UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

MAY 3 0 2013 

MEMORANDUM 

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY 

AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 

SUBJECT: BEAD Chemical Profile (BCP) for Registration Review: Quinoxyfen (055459) 

FROM: 

THRU: 

Tara Chandgoyal, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist d ~ ~ ~ t:- t::r"' C~Jq-~ _ 1 Biological Analysis Branch /v - / • , ~ 

Jihad Alsadek, Ph. D., Economist .. :r ~ )1 ./t~ Science Information and Analysis Branch 

Andrew Lee, Ph. D., Economist ats (! J 

Economic Analysis Branch ~ 

Biological and Economic Analysis Division 503P) 

Arnet Jones, Chief ./ _4 &A- ,c;_, /JY ~ ~~ Biological Analysis Bran /'-

A A-- (),~ kv D. yYI,,_. Diann Sims, Chief /c-1~~" · 0 

Science Information and Analysis Branch 

TO: Kaitherine St. Claire, Chemical Review Manager 

Risk Management and Implementation Branch 2 

Pesticide Re-evaluation Division (7508P) 

Product Review Panel date: May 2, 2013 

Page 1 of 10 
INTRODUCTION 

The purpose of this document is to convey usage information and a broad overview of the pest 

management roles of quinoxyfen which is beginning to undergo registration review. The 

anticipated audience consists of the team of EPA staff currently evaluating the registration status 

of quinoxyfen, and eventually the general public. This document builds upon the Label Use 

Information System (LUIS) reports and the Screening Level Usage Analysis (SLUA) that BEAD 

also provides to the Registration Review teams. The document is based on information and data 

available to BEAD as of May, 2013. 

Quinoxyfen is a systemic fungicide and considered as medium risk for resistance. It is effective 

against powdery mildew fungal pests on many crops. Resistance in many fungi has been reported 

and FRAC (2010) recommends resistance management. 

COMMON FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION METHODS 

Quinoxyfen is formulated as emulsifiable and suspension concentrates. Application methods 

include ground and/or aerial spray application. 

USE SITES 

Agricultural Use Sites: 

Quinoxyfen is a fungicide registered for use on apricots, artichokes, cucurbits (gourds, melons, 

pumpkins, squash, and winter squash), lettuce, peppers, pumpkin, stone fruits, strawberries, 

grapes, and hops. 

Non-Agricultural Use Sites 

Quinoxyfen is not registered for non-agricultural use sites. 

USAGE 

Agricultural Use Trend, 2004-2011 

Quinoxyfen was registered in 1989 and there was no reported usage from 1989 to 2004. 

Quinoxyfen usage showed a steady increase from 2004-201 1 for all crops for both pounds a.i. 

and total area treated (See Figures 1 and 2). The use of quinoxyfen, both in pounds and total 

area treated, decreased during the most recent three years, 2009-2011. Approximately 24,000 

pounds of quinoxyfen were applied on average annually to 274,000 acres at an overall average 

application rate of 0.1 lbs. a. i./acre during the 2004-2011 time frame. 

Page 2 oflO 
Figure 1: Quinoxyfen: Pounds A.I. Applied, 2004-2011 

50,000 

Pounds A.l. 

0 I 

1.(') 

0 

0 

N 

\0 

0 

0 

N 

Source: EPA Proprietary Data, 2004-2011 

" 0 

0 

N 

Years 

00 

0 

0 

N 

C'\ 

0 

0 

N 

Figure 2. Quinoxyfen: Total Area (Acres) Treated, 2004-201 1 

600,000 

TAT 

0 

"" 0 

0 

N 

U"l 

0 

0 

N 

1.0 

0 

0 

N 

,._ 

0 

0 

N 

Years 

Source: EPA Proprietary Data, 2004-2011 

Page 3 oflO 

00 

0 

0 

N 

0 

.-4 

0 

N 

C' 

0 

0 

N 

0 

...... 

0 

N 

...... 

...... 

0 

N 
Agricultural Use 2007-2011 

During the 2007-2011 timeframe, approximately 33,000 pounds of quinoxyfen were applied on 

average annually to treat 372,000 acres at an overall average application rate of 0.1 lbs. a.i./acre. 

The top crops in terms of pounds a.i. applied and total area treated during this period were wine 

grapes, cherries, tabEe grapes, raisin grapes, strawberries, peppers, watermelons, and cantaloupes, 

as shown in Figures 3 and 4. The crops with the highest average percent crop treated are not · 

different from the top crops in terms of pounds applied and acres treated with quinoxyfen, except 

for apricots with 15 percent treated and squash with 5 percent treated. 

Figure 3. Quinoxyfen Use: Top Crops, in Pounds a.i. Applied (Lbs. A.I.), 2007-201 1 

Peppers WatermeloJns Cantaloupe/Other 

3% ~ 3% r2%/_ 3% 

Strawberries ~ 

5% 

Source: EPA Proprietary Data, 2007-2011 

Other crops include pumpkins, squash, apricots, peaches, plums/prunes, and cucumbers. 

Page 4 oflO 
Figure 4. Quinoxyfen Use: Top Crops, in Total Acres Treated (TAT), 2007-2011 

Strawberries 

5% 

Source: EPA Proprietary Data, 2007-2011 

Other crops include peppers, watermelons, cantaloupes, pumpkins, squash, apricots, peaches, 

plums/prunes, and cucumbers. 

T a bl e 1 Q umox . y:fl en u se on T C op rops: A verage A .. I R ate, 2007 -20 11 

Crop Avg. AI Rate (lbs a.i./acre) 

Wine Grapes 0.09 

Cherries 0.11 

Table Grapes 0.08 

Raisin Grapes 0.09 

Strawberries 0.09 

Peppers 0.06 

Watermelons 0.09 

Cantaloupes 0.09 

Source: EPA Proprietary Data, 2007-2011 

The top states in terms of pounds a.i. applied and total area treated during this period were 

California, Washington, and New York, as shown in Figures 5 and 6. The five - year average 

application rate for grapes (wine, and raisin), strawberries, watermelons, and cantaloupes are 

presented in table 1. The average application rates for the crops as shown in Table 1 are almost 

the same as the overall average application rate of 0.1 lb. a.i. per acre. 

Page 5 of 10 
Figure 5. Quinoxyfen Use: Top States, in Pounds A.I. Applied (Lbs. A.l.), 2007-201 1 

NEW YORK 

Source: EPA Proprietary Data, 2007-2011 

Other states include Oregon, Arizona, Georgia, Florida, Texas, Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania, 

Connecticut, Virginia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Michigan, Maryland, New Jersey, Illinois, 

and Alabama. 

Figure 6. Quinoxyfen Use: Top States, in Total Acres Treated (TAT), 2007-201 1 

NEW YORK 

Source: EPA Proprietary Data, 2007-2011 

Page 6 of 10 
Other states include Oregon, Arizona, Georgia, Florida, Texas, Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania, 

Connecticut, Virginia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Michigan, Maryland, New Jersey, Illinois, 

and Alabama. 

Agricultural Usage by Crop Reporting District 

Another measure of usage is the use intensity. In this analysis, the use intensity is expressed as 

the pounds a.i. applied per 1000 acres ofland in farms. This differs from the application rate, 

which is expressed as the pounds a.i. applied per treated area. The average application rate of 

0.1 lb a.i. per acre implies a rate of 100 lbs. a.i. per 1000 treated acres. The maximum use 

intensity observed is about 1.25-1.96lbs. a.i. per 1000 acres ofland in farms. Figure 7 spatially 

represents quinoxyfen usage by crop reporting district for 2007-2011. The highest use intensity 

is in California where grapes are grown. 

Figure 7. Quinoxyfen Use Intensity by Crop Reporting District (2007-2011) 

Average Pounds Per 

1,000 Acres of Farmland 

- <0.09 

- 0.09-0.24 

D o.25-o.46 

- 0.47-1.24 

- 1.25-1.96 

Page 7 of 10 
This is a map of agricultural pesticide usage at the Crop Reporting District (CRD) level prepared by BEAD 

for use in the Environmental Fate and Effects Division documents. These maps are used to help visualize 

where the pesticide being considered is most likely to be used and can be helpful in scenario selection and 

placing the exposure assessment in context. CRDs are boundaries created by USDA NASS which are 

aggregates of counties. Pesticide usage is displayed as average pounds (for the years 2007-2011) per 1,000 

acres of farmland in a CRD to normalize for the variation in farmland between CRDs. Farmland acreage was 

obtained from USDA (2007). Farmland or " land in farms" is defined as follows: 

The acreage designated as "land in farms" consists primarily of agricultural land 

used for crops, pasture, or grazing. It also includes woodland and wasteland not 

actually under cultivation or used for pasture or grazing, provided it was part of 

the farm operator's total operation. Large acreages of woodland or wasteland 

held for nonagricultural purposes were deleted from individual reports during 

the edit process. Land in farms includes CRP, WRP, FWP, and CREP1 acres. 

Land in farms is an operating unit concept and includes land owned and 

operated as well as land rented from others. Land used rent free was reported as 

land rented from others. All grazing land, except land used under government 

permits on a per-head basis, was included as "land in farms" provided it was 

part of a farm or ranch. Land under the exclusive use of a grazing association 

was reported by the grazing association and included as land in farms. All land 

in American Indian reservations used for growing crops, grazing livestock, or 

the potential of grazing livestock was included as land in farms. Land in 

reservations not reported by reservation, individual American Indians or nonNative Americans was reported in the name of the cooperative group that used 

the land. In many instances, an entire American Indian reservation was reported 

as one farm (USDA, 2007). 

Usage is based on private market surveys of pesticide use in agriculture (Proprietary Data, 2007-20 ll ). The 

survey data are limited to the states that represent the top 80-90% of acreage for the individual crops; 

therefore, use may be occurring in regions outside the scope of the survey. CRDs showing no usage of 

pesticides may be due to either the lack of pesticide use in the region or non-participation in the agricultural 

surveys. In addition, across the years, there may be variations in the specific crops included in the CRD 

survey. This may result in a lower annual average for the CRD. 

This map displays ratio data (i.e., average pounds per I ,000 acres of farmland) summarized at a very highlevel. Readers are strongly cautioned against trying to over interpret the map without examination of the 

underlying data. The underlying data may explain some of the many reasons that a Crop Reporting District 

may have a high value for a particular active ingredient such as significant acreage (compared with the CRD 

as a whole) of a crop or crops with a high application rate and frequency of application. 

The reader should pay particular attention to the figure legends and realize that a map prepared for a 

particular chemical is not directly comparable to a map prepared for a different chemical. Scale and units of 

measurement do matter and may be different between maps. 

Sources: 

Proprietary Data. 2007-20 I I. 

USDA, 2007. Census of Agriculture. Online: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/index.asp. 

1 CRP: Conservation Reserve Program; WRP: Wetland Reserve Program; FWP: Farmable Wetlands Program; 

CREP: Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program 

Page 8 of 10 
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS RELEVANT TO QUINOXYFEN 

Quinoxyfen is a systemic fungicide that belongs to Fungicide Resistance Action Committee 

mode of action code 13 of fungicide (FRAC, 20 13). It is considered as medium risk for 

resistance. It is effective against powdery mildew fungal pests on many crops (CDMS, 20 I 0). 

Resistance in many fungi has been reported and FRAC (201 0) recommends resistance 

management. The resistance can be managed by mixing fungicides with different modes of 

action or alternating them. Grapes, cherry and cucurbit crops are susceptible to powdery mildew 

pests. Quinoxyfen and other fungicides (such as myclobutanil, triflumizole, and Pristine, a 

mixture ofboscalid and pyraclostrobin) are also used on grapes, cherries and cucurbits for the 

control of powdery mildew pests. 

HISTORY OF BEAD ASSESSMENTS FOR QUINOXYFEN 

SECTION 18: 

Gilbert and Michell. 2003. Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Request for Emergency Exemption 

Use ofMyclobutanil and Quinoxyfen to Control Powdery Mildew on Hops (03WA05, 03WA07, 

DP Barcodes 0288237 and D288238). BEAD concluded that the situation was urgent and nonroutine because of lack of registered alternatives for full season control of this new pest problem 

on hops. 

Chandgoyal and Faulkner. 2004. Evaluation of Emergency Exemption Request from New York 

(04-NY-12, DB Barcodes: 302201) For the Use ofQuinoxyfen (Quintec) Fungicide on NonEdible-Peel Cucurbits (Melons, Winter Squash, Gourds, and Pumpkins) to Control Powdery 

Mildew (Podosphaera xanthii and Erysiphae cichoracearum). BEAD concluded that under high 

disease pressure and disease favorable weather conditions 20-30 percent yield losses are highly 

likely without the use of the requested fungicide. In addition, the development of resistance in 

the pest against registered systemic fungicides (strobilurins and myclobutanil) was a non-routine 

and emergency event and therefore the emergency use of quinoxyfen on cucurbits was justified. 

Chandgoyal. 2006. Evaluation of Emergency Exemption Request from New York (07-NY-06, 

DP Barcodes 339124) and Indiana (07-IN-07, DP Barcode 339773) for the Use ofQuinoxyfen 

(Quintec) Fungicide on Non- Edible-Peel Cucurbits (Melons, Winter Squash, Gourds, and 

Pumpkins) to Control Powdery Mildew (Podosphaeva xanthii and Erysiphae cichoracearum). 

BEAD did not recommend this emergency exemption because two new fungicides [triflumizole 

(an imidazole) and Pristine (a mixture of boscalid and pyraclostrobin)] were registered since 

2004 for use on these crops for the control of powdery mildew and the State did not provide data 

showing that the disease could not be managed using registered alternatives. 

Chandgoyal and Faulkner. 2006. Evaluation of Emergency Exemption Request from Ohio (06-

0H-06, DP Barcodes: 330972) For the Use of Quinoxyfen (Quintec) Fungicide on Non-EdiblePeel Cucurbits (Melons, Winter Squash, Gourds, and Pumpkins) to Control Powdery Mildew 

Caused by Podosphaera xanthii, Previously Known as Sphaerothecafuliginea. BEAD did not 

Page 9 oflO 
recommend this emergency exemption because registered alternatives, two newly registered 

fungicides [triflumizole (an imidazole) and Pristine (a mixture ofboscalid and pyraclostrobin)] 

were registered since 2004 for use on these crops for the control of powdery mildew and the 

State did not provide data showing that the disease could not be managed using registered 

alternatives. 

ROLE OF QUINOXYFEN IN PEST MANAGEMENT 

Quinoxyfen fungicide is efficacious against powdery mildew fungi on different crops. It is a 

valuable fungicide for the control of powdery mildew pests on apricots, artichokes, cucurbits 

(gourds, melons, pumpkins, squash, and winter squash), lettuce, peaches, plums, peppers, 

pumpkin, stone fruits, strawberries, cherry, grapes, and hops. It has different mode of action than 

the other registered alternatives and therefore may play an important role in pest resistance 

management. 

INFORMATION THAT MAY BE USEFUL FOR BEAD'S FUTURE WORK ON 

QUINOXYFEN 

No additional information is needed. 

REFERENCES: 

CDMS. 20 I 0. Label Search. http://premier.cdms.net/webapls/FormsLogin.asp?/webapls/ 

Accessed April 6-9, 2013. 

FRAC. 2013. FRAC Code List 2013: Fungicides sorted by mode of action (including FRAC 

Code numbering). http://www .frac. info/publ ication/anhang/FRA C%20Code%20List%2020 13-

update%20April-2013.pdf 

Proprietary Data, 2004-2011 

USDA, 2007. Census of Agriculture. Online: 

http://www .agcensus. usda. gov /Publications/2007 /index.asp. 

USDA, 2007-2010. NASS Crop Reporting Districts. Online: 

http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/arms/resourceregions/resourceregions.htm#nass. 

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