E THIS REFERENCE GUIDE

pollutant emission standards for the following 

categories: 

 ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI)

ual to 25 horsepower (hp)

es and engines

gory are included in a separate table. This guide

ral (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

ndards, as well as current California, European

n standards. The key shown below indicates

 standards in all of the tables. In addition to

also includes information on useful life, warran

The availability of averaging, banking, and trad

penalties (NCP) is indicated as well.

ndards for nonroad SI engines greater than 25

gh EPA regulates some fuels, fuel standards

de. This guide also does not include detailed

information about all variations and restrictions associated with the standards.This guide is for reference only; users should refer to the Code of FederalRegulations for complete information on all standards to ensure compliance.The following guidelines will help you in reading the tables:

• To keep the tables more manageable, the guide contains standards only

from 1990 and later. EPA began regulating mobile sources in the late1960s, however.

• The years listed in the tables refer to model years for federal and international standards and for California standards for heavy-duty engines. The

years listed in the California nonroad standards refer to calendar years,however. For European Union standards, the dates listed are effectivedates.

• The term CI refers to diesel-cycle engines, and SI refers to Otto-cycle

engines.

• For purposes of consistency and comparability, most standards are

expressed in grams per brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr), even thoughsome federal regulations express standards in grams per kilowatt-hour(g/kW-hr). The conversion factors are as follows: 1.341 hp equals 1 kilowatt, and 0.7457 kilowatt equals 1 hp. To convert a standard from g/bhphr to g/kW-hr, multiply it by 1.341. To convert a standard from g/kW-hr tog/bhp-hr, multiply it by 0.7457.

Standards Reference Guide for

ty and Nonroad Engines

n 

EPA420-F-97-014September 1997

Air and Radiation
Acronyms and Abbreviations 

Used in This Guide

ABT averaging, banking, and 

trading

cc cubic centimeterCFF Clean-Fuel FleetCI compression ignitionCO carbon monoxideEPA U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency

FR Federal Registerg/bhp-hr grams per brake 

horsepower-hour

g/km grams per kilometerg/kN grams per kilonewtong/kW-hr grams per kilowatt-hourgpm grams per mileg/test grams per testGVWR gross vehicle weight 

rating

HC hydrocarbonsHCHO formaldehydeHDE heavy-duty engineHDV heavy-duty vehicleHLDT heavy light-duty truckHHDDE heavy heavy-duty diesel 

engine

HHDE heavy heavy-duty 

engine

hp horsepowerICAO International Civil 

Aviation Organization

ILEV inherently low-emission 

vehicle

ISO International Standards 

Organization

km kilometerkN kilonewton

kW kilowattlbs poundsLDT light-duty truckLHDE light heavy-duty engineLLDT light light-duty truckLEV low-emission vehicleLHDDE light heavy-duty diesel 

engine

LPG liquefied petroleum gasm meterMDV medium-duty vehicleMHDDE medium heavy-duty 

diesel engine

MW-hrs megawatt-hoursNCP nonconformance 

penalties

NMHC nonmethane 

hydrocarbons

NOx oxides of nitrogenP rated power of engine 

family in kilowatts

PM particulate matterrO rated outputRPM revolutions per minuterPR rated pressure ratioSI spark ignitionSN smoke numberSULEV super-ultra-low emission

vehicle

THC total hydrocarbonsTHCE total hydrocarbon 

equivalent

ULEV ultra low-emission 

vehicle

ZEV zero emission vehicle

rentheses after standards for which they apply.

apply to ABT and NCP availability, they are not

ures are given for useful life and warranty peri

les), the rule “whichever comes first” always

ards are listed as they were published in the

ards and/or related information are subject to

ns are finalized.

nd California use the same test procedures.

vary slightly for some standards, however.

e source emission standards can be found on

w/ (for EPA standards)

California Air Resources Board 

convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying, official EPA

CaliforniaICAO
HC

(g/bhp-hr)

1.3d

1.31.31.30.8

1.3/1.2n

1.3/1.2n1.3/1.2n1.3/1.2n1.3/1.2n

NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

6.0 

(NCP)

5.0 

(ABT, NCP)

5.0 

(ABT, NCP)

4.0 

(ABT, NCP)

5.26.05.05.05.0 

(0.5-3.5r)

4.0s

(0.5-2.5r)

PM

(g/bhp-hr)

0.60 

(NCP)

0.25 (ABT,

NCP), 0.10e

0.10 

(ABT, NCP), 

0.07f, 0.05g

0.10 

(ABT, NCP),

0.05g

0.10 

(ABT, NCP),

0.05g

0.19

0.11j

0.60

0.25p/0.10q

0.10

0.07p

0.05

Smokea

(percentage)

20/15/5020/15/5020/15/5020/15/5020/15/50

42/2.26k

100/1.495k200/1.065k

20/15/50

Useful Life

1990-97 and 1998+ for HC, CO, and PM: 

LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 milesMHDDE: 8 years/185,000 milesHHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles

1994+ urban buses for PM only: 

10 years/290,000 miles

1998+ for NOx: 

LHDDE: 10 years/110,000 milesMHDDE: 10 years/185,000 milesHHDDE: 10 years/290,000 miles

LHDDE: 10 years/110,000 milesMHDDE: 10 years/185,000 milesHHDDE and urban buses: 435,000 miles, 

13,000 hours, or 10 years (but not lessthan 290,000 miles)

LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 milesMHDDE: 8 years/185,000 milesHHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles

NMHC + NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

2.4 or 2.5 with

a limit of 0.5

on NMHC

(ABT)

Warranty Period

5 years/100,000 miles 

(but not less than the basic

mechanical warranty for

the engine family)

5 years/100,000 miles

(but not less than the basic

mechanical warranty of the

engine)

5 years, 100,000 miles, or

3,000 hours (for 1994 and

earlier engines greater than

8,500 lbs and for 1995+

engines greater than

14,000 lbs)

Idle CO

cent exhaust

gas flow)

0.5c0.5c0.5c0.5c

0.5

0.5m

0.5m0.5m0.5m0.5m

Y HIGHWAY ENGINES—CI AND URBAN BUSES
oposed federal standards are the EPA Transient Test Procedure and

est procedures for California standards are the Transient Test

t Procedure. The test procedures for European Union standards are

dure and the European Smoke Test Procedure. Due to the significant

European Union standards are not directly comparable to EPA and

 at acceleration/lug/peak modes.

sel-fueled HDEs. Standards for 1991+ apply to both diesel- and

at apply to urban buses specifically are footnoted.

g fueled engines for the following model years: methanol/1990+,

andard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is for

95.

 and later. The in-use standard is 0.07.

hed in the Federal Register on June 27, 1996 (61FR33421). They are

ons are finalized. NCP will be addressed during the 1999 Technology

ment of Principles outlining the proposed federal standards, California

s.

i The European Union standards apply to both heavy-duty highway CI engines and urban buses. The standards for urban buses, however, are voluntary.j The standard applies to engines over 3,000 RPM and swept volume over 0.7 liter/cycle.k Nominal flow (liters/second)/absorbent coefficient (m-1). Opacity under free acceleration should not

exceed the approved level by more than 0.5 m-1.

l The standards apply to diesel, methanol, and all applicable gaseous-fueled engines.m The standard applies to engines utilizing exhaust aftertreament technology.n The first number is the THC standard and the second number is the NMHC standard. Manufacturers of

diesel, natural gas, or LPG engines may choose to certify to the total HC standard or the optional NMHCstandard. The NMHC standard applies to 1990+.

o The following HCHO standards apply to all methanol and alcohol-fueled engines: 0.010 g/bhp-hr for

model years 1993-95; 0.05 g/bhp-hr for model years 1996+.

p Emission averaging may be used to meet the standard.q Applies to urban buses only.r These standards for urban buses are optional.s A manufacturer may apply for an exemption from this standard based on demonstrated technological

need for up to 10 percent of the average of the manufacturer’s sales for the three previous model years.
NMHC + NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

2.4 or 2.5 with

a limit of 0.5

on NMHC

(ABT)

NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

6.0 (ABT, NCP)6.0 (ABT, NCP)5.0 (ABT, NCP)5.0 (ABT, NCP)

4.0 (ABT, NCP)g

4.0 (ABT, NCP)g

6.06.05.05.0

HC

(g/bhp-hr)

1.1c

1.9c

1.1f1.9f1.1f1.9f

1.11.9

1.1i

1.9i

CO

bhp-hr)

14.437.114.437.114.437.114.437.114.437.114.437.1

Useful Life

8 years/110,000 miles;

10 years/110,000 miles 

(for NOx standards for 1998+)

10 years/110,000 miles

HDVs: 8 years/110,000 miles

10 years/110,000 miles

(for NOx standards for 1998+)

MDVs (model years 1995+): 

11 years/120,000 miles

Warranty Period

5 years/50,000 miles

(but not less than the

basic mechanical 

warranty for the engine

family)

5 years/100,000 miles

(but not less than the

basic mechanical 

warranty of the engine)

5 years/50,000 miles (for

1994 and earlier engines

greater than 8,500 lbs

and for 1995+ engines

greater than 14,000 lbs)k

Y HIGHWAY ENGINES—SI

osed federal and California exhaust standards is the EPA Transient

 gas-fueled engines.

and methanol-fueled engines.

ard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is for

e, methanol, and LPG-fueled engines.

fueled engines utilizing aftertreatment technology (except for

rs: gasoline/1990+; LPG/1991+; natural gas/1998+;

he standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is

g The NOx standard is 5.0 for all natural gas-fueled engines.h The proposed standards were published in the Federal Register on June 27, 1996 (61FR33421). They are

subject to change when the regulations are finalized. NCPs will be addressed during the 1999 TechnologyReview. As a signatory to the Statement of Principles outlining the proposed federal standards, Californiaplans to propose the same standards.

i For gasoline and LPG-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is

for Organic Material HC Equivalent.

j Manufacturers of gasoline, natural gas, or LPG engines may choose to certify to the total or the optional

NMHC standard.

k For model year 1995+ MDVs, the following warranty period applies: 3 years/50,000 miles for basic 

warranty; and 7 years/70,000 miles for high cost parts warranty.

Idle CO

(percent exhaust

gas flow)

0.5e

NMHCa

(g/bhp-hr)

0.91.70.91.7

0.9j

1.7j
6,000 8,500 14,000 19,500 33,000

GVWR (lbs)

LDT £ 8,500

0 6,000 < HLDT £ 8,500

HDV > 8,500

8,500 < LHDDE < 19,500 19,500 £ MHDDE £ 33,000 HHDDE/Urban Bus > 33,000

0

HDV > 6,000

6,000 < MDV £ 8,500

8,500 < LHDDE < 19,500

8,500 < LHDE-SI £ 14,000 HHDE-SI > 14,000

19,500 £ MHDDE £ 33,000 HHDDE/Urban Bus > 33,000

6,000 < MDV £ 14,000

6,000 < MDV £ 14,000

14,000 < LHDDE < 19,500 19,500 £ MHDDE £ 33,000 HHDDE/Urban Bus > 33,000

HHDE-SI > 14,000

IGHT DEFINITIONS
Emission Category

LEV (Federal Fuel)

LEV (California Fuel)

ILEV

ULEV

ZEV

CO 

(g/bhp-hr)

14.4

7.2

0

NMHC+NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

3.83.52.52.5

0

PM

(g/bhp-hr)

0.05

0

HCHO

(g/bhp-hr)

0.0500.025

0

CLEAN-FUEL FLEET PROGRAM FORHEAVY-DUTY SI AND CI ENGINES

Federal

a

The test procedure for the CFF standards is the EPA Transient Test Procedure.a The standards apply to 1998-2003 model year engines over 8,500 lbs. Beginning in 2004, the new emission

standards for heavy-duty highway engines will apply. In addition to CFF standards, vehicles have to complywith applicable conventional standards for other pollutants.

Notes:
eight (lbs)

£ 14,000> 14,000 

£ 14,000

> 14,000

£ 14,000

> 14,000£ 14,000> 14,000£ 14,000> 14,000

£ 14,000

> 14,000> 14,000> 14,000

Three-Diurnal Test

Sequence

(g/test)

3.0a,b,d,e

4.0a,b,d,e

3.0d,e4.0d,e

3.0b,d,e4.0b,d,e

2.0

Supplemental 

Two-Diurnal Test Sequence

(g/test)

3.5a,b

4.5a,b

3.5b4.5b

4.5

Running Loss 

(gpm)

0.05a,b

0.05a,b

0.05b0.05b

0.05

Spitback 

(g/test)

1.0a,b

1.0b

Y HIGHWAY SI AND CI ENGINES—

VE HYDROCARBON STANDARDS

ive HC standards is the EPA Heavy-Duty Federal Test Procedure.

ack standard is the Fuel Dispensing Spitback Procedure. (Vehicles

te compliance with the standards through an engineering demon

cedure for California evaporative HC standards is the California

Vehicles over 8,500 lbs GVWR may demonstrate compliance with

emonstration in lieu of testing.)

d engines for HC.

ed engines for THCE. For 1996+ SI engines, the supplemental two

eled engines is grams carbon per test.

c New Enhanced Evaporative Test Procedure applies, which is considerably more stringent than the previous test procedure despite the fact that the standard values do not change. These standards will be

phased in by the following percentages of production for the following model years: (for gasoline) 20 percent/1996, 40 percent/1997, 90 percent/1998, and 100 percent/1999; (for methanol) 90 percent/1998and 100 percent/1999.

d The standard applies to natural gas-fueled engines for HC.e The standard applies to LPG-fueled engines for HC.

Conventional 

Diurnal + Hot Soak

(g/test)

3.0a,b

4.0a,b3.0a,b4.0a,b

3.0b4.0b3.0b4.0b

Useful Life

8 years, 110,000 miles

10 years, 110,000 miles

LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 miles

MHDDE: 8 years/185,000 miles

HHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles
HC + NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

12.010.0

18.7 (ABT)13.4 (ABT)12.4 (ABT)11.2 (ABT)10.1 (ABT)

9.0 (ABT)

157128

87

12.0

3.2

10.0

3.2

HC

(g/bhp-hr)

220180120220

50

180

50

120

50

CO

hp-hr)

387387600600450455455455455455455600600450350

00

350

00

600

30

600

30

300

30

NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

4.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.0

NMHC + NOx 

(g/bhp-hr)

17.2f

12.4f11.4f10.4f

9.5f8.4f

PM

(g/bhp-hr)

0.250.250.25

Useful Life (hours)

66/250/500g

250/500/1,000g

50 (residential) or 

300 (commercial)

Warranty Period

2 years2 years2 years

SI ENGINES 25 HP AND BELOW
lifornia standards is the Small SI Engine Federal Steady-State Test

d nonroad small SI engines; Classes III, IV, and V refer to handheld

es have the following displacements (in cc): Class I/<225; Class

<50; Class V/350.

d in g/kW-hr in the Code of Federal Regulations.

ards as new engines, but are not required to meet these standards

 also apply to golf carts. In California, golf carts must meet the recre

e Although the standards have not been formally proposed, they were published in an Advance Notice of

Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register on March 27, 1997 (62FR14740). While in some cases the

proposed federal standards are numerically higher than the 1997 standards, they are in fact more stringent because the engines are required to meet these proposed standards throughout their useful life.

f The NMHC+NOx standard is an optional standard for natural gas-fueled engines only.g Manufacturers can certify for any of the three time periods given but must certify at least the shortest

time period.

h Proposed standards for Clases III, IV, and V will be phased in by the following percentages of 

production for the following model years: 20 percent/2002, 40 percent/2003, 70 percent/2004, and 100 percent/2005.
Displacement (cc)

< 225

3 225

allall

> 90< 90

s (< 25 hp)

go-karts (3 25 hp)

terrain vehiclesc

Year

1995-98

1999+1997+1997+1999+1997+

HC + NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

12.010.0

3.23.2

HC

(g/km)

1.21.2

0

CO

(g/bhp-hr)

350350100100

15.015.0

0

NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

0

PM

(g/bhp-hr) 

0.9b

0.9b

0.25b0.25b

0

Useful Life

5 years or

6,250 miles

Warranty Period

2 years

RECREATIONAL VEHICLES AND ENGINES

ycles and all-terrain vehicles is the Motorcycle Emission Test

eral Steady-State Test Procedure is optional.) The test procedure for

Small SI Federal Steady-State Test Procedure.

cle types included in this table. Golf carts, however, are subject to

 engines. Golf carts are not defined federally as recreational vehicles.

b Applies to all diesel and 2-stroke engines.c As an option, all-terrain vehicles may elect to certify to equivalent SI/CI standards for Class I and II nonroad engines below 25 hp.d The zero emission golf cart standard is applicable in federal ozone nonattainment areas in California only.
0

HC

(g/bhp-hr)

1.01.01.01.01.0

CO

(g/bhp-hr)

8.58.56.06.04.94.94.14.13.73.73.73.72.62.62.62.62.62.62.6

350100350100

8.58.58.5

NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

6.9 (ABT)6.9 (ABT)6.9 (ABT)6.9 (ABT)

6.95.86.9

PM

(g/bhp-hr)

0.40.4

0.74 (ABT)0.60 (ABT)0.60 (ABT)0.60 (ABT)0.60 (ABT)0.44 (ABT)0.30 (ABT)0.22 (ABT)0.15 (ABT)0.15 (ABT)0.15 (ABT)0.15 (ABT)

0.9

0.25

0.9

0.25

0.4

0.16

0.4

NMHC + NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

7.8 (ABT)5.6 (ABT)7.0 (ABT)5.6 (ABT)7.0 (ABT)5.6 (ABT)5.6 (ABT)3.5 (ABT)4.9 (ABT)3.0 (ABT)4.9 (ABT)3.0 (ABT)4.8 (ABT)3.0 (ABT)4.8 (ABT)3.0 (ABT)4.8 (ABT)

Smoke (percentage)

20/15/50b

20/15/50b20/15/50b20/15/50b

EPA is proposing to replace

its current smoke test with

the ISO test procedure for

the sake of harmonization

and improved smoke 

control, provided that it

provides for a level of

smoke control at least as

adequate as the current

test. EPA will also propose

to extend the smoke 

standards that were 

adopted in the Tier 1 rule to

the under 50 hp engine 

category, and will evaluate

the appropriateness of any

changes to the smoke

standards for all engine

categories in formulating

the proposal.

20/15/50b

20/15/35b20/15/50b

Useful Life

10 years/8,000 hours10 years/8,000 hours 

Warranty Period

5 years/3,000 hours

10 years/8,000 hours 

2 years

5 years or 3,000 hours 

CI ENGINES

HC+NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

12.0

3.2

10.0

3.2
posed federal standards and for California standards for engines

 Steady-State Test Cycle and the EPA Smoke Test Procedure. The

or engines less than or equal to 25 hp is the Small Engine Federal

kW-hr in the Code of Federal Regulations.

t acceleration/lug/peak modes.

ngines have required that crankcase emissions be eliminated,

sel engines, which present special difficulties in designing closed

crankcases. EPA will propose to extend this requirement to covered nonroad engines (including the provision for exempting turbocharged diesel engines).

d Although the proposed standards have not been formally proposed, they were published in a

Supplemental Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register on January 2, 1997

(62FR200). As a signatory to the Statement of Principles outlining the proposed federal standards,California plans to propose the same standards.

e The proposed standards for engines less than 50 hp also apply to marine CI engines under 50 hp.
x (g/kW-hr)

 4.3a

(ABT)(ABT)(ABT)(ABT)(ABT)(ABT)(ABT)(ABT)

ABT)

HC + NOx (g/kW-hr)

P 3 4.3a

(0.917 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 2.44 (ABT)

(0.833 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 2.89 (ABT)(0.750 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 3.33 (ABT)(0.667 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 3.78 (ABT)(0.583 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 4.22 (ABT)(0.500 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 4.67 (ABT)(0.417 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 5.11 (ABT)(0.333 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 5.56 (ABT)(0.250 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 6.00 (ABT)

Warranty Period

1 year for all emission-related components

1 year for all emission-related components;

3 years or 200 hours for specified major emission

control components

2 years or 200 hours for all emission-related 

components; 3 years or 200 hours for specified major

emission control components

GINES

standards use the ISO 8178 E4 5-Mode Steady-State Test Cycle. 

ngine family in kilowatt.

utboard/personal watercraft and jet boat engines only. The stan

 Code of Federal Regulations. There are currently no federal standards for marine SI sterndrive/inboard engines; previously proposed federal standards were not finalized. Marine CI engines under 50 hp are covered under the proposed nonroad CI standards. Federal standards are currently in development for marine CI engines over 50 hp. There are no California or European Union standards for marine SI or CI engines. The standard for personal watercraft does not go into effect until 1999, although the standard goes into effect for outboard engines in 1998.

Useful Life

Outboard: 350 hours/10 years 

Personal watercraft: 350 hours/5 years
Applicabilitya

T8

h rOc of 129kN and above

T3d

TF<26.7kN of rO

with rO of 26.7kN and above

TSS

 with rO above 26.7kN

 rO of 1,000kW and above

with rO of 26.7kN and above

newly certified (above 26.7kN)

wly manufactured (above 26.7kN)

TSS

TF, T8

8 with rO above 26.7kN

wly certified (above 26.7kN)

y manufactured (above 26.7kN)

HC (g/kN)

19.6

140(.92)rPR

140(.92)rPR

19.619.619.6

140(.92)rPR

19.619.619.6

NOx (g/kN)

40+(2rPR)

32+(1.6rPR)32+(1.6rPR)

36+2.42(rPR)

40+(2rPR)

32+(1.6rPR)32+(1.6rPR)

CO (g/kN)

118118118

4550(rPR)-1.03

118118118

Smoke

30

83.6(rO)-.274

25

83.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=50

83.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=5083.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=50

187(rO)-.168

83.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=50

83.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=5083.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=5083.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=5083.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=5083.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=5083.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=5083.6(rO)-.274 not to exceed maximum of SN=50

AO standards are the ICAO Smoke Emission Test Procedure and the

re. There is no useful life or warranty period for purposes of compli

.

 the JT8D model family

engines except engines of Class T3, T8, and TSS

 the JT3D model family

or aircraft operations at supersonic flight speeds

b Federal standards apply to planes operating in the United States, regardless of where they were 

manufactured.

c rO stands for rated output, which is the maximum power/thrust available for takeoff.d T3 engines are no longer manufactured but are in the existing fleet.e ICAO standards apply to every member country. A member country of ICAO is obligated either to adopt

and implement an “international standard” as internal law or to note a difference from the standard. Acountry that breaks this obligation may be unable to operate its airlines within territories of other member countries, and its rights in ICAO may be suspended.
ES

THCc

(g/bhp-hr)

1.02.1

0.55

1.20.30.6

NMHCd

(g/bhp-hr)

1.02.1

0.55

1.20.30.6

THCEe

(g/bhp-hr)

1.02.1

0.55

1.20.30.6

Aldehydee

(g/bhp-hr)

0.0350.0760.0180.036

CO

bhp-hr)

5.08.02.22.51.52.4

NOx

(g/bhp-hr)

9.5

(ABT)

14.0

(ABT)

7.4

(ABT)

11.0

(ABT))

5.5

(ABT)

8.1

(ABT)

PM

(g/bhp-hr)

0.60

(ABT)

0.72

(ABT)

0.45

(ABT)

0.54

(ABT)

0.20

(ABT)

0.24

(ABT)

Smoke (percentage)f,g

SINGLE EXHAUST STACK: –total plume: 30/40/55 MULTIPLE EXHAUST STACKS:–total for any one plume: 30/40/55 –sum of stacks: 40/50/60

Useful Lifeh

750,000 miles or 7.5 x hp

(e.g., 30,000 MW-hrs)j

8.0 x hp

(e.g., 32,000 MW-hrs)j

9.0 x hp

(e.g., 36,000 MW-hrs)j

 standards is the Locomotive Steady-State Test.

manufactured from 1973-1999 when they are remanufactured

y to engines manufactured in 2000 and later when they are newly

omply with standards for both duty-cycles.

as or alcohol.

combination of fuels where natural gas is the primary fuel.

e Applicable to alcohol(s), or any combination of fuels where alcohol is the primary fuel.f Percentages apply to smoke opacity at steady state/30-second peak/3-second peak.g Measurement performed continuously during testing.h EPA is proposing that useful life and warranty period be the same.i The proposed standards were published in the Federal Register on February 11, 1997 (62FR6366). They

are subject to change when the regulations are finalized. They are proposed to take effect in 2000.

j The example calculates MW-hrs for a 4,000 hp locomotive.

 MW-hrs 

hp

 MW-hrs 

hp

 MW-hrs 

hp