United States 

Department 

of Agriculture 

Changes in Output of 

Southeastern Forest 

Industrial Timber Products @ Experiment Stat~on in Virginia, 1976-1978 

Forest Service 

I Resource Bulletin 

I SE-54 by Richard L. Welch and Thomas R. Bellamy 
December 1980 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 

Asheville,North Carolina 
Changes in Output of Industrial Timber 

Products in Virginia, 

by 

Richard L. Welch, Resource Analyst 

and 

Thomas R. Bellamy, Associate Mensurationkt 

Absrrocl. - Almost 360 million cubic feet of indusrrial roundwood products were harvested from 

Virginia's forest in 1978, and an estimated 137 million cubic feet ofwood residues wereleh in theforests. 

Virginia shipped 41 million cubic feet of roundwood products to plants outside the State, and Virginia 

plants received 65 million cubic ket of out-of-statc wood. Over 75 percent ofthe384miltioncubicfeet of 

roundwood receipts were converted directly to manufactured products. Over 64 million cubic feet were 

converted to plant byproducts tnat were used as roundwood substitutes such as puipwood chips. Of the 

remaining plant receipts, 17 million cubic feet became fuelwood, 4 million became nonindustrial byproducts, and 10 million were unused. The total output of industrial timber products amounted to 424 

million cubic feet, or 9 million cubic feet more than in 1976. 

Between detailed timber surveys, which are 

made at approximately 10-year intervals in the 

Southeastern States, the easiesiway to keep trackof 

timber harvesting in a State is to conduct periodic 

canvasses of primary wood-using plants to determine theamount and source of their receipts. Sucha 

canvass was made in Virgini? in 1976 as part of a 

detailed timber survey which included a utilization 

study to determine the volume of logging residues. 

Together, the two studies provided information on 

the total harvesting drain on Virginia's forests. In 

1978 another industry canvass was made to determine changes in Virginia's timber products output. 

This Bulletin with Appendix report the findings of 

the 1978 canvass and the major changes from the 

1976 study. No utilization study was made in 1978; 

however, utilization factors from the 1976 study 

were used to estimate logging residues generated in 

1978. 

BACKGROUND 

pine timber could develop if this trend continued. 

Pine growth exceeded~removals by only a slight 

margin at that time. The hardwood encroachment 

problem was being aggravated by increasing pulpwood production and decreasing fuelwood production. The primary source of pulpwood was pine 

timber, while the fuelwood was coming from lowquality hardwoods. 

Very few major changes were found in the 1957 

trends when the third survey was completed in 1966. 

The hardwood forest had expanded and the softwood declined. Softwood growth was well below 

the level of removals. The most serious overcut was 

in the Coastal Plain Region (fig. 1). The softwood 

product output had decreased slightly but not 

enough to have any real positive effect on the slumping pine inventory. The volume of softwood pulpwood entering the State from neighboring states 

was roughly equal to the volume that was leaving 

the State. The hardwood products output was 

unchanged irom that in 1957. The output of hardwood fuelwood continued to decline. 

In 1957 the second survey of Virginia's forest re- The fourth survey, completed in 1977, showed 

sources showed that timber growthwasadequate to that hardwoods were still replacing pines and that 

.provide forest industries with the amount and kind the hardwood inventory was still increasing. The 

of timber they were using. The survey also pointed softwood inventory, which had been declining, was 

out that low-quality hardwoods were replacingpine on the increase. The increase in the softwood 

over a wide area in the State and that a shortage of inventory was attributed to a sharp rise in the 

output throughout most of the period between surveys. Ths downward trend in timber products output, however, appeared to end and he reversed in 

1976. Although the statewide picture for softwoods 

was improving in 1976, removals were still exceeding growth in the Coastal Plain Region. The net exchange of softwood products between Virginia and 

its neighbors shifted so that by 1976 Virginia was 

receiving over twice as much wood as it was 

shipping out. A similar change in the net exchange 

of hardwoods occurred. The output of all major 

hardwood products except veneer logs increased. 

The most outstanding gains were in the production 

of hardwood pulpwood and fuelwood. 

STATEWIDE TRENDS* 

Virginia's output of industrial timber products 

amounted to 424 million cuhic feet in 1978,2 percent more than in 1976. All products showed 

increases with the exceptionofpulpwood, and most 

of the increase was from softwoods. Output of 

roundwood products was 360 million cubic feet, I 

percent more than in 1976, and output of plant hyproducts was 64 million cubic feet, up 8 percent over 

1976. 

The proportions of the total output used for 

various products changed considerably. Pulpwood 

had replaced saw logs as the leading product in 

1976, but due to a 6-million-cvhic-foot increase in 

saw-log production and a 4-million-cubic-foot 

decline in pulpwood production, saw logs were the 

leading product in 1978. Saw logs accounted for 47 

percent of the total 1978 output, and the increase 

was limited to softwood roundwood. ~ul~kood 

made up almost 46 percent of the total output; the 

decline was limited to round pulpwood. The output 

of veneer logs accounted for 3 percent of the total 

output, and miscellaneous products such as 

cooperage bolts, poles, pilings, fence posts, and 

material for particleboard made up the remaining 4 

percent. 

Roundwood receipts at Virginia's primary 

wood-using plants totaled 384 million cubic feet in 

1978, 24 million cubic feet more than the roundwood harvest in the State. In 1976, receipts exceeded the harvest by 40 million cubic feet. In 1978 

{he volume of roundwood products leaving the 

*In an effort to conserve fuel, 54 small sawmills that were 

State was 41 million cubic feet, or 13 million more 

than in 1976. The 13-million~uhic-foot increase 

was 70 percent hardwood and 30 percent softwood. 

The volume of products entering the State was 65 

million cuhic feet, or 3 million cuhic feet less than in 

1976. The decrease was 93 percent softwood and 7 

percent hardwood. 

Roundwood receipts at non-pulpmills totaled 

23 1 million cubic feet. Of this volume, 129 million 

cubic feet went to the primary product, 95 million 

cubic feet to initial residues, and almost 7 million 

cubic feet to pulpwood chips. The receipts of products, excluding pulpwood, were up by 7 million 

cuhic feet over 1976, and the volume of initial 

residues produced was up 3 million cubic feet. The 

volume of unused plant residues dropped from 19 

million to 10 million cubic feet. Through improved 

utilization and the increased output, 12 million 

cuhic feet of additional plant byproducts were produced. Only 5 million cubic feet of the increase were 

used as roundwood substitutesfor industrial timber 

products; another 5 million went to fuelwood, and 

the remaining 2 million went to nonindustrial products like animal bedding and mulch. The volume of 

unused hark residues produced at all primary woodusing plants dropped by 86,486 green tons, and the 

initial output was up by 22,906green tons. Allofthe 

increased utilization of hark went to miscellaneous 

nonindustrial products and to pulp. The output of 

fuel from hark decreased by 82,840 green tons. 

No new utilization study was made in 1978 to 

determine the volume of logging residues produced 

that year, but utilizationfactorsfrom the 1976 study 

were used to estimate 1978 logging residues. Traditionally, the reported volume of logging residues 

has been limited to wood in the saw-log and upperstem portions of sawtimber and poletimber trees 

killed during harvesting. Based on utilization 

factors from the 1976 utilization study, the 1978 

volume of this wood was almost 56 million cuhic 

feet or 9 million more than in 1976. In addition to 

the wood traditionally referred to as logging 

residues, there is wood in the stumps, tops, and 

limbs of sawtimber andpoletimber trees as wellas in 

saplings and in rough, rotten, and salvable dead 

trees that are killed or destroyed during harvesting. 

Almost 81 million cubic feet of wood from the 

above-named sources were left in 1978. Of the 137 

million cuhic feet left following harvests, 62percent 

was hardwood. 

included in the 1976 study were excluded in 1978. Collectively, 

these mills received 2 million cubic feet of saw logs. pre- REGIONAL CHANGES 

dominantly hardwoods, from Virginia's forests in 1976. The 

underestimates caused by these omissions had little effect on the The 1976 timber survey of Virginia provided detrends described in this Bulletin. tailed information on the forest inventory, growth, 
and removals for each of five geographic regions. 

The results of the 1976and 1978 industry studies are 

presented by these five regions to take advantage of 

the available information from the timber survey. 

Coastal Plain 

The Coastal Plain Region of Virginia is the hub 

of the State's forest industries. The region accounts 

for 46 percent of the State's timber products output 

and 57 percent of the roundwood receipts. The 

region leads in all softwood products and in all 

hardwood products except pulpwood and those in 

the miscellaneous group. Saw logs were the leading 

product in 1978, accounting for 54 percent of the 

total output. Pulpwood accounted for 38 percent of 

the total output, while veneer logs and the miscellaneous group each contributed about 4 percent. 

The distribution of products output, by species, was 

61 percent softwoods and 39 percent hardwoods. 

Over 80 percent of the total output came from 

roundwood and the remainder from plant byprodUCtS. 

Total output in the region was up by 2 percent 

since 1976. Gains were made in all products except 

pulpwood. The output from both species groups 

was up, as was the output of both roundwood and 

plant byproducts. The output of softwood saw logs 

and veneer logs from roundwood was up by about 

18 percent, or II million cubic feet, while the output of softwood pulpwood and miscellaneous products was down by over 9 million cubic feet. The net 

result was an increase of 1.4 percent in softwood 

products output from roundwood. The output of 

hardwood saw logs and veneer logs from roundwood was up about 14 percent, or 5 million cubic 

feet, while the output of hardwood pulpwood and 

miscellaneous products was down by 3 million cubic 

feet. The net result in the case of hardwood products was a 4-percent increase in total roundwood 

output. 

The output of industrial timber products from 

plant hyproducts was up by only 0.5 million cubic 

feet or just over 1 percent. All of the increase was in 

hardwood products. The output of softwood byproducts war down by over 1 million cubic feet. Almost 4.5 million cubic feet of softwoodveneer cores 

that were being used as a roundwood substitute for 

saw logs in 1976 were diverted to other byproducts 

in 1978, some of which were not roundwood substitutes. 

The roundwood receipts at primarywood-using 

plants, excluding pulpmills, in the Coastal Plain in 

1977 was about 9 million cubic feet more than in 

1976. The processing of this material resulted in the 

production of some 4 million cubic feet of additional initial plant residues. The volume of unused 

plant residuesdropped by 3 millioncubic feet. Cornbined, the increased production of initial plant 

residues and the reduction of unused plant residues 

meant that an additional 7 million cubic feet of 

plant byproducts were produced in 1978. Only 0.5 

million cubic feet were utilized as a roundwood substitute. Another 2.5 million cubic feet were used for 

miscellaneous products such as mulch and animal 

bedding, and the remainder went to fuel. The 

volume of initial plant residues used for fuelwood 

more than doubled in the 2 years, and almost all of 

the increase was from softwood residues. 

In 1976 the Coastal Plain had a surplus of hardwood growth and an overcut of softwood growth, 

particularly in the 8- and 10-inchdiameter classes. 

As the result of intensive forest management, the 

rate of softwood growth was increasing, but so was 

the demand for softwood products. The increased 

output of hardwood products found in 1978 should 

have had little effect on the large surplus of hardwood growth. Without additional information on 

the net growth of softwoods, it is difficult to 

evaluate the effects of the modest increase in softwood harvesting. It is known that the increase in 

softwood cut was for saw logs and veneer logs that 

generally come from larger diameter trees where the 

overcut was not as serious. One thing that seems 

certain is that it will be some time before the softwood forests in this region will be able to provide 

the forest industries with all the softwood timber 

they require. 

Southern Piedmont 

The total industrial timber products output in 

the Southern Piedmont was over 128 millioncubic 

feet or 30 percent of the Stat total in 1978. Almost 

115 million cubic feet were from roundwood. Although the region accounted for almost 39 percent 

of the State's roundwood output, its mills received 

only 17 percent of the State's total roundwood 

receipts. Almost 66 million cubic feet of roundwood left the region in 1978, while only 17 million 

were brough into the region. In 1978, the Southern 

Piedmont was a major wood supplier for parts of 

North Carolina and other regions in Virginia. The 

region led the State in pulpwood production, which 

accounted for 58 percent of the region's total product output. Saw logsaccounted for 34percent of the 

region's total output, veneer logs accounted for less 

than 2 percent, and the rest went to miscellaneous 

products. Almost 54 percent of the total output was 

from hardwoods. 

The total output in the region was up by 10 percent or 12 million cubic feet over 1976. The 
increased output in this reDon exceened the net 

increase for the entire State. Gains were made in the 

output of all products except veneer logs. The output from both species groups was up, and the output from both roundwood and plant byproducts 

was up. All roundwood products from both species 

groups increased except hardwood veneer logs, 

which showed a slight decline. The output of softwood productsfrom ronndwood increased by 8 percent and amounted to almost 54 miilion cubic feet in 

1978. The 1978 output of hardwood products from 

roundwood was 61 million cubic feet, up 9 percent 

since 1976. 

The output of industrial timber producis from 

plant byproducts was up by 3 million cubic feet or 

30 percent, and the increase was equally divided between the hardwood and softwood species. The 

total output of all kinds of plant byproducts was up 

by almost 5 million cubic feet: 3 million from 

increased outpur of initial residues, and 2 million 

from improved utilization. In 1978 almost 4 million 

cubic feet of plant residues were going to fueiwood, 

an increase of 41 percent over 1976. 

In 1976 the net growth of hardwoods was 

exceeding the removals by a very wide margin, so, 

the increase in the output of industrial timber products from roundwood should have had little effect 

on the hardwood inventory. The net growth of softwoods was exceeding removals by 17 million cubic 

feet or 30 percent in 1976. An increase of 4 million 

cubic feet of softwood products output should still 

leave a healthy margin of growth over rernovais in 

the region. 

Northern Piedmont 

The Northern Piedmont accounted for 12 percent or 52 million cubic feet of Virginia's industrial 

timber products output in 1978. Over 88 percent of 

the total output came from roundwood; 62 percent 

was from hardwoods. This region, like the Southern 

Piedmont, was an exporter of roundwood products. Although there was considerabie movement of 

hardwood products into and oui of the region, the 

receipts of hardwood proaucis equaled production. The receipts of softwood producis was about 

10 million cubic feet, while the production was over 

18 million cubic feet. Pulpwood was tne leading 

product in the region and maae up airnost 49 perc:nt of tbe total output. Saw iogs accounred for 45 

percent of the toraloutput,veneer ~ogsalrnosr 6percent, and n~iscellaneous prooucts less than 1 percent. 

In this regioil the totai output of industrial 

timber products dropped by 2 million cubic feet or 

about 4 percent between 1976 and 1978. The decrease was confined to the output of hardwood 

products, which dropped about 4 million cubic feet, 

and to the output of roundwood products, which 

dropped over 2 million. All softwood products output from roundwood increased with the exception 

of veneer logs. The output of softwood veneer logs 

remained conslant over the 2-year period. There 

was a big drop in output of hardwood saw logs. The 

output of hardwood veneer logs was up, and there 

was comparatively little change in the output of 

pulpwood and miscellaneous products. 

The volurne of plant byproducts used as a 

roundwood substitute in the region increased slightly between 19'76 and 1978. The increase was the 

result of improved utilization of plant residues. The 

sharp decline in saw-log receipts in the region 

rrsultrd in a reduction of 2 million cubic feet in the 

production of initial plant residues. The volume of 

unused plant residues, however, dropped by 2 

million cubic feet, leaving the volume used virtually 

unchanged. The volume going to fuelwood 

increased only slightly, while the volume going to 

other misceilaneous nonindustrial products 

dropped. The gain in ouiput of industrial timber 

products was limited to softwoods. 

In the Northern Piedmont, softwood growth 

exceeaed rennovals by 52 percent or almost 13 

n~illion cubic feet in 1976. The increase in softwood 

products output was only 1.5 million cubic feet, so 

there snould have still been a large surplus ofgrowth 

in 1978. The hardwood growth was exceeding 

removals by over 60 percent in 1975. Since hardwood products output was down in 1978, the 

growth surplus was probably even greater. 

Northern Mountain 

The Northern Mountain Region accounted for 6 

percent or 25 million cubic feet of Virginia's 

industrial timber products output in 1978. Over 86 

percent of the regional total came from roundwood 

and 83 percent from hardwoods. The roundwood 

recclpts ar priri~ary wood-using plants in the region 

were twice tne roundwood products output. Pulpwood - the leaning product in the region - made 

up 57 percent of the total output; saw logs 

accour~iea for almost 42 percent. All other products 

comoined made up a little over I percent of the total 

output in the region. 

The torai output of industrial timber products 

dropped by over 1 million cubic feet or 5 percent between 1976 and 1978. The decrease was confined to 

the ouiput of hardwoods and to roundwood products. All products, with the exception of pulpwood, 

showed increases in total ourput. Pulpwood from 

both hardwood and softwood roundwooddropped. 
The only industrial timber product produced as 

a plant byproduct in the region was pulpwood. It 

showed an increase of 35 percent over 1976. The 

increase was made possible by both an increase in 

the volume of initial residues produced and 

improved utilization. The volume of fuelwood produced from plant residues increased by 21 percent. 

In 1976, growth in the region was three times as 

great as removals. In 1978 the mills in the region received only one-third of their total roundwood 

receipts from the region's forests. Because of the 

region's long, narrow shape the normal purchasing 

area for most mills laps outside the region. 

Southern Mountain 

The Southern Mountain Region accounted for 

about 6 percent or 23 million cubic feet of the State's 

output in 1978. Over 89 percent of the regional total 

came from roundwood and 79 percent from hardwoods. The roundwood output in the region was 

about 21 million cubic feet, and the roundwood 

receipts at primary wood-using plants were almost 

17 million cubic feet. The surplus production in the 

region went, for the most part, to mills outside the 

State. Saw logs the leading product - made up 

75 percent of thetotal output, pulpwood 22 percent, 

veneer logs 2 percent, and miscellaneous products 

the remainder. 

The total output ofindustrial timber products in 

the region dropped by 16 percent or 4 million cubic 

feet between 1976 and 1978. The decrease was 

limited to roundwood but occurred in both softwood and hardwood products. Output of softwood 

pulpwood and miscellaneous products from roundwood increased slightly, as did that of hardwood 

pulpwood from plant byproducts. The increase in 

use of plant byproducts for industrial timber products was the result of improved utilization and a 

reduction in the use of plant residues for fuelwood. 

The volume of initial plant residue produced in the 

region actually declined. 

SHIFTS IN TIMBER PRODUCTS OUTPUT 

Output of softwood products from roundwood 

in Virginia increased by over 6 million cubic feet between 1976 and 1978. The increase was limited to 

the Coastal and the two Piedmont Regions. The 

county figures (Appendix table 12) show that the 

increase was confined to a large area centered 

around the two Piedmont Regions and overlapping into all the other regions (fig. 2). They also 

show that there was a large area in the Coastal 

Region and another in the Northern Piedmont 

where softwood products output declined. In the 

case of hardwood products output, the State roundwood totals declined. The decline was in the two 

Mountain Regions and the Northern Piedmont; the 

Southern Piedmont and Coastal Regions showed 

increases. 

It should be noted that certain reporting errors 

are inherent in industry canvasses. Althoughalmost 

all mills are able to provide accurate data on total 

mill receipts, some do not have accurate records on 

the county where the wood was harvested. Certain 

county figures, therefore, may be in error. It should 

also be kept in mind that 54 small sawmills were 

intentionally omitted from the 1978 study. The 

omission of these mills reduced most of the State 

and regional trends only slightly, but it could greatly affect county trends. Effects of such errors are 

greatly reduced when county figures aregrouped. It 

is therefore recommended that county figures only 

be used in compiling product outputs for groups of 

counties. 
Figure 2.-Changes in timber products output, 19761978 (in million cubic feet). 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Bellamy. Thomas R. 

1978. Southern puipwood production, 1977. USDA For. 

Sew.,Resour. Bull. SE46.21 p. Southeast. ForExp. 

Stn., Asheville, N.C. 

Berteison, Daniel F. 

1977. Southernpuipwoodproducrion, 1976. USDAFar.Serr., 

Resour. Bull. SO-66.21 p. South. For. Exp. Stn.,New 

Orieans, La. 

Berteison, Daniel F. 

1979. Southernpuipwoodproductioa, 1979. USDA For.Sen., 

Resour.Bull. SO-74,21 p. South. For. Exp.Stn.,New 

Orleans, La. 

Cost. Noel E. 

1976. Forest statistics for the Coastal PlainofVirginia, 1976. 

USDA For. Serv., Resour. Bull. SE-34.33 p. Southeast. 

For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C. 

Kmght, Her.krt A. and Joe P. McClure. 

1967. Virginia's timber, 1966. USDA For. Sen.,Resour. Bull. 

SE-8.47~. Soutneast. For. Exp. Stn., Ashevillr,N.C. 

Knight, Herbert A. and Joe P. McClure. 

1978. Virginia's timber, 1977. USDA For. Sew. Resour. Bull. 

SE4t.53 p. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn. Asheville,N.C. 

Larson, Roben W., and Maclay B. Bryan. 

1959. Virginia's timber. USDA For. Serv., For. Survey Kelease54,74p.Southeast. For.Exp. Stn.,Asheville,N.C. 

Sheffield, Rayrnond M. 

1976. Forest statisticsfor tneNorthernPiedmont of Virginia. 

1976. USDA For. Serv. Resour. BuU SE-39, 33 p. 

Sautneast. For. Erp. Stn., Asheville, N.C. 

Shcfficld, Raymond M. 

1976. Forest statisticsfor t Southern Yiedmant ofVirginia, 

1976. USDA For. Serv., Resour. Bull. SE-35, 33 p. 

Soutneast. For. Exp. Stn., AsheviUe, N.C. 

Sheffield, Raymond M. 

1977. Foreststatlsticsfor theiyo~thern MountainRegionof 

Virginia, 1977. USDAFor.Serv.,Resour. Bull.SE41, 

33 p. Southeast. Far. Exp. Stn., Ashcviile, N.C. 

Sheffield, Rayrnond M. 

1977. Forest staristicsfor tnesouthern Mountain Regianof 

Virginia, 1977. USDA For. Serv., Resour. Bull. SE42, 

33 p. Southeast. Far. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C. 

Welch, Richard L. 

1978. Predictingloggmg residues for theSoutheast. USDA 

For.Serv.,Res.NoteSE-263.4p.Southeast. For. Exp. 

Stn., Asheviile, N.C. 

Welch, Richard L. 

1980. Livingresidues in the South AtianticStatrs. For. Prod. 

1. 30(6):37-39. 

Wisdom, Harold W., and limotny G. Hudspeth. 

1978. Virginia'sfarest products industly. Va. Polytech. lnst. 

and State Univ., FWS-3-78. 55 p. 
APPENDIX Index to Detailed Tables 

Definitions of Terms 

Coarse residues. - Wood residues suitable for 

chipping, such as slabs, edgings, and veneer cores. 

Fine residues. - Wood residues not suitable for 

chipping, such as sawdust and savings. 

Growing-stock trees. - Live trees of commercial species that either contain or are ca~able of 

producing at least one 12-foot saw log. 

Growing-stock volume. - Net volume in cubic 

fee: of growing-stock trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and 

over, from a I-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch 

top diameter outside bark of the central stem, or to 

the point where the central stem breaks into limbs. 

(Net volume in primary forks is included.) 

Hardwoods. - Dicotyledonous trees, usually 

broad-leaved and deciduous. 

Industrial wood. - All roundwood products 

except fuelwood. 

Logging residues. - Saw-log and upper-stem 

portions of sawtimber and poletimhertiees killed or 

destroyed during harvesting. 

Net annual growth. - The increase in volume 

for a specific year. 

Plant byproducts. - Wood products, such as 

pulp chips, obtained incidentally to production of 

other manufactured products. 

Primary wood-using plants (industries). - Those plants or industries that utilized roundwood 

products in the manufacture of their principal products. (Plants that utilize only plant byproductsas a 

substitute for roundwood are included.) 

Roundwood products. - Logs, bolts, or other 

round sections cut from trees for industrial or consumer uses. 

Sofiwoods. - Coniferous trees. usually evergreen, having needles or scalelike leaves. 

Timberprodusts. - Roundwood products and 

plant byproducts. 

Timber removals. - The net volume of 

growing-stock trees removed from the inventory by 

harvesting, by cultural operations such as stand 

improvements, or by land clearing or changes in 

land use. 

Unuedplant residues. - Wood material from 

manufacturing plants not utilized for some prodhct. 

I. Output of industrial timber products, by source 

of material, year, product, and species group, 

Virginia 

2. Output of industrial timber products, by source 

of material, year, product, and species group, 

Coastal Plain 

3. Output of industrial timber products, by source 

of material, year, product, and species group, 

Southern Piedmont 

4. Output of industrial timber products, by source 

of material, year, product, and species group, 

Northern Piedmont 

5. Output of industrial timberproducts, by source 

of material, year, product, and species group, 

Northern Mountain 

6. Output of industrial timber products, by source 

of material, year, product, and species group, 

Southern Mountain 

7. Industrial roundwood movement, by year, and 

species group, Virginia 

8. Volume of unused plant residues at primary 

wood-using industries, by industry, species 

group, and type of residue, 1978 

9. Volume of unused plant residues, by species 

group, year, and Forest Survey Region 

LO. Disposal of barkat primary wood-using plants, 

by species group, year, and disposition 

11. Predicted volume of logging residues, by species group and source of material, 1978 

I?. Roundwood products output, by species group, 

year, and county, in Virginia 
Conversion Factors 

Cubic feet of wood per standard unit 

Product Standard unit ' Softwood : Hardwood 

Saw logs Thousand hoard feet' 187.913 

Veneer logs Thousand hoard feet' 162.739 

Pulpwood Standard cords 73.060 

Other products Thousand cubic feet .001 

Ilnternational Ilbinch rule. 
Table 1.--Output of industrial timber products, by source of material, 

year, product, and species group, Virginia 

Product and Total output 1 Roundwood output Byproduct output 

species group : 1976 : 1978 1 1976 1978 : 1976 1978 

---------- - Thousand cubic feet - - - - - - - - - - - 

saw logs: 

Saf twood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Veneer lags and bolts: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

11 Pulpwood :- 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Miscellaneous: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

All industrial: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

L'~or 1976 the roundwood figures include 14,589 thousand cubic feet of softwood and 4,446 

thousand cubic feet of hardwood chipped at primary wood-using plants other than pulpmills as a 

co-product. For 1978 the roundwood figures include 2,946 thousand cubic feet of softwood and 

3,766 thousand cubic feet of hardwood chipped at primary wood-using plants other than pulpmills 

as a co-product . 
Table 2.--Output of industrial timber products, by source of material, 

year, product, and species group, Coastal Plain 

Total output Product and Raundwood output : Byproduct output 

species group j 1976 j 1978 : 1976 ' 1978 ' 1976 ' 1978 

---------- Thousand cubic feet - - - - - - - - - - 

saw logs: 

So£ twood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Veneer logs and bolts: 

Sof mood 

Hardwood 

Total 

So£ twoad 

Hardwood 

Total 

Miscellaneous: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

All industrial: 

So£ twood 

Hardwood 

Total 190,864 195,302 152,432 156,348 38,432 38,954 

l/For 1976 the roundwood figures include 10,575 thousand cubic feet of softwood and 

1,605 thousand cubic feet of hardwood chipped at primary wood-using plants other than pulpmills 

as a co-product. For 1978 the roundwood figures include 613 thousand cubic feet of softwood and 

1,414 thousand cubic feet a£ hardwood chipped at primary wood-using plants other than pulpmills 

as a co-product. 
Table 3.--0utuut of industrial timber products, by source of material, 

year, product, and species group, Southern Piedmont 

- -- 

Product and : Total output : Roundwood output Byproduct output - 

species group : 1976 : 1978 : 1976 : 1978 : 1976 : 1978 

----------- Thousand cubic feet - - - - -- - - - - - - - 

Saw lags: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Veneer logs and bolts: 

Sof mood 1,246 1,360 1,246 1,360 -- -- 

Hardwood 908 792 908 792 -- -- 

Total 2,154 2,152 2,154 2,152 -- -- 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Miscellaneous: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

All industrial: 

Sof twood 53,419 58,821 49,895 53,749 3,524 5,072 

Hardwood 62,570 69,216 56,098 61,150 6,472 8,066 

Total 115,989 128,037 105,993 114,899 9,996 13,138 

- For 1976 the roundwood figures include 3,879 thousand cubic feet of softwood and 

2,144 thousand cubic feet of hardwood chipped at primary wood-using plants other than pulpmills as a ca-product. Far 1978 the roundwood figures include 1,505 thousand cubic feet of 

softwood and 1,768 thousand cubic feet of hardwoods chipped at primary wood-using plants 

other than pulpmills as a co-~roduct. 
Table 4.--Output of industrial timber products, by source of material. 

year, product, and species group, Northern Piedmont 

Total output , Roundwood output : Byproduct output Product and 

species group i 1976 i 1978 i 1976 1978 i 1976 1978 

----------- Thousand cubic feet - - - - - - - - - - - 

Saw logs: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Veneer logs and bolts: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

11 Pulpwood :- 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Miscellaneous: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

All industrial: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

L1~or 1976 the roundwood figures include 618 thousand cubic feet of hardwood chipped 

at primaq wood-using plant$ other than pulpmills asa co-product. For 1978 the roundwood figures 

include 419 thousand cubic feet of softwood and 564 thousand cubic feet of hardwood chipped 

at primary waod-using plants other than pulpmills as a co-product. 
Table 5.--Output of industrial timber products, by source of material, 

year. product. and species nrouu. Northern Mountain 

' Total output : Roundwood output : Byproduct outpuC Product and - species group 1 1976 1978 : 1976 1978 ' 1976 ' 1978 

------------ Thousand cubic feet - - - - - - - - - - - 

Saw logs: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Veneer logs and bolts: 

Softwood -- -- -- -- -- -- Hardwood 121 267 121 267 -- -- 

Total 121 267 121 26 7 -- -- 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Miscellaneous: 

Softwood -- 90 -- 90 -- -- 

Hardwood 48 -- 48 -- -- -- 

Total 48 90 48 90 -- -- 

All industrial: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

l'~or 1976 the roundwood figures include 68 thousand cubic feet of hardwood chipped ac 

primary wood-using plants other than pulpmills as a co-product. For 1978 the roundwood figures 

include 154 thousand cubic feet of softwood chipped at primary wood-using plants other than 

pulpmills as a co-product . 
Table 6.--O\itp~t of industrial timber products, by source of material, 

year, product, and species group, Southern Mountain 

' Total output ' Roundwood output Byproduct output P~oduct and 

soicies grcup ' 1976 ' 1978 1976 ' 1978 ' 1976 1978 

----------- Thousand cubic feet - - - - - - - - - - 

Saw logs: 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Veneer logs and bolts: 

Softwood 2 -- 2 -- -- -- Hard-mod 538 481 538 481 -- -- 

Total 540 481 540 481 -- -- 

1/ Pulpwood:- 

So£ twood 677 507 255 312 422 195 

Hardwood 5,113 4,646 3,058 2,349 2,055 2,297 

Total 5,790 5,153 3,313 2,661 2,477 2,492 

Miscellaneous: 

Softwood 25 72 25 7 2 -- -- 

Hardwood 129 -- 129 -- -- -- 

Total 154 7 2 154 72 -- -- 

All industrial: 

Softwood 5,219 4,847 4,797 4,652 422 195 

Hardwood 22,242 18,154 20,187 15,857 2,055 2,297 

Total 27,461 23,001 24,984 20,509 2,477 2,492 

1!.For 1976 the roundwood figures include 135 thousand cubic feet of soEWood and 11 

thousznd cubic feet of hardwood chipped at primary wood-using plants other than pulpmills 

as a ca-product. For 1978 the roundwood figures include 255 thousand cubic feet of softwood 

and 20 thousand cubic feet of hardwood chipped at primary woad-using plants other than pulpmills as a ca-product. 
Table 7 Induscrlal roundwood movement, 

by year, and species group, Virginia 

Species group : 19i6 1976 

- -Thousand cubic feet - - 

So£ twoods : 

Retained 148;697 150,862 

Shipped out 17,526 21,784 

Shipped in 37,879 35,418 

Receipts 186,576 186,280 

Output 189,835 187,225 

Retazned 178,818 167,703 

Shipped out 11,317 19,522 

Shipped in 30,272 30,079 

Receipts 209,090 197,782 

All species: 

Output 356,058 359,871 

Re tamed 327,515 318,565 

Shipped out 28,543 41,306 

Sh~pped ~n 68,151 65,497 

Recelpts 395,666 384,062 

Table 8.--Volume of unused pianr residues at primary 

wood-using industries, by indusrry, species group, and 

type of residue, 1978 

Species group : : Veneer . and type of . All indus~ries : Lumber : and : Other 

residue ' : plywood ' 

---- Thousana cubic feet - - - - 

So£ twoods : 

Coarse 

Shavings 

Other fine 

Total 

Hardwoods: 

Coarse 

Shavings 

Other fine 

Total 

All species: 

Coarse 1,908 i,849 29 30 

Shavings 116 116 -- -- 

Other fine 8,192 8,143 2 47 

Total 10,216 10,108 31 77 
Table 9.--Volume of unused plant residues, by species group, 

year, and Forest Survey Region 

All species : Softwood : Hardwood Forest Survey : 

Region : 1976 : 1978 i 1976 i 1978 i 1976 i 1978 

------ Thousand cubic feet - - - - - - - 

Coastal Plain 5,524 2,514 1,800 841 3,724 1,673 

Southern Piedmont 4,545 2,392 1,592 991 2,953 1,401 

Northern Piedmont 4,093 1,828 1,074 605 3,019 1,223 

Northern Mountain 834 387 139 51 695 336 

Southern Mountain 3,907 3,095 936 1,051 2,971 2,044 

State 18,903 10,216 5,541 3,539 13,362 6,677 

Table 10.--Disposal of bark at primary wood-using plants, 

by species group, year, and disposition 

All species Sof twood Hardwood 

Disposition : 

1976 : 1978 1976 . 1978 : 1976 : 1978 

- - - - - - - - Thousand green tons - - - - - - - - 

Fiber products 12.0 31.3 4.2 10.9 7.8 20.4 

Charcoal 4.8 2.8 1.1 .5 3.7 2.3 

Industrial fuel 691.2 608.1 293.3 314.5 397.9 293.6 

Domestic fuel 45.2 45.6 7.2 11.0 38.0 34.6 

Miscellaneous 127.5 303.3 66.6 95.1 60.9 208.2 

Not used 236.4 149.9 65.9 37.3 170.5 112.6 

Total 1,117.1 1,141.0 438.3 469.3 678.8 671.7 
Table 11.--Predicted volume of logging residues by species 

group and source of material, 1978 

Source of material : All species : Softwood : Hardwood 

--- Thousand cubic feet - - - 

Sawtimber trees: 

Saw-log portion 19,956 4,578 15,378 

Upper stem 30,870 9,510 21,360 

Stump 25,160 13,471 11,689 

Tops and limbs 26,106 10,156 15,950 

Total 102,092 37,715 64,377 

Poletimber trees: 

Upper stem 5,616 1,384 4,232 

Stump 3,836 1,514 2,322 

Tops and limbs 17,220 9,771 7,449 

Total 

Sapling-size trees 7,717 9 80 6,737 

Rough, rotten. and 

dead trees 862 194 668 

All sources 137,343 51,558 85,785 
~~b1~ 12.--Roundwood produczs output, by species group, year; and county, in Virginia--Contimed 

. . All species Softwood ~. . Hardwood 

Survey unic and county : 1976 j 1978 1976 i 1978 j 1976 1978 

- - - - - - - - Thousand cubic feet - - - - - - - 

Northern Piedmont : 

Albermar le 5,632 7,359 1,473 2,360 4,159 4,999 

Amherst 4,925 4,145 926 1,042 3,999 3,103 

Ar lingtun l8h -- 47 -- 139 -- 

Culpeper 1,835 1,337 254 2 97 1,581 1,040 

Fairfa 942 908 851 833 91 75 

Fauquier 1,837 723 920 414 917 309 

Fluvanna 3,544 4,624 1,728 2,301 1,816 2,323 

Goochland 2,559 1,202 1,360 821 1,199 381 

Greene 4 10 230 86 120 324 110 

Loudoun 484 296 195 234 289 62 

Louisa 3,935 6,704 2,097 2,754 1,838 3,950 

Madison 1,075 1,188 . 225 669 E50 519 

Nelson 7,720 8,019 1,618 1,947 6,102 6,072 

Orange 3,469 1,761 1,298 560 2,171 1,201 

Prince William 3,721 1,415 1,492 1,301 2,229 114 

Rappahennock 317 323 11 7 306 316 

Spotsylvania 3,701 3,665 1,742 1,897 1,959 1,768 

Stafford 1,992 2,156 283 533 1,709 1,623 

Total 48,284 46,055 16,606 18,090 31,678 27,965 

Northern tlountain: 

Alleshsny 2,466 3,013 293 380 2,173 

Augusta 2,841 3,144 572 427 2,269 

Bath 3,091 1,960 421 136 2,670 

Botecourt 2,493 3,024 378 1,057 2,115 

Clarke 249 142 -- 5 249 

Craig 1,528 1,101 308 154 1,220 

Freaer~ck 1,211 801 585 417 626 

Highlard 2,410 1,383 241 38 2,169 

Page 87 10 4 2 83 

Roanoke 150 405 13 217 137 

Rockorzdge 4,299 4,683 585 725 3,714 

Rockl~gnam 2,059 1,181 260 156 1,799 

Shenanaoah 710 514 208 166 502 

Wasren 771 699 207 159 564 

Tocal 24,365 22,060 4,075 4,039 20,240 

Southern Mountain: 

Bland 

Bucnanan 

Carroll 

gickenson 

Floyd 

Giles 

Grayson 

Lee 

Montgomery 

Pulaski 

Russell 

Scott 

Smyth 

Tazewell 

Wasningeon 

Wise 

Wythe 
Table 12.--Roundwocd products output, by species group, year, and county, in Virginia 

All species Softwood Hardwood 

Survey unit and county 1 

1 1976 1978 1976 1978 . ' 1976 1 1978 

- - - - - - - - Thousand cubic feet - - - - - - - - - 

Coastal Plain: 

Accomack 

Brunswick 

Caroline 

Charles City 

Chesapeake 

Chesterfield 

Dinwiddie 

Essex 

Gloucester 

Greensville 

Hampton 

Hanover 

Henrico 

Isle of Wight 

James City 

King and Queen 

King George 

King William 

Lancaster 

Mathews 

Middlesex 

New Kent 

Newport News 

Northampton 

Northumberland 

Prince George 

Richmond 

Southampton 

Suffolk 

Surry 

Sussex 

Virginia Beach 

Westmoreland 

York 

Total 

Southern Piedmont: 

Amelia 

Appomattox 

Bedfard 

Buckingham 

Campbell 

Charlotte 

Cumberland 

Franklin 

Halifax 

Henry 

Lunenb~rg 

Mecklenbu~g 

r Nottoway 

Patrick 

Pittsylvania 

Powhatan 

Prince Edward 

Total 

21 , 3. Oaurrnmr"r Fnntins 0+rir.: 19XI /3s-i,~b/4".lil Xcsl,," NO. 1-1, 
I 

I Welch, Richard L., and Thomas R. Bellamy. 

1980. Changes in output of industrial timber products in Virginia. 1976.1978. USDA For. 

Sew., Resaur. Bull. SE-54,ZIp. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C. 

Of the nearly 3Ml millioncubic feet of industrial roundwood products harvested from 

Virginia's forest in 1978.41 million cubicfeetwe~ shipped toplants outside the State. 

and Virginia plants received 65 million cubic feet of out-of-state wood. Through 

improved utilization. Virginia's total output of industrial timber products amounted 

to 424 million cubic feet, or 9 million cubic feet more than in 1976. 

KEYWORDS: Industrial timber products, plant residues, logging residues. 

I Welch. Richard L., and Thomas R. Bellamy. 1 

1980. Changes in output of industrial timber products in Virginia, 1976.1978 USDA For. 

Sew., Resaur. Bull. SE-54.21~. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C. I 

Of the nearly 3Ml million cubic feet of industrial roundwood products harvested from 

Virginia's forest in 1978,41 million cubic feet wereshipped to plants outside the State. 

and Virginia plants received 65 million cubic feet of out-of-slate wood. Through i 

improved utilization. Vir~inia's total outout ofindustrial timber oroducts amounted . 
The Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, is dedicated to the principle of multiple 

use management of the Nation's 

forest resources for sustained 

yields of wood, water, forage, 

wildlife, and recreation. Through 

forestry research, cooperation 

with the States and private forest 

owners, and management of the 

National Forests and National 

Grasslands, it strives-as directed by Congreseto provide 

increasingly greater service to a 

growing Nation. 

USDA policy does not pennit discrimination because of 

race, color, national origin, sex or religion. Any person 

who believes he or she has been discriminated against in 

any USDA-related activity should write immediately to 

the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250.