biotite polytype characterized by a metastable two-layer monoclinic structural arrangement

Ca-Smectite Calcium-rich smectite/montmorillonite

Chlorite CCa-1 USGS Denver Spectroscopy Laboratory standard

Chlorite CCa-3 USGS Denver Spectroscopy Laboratory standard

Chlorite CCM Chlorite standard

Chlorite Tusc Chlorite standard

Disord. Kaolinite

Disordered refers to the distribution of different atoms/ions among crystallographic structure sites is purely

random

Fe-Smectite Iron-rich smectite

IM Illite (R>1; 70-80%I)

1M = Illite polytype characterized by metastable one-layer monoclinic structural arrangement of 70-80% illite

layers; R>1 refers to

IM Illite (R>2; 88%I)

1M = Illite polytype characterized by metastable one-layer monoclinic structural arrangement of 88% illite

layers; R>2 refers to

IM Illite (RM30)

1M = Illite polytype characterized by metastable one-layer monoclinic structural arrangement of layers; RM30

refers to

Int. Microcline

Intermediate refers to an intermediate range of order or disorder of atoms that can share the same crystallographic

structure site within a mineral

Kaolinite (Dry Branch) Kaolinite standard

Mg-Chlorite (A) Magnesium-rich chlorite

Na-Smectite Sodium-rich smectite/montmorillonite

Ord. Kaolinite Ordered is the total preference of a particular type of atom for a particular type of site

Ord. Microcline Ordered is the total preference of a particular type of atom for a particular type of site

Phlogopite (2M1) 2M1 = Phlogopite polytype characterized by a metastable two-layer monoclinic structural arrangement