LIST OF CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICESMAY 20, 2004AUGUST 19, 20041 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESAlternate TillRotate tillage leaving residue onsoilTilling alternate rows for weed management allows forapproximately 50% reduction in field activity. Stabilizessoil surface, reduces soil compactionTillage of alternate rows, of vineyard and orchards, thereby reducingpasses across field.Bed-row size or spacingIncrease or decrease the size ofthe planting area bed (can bedone for field and permanentcrops)Reduces the number of passes and soil disturbance byincreasing plant density/canopy thru reduction of rowwidth, overhead vineyard production systems,containment of PM within canopyPlanting multi- rows on a wide bed, e.g. tomatoes or melons 2- rows on60", Narrow row planting of cotton can reduce two to three cultivationpasses; overhead vineyard system of vineyards can reduce cultivationand pesticides by shading unwanted vegetation that reduces the need forcultivation and pesticides, other planting systems may have similarbenefits, including but not limited to using 80" wide-bed system as wellas a 60"system for either cotton or vegetable planting.Chemigation/FertigationApplication of chemicals thru anirrigation systemEach application reduces the need to travel in-field forapplication purposes. Reduces the number of passes andsoil disturbance, increases efficiency for applicationDuring irrigation, add herbicide or fertilizer through water application;also includes aerial applicationCombined operationsTo combine equipment, toperform several operations duringone passReduction in the number of passes necessary to cultivatethe land will result in fewer disturbances to the soil. Otherbenefits are reduction of soil compaction and time toprepare fields, both of which can be precursors toadditional tillage requirementsCombining cane cutting, discing and flat- furrowing in a single pass forvineyards, use of one- pass till equipment in ground preparation or croptillage, cultivation and fertilization of field crop in a single passConservation irrigationTo conserve the quantity of wateruse, e.g.: drip, sprinkler,buried/underground lineConserves water, reduces weed population, which in turnreduces the need for tillage and reduces soil compaction.Use drip, or buried line (including permanent or semi-permanent line) incrop production, use of pressure bombs, water flow meters or soilmonitoring devices to avoid over-irrigation, using irrigation managementconsultants, adopting the use of Evapo-transpiration factorsCROPLAND -LAND PREPARATION / CULTIVATION2 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESConservation tillage (e.g.:no tillage, minimum tillage)Types of tillage that reduce lossof soil and water in comparison toconventional tillageReduces the number of passes, soil disturbance. Itimproves soil because it retains plant residue andincreases organic matter.Converting to no or low till operations, implement reduced till activities,adding soil/ water amendments to improve resource and reduce tillageneedsCover cropsUse seeding or naturalvegetation/regrowth of plants tocover soil surfaceReduces soil disturbance due to wind erosion andentrainment.Plant or allow volunteer vegetation to grow in crop without tilling underthereby reducing tillage and increasing stabilizing of that portion of soilEquipmentchanges/TechnologicalimprovementsTo modify the equipment such ascombines, cotton pickers, tillingand harvesting equipment,increase equipment size, modifyland planing and land leveling,matching the equipment to rowspacing, grafting to new varietiesor technological improvementsReduces the number of passes during an operation,therefore reducing soil disturbance.Convert from conventional raisin operation to D.O.V. or overhead,grafting to new varieties, increase harvester head size to reduce passes,increase tillage equipment size to reduce passes and flame cultivationFallowing landtemporary or permanent removalfrom production. (e.g.: vineyardpullout, Raisin Industry Diversionprogram, wildlife/wetlandsconservation program)Eliminates entire operation/passes or reduces activities.Leaving a portion of field untilled , Install an NRCS approved practice.Floor managementSmoothing and flattening the soilsurface after nut harvest toremove post-harvest residue;maintain clean, smooth, firm floorthroughout season by eliminationof diskingReduces passes thru elimination of diskingMaintain level floor, chemical treatment, use one-pass tillage practices,irrigation or otherwise firming of soil to prevent P.M.3 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESIntegrated PestManagementA decision process which uses acombination of techniquesincluding organic, conventional,biological farming practices tosuppress pests problemsReduces use of herbicide/pesticide therefore reducingnumber of passes for spraying, reduced soil compaction ,reducing the need for additional tillage, creates beneficialinsect habitat, reducing the need for spray passes.Monitoring crop for pests to accurately and effectively apply controlmeasures, use county Farm Advisor thresholds for spray timing,incorporate biological practices into farming operation to reduce need forsprayingMulchingApplying or leaving plant residueor other material to soil surfaceReduces entrainment of PM due to winds, reduces weedcompetition thereby reducing tillage passes &compaction.May include organic material, gypsum, lime, humus, pre-plant groundcovers or plastic mulches for vegetablesNight farmingOperate at night where practicalwhen moisture levels are higherand winds are lighterDecreases the concentration of PM emissions duringdaytime, increased ambient humidity reduces PM duringhigh emissions periodsIncreased humidity increases soil surface moisture thereby helpingcontain P.M. emissions from tillage.Non tillage / ChemicaltillageUse flail mower, low volumesprayers, use heat deliverysystem ( as harvest preconditioner)Reduces soil compaction, stabilizes soil throughelimination or reduction of soil tillage passesLeaving residue on surface after mowing, using pre-emergent or contactherbicides, scorching of weeds or foliage, mulch to smother weedcompetition. Semi-permanent crops e.g.: alfalfa will require no tillage.Organic PracticesUse biological control methods,use non-chemical controlmethodsReduces chemical use, thereby reducing passesOrganic certification, biological controls mulches, humus,Precision farming (GPS)e.g.: GPS, using satellitenavigation to calculate position inthe field, therefore manage/treatselective areaReduces overlap, allows operations during inclementweather conditions and at night.Install overlap reduction technology, pass markers, variable rateapplication technology, use petiole and soil sampling to reduceunnecessary applicationsTime of plantingTo modify the time of plantingAssists in distributing PM10 emissions to a period whenthere's less PM concentration.When possible plant early season,i.e. tomatoes, sugar beets,vegetables, some tree varieties, includes seasonality and time of day.Transgenic cropsUse of GMO or Transgenic cropsReduces need for tillage or cultivation operations,reduces soil disturbance.May include genetically altered seed, nematode resistant rootstock,graftingTransplantingPlanting plants already in agrowth stateReduces soil disturbance and number of passescompared to using seedingInstead of direct seeding, use transplants to avoid tillage; viable invegetable crops4 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESBaling/Large BalersUsing balers to harvest cropReduce P.M. emissions from chopping, truck passes,residue burningBale forage, grain stubble, or crop residueCombined operationsTo combine equipment,performing several operationsduring one passReduction in number of passes necessary to harvest thecrop, will result in fewer disturbances to the soil andreduced soil compaction.Boll buggys,bankout wagons, bulk movement of commodity from field,gondolas, combined shredding and incorporationContinuous tray/D.O.V.,New drying techniques fordried fruitAny technology to reduce laborand tillageReduces the number of equipment passes, field entry,and soil erosionWill reduce passes in field because of change in technology to dry fruit,i.e. terracing and throwing back in raisin operationEquipmentchanges/TechnologicalimprovementsTo modify the equipment such ascombines, cotton pickers, tillingand harvesting equipment,increase equipment size, modifyland planing and land leveling,matching the equipment to rowspacing, and technologicalimprovementsReduces the number of passes during an operation,therefore reducing soil disturbance.Convert cotton operation from 2 to 4 or greater. Convert fromconventional raisin operation to D.O.V. or overhead, changing variety,increase harvester head size to reduce passes, increase tillageequipment size to reduce passesFallowing landtemporary or permanent removalfrom production. (e.g.: vineyardpullout, Raisin Industry Diversionprogram, wildlife/wetlandsconservation program)Eliminates entire operation/passes or reduces activities.remove or leave out an area of farm from planting to reduce need fortillage pesticide application, harvest requirementsFloor managementSmoothing and flattening the soilsurface after nut harvest toremove post-harvest residue;maintain clean, smooth, firm floorthroughout season by eliminationof diskingAllows for proper calibration of harvest equipment toreduce soil surface disturbance.Maintain level floor, chemical treatment, use one-pass tillage practices,irrigation or otherwise firming of soil to prevent P.M.Green ChopThe harvesting of a forage cropwithout allowing it to dry in thefield.Reduces multiple equipment passes in-field, reduces soildisturbance, reduces soil compaction, reduces dustemissions from dry materials.Alfalfa, winter forage, silage corn.CROPLAND-HARVEST5 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESHand harvestingHarvesting crop by handReduces soil disturbance due to machinery passes.use where practical, may be the only option for fresh fruit and vegetablesNight HarvestingImplementing cultural practices atnight, or at times of high humidity.Reduces P.M. by operating when ambient air is moist,thereby reducing emissions.Increased humidity may increase soil surface moisture thereby helpingcontain P.M. emissions from tillage.No burningSwitching to a crop/system thatwould not require waste burningReduces emissions associated with burningNon- burning may include eliminating burning of paper tray dryingmaterialsPre-Harvest soilpreparationApplying a light amount of wateror stabilizing material to soil priorto harvest ( when possible)Reduces P.M. emissions at harvestA light application of water to soil prior to garlic harvest, to help controldust.Shed PackingPacking commodities in acovered or closed areaReduces field traffic, thereby reducing P.M. emissionsMoving crops out of field, by way of bulk transport systems, to adesignated pack area.Shuttle system/largercarriermultiple bin/trailerHaul multiple or larger trailers/bins per trip therebyreducing emissions through reduced passes.Boll buggys,cotton modules versus trailers, bankout wagons, gondolas,bulk movement of commodity from fieldAlternate TillRotate tillage, leaving residue onsoilTilling alternate rows for weed management allows forapproximately 50% reduction in field activity. Stabilizessoil surface, reduces soil compaction, reduces windblowndust.Tillage of alternate rows, of vineyard and orchards, thereby reducingpasses across field.Application EfficienciesUse compact, low volume, orconcentrate quantity with sprayequipment, aerial applications,use micro-heads or infrared spotsprayer, electrostatic sprayersReduces soil compaction, passes, and chemical usageLow volume sprayer heads, photosynthetic i.d heads, hand- spotspraying, variable rate applicators & shielded sprayers, to reduce sprayemissions and apply spray to desired pest.Baling/Large BalersUsing balers to harvest cropReduce P.M. emissions from chopping, truck passes,residue burningBale forage, grain stubble, or crop residue.Bulk materials controlMinimize visible dust emissionsfrom bulk materialsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo apply water or suitable chemical/organic , or cover the bulk materialswith tarps, plastic or suitable material, or construct wind barrierssurrounding the bulk materialsCROPLAND-OTHER6 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESChemigation/FertigationApplication of chemicals thru anirrigation systemEach application reduces the need to travel in-field forapplication purposes. Reduces the number of passesand soil disturbance, increases efficiency for applicationDuring irrigation, add herbicide or fertilizer through water application;also includes aerial application.Conservation irrigationTo conserve the quantity of wateruse, e.g.: drip, sprinkler,buried/underground lineConserves water, reduces weed population, which in turnreduces the need for tillage and reduces soil compaction.Use drip, or buried line (including permanent or semi-permanent line) incrop production, use of pressure bombs, water flow meters or soilmonitoring devices to avoid over-irrigation, using irrigation managementconsultants, adopting the use of Evapo-transpiration factorsCover cropsUse seeding or naturalvegetation/regrowth of plants tocover soil surfaceReduces soil disturbance due to wind erosion andentrainment, improves water penetration, increasesorganic matter, improves soil tilthPlant or allow volunteer vegetation to grow in crop without tilling underthereby reducing tillage and increasing stabilizing of that portion of soilFallowing landtemporary or permanent removalfrom production. (e.g.: vineyardpullout, Raisin Industry Diversionprogram, wildlife/wetlandsconservation program)Eliminates entire operation/passes or reduces activities.Remove or leave out an area of farm from planting to reduce need fortillage pesticide application, harvest requirementsGrinding/Chipping/ShreddingGrinding prunings and orchardremovals, instead of burning,incorporate to soil, to reduceemissionsReducing P.M. from burning crop residues.Using Bio-mass, chippers rather than burning to grind broken or downedlimbs, flailing of vegetation instead of tilling, send prunings,and/ororchard removal material to power co-gen plants, compost residue anduse for soil amendment, or, incorporate into soil.Integrated PestManagementA decision process which uses acombination of techniquesincluding organic, conventional,biological farming practices tosuppress pests problemsReduces use of herbicide/pesticide therefore reducingnumber of passes for spraying, reduced soil compaction ,reducing the need for additional tillage, creates beneficialinsect habitat, reducing the need for spray passes.Monitoring crop for pests to accurately and effectively apply controlmeasures, use county Farm Advisor thresholds for spray timing7 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESIrrigation Power UnitsUse cleaner burning engines,electric motors (CMP onlyapplicable if engines are cleanerthan current rule requirements)Reduces P.M. and NOx emissions.New Tier II engines, electric motor, other alternative fuels.MulchingApplying plant residue or othermaterial to soil surface orincorporating into soil.Reduces entrainment of PM due to winds, reduces weedcompetition thereby reducing passes, compaction.May include organic material, gypsum, lime, humus, pre-plant groundcoversNight farmingOperate at night where practicalwhen moisture levels are higherand winds are lighterDecreases the concentration of PM emissions duringdaytime, increased ambient humidity reduces PM duringhigh emissions periods, reduces PM10 precursors.Increased humidity increases soil surface moisture thereby helpingcontain P.M. emissions from tillage. Night time spraying.No burningSwitching to a crop/system thatwould not require waste burningReduces practices associated with pruning and chippingNon- burning may include; pesticide and seed containers, weeds,prunings, other residual crop residues.Non tillage / ChemicaltillageUse flail mower, low volumesprayers, e.g.: use heat deliverysystem for cotton defoliationReduces soil compaction, stabilizes soil throughelimination or reduction of soil tillage passesLeaving residue on surface after mowing, using pre-emergent or contactherbicides, scorching of weeds instead of tilling, mulch to smother weedcompetitionOrganic PracticesUse biological control methods,use non-chemical controlmethodsReduces chemical useOrganic certification, biological controls mulches, humus.Permanent CropsHaving an established permanentcropReduces incidence of wind blown dustTrees, Vines or certain semi-permanent field cropsReduced pruningReduce frequency of pruning(e.g.: one time per year, or everyother year)Reduces soil disturbance due to machinery passes andreduce fuel use.Topping, hedging, alternate row pruning, alternate year pruning8 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESSoil amendmentsOrganic or chemical materialsapplied to the soil forimprovement (e.g.: gypsum, lime,polyacrilamide)Increase moisture retention, reduce soil compaction,stabilize soil.May include Organic material, gypsum, lime, humus,pre-plant groundcoversSoil incorporationDisking residues and/or soilincorporation of residueReduces emissions from burning.May include discing of chips or crop residue at site, movement to otherpoints on farm or other farms for incorporation, use chips or grindings forbio-mass, humusSulfur - reduction orelimination of dustingOrganic chemical used to controldisease in crop, ornamental andhome and gardensReduced dry particulates.Control disease through alternative measures such as, wettable sulfur,biological or other controlsSurface rougheningLeaving soil surface as it standsor clods of soil when fallow,preparing planting surfaceperpendicular to wind directionReduces entrainment of PM due to windsTill perpendicular to predominate wind direction. Can be used in the SJVespecially during the high wind period such as March -June to reducegeologic emissions.Transgenic cropsUse "herbicide-ready"Reduces soil disturbance and weeding passes, andlessens drift.May include genetically altered seed, nematode resistant rootstock,graftingWind barrierArtificial or vegetative wall/fencethat disrupts the erosive flow ofwind over unprotected landReduces entrainment of PM due to windsPlant various wind breaks around farmstead with plants such as,oleanders, euclypyus,juniper native grass.Chips / MulchesOrganic MaterialsPolymersRoad oilSandCROPLAND- UNPAVED ROADSApplication of any non-toxicchemical or organic dustsuppressant which meets anyspecification required by anyfederal, state, or local wateragency and is not prohibited foruse by any applicable regulations.See Regulation VIII for additionalrequirements and see AgricultureImproving Resources (AIR)Partner's list of productsavailableReduces entrainment of fugitive dustApplication of suppressant to areas meeting the vehicle trips per daythreshold9 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESGravelPlacing a layer of gravel withenough depth to minimize dustgenerated from vehicle movementand to dislodge any excess debriswhich can become entrainedReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo add a layer of washed gravel, rock, or crushed rockMechanical PruningUsing a machine instead of handlabor to pruneReduced vehicle trips, thereby reducing P.M. emissionsPruning style can include tree hedging, topping, summer pruning,trimming, vineyard hedging or other mechanical pruning operationsPavingTo pave currently unpaved roadsPrevent dust from vehicle trafficTo pave unpaved roadsRestricted AccessTo restrict public access toprivate roadsReduces vehicle traffic and thus reduces associatedfugitive dustTo install a device which will limit use of road on or surrounding anoperationSpeed LimitsEnforcement of speeds thatreduce visible dust emissionsDust emissions from unpaved roads are a function ofspeed meaning reducing speed reduces dustPosting speed limits on or surround the operationTrack out controlMinimize any and all material thatadheres to and agglomerates onall vehicles and equipment fromunpaved roads and falls onto apaved public road or the pavedshoulder of a paved public roadReduces entrainment of fugitive dustAccomplished by maintaining sufficient length of paved/ graveled interiorroads to allow mud and dirt to drop off vehicles before exiting the site; oruse of a grizzly to dislodge debris from tires and undercarriage ofvehicles leaving site.WaterApplication of water to unpavedroads and traffic areasReduces entrainment of fugitive dustApplication of water to areas meeting a vehicle trip thresholdWind barrierArtificial or vegetative wall/fencethat disrupts the erosive flow ofwind over unprotected landReduces entrainment of fugitive dust due to windsPlant various wind breaks around farmstead with plants such as,oleanders, eucalyptus, juniper native grass or tillage perpendicular tofield till, etc10 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESChips / MulchesOrganic MaterialsPolymersRoad oilSandGravelPlacing a layer of gravel withenough depth to minimize dustgenerated from vehicle movementand to dislodge any excess debriswhich can become entrainedReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo add a layer of washed gravel, rock, or crushed rockPavingTo pave currently unpaved areasPrevent dust from vehicle trafficTo pave unpaved areasRestricted AccessTo restrict public access toprivate roadsReduces vehicle traffic and thus reduces associatedfugitive dustTo install a device which will limit use of road on or surrounding anoperationSpeed LimitsEnforcement of speeds thatreduce visible dust emissionsDust emissions from unpaved roads are a function ofspeed meaning reducing speed reduces dustPosting speed limits on or surround the operationTrack out controlMinimize any and all material thatadheres to and agglomerates onall vehicles and equipment fromunpaved roads and falls onto apaved public road or the pavedshoulder of a paved public roadReduces entrainment of fugitive dustAccomplished by maintaining sufficient length of paved/ graveled interiorroads to allow mud and dirt to drop off vehicles before exiting the site; oruse of a grizzly to dislodge debris from tires and undercarriage ofvehicles leaving site.WaterApplication of water to unpavedroads and traffic areasReduces entrainment of fugitive dustApplication of water to areas meeting a vehicle trip thresholdCROPLANDUNPAVED VEHICLE/EQUIPMENT TRAFFIC AREASApplication of any non-toxicchemical or organic dustsuppressant which meets anyspecification required by anyfederal, state, or local wateragency and is not prohibited foruse by any applicable regulations.See Regulation VIII for additionalrequirementsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustApplication of suppressant to areas meeting the vehicle trips per daythreshold11 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESWind barrierArtificial or vegetative wall/fencethat disrupts the erosive flow ofwind over unprotected landReduces entrainment of fugitive dust due to windsPlant various wind breaks around farmstead with plants such as,oleanders, eucalyptus, juniper native grass or tillage perpendicular tofield till, etcAlternateBed, Bed RowChemigationDisturb, DisturbanceDisc,Disk,DiskingEquipmentFertigationFloorNon-TillageTillageCROPLAND-Glossaryof termsTo work the soil in a fashion where it would no longer be in a firm or stable stateAn implement designed and used, when pulled behind a tractor, mixes soil and eliminates weedsTo do activity in an every-other-month rotation, or every-other row fashionA surface prepared for the planting of seeds or cropApplying chemicals through an irrigation systemUsing an implement to disturb the soil surface or sub-surfaceImplement of farm husbandry including but not limited to; tractor, disk, plow, spray machine,cultivator,trailer.Applying plant nutrients through an irrigation systemThe area of ground that is between the width of trees or vines. Also called the centers.A system whereby the soil is not moved through mechanical means12 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESTime of manure spreadingTo spread the manure at a timethat would help reduce theamount of PM10 released in theairReduces the amount of fugitive dust released in the airTo spread manure during cooler times of day such as morning orevening and during times of low wind.Cleanout frequencyTo adjust the frequency ofcleanouts from the housesReduces particulates released from poultrylitter/manureaccumulating or stored inside houses. The lessdisturbance and handling of the litter/manure, the lessemissions. Any time poultry bedding material is moved,some of the bulk material may become airborne. Thebedding may be used for several grow out cycles beforeit becomes so laden with waste that it is unsuitable forcontinued use. Optimizing the reuse of the beddingmaterial can reduce the number of material transfers,thus the opportunity for some of the material to becomeairborne. Implementation of this CMP implies that thegeneration of dust will become a factor in thedetermination to perform a house clean-out, and morereuse of bedding is anticipated.To allow bedding materials and manure to remain in the house formultiple flocks or grow out cycles, or to decrease the frequence of housecleanouts to minimize dust emissions.Outdoor StorageTo use of a structure design tostore the bulk materials (e.g.:used poultry litter/manure) or tosecurely cover the bulk materialsif it must be stored outdoors notwithin any enclosurePrevents contact with precipitation and preventswindblown dispersion. Poultry litter consists mainly oflight organic materials such as rice hulls or woodshavings. During a poultry house cleanout the used litteris scrapped out of the house and left in piles outdoors. Ifleft in these outdoor piles for extended periods, winds cancause material to become airborne. Any technique thatwill shield the litter from wind will prevent or reduce theamount of material becoming airborne. Securely tarpingthe piles will protect the used litter from precipitation andwindblown dispersal until the liter can be removed fromthe ranch. A partially enclosed structure, with wallssituated in the prevailing wind direction, may be used toprotect used litter stored onsite from precipitation andwindblown dispersal.To employ a structure design to store used poultry litter (manure andbedding material) onsite or to cover the bulk materials with tarps, plasticsor suitable materials.POULTRY OPERATIONS - MANURE HANDLING & STORAGE13 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESBoot or sockFeed is loaded into the feedstorage bins by employing a sockor boot on the feed delivery truckaugerTo reduce the release of particulatesUse of a sock or boot on the delivery truck augerVegetationMaintaining some vegetation,such as native grasses, on vacantlandReduces windblown dust.Allowing vegetative material to grow on vacant sections of the operationReduced tillageTo reduce the number of tillingsReducing soil disturbance by stabilizing soil surfaceLeaving residue on surface after mowing, using pre-emergent or contactherbicides, scorching of weeds instead of tilling, mulch to smother weedcompetitionWindblocksTo establish a perimeter physicalbarrier to reduce windblown dust.Disrupts the erosive flow of wind over unprotected areasthus helping to reduce fugitive dustUse of perimeter physical barriers or vegetation barriers to disrupt windflowDust suppressantsApplication of any non-toxicchemical or organic dustsuppressant which meets anyspecification required by anyfederal, state, or local wateragency and is not prohibited foruse by any applicable regulations.See Regulation VII for additionalrequirementsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo use a variety of products: water application, hygroscopicsuppressants (road salts), petroleum emulsions, adhesives, polymersemulsions, and bituminous materials (road oil). Water or chemical dustsuppressants will bind soils. r, sodium chloride, road oil, chippings fromfarm, etcGravelPlacing a layer of gravel withenough depth to minimize dustgenerated from vehicle movementand to dislodge any excess debriswhich can become entrainedReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo add a layer of washed gravel, rock, or crushed rockAccess restrictionTo restrict public access toprivate roadsReduces vehicle traffic and thus reduces particulatesemissionsTo install a device which will limit use of road on or surrounding anoperationPavementTo pave currently unpaved areasReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo pave unpaved roads to prevent dust from vehicle trafficPOULTRY OPERATION - UNPAVED ROADSPOULTRY OPERATION - OPEN AREASPOULTRY OPERATIONS - FEEDING14 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESDust suppressantsApplication of any non-toxicchemical or organic dustsuppressant which meets anyspecification required by anyfederal, state, or local wateragency and is not prohibited foruse by any applicable regulations.See Regulation VII for additionalrequirementsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo use a variety of products: water application, hygroscopicsuppressants (road salts), petroleum emulsions, adhesives, polymersemulsions, and bituminous materials (road oil). Water or chemical dustsuppressants will bind soils. r, sodium chloride, road oil, chippings fromfarm, etcSpeed reductionEnforcement of speeds thatreduce visible dust emissionsDust emissions from unpaved roads are a function ofspeed so reducing speed reduces dustPosting speed limits on or surround the operationTrack out controlMinimize any and all material thatadheres to and agglomerates onall vehicles and equipment fromunpaved roads and falls onto apaved public road or the pavedshoulder of a paved public roadReduces entrainment of fugitive dustAccomplished by maintaining sufficient length of paved/ graveled interiorroads to allow mud and dirt to drop off vehicles before exiting the site; oruse of a grizzly to dislodge debris from tires and undercarriage ofvehicles leaving site.VegetationTo establish or maintain naturalvegetationVegetation prevents wind erosionAllowing vegetative material to grow on vacant sections of the operationAccess restrictionTo restrict public access toprivate roadsReduces vehicle traffic and thus reduces particulatesemissionsTo install a device which will limit use of road on or surrounding anoperationGravelPlacing a layer of gravel withenough depth to minimize dustgenerated from vehicle movementand to dislodge any excess debriswhich can become entrainedReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo add a layer of washed gravel, rock, or crushed rockPavementTo pave currently unpaved areasReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo pave unpaved areas to prevent dust from vehicle trafficPOULTRY OPS. - UNPAVED VEHICLE/EQUIPMENT TRAFFICAREAS15 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESDust suppressantsApplication of any non-toxicchemical or organic dustsuppressant which meets anyspecification required by anyfederal, state, or local wateragency and is not prohibited foruse by any applicable regulations.See Regulation VIII for additionalrequirementsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo use a variety of products: water application, hygroscopicsuppressants (road salts), petroleum emulsions, adhesives, polymersemulsions, and bituminous materials (road oil). Water or chemical dustsuppressants will bind soils. r, sodium chloride, road oil, chippings fromfarm, etcVegetationTo establish/maintain naturalvegetation or vegetation toprevent wind erosionVegetation prevents wind erosionAllowing vegetative material to grow on vacant sections of the operationSprinkling of open corralEnsure adequate corral surfacemoisture level to prevent visibledust emissions. *This measure isnot recommended for lactatingcowsStabilizes soil surface allowing for fugitive dust reduction.Sprinkling provides higher moisture content and causessoil compaction rather than loose, dry dirt being kickedup in the air by animal movement action.Installation of sprinklers or other watering devices to maintain anadequate moisture levelFrequent scraping and ormanure removalRemoval of manure from opencorralsReduces potential for dust disturbance caused byanimal's hoof action by maintaining minimal amount ofdry dust on corral surface.Prevent build up of powdery dust in designated areasFreestall housingUse of freestall housingReduction in amount of generated dust. Concrete floorfor manure deposition allows cleaning of manure througha flushing system, also the manure would already be in ahigh moist state.Use of freestallFibrous layer in dusty areasAddition of fibrous material toworking pensPrevents dust disturbance and dust entrainment byretaining moistureAdding wood chips or other materials to sorting alleys and high trafficareas to hold moisture and keep down dust disturbance, and puttingdamp manure solids right off of the separator into the heifer pens on adaily basis and working it with a rotary harrow. Applies to heifersPull-type Manureharvesting equipmentUsing a pull-type piece ofequipment to leave an even corralsurfaceStabilizes soil surface allowing for fugitive dust reductionby avoiding floor depression for dust accumulation andaccumulation of dry soil/manure.Piece of equipment should allow operators to leave an even corralsurface of compacted manure on top of the soil. Pulling blades will dobetter than pushing bladesScraping/harrowingScraping/ harrowing in morninghours when moisture is higher.Reduction in amount of generated dust by retainingmoisture.Scraping/ harrowing in early morning when moisture is higherDAIRY OPERATIONS - CORRAL/ MANURE HANDLING16 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESShaded areas in opencorralsAnimals in open pens will loaf inshade areas increasing stockingdensity and reducing dustReduction in amount of generated dust by retainingmoisture.Providing shaded areas for animals to loaf inBulk materials controlMinimize visible dust emissionsfrom bulk materialsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo apply water or suitable chemical/organic , or cover the bulk materialswith tarps, plastic or suitable material, or construct wind barriers such asa 3-sided structure surrounding the bulk materials (e.g.: feed commoditystory barns)Feeding near duskFeeding young stock duringevening hoursReduce dust-generating behaviors. For example, youngstocks at dairies tend to play when temperature cools off.By feeding them at a later time breaks that activitypattern.Feeding animals during the evening hours when conditions will generateless dustWet feed during mixingTo increase moisture feed levelsAvoid excessive dust.Addition of water or moist supplements to reduce the amount ofgenerated dustPlace wet material infeedwagon first beforemixingMix wet feed with dry feed forsuppression.Avoid excessive dust.Place wet material into feedwagon fist to suppress dust generationDownwind shelterbelts/boundary treesPlanting rows of vegetationaround facility and surrounding tocreate a barrier for air exiting fromthe facilitiesReduces windblown dust.Use of perimeter barriers or vegetation to disrupt the wind flowDust suppressantsApplication of any non-toxicchemical or organic dustsuppressant which meets anyspecification required by anyfederal, state, or local wateragency and is not prohibited foruse by any applicable regulations.See Regulation VIII for additionalrequirementsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo use a variety of products: water application, hygroscopicsuppressants (road salts), petroleum emulsions, adhesives, polymersemulsions, and bituminous materials (road oil). Water or chemical dustsuppressants will bind soils. r, sodium chloride, road oil, chippings fromfarm, etcDAIRY OPERATIONS - UNPAVED ROADSDAIRY OPERATIONS - OVERALL MANAGEMENT/FEEDING17 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESGravelPlacing a layer of gravel withenough depth to minimize dustgenerated from vehicle movementand to dislodge any excess debriswhich can become entrainedReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo add a layer of washed gravel, rock, or crushed rockSpeed reductionEnforcement of speeds thatreduce visible dust emissionsDust emissions from unpaved roads are a function ofspeed so reducing speed reduces dustPosting speed limits on or surround the operationAccess restrictionTo restrict public access toprivate roadsReduces vehicle traffic and thus reduces particulatesemissionsTo install a device which will limit use of road on or surrounding anoperationPavementTo pave currently unpaved areasPrevent dust from vehicle trafficTo pave unpaved roadsTrack out controlMinimize any and all material thatadheres to and agglomerates onall vehicles and equipment fromunpaved roads and falls onto apaved public road or the pavedshoulder of a paved public roadReduces entrainment of fugitive dustAccomplished by maintaining sufficient length of paved/ graveled interiorroads to allow mud and dirt to drop off vehicles before exiting the site; oruse of a grizzly to dislodge debris from tires and undercarriage ofvehicles leaving site.Speed BumpsInstallation of mechanisms toslow trafficDust emissions from unpaved road are a function ofspeed so reducing speed reduces dustTo install physical devices which slow down the speed of trafficAppropriate equipment andvehiclesUsing trip appropriate vehiclesReduces the amount of generated dustUsing four wheelers or electric carts rather than trucks for routine tripsDust suppressantsApplication of any non-toxicchemical or organic dustsuppressant which meets anyspecification required by anyfederal, state, or local wateragency and is not prohibited foruse by any applicable regulations.See Regulation VIII for additionalrequirementsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo use a variety of products: water application, hygroscopicsuppressants (road salts), petroleum emulsions, adhesives, polymersemulsions, and bituminous materials (road oil). Water or chemical dustsuppressants will bind soils. r, sodium chloride, road oil, chippings fromfarm, etcDAIRY OPS. - UNPAVED VEHICLE/EQUIPMENT TRAFFIC AREAS18 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESGravelPlacing a layer of gravel withenough depth to minimize dustgenerated from vehicle movementand to dislodge any excess debriswhich can become entrainedReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo add a layer of washed gravel, rock, or crushed rockAccess restrictionTo restrict public access toprivate roadsReduces vehicle traffic and thus reduces particulatesemissionsTo install a device which will limit use of road on or surrounding anoperationSpeed reductionEnforcement of speeds thatreduce visible dust emissionsDust emissions from unpaved roads are a function ofspeed so reducing speed reduces dustPosting speed limits on or surround the operationPavementTo pave currently unpaved areasPrevent dust from vehicle trafficTo pave unpaved roadsAppropriate equipment andvehiclesUsing trip appropriate vehiclesReduces the amount of generated dustUsing four wheelers or electric carts rather than trucks for routine tripsSprinkleEnsure adequate pen surfacemoisture level to prevent visibledust emissionsStabilizes soil surface allowing for fugitive dust reduction.Sprinkling provides higher moisture content and causessoil compaction rather than loose, dry dirt being kickedup in the air by animal movement action.Installation of sprinklers or other watering devices to maintain anadequate moisture levelFrequent scraping and ormanure removalRemoval of powdery dustReduces potential for dust disturbance caused byanimal's hoof action by maintaining minimal amount ofdry dust.Prevent build up of powdery dust in designated areasFibrous layer in workingareas (for alley, etc.)Addition of fibrous material toareasPrevents dust disturbance.Adding wood chips or other materials to sorting alleys and high trafficareas to hold moisture and keep down dust disturbance, and puttingdamp manure solids right off of the separator into the heifer pens on adaily basis and working it with a rotary harrow. Applies to heifersPull-type Manureharvesting equipmentUsing a piece of equipment toleave an even corral surfaceStabilizes soil surface allowing for fugitive dust reductionby avoiding floor depression for dust accumulation andaccumulation of dry soil/manure.Piece of equipment should allow operators to leave an even corralsurface of compacted manure on top of the soil. Pulling blades will dobetter than pushing bladesFEEDLOT OPERATIONS - PENS/MANURE HANDLING19 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESShade for animalAnimals in open pens will loaf inshade areas increasing stockingdensity and reducing dustReduction in amount of generated dust by retainingmoisture.Providing shaded areas for animals to loaf inBulk materials controlMinimize visible dust emissionsfrom bulk materialsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo apply water or suitable chemical/organic , or cover the bulk materialswith tarps, plastic or suitable material, or construct wind barriers such asa 3-sided structure surrounding the bulk materials (e.g.: feed commoditystory barns)Feeding near duskFeeding during evening hoursReduce dust-generating behaviors. For example, animalstend to play when temperature cools off. By feedingthem at a later time breaks that activity pattern.Feeding animals during the evening hours when conditions will generateless dustWet feed during mixingTo increase moisture feed levelsAbility to avoid excessive dustAddition of water or moist supplements to reduce the amount ofgenerated dustPlace wet material infeedwagon firstMix wet feed with dry feed forsuppressionAbility to avoid excessive dustPlace wet material into feedwagon fist to suppress dust generationDownwind shelterbelts/boundary treesPlanting rows of vegetationaround facility and surrounding tocreate a barrier for air exiting fromthe facilityReduces windblown dustUse of perimeter barriers or vegetation to disrupt the wind flowDust suppressantsApplication of any non-toxicchemical or organic dustsuppressant which meets anyspecification required by anyfederal, state, or local wateragency and is not prohibited foruse by any applicable regulations.See Regulation VIII for additionali tReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo use a variety of products: water application, hygroscopicsuppressants (road salts), petroleum emulsions, adhesives, polymersemulsions, and bituminous materials (road oil). Water or chemical dustsuppressants will bind soils. r, sodium chloride, road oil, chippings fromfarm, etcFEEDLOT OPERATIONS - UNPAVED ROADSFEEDLOT OPERATIONS - OVERALL MANAGEMENT/FEEDING20 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESGravelPlacing a layer of gravel withenough depth to minimize dustgenerated from vehicle movementand to dislodge any excess debriswhich can become entrainedReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo add a layer of washed gravel, rock, or crushed rockAccess restrictionTo restrict public access toprivate roadsReduces vehicle traffic and thus reduces particulatesemissionsTo install a device which will limit use of road on or surrounding anoperationSpeed reductionEnforcement of speeds thatreduce visible dust emissionsDust emissions from unpaved roads are a function ofspeed so reducing speed reduces dustPosting speed limits on or surround the operationPavementTo pave currently unpaved areasPrevent dust from vehicle trafficTo pave unpaved roadsTrack out controlMinimize any and all material thatadheres to and agglomerates onall vehicles and equipment fromunpaved roads and falls onto apaved public road or the pavedshoulder of a paved public roadReduces entrainment of fugitive dustAccomplished by maintaining sufficient length of paved/ graveled interiorroads to allow mud and dirt to drop off vehicles before exiting the site; oruse of a grizzly to dislodge debris from tires and undercarriage ofvehicles leaving site.Appropriate equipment andvehiclesUsing trip appropriate vehiclesReduces the amount of generated dustUsing four wheelers or electric carts rather than trucks for routine tripsDust suppressantsApplication of any non-toxicchemical or organic dustsuppressant which meets anyspecification required by anyfederal, state, or local wateragency and is not prohibited foruse by any applicable regulations.See Regulation VII for additionalrequirementsReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo use a variety of products: water application, hygroscopicsuppressants (road salts), petroleum emulsions, adhesives, polymersemulsions, and bituminous materials (road oil). Water or chemical dustsuppressants will bind soils. r, sodium chloride, road oil, chippings fromfarm, etcFEEDLOT OPERATIONS - UNPAVED VEHICLE/EQUIPMENTTRAFFIC AREAS21 List of Conservation Management PracticesPRELIMINARYCMPsDESCRIPTIONBENEFITSEXAMPLESGravelPlacing a layer of gravel withenough depth to minimize dustgenerated from vehicle movementand to dislodge any excess debriswhich can become entrainedReduces entrainment of fugitive dustTo add a layer of washed gravel, rock, or crushed rockAccess restrictionTo restrict public access toprivate roadsReduces vehicle traffic and thus reduces particulatesemissionsTo install a device which will limit use of road on or surrounding anoperationSpeed reductionEnforcement of speeds thatreduce visible dust emissionsDust emissions from unpaved roads are a function ofspeed so reducing speed reduces dustPosting speed limits on or surround the operationPavementTo pave currently unpaved areasPrevent dust from vehicle trafficTo pave unpaved roadsAppropriate equipment andvehiclesUsing trip appropriate vehiclesReduces the amount of generated dustUsing four wheelers or electric carts rather than trucks for routine trips22 List of Conservation Management Practices