# Patent

## Title
Compositions of PSMA antibodies

## Abstract

The invention includes antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof which bind specifically to conformational epitopes on the extracellular domain of PSMA, compositions containing one or a combination of such antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, hybridoma cell lines that produce the antibodies, and methods of using the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof for cancer diagnosis and treatment. The invention also includes oligomeric forms of PSMA proteins, compositions comprising the multimers, and antibodies that selectively bind to the multimers.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/395,894, filed on Mar. 21, 2003, currently pending, which is a continuation-in-part of International application PCT/US02/33944 designating the United States, filed on Oct. 23, 2002, now published, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. provisional application 60/335,215, filed Oct. 23, 2001, now expired, U.S. provisional application 60/362,747, filed Mar. 7, 2002, and U.S. provisional application 60/412,618, filed Sep. 20, 2002, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to the field of cancer associated polypeptides and antibodies that recognize native epitopes on the polypeptides. In particular, the invention relates in part to antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof which bind specifically to conformational epitopes on the extracellular domain of PSMA, multimeric forms of PSMA proteins, antibodies that selectively bind to the multimers, and compositions containing such antibodies or multimers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer and the second leading cause of death from cancer in American men, with an estimated 179,000 cases and 37,000 deaths in 1999, (Landis, S. H. et al. CA Cancer J. Clin. 48:6-29 (1998)). The number of men diagnosed with prostate cancer is steadily increasing as a result of the increasing population of older men as well as a greater awareness of the disease leading to its earlier diagnosis (Parker et al., 1997, CA Cancer J. Clin. 47:5-280). The life time risk for men developing prostate cancer is about 1 in 5 for Caucasians, 1 in 6 for African Americans. High risk groups are represented by those with a positive family history of prostate cancer or African Americans.
Over a lifetime, more than 2⁄3 of the men diagnosed with prostate cancer die of the disease (Wingo et al., 1996, CA Cancer J. Clin. 46:113-25). Moreover, many patients who do not succumb to prostate cancer require continuous treatment to ameliorate symptoms such as pain, bleeding and urinary obstruction. Thus, prostate cancer also represents a major cause of suffering and increased health care expenditures.
Where prostate cancer is localized and the patient's life expectancy is 10 years or more, radical prostatectomy offers the best chance for eradication of the disease. Historically, the drawback of this procedure is that most cancers had spread beyond the bounds of the operation by the time they were detected. Patients with bulky, high-grade tumors are less likely to be successfully treated by radical prostatectomy.
Radiation therapy has also been widely used as an alternative to radical prostatectomy. Patients generally treated by radiation therapy are those who are older and less healthy and those with higher-grade, more clinically advanced tumors. Particularly preferred procedures are external-beam therapy which involves three dimensional, confocal radiation therapy where the field of radiation is designed to conform to the volume of tissue treated; interstitial-radiation therapy where seeds of radioactive compounds are implanted using ultrasound guidance; and a combination of external-beam therapy and interstitial-radiation therapy.
For treatment of patients with locally advanced disease, hormonal therapy before or following radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy has been utilized. Hormonal therapy is the main form of treating men with disseminated prostate cancer. Orchiectomy reduces serum testosterone concentrations, while estrogen treatment is similarly beneficial. Diethylstilbestrol from estrogen is another useful hormonal therapy which has a disadvantage of causing cardiovascular toxicity. When gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are administered testosterone concentrations are ultimately reduced. Flutamide and other nonsteroidal, anti-androgen agents block binding of testosterone to its intracellular receptors. As a result, it blocks the effect of testosterone, increasing serum testosterone concentrations and allows patients to remain potent—a significant problem after radical prostatectomy and radiation treatments.
Cytotoxic chemotherapy is largely ineffective in treating prostate cancer. Its toxicity makes such therapy unsuitable for elderly patients. In addition, prostate cancer is relatively resistant to cytotoxic agents.
Relapsed or more advanced disease is also treated with anti-androgen therapy. Unfortunately, almost all tumors become hormone-resistant and progress rapidly in the absence of any effective therapy.
Accordingly, there is a need for effective therapeutics for prostate cancer which are not overwhelmingly toxic to normal tissues of a patient, and which are effective in selectively eliminating prostate cancer cells.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof which specifically bind the extracellular domain of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), compositions containing one or a combination of such antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, hybridoma cell lines that produce the antibodies, and methods of using the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
According to one aspect of the invention, isolated antibodies or an antigen-binding fragments thereof are provided. The antibodies or fragments thereof specifically bind to an extracellular domain of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and competitively inhibit the specific binding of a second antibody to its target epitope on PSMA. In a second aspect of the invention, isolated antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are provided which specifically bind to an epitope on prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) defined by a second antibody. In each of the forgoing aspects of the invention, the second antibody is selected from the group consisting of PSMA 3.7, PSMA 3.8, PSMA 3.9, PSMA 3.11, PSMA 5.4, PSMA 7.1, PSMA 7.3, PSMA 10.3, PSMA 1.8.3, PSMA A3.1.3, PSMA A3.3.1, Abgenix 4.248.2, Abgenix 4.360.3, Abgenix 4.7.1, Abgenix 4.4.1, Abgenix 4.177.3, Abgenix 4.16.1, Abgenix 4.22.3, Abgenix 4.28.3, Abgenix 4.40.2, Abgenix 4.48.3, Abgenix 4.49.1, Abgenix 4.209.3, Abgenix 4.219.3, Abgenix 4.288.1, Abgenix 4.333.1, Abgenix 4.54.1, Abgenix 4.153.1, Abgenix 4.232.3, Abgenix 4.292.3, Abgenix 4.304.1, Abgenix 4.78.1, Abgenix 4.152.1, and antibodies comprising (a) a heavy chain encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the coding region or regions of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 2-7, and (b) a light chain encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the coding region or regions of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 8-13.
In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of PSMA 3.7, PSMA 3.8, PSMA 3.9, PSMA 3.11 PSMA 5.4, PSMA 7.3, PSMA 10.3, PSMA 1.8.3, PSMA A3.1.3, PSMA A3.3.1, Abgenix 4.248.2, Abgenix 4.360.3, Abgenix 4.7.1, Abgenix 4.4.1, Abgenix 4.177.3, Abgenix 4.16.1, Abgenix 4.22.3, Abgenix 4.28.3, Abgenix 4.40.2, Abgenix 4.48.3, Abgenix 4.49.1, Abgenix 4.209.3, Abgenix 4.219.3, Abgenix 4.288.1, Abgenix 4.333.1, Abgenix 4.54.1, Abgenix 4.153.1, Abgenix 4.232.3, Abgenix 4.292.3, Abgenix 4.304.1, Abgenix 4.78.1, and Abgenix 4.152.1. In other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of antibodies comprising (a) a heavy chain encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the coding region or regions of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 2-7, and (b) a light chain encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the coding region or regions of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 8-13, and antigen-binding fragments thereof.
In further embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragments thereof is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding the foregoing antibodies, preferably at least about 95% identical, more preferably at least about 97% identical, still more preferably at least about 98% identical, and most preferably is at least about 99% identical.
In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects, antigen-binding fragments of the isolated antibodies are provided. The antigen-binding fragments include (a) a heavy chain variable region encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the coding regions or regions of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 14, 18, 22, 26 and 30, and (b) a light chain variable region encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the coding region or region of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32. In other embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment includes (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 15, 19, 23, 27 and 31, and (b) a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 17, 21, 25, 29 and 33.
In a further embodiments of the invention, isolated antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, which include a CDR of the foregoing antigen-binding fragments are provided. Preferably the CDR is CDR3.
According another aspect of the invention, expression vectors including an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the foregoing isolated antibodies or antigen-binding fragments is provided. Host cells transformed or transfected by these expression vectors also are provided.
In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected for its ability to bind live cells, such as a tumor cell or a prostate cell, preferably LNCaP cells. In other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof mediates cytolysis of cells expressing PSMA. Preferably cytolysis of cells expressing PSMA is mediated by effector cells or is complement mediated in the presence of effector cells.
In other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof inhibits the growth of cells expressing PSMA. Preferably the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof does not require cell lysis to bind to the extracellular domain of PSMA.
In further embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgAsec, IgD, IgE or has immunoglobulin constant and/or variable domain of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA 1, IgA2, IgAsec, IgD or IgE. In other embodiments, the antibody is a bispecific or multispecific antibody.
In still other embodiments, the antibody is a recombinant antibody, a polyclonal antibody, a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody or a chimeric antibody, or a mixture of these. In particularly preferred embodiments, the antibody is a human antibody, e.g., a monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody or a mixture of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. In still other embodiments, the antibody is a bispecific or multispecific antibody.
Preferred antigen-binding fragments include a Fab fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, and a Fv fragment CDR3.
In further embodiments, the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma cell line selected from the group consisting of PSMA 3.7 (PTA-3257), PSMA 3.8, PSMA 3.9 (PTA-3258), PSMA 3.11 (PTA-3269), PSMA 5.4 (PTA-3268), PSMA 7.1 (PTA-3292), PSMA 7.3 (PTA-3293), PSMA 10.3 (PTA-3247), PSMA 1.8.3 (PTA-3906), PSMA A3.1.3 (PTA-3904), PSMA A3.3.1 (PTA-3905), Abgenix 4.248.2 (PTA-4427), Abgenix 4.360.3 (PTA-4428), Abgenix 4.7.1 (PTA-4429), Abgenix 4.4.1 (PTA-4556), Abgenix 4.177.3 (PTA-4557), Abgenix 4.16.1 (PTA-4357), Abgenix 4.22.3 (PTA-4358), Abgenix 4.28.3 (PTA-4359), Abgenix 4.40.2 (PTA-4360), Abgenix 4.48.3 (PTA-4361), Abgenix 4.49.1 (PTA-4362), Abgenix 4.209.3 (PTA-4365), Abgenix 4.219.3 (PTA-4366), Abgenix 4.288.1 (PTA-4367), Abgenix 4.333.1 (PTA-4368), Abgenix 4.54.1 (PTA-4363), Abgenix 4.153.1 (PTA-4388), Abgenix 4.232.3 (PTA-4389), Abgenix 4.292.3 (PTA-4390), Abgenix 4.304.1 (PTA-4391), Abgenix 4.78.1 (PTA-4652), and Abgenix 4.152.1 (PTA-4653).
In certain other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to a conformational epitope and/or is internalized into a cell along with the prostate specific membrane antigen. In other embodiments, the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is bound to a label, preferably one selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent label, an enzyme label, a radioactive label, a nuclear magnetic resonance active label, a luminescent label, and a chromophore label.
In still other embodiments, the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is bound to at least one therapeutic moiety, such as a drug, preferably a cytotoxic drug, a replication-selective virus, a toxin or a fragment thereof, or an enzyme or a fragment thereof. Preferred cytotoxic drug include: calicheamicin, esperamicin, methotrexate, doxorubicin, melphalan, chlorambucil, ARA-C, vindesine, mitomycin C, cis-platinum, etoposide, bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, estramustine, vincristine, etoposide, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, dolastatin 10, auristatin E and auristatin PHE. In other embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is an immunostimulatory or immunomodulating agent, preferably one selected from the group consisting of: a cytokine, chemokine and adjuvant.
In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the invention specifically bind cell-surface PSMA and/or rsPSMA with a binding affinity of about 1×10−9M or less. Preferably, the binding affinity is about 1×1010 M or less, more preferably the binding affinity is about 1×10−11 M or less. In other embodiments the binding affinity is less than about 5×10−10M.
In additional embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the invention mediate specific cell killing of PSMA-expressing cells with an IC50s of less than about 1×10−10 M. Preferably the IC50s is less than about 1×10−11 M. More preferably the IC50s is less than about 1×10−12M. In other embodiments the IC50s is less than about 1.5×10−11 M.
In yet other embodiments, the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is bound to a radioisotope. The radioisotope can emit a radiations, β radiations, or γ radiations. Preferably the radioisotope is selected from the group consisting of 225Ac, 211At, 212Bi, 213Bi, 186Rh, 188Rh, 177Lu, 90Y, 131I, 67Cu, 125I, 123I, 77Br, 153Sm, 166Ho, 64Cu, 212Pb, 224Ra and 223Ra.
According to another aspect of the invention, hybridoma cell lines are provided that produce an antibody selected from the group consisting of PSMA 3.7, PSMA 3.8, PSMA 3.9, PSMA 3.11, PSMA 5.4, PSMA 7.1, PSMA 7.3, PSMA 10.3, PSMA 1.8.3, PSMA A3.1.3, PSMA A3.3.1, Abgenix 4.248.2, Abgenix 4.360.3, Abgenix 4.7.1, Abgenix 4.4.1, Abgenix 4.177.3, Abgenix 4.16.1, Abgenix 4.22.3, Abgenix 4.28.3, Abgenix 4.40.2, Abgenix 4.48.3, Abgenix 4.49.1, Abgenix 4.209.3, Abgenix 4.219.3, Abgenix 4.288.1, Abgenix 4.333.1, Abgenix 4.54.1, Abgenix 4.153.1, Abgenix 4.232.3, Abgenix 4.292.3, Abgenix 4.304.1, Abgenix 4.78.1 and Abgenix 4.152.1. In some embodiments, the hybridoma cell line is selected from the group consisting of PSMA 3.7 (PTA-3257), PSMA 3.8, PSMA 3.9 (PTA-3258), PSMA 3.11 (PTA-3269), PSMA 5.4 (PTA-3268), PSMA 7.1 (PTA-3292), PSMA 7.3 (PTA-3293), PSMA 10.3 (PTA-3247), PSMA 1.8.3 (PTA-3906), PSMA A3.1.3 (PTA-3904), PSMA A3.3.1 (PTA-3905), Abgenix 4.248.2 (PTA-4427), Abgenix 4.360.3 (PTA-4428), Abgenix 4.7.1 (PTA-4429), Abgenix 4.4.1 (PTA-4556), Abgenix 4.177.3 (PTA-4557), Abgenix 4.16.1 (PTA-4357), Abgenix 4.22.3 (PTA-4358), Abgenix 4.28.3 (PTA-4359), Abgenix 4.40.2 (PTA-4360), Abgenix 4.48.3 (PTA-4361), Abgenix 4.49.1 (PTA-4362), Abgenix 4.209.3 (PTA-4365), Abgenix 4.219.3 (PTA-4366), Abgenix 4.288.1 (PTA-4367), Abgenix 4.333.1 (PTA-4368), Abgenix 4.54.1 (PTA-4363), Abgenix 4.153.1 (PTA-4388), Abgenix 4.232.3 (PTA-4389), Abgenix 4.292.3 (PTA-4390), Abgenix 4.304.1 (PTA-4391), Abgenix 4.78.1 (PTA-4652), and Abgenix 4.152.1 (PTA-4653).
According to a further aspect of the invention, compositions are provided that include the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or stabilizer. Other compositions include a combination of two or more of the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or stabilizer. In some embodiments, the compositions also include an antitumor agent, an immunostimulatory agent, an immunomodulator, or a combination thereof. Preferred antitumor agents include a cytotoxic agent, an agent that acts on tumor neovasculature, or a combination thereof. Preferred immunomodulators include α-interferon, γ-interferon, tumor necrosis factor-α or a combination thereof. Preferred immunostimulatory agents include interleukin-2, immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, or a combination thereof.
According to another aspect of the invention, kits for detecting prostate cancer for diagnosis, prognosis or monitoring are provided. The kits include the foregoing isolated labeled antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, and one or more compounds for detecting the label. Preferably the label is selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent label, an enzyme label, a radioactive label, a nuclear magnetic resonance active label, a luminescent label, and a chromophore label.
The invention in another aspect provides one or more of the foregoing isolated antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof packaged in lyophilized form, or packaged in an aqueous medium.
In another aspect of the invention, methods for detecting the presence of PSMA, or a cell expressing PSMA, in a sample are provided. The methods include contacting the sample with any of the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof which specifically bind to an extracellular domain of PSMA, for a time sufficient to allow the formation of a complex between the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and PSMA, and detecting the PSMA-antibody complex or PSMA-antigen-binding fragment complex. The presence of a complex in the sample is indicative of the presence in the sample of PSMA or a cell expressing PSMA.
In another aspect, the invention provides other methods for diagnosing a PSMA-mediated disease in a subject. The methods include administering to a subject suspected of having or previously diagnosed with PSMA-mediated disease an amount of any of the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof which specifically bind to an extracellular domain of prostate specific membrane antigen. The method also includes allowing the formation of a complex between the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and PSMA, and detecting the formation of the PSMA-antibody complex or PSMA-antigen-binding fragment antibody complex to the target epitope. The presence of a complex in the subject suspected of having or previously diagnosed with prostate cancer is indicative of the presence of a PSMA-mediated disease.
In certain embodiments of the methods, the PSMA-mediated disease is prostate cancer. In other embodiments, the PSMA-mediated disease is a non-prostate cancer, such as those selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer including transitional cell carcinoma; pancreatic cancer including pancreatic duct carcinoma; lung cancer including non-small cell lung carcinoma; kidney cancer including conventional renal cell carcinoma; sarcoma including soft tissue sarcoma; breast cancer including breast carcinoma; brain cancer including glioblastoma multiforme; neuroendocrine carcinoma; colon cancer including colonic carcinoma; testicular cancer including testicular embryonal carcinoma; and melanoma including malignant melanoma.
In preferred embodiments of the foregoing methods, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is labeled. In other embodiments of the foregoing methods, a second antibody is administered to detect the first antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
In a further aspect of the invention, methods for assessing the prognosis of a subject with a PSMA-mediated disease are provided. The methods include administering to a subject suspected of having or previously diagnosed with PSMA-mediated disease an effective amount of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to claim A1 or B1, allowing the formation of a complex between the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and PSMA, and detecting the formation of the complex to the target epitope. The amount of the complex in the subject suspected of having or previously diagnosed with PSMA-mediated disease is indicative of the prognosis.
In another aspect of the invention, methods for assessing the effectiveness of a treatment of a subject with a PSMA-mediated disease are provided. The methods include administering to a subject suspected treated for a PSMA-mediated disease an effective amount of the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, allowing the formation of a complex between the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and PSMA, and detecting the formation of the complex to the target epitope. The amount of the complex in the subject suspected of having or previously diagnosed with PSMA-mediated disease is indicative of the effectiveness of the treatment.
In certain embodiments of these two aspects of the invention, the PSMA-mediated disease is prostate cancer. In other embodiments, the PSMA-mediated disease is a non-prostate cancer. In those embodiments, the non-prostate cancer preferably is selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer including transitional cell carcinoma; pancreatic cancer including pancreatic duct carcinoma; lung cancer including non-small cell lung carcinoma; kidney cancer including conventional renal cell carcinoma; sarcoma including soft tissue sarcoma; breast cancer including breast carcinoma; brain cancer including glioblastoma multiforme; neuroendocrine carcinoma; colon cancer including colonic carcinoma; testicular cancer including testicular embryonal carcinoma; and melanoma including malignant melanoma. In still other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is labeled. In further embodiments, a second antibody is administered to detect the first antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, methods for inhibiting the growth of a cell expressing PSMA are provided. The methods include contacting a cell expressing PSMA with an amount of at least one of the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof which specifically binds to an extracellular domain of PSMA effective to inhibit the growth of the cell expressing PSMA.
According to another aspect of the invention, methods for inducing cytolysis of a cell expressing PSMA are provided. The methods include contacting a cell expressing PSMA with an amount of at least one of the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof which specifically binds to an extracellular domain of PSMA effective to induce cytolysis of the cell expressing PSMA. In certain embodiments, the cytolysis occurs in the presence of an effector cell. In other embodiments, the cytolysis is complement mediated.
According to still another aspect of the invention, methods for treating or preventing a PSMA-mediated disease are provided. The methods include administering to a subject having a PSMA-mediated disease an effective amount of at least one of the forgoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof to treat or prevent the PSMA-mediated disease. In some embodiments, the PSMA-mediated disease is a cancer, such as prostate cancer or a non-prostate cancer (including the nonprostate cancers described elsewhere herein).
In yet a further aspect of the invention, methods for treating or preventing a PSMA-mediated disease are provided. The methods include administering to a subject having a PSMA-mediated disease or at risk of having a PSMA-mediated disease an amount of at least one of the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof effective to treat or prevent the PSMA-mediated disease.
In some embodiments, the PSMA-mediated disease is a cancer, such as prostate cancer or a non-prostate cancer (including the nonprostate cancers described elsewhere herein).
In other embodiments, the method also includes administering another therapeutic agent to treat or prevent the PSMA-mediated disease at any time before, during or after the administration of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some of these embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a vaccine, and preferably the vaccine immunizes the subject against PSMA.
In still other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is bound to at least one therapeutic moiety, preferably a cytotoxic drug, a drug which acts on the tumor neovasculature and combinations thereof. Preferred cytotoxic drugs are selected from the group consisting of: calicheamicin, esperamicin, methotrexate, doxorubicin, melphalan, chlorambucil, ARA-C, vindesine, mitomycin C, cis-platinum, etoposide, bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, estramustine, vincristine, etoposide, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, dolastatin 10, auristatin E and auristatin PHE.
In other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is bound to a radioisotope and the radiations emitted by the radioisotope is selected from the group consisting of α, β and γ radiations. Preferably, the radioisotope is selected from the group consisting of 225Ac, 211At, 212Bi, 213Bi, 186Rh, 188Rh, 177Lu, 90Y, 131I, 67Cu, 125I, 123I, 77Br, 153Sm, 166Ho, 64Cu 212Pb, 224Ra and 223Ra.
The present invention provides methods for modulating at least one enzymatic activity of PSMA. As used in preferred embodiments of the methods, “modulating” an enzymatic activity of PSMA means enhancing or inhibiting the enzymatic activity. Thus in certain aspects of the invention, methods for inhibiting an enzymatic activity of PSMA are provided, and in other aspects of the invention, methods for enhancing an enzymatic activity of PSMA are provided. The terms “enhancing” and “inhibiting” in this context indicate that the enzymatic activity of PSMA is enhanced or inhibited in the presence of an antibody that specifically binds PSMA, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, relative to the level of activity in the absence of such an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. Enzymatic activities of PSMA include folate hydrolase activity, N-acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) activity, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity and γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity.
Thus the invention in another aspect provides methods for modulating folate hydrolase activity. In certain embodiments of these methods, the activity is inhibited and in other embodiments, the activity is enhanced. The methods include contacting a folate hydrolase polypeptide with an amount of the foregoing isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, under conditions wherein the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof modulates the folate hydrolase activity. The folate hydrolase polypeptide can be isolated, contained in a sample such as a cell, a cell homogenate, a tissue, or a tissue homogenate, or contained in an organism. The organism preferably is an animal, particularly preferably a mammal.
In another aspect of the invention, methods for modulating N-acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) activity are provided. In certain embodiments of these methods, the activity is inhibited and in other embodiments, the activity is enhanced. The methods include contacting a NAALADase polypeptide with an amount of the foregoing isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof under conditions wherein the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof modulates NAALADase activity. The NAALADase polypeptide can be isolated, contained in a sample such as a cell, a cell homogenate, a tissue, or a tissue homogenate, or contained in an organism. The organism preferably is an animal, particularly preferably a mammal.
In yet another aspect of the invention, methods for modulating dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity are provided. In certain embodiments of these methods, the activity is inhibited and in other embodiments, the activity is enhanced. The methods include contacting a dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV polypeptide with an amount of the foregoing isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof under conditions wherein the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof modulates dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity. The dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV polypeptide can be isolated, contained in a sample such as a cell, a cell homogenate, a tissue, or a tissue homogenate, or contained in an organism. The organism preferably is an animal, particularly preferably a mammal.
In yet another aspect of the invention, methods for modulating γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity are provided. In certain embodiments of these methods, the activity is inhibited and in other embodiments, the activity is enhanced. The methods include contacting a γ-glutamyl hydrolase polypeptide with an amount of the foregoing isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof under conditions wherein the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof modulates γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity. The γ-glutamyl hydrolase polypeptide can be isolated, contained in a sample such as a cell, a cell homogenate, a tissue, or a tissue homogenate, or contained in an organism. The organism preferably is an animal, particularly preferably a mammal.
Methods of specific delivery of at least one therapeutic agent to PSMA-expressing cells are provided according to another aspect of the invention. The methods include administering an effective amount of at least one of the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof conjugated to the at least one therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a nucleic acid molecule, an antitumor drug, a toxin or a fragment thereof, an enzyme or a fragment thereof, a replication-selective virus, or an immunostimulatory or immunomodulating agent. Preferred antitumor drugs include cytotoxic drugs, drugs which act on the tumor neovasculature and combinations thereof. Preferred cytotoxic drugs include calicheamicin, esperamicin, methotrexate, doxorubicin, melphalan, chlorambucil, ARA-C, vindesine, mitomycin C, cis-platinum, etoposide, bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, estramustine, vincristine, etoposide, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, dolastatin 10, auristatin E and auristatin PHE. Preferred immunostimulatory or immunomodulating agent included cytokines, chemokines and adjuvants.
In still another aspect of the invention, isolated antibodies that selectively bind a PSMA protein multimer are provided. In preferred embodiments, the PSMA protein multimer is a dimer, and preferably at least one of the PSMA proteins forming the multimer is a recombinant, soluble PSMA (rsPSMA) polypeptide. Preferably the rsPSMA polypeptide consists essentially of amino acids 44-750 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In a further aspect of the invention, isolated antibodies are provided that selectively bind a PSMA protein multimer and modulate one or more enzymatic activities of the PSMA protein multimer. As used in preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention, “modulating” an enzymatic activity of a PSMA multimer means enhancing or inhibiting the enzymatic activity. Thus in certain aspects of the invention, antibodies that inhibit an enzymatic activity of PSMA multimers are provided, and in other aspects of the invention, antibodies that inhibit an enzymatic activity of PSMA multimers are provided. The terms “enhancing” and “inhibiting” in this context indicate that the enzymatic activity of a PSMA multimer is enhanced or inhibited in the presence of an antibody that specifically binds the PSMA multimers, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, relative to the level of activity in the absence of such an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the enzymatic activity is selected from the group consisting of folate hydrolase activity, NAALADase activity, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity and γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity. In other embodiments, the enzymatic activity is in the extracellular domain of the PSMA molecule. In still other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to an extracellular domain of PSMA.
In a further aspect, an isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is provided that selectively binds a PSMA protein multimer. In this aspect, the isolated antibody is raised by immunizing an animal with a preparation comprising a PSMA protein multimer. Preferred preparations used in raising the antibody include those having at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 90%, or 95% PSMA protein multimer. Preferably the PSMA protein multimer is a dimer.
In yet another aspect of the invention, compositions are provided that include one or more of the foregoing isolated antibodies, and an immunostimulatory molecule, such as an adjuvant and/or and a cytokine. Preferably the immunostimulatory molecule is IL-2 or an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the foregoing compositions also include a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
The invention also includes methods for inducing an immune response, including administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of the foregoing isolated antibodies or compositions.
The invention provides, in another aspect, isolated antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that selectively bind a PSMA protein multimer and modulate at least one enzymatic activity of PSMA. As used in preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention, “modulating” an enzymatic activity of a PSMA means enhancing or inhibiting the enzymatic activity. Thus in certain aspects of the invention, antibodies that inhibit an enzymatic activity of PSMA are provided, and in other aspects of the invention, antibodies that inhibit an enzymatic activity of PSMA are provided. The terms “enhancing” and “inhibiting” in this context indicate that the enzymatic activity of PSMA is enhanced or inhibited in the presence of an antibody that specifically binds PSMA, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, relative to the level of activity in the absence of such an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. The enzyme, in certain embodiments, is selected from the group consisting of hydrolases and peptidases. Preferred hydrolases include folate hydrolase and γ-glutamyl hydrolase. In a particularly preferred embodiment of PSMA inhibition, the hydrolase is folate hydrolase and the antibody is mAb 5.4 or mAb 3.9. Preferred peptidases include NAALADase and dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV. In some embodiments, the enzyme is active in cancer cells and has lesser activity in normal cells than in cancer cells or, preferably, no activity in normal cells. In preferred embodiments, the cancer cells in which the enzyme is active are prostate cancer cells. Compositions including the foregoing isolated antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, also are provided by the invention.
In another aspect of the invention, compositions are provided that include an isolated PSMA protein multimer. Preferably the PSMA protein multimer is a dimer. In certain embodiments, the compositions include at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 90%, or 95% PSMA protein multimer. In other embodiments, the PSMA protein multimer comprises noncovalently associated PSMA proteins. The PSMA proteins preferably are noncovalently associated under nondenaturing conditions.
In certain embodiments of the foregoing compositions, at least one of the PSMA proteins forming the multimer is a recombinant, soluble PSMA (rsPSMA) polypeptide. In other embodiments, the PSMA protein multimer is reactive with a conformation-specific antibody that specifically recognizes PSMA. Preferably, the PSMA protein multimer comprises PSMA proteins in a native conformation and/or the PSMA multimer is enzymatically active. In preferred embodiments, the enzymatic activity is folate hydrolase activity, NAALADase activity, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity and/or γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity.
In still other embodiments, the foregoing compositions also include an adjuvant and/or a cytokine or other immunostimulatory molecule. Preferred cytokines include IL-2, IL-12, IL-18 and GM-CSF. In further embodiments, the foregoing compositions also include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, methods for inducing an immune response are provided. The methods include administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of one or more of the foregoing compositions.
In a further aspect, the invention includes isolated recombinant soluble PSMA (rsPSMA) protein multimers, and isolated rsPSMA protein dimers. In some embodiments, the dimer includes noncovalently associated rsPSMA proteins, and preferably the rsPSMA proteins are noncovalently associated under nondenaturing conditions. In other embodiments, the isolated rsPSMA dimer is reactive with a conformation-specific antibody that specifically recognizes PSMA.
In a certain preferred embodiment, the isolated rsPSMA dimer is enzymatically active, with the enzymatic activity selected from the group consisting of folate hydrolase activity, NAALADase activity, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity and γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity.
In still another aspect of the invention, methods of screening for a candidate agent that modulates at least one enzymatic activity of a PSMA enzyme are provided. As used in preferred embodiments of the methods, “modulating” an enzymatic activity of PSMA means enhancing or inhibiting the enzymatic activity. Thus in certain aspects of the invention, methods for screening for a candidate agent that inhibits an enzymatic activity of PSMA are provided, and in other aspects of the invention, methods for screening for a candidate agent that enhances an enzymatic activity of PSMA are provided. The terms “enhancing” and “inhibiting” in this context indicate that the enzymatic activity of PSMA is enhanced or inhibited in the presence of a candidate agent relative to the level of activity in the absence of such an agent. The methods include mixing the candidate agent with an isolated PSMA protein multimer to form a reaction mixture, followed by adding a substrate for the PSMA enzyme to the reaction mixture, and determining the amount of a product formed from the substrate by the PSMA enzyme. A change in the amount of product formed in comparison to a control is indicative of an agent capable of modulating at least one enzymatic activity of the PSMA enzyme. A decrease in the amount of product formed in comparison to a control is indicative of an agent capable of inhibiting at least one enzymatic activity of the PSMA enzyme. An increase in the amount of product formed in comparison to a control is indicative of an agent capable of enhancing at least one enzymatic activity of the PSMA enzyme. In some embodiments the PSMA enzyme is selected from the group consisting of NAALADase, folate hydrolase, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV and γ-glutamyl hydrolase. In other embodiments the PSMA multimer comprises recombinant, soluble PSMA. In yet other embodiments the candidate agent is selected from the group consisting of an antibody, a small organic compound, or a peptide.
In another aspect of the invention, candidate agents that modulate at least one enzymatic activity of PSMA are provided. The candidate agents are identified according to the foregoing methods. Thus in certain aspects of the invention, candidate agents that inhibit an enzymatic activity of PSMA are provided, and in other aspects of the invention, candidate agents that enhance an enzymatic activity of PSMA are provided. In certain embodiments, the agent is selected from a combinatorial antibody library, a combinatorial protein library, or a small organic molecule library.
The invention also provides methods for identifying compounds that promote dissociation of PSMA dimers. The methods include contacting a PSMA dimer with a compound under conditions that do not promote dissociation of the PSMA dimer in the absence of the compound, measuring the amount of PSMA monomer and/or dimer; and comparing the amount of PSMA monomer and/or dimer measured in the presence of the compound with that observed in the absence of the compound. An increase in the amount of PSMA monomer measured in the presence of the compound indicates that the compound is capable of promoting dissociation of the PSMA dimer. A decrease in the amount of PSMA dimer measured in the presence of the compound indicates that the compound is capable of promoting dissociation of the PSMA dimer. When the amounts of PSMA monomer and PSMA dimer are measured, the methods can include calculating a ratio of PSMA monomer to PSMA dimer and comparing the ratio obtained in the presence of the compound with that obtained in the absence of the compound. In such methods, an increase in the ratio measured in the presence of the compound indicates that the compound is capable of promoting dissociation of the PSMA dimer.
The use of the foregoing compositions, molecules and agents in the preparation of medicaments also is provided. In preferred embodiments, the medicaments are useful in the treatment of conditions related to hyperproliferative diseases including cancer, and diseases of inappropriate NAALADase activity, folate hydrolase activity, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity and/or γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity.
These and other aspects of the invention will be described in further detail in connection with the detailed description of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts PSMA reactivity of mAbs as determined by flow cytometry. Anti-PSMA mAbs (3.7, 3.9, 3.11, 3.12, 5.4, and 10.3) incubated with either parental 3T3 cells (denoted by black lines) or 3T3 cells engineered to express cell-surface PSMA (3T3-PSMA; gray lines).
FIG. 2 shows a digitized image of immunoprecipitation of PSMA by mAbs. Lysates from 3T3-PSMA cells or parental 3T3 cells were incubated with each mAb and then precipitated using Protein A/G agarose beads. After washing, proteins were resolved on a polyacrylamide gel, blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes and visualized using the MAB544 anti-PSMA mAb.
FIG. 3 shows the recognition of non-denatured PSMA by several PSMA antibodies that recognize PSMA conformation.
FIG. 4 is a digitized image of a Western blot that shows the recognition of denatured PSMA by two PSMA antibodies and shows that antibodies that recognize PSMA conformation do not recognize denatured PSMA.
FIG. 5 is a digitized image of a polyacrylamide gel that shows an analysis of purified recombinant, soluble PSMA (rsPSMA) and of full-length PSMA from 3T3 cells (3T3 PSMA) or LNCaP cells (LNCaP PSMA) by reduced and non-reduced SDS-PAGE.
FIG. 6 is a digitized image of a polyacrylamide gel that depicts a Blue Native PAGE analysis of purified recombinant, soluble PSMA (Purified rsPSMA) and of full-length PSMA extracted from 3T3 cells (3T3 PSMA) or LNCaP cells (LNCaP PSMA).
FIG. 7 shows the effect of four antibodies (mAb 3.9, mAb 5.4, mAb 7.3 and mAb J591) on the enzymatic activity of folate hydrolase through measuring the rate of cleavage of glutamate from methotrexate di-gamma glutamate by folate hydrolase present in 0.0002 μg rsPSMA #7.
FIG. 8 shows the effect of four antibodies (mAb 3.9, mAb 5.4, mAb 7.3 and mAb J591) on the enzymatic activity of folate hydrolase through measuring the rate of cleavage of glutamate from methotrexate di-gamma glutamate by folate hydrolase present in 0.0002 μg rsPSMA #8.
FIG. 9 shows the effect of four antibodies (mAb 3.9, mAb 5.4, mAb 7.3 and mAb J591) on the enzymatic activity of folate hydrolase through measuring the rate of cleavage of glutamate from methotrexate di-gamma glutamate by folate hydrolase present in lysates of C4-2 cells.
FIG. 10 shows the impact of four antibodies (human mAbs 006, 026 and 4.40.2 as well as murine mAb 5.4) on PSMA folate hydrolase activity.
FIG. 11 illustrates the rapid and efficient internalization of 111In labeled mAb 026 incubated with C4-2 cells.
FIG. 12 depicts the cloning protocol for IgG1 antibody cloning into pcDNA. The first four primers shown are set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 34-37, respectively, and the first two amino acid sequences shown are set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 39, respectively.
FIG. 13 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-006.
FIG. 14 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-026.
FIG. 15 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-051.
FIG. 16 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-069.
FIG. 17 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-077.
FIG. 18 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain of antibody PSMA 10.3.
FIG. 19 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-006.
FIG. 20 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-026.
FIG. 21 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-051.
FIG. 22 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-069.
FIG. 23 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain of antibody AB-PG1-XG1-077.
FIG. 24 provides the plasmid map of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain of antibody PSMA 10.3.
FIG. 25 depicts the cytotoxicity of 225Ac-3.9 on LNCaP target cells.
FIG. 26 illustrates the reactivity of anti-PSMA monoclonal antibodies XG-006, XG-051, 4.40.1, 4.49.1, 4.292.1 and 4.304.1 incubated with either parent 3T3 cells (black histogram) or 3T3 cells engineered to express cell-surface human PSMA (red histogram) and analyzed by flow cytometry.
FIG. 27 illustrates the binding of the anti-PSMA Abs. FIG. 27A shows that anti-PSMA mAbs bind to 3T3-PSMA cells and not 3T3 cells. One representative experiment from at least ten determinations is shown. FIG. 27B illustrates that binding to cell-surface PSMA using serial dilutions of anti-PSMA mAb-containing culture supernatants occurred. One representative experiment from five is shown. FIG. 27C shows binding to cell-surface PSMA using serial dilutions of purified anti-PSMA mAbs, XG-006 and 10.3 One representative experiment is shown.
FIG. 28 illustrates the immunotoxin cytotoxicity of murine anti-PSMA antibodies on C4-2 prostate cancer cells. SJ25C-1 as a control antibody is a murine anti-CD19 IgG. The LD 50s (M) for 5.4, 3.9, and mJ591 antibodies were 2.27×10−11, 2.29×10−11 and 8.82×10−11, respectively.
FIG. 29 illustrates the immunotoxin cytotoxicity of murine anti-PSMA antibodies on PSMA-3T3 cells. SJ25C-1 as a control antibody is a murine anti-CD19 IgG. The LD 50s (M) for 5.4, 3.9, and mJ591 antibodies were 1.64×10−11, 1.96×10−11 and 8.90×10−11, respectively.
FIG. 30 provides the cytotoxicity of direct conjugated human 4.304 anti-PSMA antibodies with saporin on PSMA-3T3. The LD50 was 1.48×10−11 M for direct conjugated 4.304 anti-PSMA antibodies with saporin.
FIG. 31 illustrates the results of the competition assay of unmodified 4.304, 4.40, mJ591 anti-PSMA antibodies used to compete with In-111 radiolabeled 4.40 and 4.304 anti-PSMA antibodies.
FIG. 32 illustrates the results of the competition assay of unmodified 4.304, mJ591 anti-PSMA antibodies used to compete with In-111 radiolabeled mJ591 anti-PSMA antibodies.
FIG. 33 shows an analysis of antibody PRGX1-XG-006 in association phase and dissociation phase at different concentrations of rsPSMA from 100 nM to 6.25 nM.
FIG. 34 shows the results of the comparison of the fully human anti-PSMA antibodies 4.40.1, 4.49.1, 051 and 006 and the murine anti-PSMA antibody 3.9 performed using BIACORE analysis.
FIG. 35 provides results from the Scatchard analysis using In-111 labeled anti-PSMA antibody 3.9 of the PSMA-3T3, LNCaP and C4-2 cell lines.
FIG. 36 shows in vitro cytotoxicity of Ac-225 labeled human anti-PSMA antibody 4.40 on prostate cancer cells.
FIG. 37 shows the specific killing of PSMA expressing cells (C4-2) vs. PSMA non-expressing cells (PC-3) treated with 225Ac labeled mAb 026.
FIG. 38 shows the in vitro cytotoxicity of 225Ac labeled mAb 026 on human prostate cancer cell lines (C4-2 and LNCaP).
FIG. 39 shows the in vitro cytotoxicity of 225Ac labeled mAb 026 on human prostate cancer cell line, C4-2, evaluated by 3H thymidine incorporation.
FIG. 40 shows the results of in vivo radioimmunotherapy with Lu-177 labeled human anti-PSMA antibodies.
FIG. 41 provides the radio-HPLC profile and cell-based immunoreactivity of 177Lu labeled antibodies (006, 026, mJ591 and HuIgG (control)).
FIG. 42 shows the specific binding of 177Lu labeled antibodies (006, 026, mJ591 and IgG (control)) to PSMA positive tumors in vivo.
FIG. 43 shows the preferential retention of radiolabeled antibodies (006, 026, mJ591 and HuIgG) in PSMA+ tumors vs. PSMA− tumors as assessed by the percent activity in the tumors.
FIG. 44 provides data for normal organ (blood (FIG. 44A), liver (FIG. 44B), lungs (FIG. 44C), bone (FIG. 44D), kidneys (FIG. 44E), spleen (FIG. 44F), heart (FIG. 44G) and muscle (FIG. 44H)) uptake (injected dose per gram of tissue, % ID/g) for the antibodies (006, 026, mJ591 and HuIgG).
FIG. 45 illustrates the therapeutic efficacy of 177Lu labeled mAb 026 in PSMA-3T3 and 3T3 tumor-bearing mice.
FIG. 46 shows the preferential binding of mAb 006 to rsPSMA dimer.
FIG. 47 shows the preferential binding of mAb 026 to rsPSMA dimer.
FIG. 48 shows the binding of mAb 4.40 to rsPSMA dimer and monomer.
FIG. 49 shows the binding of mAb mJ591 to rsPSMA dimer and monomer.
FIG. 50 is a series of graphs that show flow cytometry data for the binding of anti-PSMA antisera to PSMA-3T3 cells. Antisera from mice immunized with a rsPSMA dimer preparation (ABIM151, ABIM152, ABIM153, ABIM154 and ABIM155) exhibited strong binding to PSMA-expressing cells. Antisera from mice immunized with a rsPSMA monomer preparation (ABIM156, ABIM157, ABIM158, ABIM159 and ABIM160) exhibited little or no binding to PSMA-expressing cells.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof which bind specifically to conformational epitopes on the extracellular domain of PSMA, compositions containing one or a combination of such antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, hybridoma cell lines that produce the antibodies, and methods of using the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a 100 kD Type II membrane glycoprotein expressed in prostate tissues and was originally identified by reactivity with a monoclonal antibody designated 7E11-C5 (Horoszewicz et al., 1987, Anticancer Res. 7:927-935; U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,504). PSMA was obtained in purified form (Wright et al., 1990, Antibody Immunoconjugates and Radio Pharmaceuticals 3:Abstract 193) and characterized as a type II transmembrane protein having sequence identity with the transferrin receptor (Israeli et al., 1994, Cancer Res. 54:1807-1811) and with NAALADase activity (Carter et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:749-753). More importantly, PSMA is expressed in increased amounts in prostate cancer, and elevated levels of PSMA are also detectable in the sera of these patients (Horoszewicz et al., 1987; Rochon et al., 1994, Prostate 25:219-223; Murphy et al., 1995, Prostate 26:164-168; and Murphy et al., 1995, Anticancer Res. 15:1473-1479). PSMA expression increases with disease progression, becoming highest in metastatic, hormone-refractory disease for which there is no present therapy. Provocative recent data indicates that PSMA is also abundantly expressed on the neovasculature of a variety of other important tumors, including bladder, pancreas, sarcoma, melanoma, lung, and kidney tumor cells, but not on normal vasculature.
One aspect of the invention provides an isolated antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof which specifically binds to an extracellular domain of PSMA wherein the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof competitively inhibits the specific binding of a second antibody to its target epitope on PSMA, and wherein the second antibody is selected from the group consisting of PSMA 3.7, PSMA 3.8, PSMA 3.9, PSMA 3.11, PSMA 5.4, PSMA 7.1, PSMA 7.3, PSMA 10.3, PSMA 1.8.3, PSMA A3.1.3, PSMA A3.3.1, 4.248.2, 4.360.3, 4.7.1, 4.4.1, 4.177.3, 4.16.1, 4.22.3, 4.28.3, 4.40.2, 4.48.3, 4.49.1, 4.209.3, 4.219.3, 4.288.1, 4.333.1, 4.54.1, 4.153.1, 4.232.3, 4.292.3, 4.304.1, 4.78.1, and 4.152.1.
Another aspect of the invention provides an isolated antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to an epitope on PSMA defined by an antibody selected from the group consisting of PSMA 3.7, PSMA 3.8, PSMA 3.9, PSMA 3.11, PSMA 5.4, PSMA 7.1, PSMA 7.3, PSMA 10.3, PSMA 1.8.3, PSMA A3.1.3, PSMA A3.3.1, 4.248.2, 4.360.3, 4.7.1, 4.4.1, 4.177.3, 4.16.1, 4.22.3, 4.28.3, 4.40.2, 4.48.3, 4.49.1, 4.209.3, 4.219.3, 4.288.1, 4.333.1, 4.54.1, 4.153.1, 4.232.3, 4.292.3, 4.304.1, 4.78.1, and 4.152.1.
In particular embodiments, these antibodies are produced by hybridomas referred to herein as PSMA 3.7, PSMA 3.8, PSMA 3.9, PSMA 3.11, PSMA 5.4, PSMA 7.1, PSMA 7.3, PSMA 10.3, PSMA 1.8.3, PSMA A3.1.3, PSMA A3.3.1, Abgenix 4.248.2, Abgenix 4.360.3, Abgenix 4.7.1, Abgenix 4.4.1, Abgenix 4.177.3, Abgenix 4.16.1, Abgenix 4.22.3, Abgenix 4.28.3, Abgenix 4.40.2, Abgenix 4.48.3, Abgenix 4.49.1, Abgenix 4.209.3, Abgenix 4.219.3, Abgenix 4.288.1, Abgenix 4.333.1, Abgenix 4.54.1, Abgenix 4.153.1, Abgenix 4.232.3, Abgenix 4.292.3, Abgenix 4.304.1, Abgenix 4.78.1, and Abgenix 4.152.1, respectively. These hybridomas were deposited with ATCC as an International Depository Authority and given the following Patent Deposit Designations (Table 1):










TABLE 1







Patent Deposit



Antibody
Hybridoma/Plasmid
Designation
Date of Deposit







PSMA 3.7
PSMA 3.7
PTA-3257
Apr. 5, 2001


PSMA 3.9
PSMA 3.9
PTA-3258
Apr. 5, 2001


PSMA 3.11
PSMA 3.11
PTA-3269
Apr. 10, 2001


PSMA 5.4
PSMA 5.4
PTA-3268
Apr. 10, 2001


PSMA 7.1
PSMA 7.1
PTA-3292
Apr. 18, 2001


PSMA 7.3
PSMA 7.3
PTA-3293
Apr. 18, 2001


PSMA 10.3
PSMA 10.3
PTA-3347
May 1, 2001



PSMA 10.3 HC in
PTA-4413
May 29, 2002



pcDNA (SEQ ID NO: 7)





PSMA 10.3 Kappa in
PTA-4414
May 29, 2002



pcDNA (SEQ ID NO: 13)




PSMA 1.8.3
PSMA 1.8.3
PTA-3906
Dec. 5, 2001


PSMA A3.1.3
PSMA A3.1.3
PTA-3904
Dec. 5, 2001


PSMA A3.3.1
PSMA A3.3.1
PTA-3905
Dec. 5, 2001


Abgenix 4.248.2
Abgenix 4.248.2
PTA-4427
Jun. 4, 2002


Abgenix 4.360.3
Abgenix 4.360.3
PTA-4428
Jun. 4, 2002


Abgenix 4.7.1
Abgenix 4.7.1
PTA-4429
Jun. 4, 2002


Abgenix 4.4.1
Abgenix 4.4.1
PTA-4556
Jul. 18, 2002


Abgenix 4.177.3
Abgenix 4.177.3
PTA-4557
Jul. 18, 2002


Abgenix 4.16.1
Abgenix 4.16.1
PTA-4357
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.22.3
Abgenix 4.22.3
PTA-4358
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.28.3
Abgenix 4.28.3
PTA-4359
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.40.2
Abgenix 4.40.2
PTA-4360
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.48.3
Abgenix 4.48.3
PTA-4361
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.49.1
Abgenix 4.49.1
PTA-4362
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.209.3
Abgenix 4.209.3
PTA-4365
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.219.3
Abgenix 4.219.3
PTA-4366
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.288.1
Abgenix 4.288.1
PTA-4367
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.333.1
Abgenix 4.333.1
PTA-4368
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.54.1
Abgenix 4.54.1
PTA-4363
May 16, 2002


Abgenix 4.153.1
Abgenix 4.153.1
PTA-4388
May 23, 2002


Abgenix 4.232.3
Abgenix 4.232.3
PTA-4389
May 23, 2002


Abgenix 4.292.3
Abgenix 4.292.3
PTA-4390
May 23, 2002


Abgenix 4.304.1
Abgenix 4.304.1
PTA-4391
May 23, 2002


AB-PG1-XG1-006
AB-PG1-XG1-006 Heavy
PTA-4403
May 29, 2002



Chain (SEQ ID NO: 2)





AB-PG1-XG1-006 Light
PTA-4404




Chain (SEQ ID NO: 8)




AB-PG1-XG1-026
AB-PG1-XG1-026 Heavy
PTA-4405
May 29, 2002



Chain (SEQ ID NO: 3)





AB-PG1-XG1-026 Light
PTA-4406




Chain (SEQ ID NO: 9)




AB-PG1-XG1-051
AB-PG1-XG1-051 Heavy
PTA-4407
May 29, 2002



Chain (SEQ ID NO: 4)





AB-PG1-XG1-051 Light
PTA-4408




Chain (SEQ ID NO: 10)




AB-PG1-XG1-069
AB-PG1-XG1-069 Heavy
PTA-4409
May 29, 2002



Chain (SEQ ID NO: 5)





AB-PG1-XG1-069 Light
PTA-4410




Chain (SEQ ID NO: 11)




AB-PG1-XG1-077
AB-PG1-XG1-077 Heavy
PTA-4411
May 29, 2002



Chain (SEQ ID NO: 6)





AB-PG1-XG1-077 Light
PTA-4412




Chain (SEQ ID NO: 12)









In another aspect of the invention, antibodies having particular sequences are provided. Specifically, the antibodies are selected from the group consisting of antibodies comprising: a heavy chain encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the heavy chain coding region or regions of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 2-7, and a light chain encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the light chain coding region or regions of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 8-13. Also provided are antigen-binding fragments of the foregoing antibodies.
The plasmids encoding the heavy and light chains of antibodies PSMA 10.3, AB-PG1-XG1-006, AB-PG1-XG1-026, AB-PG1-XG1-051, AB-PG1-XG1-069, AB-PG1-XG1-077 were also deposited with ATCC and are shown in Table 1 above. As used herein, the names of the deposited hybridomas or plasmids may be used interchangeably with the names of the antibodies. It would be clear to one of skill in the art when the name is intended to refer to the antibody or when it refers to the plasmids or hybridomas that encode or produce the antibodies, respectively. Additionally, the antibody names may be an abbreviated form of the name shown in Table 1. For instance antibody AB-PG1-XG1-006 may be referred to as AB-PG1-XG1-006, PG1-XG1-006, XG1-006, 006, etc. In another example, the antibody name PSMA 4.232.3 may be referred to as PSMA 4.232.1, 4.232.3, 4.232.1, 4.232, etc. It is intended that all of the variations in the name of the antibody refer to the same antibody and not a different one.
Antibodies are also provided that are encoded by particular sets of heavy and light chain sequences. In one embodiment an antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-006) encoded by a nucleic acid molecule which comprises the coding region or regions of the nucleic acid sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 8 is provided. In another embodiment the antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-026) is encoded by the nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 9. In still another embodiment the antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-051) is encoded by the nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 10. In yet another embodiment the antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-069) is encoded by the nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 11. In another embodiment the antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-077) is encoded by the nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 12. In yet another embodiment the antibody (PSMA 10.3) is encoded by the nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 13.
In particularly preferred embodiments, the antibodies include a heavy chain variable region encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the coding regions or regions of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 14, 18, 22, 26 and 30, and a light chain variable region encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the coding region or region of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32. As used herein, a “coding region” refers to a region of a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide sequence; the coding region can include a region coding for a portion of a protein that is later cleaved off, such as a signal peptide.
Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the invention includes nucleic acids and polypeptides that include nucleotide and amino acid sequences presented herein. In some instances, the nucleotide and amino acid sequences may include sequences that encode or that are signal peptides. The invention embraces each of these sequences with, or without, the portion of the sequence that encodes or is a signal peptide.
Antibodies also are provided that include particular sets of heavy and light chain variable sequences. In one embodiment an antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-006) includes an immunoglobulin variable sequence encoded by nucleic acid molecules which included the coding region or regions of the nucleic acid sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 14 and 16 is provided. Likewise the antibody may include an immunoglobulin variable sequence which comprises the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 17. In another embodiment the antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-026) includes an immunoglobulin variable sequence encoded by nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 20 or includes an immunoglobulin variable sequence which comprises the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 21. In still another embodiment the antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-051) includes an immunoglobulin variable sequence encoded by the nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 24 or includes an immunoglobulin variable sequence which comprises the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 25. In yet another embodiment the antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-069) includes an immunoglobulin variable sequence encoded by the nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 28 or includes an immunoglobulin variable sequence which comprises the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 29. In another embodiment the antibody (AB-PG1-XG1-077) includes an immunoglobulin variable sequence encoded by the nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 32 or includes an immunoglobulin variable sequence which comprises the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 33.
In certain embodiments, the antibody is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that is highly homologous to the foregoing nucleic acid molecules. Preferably the homologous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the nucleotide sequence provided herein. More preferably, the nucleotide sequence is at least about 95% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, or at least about 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence provided herein. The homology can be calculated using various, publicly available software tools well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Exemplary tools include the BLAST system available from the website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Institutes of Health.
One method of identifying highly homologous nucleotide sequences is via nucleic acid hybridization. Thus the invention also includes antibodies having the PSMA-binding properties and other functional properties described herein, which are encoded by nucleic acid molecules that hybridize under high stringency conditions to the foregoing nucleic acid molecules. Identification of related sequences can also be achieved using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other amplification techniques suitable for cloning related nucleic acid sequences. Preferably, PCR primers are selected to amplify portions of a nucleic acid sequence of interest, such as a CDR.
The term “high stringency conditions” as used herein refers to parameters with which the art is familiar. Nucleic acid hybridization parameters may be found in references that compile such methods, e.g. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, et al., eds., Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel, et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. One example of high-stringency conditions is hybridization at 65° C. in hybridization buffer (3.5×SSC, 0.02% FICOLL, 0.02% polyvinyl pyrrolidone, 0.02% Bovine Serum Albumin, 2.5 mM NaH2PO4(pH7), 0.5% SDS, 2 mM EDTA). SSC is 0.15M sodium chloride/0.015M sodium citrate, pH7; SDS is sodium dodecyl sulphate; and EDTA is ethylenediaminetetracetic acid. After hybridization, a membrane upon which the nucleic acid is transferred is washed, for example, in 2×SSC at room temperature and then at 0.1-0.5×SSC/0.1×SDS at temperatures up to 68° C.
In other preferred embodiments, the antibodies include a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 15, 19, 23, 27 and 31, and a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences set forth as: SEQ ID NOs: 17, 21, 25, 29 and 33. Antigen-binding fragments of the foregoing also are provided, as described elsewhere herein.
As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to a glycoprotein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.
The term “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody as used herein, refers to one or more portions of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., PSMA). It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546) which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, V and VH, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883). Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody. These antibody fragments are obtained using conventional procedures, such as proteolytic fragmentation procedures, as described in J. Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp 98-118 (N.Y. Academic Press 1983), which is hereby incorporated by reference as well as by other techniques known to those with skill in the art. The fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intact antibodies.
An “isolated antibody”, as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody which is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds to PSMA is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind antigens other than PSMA). An isolated antibody that specifically binds to an epitope, isoform or variant of PSMA may, however, have cross-reactivity to other related antigens, e.g., from other species (e.g., PSMA species homologs). Moreover, an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals. As used herein, “specific binding” refers to antibody binding to a predetermined antigen. Typically, the antibody binds with an affinity that is at least two-fold greater than its affinity for binding to a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) other than the predetermined antigen or a closely-related antigen.
The isolated antibodies of the invention encompass various antibody isotypes, such as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgAsec, IgD, IgE. As used herein, “isotype” refers to the antibody class (e.g. IgM or IgG1) that is encoded by heavy chain constant region genes. The antibodies can be full length or can include only an antigen-binding fragment such as the antibody constant and/or variable domain of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgAsec, IgD or IgE or could consist of a Fab fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, and a Fv fragment.
The antibodies of the present invention can be polyclonal, monoclonal, or a mixture of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies can be produced by a variety of techniques well known in the art. Procedures for raising polyclonal antibodies are well known. For example anti-PSMA polyclonal antibodies are raised by administering PSMA protein subcutaneously to New Zealand white rabbits which have first been bled to obtain pre-immune serum. The PSMA can be injected at a total volume of 100 μl per site at six different sites, typically with one or more adjustments. The rabbits are then bled two weeks after the first injection and periodically boosted with the same antigen three times every six weeks. A sample of serum is collected 10 days after each boost. Polyclonal antibodies are recovered from the serum, preferably by affinity chromatography using PSMA to capture the antibody. This and other procedures for raising polyclonal antibodies are disclosed in E. Harlow, et. al., editors, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (1988), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Monoclonal antibody production may be effected by techniques which are also well known in the art. The term “monoclonal antibody,” as used herein, refers to a preparation of antibody molecules of single molecular composition. A monoclonal antibody displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope. The process of monoclonal antibody production involves obtaining immune somatic cells with the potential for producing antibody, in particular B lymphocytes, which have been previously immunized with the antigen of interest either in vivo or in vitro and that are suitable for fusion with a B-cell myeloma line.
Mammalian lymphocytes typically are immunized by in vivo immunization of the animal (e.g., a mouse) with the desired protein or polypeptide, e.g., with PSMA in the present invention. Such immunizations are repeated as necessary at intervals of up to several weeks to obtain a sufficient titer of antibodies. Once immunized, animals can be used as a source of antibody-producing lymphocytes. Following the last antigen boost, the animals are sacrificed and spleen cells removed. Mouse lymphocytes give a higher percentage of stable fusions with the mouse myeloma lines described herein. Of these, the BALB/c mouse is preferred. However, other mouse strains, rabbit, hamster, sheep and frog may also be used as hosts for preparing antibody-producing cells. See; Goding (in Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, 2d ed., pp. 60-61, Orlando, Fla., Academic Press, 1986). In particular, mouse strains that have human immunoglobulin genes inserted in the genome (and which cannot produce mouse immunoglobulins) are preferred. Examples include the HUMAB-MOUSE strains produced by Medarex/GenPharm International, and the XENOMOUSE strains produced by Abgenix. Such mice produce fully human immunoglobulin molecules in response to immunization.
Those antibody-producing cells that are in the dividing plasmablast stage fuse preferentially. Somatic cells may be obtained from the lymph nodes, spleens and peripheral blood of antigen-primed animals, and the lymphatic cells of choice depend to a large extent on their empirical usefulness in the particular fusion system. The antibody-secreting lymphocytes are then fused with (mouse) B cell myeloma cells or transformed cells, which are capable of replicating indefinitely in cell culture, thereby producing an immortal, immunoglobulin-secreting cell line. The resulting fused cells, or hybridomas, are cultured, and the resulting colonies screened for the production of the desired monoclonal antibodies. Colonies producing such antibodies are cloned, and grown either in vivo or in vitro to produce large quantities of antibody. A description of the theoretical basis and practical methodology of fusing such cells is set forth in Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256:495 (1975), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Alternatively, human somatic cells capable of producing antibody, specifically B lymphocytes, are suitable for fusion with myeloma cell lines. While B lymphocytes from biopsied spleens, tonsils or lymph nodes of an individual may be used, the more easily accessible peripheral blood B lymphocytes are preferred. The lymphocytes may be derived from patients with diagnosed prostate carcinomas or another PSMA-expressing cancer. In addition, human B cells may be directly immortalized by the Epstein-Barr virus (Cole et al., 1995, Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96). Although somatic cell hybridization procedures are preferred, in principle, other techniques for producing monoclonal antibodies can be employed such as viral or oncogenic transformation of B lymphocytes.
Myeloma cell lines suited for use in hybridoma-producing fusion procedures preferably are non-antibody-producing, have high fusion efficiency, and enzyme deficiencies that render them incapable of growing in certain selective media which support the growth of the desired hybridomas. Examples of such myeloma cell lines that may be used for the production of fused cell lines include P3-X63 μg8, X63-Ag8.653, NS1/1.Ag 4.1, Sp2/0-Ag14, FO, NSO/U, MPC-11, MPC11-X45-GTG 1.7, S194/5XX0 Bul, all derived from mice; R210.RCY3, Y3-Ag 1.2.3, IR983F and 4B210 derived from rats and U-266, GM1500-GRG2, LICR-LON-HMy2, UC729-6, all derived from humans (Goding, in Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, 2d ed., pp. 65-66, Orlando, Fla., Academic Press, 1986; Campbell, in Monoclonal Antibody Technology, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Vol. 13, Burden and Von Knippenberg, eds. pp. 75-83, Amsterdam, Elseview, 1984).
Fusion with mammalian myeloma cells or other fusion partners capable of replicating indefinitely in cell culture is effected by standard and well-known techniques, for example, by using polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) or other fusing agents (See Milstein and Kohler, Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511 (1976), which is hereby incorporated by reference).
In other embodiments, the antibodies can be recombinant antibodies. The term “recombinant antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for another species' immunoglobulin genes, antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial antibody library, or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.
In yet other embodiments, the antibodies can be chimeric or humanized antibodies. As used herein, the term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody, that combines the murine variable or hypervariable regions with the human constant region or constant and variable framework regions. As used herein, the term “humanized antibody” refers to an antibody that retains only the antigen-binding CDRs from the parent antibody in association with human framework regions (see, Waldmann, 1991, Science 252:1657). Such chimeric or humanized antibodies retaining binding specificity of the murine antibody are expected to have reduced immunogenicity when administered in vivo for diagnostic, prophylactic or therapeutic applications according to the invention.
According to an alternative embodiment, the monoclonal antibodies of the present invention can be modified to be in the form of a bispecific antibody, or a multispecific antibody. The term “bispecific antibody” is intended to include any agent, e.g., a protein, peptide, or protein or peptide complex, which has two different binding specificities which bind to, or interact with (a) a cell surface antigen and (b) an Fc receptor on the surface of an effector cell. The term “multispecific antibody” is intended to include any agent, e.g., a protein, peptide, or protein or peptide complex, which has more than two different binding specificities which bind to, or interact with (a) a cell surface antigen, (b) an Fc receptor on the surface of an effector cell, and (c) at least one other component. Accordingly, the invention includes, but is not limited to, bispecific, trispecific, tetraspecific, and other multispecific antibodies which are directed to cell surface antigens, such as PSMA, and to Fc receptors on effector cells. The term “bispecific antibodies” further includes diabodies. Diabodies are bivalent, bispecific antibodies in which the VH and VL domains are expressed on a single polypeptide chain, but using a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain, thereby forcing the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chain and creating two antigen-binding sites (see e.g., Holliger, P., et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448; Poijak, R. J., et al. (1994) Structure 2:1121-1123).
A bispecific antibody can be formed of an antigen-binding region specific for the extracellular domain of PSMA and an antigen-binding region specific for an effector cell which has tumoricidal or tumor inhibitory activity. The two antigen-binding regions of the bispecific antibody are either chemically linked or can be expressed by a cell genetically engineered to produce the bispecific antibody. (See generally, Fanger et al., 1995 Drug News & Perspec. 8(3):133-137). Suitable effector cells having tumoricidal activity include but are not limited to cytotoxic T-cells (primarily CD8+ cells), natural killer cells, etc. An effective amount of a bispecific antibody according to the invention is administered to a prostrate cancer patient and the bispecific antibody kills and/or inhibits proliferation of the malignant cells after localization at sites of primary or metastatic tumors bearing PSMA.
In certain embodiments, the antibodies are human antibodies. The term “human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo). However, the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse have been grafted onto human framework sequences (referred to herein as “humanized antibodies”). Human antibodies directed against PSMA are generated using transgenic mice carrying parts of the human immune system rather than the mouse system.
Fully human monoclonal antibodies also can be prepared by immunizing mice transgenic for large portions of human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain loci. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,669, 5,598,369, 5,545,806, 5,545,807, 6,150,584, and references cited therein, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. These animals have been genetically modified such that there is a functional deletion in the production of endogenous (e.g., murine) antibodies. The animals are further modified to contain all or a portion of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene locus such that immunization of these animals results in the production of fully human antibodies to the antigen of interest. Following immunization of these mice (e.g., XENOMOUSE (Abgenix), HUMAB mice (Medarex/GenPharm)), monoclonal antibodies are prepared according to standard hybridoma technology. These monoclonal antibodies have human immunoglobulin amino acid sequences and therefore will not provoke human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) responses when administered to humans.
Preferably, the mice are 6-16 weeks of age upon the first immunization. For example, a purified or enriched preparation of PSMA antigen (e.g., recombinant PSMA or PSMA-expressing cells) is used to immunize the mice intraperitoneally (IP), although other routes of immunization known to one of ordinary skill in the art are also possible. PSMA antigen is injected in combination with an adjuvant, such as complete Freund's adjuvant, and preferably the initial injection is followed by booster immunizations with antigen in an adjuvant, such as incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The immune response is monitored over the course of the immunization protocol with plasma samples obtained by, for example, retroorbital bleeds. The plasma is screened by ELISA (as described below), and mice with sufficient titers of anti-PSMA human immunoglobulin are used for fusions. Mice are boosted intravenously with antigen 3 days before sacrifice and removal of the spleen.
In particular embodiments, the antibodies are produced by hybridomas referred to herein as PSMA 3.7 (PTA-3257), PSMA 3.8, PSMA 3.9 (PTA-3258), PSMA 3.11 (PTA-3269), PSMA 5.4 (PTA-3268), PSMA 7.1 (PTA-3292), PSMA 7.3 (PTA-3293), PSMA 10.3 (PTA 3247 PTA-3347), PSMA 1.8.3 (PTA-3906), PSMA A3.1.3 (PTA-3904), PSMA A3.3.1 (PTA-3905), Abgenix 4.248.2 (PTA-4427), Abgenix 4.360.3 (PTA-4428), Abgenix 4.7.1 (PTA-4429), Abgenix 4.4.1 (PTA-4556), Abgenix 4.177.3 (PTA-4557), Abgenix 4.16.1 (PTA-4357), Abgenix 4.22.3 (PTA-4358), Abgenix 4.28.3 (PTA-4359), Abgenix 4.40.2 (PTA-4360), Abgenix 4.48.3 (PTA-4361), Abgenix 4.49.1 (PTA-4362), Abgenix 4.209.3 (PTA-4365), Abgenix 4.219.3 (PTA-4366), Abgenix 4.288.1 (PTA-4367), Abgenix 4.333.1 (PTA-4368), Abgenix 4.54.1 (PTA-4363), Abgenix 4.153.1 (PTA-4388), Abgenix 4.232.3 (PTA-4389), Abgenix 4.292.3 (PTA-4390), Abgenix 4.304.1 (PTA-4391), Abgenix 4.78.1 (PTA-4652), and Abgenix 4.152.1 (PTA-4653). These hybridomas were deposited pursuant to, and in satisfaction of, the requirements of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure with the American Type Culture Collection (“ATCC”), having the address 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, as an International Depository Authority and given the Patent Deposit Designations shown above and in Table 1.
The present invention further provides nucleic acid molecules encoding anti-PSMA antibodies and vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules as described herein. The vectors provided can be used to transform or transfect host cells for producing anti-PSMA antibodies with the specificity of antibodies described herein. In a preferred embodiment the antibodies produced will have the specificity of the antibodies AB-PG1-XG1-006, AB-PG1-XG1-026, AB-PG1-XG1-051, AB-PG1, XG1-069, AB-PG1-XG1-077 and PSMA 10.3. In one embodiment the vectors can comprise an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain of the antibodies listed above encoded by a nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding region or regions of the nucleic acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2-7. In another embodiment, the vectors can comprise the nucleic acid sequences encoding the light chain of the antibodies set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 8-13. In a further embodiment the vectors of the invention may comprise a heavy chain and a light chain sequence. In a further embodiment, plasmids are given which produce the antibodies or antigen binding fragments described herein. Plasmids of the invention include plasmids selected from the group consisting of: AB-PG1-XG1-006 Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO: 2), AB-PG1-XG1-006 Light Chain (SEQ ID NO: 8), AB-PG1-XG1-026 Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO: 3), AB-PG1-XG1-026 Light Chain (SEQ ID NO: 9), AB-PG1-XG1-051 Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO: 4), AB-PG1-XG1-051 Light Chain (SEQ ID NO: 10), AB-PG1-XG1-069 Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO: 5), AB-PG1-XG1-069 Light Chain (SEQ ID NO: 11), AB-PG1-XG1-077 Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO: 6), AB-PG1-XG1-077 Light Chain (SEQ ID NO: 12), PSMA 10.3 Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO: 7), and PSMA 10.3 Kappa (SEQ ID NO: 13).
The isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof preferably is selected for its ability to bind live cells expressing PSMA. In order to demonstrate binding of monoclonal antibodies to live cells expressing the PSMA, flow cytometry can be used. For example, cell lines expressing PSMA (grown under standard growth conditions) or prostate cancer cells that express PSMA are mixed with various concentrations of monoclonal antibodies in PBS containing 0.1% TWEEN 80 and 20% mouse serum, and incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. After washing, the cells are reacted with fluorescein-labeled anti-human IgG secondary antibody (if human anti-PSMA antibodies were used) under the same conditions as the primary antibody staining. The samples can be analyzed by a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) instrument using light and side scatter properties to gate on single cells. An alternative assay using fluorescence microscopy may be used (in addition to or instead of) the flow cytometry assay. Cells can be stained exactly as described above and examined by fluorescence microscopy. This method allows visualization of individual cells, but may have diminished sensitivity depending on the density of the antigen.
Binding of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to live cells expressing PSMA can inhibit the growth of the cells or mediate cytolysis of the cells. Cytolysis can be complement mediated or can be mediated by effector cells. In a preferred embodiment, the cytolysis is carried out in a living organism, preferably a mammal, and the live cell is a tumor cell. Examples of tumors which can be targeted by the antibodies of the invention include, any tumor that expresses PSMA, such as, prostate, bladder, pancreas, lung, colon, kidney, melanomas and sarcomas. In a preferred embodiment the tumor cell is a prostate cancer cell.
The testing of antibody cytolytic activity in vitro by chromium release assay can provide an initial screening prior to testing in vivo models. This testing can be carried out using standard chromium release assays. Briefly, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), or other effector cells, from healthy donors can be purified by FICOLL Hypaque density centrifugation, followed by lysis of contaminating erythrocytes. Washed PMNs can be suspended in RPMI supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum and mixed with 51Cr labeled cells expressing PSMA, at various ratios of effector cells to tumor cells (effector cells:tumor cells). Purified anti-PSMA IgGs can then be added at various concentrations. Irrelevant IgG can be used as negative control. Assays can be carried out for 0-120 minutes at 37° C. Samples can be assayed for cytolysis by measuring 51Cr release into the culture supernatant. Anti-PSMA monoclonal antibodies can also be tested in combinations with each other to determine whether cytolysis is enhanced with multiple monoclonal antibodies.
Antibodies which bind to PSMA also can be tested in an in vivo model (e.g., in mice) to determine their efficacy in mediating cytolysis and killing of cells expressing PSMA, e.g., tumor cells. These antibodies can be selected, for example, based on the following criteria, which are not intended to be exclusive:

    
    
        1) binding to live cells expressing PSMA;
        2) high affinity of binding to PSMA;
        3) binding to a unique epitope on PSMA (to eliminate the possibility that antibodies with complimentary activities when used in combination would compete for binding to the same epitope);
        4) opsonization of cells expressing PSMA;
        5) mediation of growth inhibition, phagocytosis and/or killing of cells expressing PSMA in the presence of effector cells;
        6) modulation (inhibition or enhancement) of NAALADase, folate hydrolase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and/or γ-glutamyl hydrolase activities;
        7) growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and/or cytotoxicity in the absence of effector cells;
        8) internalization of PSMA;
        9) binding to a conformational epitope on PSMA;
        10) minimal cross-reactivity with cells or tissues that do not express PSMA; and
        11) preferential binding to dimeric forms of PSMA rather than monomeric forms of PSMA.
    
    


Preferred antibodies of the invention meet one or more, and preferably all, of these criteria. In a particular embodiment, the antibodies are used in combination, e.g., as a pharmaceutical composition comprising two or more different anti-PSMA antibodies or binding fragments thereof. For example, anti-PSMA antibodies having different, but complementary activities can be combined in a single therapy to achieve a desired therapeutic or diagnostic effect. An illustration of this would be a composition containing an anti-PSMA antibody that mediates highly effective killing of target cells in the presence of effector cells, combined with another anti-PSMA antibody that inhibits the growth of cells expressing PSMA.
In a preferred aspect of the invention, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to a conformational epitope within the extracellular domain of the PSMA molecule. To determine if the selected human anti-PSMA antibodies bind to conformational epitopes, each antibody can be tested in assays using native protein (e.g., non-denaturing immunoprecipitation, flow cytometric analysis of cell surface binding) and denatured protein (e.g., Western blot, immunoprecipitation of denatured proteins). A comparison of the results will indicate whether the antibodies bind conformational epitopes. Antibodies that bind to native protein but not denatured protein are those antibodies that bind conformational epitopes, and are preferred antibodies.
In another preferred aspect of the invention, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to a dimer-specific epitope on PSMA. Generally, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof which bind to a dimer-specific epitope preferentially bind the PSMA dimer rather than the PSMA monomer. To determine if the selected human anti-PSMA antibodies bind preferentially (i.e., selectively and/or specifically) to a PSMA dimer, each antibody can be tested in assays (e.g., immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting) using native dimeric PSMA protein and dissociated monomeric PSMA protein. A comparison of the results will indicate whether the antibodies bind preferentially to the dimer or to the monomer. Antibodies that bind to the PSMA dimer but not to the monomeric PSMA protein are preferred antibodies.
Preferred antibodies include antibodies that competitively inhibit the specific binding of a second antibody to its target epitope on PSMA. To determine competitive inhibition, a variety of assays known to one of ordinary skill in the art can be employed. For example, the cross-competition assays set forth in Examples 4 and 21 can be used to determine if an antibody competitively inhibits binding to PSMA by another antibody. These examples provide cell-based methods employing flow cytometry or solid phase binding analysis. Other assays that evaluate the ability of antibodies to cross-compete for PSMA molecules that are not expressed on the surface of cells, in solid phase or in solution phase, also can be used. These assays preferably use the PSMA multimers described herein.
Certain preferred antibodies competitively inhibit the specific binding of a second antibody to its target epitope on PSMA by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%. Inhibition can be assessed at various molar ratios or mass ratios; for example competitive binding experiments can be conducted with a 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 7-fold, 10-fold or more molar excess of the first antibody over the second antibody.
Other preferred antibodies include antibodies that specifically (i.e., selectively) bind to an epitope on PSMA defined by a second antibody. To determine the epitope, one can use standard epitope mapping methods known in the art. For example, fragments (peptides) of PSMA antigen (preferably synthetic peptides) that bind the second antibody can be used to determine whether a candidate antibody binds the same epitope. For linear epitopes, overlapping peptides of a defined length (e.g., 8 or more amino acids) are synthesized. The peptides preferably are offset by 1 amino acid, such that a series of peptides covering every 8 amino acid fragment of the PSMA protein sequence are prepared. Fewer peptides can be prepared by using larger offsets, e.g., 2 or 3 amino acids. In addition, longer peptides (e.g., 9-, 10- or 11-mers) can be synthesized. Binding of peptides to antibodies can be determined using standard methodologies including surface plasmon resonance (BIACORE; see Example 22) and ELISA assays. For examination of conformational epitopes, larger PSMA fragments can be used. Other methods that use mass spectrometry to define conformational epitopes have been described and can be used (see, e.g., Baerga-Ortiz et al., Protein Science 11:1300-1308, 2002 and references cited therein). Still other methods for epitope determination are provided in standard laboratory reference works, such as Unit 6.8 (“Phage Display Selection and Analysis of B-cell Epitopes”) and Unit 9.8 (“Identification of Antigenic Determinants Using Synthetic Peptide Combinatorial Libraries”) of Current Protocols in Immunology, Coligan et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons. Epitopes can be confirmed by introducing point mutations or deletions into a known epitope, and then testing binding with one or more antibodies to determine which mutations reduce binding of the antibodies.
In one embodiment of the invention the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to and is internalized with PSMA expressed on cells. The mechanism by which the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is internalized with the prostate specific membrane antigen is not critical to the practice of the present invention. For example, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can induce internalization of PSMA. Alternatively, internalization of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be the result of routine internalization of PSMA. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be used in an unmodified form, alone or in combination with other compositions. Alternatively, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be bound to a substance effective to kill the cells upon binding of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to prostate specific membrane antigen and upon internalization of the biological agent with the prostate specific membrane antigen.
The human PSMA antibodies of the present invention specifically bind cell-surface PSMA and/or rsPSMA with sub-nanomolar affinity. The human PSMA antibodies of the present invention have binding affinities of about 1×10−9M or less, preferably about 1×10−11 M or less, more preferably 1×1011 M or less. In a particular embodiment the binding affinity is less than about 5×10−10 M.
An antibody can be linked to a detectable marker, an antitumor agent or an immunomodulator. Antitumor agents can include cytotoxic agents and agents that act on tumor neovasculature. Detectable markers include, for example, radioactive or fluorescent markers. Cytotoxic agents include cytotoxic radionuclides, chemical toxins and protein toxins.
The cytotoxic radionuclide or radiotherapeutic isotope preferably is an alpha-emitting isotope such as 225Ac, 211At, 212Bi, 213Bi, 212Pb, 224Ra or 223Ra. Alternatively, the cytotoxic radionuclide may a beta-emitting isotope such as 186Rh, 188Rh, 177Lu, 90Y, 131I, 67Cu, 64Cu, 153 Sm or 166Ho. Further, the cytotoxic radionuclide may emit Auger and low energy electrons and include the isotopes 125I, 123I or 77Br.
Suitable chemical toxins or chemotherapeutic agents include members of the enediyne family of molecules, such as calicheamicin and esperamicin. Chemical toxins can also be taken from the group consisting of methotrexate, doxorubicin, melphalan, chlorambucil, ARA-C, vindesine, mitomycin C, cis-platinum, etoposide, bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil. Other antineoplastic agents that may be conjugated to the anti-PSMA antibodies of the present invention include dolastatins (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,034,065 and 6,239,104) and derivatives thereof. Of particular interest is dolastatin 10 (dolavaline-valine-dolaisoleuine-dolaproine-dolaphenine) and the derivatives auristatin PHE (dolavaline-valine-dolaisoleuine-dolaproine-phenylalanine-methyl ester) (Pettit, G. R. et al., Anticancer Drug Des. 13(4):243-277, 1998; Woyke, T. et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(12):3580-3584, 2001), and aurastatin E and the like. Toxins that are less preferred in the compositions and methods of the invention include poisonous lectins, plant toxins such as ricin, abrin, modeccin, botulina and diphtheria toxins. Of course, combinations of the various toxins could also be coupled to one antibody molecule thereby accommodating variable cytotoxicity. Other chemotherapeutic agents are known to those skilled in the art.
Toxin-conjugated forms of the PSMA antibodies of the present invention mediate specific cell killing of PSMA-expressing cells at picomolar concentrations. The toxin-conjugated PSMA antibodies of the present invention exhibit IC50s at concentrations of less than about 1×10−11 M, preferably less than about 1×10−11 M, more preferably less than about 1×10−12 M. In a particular embodiment an IC50 is achieved at a concentration of less than about 1.5×10−11 M.
Agents that act on the tumor vasculature can include tubulin-binding agents such as combrestatin A4 (Griggs et al., Lancet Oncol. 2:82, 2001), angiostatin and endostatin (reviewed in Rosen, Oncologist 5:20, 2000, incorporated by reference herein) and interferon inducible protein 10 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,292). A number of antiangiogenic agents currently in clinical trials are also contemplated. Agents currently in clinical trials include: 2ME2, Angiostatin, ANGIOZYME, Anti-VEGF RhuMAb, Apra (CT-2584), AVICINE, Benefin, BMS275291, Carboxyamidotriazole, CC4047, CC5013, CC7085, CDC801, CGP-41251 (PKC 412), CM101, Combretastatin A-4 Prodrug, EMD 121974, Endostatin, Flavopiridol, Genistein (GCP), Green Tea Extract, IM-862, ImmTher, Interferon alpha, Interleukin-12, IRESSA (ZD1839), Marimastat, METASTAT(Co1-3), NEOVASTAT, Octreotide, Paclitaxel, Penicillamine, PHOTOFRIN, PHOTOPOINT, PI-88, Prinomastat (AG-3340), PTK787 (ZK22584), R0317453, Solimastat, Squalamine, SU 101, SU 5416, SU-6668, Suradista (FCE 26644), Suramin (Metaret), Tetrathiomolybdate, Thalidomide, TNP-470 and VITAXIN. Additional antiangiogenic agents are described by Kerbel, J. Clin. Oncol. 19(18s):45s-51s, 2001, which is incorporated by reference herein. Immunomodulators suitable for conjugation to anti-PSMA antibodies include α-interferon, γ-interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα).
The coupling of one or more toxin molecules to the anti-PSMA antibody is envisioned to include many chemical mechanisms, for instance covalent binding, affinity binding, intercalation, coordinate binding, and complexation. The toxic compounds used to prepare the anti-PSMA immunotoxins are attached to the antibodies or PSMA-binding fragments thereof by standard protocols known in the art.
The covalent binding can be achieved either by direct condensation of existing side chains or by the incorporation of external bridging molecules. Many bivalent or polyvalent agents are useful in coupling protein molecules to other proteins, peptides or amine functions, etc. For example, the literature is replete with coupling agents such as carbodiimides, diisocyanates, glutaraldehyde, diazobenzenes, and hexamethylene diamines. This list is not intended to be exhaustive of the various coupling agents known in the art but, rather, is exemplary of the more common coupling agents.
In preferred embodiments, it is contemplated that one may wish to first derivatize the antibody, and then attach the toxin component to the derivatized product. Suitable cross-linking agents for use in this manner include, for example, SPDP (N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate), and SMPT, 4-succinimidyl-oxycarbonyl-methyl-(2-pyridyldithio)toluene.
In addition, protein toxins can be fused to the anti-PSMA antibody or PSMA binding fragment by genetic methods to form a hybrid immunotoxin fusion protein. To make a fusion immunotoxin protein in accordance with the invention, a nucleic acid molecule is generated that encodes an anti-PSMA antibody, a fragment of an anti-PSMA antibody, a single chain anti-PSMA antibody, or a subunit of an anti-PSMA antibody linked to a protein toxin. Such fusion proteins contain at least a targeting agent (e.g., anti-PSMA antibody subunit) and a toxin of the invention, operatively attached. The fusion proteins may also include additional peptide sequences, such as peptide spacers which operatively attach the targeting agent and toxin compound, as long as such additional sequences do not appreciably affect the targeting or toxin activities of the fusion protein. The two proteins can be attached by a peptide linker or spacer, such as a glycine-serine spacer peptide, or a peptide hinge, as is well known in the art. Thus, for example, the C-terminus of an anti-PSMA antibody or fragment thereof can be fused to the N-terminus of the protein toxin molecule to form an immunotoxin that retains the binding properties of the anti-PSMA antibody. Other fusion arrangements will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
To express the fusion immunotoxin, the nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein is inserted into an expression vector in accordance with standard methods, for stable expression of the fusion protein, preferably in mammalian cells, such as CHO cells. The fusion protein can be isolated and purified from the cells or culture supernatant using standard methodology, such as a PSMA affinity column.
Radionuclides typically are coupled to an antibody by chelation. For example, in the case of metallic radionuclides, a bifunctional chelator is commonly used to link the isotope to the antibody or other protein of interest. Typically, the chelator is first attached to the antibody, and the chelator-antibody conjugate is contacted with the metallic radioisotope. A number of bifunctional chelators have been developed for this purpose, including the diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) series of amino acids described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,124,471, 5,286,850 and 5,434,287, which are incorporated herein by reference. As another example, hydroxamic acid-based bifunctional chelating agents are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,825, the contents of which are incorporated herein. Another example is the chelating agent termed p-SCN-Bz-HEHA (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclo-octadecane-N,N′,N′′,N′′′,N′′′′,N′′′′′-hexaacetic acid) (Deal et al., J. Med. Chem. 42:2988, 1999), which is an effective chelator of radiometals such as 225Ac. Yet another example is DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetraacetic acid), which is a bifunctional chelating agent (see McDevitt et al., Science 294:1537-1540, 2001) that can be used in a two-step method for labeling followed by conjugation.
In another aspect, the invention provides compositions comprising an isolated antibody, an antibody derivatized or linked to other functional moieties, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof or a combination of one or more of the aforementioned antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof. The compositions include a physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or stabilizer mixed with the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions include a combination of multiple (e.g., two or more) isolated antibodies or antigen-binding portions thereof of the invention. Preferably, each of the antibodies or antigen-binding portions thereof of the composition binds to a distinct conformational epitope of PSMA. In one embodiment, anti-PSMA antibodies having complementary activities are used in combination, e.g., as a pharmaceutical composition, comprising two or more anti-PSMA antibodies. For example, an antibody that mediates highly effective cytolysis of target cells in the presence of effector cells can be combined with another antibody that inhibits the growth of cells expressing PSMA. As used herein, “target cell” shall mean any undesirable cell in a subject (e.g., a human or animal) that can be targeted by a composition of the invention. In preferred embodiments, the target cell is a cell expressing or overexpressing PSMA. Cells expressing PSMA typically include tumor cells, such as prostate, bladder, pancreas, lung, kidney, colon tumor cells, melanomas, and sarcomas.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention also can be administered in combination therapy, i.e., combined with other agents. For example, the combination therapy can include a composition of the present invention with at least one anti-tumor agent, immunomodulator, immunostimulatory agent, or other conventional therapy. The agent may be bound or conjugated to or formed as a recombinant fusion molecule with the PSMA antibodies of the present invention for directed targeting of the agent to PSMA-expressing cells.
The PSMA antibodies of the present invention may be used as a targeting moiety for delivery of replication-selective virus to PSMA-expressing cells for tumor therapy. Replication-competent virus such as the p53 pathway targeting adenovirus mutant dl1520, ONYX-015, kill tumor cells selectively (Biederer, C. et al., J. Mol. Med. 80(3):163-175, 2002).
As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “physiologically acceptable carrier” includes any and all salts, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. Preferably, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion). Depending on the route of administration, the active compound, i.e., antibody may be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of acids and other natural conditions that may inactivate the compound.
When administered, the pharmaceutical preparations of the invention are applied in pharmaceutically-acceptable amounts and in pharmaceutically-acceptable compositions. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients. Such preparations may routinely contain salts, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, and optionally other therapeutic agents, such as supplementary immune potentiating agents including adjuvants, chemokines and cytokines. When used in medicine, the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention.
A salt retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see e.g., Berge, S. M., et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 1-19). Examples of such salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts. Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids and the like. Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like.
An anti-PSMA antibody composition may be combined, if desired, with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” as used herein means one or more compatible solid or liquid fillers, diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration into a human. The term “carrier” denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application. The components of the pharmaceutical compositions also are capable of being co-mingled with the molecules of the present invention, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficacy.
The pharmaceutical compositions may contain suitable buffering agents, including: acetic acid in a salt; citric acid in a salt; boric acid in a salt; and phosphoric acid in a salt.
The pharmaceutical compositions also may contain, optionally, suitable preservatives, such as: benzalkonium chloride; chlorobutanol; parabens and thimerosal.
The pharmaceutical compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active agent into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active compound into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
Compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous preparation of anti-PSMA antibodies, which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient. This preparation may be formulated according to known methods using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation also may be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butane diol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may be used in the preparation of injectables. Carrier formulations suitable for oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. administration can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
The active compounds can be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978.
The therapeutics of the invention can be administered by any conventional route, including injection or by gradual infusion over time. The administration may, for example, be oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracavity, intratumor, or transdermal. When antibodies are used therapeutically, preferred routes of administration include intravenous and by pulmonary aerosol. Techniques for preparing aerosol delivery systems containing antibodies are well known to those of skill in the art. Generally, such systems should utilize components which will not significantly impair the biological properties of the antibodies, such as the paratope binding capacity (see, for example, Sciarra and Cutie, “Aerosols,” in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, 1990, pp. 1694-1712; incorporated by reference). Those of skill in the art can readily determine the various parameters and conditions for producing antibody aerosols without resorting to undue experimentation.
The compositions of the invention are administered in effective amounts. An “effective amount” is that amount of an anti-PSMA antibody composition that alone, or together with further doses, produces the desired response, e.g. treats a malignancy in a subject. This may involve only slowing the progression of the disease temporarily, although more preferably, it involves halting the progression of the disease permanently. This can be monitored by routine methods. The desired response to treatment of the disease or condition also can be delaying the onset or even preventing the onset of the disease or condition.
Such amounts will depend, of course, on the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition, the individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size and weight, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), the specific route of administration and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the health practitioner. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is generally preferred that a maximum dose of the individual components or combinations thereof be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that a patient may insist upon a lower dose or tolerable dose for medical reasons, psychological reasons or for virtually any other reasons.
The pharmaceutical compositions used in the foregoing methods preferably are sterile and contain an effective amount of anti-PSMA antibodies for producing the desired response in a unit of weight or volume suitable for administration to a patient. The response can, for example, be measured by determining the physiological effects of the anti-PSMA antibody composition, such as regression of a tumor or decrease of disease symptoms. Other assays will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art and can be employed for measuring the level of the response.
The doses of anti-PSMA antibodies administered to a subject can be chosen in accordance with different parameters, in particular in accordance with the mode of administration used and the state of the subject. Other factors include the desired period of treatment. In the event that a response in a subject is insufficient at the initial doses applied, higher doses (or effectively higher doses by a different, more localized delivery route) may be employed to the extent that patient tolerance permits.
In general, doses can range from about 10 μg/kg to about 100,000 μg/kg. Based upon the composition, the dose can be delivered continuously, such as by continuous pump, or at periodic intervals. Desired time intervals of multiple doses of a particular composition can be determined without undue experimentation by one skilled in the art. Other protocols for the administration of anti-PSMA antibody compositions will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, in which the dose amount, schedule of administration, sites of administration, mode of administration and the like vary from the foregoing.
In general, doses of radionuclide delivered by the anti-PSMA antibodies of the invention can range from about 0.01 mCi/Kg to about 10 mCi/kg. Preferably the dose of radionuclide ranges from about 0.1 mCi/Kg to about 1.0 mCi/kg. The optimal dose of a given isotope can be determined empirically by simple routine titration experiments well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
Administration of anti-PSMA antibody compositions to mammals other than humans, e.g. for testing purposes or veterinary therapeutic purposes, is carried out under substantially the same conditions as described above.
The compositions (antibodies to PSMA and derivatives/conjugates thereof) of the present invention have in vitro and in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic utilities. For example, these molecules can be administered to cells in culture, e.g. in vitro or ex vivo, or in a subject, e.g., in vivo, to treat, prevent or diagnose a variety of disorders. As used herein, the term “subject” is intended to include humans and non-human animals. Preferred subjects include a human patient having a disorder characterized by expression, typically aberrant expression (e.g., overexpression) of PSMA.
One aspect of the present invention relates to a method of detecting cancerous cells or portions thereof in a biological sample (e.g., histological or cytological specimens, biopsies and the like), and, in particular, to distinguish malignant tumors from normal tissues and non-malignant tumors. This method involves providing an antibody or an antigen-binding binding fragment thereof, probe, or ligand, which binds to an extracellular domain of PSMA of such cells, e.g., an anti-PSMA antibody. The anti-PSMA antibody is bound to a label that permits the detection of the cells or portions thereof (e.g., PSMA or fragments thereof liberated from such cancerous cells) upon binding of the anti-PSMA antibody to the cells or portions thereof. The biological sample is contacted with the labeled anti-PSMA antibody under conditions effective to permit binding of the anti-PSMA antibody to the extracellular domain of PSMA of any of the cells or portions thereof in the biological sample. The presence of any cells or portions thereof in the biological sample is detected by detection of the label. In one preferred form, the contact between the anti-PSMA antibody and the biological sample is carried out in a living mammal and involves administering the anti-PSMA antibody to the mammal under conditions that permit binding of the anti-PSMA antibody to PSMA of any of the cells or portions thereof in the biological sample. Again, such administration can be carried out by any suitable method known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
In addition, the anti-PSMA antibodies of the present invention can be used in immunofluorescence techniques to examine human tissue, cell and bodily fluid specimens. In a typical protocol, slides containing cryostat sections of frozen, unfixed tissue biopsy samples or cytological smears are air dried, formalin or acetone fixed, and incubated with the monoclonal antibody preparation in a humidified chamber at room temperature. The slides are then washed and further incubated with a preparation of a secondary antibody directed against the monoclonal antibody, usually some type of anti-mouse immunoglobulin if the monoclonal antibodies used are derived from the fusion of a mouse spleen lymphocyte and a mouse myeloma cell line. This secondary antibody is tagged with a compound, for instance rhodamine or fluorescein isothiocyanate, that fluoresces at a particular wavelength. The staining pattern and intensities within the sample are then determined by fluorescent light microscopy and optionally photographically recorded.
As yet another alternative, computer enhanced fluorescence image analysis or flow cytometry can be used to examine tissue specimens or exfoliated cells, i.e., single cell preparations from aspiration biopsies of tumors using the anti-PSMA antibodies of this invention. The anti-PSMA antibodies of the invention are particularly useful in quantitation of live tumor cells, i.e., single cell preparations from aspiration biopsies of prostate tumors by computer enhanced fluorescence image analyzer or with a flow cytometer. The antibodies of the invention are particularly useful in such assays to differentiate benign from malignant prostate tumors since the PSMA protein to which the anti-PSMA antibodies bind is expressed in increased amounts by malignant tumors as compared to benign prostate tumors. The percent PSMA positive cell population, alone or in conjunction with determination of other attributes of the cells (e.g., DNA ploidy of these cells), may, additionally, provide very useful prognostic information by providing an early indicator of disease progression.
In yet another alternative embodiment, the antibodies of the present invention can be used in combination with other known antibodies to provide additional information regarding the malignant phenotype of a cancer.
The method of the present invention can be used to screen patients for diseases associated with the presence of cancerous cells or portions thereof. Alternatively, it can be used to identify the recurrence of such diseases, particularly when the disease is localized in a particular biological material of the patient. For example, recurrence of prostatic disease in the prostatic fossa may be encountered following radical prostatectomy. Using the method of the present invention, this recurrence can be detected by administering a short range radiolabeled antibody to the mammal and then detecting the label rectally, such as with a transrectal detector probe.
Alternatively, the contacting step can be carried out in a sample of serum or urine or other body fluids, including but not limited to seminal fluid, prostatic fluid, ejaculate, and the like, such as to detect the presence of PSMA in the body fluid. When the contacting is carried out in a serum or urine sample, it is preferred that the biological agent recognize substantially no antigens circulating in the blood other than PSMA. Since intact cells do not excrete or secrete PSMA into the extracellular environment, detecting PSMA in serum, urine, or other body fluids generally indicates that cells are being lysed or shed. Thus, the biological agents and methods of the present invention can be used to determine the effectiveness of a cancer treatment protocol by monitoring the level of PSMA in serum, urine or other body fluids.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the method of detecting cancerous cells in accordance with the present invention, the anti-PSMA antibodies or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, binds to and is internalized with the prostate specific membrane antigen of such cells. Again, the biological agent is bound to a label effective to permit detection of the cells or portions thereof upon binding of the biological agent to and internalization of the biological agent with the prostate specific membrane antigen.
Biological agents suitable for detecting cancerous cells include anti-PSMA antibodies, such as monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. In addition, antibody fragments, half-antibodies, hybrid derivatives, probes, and other molecular constructs may be utilized. These biological agents, such as antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, probes, or ligands, bind to extracellular domains of prostate specific membrane antigens or portions thereof in cancerous cells. As a result, the biological agents bind not only to cells which are fixed or cells whose intracellular antigenic domains are otherwise exposed to the extracellular environment. Consequently, binding of the biological agents is concentrated in areas where there are prostate cells, irrespective of whether these cells are fixed or unfixed, viable or necrotic. Additionally or alternatively, these biological agents bind to and are internalized with prostate specific membrane antigens or portions thereof in normal, benign hyperplastic, and to a greater degree in cancerous cells.
The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can also be utilized in in vivo therapy of cancer. The antibodies can be used alone or covalently attached, either directly or via linker, to a compound which kills and/or inhibits proliferation of the malignant cells or tissues following administration and localization of the conjugates. When the antibody is used by itself, it may mediate tumor destruction by complement fixation or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Alternatively, the antibody may be administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic drug to result in synergistic therapeutic effects (Baslya and Mendelsohn, 1994 Breast Cancer Res. and Treatment 29:127-138). A variety of different types of substances can be directly conjugated to the antibody for therapeutic uses, including radioactive metal and non-metal isotopes, chemotherapeutic drugs, toxins, etc. as described above and known in the art (see, e.g., Vitetta and Uhr, 1985, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 3:197).
The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the invention can also be administered together with complement. Accordingly, within the scope of the invention are compositions comprising antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof and serum or complement. These compositions are advantageous in that the complement is located in close proximity to the human antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof. Alternatively, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the invention and the complement or serum can be administered separately.
The antibodies can be administered with one or more immunostimulatory agents to induce or enhance an immune response, such as IL-2 and immunostimulatory oligonucleotides (e.g., those containing CpG motifs). Preferred immunostimulatory agents stimulate specific arms of the immune system, such as natural killer (NK) cells that mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Antigens, such as the PSMA dimers described herein, can be administered with one or more adjuvants to induce or enhance an immune response. An adjuvant is a substance which potentiates the immune response. Adjuvants of many kinds are well known in the art. Specific examples of adjuvants include monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL, SmithKline Beecham); saponins including QS21 (SmithKline Beecham); immunostimulatory oligonucleotides (e.g., CpG oligonucleotides described by Kreig et al., Nature 374:546-9, 1995); incomplete Freund's adjuvant; complete Freund's adjuvant; MONTANIDE; vitamin E and various water-in-oil emulsions prepared from biodegradable oils such as squalene and/or tocopherol, Quil A, Ribi Detox, CRL-1005, L-121, and combinations thereof.
Other agents which stimulate the immune response of the subject to PSMA multimer antigens can also be administered to the subject. For example, cytokines are also useful in vaccination protocols as a result of their lymphocyte regulatory properties. Many cytokines useful for such purposes will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including interleukin-2 (IL-2); IL-4; IL-5; IL-12, which has been shown to enhance the protective effects of vaccines (see, e.g., Science 268: 1432-1434, 1995); GM-CSF; IL-15; IL-18; combinations thereof, and the like. Thus cytokines can be administered in conjunction with antibodies, antigens, chemokines and/or adjuvants to increase an immune response.
Chemokines useful in increasing immune responses include but are not limited to SLC, ELC, MIP3α, MIP3β, IP-10, MIG, and combinations thereof.
The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the present invention can be used in conjunction with other therapeutic treatment modalities. Such other treatments include surgery, radiation, cryosurgery, thermotherapy, hormone treatment, chemotherapy, vaccines, and other immunotherapies.
Also encompassed by the present invention is a method which involves using the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof for prophylaxis. For example, these materials can be used to prevent or delay development or progression of cancer.
Use of the cancer therapy of the present invention has a number of benefits. Since the anti-PSMA antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof according to the present invention preferentially target prostate cancer cells, other tissue is spared. As a result, treatment with such biological agents is safer, particularly for elderly patients. Treatment according to the present invention is expected to be particularly effective, because it directs high levels of anti-PSMA antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof to the bone marrow and lymph nodes where prostate cancer metastases predominate. Moreover, tumor sites for prostate cancer tend to be small in size and, therefore, easily destroyed by cytotoxic agents. Treatment in accordance with the present invention can be effectively monitored with clinical parameters such as serum prostate specific antigen and/or pathological features of a patient's cancer, including stage, Gleason score, extracapsular, seminal, vesicle or perineural invasion, positive margins, involved lymph nodes, etc. Alternatively, these parameters can be used to indicate when such treatment should be employed.
Because the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the present invention bind to living cells, therapeutic methods using these biological agents are much more effective than those which target lysed cells. For the same reasons, diagnostic and imaging methods which determine the location of living normal, benign hyperplastic, or cancerous cells are much improved by employing the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the present invention. In addition, the ability to differentiate between living and dead cells can be advantageous, especially to monitor the effectiveness of a particular treatment regimen.
Also within the scope of the invention are kits comprising the compositions of the invention and instructions for use. The kits can further contain at least one additional reagent, such as complement, or one or more additional antibodies of the invention (e.g., an antibody having a complementary activity which binds to an epitope in PSMA antigen distinct from the first antibody). Other kits can include the PSMA multimers described hereinbelow.
Kits containing the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the invention can be prepared for in vitro diagnosis, prognosis and/or monitoring cancer by the immunohistological, immunocytological and immunoserological methods described above. The components of the kits can be packaged either in aqueous medium or in lyophilized form. When the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are used in the kits in the form of conjugates in which a label moiety is attached, such as an enzyme or a radioactive metal ion, the components of such conjugates can be supplied either in fully conjugated form, in the form of intermediates or as separate moieties to be conjugated by the user or the kit.
A kit may comprise a carrier being compartmentalized to receive in close confinement therein one or more container means or series of container means such as test tubes, vials, flasks, bottles, syringes, or the like. A first of said container means or series of container means may contain one or more anti-PSMA antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof or PSMA. A second container means or series of container means may contain a label or linker-label intermediate capable of binding to the primary anti-PSMA antibodies (or fragment thereof).
Kits for use in in vivo tumor localization and therapy method containing the anti-PSMA antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof conjugated to other compounds or substances can be prepared. The components of the kits can be packaged either in aqueous medium or in lyophilized form. When the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are used in the kits in the form of conjugates in which a label or a therapeutic moiety is attached, such as a radioactive metal ion or a therapeutic drug moiety, the components of such conjugates can be supplied either in fully conjugated form, in the form of intermediates or as separate moieties to be conjugated by the user of the kit.
In one aspect of the invention, a method for modulating at least one enzymatic activity of PSMA, the activity selected from the group consisting of N-acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase), folate hydrolase, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV and γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity or combination thereof in vitro or in vivo. The modulation may be enhancement or inhibition of at least one enzymatic activity of PSMA.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides methods for inhibiting at least one enzymatic activity of PSMA, the activity selected from the group consisting of N-acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase), folate hydrolase, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV and γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity or combination thereof in vitro or in vivo. The method comprises contacting a NAALADase, a folate hydrolase, a dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV and/or a γ-glutamyl hydrolase with an amount of an isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of the invention under conditions wherein the isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof inhibits NAALADase, folate hydrolase, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV or γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity.
Tissue levels of NAALADase can be determined by detergent solubilizing homogenizing tissues, pelleting the insoluble material by centrifugation and measuring the NAALADase activity in the remaining supernatant. Likewise, the NAALADase activity in bodily fluids can also be measured by first pelleting the cellular material by centrifugation and performing a typical enzyme assay for NAALADase activity on the supernatant. NAALADase enzyme assays have been described by Frieden, 1959, J. Biol, Chem., 234:2891. In this assay, the reaction product of the NAALADase enzyme is glutamic acid. This is derived from the enzyme catalyzed cleavage of N-acetylaspartylglutamate to yield N-acetylaspartic acid and glutamic acid. Glutamic acid, in a NAD(P)+ requiring step, yields 2-oxoglutarate plus NAD(P)H in a reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. Progress of the reaction can easily and conveniently be measured by the change in absorbance at 340 nm due to the conversion of NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H.
Folate hydrolase activity of PSMA can be measured by performing enzyme assays as described by Heston and others (e.g., Clin. Cancer Res. 2(9):1445-51, 1996; Urology 49(3A Suppl): 104-12, 1997). Folate hydrolases such as PSMA remove the gamma-linked glutamates from polyglutamated folates. Folate hydrolase activity can be measured using substrates such as methotrexate tri-gamma glutamate (MTXGlu3), methotrexate di-gamma glutamate (MTXGlu2) and pteroylpentaglutamate (PteGlu5), for example using capillary electrophoresis (see Clin. Cancer Res. 2(9):1445-51, 1996). Timed incubations of PSMA with polyglutamated substrates is followed by separation and detection of hydrolysis products.
The invention also includes isolated antibodies and binding fragments thereof that selectively bind PSMA multimers. As used herein, particularly with respect to the binding of PSMA multimers by the anti-PSMA antibodies and binding fragments, “selectively binds” means that an antibody preferentially binds to a PSMA protein multimer (e.g., with greater avidity, greater binding affinity) rather than to a PSMA protein monomer. In preferred embodiments, the antibodies of the invention bind to a PSMA protein multimer with an avidity and/or binding affinity that is 1.1-fold, 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.8-fold, 1.9-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 7-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 70-fold, 100-fold, 200-fold, 300-fold, 500-fold, 1000-fold or more than that exhibited by the antibody for a PSMA protein monomer. Preferably, the antibody selectively binds a PSMA protein multimer, and not a PSMA protein monomer, i.e., substantially exclusively binds to a PSMA protein multimer. Most preferably, the antibody selectively binds a PSMA protein dimer.
The isolated antibody or binding fragment that selectively binds a PSMA protein multimer can, in some embodiments, modulate enzymatic activity of the PSMA protein multimer. In one such embodiment, the antibody inhibits at least one enzymatic activity such as NAALADase activity, folate hydrolase activity, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity, γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity, or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the antibody enhances at least one enzymatic activity such as NAALADase activity, folate hydrolase activity, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity, γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity, or combinations thereof.
A PSMA protein multimer, as used herein, is a protein complex of at least two PSMA proteins or fragments thereof. The PSMA protein multimers can be composed of various combinations of full-length PSMA proteins (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1), recombinant soluble PSMA (rsPSMA, e.g., amino acids 44-750 of SEQ ID NO:1) and fragments of the foregoing that form multimers (i.e., that retain the protein domain required for forming dimers and/or higher order multimers of PSMA). In preferred embodiments, at least one of the PSMA proteins forming the multimer is a recombinant, soluble PSMA (rsPSMA) polypeptide. Preferred PSMA protein multimers are dimers, particularly those formed from recombinant soluble PSMA protein. A particularly preferred embodiment is a rsPSMA homodimer.
The PSMA protein multimers referred to herein are believed to assume a native conformation and preferably have such a conformation. The PSMA proteins in certain embodiments are noncovalently bound together to form the PSMA protein multimer. For example, it has been discovered that PSMA protein noncovalently associates to form dimers under non-denaturing conditions, as described in the Examples below.
The PSMA protein multimers can, and preferably do, retain the activities of PSMA. The PSMA activity may be an enzymatic activity, such as folate hydrolase activity, NAALADase activity, dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity. Methods for testing the PSMA activity of multimers are well known in the art (reviewed by O'Keefe et al. in: Prostate Cancer: Biology, Genetics, and the New Therapeutics, L. W. K. Chung, W. B. Isaacs and J. W. Simons (eds.) Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., 2000, pp. 307-326), some of which are described in the Examples herein below.
In certain aspects, the invention also includes compositions including one or more of the isolated PSMA protein multimers described herein, such as the PSMA protein dimer. In preferred embodiments, a PSMA protein multimer composition contains at least about 10% PSMA protein multimer. In other embodiments, the PSMA protein multimer composition contains at least about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 99.5% PSMA protein multimer. In a preferred embodiment, the PSMA protein multimer composition contains substantially pure PSMA protein multimer, with substantially no PSMA protein monomer. It is understood that the list of specific percentages includes by inference all of the unnamed percentages between the recited percentages.
As used herein with respect to polypeptides, proteins or fragments thereof, “isolated” means separated from its native environment and present in sufficient quantity to permit its identification or use. Isolated, when referring to a protein or polypeptide, means, for example: (i) selectively produced by expression cloning or (ii) purified as by chromatography or electrophoresis. Isolated proteins or polypeptides may be, but need not be, substantially pure. The term “substantially pure” means that the proteins or polypeptides are essentially free of other substances with which they may be found in nature or in vivo systems to an extent practical and appropriate for their intended use. Substantially pure polypeptides may be produced by techniques well known in the art. Because an isolated protein may be admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in a pharmaceutical preparation, the protein may comprise only a small percentage by weight of the preparation. The protein is nonetheless isolated in that it has been separated from the substances with which it may be associated in living systems, i.e. isolated from other proteins.
Fragments of a PSMA protein preferably are those fragments which retain a distinct functional capability of the PSMA protein. Functional capabilities which can be retained in a fragment include binding of other PSMA molecules to form dimers and higher order multimers, interaction with antibodies, interaction with other polypeptides or fragments thereof, and enzymatic activity. Other PSMA protein fragments, e.g., other recombinant soluble fragments of SEQ ID NO: 1, can be selected according to their functional properties. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art can prepare PSMA fragments recombinantly and test those fragments according to the methods exemplified below.
Modifications to a PSMA polypeptide are typically made to the nucleic acid which encodes the PSMA polypeptide, and can include deletions, point mutations, truncations, amino acid substitutions and additions of amino acids or non-amino acid moieties. Alternatively, modifications can be made directly to the polypeptide, such as by cleavage, addition of a linker molecule, addition of a detectable moiety, such as biotin, addition of a fatty acid, and the like. Modifications also embrace fusion proteins comprising all or part of the PSMA amino acid sequence.
In general, modified PSMA polypeptides include polypeptides which are modified specifically to alter a feature of the polypeptide unrelated to its physiological activity. For example, cysteine residues can be substituted or deleted to prevent unwanted disulfide linkages. Similarly, certain amino acids can be changed to enhance expression of a PSMA polypeptide by eliminating proteolysis by proteases in an expression system (e.g., dibasic amino acid residues in yeast expression systems in which KEX2 protease activity is present).
Modifications conveniently are prepared by altering a nucleic acid molecule that encodes the PSMA polypeptide. Mutations of a nucleic acid which encode a PSMA polypeptide preferably preserve the amino acid reading frame of the coding sequence, and preferably do not create regions in the nucleic acid which are likely to hybridize to form secondary structures, such a hairpins or loops, which can be deleterious to expression of the modified polypeptide.
Modifications can be made by selecting an amino acid substitution, or by random mutagenesis of a selected site in a nucleic acid which encodes the PSMA polypeptide. Modified PSMA polypeptides then can be expressed and tested for one or more activities (e.g., antibody binding, enzymatic activity, multimeric stability) to determine which mutation provides a modified polypeptide with the desired properties. Further mutations can be made to modified PSMA polypeptides (or to non-modified PSMA polypeptides) which are silent as to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide, but which provide preferred codons for translation in a particular host. The preferred codons for translation of a nucleic acid in, e.g., E. coli, are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Still other mutations can be made to the noncoding sequences of a PSMA coding sequence or cDNA clone to enhance expression of the polypeptide. The activity of modified PSMA polypeptides can be tested by cloning the gene encoding the modified PSMA polypeptide into a bacterial or mammalian expression vector, introducing the vector into an appropriate host cell, expressing the modified PSMA polypeptide, and testing for a functional capability of the PSMA polypeptides as disclosed herein. The foregoing procedures are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
The skilled artisan will also realize that conservative amino acid substitutions may be made in PSMA polypeptides to provide functionally equivalent PSMA polypeptides, i.e., modified PSMA polypeptides that retain the functional capabilities of PSMA polypeptides. As used herein, a “conservative amino acid substitution” refers to an amino acid substitution which does not alter the relative charge or size characteristics of the protein in which the amino acid substitution is made. Modified PSMA polypeptides can be prepared according to methods for altering polypeptide sequence known to one of ordinary skill in the art such as are found in references which compile such methods, e.g. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, et al., eds., Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel, et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Exemplary functionally equivalent PSMA polypeptides include conservative amino acid substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 1, or fragments thereof, such as the recombinant soluble PSMA polypeptide (amino acids 44-750 of SEQ ID NO: 1). Conservative substitutions of amino acids include substitutions made amongst amino acids within the following groups: (a) M, I, L, V; (b) F, Y, W; (c) K, R, H; (d) A, G; (e) S, T; (f) Q, N; and (g) E, D.
Conservative amino-acid substitutions in PSMA polypeptides typically are made by alteration of a nucleic acid encoding a PSMA polypeptide. Such substitutions can be made by a variety of methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, amino acid substitutions may be made by PCR-directed mutation, site-directed mutagenesis, or by chemical synthesis of a gene encoding a PSMA polypeptide. Where amino acid substitutions are made to a small fragment of a PSMA polypeptide, the substitutions can be made by directly synthesizing the peptide. The activity of functionally equivalent fragments of PSMA polypeptides can be tested by cloning the gene encoding the altered PSMA polypeptide into a bacterial or mammalian expression vector, introducing the vector into an appropriate host cell, expressing the altered PSMA polypeptide, and testing for a functional capability of the PSMA polypeptides as disclosed herein.
The PSMA protein multimers as described herein have a number of uses, some of which are described elsewhere herein. The multimers are useful for testing of compounds that modulate PSMA enzymatic activity or PSMA multimerization. The multimers can be used to isolate antibodies that selectively bind PSMA, including those selective for conformational epitopes, those selective for binding PSMA multimers and not PSMA monomers, and those that selectively modulate an enzymatic activity of PSMA. The multimers, particularly dimeric PSMA, also can be used to induce or increase immune responses to PSMA, as vaccine compositions.
Agents that selectively modulate an enzymatic activity of PSMA include agents that inhibit or enhance at least one enzymatic activity of PSMA, such as NAALADase activity, folate hydrolase activity, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV activity, γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity, or combinations thereof.
Thus methods of screening for candidate agents that modulate at least one enzymatic activity of a PSMA enzyme are provided in accordance with the invention. The methods can include mixing the candidate agent with an isolated PSMA protein multimer to form a reaction mixture, thereby contacting the PSMA enzyme with the candidate agent. The methods also include adding a substrate for the PSMA enzyme to the reaction mixture, and determining the amount of a product formed from the substrate by the PSMA enzyme. Such methods are adaptable to automated, high-throughput screening of compounds. A decrease in the amount of product formed in comparison to a control is indicative of an agent capable of inhibiting at least one enzymatic activity of the PSMA enzyme. An increase in the amount of product formed in comparison to a control is indicative of an agent capable of enhancing at least one enzymatic activity of the PSMA enzyme. The PSMA enzyme can be NAALADase, folate hydrolase, dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV and/or γ-glutamyl hydrolase. The PSMA enzyme preferably is a PSMA multimer that includes recombinant soluble PSMA, most preferably a noncovalently associated dimer of PSMA in a native conformation.
The reaction mixture comprises a candidate agent. The candidate agent is preferably an antibody, a small organic compound, or a peptide, and accordingly can be selected from combinatorial antibody libraries, combinatorial protein libraries, or small organic molecule libraries. Typically, a plurality of reaction mixtures are run in parallel with different agent concentrations to obtain a different response to the various concentrations. Typically, one of these concentrations serves as a negative control, i.e., at zero concentration of agent or at a concentration of agent below the limits of assay detection.
Candidate agents encompass numerous chemical classes, although typically they are organic compounds, proteins or antibodies (and fragments thereof that bind antigen). In some preferred embodiments, the candidate agents are small organic compounds, i.e., those having a molecular weight of more than 50 yet less than about 2500, preferably less than about 1000 and, more preferably, less than about 500. Candidate agents comprise functional chemical groups necessary for structural interactions with polypeptides and/or nucleic acids, and typically include at least an amine, carbonyl, hydroxyl, or carboxyl group, preferably at least two of the functional chemical groups and more preferably at least three of the functional chemical groups. The candidate agents can comprise cyclic carbon or heterocyclic structure and/or aromatic or polyaromatic structures substituted with one or more of the above-identified functional groups. Candidate agents also can be biomolecules such as peptides, saccharides, fatty acids, sterols, isoprenoids, purines, pyrimidines, derivatives or structural analogs of the above, or combinations thereof and the like.
Candidate agents are obtained from a wide variety of sources including libraries of synthetic or natural compounds. For example, numerous means are available for random and directed synthesis of a wide variety of organic compounds and biomolecules, including expression of randomized oligonucleotides, synthetic organic combinatorial libraries, phage display libraries of random or non-random peptides, combinatorial libraries of proteins or antibodies, and the like. Alternatively, libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant, and animal extracts are available or readily produced. Additionally, natural and synthetically produced libraries and compounds can be readily be modified through conventional chemical, physical, and biochemical means. Further, known agents may be subjected to directed or random chemical modifications such as acylation, alkylation, esterification, amidification, etc. to produce structural analogs of the agents.
A variety of other reagents also can be included in the mixture. These include reagents such as salts, buffers, neutral proteins (e.g., albumin), detergents, etc. which may be used to facilitate optimal protein-protein and/or protein-agent binding. Such a reagent may also reduce non-specific or background interactions of the reaction components. Other reagents that improve the efficiency of the assay such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, and the like may also be used.
The mixture of the foregoing reaction materials is incubated under conditions whereby, the candidate agent interacts with the PSMA enzyme. The order of addition of components, incubation temperature, time of incubation, and other parameters of the assay may be readily determined. Such experimentation merely involves optimization of the assay parameters, not the fundamental composition of the assay. Incubation temperatures typically are between 4° C. and 40° C. Incubation times preferably are minimized to facilitate rapid, high throughput screening, and typically are between 0.1 and 10 hours.
After incubation, the presence or absence of PSMA enzyme activity is detected by any convenient method available to the user. For example, the reaction mixture can contain a substrate for the PSMA enzyme. Preferably the substrate and/or the product formed by the action of the PSMA enzyme are detectable. The substrate usually comprises, or is coupled to, a detectable label. A wide variety of labels can be used, such as those that provide direct detection (e.g., radioactivity, luminescence, optical, or electron density, etc) or indirect detection (e.g., epitope tag such as the FLAG epitope, enzyme tag such as horseradish peroxidase, etc.). The label may be bound to the substrate, or incorporated into the structure of the substrate.
A variety of methods may be used to detect the label, depending on the nature of the label and other assay components. For example, the label may be detected while bound to the substrate or subsequent to separation from the substrate. Labels may be directly detected through optical or electron density, radioactive emissions, nonradiative energy transfers, etc. or indirectly detected with antibody conjugates, strepavidin-biotin conjugates, etc. Methods for detecting a variety of labels are well known in the art.
EXAMPLES
Materials and Methods
DNA Constructs. All secreted PSMA constructs were derived from the original human PSMA clone p55A provided by Dr. W. D. W. Heston (Israeli et al., Cancer Res. 53: 227-230, 1993). The constructs were subcloned into expression vector PPI4 (Trkola et al., Nature 384: 184-187, 1996) for high-level expression and secretion in mammalian cells. Recombinant soluble PSMA (rsPSMA) corresponds to the entire extracellular domain of PSMA (amino acids 44-750 of SEQ ID NO:1 (GENBANK Protein Accession number AAA60209)).
pcDNA Plasmid Constructs: Nucleic acid molecules encoding the anti-PSMA antibodies 10.3, 006, 026, 051, 069 and 077 were cloned into plasmid pcDNA. The cloning protocol is given in FIG. 12. Primers (SEQ ID NOs: 33-36, sense and anti-sense) used for the variable region amplifications are also shown. The plasmids constructed for anti-PSMA antibodies 006, 026, 051, 069, 077 and 10.3 contain nucleotide sequences encoding the heavy chain of the antibodies (SEQ ID NOs: 2-7; PTA-4403, PTA-4405, PTA-4407, PTA-4409, PTA-4411, PTA-4413, respectively) or contain nucleotide sequences encoding light chain of the antibodies (SEQ ID NOs: 8-13; PTA-4404, PTA-4406, PTA-4408, PTA-4410, PTA-4412 and PTA-4414, respectively). Plasmid maps are given in FIGS. 13-24.
Western Blots. Cells were lysed in PBS containing 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 1% TRITON X-100, and 5 mg/ml aprotinin and cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 3000 g for 30 min at 4° C. Lysates were separated on a 5-20% gradient gel before transfer to nitrocellulose membranes. The resulting blots were blocked in PBS containing 5% milk, 0.02% SDS and 0.1% TRITON X-100 before incubation with MAB544 primary antibody (Maine Biotechnologies) at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. After three washes, blots were incubated with a goat anti-mouse HRP-conjugated secondary antibody at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Blots are visualized using the Renaissance chemiluminescence system (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, Mass.).
ELISA. Cells were lysed in PBS containing 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 1% TRITON X-100, and 5 mg/ml aprotinin. The resulting cell membranes were plated onto 96-well plates and dried in a sterile hood overnight. The plates were then blocked with PBS containing casein and TWEEN 20 before addition of mouse sera or hybridoma supernatants, using purified MAB544 (Maine Biotechnologies) or 7E11 (Cytogen) as a standard. After washing in PBS, an alkaline phosphatase conjugated secondary antibody (subclass specific) was incubated and subsequently washed in PBS. The pNPP substrate was then added for colorimetric detection at a wavelength of 405 nm.
Flow Cytometry. Wild-type 3T3 or PSMA-expressing 3T3 cells (106 cells per condition) were washed in PBS containing 0.1% NaN3. Antibodies or sera were then added (1:100 dilution in PBS) and incubated on ice for 30 minutes. After washing in PBS+0.1% NaN3, the cells were incubated with anti-mouse IgG+IgM (Calbiotech) for 30 minutes on ice. Cells were washed again in PBS+0.1% NaN3 and analyzed by flow cytometry.
Example 1
Generation of a Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) to Conformational Epitopes on PSMA
A panel of anti-PSMA mAbs that represent promising candidates for therapy was created. Briefly, the mAbs were generated as follows: BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with recombinant PSMA at approximately three-week intervals. After a total of 4 injections, mice were sacrificed and their splenocytes fused with a myeloma cell line using standard techniques in order to create hybridomas. Individual hybridoma supernatants were screened by ELISA for reactivity with PSMA derived from either LNCaP human prostate tumor cells or from 3T3 cells engineered to express full-length human PSMA (3T3-PSMA cells). Positive clones were secondarily screened by flow cytometry for specific reactivity with intact 3T3-PSMA and LNCaP cells so as to select antibodies that recognize native, cell-surface PSMA and thus have the greatest therapeutic potential.
Mice having the ability to produce human antibodies (XENOMOUSE, Abgenix; Mendez et al., Nature Genetics 15:146, 1997) were immunized subcutaneously once or twice weekly with 5×106 LNCaP cells adjuvanted with alum or TITERMAX Gold (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.). Animals were boosted twice with 10 μg of recombinant PSMA protein immunoaffinity captured onto protein G magnetic microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, Calif.). PSMA mAb 3.11 was used for capture. Splenocytes were fused with NSO myeloma cells and the hybridomas that resulted were screened as above by flow cytometry to detect clones producing antibodies reactive with the extracellular portion of PSMA. One clone, 10.3 (PTA-3347), produced such antibodies.
These methods have yielded a high proportion of mAbs that react exclusively with conformation-specific epitopes on cell-surface PSMA. As shown in FIG. 1, several (mAbs 3.7, 3.9, 3.11, 5.4, and 10.3) but not all (mAb 3.12) mAbs specifically bind viable PSMA-expressing cells. Using recombinant soluble PSMA proteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, it further was demonstrated that the mAbs bind epitopes in the extracellular region of PSMA. The mAbs were also tested for their ability to immunoprecipitate native PSMA from 3T3-PSMA cell lysates. The mAbs positive in flow cytometry (FIG. 1) were also effective in immunoprecipitation (FIG. 2), whereas mAb 3.12 was unreactive. FIG. 3 shows the recognition of non-denatured full-length PSMA and recombinant soluble PSMA by several PSMA antibodies that recognize PSMA conformation. This further confirms that these methods yield a preponderance of mAbs that efficiently recognize native PSMA.
The mAbs were tested for reactivity with denatured PSMA by Western blot analysis (FIG. 4). Lysates from the indicated cells and samples (controls: 3T3 cells, PSMA-negative human prostate cell lines PC-3 and DU145, mock supernatant; PSMA-positive samples: PSMA-expressing 3T3 cells, PSMA-positive human prostate cell line LNCaP, rsPSMA-positive supernatant) were resolved by SDS-PAGE, electroblotted, and probed with anti-PSMA mAbs 3.1 and 3.12 (ATCC Patent Deposit Designations PTA-3639 and PTA-3640, respectively). Four mAbs tested in parallel (3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.11) showed no reactivity to either full-length or secreted rsPSMA proteins. 7E11 mAb immunoprecipitated full-length but not secreted rsPSMA.
The mAbs reactive in flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation (mAbs 3.7, 3.9, 3.11, 5.4, and 10.3) were all unreactive in Western blot analysis, indicating that the mAbs do not recognize linear epitopes. Taken together, the data strongly suggest that these 5 mAbs recognize conformation-specific epitopes located in the extracellular domain of PSMA. Since mAbs to conformational epitopes typically possess the greatest affinity and specificity for antigen, they represent preferred candidates for therapy.
The reactivities of certain anti-PSMA antibodies are described in Table 2:







TABLE 2







Anti-PSMA Antibody Properties










Reactivity















Flow







Cytom-

West-



mAb
ELISA
etry
IP
ern
Epitope





3.1
+
+
+
+
Linear, Extracellular,







exposed on native PSMA


3.7
+
+
+
−
Conformational, extracellular


3.8
+
+
+
−
Conformational, extracellular


3.9
+
+
+
−
Conformational, extracellular


3.11
+
+
+
−
Conformational, extracellular


3.12
+
−
−
+
Linear, Extracellular, not







exposed on native PSMA


5.4
+
+
+
−
Conformational, extracellular


7.1
+
−
−
+
Linear, Extracellular, not







exposed on native PSMA


7.3
+
+
+
−
Conformational, extracellular


10.3
+
+
+
−
Conformational, extracellular


1.8.3
+
+

−
Extracellular


A3.1.3
+
+

−
Extracellular


A3.3.1
+
+

−
Extracellular









The mAbs were determined by ELISA to be primarily of the mouse IgG2a, mouse IgG2b and human IgG1 isotypes, which mediate potent effector functions. Although a number of anti-PSMA mAbs have been described over the years and evaluated for therapeutic potential (see, e.g., Liu, H. et al. Cancer Res. 57: 3629-3634, 1997; Chang, S. S. et al. Cancer Res. 59: 3192-3198, 1999; Murphy, G. P. et al. J Urology 160: 2396-2401, 1998), none inhibit the enzymatic activity of PSMA and few recognize conformational determinants on PSMA.
Example 2
Production of Anti-PSMA mAbs
To accurately and quantitatively assess the therapeutic potential of these mAbs, the mAbs are produced in a quantity and quality suitable for extensive in vitro and in vivo characterization. Briefly, the mAb-secreting hybridomas are cultured in roller bottles in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% FBS that has been depleted of bovine IgG (Life Technologies). During the production phase of the culture, cells are maintained at  ̃5×106 cells/mL via twice-weekly exchanges of media. Collected media are clarified by filtration through a 0.22 micron filter and stored at −95° C. prior to purification. Given an average antibody expression levels of 25 mg/L, approximately 3 L of roller bottle supernatants are required for each antibody to allow for losses in purification.
Culture supernatants from a given hybridoma are pooled and loaded onto a Protein A SEPHAROSE affinity column. Mouse IgG2a, mouse IgG2b and human IgG1 antibodies are loaded directly, but supernatants containing mouse IgG1 antibodies are adjusted to pH 8.5 and 1M NaCl prior to loading in order to promote binding. After washing the column, the mAb is eluted with low pH buffer into fractions using 1M Tris, pH 8.0. Elution peak fractions are pooled, dialyzed against PBS buffer, concentrated to 5 mg/mL and stored in sterile aliquots at −95° C. All purification procedures are carried out using endotoxin-free buffers and sanitized chromatography columns. Purified mAbs are tested for purity by reducing and nonreducing SDS-PAGE, for PSMA binding affinity by ELISA, and for endotoxin levels by the limulus amebocyte lysate assay. These procedures routinely yield “animal-grade” antibody at >95% purity and <0.5 endotoxin units per milligram of protein.
Example 3
Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of the Unlabeled mAbs In Vitro
Purified mAbs are tested in a battery of assays for therapeutically relevant properties, including affinity, specificity, enzyme inhibitory activity and effector functions. The ideal product candidate binds and inhibits PSMA activity at subnanomolar concentrations and mediates potent cell-killing through Fc-related effector functions.
First, the mAbs' affinity for cell-surface and secreted forms of PSMA is measured by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. In the flow cytometry assay, varying amounts of mAbs are incubated with 5×105 3T3-PSMA cells in FACS buffer (PBS containing 1% FBS and 0.1% NaN3) for 2 hr to allow for saturation binding. Cells are washed and incubated with a phycoerythrin-coupled goat antibody to mouse IgG (ICN/Cappel) for detection of bound mAb by flow cytometry. Specific binding is calculated by subtracting the fluorescence intensity observed with parental 3T3 cells.
For ELISA, CHO cell-derived recombinant soluble PSMA protein (rsPSMA, Progenics, Tarrytown, N.Y.) is diluted to 1 μg/ml in 50 mM carbonate buffer, pH 9.4, and coated overnight at 4° C. onto 96-well IMMULON II microtiter plates at 100 μl/well. The plates are then blocked for 2 hr with PBS buffer containing 5% BSA. mAbs are added in a range of concentrations in ELISA buffer (PBS buffer containing 2% BSA, 1% FBS and 0.5% TWEEN 20) for 2 hours at room temperature. The plates are washed, and horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat antibody to mouse IgG is added for 1 hr at room temperature. The plates are washed again and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride (TMB) substrate (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) is added for colorimetric readout at 450 nm using an ELISA plate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.).
Example 4
mAb Cross-Competition Binding Assay
To identify whether a given group of mAbs recognize distinct or overlapping epitopes on PSMA, cross-competition binding assays are performed (Liu, H. et al. Cancer Res 57: 3629-3634, 1997). In this flow cytometry assay, a biotinylated test mAb is incubated with 3T3-PSMA cells in the presence or absence of varying concentrations of unlabeled competitor mAbs as described above. Following washing, phycoerythrin-conjugated streptavidin is added to determine the amount of bound biotinylated mAb. The percent inhibition is defined relative to that observed in the presence of an isotype-matched mAb of irrelevant specificity (0% inhibition) and to that observed using excess unlabeled test mAb (100% inhibition).
Example 5
Effects of mAbs on PSMA Enzymatic Activity
PSMA has been shown to possess both folate hydrolase (pteroyl-glutamyl carboxypeptidase) and N-acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) enzymatic activities, which may influence the proliferation and malignancies of the tumor cell (Heston, W. D. W. Prostate: Basic and Clinical Aspects (R. K. Naz, ed.). CRC Press, New York: 219-243, 1997). A first set of mAbs described above (mAb 3.9, mAb 5.4 and mAb 7.3) and mAb J591 (ATCC #HB-12126) were tested for folate hydrolase modulating activity using previously described assays for measuring PSMA enzymatic activity (Pinto, J. T. et al. Clinical Cancer Res 2: 1445-1451, 1996).
Briefly, folate hydrolase activity was measured as follows. Fifty μM methotrexate di-gamma glutamate and 10 μg/ml rsPSMA (premixed with anti-PSMA or irrelevant mAb) was incubated in pH 4.5 acetate buffer in a volume of 100 μl for 2 hr at 37° C. Reactions were terminated by boiling for 5 minutes prior to separation of free, mono- and di-gamma glutamate forms of methotrexate by capillary electrophoresis on a Spectra Phoresis 1000 (Thermo Separation, San Jose, Calif.). The various methotrexate derivatives were quantified based on their retention times and absorbance at 300 nm.
The data show that mAb 5.4 potently blocks the enzymatic activity of purified rsPSMA protein and in lysates of C4-2 cells. C4-2 is an androgen independent derivative of the LNaCP cell line (human prostate cancer line) which expresses endogenous PSMA. More details regarding the C4-2 cell line may be found in O'Keefe D. S. et al. Prostate 45: 149-157, 2000). FIGS. 7 and 8 provide the results for two production lots of rsPSMA (rsPSMA #7 and rsPSMA #8). The results for the C4-2 cell lysates are shown in FIG. 9. The figures illustrate the effect of four antibodies (mAb 3.9, mAb 5.4, mAb 7.3 and mAb J591) on the enzymatic activity of folate hydrolase by way of the rate of cleavage of glutamate from methotrexate di-gamma glutamate (MTXGlu2) by folate hydrolase present in the two production lots of rsPSMA and in the C4-2 cell lysates. In addition to the inhibitory effects of mAb 5.4, mAb 3.9 was also found to inhibit folate hydrolase activity.
Another set of mAbs (mAb 4.40.2, mAb 006, mAb 026 and mAb 5.4) was also tested for folate hydrolase modulating activity. The data confirm that mAb 5.4 potently blocks folate hydrolase activity of PSMA (FIG. 10). The concentration of mAb 5.4 which inhibited PSMA enzymatic activity by 50% (IC50, also referred to as EC50 or “effective concentration”) was determined to be 4.902×104 mg/mL. The data further show that mAb 006 and mAb 026 also block PSMA folate hydrolase activity, while mAb 4.40.2 did not (FIG. 10). The IC50 values for mAb 006 and mAb 026 were 9.338×10−3 mg/mL and 1.385×10−3 mg/mL, respectively.
For NAALADase activity assays, rsPSMA protein is incubated with varying amounts of anti-PSMA or control mAbs in 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 1 mM CoCl2 for 10 minutes at 37° C. before adding 50 μl of 0.6 μM N-acetylaspartyl-[3H]glutamate. After 15 minutes, the reaction is stopped by adding 1 ml of 100 mM NaPO4. Cleaved glutamate is separated from the substrate by ion exchange chromatography and detected by scintillation counting. Each measurement is performed in triplicate.
Example 6
Reactivity with Normal and Malignant Human Tissues by Immunohistochemistry
Anti-PSMA mAbs are tested by immunohistochemistry for reactivity with both normal and malignant human tissues using an avidin-biotin peroxidase method (Silver, D. A. et al. Clin Cancer Res 3: 81-85, 1997). Frozen or paraffin-embedded tissues can be used. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections are deparaffinized and endogenous peroxidase activity is blocked by incubation with 1% H2O2 for 15 minutes. Sections are blocked in a 1:10 dilution of horse serum in 2% PBS-BSA (Sigma Chemical, St Louis, Mo.) for 30 minutes before overnight incubation with 2 μg/ml anti-PSMA mAb in 2% PBS-BSA. After washing, sections are incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody, washed, and incubated with avidin:biotin peroxidase complexes (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, Calif.) diluted 1:25 in PBS for 30 minutes. After washing, sections are visualized by immersion in PBS containing 0.05% diaminobenzidine tetrachloride, 0.01% H2O2, and 0.5% TRITON X-100. Negative control sections are incubated with isotype-matched mAbs of irrelevant specificity. As a positive control, 7E11 (Cytogen, Princeton, N.J.), a well-characterized anti-PSMA mAb, is used.
Example 7
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
In the ADCC assay, mAbs are serially diluted and combined with 51Cr-labeled 3T3-PSMA cells or human prostate PC-3 cells that have been engineered to express human PSMA (PC-3-PSMA cells). NK effector cells are purified from lymph nodes or spleens using anti-NK microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec). Sera, NK effector cells, and 51Cr-loaded target cells are co-incubated at effector:target cell ratios of 10:1, 20:1, and 40:1, with each condition performed in triplicate. Cells are incubated 4-5 hours at 37° C. before supernatants are collected for measurement of 51Cr release by gamma counting. The percent specific lysis is determined relative to that observed in the presence of isotype-matched non-specific mAb (0% lysis) to that obtained using 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (100% lysis).
Example 8
Complement-Mediated Lysis (CML)
For CML, 51Cr-loaded 3T3-PSMA or PC-3-PSMA cells serve as target cells. Serial dilutions of mAbs are co-incubated with rabbit complement and target cells for 4-5 hours at 37° C., with each condition being performed in triplicate. Supernatants are then collected and counted with a gamma counter. Specific lysis is computed as previously done with the ADCC assay data.
Example 9
Anti-Proliferative Effects
To test anti-proliferative effects of these antibodies, anti-PSMA mAbs are serially diluted and incubated with LNCaP, PC-3-PSMA and parental PC-3 cells in log-phase growth. At 4 hr, 24 hr, and 72 hr intervals, cells are removed and analyzed for density and viability by trypan blue staining and WST-1 assay (Roche Biochemicals).
Example 10
Optimization of Chelation and Radiolabeling Procedures
The most promising mAbs identified using the procedures described in the foregoing examples will be optimized for biochemical and biological stability and activity after labeling prior to evaluation in animals. Success in in vitro experiments is defined as identification of a radiolabeled mAb that specifically kills PSMA-expressing tumor cells at >10-fold lower concentrations than unlabeled or similarly labeled isotype control mAb.
Because the preferred α- and β-emitting isotopes are all radiometals, each of the mAbs is first conjugated with an appropriate metal chelating agent. Based on the favorable in vivo stability data and its proven use in human clinical trials, the bifunctional chelating agent C-functionalized trans cyclohexyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (p-SCN-CHX-A′′-DTPA) is the preferred agent for attaching either 90Y or 213Bi to the antibody (Brechbiel, M. W. et al. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1169-1170, 1991). A form of this chelate has previously been tested in more than 70 doses in humans in ongoing trials at Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (McDevitt, M. R. et al. J. Nucl. Med. 40:1722-1727, 1999). For 225Ac, our initial studies will examine a novel bifunctional chelating agent termed p-SCN-Bz-HEHA (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclooctadecane-N,N′,N′′,N′′′,N′′′′,N′′′′′-hexaacetic acid) (Deal, K. A. et al. J. Med. Chem. 42:2988-2992, 1999). The objective is to optimize the antibody conjugation and chelation ratios to maximize labeling yield and activity while maintaining suitable stability for in vivo utilization. Additional chelating agents also are used as they become available from the N.I.H. and other sources.
Initially, the antibody is rendered metal-free by incubation with a large molar excess of EDTA at pH=5. The EDTA and any metals scavenged from the antibody preparation are removed via continuous buffer exchange/dialysis so as to replace the pH=5 buffer with the conjugation buffer (Nikula, T. K. et al. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22:387-390, 1995). Conditions that yield optimal chelator to antibody ratio but still remain immunoreactive are identified by systematically varying the chelator:antibody ratio, reaction time, temperature, and/or buffer systems about initial conditions that employ a 40-fold molar excess of chelator to antibody in HEPES buffer, pH 8.5. The number of chelates bound per antibody is determined using an established spectrophotometric method (Pippin, C. G. et al. Bioconjugate Chemistry 3: 342-345, 1992).
For 90Y and 225Ac constructs, labeling efficiency is measured directly. For 213Bi, initial antibody constructs are tested for chelation efficiency using 111In, which has similar chelation chemistry as 213Bi but possesses the advantages of a longer half life (t1/2=3 days), ready availability, and traceable 7-emission. Once optimized using 111In, labeling efficiency is determined for 213Bi.
Radiolabeled mAb is purified over a BioRad 10DG desalting column using 1% HSA as the mobile phase and evaluated by instant thin layer liquid chromatography (ITLC) and/or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the percent incorporation of radionuclide (Zamora, P. O. et al. Biotechniques 16: 306-311, 1994). ITLC and HPLC provide a means of establishing purity and identifying the percent of low molecular weight radiochemical impurities (i.e., metal chelates, colloids, and free metal). Duplicate ITLC strips for each mobile phase are developed, dried, and cut at the Rf of 0.5 mark and counted in a gamma counter. The HPLC system is equipped with both an online UV absorption detector and radioactivity detector. The HPLC elution profile directly correlates radioactivity with protein and low molecular weight species as a function of the elution time. A TSK SW3000XL column (TosoHaas, Montgomeryville, Pa.) is used and calibrated using a range of protein molecular weight standards.
Example 11
Affinity and Immunoreactivity of Radiolabeled mAbs
Once radiolabeled constructs are obtained, purified, and assessed for biochemical and radiochemical purity, biological activity is determined. Binding activity of the radioconstruct is performed by Scatchard analysis of binding data obtained using whole LNCaP and 3T3-PSMA cells and/or membrane fractions as previously described (Scheinberg, D. A. et al. Leukemia 3: 440-445 (1991).
The immunoreactivity of the synthetic constructs is evaluated in order to correlate the chelate:antibody molar ratio with the biological activity. Briefly, 2 ng of labeled mAb is incubated with a  ̃25-fold excess of PSMA as expressed on 3T3-PSMA cells. After a 30 min incubation at 0° C., the cells are collected by centrifugation and the supernatant containing unbound mAb is added to fresh 3T3-PSMA cells for an additional 30 min at 0° C. Both sets of cells are centrifuged and washed twice with cold PBS. The cell pellets, supernatant and wash fractions are counted for radioactivity. Immunoreactivity is defined as the amount of radioactivity in the cell pellets divided by the total radioactivity in the cell pellets, supernatant and wash fractions.
Example 12
mAb Internalization
The activity of radiolabeled mAbs can be significantly modulated by their internalization rates. Based upon previous results by other groups (Smith-Jones P. M. et al. Cancer Res 60: 5237-5243, 2000), significant internalization of PSMA after binding with one or more of the mAb constructs was expected. Internalization of the cell surface antibody-antigen complex was measured using 111In radiolabeled antibody (mAb 026) constructs (Caron, P. C. et al. Cancer Res 52: 6761-6767, 1992). Briefly, 5×105 C4-2 cells were incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO2 with 111In radiolabeled antibody. At different times, cells were washed with PBS and cell-surface bound radiolabeled constructs were stripped with 1 ml of 50 mM glycine/150 mM NaCl, pH=2.8. Total cell-associated radioactivity and acid-resistant (internalized) radioactivity were determined by γ-counting. Percent internalization and total binding were calculated. 111In labeled mAb 026 was found to be rapidly and efficiently internalized. FIG. 11 shows the percent internalization and total binding of 111In labeled mAb 026 as a function of incubation time. Cells (such as parental 3T3 cells) that do not express PSMA can be used as a control to determine non-specific binding.
Example 13
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies
Assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity of α-labeled mAbs was undertaken once the immunoreactivity of the radioimmunoconjugate was established. Approximately 50,000 target cells (either LNCaP or 3T3-PSMA cells) were treated in 96 well plates and analyzed 24-96 hours later. Quantification of cell death due to 225Ac-labeled constructs (or 213Bi) was accomplished by determining the uptake of 3H-thymidine by surviving cells (Nikula, T. K. et al. J. Nucl. Med. 40: 166-176, 1999). Specificity was determined by use of control cells (PSMA-negative human prostate cell lines PC-3 and DU-145, as well as control 3T3 cells), blocking with excess unlabeled antibody, and control radioconjugates.
The cytotoxic effects of antibody conjugate concentration, specific activity, and time of exposure were then assessed. Cytotoxicity was expressed relative to that seen with 1M HCl (100% cell death) and media (background cell death). LD50 values were calculated by plotting cell viability as a function of the number of 225Ac atoms bound on the cells (McDevitt, M. R. et al. (1998) Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 25: 1341-1351 (1998).
Multicellular spheroids of LNCaP-FGC cells had been established and were used to investigate the potential of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) to eradicate minimal disease in vitro. These three-dimensional spheroids mimic tissue structures more accurately than monolayer cultures and thus provide a more relevant model of solid tumors (O'Connor, K. C. Pharm. Res. 16: 486-493, 1999). LNCaP-FGC is a fast growing clone of the original LNCaP cell line, and the cells were grown using a liquid overlay technique to a size of 200-600 μm (Ballangrud, A. M. et al. Clin. Cancer Res. 5: 3171s-3176s, 1999). In larger spheroids, the inner mass of cells becomes necrotic, while the outer rim consists of proliferating tumor cells. Antibody penetration was measured by confocal microscopy, and prior results suggested that an anti-PSMA antibody should penetrate to a depth of 40-50 μm (Ballangrud, A. M. et al. 7th Conference on Radioimmunodetection and Radioimmunotherapy of Cancer, Princeton N.J., 1998). The in vitro cytotoxicity of 225Ac-3.9 on LNCaP target cells is shown in FIG. 25. The percentage of viable PSMA+ LNCaP cells was plotted as a function of activity of the radioconjugate. Addition of a 100-fold excess of unlabeled antibody was used as a control for specificity.
Example 14
Evaluation of the In Vivo Efficacy of Unlabeled and Radiolabeled mAbs in Mouse Xenograft Models of Human Prostate Cancer
Antibodies that are successful in the foregoing assays demonstrate significant specificity and functional properties that suggest they will be useful for therapeutic use. The most promising of these radiolabeled and “naked” mAb constructs are evaluated in the best available mouse models of prostate cancer. The studies employ an established xenograft model in which the LNCaP human prostate tumor cell line is injected into immunocompromised nude mice and allowed to form solid tumors (Ellis, W. J. et al. Clin Cancer Res 2: 1039-1048 (1996), which then are treated with both radiolabeled and unlabeled anti-PSMA mAb constructs. Follow-on studies also utilize a mouse xenograft model, CWR22, which reproduces many of the key biological features of human prostate cancer.
Lncap Tumor Cell Xenograft Model
A construct showing high affinity and high specificity is taken into the LNCaP tumor cell xenograft in vivo model for biodistribution and pharmacokinetic analysis. 111In-labeled anti-PSMA antibody is used for these studies due to its favorable chelation chemistry, radioactive half-life and traceable gamma emission. Timepoints are evaluated as appropriate for the half-lives of 213Bi, 225Ac, 177Lu and 90Y, which are the nuclides of therapeutic interest. Labeled radioconstructs (1-5 μg) are injected i.v. into nude mice (normal and tumor bearing) and the mice are sacrificed at 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 2 hrs, 4 hrs, 18 hrs, and 24 hrs post-injection. Blood and major organs are taken from animals, weighed, and the percent radioactivity injected per gram of tissue is determined (Nikula, T. K. et al. J. Nucl. Med. 40: 166-176, 1999). Specificity is addressed by pre-injection with excess unlabeled construct. Macroscopic tumor volume and animal survival rates is recorded throughout the experiments.
A dose-ranging study is also conducted to determine the toxicity of the constructs when administered via i.v. or i.p. injection to normal and tumor-bearing mice. These animals are routinely examined for toxic side effects during the course of the studies by blood chemistry and physical examination. Animals are sacrificed during and at the conclusion of the study in order to collect blood and body tissues for further evaluation. Previous data has demonstrated an approximate maximum tolerated dose of 250 μCi/mouse, so total doses are kept below that level.
Once i.v. biodistribution and toxicity is documented, radiotherapy of tumors is assessed. Groups of five mice are injected with <1 g radiolabeled anti-PSMA mAb construct both pre- and post-tumor challenge to assess anti-tumor activity. Antigen negative (RAJI or RAMOS) xenografted tumors are also used as a control. Other controls include (1) treatment with unlabeled anti-PSMA mAb only and (2) excess unlabeled anti-PSMA mAb pretreatment before 213Bi, 225Ac, 177Lu and/or 90Y-labeled anti-PSMA to block specific targeting.
Groups of tumor bearing mice are injected with unlabeled anti-PSMA mAbs (at equimolar concentrations) and several dose levels of radiolabeled anti-PSMA or a similarly labeled isotype control antibody. The effect on tumor growth is assessed over time. Statistical differences between therapy groups is determined using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and animal survival is illustrated using Kaplan-Meier plots. The efficacy of 213Bi, 225Ac, 177Lu and/or 90Y-labeled anti-PSMA constructs is correlated to the data obtained in vitro. Success in these experiments is defined as the ability to significantly (p<0.05) increase life-span and/or decrease tumor volume as compared to a radiolabeled isotype control mAb.
Furthermore, the tumor models are used to test whether predosing with unlabeled antibody prior to injection of radiolabeled antibody improves delivery of the radiolabeled antibody to the tumor. The tumor-bearing mice are injected with <1 μg radiolabeled anti-PSMA antibody with or without a prior single injection of 5-100 μg of unlabeled antibody. After several days, animals are sacrificed for evaluation of the distribution of radioactivity in the tumor, normal tissue, and blood. If predosing with unlabeled antibody improves delivery and targeting of radiolabeled antibody to the tumors, this approach is applied and optimized in toxicity and therapeutic studies.
In addition to overall survival, the role of timing of the injection after tumor transplantation (Day 1 vs 3 vs 7), the role of dosage (dose-response curves using 3-4 dose levels), the role of schedule (single vs multiple divided daily injections) and the specificity of the treatment (pre-treatment with unlabeled anti-PSMA to block targeting) is examined.
These in vivo studies are designed to address the maximum tolerated dose of radiolabeled antibody, the activity of the antibody, the optimal dosing schedule (single or multiple injections), and the effect on tumor size. Successful completion of this work enables determination of the feasibility of PSMA-targeted alpha particle radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of prostate cancer and identifies the optimal 213Bi and/or 225Ac-labeled constructs to enter into clinical development.
CWR22Mouse Xenograft Model
The most promising anti-PSMA mAbs in unlabeled, toxin-labeled and/or radiolabeled form are tested in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft mouse model, (Wainstein, M. A. et al. Cancer Res 54:6049-6052 (1994); Nagabhushan, M. et al. Cancer Res 56:3042-3046 (1996); Pretlow, T. G. et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:394-398 (1993)). This model has many features of the human condition including a dependence on androgens, a correlation between measured levels of PSA in serum and tumor size, and high-level expression of PSMA. Following androgen withdrawal, PSA levels decrease to nearly undetectable levels and tumor volume decreases. Later, the tumor regrows as an androgen-independent neoplasm, manifest initially by a rise in PSA and later, measurable tumor growth. After androgen withdrawal, tumors regrow at variable time periods.
Four to six week old nude athymic BALB/c male mice are obtained from the National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Center and maintained in pressurized ventilated caging. While immunodeficient in many respects, these mice mediate wild-type levels of ADCC and CML. The CWR22 tumor line is propagated in the animals by the injection of minced tumor tissue from an established tumor into the subcutaneous tissue of the flanks of athymic nude mice together with reconstituted basement membrane (MATRIGEL, Collaborative Research, Bedford, Mass.). To maintain serum androgen levels, the mice are administered 12.5-mg sustained-release testosterone pellets (Innovative Research of America, Sarasota, Fla.) subcutaneously before receiving tumors. Three to four weeks after inoculation, tumors of approximately 1.5×1.0×1.0 cm are measured. Androgens are withdrawn by surgical castration under pentobarbital anesthesia and removal of the sustained-release testosterone pellets. Tumor size is determined by caliper measurements of height, width and depth. PSA values are performed on the serum of the mice after tail bleeding using a Tandem-R PSA immuno-radiometric assay (Hybritech, San Diego, Calif.).
Groups of five mice are injected with anti-PSMA mAb or a similar isotype control mAb at dosages from 5-100 μg to assess anti-tumor activity. The effect of scheduling single doses vs. multiple divided daily injections is also examined. Macroscopic tumor volume and animal survival rates are recorded throughout the experiments. Statistical differences between therapy groups are determined using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and animal survival are illustrated using Kaplan-Meier plots, with success defined as a difference of p<0.05. Similarly, the efficacy of “naked” mAbs is compared to that seen with 90Y, 177Lu, 213Bi and/or 225Ac-labeled anti-PSMA constructs.
These in vivo studies are designed to address the maximum tolerated dose of mAb, the activity of the antibody, the optimal dosage and dosing schedule (single or multiple divided injections), and the effect of treatment on tumor size. Successful completion of this work will enable determination of the feasibility of PSMA-targeted immunotherapy of prostate cancer and identification of the optimal constructs to enter into clinical development.
Example 15
Investigation of Native PSMA Protein Conformation
Extraction of PSMA from the Cell Surface of LNCaP and 3T3 Cells
LNCaP or 3T3 cells were grown to confluency in a T150 cell culture flask, detached using cell dissociation solution (Mediatech, Herndon, Va.) and transferred to a 15 ml conical tube. The cells were washed twice with PBS and resuspended with 2 ml of M-PerTM Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). Following incubation for 10 min at 4° C., cell debris and insoluble aggregates were removed by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 30 min at 4° C. The supernatant was transferred to a cryogenic vial and stored at −80° C. until further use.
Production and Purification of Recombinant, Soluble PSMA (rsPSMA)
The extracellular domain of PSMA (amino acids 44-750 of the full-length protein, SEQ ID NO:1) was obtained as a secreted protein from a DXB11 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, stably transfected with an rsPSMA expression vector. The cells were grown in a Celligen Plus 2.2 L Packed Bed Bioreactor (New Brunswick Scientific, Edison, N.J.) in protein-free media. The Bioreactor was operated in perfusion mode, and supernatant was collected aseptically into collection bags maintained at 4° C. The protease inhibitor aprotinin was added to the harvest supernatant, which was concentrated 25-fold prior to storage at −90° C. For purification, the concentrate was thawed and purified using subsequent steps of Concanavalin A lectin affinity chromatography and Butyl-SEPHAROSE hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified protein was dialyzed against 10 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0. The purified rsPSMA protein is dimeric, and possesses folate hydrolase enzymatic activity when tested according to published procedures (Pinto et al., Clinical Cancer Research 2:1445, 1996) and reacts with each of a panel of conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies, indicating that rsPSMA adopts a native conformation.
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western Blotting of the Different PSMA Proteins
For each individual PAGE analysis, 15 μl of each cell lysate and 5 μl of the purified rsPSMA were used.
SDS-PAGE was performed using standard procedures. Samples were prepared by boiling for 5 minutes in the presence of Laemmli sample buffer (with or without the reducing agent dithiothreitol [DTT]). Samples were then applied on a 4-15% Tris-Glycine gel (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.). After electrophoresis for 1 h at 200V, the proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose (BioRad) and analyzed by Western blotting.
The oligomeric nature of the different PSMA proteins was analyzed using Blue Native PAGE (BN-PAGE). Each sample was diluted with an equal volume of 2×BN-PAGE sample buffer (0.1M MOPS/0.1M Tris/40% glycerol/0.1% Coomassie G-250) prior to loading onto the gel. BN-PAGE was performed using 4-12% BisTris gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and 50 mM MOPS/50 mM Tris, pH 7.7 as running buffer. Coomassie Blue was omitted from the cathode buffer to avoid interference with protein binding during the transfer of the proteins onto nitrocellulose. Following electrophoresis for 2.5 hrs at 125V, the proteins were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (BioRad) and analyzed by Western blotting.
Western blotting was performed as follows: Subsequent to transfer, the nitrocellulose membrane was blocked with 5% milk in PBS/0.1% TRITON X-100/0.02% SDS, which was also used for the subsequent wash and antibody incubation steps. PSMA proteins were detected using the anti-PSMA mAbs 3.1 or 3.9 (Progenics Pharmaceuticals) as primary antibody and HRP-labeled anti-mouse IgG as secondary antibody and 1 h incubation at room temperature. The membranes were colorimetrically developed using chemiluminescence (NEN Plus, Perkin Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, Mass.).
Results
Both full-length PSMA and recombinant, soluble PSMA (rsPSMA) migrate on reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE with a molecular weight of  ̃100 kDa (FIG. 5). The result for full-length PSMA is in accordance with prior observations (Israeli et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,866; Murphy et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,158,508; Israeli, et al., Cancer Research 54:1807, 1994; Troyer et al. Int. J. Cancer 62:552, 1995; Troyer et al., The Prostate 30:233, 1997; Grauer et al., Cancer Research 58:4787, 1998). In each of these reports, full-length PSMA migrated as a major band of 100-120 kDa, with a minor (typically <5% of the total PSMA protein) 180-200 kDa band observed in a subset of reports (U.S. Pat. No. 6,158,508; Troyer et al., 1995; Troyer et al., 1997). Troyer et al. (1995) describe the 180-200 kDa species as being a noncovalently associated PSMA dimer that can be disrupted with increasing concentrations of SDS detergent.
rsPSMA contains 94% (707 of 750) of the amino acids present in full-length PSMA, and the two proteins are not clearly resolved in this analysis, as expected.
SDS-PAGE allows the analysis of denatured proteins only. In order to examine native proteins in their native state, other techniques have to be employed, such as Blue Native PAGE (BN-PAGE). BN-PAGE is used to determine the native molecular weight of proteins and their noncovalent complexes (Schägger & v. Jagow, Anal. Biochem. 199:223-231, 1991; Schägger et al., Anal. Biochem. 217:220-230, 1994). The dye Coomassie Blue G-250 binds to the hydrophobic domains on the surface of most proteins, enhances solubility, and introduces a charge shift on the native proteins resulting in migration towards the anode at pH 7.5 irrespective of the isoelectric point of the protein. Although the migration velocity of proteins in BN-PAGE varies somewhat, the molecular mass of proteins can be determined by their respective end points of migration due to the decreasing pore size of the acrylamide gradient present in the gels.
When analyzed by BN-PAGE, full-length PSMA (extracted from LNCaP or 3T3 cells) as well as purified rsPSMA migrate with a molecular weight of  ̃190 kDa (FIG. 6). This surprising observation for full-length PSMA indicates that the predominant form of cell-surface PSMA is a noncovalently associated dimer. This unexpected result can be contrasted with that of previous reports (U.S. Pat. No. 6,158,508; Troyer et al. 1995; Troyer et al., 1997), where the PSMA dimer represents a minor species in SDS-PAGE analyses. Presumably, the noncovalent PSMA dimer is largely dissociated by boiling in the presence of the denaturing detergent SDS.
Moreover, the result for the purified rsPSMA protein indicates that the dimer is stabilized via interactions between extracellular amino acids in addition to or exclusive of amino acids in the transmembrane or intracellular segments, which are not present in rsPSMA.
Example 16
Dissociation of PSMA Multimers
PSMA is a putative zinc metalloprotease, and site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids implicated in zinc binding results in a profound loss of enzymatic activity (Speno et al., Molecular Pharmacology, 55:179, 1999). These amino acids include His-377, Asp-387, Glu-425, Asp-453 and His-553. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a strong chelating agent for Zn2+ and other divalent cations, and thus has the potential to remove Zn2+ or other coordinate divalent cations from PSMA. We have determined that EDTA treatment causes the PSMA homodimer to dissociate into monomeric subunits. Similar results can be expected for other agents that possess similar chelating properties, such as ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) (EGTA).
The purified rsPSMA protein was incubated with or without 10 mM EDTA for 16 hr at 4° C. and then analyzed by BN-PAGE. Under these conditions, the EDTA-treated protein was monomeric, whereas rsPSMA remained dimeric in the absence of EDTA. Although the dissociation of the PSMA dimer into monomer was essentially complete, any residual dimeric protein can be removed if desired by gel filtration, ultracentrifugation or other size-based separation methods that are well-known to those skilled in the art.
Example 17
Methods for Identifying Promoters of PSMA Dissociation
Compounds are screened for the ability to promote dissociation of PSMA dimers using a method that includes:
(a) contacting a PSMA dimer with a compound under conditions that do not promote dissociation of the PSMA dimer in the absence of the compound;
(b) measuring the amount of PSMA monomer; and
(c) comparing the amount of PSMA monomer measured in the presence of the compound with that observed in the absence of the compound.
An increase in the amount of PSMA monomer measured in the presence of the compound indicates that the compound is capable of promoting dissociation of the PSMA dimer.
In a further embodiment, compounds are screened for the ability to promote dissociation of PSMA dimers using a method that includes:
(a) contacting a PSMA dimer with a compound under conditions that do not promote dissociation of the PSMA dimer in the absence of the compound;
(b) measuring the amount of PSMA dimer; and
(c) comparing the amount of PSMA dimer measured in the presence of the compound with that observed in the absence of the compound.
A decrease in the amount of PSMA dimer measured in the presence of the compound indicates that the compound is capable of promoting dissociation of the PSMA dimer.
In a further embodiment, compounds are screened for the ability to promote dissociation of PSMA dimers using a method that includes:
(a) contacting a PSMA dimer with a compound under conditions that do not promote dissociation of the PSMA dimer in the absence of the compound;
(b) measuring the amounts of PSMA monomer and PSMA dimer;
(c) calculating a ratio of PSMA monomer to PSMA dimer; and
(d) comparing the ratio obtained in (c) with that obtained in the absence of the compound.
An increase in the ratio measured in the presence of the compound indicates that the compound is capable of promoting dissociation of the PSMA dimer.
Example 18
Cell Surface PSMA Binding Studies
Flow Cytometry
Parent 3T3 cells or PSMA-expressing 3T3 cells (2×105 cells per condition) were washed in PBS and incubated with PBS containing goat serum (10% v/v) for 20 minutes on ice to block non-specific binding sites. Anti-PSMA monoclonal antibodies (unpurified form in supernatants or purified mAbs) were added in serial dilutions to cells in 100 μl PBS and incubated on ice for 30 minutes. Control anti-human IgG (Caltag, Burlingame, Calif.) was used to establish background binding. After two washes in PBS, the cells were incubated with anti-human IgG (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) for 30 minutes on ice. Cells were washed twice in PBS, resuspended in 250 μl PBS and analyzed by flow cytometry using a FACScan machine (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) and CellQuest software. Viable cells were gated by forward scatter and side scatter parameters, and binding was quantified using histogram plots of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) levels.
Anti-PSMA mAbs XG-006 (PTA-4403 and PTA-4404, heavy and light chain plasmids), XG-051 (PTA-4407 and PTA-4408), 4.4-0.1 (PTA-4360; 4.40, 4.40.1 and 4.40.2 are the same antibody that represent different stages of subcloning the hybridoma), 4.49.1, 4.292.1 (PTA-4390) and 4.304.1 were found to avidly bind to cell surface PSMA (FIG. 26).
Maximal Binding
Flow cytometry data (mean fluorescence intensity v. antibody concentration) were transposed and plotted using EXCEL software (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.). Results from representative experiments of at least three determinations are depicted in FIGS. 27A-27C. Binding was compared by calculation of 50% effective concentration (EC50) using the Forecast function in EXCEL. The EC50 value represents the concentration of antibody required for half-maximal binding.
Anti-PSMA mAbs 10.3 (PSMA 10.3) and XG-006 were found to bind to 3T3-PSMA cells and not 3T3 cells (FIG. 27A). Antibody (26 nM) was added to cells, which were analyzed by flow cytometry. Binding to cell-surface PSMA using serial dilutions of anti-PSMA mAb-containing culture supernatants of XG-006, 4.304.1, XG-026 (PTA-4405 and PTA-4406) and 4.49.1 also was demonstrated (FIG. 27B). Binding to cell-surface PSMA using serial dilutions of purified anti-PSMA mAbs XG-006 and 10.3 is represented by FIG. 27C.
Example 19
Cytotoxicity of Toxin-Labeled Antibody
PSMA-3T3, LNCaP, and/or C4-2 cells (and control cell lines 3T3 and PC3 that do not express PSMA) were plated at 2,500 cells/100 μL/well in 96-well microplates (Falcon) and were incubated overnight at 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO2. The media used for PSMA-3T3 (and 3T3) and LNCaP (and C4-2 and PC3) was DMEM or RMPI 1640, respectively, containing 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% FBS, and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. 50 ng (in 50 μL) of Mab-Zap or Hum-ZAP (Advanced Targeting Systems, San Diego, Calif.) in medium was added in each well. Mab-Zap and Hum-Zap are goat anti-mouse IgG antibody or goat anti-human IgG antibody covalently linked to saporin, the most potent of the plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) from the seeds of the plant Saponaria officinalis. Saporin induces cell death by apoptosis (Bergamaschi, G., Perfetti, V., Tonon, L., Novella, A., Lucotti, C., Danova, M., Glennie, M. J., Merlini, G., Cazzola, M. Saporin, a ribosome-inactivating protein used to prepare immunotoxins, induces cell death via apoptosis. Br J Haematol 93, 789-94. (1996)). The Mab-Zap did not bind to or internalize in cells in the absence of an appropriate primary antibody.
Murine 3.9, 5.4, mJ591 (ATCC# HB-12126) and human 006, 4.40, 4.304 anti-PSMA antibodies (and control IgG antibodies) were added into plates at different concentrations to bring the total volume to 200 μL in triplicate. The plates were kept cold on ice for at least 30 min to maximize Map-Zap or Hum-Zap binding to PSMA antibodies before internalization. The plates were incubated for 2 days and then the medium was changed and incubated for another 2 days. After 4 days incubation, the medium was withdrawn and fresh medium containing 10% Alamar Blue (20 μL, Bioscience, Camarillo, Calif.) was added into each well and incubated for 2 hrs. A CYTOFLUOR plate reader was used to measure fluorescence in 96-well plates at wavelengths of 530 nm excitation and 590 nm emission. Internalization of toxin was mediated by anti-PSMA antibodies. The cell kill is illustrated in FIG. 28 on C4-2 cells and in FIG. 29 on PSMA-3T3 cells.
Human 4.304 anti-PSMA antibody was directly conjugated with saporin (Wrenn et al., Brain Res. 740:175-184, 1996), and its cytotoxicity was demonstrated using a similar protocol as described above (see FIG. 30).
Example 20
Immunoreactivity
PSMA-3T3, LNCaP and C4-2 were used as PSMA expressing cell lines and 3T3 was used as a control cell line not expressing PSMA. The cells were blocked with 10% goat serum on ice to reduce non-specific binding in this assay.
A small amount (1-5 ng) of labeled mAb was added into a cell pellet of 10 million cells and incubated at 0° C. (on ice) with gentle mixing. After a 1 hour incubation, the cells were collected by centrifugation and the supernatant containing unbound mAb was transferred to a fresh cell pellet for an additional 1 hour incubation at 0° C. Both sets of cells were centrifuged and washed twice with cold PBS. The cell pellets, supernatant and wash fractions were counted for radioactivity. Immunoreactivity is defined as the amount of radioactivity in the cell pellets divided by the total radioactivity in the cell pellets, supernatant and wash fractions. These data are shown below in Table 3.







TABLE 3







Immunoreactivity of 111In Radiolabeled


Antibody on PSMA Expressing Cells









Radiolabeled mAb
Immunoreactivity (%)
Cell line





111In 4.304
92.6 (1.4)
PSMA-3T3 (3T3)



92.6
PSMA-3T3



91.4 (1.7)
PSMA-3T3 (3T3)



89.1
LNCaP



92.4
C4-2


Average =
91.6 ± 1.5



111In 4.40
87.7 (0.5)
PSMA-3T3 (3T3)



86.8
PSMA-3T3



89.4 (1.5)
PSMA-3T3 (3T3)


Average =
88.0 ± 1.3



111In mJ591
58.5
PSMA-3T3



54.9 (1.1)
PSMA-3T3 (3T3)


Average =
56.7 ± 2.5



111In 3.9
88
LNCaP



87
C4-2



89 (2)
PSMA-3T3 (3T3)



95.3 (0.5)
PSMA-3T3 (3T3)



88.6
PSMA-3T3



84.8
C4-2



89.3
PSMA-3T3


Average =
88.6 ± 3.2










Antibodies 4.40, 4.304 and mJ591 were conjugated to the bifunctional chelate CHX-A′′-DTPA and antibody 3.9 was conjugated to C-DOTA.
Immunoreactivity of 225Ac radiolabeled antibody (026 and 4.40) was also assessed with a methodology similar to that described above for the 111In labeled antibodies. 225Ac was chelated with the bifunctional DOTA at 50° C. for 30 minutes. The chelated 225Ac was then conjugated to antibodies 026 and 4.40 at 35° C. for 30 minutes. Unconjugated 225Ac was removed by a PD10 column (Amersham Biosciences, Picataway, N.J.). The immunoreactivity of the radiolabeled antibodies was then determined. The data are presented below in Table 4. In addition to the assessment of the immunoreactivity of these antibodies, the yield of the labeling procedure was also assessed, and these data are also provided below in Table 4.







TABLE 4







Yield and Immunoreactivity of 225Ac Radiolabeled Antibody









Antibody
Yield
Immunoreactivity












026
 9.3 +/− 0.8 (n = 2)
61.3 +/− 1.1 (n = 2)


4.40
14.3 +/− 0.6 (n = 2)
78.1 +/− 0.1 (n = 2)









Example 21
Competitive Binding Assay to Identify Binding Epitopes
To identify whether a given group of mAbs recognize distinct or overlapping epitopes on PSMA, competition binding assays were performed with 111In radiolabeled antibodies. 2×105 cells (100 μL) of PSMA-3T3 were plated into 96-well microplates, and antibodies 4.40, 4.304 and mJ591 (100 μL) at different concentrations (series dilution) were added. The cells were incubated at 0° C. for 30 min. 20 μL of In-111 radiolabeled CHX-A′′-DTPA antibody constructs were added into each well. After a 2 hour incubation on ice for competition binding, the cells were washed 5 times using cold PBS. The cells containing bound 111In antibodies were recovered from microplates into test tubes and counted in a gamma counter.
Results detailed in FIG. 31 show that mJ591 blocked 111In 4.40 binding to PSMA-3T3 cells and did not block 111In 4.304. In addition, 4.40 and 4.304 did not block each other. Unmodified antibodies 4.304 and mJ591 were also used to compete with 111In radiolabeled mJ591. Human 4.304 did not compete with 111In mJ591 for binding to PSMA-3T3 (FIG. 32).
Example 22
Binding Affinity Using BIACORE 3000
To determine the kinetics and affinity of the antibodies, the antibodies in crude supernatants, in purified form and in bifunctional chelate modified forms were analyzed using a BIACORE 3000 instrument (Biacore Inc., Piscataway, N.J.). BIACORE 3000 is a fully automated surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor system that is designed to provide real-time kinetic data from assay formats that require no tags or labeling of compounds for biomolecular interactions. It is ideal for screening crude supernatants.
The streptavidin-coated sensor chips (SA chips, Biacore, Inc.) were used to capture biotinylated anti-human IgG antibody (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). The entire sensor chip surface was conditioned with five injections of conditioning solution (1 M NaCl, 50 mM NaOH) and equilibrated with PBS buffer containing 0.005% polysorbate 20. Two to three thousand resonance units (RU) of biotinylated anti-human IgG antibody (Sigma) were immobilized onto the SA chip followed by an injection of regeneration buffer (glycine-HCl, pH 2.2). Antibodies in supernatants were diluted to 2 μg/mL in PBS buffer and captured onto one anti-human IgG flow cell, while isotype-matched control human antibody (Sigma) was similarly captured on a second flow cell. rsPSMA at different concentrations in PBS buffer was flowed over the cells at 30 μL/min for 3 min in an “association phase” followed by a “dissociation phase” for 10 min. SPR was monitored and displayed as a function of time. For each antibody at one concentration, the chip was regenerated and equilibrated. Examples of the analysis of antibody PRGX1-XG-006 in association phase and dissociation phase at different concentrations of rsPSMA from 100 nM to 6.25 nM are shown in FIG. 33. Thermodynamic and kinetic rate constants of binding were calculated using the BIACORE Evaluation software. For example, the affinity of XG-006 antibodies in a supernatant to rsPSMA was determined to be 4.92×10−10 M with a Ka of 1.3×105 M−1 s−1 and a Kd of 6.4×10−5 s−1. Selective data for several human PSMA antibodies in crude supernatant, purified form, and modified with bifunctional chelate is listed in Table 5 for comparison.
Binding activity of 111In radiolabeled antibodies was determined by Scatchard analysis of binding data obtained using PSMA-expressing cells (LNCaP, C4-2, PSMA-3T3 and parental 3T3 as a control). The experimental procedures and methods of data analysis have been described previously (Scheinberg, D. A. et al. Leukemia 3: 440-445 (1991).







TABLE 5







Kinetic Rate Constants of Antibodies in Crude Supernatant,


Purified, Bifunctional Chelate Modified Forms along with KD


Determined Using 111In Radiolabeled Scatchard Analysis












Ka





Antibodies
(M−1, s−1)
Kd (s−1)
KD (M−1)
Avg KD





006 Supernatant
1.30E+05
6.40E−05
4.92E−10
4.92E−10


Purified 006-1
2.94E+05
1.37E−04
4.66E−10



Purified 006-2
2.26E+05
1.27E−04
5.62E−10
5.14E−10


4.40 Supernatant
2.10E+05
1.25E−04
5.95E−10
5.95E−10


Purified 4.40-1
2.54E+05
1.52E−04
5.98E−10



Purified 4.40-2
2.43E+05
2.37E−04
9.75E−10
7.87E−10


CHX-4.40-1
2.57E+05
1.60E−04
6.23E−10



CHX-4.40-2
2.47E+05
1.55E−04
6.28E−10
6.25E−10


IN-111CHX-4.40-1


4.44E−09



IN-111CHX-4.40-2


4.95E−09
4.70E−09


4.304 Supernatant
1.40E+05
1.25E−04
8.93E−10
8.93E−10


Purified 4.304-1
8.31E+04
1.20E−04
1.44E−09



Purified 4.304-2
1.06E+05
6.33E−05
5.97E−10
1.02E−09


CHX-4.304-1
6.19E+04
1.21E−04
1.95E−09



CHX-4.304-2
6.79E+04
1.49E−04
2.19E−09
2.07E−09


IN-111CHX-4.304-1


9.63E−09



IN-111CHX-4.304-2


5.97E−09
7.80E−09


10.3 Supernatant
1.90E+05
3.63E−04
1.91E−09
1.91E−09


Purified 10.3-1
3.28E+05
6.32E−05
1.93E−10



Purified 10.3-2
2.96E+05
6.43E−05
2.17E−10
2.05E−10









A comparison of the fully human antibodies 4.40.1, 4.49.1, 051 and 006 and the murine antibody 3.9 was performed by BIACORE. For each antibody for comparison, response was normalized to 100 RU. The graph of time vs. response difference for these antibodies is given in FIG. 34. The binding affinities for these antibodies were determined to be 6.1, 6.7, 5.8, 4.8 and 13.7×10 ̃10 M, respectively.
Example 23
Characterization of Cell Lines for In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Results from a Scatchard analysis using 111In labeled anti-PSMA antibody 3.9 are represented in FIG. 35. Transfected murine 3T3 cells express >1 million copies of PSMA per cell, LNCAP cells (androgen dependent human prostate cancer cell line) express 0.64 million copies, while C4-2 cells (androgen independent) express 0.25 million copies per cell. The affinity of 3.9 for cell surface PSMA is 6.4 nM for PSMA-3T3, 4.0 nM for LNCAP and 3.3 nM for C4-2 (4.6 nM is the average of these data).
A summary of the analyses of crude supernatants for the human anti-PSMA antibodies is given in Table 6 below.







TABLE 6







Characterization of Anti-PSMA Monoclonal Antibodies













Binding to 3T3-





Ab Conc
PSMA (FACS)

BIACORE studies














(μg/mL)

AVG

Ka,




















Lysate
PGNX
Max
AVG
C4.2
Anti-PSMA
KD, M − 1
M − 1 s − 1
Kd, s − 1


Supernatant
PGNX
EIA
FACS
binding
EC50
FACS
Western
(×10−10)
(×105)
(×10 − 5)




















PRGX1-XG1-
4.7
ND1
ND
148
2.4
ND
Conf.2
2.0
1.5
2.9


026












4.4.1
4.7
0.08
7
8
ND
5.2
Conf.
4.2
2.3
9.7


PRGX1-XG1-
1.8
0.39
114
183
3.4
9.5
Conf.
4.8
1.3
6.4


006












PRGX1-XG1-
3.5
0.48
83
202
2.0
9.9
Conf.
5.8
1.4
8.2


051












4.40.1
4.3
0.33
53
163
2.3
10.8
Conf.
6.1
2.1
12.5


4.49.1
2.6
0.36
362
162
0.9
16.2
Conf.
6.7
3.1
20.7


4.292.1
2.7
0.18
75
195
6.0
9.2
Conf.
6.8
1.2
8.5


4.304.1
4.1
0.39
92
184
9.1
8.4
Conf.
8.7
1.4
12.5


4.232.1
2.4
0.49
97
138
2.7
6.0
Linear3
9.4
1.5
13.8


4.153.1
5.9
0.29
279
182
5.3
14.8
Conf.
9.5
1.2
11.8


4.333.1
2.9
0.18
82
168
3.1
6.6
Conf.
11
0.7
8.5


PRGX1-XG1-
3.9
0.45
392
227
6.0
12.4
Conf.
16
0.6
10.4


077












10.3
8.5
1.06
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
19
1.9
36.4


pure 10.3

0.44
130
181
7.5
ND
Conf.
ND










4.7






4.22.1
2.8
0.08
7
ND
ND
4.7
ND
20
1.7
33


4.248.1
3.5
0.37
7
ND
ND
4.1
Conf.
27
1.0
28


4.54.1
10
0.14
267
162
3.9
13.6
ND
30
1.9
56


4.7.1
5
0.23
156
141
1.6
10.2
Conf.
32
1.7
56


4.78.1
5.3
0.00
205
118
1.0
7.9
Conf.
53
2.4
125


4.48.1
4.9
0.06
14
ND
ND
7.7
ND
62
0.9
59


4.209.1
3.5
0.22
60
ND
ND
6.7
ND
142
0.9
125


4.177.1
1.1
0.15
236
174
2.4
10.6
ND
155
0.6
93


4.152.1
3.4
0.38
81
85
4.0
7.5
ND
163
0.8
126


4.28.1
4.2
0.04
112
155
4.2
11.3
ND
167
1.2
192


4.16.1
5.3
0.00
8
ND
ND
7.8
ND
177
1.8
313


4.360.1
1.5
0.02
112
130
2.2
7.9
ND
197
1.0
201


4.288.1
15.4
0.02
67
141
4.1
6.5
ND
198
1.3
257


4.219.2
0.5
0.34
69
ND
ND
5.9
ND
ND


















PRGX1-XG1-
6.5
ND
ND
71
7.9
ND
ND
No Binding



069


























Murine 3.9







13.7
0.7
9.7


Control







6.34
2.24
14.2





1ND = not determined


2conf. = conformational epitope


3linear = linear epitope






Example 24
Cytotoxicity of Radiolabeled Antibody
The in vitro cytotoxicity of 225Ac labeled anti-PSMA antibody (4.40 and 026) was determined using methodology similar to that used in Example 19. Prostate cancer cells (100 μL of C4-2, LNCaP, and PC3 cells at a concentration of 2×104 cells/mL) were placed into separate wells of a 96 well microplate. For tests with the 026 antibody, C4-2 and PC3 cells were placed into separate wells of a 96 well microplate. After overnight incubation, the cells were treated with 225Ac labeled human anti-PSMA antibody at different concentrations for over 4 days. Cell cytotoxicity was quantified using Alamar Blue (Biosource International, Camarillo, Calif.).
FIG. 36 shows a plot of cell survival vs. 225Ac activity concentration using 225Ac labeled 4.40 antibody. The EC50 for PSMA expressing cells (C4-2 and LNCaP) was <2 nCi/mL. However, the EC50 was 420 nCi/mL for PC3 cells, which do not express PSMA on the cell surface. Therefore, the 225Ac labeled human anti-PSMA 4.40 antibody shows >200-fold selectivity in killing PSMA expressing prostate cancer cells (C4-2 and LNCaP) vs. control cells (PC3).
FIG. 37 shows a plot of cell survival vs. 225Ac activity concentration using 225Ac labeled 026 antibody. The 225Ac labeled human anti-PSMA 026 antibody shows >50-fold selectivity in killing PSMA expressing prostate cancer cells (C4-2) vs. control cells (PC3).
Example 25
Cytotoxicity of 225Ac Labeled Antibody vs. Control Antibody
The in vitro cytotoxicity of 225Ac labeled anti-PSMA antibody was determined using methodology similar to that used in Example 19 and Example 24 above. Human prostate cancer cells (100 μL of C4-2 and LNCaP cells at a concentration of 2×104 cells/mL) were placed into separate wells of a 96 well microplate. After overnight incubation, the cells were treated with 225Ac labeled human anti-PSMA 026 antibody at different concentrations for 4 days. Cell cytotoxicity was quantified using Alamar Blue (Biosource International, Camarillo, Calif.). Human IgG (HuIgG) was used as a control. The cytotoxicity of an anti-PSMA mAb 026 “2 hour wash” was also determined. A 2 hour wash means that the cells were incubated with 225Ac labeled antibody for 2 hours. After 2 hours, the media was removed and fresh media was added for the 4 day incubation.
FIG. 38 shows a plot of cell survival vs. the 225Ac activity concentration for both C4-2 and LNCaP cells using radiolabeled mAb 026, mAb 026 2 hour wash and HuIgG. 225Ac labeled mAb 026 showed an IC50 of <1 nCi/mL. Therefore, the 225Ac labeled human anti-PSMA 026 antibody showed >50-fold selectivity in killing the prostate cancer cells vs. the control antibody.
Example 26
Cytotoxicity of 225Ac Labeled Antibody vs. Control Antibody Evaluated by 3H Thymidine Incorporation
Human prostate cancer cells (C4-2) in a 96 microplate were treated with 225Ac labeled mAbs at different concentrations for 4 days. Cell survival was assessed using 3H thymidine incorporation (Nikula, T. K, et al. J. Nucl. Med. 40: 166-176, 1999).
FIG. 39 shows a plot of cell survival vs. the 225Ac activity concentration for C4-2 cells using radiolabeled mAb 026 and control mAb (HuM195). The IC50 was 0.12 nCi/mL using 225Ac labeled 026 vs. 13 nCi/ml with the control mAb (HuM195). The radiolabeled 026 antibody, therefore, showed >100-fold selectivity in killing the PSMA expressing C4-2 cells vs. the control antibody.
Example 27
In Vivo Radioimmunotherapy with 177Lu Labeled Antibodies
Athymic nude mice from the National Cancer Institute were implanted subcutaneously with 2×106 PSMA-3T3 cells. After measurable tumors appeared at day 7 post implantation, the mice were treated by injection with either a single 250 μCi dose human anti-PSMA antibody 4.40 or 4.304 labeled with 177Lu (University of Missouri Research Reactor), or were injected with buffer only as control. The tumor size of individual animals was measured using an electronic caliper. FIG. 40 shows a plot of the median tumor size in each group over time. Tumor growths were substantially reduced in 177Lu antibody treated groups compared to the control group.
Example 28
In Vivo Biodistribution Study with 177Lu Labeled Antibodies
Athymic nude mice from the National Cancer Institute (male, approximately 6 weeks old) were injected subcutaneously with 4×106 PSMA-3T3 cells and 2.8×106 3T3 cells in 0.2 mL in the right and left flank of each animal, respectively. Anti-PSMA antibodies 006, 026, mJ591 and HuIgG (control) modified with CHX-A′′-DTPA were labeled with 177Lu. FIG. 41 shows the radio-HPLC profile of the radiolabeled antibodies as well as the cell-based immunoreactivity performed as quality control. On day 6 after tumor implantation, 177Lu labeled antibodies (10 μCi and 1 μg in 0.15 mL) were injected retro-orbitally. The animals were randomized before antibody injection. Mice (30 per antibody, 5 per time point) were sacrificed at different times (days 0.17, 1, 2, 4, 7 and 12). Tumors and individual organs (PSMA+ tumor, PSMA− tumor, blood, liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, heart, bone, muscle, carcass) were taken and weighed. Activity in each organ along with standards prepared from injection solutions were counted using a multi-channel gamma counter.
Results of this study show that 177Lu labeled antibodies specifically bound to tumors expressing PSMA in vivo in the animal model. The percent injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g) was calculated and plotted over time for the different antibodies in the PSMA+ and PSMA− tumors (FIG. 42A). PSMA specific tumor targeting (ratio of PSMA+/PSMA− tumor uptake) is provided in FIG. 42B.
FIG. 43 shows the percent activity in the tumors with the various radiolabeled antibodies (006, 026, mJ591 and HuIgG) over time (% tumor retention vs. total body retention). The data again illustrate the specificity by which the radiolabeled antibodies target the PSMA expressing tumors. FIG. 43A shows the activity over time in the PSMA+tumors while FIG. 43B shows the percent activity over time in the PSMA− tumors for the different antibodies. FIG. 44 shows the data for normal organ (blood, liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, bone, heart and muscle) uptake (% ID/g) plotted over time.
Example 29
In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of 177Lu Radiolabeled Antibodies
Athymic nude mice from the National Cancer Institute (male, approximately 6 weeks old) were injected subcutaneously with 4×106 PSMA-3T3 cells and 2.8×106 3T3 cells in 0.2 mL in the right and left flank of each animal, respectively. 177Lu labeled mAb 026 (0 μCi, n=5; 300 μCi and 10 μg, n=9; and 400 μCi and 13.5 μg, n=5) were injected into the mice on day 6 after tumor implantation. Animals were weighed and tumors were measured over time. Tumor size (mm3) was calculated using the formula: length×(width)2/2. Mice were sacrificed if tumor size reached 1000 mm3. Animal survival was also assessed, and the Kaplan-Meier plot was created.
The results of the study show that treatment decreased tumor size and increased survival in the mice. FIG. 45A shows the tumor size in the mice treated with the radiolabeled antibodies (177Lu labeled mAb 026) at all three dose levels. The mice treated with 300 μCi and 400 μCi had consistently smaller tumors than the mice in the control group (0 μCi). FIG. 45B shows that the mice treated with 300 μCi and 400 μCi had increased survival relative to the control mice. Median survival was increased by 2.4-fold in mice treated with 300 μCi and 3.5-fold in mice treated with 400 μCi using time after treatment. Treatment with 400 μCi was found to be non-toxic. Additionally, at the end of the experiment (48 days after tumor implantation), one animal from each treated group remained PSMA-3T3 tumor free but had large 3T3 tumors.
Example 30
Binding of Antibodies to rsPSMA Dimer and Monomer
A BIACORE 3000 instrument was used to monitor, in real time, binding of rsPSMA dimer and monomer to anti-PSMA mAbs. Antibodies were immobilized at approximately 10,000 resonance units to CM5 sensor chips according to the manufacturer's instructions for amine coupling (Biacore, Inc., Piscataway, NJ). A reference surface of isotype-matched antibody of irrelevant specificity was used as a background control. Binding experiments were performed at 25° C. in PBS buffer with 0.005% Surfactant P20. Purified rsPSMA dimer (50 nM) or monomer (100 nM) was passed over control and test flow cells at a flow rate of 5 μL/min. The sensor surface was regenerated with two pulses of 20 nM HCl.
FIGS. 46 and 47, respectively, show that anti-PSMA mAbs 006 and 026 bind preferentially to the rsPSMA dimer rather than the rsPSMA monomer. Anti-PSMA antibodies 4.40 and mJ591, however, were shown to bind both the rsPSMA dimer and monomer at significant levels (FIGS. 48 and 49, respectively). This study illustrates that anti-PSMA mAbs 006 and 026 are PSMA dimer-specific antibodies and bind dimer-specific epitopes on PSMA.
Example 31
Immunization with rsPSMA Dimer Preparations
Immunization
BALB/c mice were immunized by subcutaneous injection at days 0, 7, 14, and 42 with either 5 μg clinical rsPSMA lot #4019-C001 (75% dimer/25% monomer) or 5 μg rsPSMA batch #TD045-003 run 1/peak 2 (100% monomer) and adjuvanted with 50 μg ALHYDROGEL per dose. Serum was drawn 10 days after the fourth immunization and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) and flow cytometry.
EIA
rsPSMA lot #4019-0001 or rsPSMA batch # TD045-003 run 1/peak 2 was passively adsorbed to 96-well microtiter plates. Remaining binding sites on the plate were blocked with a PBS/Casein/TWEEN 20 buffer. Serially diluted mouse serum or controls were added and bound antibody was detected using a goat anti-mouse IgG antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. The EIA was developed with the substrate pNPP which produces a color change that is directly proportional to the amount of anti-PSMA antibody bound. Absorbance was read at 405 nm with a correction of 620 nm. Antibody titer was defined as the highest dilution of mouse serum yielding a blank corrected absorbance of 0.1. Immune mouse serum with a known anti-PSMA titer or normal mouse serum with no anti-PSMA reactivity was used as controls.
Flow Cytometry Analysis
PSMA-3T3 cells were incubated with 200 μL of immune serum at a dilution of 1/50 in PBS with 0.1% sodium azide on ice for 30 minutes. Immune mouse serum with known anti-PSMA titer or normal mouse serum with no anti-PSMA reactivity was used as controls. The cells were washed twice with PBS with 0.1% sodium azide and incubated for 30 minutes on ice with FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG. Cells were washed once, resuspended in PBS with 0.1% sodium azide and subjected to flow cytometric analysis on FACScaliber (Becton Dickinson).
Results
5/5 mice immunized with rsPSMA lot # 4019-C001 showed an anti-PSMA antibody response by EIA. Antibody titer was similar for assay plates coated with rsPSMA lot # 4019-C001 (75% dimer/25% monomer) and assay plates coated with rsPSMA batch # TD045-003 run 1/peak 2 (100% monomer). Median response for the group was 1/6400.
4/5 mice immunized with rsPSMA batch # TD045-003 run 1/peak 2 showed an anti-PSMA antibody response by EIA. One mouse was negative. Antibody titer was similar for assay plates coated with rsPSMA lot # 4019-C001 (75% dimer/25% monomer) and assay plates coated with rsPSMA batch # TD045-003 run 1/peak 2 (100% monomer). Median response for the group was 1/6400.
The results of the EIA analysis are provided in Table 7.







TABLE 7







Specificity of the Anti-PSMA Antibody Response in Mice Vaccinated


4 Times with rsPSMA 5 μg/dose and 50 μg/dose ALHYDROGEL














EIA Titer
Median




EIA Titer
vs. Batch
RFI vs.


Mouse

vs. Lot
TD045-003
PSMA-3T3


ID #
Immunogen
4019-C001
run 1/peak 2
cells














ABIM151
4019-C001 Dimer
 1/3200
 1/3200
84


ABIM152
4019-C001 Dimer
 1/3200
 1/3200
41


ABIM153
4019-C001 Dimer
  1/25600
  1/25600
76


ABIM154
4019-C001 Dimer
  1/12800
  1/12800
63


ABIM155
4019-C001 Dimer
 1/6400
 1/6400
74


ABIM156
Monomer
 1/1600
 1/1600
5


ABIM157
Monomer
 1/6400
  1/12800
8


ABIM158
Monomer
0
0
6


ABIM159
Monomer
 1/6400
 1/6400
6


ABIM160
Monomer
 1/6400
 1/6400
12









As shown in FIG. 50, anti-PSMA antibody in the serum of mice immunized with a dimer preparation of rsPSMA (lot # 4019-C001) showed strong binding to PSMA-3T3 cells. Anti-PSMA antibody in the serum of mice immunized with a 100% monomer preparation of rsPSMA (batch # TD045-003 run 1/peak 2) showed no binding to PSMA-3T3 cells.
Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration, it is understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and variations can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention which is defined by the following claims.
The contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are incorporated herein by reference.

## Claims

1. A composition comprising:
a monoclonal antibody that binds prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) protein dimer, PSMA protein dimer being a homodimer of PSMA protein monomer having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the antibody, or the antigen-binding fragment, i) binds live cells and ii) binds with at least a two-fold greater affinity to PSMA protein dimer than to PSMA protein monomer.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds with at least a four-fold greater affinity.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds with at least a five-fold greater affinity.

4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds with at least a ten-fold greater affinity.

5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds with at least a twenty-fold greater affinity.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds PSMA protein dimer without substantial binding to PSMA protein monomer.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits an enzymatic activity of PSMA protein dimer.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a humanized antibody.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a human antibody.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a chimeric antibody.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antigen-binding fragment is a Fab fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment or a Fv fragment.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a single chain antibody Fv (scFv).

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the heavy chain variable region of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and a light chain variable region comprising the three CDRs of the light chain variable region of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.

14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the antibody is mAb AB-PG1-XG1-006, the heavy chain and light chain of which are encoded by plasmids having the ATCC accession numbers PTA-4403 and PTA-4404, respectively.

15. The composition of claim 1, 13 or 14, further comprising a cytotoxic agent, an immunostimulatory agent or an immunomodulator.

16. The composition of claim 1, 13 or 14, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent.

17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the cytotoxic agent is a radionuclide, a chemical toxin or a protein toxin.

18. The composition of claim 16, wherein the cytotoxic agent is a radionuclide selected from the group consisting of 225Ac, 211At, 212Bi, 213Bi, 212Pb, 224Ra, 223Ra, 186Rh, 188Rh, 177Lu, 90Y, 131I, 67Cu, 64Cu, 153Sm, 166Ho, 125I, 123I and 77Br.

19. The composition of claim 16, wherein the cytotoxic agent is an enediyne, a dolastatin, or a plant toxin.

20. The composition of claim 16, wherein the cytotoxic agent is calicheamicin, esperamicin, methotrexate, doxorubicin, melphalan, chlorambucil, ARA-C, vindesine, mitomycin C, cis-platinum, etoposide, bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, estramustine, vincristine, etoposide, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, dolastatin 10, auristatin E, auristatin PHE, ricin, abrin, modeccin, botulina toxin, diphtheria toxin, combrestatin A4, angiostatin, endostatin, interferon inducible protein 10, 2ME2, angiostatin, anti-VEGF RhuMAb, Apra (CT-2584), benefin, BMS275291, carboxyamidotriazole, CC4047, CC5013, CC7085, CDC801, CGP-41251 (PKC 412), CM101, combretastatin A-4 Prodrug, EMD 121974, endostatin, flavopiridol, genistein (GCP), green tea extract, IM-862, ImmTher, interferon alpha, interleukin-12, ZD1839, marimastat, Col-3, octreotide, paclitaxel, penicillamine, PI-88, prinomastat (AG-3340), PTK787 (ZK22584), R0317453, solimastat, squalamine, SU 101, SU 5416, SU-6668, suradista (FCE 26644), suramin (metaret), tetrathiomolybdate, thalidomide, or TNP-470.

21. The composition of claim 1, 13 or 14, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is conjugated to a detectable label.

22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the detectable label is a fluorescent label, an enzymatic label, a radioactive label, a nuclear magnetic resonance active label, a luminescent label or a chromophore label.

23. The composition of claim 21, wherein the detectable label is biotin.

24. The composition of any of claims 1, 13 and 14, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or stabilizer.

25. The composition of claim 15, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or stabilizer.

26. The composition of claim 16, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or stabilizer.

27. The composition of claim 21, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or stabilizer.

28. The composition of any of claims 1, 13 and 14, packaged in lyophilized form.

29. The composition of claim 15, packaged in lyophilized form.

30. The composition of claim 16, packaged in lyophilized form.

31. The composition of claim 21, packaged in lyophilized form.

32. The composition of any of claims 1, 13 and 14, packaged in an aqueous medium.

33. The composition of claim 15, packaged in an aqueous medium.

34. The composition of claim 16, packaged in an aqueous medium.

35. The composition of claim 21, packaged in an aqueous medium.

36. A kit for detecting prostate cancer for diagnosis, prognosis or monitoring, said kit comprising the composition of claim 1, 13 or 14.

37. The kit of claim 36, wherein the kit further comprises a detectable label.

38. The kit of claim 37, wherein the detectable label is a fluorescent label, an enzymatic label, a radioactive label, a nuclear magnetic resonance active label, a luminescent label or a chromophore label.

39. The kit of claim 37, further comprising one or more compounds for detecting the label.

40. An isolated recombinant cell expressing mAb AB-PG1-XG1-006, the heavy chain and light chain of which are encoded by plasmids having the ATCC accession numbers PTA-4403 and PTA-4404, respectively.

41. A monoclonal antibody that binds prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) protein dimer, PSMA protein dimer being a homodimer of PSMA protein monomer having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the antibody, or the antigen-binding fragment, i) binds live cells and ii) binds with at least a two-fold greater affinity to PSMA protein dimer than to PSMA protein monomer.

42. A monoclonal antibody that binds prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) protein dimer, PSMA protein dimer being a homodimer of PSMA protein monomer having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the antibody, or the antigen-binding fragment, i) binds live cells and ii) binds with at least a two-fold greater affinity to PSMA protein dimer than to PSMA protein monomer, wherein the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent.

43. A monoclonal antibody that binds prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) protein dimer, PSMA protein dimer being a homodimer of PSMA protein monomer having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the antibody, or the antigen-binding fragment, i) binds live cells and ii) binds with at least a two-fold greater affinity to PSMA protein dimer than to PSMA protein monomer, wherein the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment is conjugated to a detectable label.

44. A monoclonal antibody that binds prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) protein dimer, PSMA protein dimer being a homodimer of PSMA protein monomer having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the antibody, or the antigen-binding fragment, i) binds live cells and ii) binds with at least a two-fold greater affinity to PSMA protein dimer than to PSMA protein monomer, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the heavy chain variable region of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and a light chain variable region comprising the three CDRs of the light chain variable region of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and wherein the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent.

45. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the heavy chain variable region of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 and a light chain variable region comprising the three CDRs of the light chain variable region of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.

46. The composition of claim 45, wherein the antibody is mAb AB-PG1-XG1-026, the heavy chain and light chain of which are encoded by plasmids having the ATCC accession numbers PTA-4405 and PTA-4406, respectively.

47. An isolated recombinant cell expressing mAb AB-PG1-XG1-026, the heavy chain and light chain of which are encoded by plasmids having the ATCC accession numbers PTA-4405 and PTA-4406, respectively.