NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

______________

No. 18-3007

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SECRETARY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,

Appellant

v.

CENTRAL LAUNDRY INC., d/b/a Olympic Linen, a Corporation; GEORGE 

RENGEPES, Individually and as a owner of the aforementioned corporation; JIMMY 

RENGEPES, Individually and as a owner of the aforementioned corporation

______________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. No. 2-15-cv-01502)

District Judge: Hon. Wendy Beetlestone

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Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

October 1, 2019

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Before: SHWARTZ, FUENTES, and FISHER, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: October 11, 2019)

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OPINION∗

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 ∗ This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 

does not constitute binding precedent.
2

SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.

The Secretary of the United States Department of Labor (“the DOL”) sued Central 

Laundry d/b/a Olympic Linen and its owners (“Central Laundry”) for violations of the 

Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”). The District Court entered summary judgment 

against Central Laundry on liability and, after a bench trial, awarded certain employees

back wages. The DOL appeals several of the Court’s backpay calculations. Because the 

DOL showed that some employees are entitled to additional back wages, we will affirm 

in part, reverse in part, and remand.

I1

Central Laundry is an industrial laundry facility in Pennsylvania. During the 

three-year period from March 2012 to March 2015 (“the relevant period”), Central 

Laundry employed several production floor workers (“floor employees”) who it paid in 

cash. In 2011 and 2012, Central Laundry paid these employees between $5.00 and $7.00 

an hour; in 2013 and 2014, Central Laundry paid them between $6.00 and $8.00 an hour. 

As part of the investigation, a DOL investigator interviewed thirteen floor 

employees (“interviewed employees”) and collected Central Laundry’s employment

records. Central Laundry produced only 255 time cards for ten cash-paid employees

(“time card employees”) from the relevant period, despite using a time card machine 

 1 We accept as true the facts found by the District Court to the extent those factual 

findings are unchallenged. CG v. Pa. Dep’t of Educ., 734 F.3d 229, 234 (3d Cir. 2013). 

We also draw from the joint statement of stipulated facts. 
3

since 2001.2

 Central Laundry likewise produced records from an hour-recording device 

known as a “hand scanner” for one week’s worth of work performed by eleven workers 

(“hand scanner employees”).3

 None of the time card or hand scanner records Central 

Laundry produced for the cash-paid floor employees included the employees’ last names, 

and Central Laundry did not track employee start and end dates. Central Laundry also 

produced records for three employees who were issued weekly payroll checks (“payroll 

employees”). 

The DOL brought suit and, following discovery, the District Court granted the 

DOL partial summary judgment, concluding that Central Laundry violated the FLSA. 

Following a bench trial on remedies, the Court concluded, among other things, 

• of the nine time-record employees, four were entitled to minimum wage 

and overtime back wages for the relevant period, Acosta v. Cent. Laundry, 

Inc., No. 15-1502, 2018 WL 1726613, at *7-8 (E.D. Pa. April 10, 2018),

while the remaining five were entitled only to minimum wage and overtime 

back wages for the time periods that aligned with the documents because 

the Court could not “make extrapolations from these employees’ few time 

cards that had relatively short time horizons,”4 id. at *8-9.

 2 The DOL interviewed one of the ten time card employees, and like the District 

Court, we will include her as an “interviewed employee” rather than a “time card 

employee” in our analysis. See Acosta v. Cent. Laundry Inc., No. 15-1502, 2018 WL 

1726613, at * 5-6 n.6 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 10, 2018). 

3 These records came from a two-week period of hand scanner usage in January

2014. Though some time card employees are also included in the hand scanner records,

the “hand scanner employee” category includes only workers who appear solely in the 

hand scanner records. 

4 For the four time card employees who received backpay for the full period, the 

Secretary used between 21 and 68 time cards per employee reflecting work performed 

over the course of at least two years for each employee to show duration of employment. 

Acosta, 2018 WL 1726613, at *6 n.7. For the remaining five, the Court awarded backpay 

based only on the periods reflected in the time cards Central Laundry had produced. For 

example, one employee had eight time cards covering a span of 14 weeks. Id. at *8 n.10.
4

• none of the eleven hand scanner employees were entitled to back wages 

because the hand scanner records could not support the DOL’s inference 

that they worked for Central Laundry for the full three-year period, and the 

investigator could not definitively testify that they were paid in cash or that 

they even worked at Central Laundry, id. at *10; and

• the three payroll employees were not entitled to back pay for two 

purportedly uncompensated fifteen-minute rest periods per day during the 

relevant time period because two of the employees declared that their 

paychecks were always correct, and the DOL failed to adduce any evidence 

to support its allegation that Central Laundry failed to pay these workers 

during rest periods, id. at *6.

Based on these conclusions, the Court entered a judgment against Central Laundry for 

$239,269.65 in back wages and $239,269.65 in liquidated damages under 29 U.S.C. 

§ 216(b). Id. at *10. The DOL appeals the District Court’s backpay determinations for 

the five time card employees who received partial awards, the eleven hand scanner 

employees who did not receive awards, and the three payroll employees who did not 

receive awards for their alleged unpaid rest breaks. 

II5

 

The Court granted her backpay for all 14 weeks. Id. at *9 (discussing award for Carmen 

LNU). The other four employees had either one or two time cards, and were granted 

backpay for the one or two week periods these time cards covered. Id. at *8-9 & n.10. 

5 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1345, and 29 

U.S.C. § 217. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 

“When reviewing a judgment entered after a bench trial, we exercise plenary 

review over the District Court’s conclusions of law . . . .” CG, 734 F.3d at 234 (citation 

omitted). “The factual findings underlying the district court’s computation and award of 

back wages are subject to the clearly erroneous standard.” Martin v. Selker Bros., Inc., 

949 F.2d 1286, 1292 (3d Cir. 1991). A finding of fact is clearly erroneous where 

“although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left 

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Anderson v. 

City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). “Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice 

between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” Id. at 574 (citations omitted).
5

For FLSA claims, the DOL bears “the burden of proving that [an employee]

performed work for which he was not properly compensated.” Anderson v. Mt. Clemens 

Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680, 687 (1946), superseded on other grounds, Portal-to-Portal Act 

of 1947, 29 U.S.C. §§ 251-262, as recognized by IBP, Inc. v. Alvarez, 546 U.S. 21, 25-26 

(2005); see also 29 U.S.C. § 211(a) (authorizing the DOL to bring actions for FLSA 

violations). This burden is more difficult to meet where an employer, like the one here,

has failed to keep adequate records of the “wages, hours, and other conditions and 

practices” under 29 U.S.C. § 211(c). Martin v. Selker Bros., Inc., 949 F.2d 1286, 1296-

97 (3d Cir. 1991). Thus, where recordkeeping FLSA violations have occurred, rather 

than “penaliz[ing] the employees by denying recovery based on an inability to prove the 

extent of undercompensated work,” the DOL may “submit sufficient evidence from 

which violations of the Act and the amount of an award may be reasonably inferred.” Id.

at 1297. 

As a result, compensation calculations featuring “imprecision[s]” arising from 

recordkeeping failures do not defeat recovery. Id. Calculations based on “mere 

speculation,” however, do not provide a basis for relief. Rosano v. Township of Teaneck, 

754 F.3d 177, 189 (3d Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). Where the DOL produces evidence 

from which a fact finder may reasonably infer the amounts due to the employer, the 

burden shifts to the employer to “come forward with evidence of the precise amount of 

earnings received and work performed by the [employees] or with evidence to negate the 

district court’s reasonable inferences based on the evidence.” Selker Bros., Inc., 949 F.2d 

at 1297 (citing Mt. Clemens, 328 U.S. at 687-88).
6

We will first examine the conclusions concerning time card employees. The 

District Court did not clearly err in concluding that the DOL failed to carry its burden

with respect to three of the five employees who were denied backpay. As the Court 

noted, it could not draw a reasonable inference that the employees in question worked for 

the full three-year period based solely on the small number of paychecks provided. For 

three of these employees, the paychecks were the only evidence the DOL presented. For 

the two other time card employees, however, coworkers attested to working with them at 

various times during the relevant period. Specifically, three different employees, who 

collectively worked at Central Laundry for various periods from 2007 to 2014, testified

or declared that they worked with “Marcos,” who is likely time card employee “Marco.”

App. 929-30, 1049, 1055, 1089-90. The parties also stipulated that Central Laundry hired 

“Marco Apanco Tepo” in 2013. App. 36. Because Central Laundry provided no 

evidence that it separately employed any “Marcos,” and the record is sufficient to 

conclude that “Marco,” App. 19, 38, is the Marco Apanco Tepo who worked at Central 

Laundry, see App. 1090, there is sufficient evidence to reasonably infer that “Marco” 

worked more than the single week the District Court credited to him. Likewise, one 

employee who worked at Central Laundry in 2013 and 2014, App. 11, 929, 1055, but see

App. 37, testified that she worked with “Florencia,” who is likely time card employee 

“Florencia.”6

 App. 931. 

 6 A hand scanner record also exists for Florencia for the week of January 24-30, 

2014, further demonstrating that she likely worked for Central Laundry at times during 

the relevant period other than the two weeks for which Central Laundry produced time 

cards. App. 18, 751. Though a similar hand scanner record exists for “Flor,” the DOL 
7

Though neither “Marco” nor “Florencia” testified, “[i]t is not necessary for every 

single affected employee to testify . . . to recoup back wages.” Selker Bros., Inc., 949 

F.2d at 1298. Together with documentation, such as time cards, the testimony of 

coworkers who observed such employees at the jobsite provides a basis to infer the 

amount of time an employee worked. Here, the DOL provided a basis to reasonably infer

that these two time card employees worked more than their one-to-two weeks of time 

card records.7

 Because the burden shifted to Central Laundry, and it provided neither 

evidence to rebut this inference nor a more precise calculation (as it also failed to do for 

the other time card employees, see Acosta, 2017 WL 1726613, at *7), we will reverse

and remand for re-computation of back wages owed to “Marco” and “Florencia,” but 

affirm the Court’s judgment as to the time card employees in all other respects.

Turning to the hand scanner employees, the DOL has presented evidence from 

which it is reasonable to infer that these employees were underpaid for their work at 

Central Laundry. While the District Court’s view of the DOL investigator’s testimony

did not provide a basis to infer that these employees “in fact performed work [for Central 

Laundry] for which they were not paid,” the Court did not adequately consider other 

evidence, including (1) the parties’ joint stipulation that “[d]uring some or all of the 

 

argues that this is a reference to “Florenta,” another time card employee. As there is no 

evidence to show she worked before the single week documented in the time card, we 

cannot conclude that the Court clearly erred in awarding “Florenta” only one week of 

back pay.

7 Though we conclude that “Marco” and “Florencia” are entitled to more backpay 

than they were awarded, we leave it to the District Court on remand to draw reasonable 

inferences, based on both the time cards available and evidence from their co-workers, as 

to the exact duration they worked.
8

relevant time period, Defendant Central Laundry employed” the hand scanner employees, 

App. 38; (2) that the hand scanner records contained handwritten payment computations 

that evinced payment below the applicable statutory minimum rate provided in 29 U.S.C. 

§ 206(a), see, e.g., App. 740, 751 (showing pay computations for Florencia that 

demonstrate she was being paid $6 an hour and $9 an hour for overtime); App. 753 (same 

for Marla); 754 (same for Myra and Nudy); 755 (same for Ballentine); and (3) that some 

of the interviewed and time card employees who the Court found to be underpaid also 

had hand scanner records for the same period as the hand scanner employees, see, e.g., 

App. 748 (providing hand scanner record for Alejandra LNU, a time card employee who 

the Court held was entitled to $24,902.98 in back wages), 752-53 (providing hand 

scanner record for “Lupe,” who could be Guadalupe Pina, an interviewed employee who 

the Court held was entitled to $5,782.50 in back wages), 757 (providing hand scanner 

record for Gilberto Chub, a time card employee who the Court held was entitled to 

$17,670.32 in back wages). Because this evidence compels the unrebutted reasonable 

inference that the hand scanner employees worked for and were underpaid by Central 

Laundry, the DOL is entitled to collect backpay for the hand scanner employees for the 

period documented in the records, and beyond that period to the extent supported by 

reasonable inference.8

 

 8 In computing the appropriate backpay for these employees, the District Court on 

remand should consider the fact that, similar to the time card employees discussed above, 

two of the hand scanner employees were also mentioned in the testimony of another 

Central Laundry employee for whom the District Court awarded back wages. 

Specifically, Mirna Aguilar, an interviewed employee, stated that she worked with 

“Lourdes,” a hand scanner employee, App. 944, for the “entire time” Mirna worked at 
9

Lastly, the District Court did not clearly err in holding that the DOL failed to 

prove that payroll employees were not paid for breaks. The DOL argues that the weekly

payroll record and time cards, which feature dates without years and are often illegible,

give rise to the reasonable inference that these employees were not paid for two 15-

minute rest breaks per day. This ignores statements from two of the three payroll 

employees that their paychecks were “accurate” and were “always right” and “never 

wrong.” App. 13, 978-79. Where it is possible to draw “two permissible views of the 

evidence,” we defer to the fact finder under the clear error standard. Anderson, 470 U.S. 

at 574. Here, the employees’ statements to the DOL support the District Court’s 

conclusion that the employees were paid for breaks.9 Therefore, we will not disturb the 

District Court’s finding as to the payroll employees.

III

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court in 

part, reverse in part, and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

 

Central Laundry. App. 1023, 1046. Mirna also testified that she worked with “Roberto,”

another hand scanner employee. App. 1049. We leave it to the Court to consider whether 

this testimony, together with the existing hand scanner records, is sufficient to raise a 

reasonable inference that “Lourdes” and/or “Roberto” worked for Central Laundry for a 

duration longer than the week-long period reflected in the documents the DOL produced 

at trial.

9 Further, Central Laundry was able to produce complete weekly (though not 

hourly) records showing that, unlike the cash-paid workers, the payroll employees were 

compensated through weekly paychecks. The District Court did not err in refusing to 

infer that these employees were treated identically to cash-paid employees, including 

having unpaid breaks.