Carbon Sequestration

Technology Roadmap and Program Plan

March 12, 2003 

U.S. DOE Office of Fossil Energy 

National Energy Technology Laboratory

Infrastructure

Regional Sequestration 

Partnerships 

FutureGen – Integrated

Sequestration and

Hydrogen Research 

Initiative

Integration Breakthrough 

Concepts

Measurement 

Monitoring & 

Verification 

Non-CO2

GHG 

Control 

Sequestration 

• Direct CO2

storage 

• Enhanced 

natural sinks 

Core R&D 

Separation and 

Capture of CO2
 1 

A MESSAGE TO OUR STAKEHOLDERS

On February 14, 2002 President Bush announced the Global Climate Change Initiative (GCCI) with 

the goal of significantly reducing the greenhouse gas intensity of the United States economy over the 

next 10 years, while sustaining the economic growth needed to finance investment in new, clean 

energy technologies. The GCCI calls for increased research and development investments to provide 

an improved basis for sound future decisions and for increased emphasis on carbon sequestration. In 

response to GCCI and related drivers, this document reflects important new developments. 

♦ Measurement, monitoring, and verification (MM&V) of carbon sequestration has been 

prioritized along with carbon capture and carbon sequestration. Work in MM&V has been 

a part of the program from the outset, but the new structure represents increased emphasis. 

♦ The program has adopted a revised strategic cost goal for carbon capture and sequestration: 

“create systems that capture at least 90% of emissions and result in less than a 10% increase 

in the cost of energy services.” The revised goal puts the challenge for carbon sequestration 

in the context of minimizing the economic impact of greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. 

♦ On November 21, 2002 Energy Secretary 

Spencer Abraham announced that the 

Department of Energy “intends to create a 

nationwide network of regional 

sequestration partnerships.” The 

partnerships will seek to identify the most 

promising sequestration options in their 

area. 

♦ The Program is collaborating with the 

National Academies of Science (NAS) to 

build a more robust portfolio of 

breakthrough concepts. In 2003 NAS 

conducted a workshop with experts from 

varied fields to identify specific and new 

R&D opportunities. The Program will use the results from the workshop in crafting a 

solicitation seeking breakthrough R&D projects. 

Interaction with stakeholders is critically important to a successful R&D effort. In 2003 the program 

plans to engage stakeholder through the Second National Conference on Carbon Sequestration, the 

regional partnerships solicitation, the monthly carbon sequestration newsletter, conferences, and 

many other smaller outreach efforts. 

This document is the current program vision of how to proceed in the development of carbon 

sequestration technology. It is both a roadmap and a program plan. The roadmap portion identifies 

RD&D pathways that lead to commercially viable carbon capture and sequestration systems. The 

program plan presents a course of action. Readers are invited to examine the document carefully and 

provide questions or comments to the contact persons listed on the back cover. Through a 

cooperative partnership of industry, academia, and government we have the best chance of success in 

developing viable carbon sequestration options. 

These partnerships - 4 to 

10 across the country, each 

made up of private industry, 

universities, and state and local 

governments - will become the 

centerpiece of our sequestration 

program. They will help us determine 

the technologies, regulations, and 

infrastructure that are best suited for 

specific regions of the country. 

Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham 

November 21, 2002 
 2 

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ROLE OF CARBON

SEQUESTRATION

Alongside improved efficiency and low carbon 

fuels, carbon sequestration is a third option for 

greenhouse gas mitigation. It entails the capture and 

storage of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 

gases that would otherwise be emitted to the 

atmosphere. The greenhouse gases can be captured 

at the point of emission, or they can be removed 

from the air. The captured gases can be stored in 

underground reservoirs, dissolved in deep oceans, 

converted to rock-like solid materials, or absorbed 

by trees, grasses, soils, or algae. 

The Global Climate Change Initiative (GCCI) set 

forth by President George W. Bush calls for an 18% reduction in the carbon intensity of the 

United States economy by 2012. Technology solutions that provide energy-based goods and 

services with reduced greenhouse gas emissions are the President’s preferred approach to 

achieving the GCCI goal. The GCCI also calls for a progress review relative to the goals of the 

initiative in 2012, at which time decisions will be made about additional implementation 

measures for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. By focusing on greenhouse gas intensity (the 

ratio of greenhouse gas emissions to economic output) as the measure of success, this strategy 

promotes vital climate change R&D while minimizing the economic impact of greenhouse gas 

stabilization in the United States. 

Strong evidence is emerging that indicates 

greenhouse gas emissions are linked to 

potential climate change impacts. Figure 1 

shows that the concentration of carbon 

dioxide in the atmosphere has increased 

rapidly in recent decades, and the increase 

correlates to the industrialization of the world. 

In 1992, the United States and 160 other 

countries ratified the Rio Treaty which calls 

for “ . . . stabilization of greenhouse gas 

concentrations in the atmosphere at a level 

that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic 

interference with the climate system.” An 

appropriate level of greenhouse gases in the 

atmosphere is still open to debate, but even 

modest stabilization scenarios eventually 

require a reduction in worldwide greenhouse 

gas emissions of 50-90% below current 

levels. 

“. . . our investment in 

advanced energy and 

sequestration technologies will 

provide the breakthroughs we 

need to dramatically reduce our 

[greenhouse gas] emissions in 

the longer term.” 

President George W. Bush 

Global Climate Change Policy Book 

February 2002 

280

300

320

340

360

380

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Year

Parts per Million

 Ice Core Data

(West Antarctica)

Mauna Loa 

(Hawaii)

Data sources: Ice core data obtained at the Siple Station, published 

by Neftel, et al., 1985; Data from the Mauna Loa Observatory 

obtained from the NOAA web page.

Figure 1. Atmospheric CO2 Concentration is 

Increasing 
 3 

In addition to national and international efforts, more than half of U.S. states have acted to pass 

voluntary or mandatory programs to limit net greenhouse gas emissions. For example: 

Massachusetts: requires the six oldest power plants (40% of in-state generation) 

to reduce CO2 emissions to 10% below the average 1997-1999 levels by 2006 

Oregon: carbon emissions from new power plants must be at least 17% below 

the most efficient natural gas-fired plant operating in the U.S 

New Hampshire: carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel burning steam electric 

power plants must be reduced to 1990 levels by 2010 

Also, California, New Jersey, New Hampshire and Wisconsin have established greenhouse gas 

registries, and there is a large body of pending greenhouse gas legislation at the state, county, 

and municipal levels. 

 

PUBLIC BENEFITS THROUGH TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

The Carbon Sequestration Program has performed an analysis of the role that carbon capture and 

storage can play in helping the United States and the world to stabilize and eventually reduce 

greenhouse gas emissions. The analysis shows that carbon sequestration can have a significant 

impact. On the capture side, roughly one third of the current U.S. greenhouse gas emissions 

come from power plants, oil refineries, and 

other large point sources, and that percentage 

will increase in the future with a trend toward 

increased refining and de-carbonization of 

fuels. On the storage side, the United States 

has vast forests and prairies, and is underlain 

by massive saline formations, depleting oil and 

gas reservoirs, and unmineable coal seams with 

the combined potential to store centuries worth 

of greenhouse gas emissions. Also, many 

options for CO2 storage have the potential to 

provide value-added benefits. For example, 

tree plantings, no-till farming and other 

terrestrial sequestration options can prevent 

soil erosion and pollutant runoff into streams 

and rivers. CO2 storage into depleting oil 

reservoirs and unmineable coal seams can 

enhance the recovery of crude oil and natural 

gas respectively while leaving a portion of the 

greenhouse gas sequestered. These valueadded benefits have provided motivation for 

near term action and create interesting opportunities for integrated CO2 capture and storage 

systems. 

Hydrogen and Carbon 

Sequestration 

Hydrogen-rich fuels and highly efficient 

electrochemical/mechanical drivers are at the 

center of many advanced energy system 

concepts. Leading technologies to produce 

hydrogen and other low-carbon fuels from 

natural gas and coal exhaust a highly pure 

stream of CO2 as a natural part of their 

operation. These advanced systems 

represent an opportunity for low-cost CO2

capture and provide a strong link between 

hydrogen energy systems and carbon 

capture and sequestration. FutureGen, a 

proposed $1 billion government/industry 

partnership to build and operate a coal-fired 

power generation and hydrogen production 

facility with advanced CO2 capture and 

sequestration, will pursue this opportunity. 
 4 

Figure 2 shows a reference case scenario for U.S. greenhouse gas emissions over the next fifty 

years compared to a reduced emissions scenario consistent with the Presidents GCCI goals 

through 2012 and a plausible stabilization scenario by mid century. Current annual U.S. 

greenhouse gas emissions are 12% higher than they were in 1992, and the Energy Information 

Administration (EIA) forecasts that U.S. CO2 emissions will increase by an additional 34% over 

the next 20 years [Annual Energy Outlook 2002]. The projected increase is more significant 

when one considers that in their analysis, EIA assumes significant deployment of new energy 

technology through 2020, for example, a fourfold increase in electricity generation from wind 

turbines, a doubling of ethanol use in automobiles, and a 25% decrease in industrial energy use 

per unit of output. The need for greenhouse gas emissions reduction could be very large within 

a few decades and if potential for sequestration can be realized it can greatly reduce the cost of 

greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. For nearly any plausible scenario to greenhouse gas 

emissions stabilization, sequestration must account for at least 50% or more of the emissions 

reduction load. 

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2002 2012 2020 2030 2040 2050

Advanced Sequestration 

Value-Added Sequestration

Non-CO2 GHGs

Forestation and Agriculture

Efficiency and Renewables

Reductions rely on carbon 

sequestration developments 

Reduction benefit shared with 

EPA/AG others 

GHG Emissions Reductions (MMTCE) 

Reductions unrelated to 

sequestration, but includes coal 

• Repowering 

• Retrofit 

• Vision 21

Figure 2. Carbon Sequestration Technology is Needed to Reduce GHG Emissions 
 5 

THE DOE CARBON SEQUESTRATION R&D PROGRAM

Recognizing the importance of carbon sequestration, the U.S. DOE established the Carbon 

Sequestration Program in 1997. The program, which is administered within the Office of Fossil 

Energy and by the National Energy Technology Laboratory, seeks to move sequestration 

technology forward so that its potential can be realized and it can play a major role in meeting 

any future greenhouse gas emissions reduction needs. The program directly implements the 

President’s GCCI, as well as several National Energy Policy goals targeting the development of 

new technologies, market mechanisms, and international collaboration to reduce greenhouse gas 

intensity and greenhouse gas emissions. 

The Carbon Sequestration Program encompasses all 

aspects of carbon sequestration. The program has 

engaged federal and private sector partners that have 

expertise in certain technology areas, for example U.S. 

Department of Agriculture and electric utilities in 

terrestrial sequestration, U.S. Geologic Survey and the 

oil industry in geologic sequestration, and the National 

Academies of Science in breakthrough concepts. A 

strong focus is placed on direct capture of CO2

emissions from large point sources and subsequent 

storage in geologic formations. These large point 

sources, power plants, oil refineries, and industrial 

processes, are the foundation of our economy. 

Reducing net CO2 emissions from these facilities 

complements efforts to reduce emissions of particulate 

matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxides and represent 

a progression toward fossil fuel production, conversion, and use with no detrimental 

environmental impacts. In addition, measurement, monitoring, and verification (MM&V) is 

emerging as an important cross-cutting component for CO2 capture and storage systems, and 

terrestrial offsets are a vital component of cost-effective near-complete elimination of net CO2

emissions from many large point sources. 

Figure 3. U.S. DOE Carbon 

Sequestration Program Budget 

0

10

20

30

40

98 99 00 01 02 03

Federal Funding (MM$)

DOE FE & MIT 

Carbon 

Sequestration 

White Paper 

December 1997 

DOE FE & OS 

State of Science

April 1999 

DOE FE 

Overview and 

Summary of 

Program Plans 

April 2000 

DOE FE and 

Stakeholders 

Technology 

Roadmap

January 2002 

DOE FE and 

Stakeholders 

Revised 

Roadmap and 

Program Plan 

January 2003

Figure 4. Roadmap Evolution 
 6 

VISION STATEMENT

Possess the scientific understanding of carbon sequestration options and provide cost-effective, 

environmentally-sound technology options that ultimately lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas 

intensity and stabilization of overall atmospheric concentrations of CO2. 

Overarching Goals 

♦ By 2006 develop instrumentation and measurement protocols for direct sequestration in 

geologic formations and for indirect sequestration in forests and soils that enable the 

implementation of wide-scale carbon accounting and trading schemes. 

♦ By 2008, develop to the point of commercial deployment systems for advanced indirect 

sequestration of greenhouse gases that protect human and ecosystem health and cost no 

more than $10 per metric ton of carbon sequestered, net of any value-added benefits. 

♦ By 2009, begin demonstration of advanced carbon storage in a geologic formation at 

large scale (>1MMTCO2/year). Storage options include value-added (enhanced oil 

recovery, enhanced coal bed methane recovery, enhanced gas recovery) and non-value 

added (depleted oil/gas reservoirs and saline aquifers). 

♦ By 2010 develop instrumentation and protocols to accurately measure, monitor, and 

verify both carbon storage and the protection of human and ecosystem health for carbon 

sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems and geologic reservoirs. MM&V systems should 

represent no more that 10% of the total sequestration system cost. 

♦ By 2012, develop to the point of commercial deployment systems for direct capture and 

sequestration of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel conversion processes that 

protect human and ecosystem health and result in less than a 10% increase in the cost of 

energy services, net of any value-added benefits. 

♦ Enable sequestration deployments to contribute to the President’s Global Climate 

Change Initiative goal of an 18% reduction in the greenhouse gas intensity of the United 

States economy by 2012. 

♦ Provide a portfolio of commercial ready sequestration systems and also one to three 

breakthrough technologies that have progressed to the pilot test stage for the 2012 

assessment under the Global Climate Change Initiative. 

♦ By 2018, develop to the point of commercial deployment systems for direct capture and 

sequestration of greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emissions from fossil fuel 

conversion processes that result in near-zero emissions and approach a no net cost 

increase for energy services, net of any value-added benefits. 
 7 

Figure 5 shows how the different program elements contribute to the overarching program goal 

of commercial ready sequestration options. The Program is strongly focused on direct CO2

capture from fossil fuel conversion systems and CO2 sequestration in geologic formations. But 

also contains significant efforts in terrestrial and other indirect sequestration approaches. All are 

encompassed within the program elements shown in Figure 5. Major program efforts are 

described below. 

Figure 5. Carbon Sequestration Program Roadmap Diagram 
 8 

CO2 CAPTURE

The Carbon Sequestration Program funds capture R&D projects covering a wide range of 

technology areas including: amine absorbents, carbon adsorbents, membranes, sodium and other 

metal-based sorbents, electrochemical pumps, hydrates, and mineral carbonation. Presently, 

component performance is being evaluated at the laboratory or pilot scale. The majority of the 

work is funded through competitively awarded cost-shared projects with industry. 

Research into a CO2 capture technology occurs within the 

context of the energy conversion system(s) to which it is 

to be applied. There is a strong synergistic link between 

improved efficiency of fossil fuel conversion systems and 

carbon capture; the cost of carbon capture per unit of 

product is less for a more efficient process. Also, 

advanced fuel conversion technologies such as 

gasification, oxygen combustion, electrochemical cells, 

advanced steam reforming, and chemical looping produce 

a CO2-rich exhaust stream that is highly amenable to CO2

sequestration – or ready for transport and storage. Some 

CO2 capture technologies can be applied to a wide range 

of CO2-containing process streams. Others are more specialized. The program monitors 

developments in relevant research areas and evaluates the impact of advances on the priorities 

within the capture portfolio. 

The cost and efficiency performance of CO2 capture can be significantly improved through close 

consideration of systems integration issues, including integration of CO2 capture and storage. 

For example, heat and pressure integration between CO2 capture and the rest of the fossil fuel 

conversion systems can reduce parasitic steam and CO2 recompression loads. Also, combining 

or integrating CO2 capture with SOx, NOx, and mercury control can eliminate or lessen the need 

for scrubbers and other emissions abatement systems. Systems integration is being explored 

through laboratory and pilot scale experiments, and, ultimately in the commercial scale 

FutureGen demonstration. 

SEQUESTRATION

This program element encompasses all forms of carbon storage, including storage in terrestrial 

ecosystems, geologic formations, and oceans. Through the development of optimized field 

practices and technologies, the program seeks to quantify and improve the storage capacity of all 

potential reservoirs and to expand the number and type of reservoirs in which carbon storage is 

commercially viable. 

Increasing the carbon uptake in terrestrial ecosystems is highly correlated with fundamental 

agricultural and forestry goals of encouraging productive plant growth with sustainable harvests. 

The DOE sequestration program is focused on the integration of energy production, conversion, 

and use with land reclamation. Current projects include a large-scale demonstration of 

reforesting recently mined lands in Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky and a smaller-scale 

demonstration integrating terrestrial sequestration with energy production by employing the use 

of coal combustion byproducts. 

Adv. Fuel 

Conversion 

CO2

Capture

Systems 

Integration 
 9 

In the area of geologic 

sequestration, there are several 

types of formations in which 

CO2 can be stored including: 

depleting oil reservoirs, 

depleting gas reservoirs, 

unmineable coal seams, saline 

formations, shale formations 

with high organic content, and 

others. Each type of formation 

has its own mechanism for 

storing CO2 and a resultant set 

of research priorities and 

opportunities. The program has 

initiated a number of field tests 

where a small amount of CO2

will be injected into a formation and its behavior studied. A goal of the Regional Partnerships 

initiative is to identify additional opportunities for both terrestrial and geologic sequestration 

field validation tests. Also, the program is investing in research facilities at NETL that will 

enable it to simulate the extreme environments in underground formations, conduct experiments, 

and develop a better understanding of the fundamental principles that will drive optimal CO2

injection practices. 

Compared to terrestrial ecosystems and geologic formations, the concept of ocean sequestration 

is in a much earlier stage of development. Ocean sequestration has huge potential as a carbon 

storage sink, but the scientific understanding to merit ocean sequestration as a real option is not 

available. A small level of funding is provided to leading researchers in this area to develop the 

necessary scientific understanding on feasibility of ocean sequestration. Work is focused on 

assessing the environmental impacts of CO2 storage. The program is also funding laboratory 

experiments aimed at learning more about the basics of CO2 drop behavior in an ocean 

environment and also the formation and behavior of CO2 hydrates. 

MEASUREMENT, MONITORING, AND VERIFICATION (MM&V) 

MM&V is defined as the capability to measure the amount of CO2 stored at a specific 

sequestration site, to monitor the site for leaks or other deterioration of storage integrity over 

time, and to verify that the CO2 is stored and unharmful to the host ecosystem. MM&V 

capability will ensure safe permanent storage, will reduce the risk associated with buying or 

selling credits for sequestered CO2, and will help satisfy regulators and local government 

officials who must approve large sequestration projects. MM&V will also provide valuable 

feedback for continual refinement of injection and management practices. 

The program is pursuing MM&V technology for a broad range of sequestration options 

including terrestrial ecosystems, geologic formations, and oceans. MM&V for terrestrial 

ecosystems includes 3D videography methods for modeling and tracking above ground carbon 

and infield technology to measure soil and other below ground carbon. 

In geologic sequestration, the program is developing both below-ground and above-ground 

MM&V technology. Work in below-ground MM&V systems draws upon a significant Cost 

Capacity 

Depleting oil reservoirs

Unmineable coal seams

Depleting gas reservoirs 

Shales

Saline Formations

Terrestrial ecosystems

Oceans

The program seeks to lower the cost and increase the 

capacity of the various CO2 sequestration options 
 10 

capability developed for fossil resource exploration and production. Options include surface to 

borehole seismic, micro-seismic, and cross well electromagnetic imaging devices. The area of 

above-ground MM&V is less mature and is focused on detecting leaks from a geologic reservoir. 

The MM&V program element also includes the development of protocols and methodologies for 

calculating the net avoided CO2 emissions from systems with carbon capture, specifically 

considering and comparing different levels of parasitic losses and methods for replacing 

capacity. 

BREAKTHROUGH CONCEPTS 

The program is pursuing revolutionary sequestration 

approaches with potential for low cost, high 

permanence, and large global capacity. A guiding 

principal is to mimic and harness processes found in 

nature that convert CO2 to another carbonaceous 

substance, for example photosynthesis and mollusk 

shell formation. A priority area of study is subsurface 

CO2 conversion to enhance geologic sequestration. 

The program is funding two major efforts in this area. 

First are facilities and experiments at the Carbon 

Sequestration Science Focus Area (CSSFA). The 

CSSFA uses in-house resources at NETL to conduct 

research in a number of sequestration areas with a focus 

on high technical risk concepts. A second and 

complementary effort is a collaboration with the 

National Academies of Science (NAS) to expand the 

number of projects from industry and academia. In 

2003 NAS conducted an experts’ workshop to identify 

R&D opportunities in the area of breakthrough 

concepts. The program will use the results from the 

workshop in crafting a solicitation for R&D projects. 

Once proposals are received, an NAS committee will 

evaluate the scientific, technical, engineering and 

environmental merits of each. 

REGIONAL SEQUESTRATION 

PARTNERSHIPS 

The regional diversity of CO2 sources and storage 

options calls for a diverse portfolio of strategies for 

carbon management. The Program seeks to engage local government agencies and nongovernmental organizations, along with the research community and private sector participants, 

in a number of Regional Sequestration Partnerships centered in areas of the country with 

potential for CO2 capture and storage. 

The Carbon Sequestration 

Science Focus Area at NETL 

The CSSFA performs research and 

development in areas important to 

the program but with technical risk 

too high for industry. The following

are recent success stories. 

Turning a Conventional CO2 Capture 

Technology into an Advanced One. 

McMahan Gray has developed a 

fundamentally straightforward method for 

implanting amines onto a variety of solid 

substrates. Conventional water/liquid 

amine capture systems require significant 

amounts of energy during the CO2

absorption/desorption cycle. The solid 

amines fabricated with this new method 

have the potential to capture CO2 with 

much less energy. The National Energy 

Technology Laboratory has filed a record of 

invention (DE09/966,570). 

Understanding and Improving CO2

Absorption on Coal. Early field tests of CO2

storage in unmineable coal seams were 

producing results that departed from 

theoretical projections. Karl Schroeder

has achieved a much greater predictive 

ability by properly incorporating the fact 

that coals increase in volume (swell) when 

they are exposed to CO2 and absorb it onto 

their pore surfaces. Dr. Schroeder’s insight 

will help practitioners to optimize CO2

sequestration via enhanced coal bed 

methane. 
 11 

These partnerships will promote the development of a framework and infrastructure necessary 

for the validation and deployment of carbon sequestration technologies. The partnerships will 

baseline the region for CO2 sources and sinks and will establish MM&V protocols. They will 

also address regulatory, environmental, and outreach issues associated with priority sequestration 

opportunities in the region. In FY 2003 the program plans to make 4-10 phase 1 regional 

partnership awards. In FY 2005, the program plans to advance to a second phase in which 

sequestration opportunities identified by the Phase I regional partnerships could serve as settings 

for technology field validation tests. 

FUTUREGEN – AN INTEGRATED SEQUESTRATION AND HYDROGEN 

RESEARCH INITIATIVE

Contingent upon funding approval, in FY 2003 the Program plans an Integrated Sequestration 

and Hydrogen Research Initiative that couples CO2 separated and captured from a coal-fired 

power plant with sequestration in a geologic formation. The project will focus on large systems, 

of greater that one million metric tons of CO2 sequestered per year, and concepts where CO2

capture and geologic sequestration are integrated. The project is a logical and required extension 

of the base Carbon Sequestration R&D Program and will, if successful, achieve the following: 

• Design, construct, and operate a nominal 275-megawatt (net equivalent output) prototype plant that 

produces electricity and hydrogen with near-zero emissions. The size of the plant is driven by the need 

for producing commercially-relevant data, including the requirement for producing one million metric 

tons per year of CO2 to adequately validate the integrated operation of the gasification plant and the 

receiving geologic formation.

• Sequester at least 90 percent of CO2 emissions from the plant with the future potential to capture and 

sequester nearly 100 percent. 

• Prove the effectiveness, safety, and permanence of CO2 sequestration. 

• Establish standardized technologies and protocols for CO2 MM&V. 

• Validate the engineering, economic, and environmental viability of advanced coal-based, near-zero 

emission technologies that by 2020 will: (1) produce electricity with less than a 10% increase in cost 

compared to non-sequestered systems; (2) produce hydrogen at $4.00 per million Btus (wholesale), 

equivalent to $0.48/gallon of gasoline, or $0.22/gallon less than today’s wholesale price of gasoline.

NON-CO2 GREENHOUSE GASES 

Because non-CO2 greenhouse gases (e.g., methane, N2O, and high global warming potential 

gases) have significant economic value, emissions can often be captured or avoided at low net 

cost. The program is focused on areas where non-CO2 greenhouse gas abatement is integrated 

with energy production, conversion, and use. Two projects are currently being funded: (1) 

minemouth ventilation methane mitigation [Consol, Inc.] and (2) impermeable membranes for 

landfill gas recovery [IEM, Inc.]. The Program is working with the United States Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the role that non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions abatement 

actions can play in a nationwide strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions intensity. The 

Program is also working with EPA to identify priority areas for research and development. 
 12 

EDUCATION AND OUTREACH

The notion of capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is relatively 

new, and many people are unaware of its role as a greenhouse gas reduction strategy. Increased 

education and awareness are needed to achieve acceptance of carbon sequestration by the general 

public, regulatory agencies, policy makers, and industry and thus enable future commercial 

deployments of advanced technology. The following activities highlight the program’s 

education and outreach efforts: 

♦ Carbon Sequestration Webpage at the NETL 

site 

♦ Monthly sequestration newsletter 

♦ The 2002 Sequestration Technology Roadmap 

♦ The First National Conference on Carbon 

Sequestration (May 2001) and the Second 

National Conference on Carbon Sequestration 

(planned for May 2003) 

In addition the program management team participates 

in technical conferences through presentations, panel 

discussions, break out groups, and other formal and 

informal venues. These efforts expose professionals 

working on other fields to the technology challenges of 

sequestration and also enable examination of some of 

the more detailed issues underlying the technology. 

Examples include the Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration 

"Hands-On" Workshop for the Appalachian Coal & 

Electric Utilities Industries held in November 2001 and 

sequestration-related symposia organized at recent 

meetings of the American Geophysical Union and 

American Association for the Advancement of Science. 

As with any new technology, there are environmental issues associated with carbon sequestration 

that need to be explored, understood, and addressed. The level of uncertainty is higher for some 

sequestration options than for others. A significant portion of the program's R&D portfolio is 

aimed at improved understanding of potential environmental impacts. In concert with R&D, the 

program seeks to engage NGO's, federal, state, and local environmental regulators to raise 

awareness of what the program is doing in this area, and the priority it places on systems that 

preserve human and ecosystem health. Some of the program’s R&D projects have their own 

outreach component. For example, the cost-shared project with the Nature Conservancy on 

measuring, monitoring, and verification in terrestrial ecosystems has helped the program to 

engage Non-Governmental Organizations and the environmental community. Also, the Regional 

Partnerships will enhance technology development but also engage regulators, policy makers, 

and interested citizens at the state and local level. Successful outreach entails two-way 

communications, and the program will consider concerns voiced at outreach venues and 

continually assess the adequacy and focus of the current R&D portfolio. 

The Carbon Sequestration 

Newsletter 

Started in July 2001, the 

newsletter provides brief 

summaries of sequestrationrelated news, events, recent 

publications, and legislative 

activity. Subscription has grown 

to over 800. In August of 2002, 

NETL issued the annual newsletter 

index, which is a useful tool for 

finding articles and news pieces 

over the past year. Back issues 

and the index can be downloaded 

from the NETL site. 

You can register to receive the 

newsletter (it is free). Go to: 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpow

er/sequestration/index.html

and click on “get the news.” 
 13 

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION

Recognizing that the needs for new science and technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 

is a global concern, the Carbon Sequestration Program is deeply engaged in building 

international collaboration and partnerships throughout the world. The following are prominent 

examples of the program’s work with international entities. As global interest and funding in 

carbon sequestration research increases, these collaborations will likely expand 

International Energy Agency The DOE is a participating member in the International 

Energy Agency's Greenhouse Gas Research and Development Programme (IEA/GHG). 

The program was started in 1991 and is arguably the most well respected international 

effort in the greenhouse gas R&D arena. It is funded by 18 international members 

including the European Union, Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Norway, and eight private 

sector sponsors. The Programme evaluates greenhouse gas mitigation technologies; 

disseminates information via a bi-monthly newsletter “Greenhouse Issues” and a website; and organizes international expert workshops and conferences, most prominently the 

biannual Greenhouse Gas Technology Conference. Information can be found at 

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/

The Carbon Capture Project (CCP) In 2001, the DOE awarded a cooperative 

agreement with British Petroleum (BP) Corporation to develop innovative CO2 capture 

technologies. BP is the operating agent for the CCP, a consortia of eight major 

international energy companies (ChevronTexaco, Norsk Hydro, ENI, PanCanadian, 

Royal Dutch/Shell, Statoil and Suncor Energy) that are collectively funding the project 

from the industry side. The CCP aims to develop new, breakthrough technologies to 

reduce the cost of carbon dioxide separation, capture, transportation and sequestration 

from fossil fuel combustion streams by at 50% for existing energy facilities, and by 75% 

for new energy facilities, by the end of 2003 compared to currently available alternatives. 

Additional information can be found at http://www.co2captureproject.org/

Canada The US DOE Sequestration Program is co-funding, along with Pan Canadian 

Resources, Dakota gasification, and the Department of Natural Resources of Canada, a 

project to sequester carbon as a part of an enhanced oil operation in Weyburn, Canada in 

southeastern Saskatchewan. The collaboration was made possible through a negotiated 

Annex to the provisions of the Implementing Arrangement between U.S. DOE and the 

Department of Natural Resources of Canada for Cooperation in the Area of Fossil Fuels, 

signed on February 1, 2000. Additional information can be found at 

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/weyburn4.htm

Norway Roughly one million metric tons per year of vented CO2 from a natural gas 

processing platform in the north sea is being captured and injected into the Utsira saline 

aquifer formation. The Sliepner project was spearheaded by Statoil which sought to take 

advantage of a Norwegian CO2 emissions tax credit. Working with the IEA/GHG R&D 

Programme, the carbon sequestration program has provided funding for the Saline 

Aquifer CO2 Storage (SACS) project--a robust measurement, verification and transport 

modeling activity to compliment and enhance the injection experiment. This work will 

ensure that as much as possible is learned. Additional information can be found at 

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/sacshome.htm
 14 

CARBON SEQUESTRATION TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP AND

SUPPORTING PROGRAM ACTIVITIES

The following tables provide more detailed information about sequestration technology pathways 

and supporting program activities. 

Table 1 is a top-level roadmap plan for four primary technology thrusts: CO2 capture, 

sequestration, MM&V, and breakthrough concepts. For each technology thrust, Table 1 

presents goals, pathways, and metrics for success. 

Tables 2, 3, and 4 present Level II roadmaps for capture, sequestration, and MM&V. These 

tables describe the current status the pathways within each technology thrust area, present a 

list of R&D opportunities specific to each pathway, and also present crosscutting R&D 

opportunities. Program goals that apply to each pathway are defined, and a list of relevant 

projects from the program’s R&D portfolio aimed are presented. 

Table 5 presents four new program initiatives: the collaboration with the National Academies 

of Science (NAS), the regional partnerships initiative, FutureGen – an integrated 

sequestration and hydrogen research initiative, and the MM&V program. The initiatives are 

described and metrics for success defined for each. 

A Level II roadmap table is not presented for Breakthrough Concepts. A major focus of the 

NAS collaboration and the subsequent solicitation will be to identify pathways and projects in 

that area. The 2004 Roadmap will supply a Level II table for breakthrough concepts based on 

the results of the NAS workshop. 

A Level II roadmap table is also not presented for Non-CO2 greenhouse gas abatement. Results 

from ongoing collaborative work with the U.S. EPA will be presented in next year’s roadmap. 
 15 

Table 1. Top Level Carbon Sequestration Roadmap 

Goals Pathways Metrics for Su

2004 2007 

Capture • Lower the capital cost and energy penalty 

associated with capturing CO2 from large point sources 

• Post-combustion capture • Oxygen combustion • Pre-combustion capture • Chemical looping 

Retrofits: 30% reduction in capital cost and energy load below 2002 technology 

New builds: 75reduction in capcost and energy below 2002 technology 

Sequestration • Expand the number and type of carbon 

sequestration opportunities in the United States and the world 

• Lower the cost and optimize the valueadded benefits associated with CO2

storage 

• Develop field practices to minimize 

seepage from geologic storage sites. 

• Develop management practices to 

promote permanence at terrestrial sequestration sites 

• Develop capability to assess capacity for 

carbon storage 

• Depleting oil reservoirs • Unmineable coal seams • Saline formations • Enhanced terrestrial uptake • Ocean fertilization • Novel geologic formations • Ocean injection 

Demonstrate net CO2storage in depleting oil reservoir of 10,000 scf CO2 per barrel of oil 

recovered (increase from typical current value of 2,000 scf CO2/bbl) 

Demonstrate neCO2 storage in 

unmineable coaseam of 3 scf C

per scf CBM recovered Demonstrate C

injection into sformations via horizontal or multilateral we

MM&V • Develop technologies to accurately 

baseline terrestrial ecosystems, geologic formations, and ocean systems 

• Develop technologies to assess 

ecological impacts of carbon storage 

• Develop capability to detect leaks or 

deterioration in CO2 storage 

• Develop methods for calculating net 

avoided emissions from CO2 capture, 

transport, and storage systems 

• Advanced soil carbon 

measurement 

• Remote sensing of aboveground CO2 storage and leaks • Detection and measurement of 

CO2 in geologic formations 

• Fate and transport models for 

CO2 in geologic formations 

• Ecosystem flux models 

Instrumentation & measurement protocols for geologic formations, forests, and soils that enable carbon accounting and trading and maximize credits achievable 

Capability to enthe permanence GHG storage in geologic, ocean terrestrial sinks to assess the protection of huand ecosystem health 

Breakthrough concepts • Develop revolutionary approaches to carbon capture and storage that have the 

potential to address the level of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions consistent with long term atmospheric stabilization 

• Advanced CO2 capture, 

including biochemistry and enzymes 

• Bio-accelerated sequestration 

subsurface 

• CO2 neutralization subsurface • Niches –circumstances where it 

is very easy or convenient to sequester some carbon 

Achieve orders of magnitude improvement in mineralization reaction rates and energy needs at pilot scale 

Identify breakthrough dcapture and stowith potential fless than 10% increase in cost energy based ulab scale result
 16 

Table 2. Level II - CO2 Capture Roadmap and Program Plan 

Roadmap Plan 

Path R&D Opportunities ways 

Current Technology Status 

Pathway-specific Cross-cutting 

Pathway-level Goals Su

Pre-combustion decarbonization 

10 oxygen-fired gasifiers in operation in the United States today. Syngas from an oxygenfired gasifier can be shifted to provide a stream of primarily H2

and CO2 at 400-800 psi. Glycol 

solvents can capture CO2 and be 

regenerated via flash (no steam use) to produce pure CO2 at 15-

25 psi. 

• Advanced amine 

absorption 

• Develop advanced 

physical or chemical absorption technology 

• Improved CO2/H2

membranes 

2007 75% reduction in capital cost and energy load for CO2 capture 

from new builds compared to 2002 technology 

• • 

• 

Oxygen-fired combustion No oxygen-fired PC plants in commercial operation. Current minimum CO2 recycle is 5 lbs CO2 per lb coal feed. 90% pure CO2 is produced from the boiler at 10-15 psi. Oxygen combustion requires roughly three times more oxygen per kWh of electricity generation than gasification. 

• O2-selective membranes 

• Advanced cooling 

cycles 

• Compact boilers and 

turbines that can operate at high temperature and pressure 

2004 pilot scale demo of potential for 75% reduction in CO2 recycle 

requirements 

• 

p

Post-combustion 

capture 

300 GW of PC boiler capacity in the United States. Flue gas from a PC boiler is exhausted at 10-15 psi and contains 12-18 volume percent CO2. Amine scrubbing 

with CO2 compression to 1200 

psi costs roughly 2000 $/kW and reduces the net power plant output by 12.5%. 

• Advanced amine 

absorption 

• Physical sorbents • CO2 selective 

membranes 

• Sorbent/membrane • Advanced gas/liquid 

contactors 

2004 pilot scale demo of potential for 30% reduction in steam consumption per CO2 captured below 2002 amine 

technology. 

• • • • 

Advanced 

conversion There are a limited number of promising ideas in this area. None of them are at the commercial or demonstration phase. 

• Chemical looping 

Heat and pressure integration with other system components. Integration/ combination with NOx, 

SOx, Hg, and 

particulate matter control Hybrid oxyfuel/post combustion capture systems Integrate capture and geologic storage 

2007 pilot scale demo of potential for capital and operating cost 20% higher than a 2002 PC boiler. 

• 

p
 17 

Table 3. Level II - Sequestration Roadmap and Program Plan 

Roadmap Plan 

Current Status R&D Opportunities 

Pathway specific Crosscut 

Pathway-level Program 

Goals 

Supportin

Depleting oil 

reservoirs 

32 million tons of CO2 per year 

injected into depleting oil reservoirs in the U. S. as a part of enhanced oil operations, 10 % from anthropogenic sources. Current practices are not directed toward optimizing CO2 storage, 

typical storage rate is 2,000 scf CO2 per bbl oil recovered. 

• Modeling and testing 

for maximum longterm storage of CO2

with EOR 

2004 Demonstrate net CO2 storage in 

depleting oil reservoir of 10,000 scf CO2 per 

barrel of oil recovered (5-fold increase over current operations) 

• Develop a 

an existing co-optimiz

oil/gas rec

Unmineable coal 

seams 

Coal bed methane is the fastest growing source of domestic natural gas supply, 1.6 TCF produced in 2001. No commercial deployments of CO2-enhanced 

CBM recovery. CO2 must 

compete with nitrogen as an enhancing agent. 

• Improve 

understanding of injection of CO2 and 

CO2/N2 mixtures 

• Understand swelling 

in domestic coals 

• Advanced injection 

well configuration 

2007 Demonstrate net 

CO2 storage in an 

unmineable coal seam of 3 scf CO2 per scf 

CBM recovered (2-fold increase over current operations) 

• Field expe

million scf 

[ARI/Burl

• Field test o

Southern V

[Consol, In

• CO2 storag

Warrior re

Saline formations 

Several large saline formations underlie the United States, but there is no injection of CO2 into 

them. One million tons CO2 per 

year is being injected in the saline formation at the Sliepner natural gas production field in the North Sea. A significant body of data on domestic brine formations has been compiled by NETL, the University of Texas at Austin, and others. 

• CO2 flow modeling 

for diverse formations 

• Studies of CO2 in 

brine chemical mineral systems 

• Horizontal and 

multilateral wells for improved CO2

injectivity 

2007 Demonstrate CO2

injection into domestic saline formations via horizontal or multilateral wells 

• Perform de

assessmenformation U.S. [AEPformation and (3) forColorado P

• Investigate 

improve pUniversity

• Study CO2 

simulated 

Novel 

geologic 

formations Promising but untested reservoir types have significant carbon storage capacity and the potential for value-added hydrocarbon production with CO2 storage. 

• depleting gas 

reservoirs 

• organically rich 

shales 

Integrated database of domestic saline formations, depleting and depleted oil and gas wells, an coal seams containing data related to CO2 storage 

potential Integrate knowledge and understanding from sequestration field test and capacity modeling with transport modeling efforts in MM&V Develop methodologies and strategies for produced water 2012 Demonstrate the viability of CO2

storage in one new type of geologic formation 

• Analyze D

Kentucky 

[University 
 18 

Table 3. Level II - Sequestration Roadmap and Program Plan (continued)

Enhanced terrestrial uptake 

Currently terrestrial uptake offsets roughly one third of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The 

uptake from domestic terrestrial ecosystems is expected to decrease 13% over the next 20 years as northeastern forests mature. Opportunities for enhanced terrestrial include 1.5 MM acres of land damaged by past mining practices, 32 MM acres of CRP farmland, and 120 MM acres of pastureland. 

• Forestation and 

reforestation 

• Agricultural 

practices to increase 

soil carbon 

• Integration of fossil 

energy production and use with land reclamation and productivity improvement 

2007 Reclaim 100,000 acres of damaged land to increase carbon uptake 

• Lab-scale asse

soil amendmendesign of pilot 

• Demonstrate a

costs of integraproduction witcarbon sequestMW Paradise Sarea is 100 acr

• Demonstrate re

enhanced carboacres mined lanUSDA Forest S

Ocean fertilization 

Experimental results and observed surges in phytoplankton growth after dust clouds pass over certain ocean regions indicate that increasing the concentration of iron and other macronutrients in certain ocean waters can greatly increase the growth of phytoplankton and thus CO2 uptake. 

Ocean fertilization remains highly controversial because of uncertainty surrounding other changes it may cause. 

• Establish the 

scientific knowledge base needed to understand, assess, and optimize ocean fertilization 

• Develop effective 

macronutrient seeding methodologies 

• Assess long-term 

CO2 fate and flux 

Understand ecosystem level interactions between biosphere and , geologic reservoirs. Determine role of oceans in global ecosystem dynamics.

Improved scientific understanding of this option 

Ocean injection 

No pilot or commercial applications. Small-scale experiments have been carried at the MBARI. Also NETL has the capability to simulate deep ocean conditions and has been conducting experiments on CO2 droplet stability. 

A conceptual design of infrastructure for CO2 transport and injection has been 

completed by MTI. 

• Formation of CO2

hydrates as a stable form of storage 

• CO2 plume 

dynamics 

• Environmental 

impacts of increased CO2 concentrations in deep ocean water 

Improved scientific understanding of this option 

• Synthesize CO

observe small of the MontereMBARI] 

• Study CO2 dro

simulated deep [CSSFA]

Roadmap Plan 

Current Status R&D Opportunities 

Pathway specific Crosscut 

Pathway-level 

Program Goals 

Supporting Pro
 19 

 Table 4. Level II – MM&V Roadmap and Program Plan 

Roadmap Plan 

Current Status R&D Opportunities 

Pathway Specific Cross cut 

Pathway-level Goals Supportin

Terrestrial Ecosystems 

Roughly 8 mmt of carbon sequestered in terrestrial ecosystems was traded in 2002, requiring preliminary estimations of baseline carbon stocks and projected storage. Current on-the-ground measurements are accurate within plus or minus 5-30% and can cost as little as $1/ton carbon offset. 

• Reduce cost of baselining• Remote sensing of above 

ground carbon 

• In-field technology for 

soil carbon measurement 

• Correlations between soil 

and above ground carbon 

• Technologies for 

measuring inorganic soil carbon 

• Use aerial vid

referenced mConservancy

• Develop adva

spectroscopy soil carbon [L

• Develop capa

analyses as an accumulation 

Geologic Formations 

Geophysical techniques can remotely characterize oil reservoir properties and changes post CO2 injection. 

In July 2002, Ontario Power Generation bought 6 million tons of CO2 emissions 

credits from Blue Source LLC which provided the emission reductions from oilfield carbon sequestration projects in Texas, Wyoming and Mississippi. Advanced technologies for higher resolution CO2 detection are being tested 

at several sites including the Sliepner, Weyburn, and West Pearl Queen, and Lost Hills reservoirs. 

• Surface to borehole 

seismic 

• Micro-seismic • Cross well 

electromagnetic 

• Electrical resistance 

tomography 

• CO2 tracers 

2004 Improved accuracy of baseline and inventory MMV technology to enable verifiable credits and carbon accounting 2007 Capability to ensure permanence and protection of human and ecosystem health 2012 MMV represents no more than 10% of total sequestration cost 

• Design and 

technology 

• Inject 3,000 

Queen Oil rmigration [S

• Measure and 

the commerCanada [Da

• Field test CO

sites in New [CSSFA, LB

• Study natura

States to evaCO2 storage 

Oceans 

Established protocols for measuring dissolved organic and inorganic carbon in ocean water have been developed as a part of varied studies of ocean ecosystems. 

• Capability to image 

hydrate formation 

• Advanced tools for 

monitoring seawater chemistry and biological impacts in-situ 

• Diffraction • NMR spectroscopy • Raman spectroscopy 

Universal MM&V standards for diverse sequestration systems Develop protocols for using advanced MM&V technologies in commercial applications Understand regulatory analogs for geologic and ocean carbon storage Assess the degree to which risk is inhibiting market use of sequestration for GHG emissions abatement 

2007 Develop systems to measure carbon storage and human and ecosystem health impacts for ocean sequestration experiments 

• Sea floor gr

to monitor C
 20 

Table 5. Major New Initiatives 

Initiative Description Applicable Metrics for Succ

Technology 

Development Areas

2004 2007 

Collaboration with the National Academies of Science 

In 2003 NAS conducted an experts’ workshop to identify R&D opportunities in the area breakthrough concepts. The program will use the results from the workshop in crafting a solicitation for R&D projects. Once proposals are received, an NAS committee will evaluate the scientific, technical, engineering and environmental merits of each. 

• Breakthrough 

Concepts 

Award multiple promising R&D projects that represent fundamentally new areas for the carbon sequestration program 

2 breakthrough direct capture projects show potential for a 10% increase in energy based on lab-scale results 

Regional Sequestration Partnerships 

Partnerships will evaluate options and potential opportunities for CO2 capture, 

transport, and storage in the defined region and investigate monitoring and verification requirements and regulatory, environmental, and outreach issues. 

• Capture • Sequestration • MM&V • Education and 

Outreach 

4-10 cost-shared projects up and running 

Phase II awards for technology validation 

FutureGen Integrated Sequestration and Hydrogen Research Initiative 

Contingent upon funding approval, in FY 2003 the Program plans to release a solicitation for an Integrated Sequestration and Hydrogen Research Initiative in which CO2 is separated and captured from coal-fired 

power plant and subsequently sequestered in a geologic formation. The project will focus on large systems, greater that one million tons of CO2 sequestered per year, and concepts where CO2 capture and geologic sequestration are integrated. 

• Capture • Sequestration • MM&V 

Several industry teams rigorously evaluate sequestration options and submit a proposal DOE makes one or more awards for design phase 

Demonstration project(s) advance to construction phase 

MM&V Program 

Nexus of MMV efforts will contribute to the growing emphasis on MMV consistent with the GCCI. Focus on surface measurement and leak detection. Both the Regional Partnerships and Integrated Demonstration Program have strong MMV aspects. 

• Cross cuts all 

areas 

 Tools developed 

enable measurement and verification at reduced cost and improved accuracy 
 21 

RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS

Figure 6 shows the estimated resources needed to pursue the opportunities identified in the 

technology roadmap and achieve the program goals. The base program funding is estimated at 

roughly $50 MM per year, with slightly more between 2006 and 2010. The regional partnerships 

will require an initial investment but are structured to become self-sustaining after five years. 

The FutureGen Integrated Sequestration and Hydrogen Research Initiative will require a 

significant investment. This is due to the fact that large deployments are needed to prove out 

new technologies and that a portfolio of projects are needed to validate the different types of CO2

point sources and storage options. 

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020

5-year period Federal R&D Investement, 

millions of dollars

FutureGen Integrated Sequestration

and Hydrogen Research Initiative

Regional Sequestration Partnerships

Base Sequestration R&D Program

Figure 6. Funding Requirements of the Carbon Sequestration Program 
 22 

If you have any questions, comments, or would like more information about DOE’s Carbon 

Sequestration Program please contact the following persons: 

Scott Klara Bob Kane 

National Energy Technology Laboratory Office of Coal and Power Systems 

Office of Fossil Energy Office of Fossil Energy 

412/386-4864 or 202/586.4753 

scott.klara@netl.doe.gov robert.kane@hq.doe.gov

Sarah Forbes 

National Energy Technology Laboratory 

Office of Fossil Energy 

304/285-4670 or 

sarah.forbes@netl.doe.gov

or visit our web sites at: 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration

http://www.fe.doe.gov/coal_power/sequestration/

National Energy Technology Laboratory 

626 Cochrans Mill Road 

P.O. Box 10904 

Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940 

3610 Collins Ferry Road 

P.O. Box 880 

Morgantown, WV 26507-0880