PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLOALARE
PLANE LINE: A perpendicular projection distance of
the PRONASALE landmark away from a line coincident
with right and left MAXILLOALARE LANDMARKS.
(No.19/Fig.12)

PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM SELLIONPRO-
MENTALE PLANE LINE: The perpendicular projec-
tion distance of PRONASALE away from a midsagittal
line coincident with the SELLION and PROMENTALE
landmarks. (No.20/Fig.13)

REFERENCES

1. Young, J.W., Chandler, R.F., Snow, C.C., et al.
Anthropometric and Mass Distribution Character-
istics of the Adult Female. Washington, D.C.:
1983; FAA publication no. FAA-AM-83-16, Re-
vised Edition.

2. Randall, F.E., Munro, E.H. Reference Anthropometry
of Army Women. Report No. 149, Environmental
Protection Section, Climatic Research Laboratory,
Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1948.

3. Newman, R.W., White, R.M. Reference Anthro-
pometry of Army Men. Report No. 180, Environ-
mental Protection Section, Climatic Research I abo-
ratory, Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1951.

4, Hertzberg, H.T.E., Daniels, G.S., Churchill, E.
Anthropometry of Flying Personnel-1950. Tech-
nical Report No. 52-321, Wright Air Develop-
meni Center, Wright Patterson Air Force Base,
Ohio, 1954.

5. White, R.M. Anthropometric Survey of the Armed
Forces of the Republic of Vietnam. U.S. Army
Natick Laboratories, Natick, Massachusetts, 1964.

6. Snow, C.C., Snyder, R.G. Anthropometry of Air
‘Traffic Control Trainees. Washington, D.C.: 1965;
FAA publication no. AM 65-26.

14

7. Unpublished U.S.A.7. Systems Command Anthro-
pometric Data furnished to Webb Associates, Inc.,
Yellow Springs, Ohio, by the Aerospace Medical
Research Laboratories, Wright Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio, 1965.

8. Hart, G.L., Rowland, G.E., Malina, R. Anthropometric
Survey of the Armed Forces of the Republic of
Korea. Technical Report TR EPT-7, Pioneering
Research Laboratory, U.S. Army, Natick Labora-
tories, Natick, Massachusetts, 1967.

9. White, R.M., Churchill, E. The Body Size of Soldiers:
U.S. Army Anthropometry-1966. Technical Re-
port No. 72-51-CE, U.S. Army Natick Laborato-
ties, Natick, Massachusetts, 1971.

10. Unpublished U.S.A.F. Systems Command

Anthropometric Data of flying personnel furnished

to Webb Associates, Inc., Yellow Springs, Ohio, by

the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories,

Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1967.

11. Neorani, S.E., Dillars, C.N. Jr. Anthropometric
Survey of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces, Data
Collection and Analysis, Volumes ! and II. Techni-
cal Report of the Combat Research and Evaluation
Center, Imperial Iranian Ground Forces, Teheran,
Iran, 1970.

12. Clauser, C.E. et al. Anthropometry of Air Force
Women. Technical Report No. 70-5, Aerospace
Medical Laboratories, Wright Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio, 1972.

13. Yokohori, E. Anthropometry of JASDF Personnel
and Its Application for Human Engineering. Aero-
medical Laboratory, Japanese Air Self Defense Force,
Tachikawa Air Base, Toyko, Japan, 1972.

14, Donelsor, S-M., Gordon, C.C. 1988 Anthropometric
Survey of U.S. Army Personnel: Pilot Summary
Statistics. Technical Report Natick/TR-89/044.
US. Army Natick RD&E Center, Natick, Massa-
chusetts, 1991.


TABLE 20. PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLOALARE PLANE LINE

FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
32.02 MEAN 1.26 37.12 MEAN 1.46
@.28 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.01 @.34 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.01
3.19 STD DEVIATION 9.12 3.61 SID DEVIATION 9.14
23.11 MINIMUM ©.91 26.92 MINIMUM 1.26
39.88 MAXIMUM 1.58 45.97 MAXIMUM 1.81
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 9.55 COEFF. OF VARIATION(%) 9.76
SYMMETRY 9.97 SYMMETRY B.36
KURTOSIS 3.59 KURTOSIS 3.26

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 126 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS Li

PERCENTILES PERCENTILES

MULLINETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
22.41 ist G91 26.92 ist 1.96
26.92 § TH 1.06 29.97 5 TH 1.18
27.94 19 TH 1.18 33.92 10 TH 1.3
29.97 25 TH 1.18 35.25 25 TH 1.38
32.00 50 TH 1.26 37.28 53@ TH 1.46
34.04 75 TH 1.34 39.88 75 TH 1.57
36.27 90 TH 1.42 49.89 9% TH 1.61
37.98 95 TH 1.46 42.93 95 TH 1.69
39.12 99 TH 1.54 44.96 $9 TH 1.77

PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLOALARE PLANE LINE: A perpendicular projection
distance of the PRONASALE landmark away. from a line coincident with both
bilateral MAXILLOALARE landmarks.

B-19


TABLE 16. SELLION-SUPRAMENTALE LENGTH

FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
85.68 MEAN 3.37 93.28 MEAN 3.67
@.48 STD ERROR(MEAN) ©.02 ®.62 STD ERROR(MEAN) @.92
5.78 STD DEVIATION 9.23 6.66 STD DEVIATION 9.26
71.88 MINIMUM 2.84 89.91 MINDEM 3.15
197.95 MAXIMUM 4.25 189.98 MAXIMUM 4.33
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 6.73 COEFF. OF VARIATION(S) 7.12
SYMMETRY 9.41 SYMMETRY @.17
KURTOSIS 3.69 KURTOSIS 2.51

NUMBER. OF SUBJECTS 145 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 115

PERCENTILES PERCENTILES

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
71.88 1st 2.83 89.01 1st 3.15
75.95 5 TH 2.99 83.96 5 TH 3.27
78.99 10 TH 3.11 84.07 19 TH 3.31
82.04 25 TH © 3.23 88.98 25 TH 3.58
85.99 5@ TH 3.35 92.96 5OTH . 3.66
88.90 75 TH 3.50 97.03 75 TH 3.82
92.96 $@ TH 3.66 191.99 9 TH 3.98
95.20 95 TH 3.74 104.98 95 TH 4.13
99.96 99 TH 3.90 197.95 99TH 4.25

SELLION-SUPRAMENTALE LENGTH: The midsagittal distance between the SELLION
and SUPRAMENTALE landmarks with the teeth in normal occlusion.

B-15


FIGURE 7. FACE & HEAD LANDMARKS.

FIGURE 8. FACE & HEAD LANDMARKS.



TABLE 3. HEAD BREADTH

FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES \
145.76 MEAN 5.74 152.39 MEAN 6.28
@.43 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.92 %.41 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.22 1

5.57 STD DEVIATION 9.22 5.34 STD DEVIATION 9.21
128.62 MINIMUM 5.04 138.94 MINIMUM $.47
161.04 MAXIMUM 6.34 166.12 MAXIMUM 6.54
COEFF. OF VARIATION(S) 3.80 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 3.56
SYMMETRY D.02 SYMMETRY ~O.D1
KURTOSIS 3.25 KURTOSIS 2.48

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 169 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 167

PERCENTILES PERCENTILES

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
131.26 ist 5.16 149.97 1st 5.55
136.91 5 TH 5.39 144.22 51m 5.67
137.92 10 TH 5.43 145.93 19 TH 5.71
141.99 25 TH 5.59 148.28 25 TH 5.83
146.95 56 TH 5.75 152.91 50 TH 6.2
149.10 75 TH 5.87 155.96 75 TH 6.14
152.91 99 TH 6.02 189.23 99 TH 6.26
154.94 95 TH 6.19 161.94 95 TH 6.34
157.99 99 TH 6.22 163.07 99 TH 6.42

HEAD BREADTH: The maximum bilateral distance between the right and left
sides of the head.

B2


TABLE 21.

FEMALE

PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM SELLION-PROMENTALE PLANE LINE

MALE

SUMMARY STATISTICS

SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES -MILLIMETERS INCHES
24.83 MEAN 2.98 27.52 MEAN 1.99
@.25 STD ERROR(MEAN) 2.21 9.34 ERROR(MEAN) %.34
2.95 STD DEVIATION 9.12 3.62 SID DEVIATION 3.62
19.05 MINIMUM 2.75 16.20 MINIMUM ®.63
39.12 MAXIMUM 1.54 35.05 MAXIMM 1.38
COEFF. OF VARIATION(%) 11.99 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 13.05
SYMMETRY G.91 SYMMETRY ~B.O3
KURTOSIS 5.57 KURTCSIS 2.92
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 144 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 114
PERCENTILES PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
19.05 1ST B.75 16.20 1st 9.63
20.28 5 TH 2.82 22.18 5 TH ©.87
21.28 12 TH 2.83 23.11 19 TH B.91
23.11 25 TH 9.94 24.89 25 TH 9.98
24.89 50 TH G.98 26.92 5@ TH 1.06
25.91 75 TH 1.92 29.97 75 TH 1.18
28.96 9% TH 1.14 32.23 99 TR 1.26
29.97 95 TH 1,18 34.04 95 TH 1.34
33.92 99 TH 1.30 35.95 99 TH 1.38
PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM SELLION-PROMENTALE PLANE LINE: The icular .

projection distance of PRONASALE away from a midsagittal line
coincident with the SELLION and PROMENTALE landwarks.

B-20


TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA BASES
STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION ...........
DEFINITIONS OF ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS AND PLANES -~..
DEFINITIONS OF ANTHROPOMETRICAL MEASUREM
REFERENCES — cssessssessssssscsessesseessensenenennenss 04
APPENDIXA = ANTHROPOMETRY THESAURUS ..
APPENDIX B STATISTICAL SUMMARY TABLES...

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE T. COMPARATIVE HEAD BREADTH PERCENTILES 3
FIGURE 2. COMPARATIVE HEAD LENGTH PERCENTILES ... 3
FIGURE 3. COMPARATIVE FACE BREADTH PERCENTILES 4
FIGURE 4. COMPARATIVE FACE LENGTH PERCENTILES . uA
FIGURE 5. COMPARATIVE NOSE BREADTH PERCENTILES a)
FIGURE 6. COMPARATIVE HEAD LENGTH PERCENTILES . 5
FIGURE 7. FACE & HEAD LANDMARKS (ANTERIOR VIEW) . 8
FIGURE 8. FACE & HEAD LANDMARKS (LATERAL VIEW) .... 8
FIGURE 9. FACE & HEAD LENGTH MEASUREMENTS (LATERAL VIEW) .. uD
FIGURE 10. FACE BREADTH MEASUREMENTS (ANTERIOR VIEW)........¥ ad
FIGURE 11. FACE & HEAD BREADTH MEASUREMENTS & REFERENCE PLANE LINES FOR
HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS (ANTERICR VIEW) oo. essssssssssnsseeeetestesesnenencersnenmareereer 1G
FIGURE 12. NASAL BRIDGE HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS FROM REFERENCE PLANE LINES
(LATERAL VIEW) ..cccccssesessesssessensencesesnssceneenesnesessennenncasenessuscesecnsensneassneseeneensensaeses W
FIGURE 13. PRONASALE HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS FROM REFERENCE PLANE LINES
(LATERAL VIEW) ..ssccssssessessesersssessecsesssenenasnessescceneaceneesensaseqseessanssneneressegucanensenenee W
; LIST OF TABLES
REFERENCE TABLES
TABLE 1. REFERENCE NUMBERS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS ..........c-sesecee 12

STATISTICAL SUMMARY TABLES
TABLE 2. HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE .
TABLE 3. HEAD BREADTH.

TABLE 4, HEAD LENGTH
TABLE 5. BIORBITAL BREAD’
TABLE 6. BIECTOCANTHUS BREADTH

TABLE 7. BIPUPIL BREADTH


TABLE 14. BIGONIAL BREADTH

FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
3.97 198.50 MEAN 4.27
B.22 @.59 STD ERROR(MEAN) ©.22
9.21 7.05 STD DEVIATION 9.28
3.31 W.S5 MINIMUM 3.58
4.61 133.18 MAXIMM 5.24
5.34 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 6.47
@.15 SYMMETRY 9.43
3.22 KURTOSIS 3.54

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 174 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 144

PERCENTILES PERCENTILES

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
87.12 ist 3.43 99.93 ist 3.58
91.95 5 TH 3.62 97.23 § TH 3.82
92.96 19 TH 3.66 120.28 19 TH 3.94
97.63 25 TH 3.82 193.89 25 TH 4.29
191.99 56 TH 3.98 197.95 5@ TH 4.25
193.89 75 TH. 4.89 113.03 78 TH 4.45
107.95 9 TH 4.25 117.09 98 TH 4.61
199.98 95 TH 4.33 119.13 95 TH 4.69
99 TH 4.41 128.92 99 TH 5.04

112.91

BIGONIAL BREADTH: The bilateral distance between the right and left GONION
landmarks at the GONIAL ANGLES of the mandible.

B-3,


APPENDIX A

ANTHROPOMETRY THESAURUS

This appendix is a thesaurus of selected anthropometrical measurement terms that use multiple labels to identify
specific dimensions of superficial head and face structures. The terms listed as REPORT TERMS are those used in this
report. Equivalent terms, typical of those found in many published reports, are listed as ALTERNATE TERMS:

REPORT TERMS ALTERNATE TERMS

BIALAR BREADTH BIALAR DIAMETER
NASAL BREADTH
NOSE BREADTH

BICHELION BREADTH ----------------_--_--- BICHELION DIAMETER
MOUTH BREADTH
LIP LENGTH

BIECTOCANTHUS BREADTH —~—-------------—-- BIOCULAR BREADTH
BIOCULAR BREADTH
MAXIMUM BIOCULAR DIAMETER
LATERAL CANTHUS DIAMETER

BIENTOCANTHUS BREADTH --—-~--------------—- INTEROCULAR BREADTH
INTEROCULAR DIAMETER
MEDIAL CANTHUS DIAMETER

BIGONIAL BREADTH ---—---------------_----- BIGONIAL DIAMETER
MAXIMUM LOWER FACE BREADTH

BIORBITAL BREADTH —~----—---—--—--—---~- MAXIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER
MAXIMUM ORBITAL DIAMETER
MAXIMUM BIORBITAL BREADTH

BIPUPIL BREADTH INTERPUPILLARY BREADTH
INTERPUPILLARY DIAMETER
BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH ------—-------------------- FACE BREADTH
UPPER FACE BREADTH
HEAD BREADTH HEAD BREADTH
MAXIMAL HEAD BREADTH
MAXIMAL HEAD DIAMETER
HEAD LENGTH HEAD LENGTH

GLABELLAR-OPISTHOCRANION LENGTH

A-l


TABLE 6. BIECIOCANTHUS BREADTH

FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS

CENTIMETERS INCHES CENTIMETERS INCHES
88.53 MEAN 3.49 91.31 MEAN 3.6
@.41 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.22 @.5@ STD ERROR(MEAN) 2.02
4.78 STD DEVIATION 9.15 4.99 STD DEVIATION 9%.26
76.96 MINIMUM 3.93 82.04 MINIMUM 3.23
103.89 MAXIMUM 4.99 197.95 MAXIMUM 4.25
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 5.41 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 5.43
SYMMETRY @.44 SYMMETRY 9.57
KURTOSIS 3.01 KURTOSIS 3.41

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 134 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 101

PERCENTILES PERCENTILES

CENTIMETERS INCHES CENTIMETERS INCHES:
76.96 1st 3.93 82.04 1st 3.23
82.04 5 TH 3.23 84.07 5 TH 3.31
83.06 19 TH 3.27 84.58 10 TH 3.33
85.09 25 TH 3.35 87.88 25 TH 3.46
87.88 5@ TH 3.46 99.93 5@ TH 3.58
9B.93 75 TH 3.58 93.98 75 TH 3.70
95.20 9% TH 3.74 98.04 9 TH 3.86
97.03 95 TH 3.82 191.29 95 TH 3.98
120.98 99 TH 3.94 193.12 99 TH 4.6

BIECTOCANTHUS BREADTH: The bilateral distance between the right and left
lateral eyelid junctions (ECTOCANTHION landmarks) .

B-5


APPENDIX B

TABLE 2. HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE

SUMMARY STATISTICS . SUMMARY STATISTICS
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
549.84 MEAN 21.65 574.54 MEAN 22.62
1.88 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.07 1.55 STD ERROR(MEAN) 2.06
20.48 STD DEVIATION 3.71 16.22 SID DEVIATION 9.64
586.98 MINIMUM “ 19.96 541.92. . MINIMUM. 21.38
614.93 MAXIMUM 24.21 620.61 MAXIMUM 23.40.
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 3.71 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 2.81
SYMMETRY . @.54 SYMMETRY @.24
KURTOSIS 3.37 KURTOSIS 2.39
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 119 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 110
PERCENTILES PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
56.98 1ST 19.96 547.88 1st 21.57
518.92 5 TH 20.43 549.91 5 TH 21.65
525.92 19 TH 20.67 554.99 19 TH 21.85
534.92 25 TH 21.06 560.97 25 TH 22.05
547.88 50 TH 21.57 573.02 56 TH 22.56
561.09 75 TH 22.99 586.99 75 TH 23.11
574.94 99 TH 22.60 595.12 96 TH 23.43
$81.91 . 95 TH 22.91 $99.95 95 TH 23.62
605.03 99 TH 23.82 628.28 99 TH 23.94

HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE: The maximum distance around the head with the tape
placed above the eyebrow ridges and positioned over the greatest
posterior projection at the back of the head.

Bl


TABLE 15.

SELLION-MENTON LENGTH

SUMMARY STATISTICS
MILLIMETERS

110.97
D.46
6.47

93.98
133.10

COEFF. OF VARIATION(%)
SYMMETRY
KURTOSIS

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS

RBS

STD ERROR(MEAN)
STD DEVIATION

aS

vey ve spe
Byes
wna

SUMMARY STATISTICS
MILLIMETERS:

120.91
9.56
7.36

195.92
139.95

COEFF. OF VARIATION(%)

SYMMETRY
KURTOSIS

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS

95.20
120.28
103.12
105.92
111.20
115.06
119.13
122.98
122.94

PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS

SIRUBKHPoy

PAO

BSRsasisur
BEE EEE EE

105.92
198.97
109.98
116.28
120.90
125.98
130.95
132.8
136.91

SELLION-MENTON LENGTH: The midsagittal distance between the SELLION and

MENTON landmarks with the teeth in occlusion.

STD ERROR(MEAN)
STD DEVIATION

NEA ye Sor
wn N
S88 25 Ska

PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS

BSRRSRET Son
CE ETE ESE TEES]


DEFINITIONS OF ANTHROPOMETRICAL MEASUREMENTS

By nature, anthropometric instrumentation techniques
for measuring deformable soft tissue surfaces do not result -
in precision measurements. For greatest consistency in
reproducing measurement accuracy, soft tissue measure-

ments should be made with only a slight surface contact.
Reference numbers are assigned to each anthropometric
measurement as indicated in measurement descriptions,
illustrations, data summaries, and listed in Tabie 1.

TABLE 1. REFERENCE NUMBERS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

MEASUREMENT FIGURE
NUMBER ANATOMICAL SURFACE REGION AND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT NUMBER,
"CRANIUM [ALL] '
1 | HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE | NA
2 | HEAD BREADTH W
3 ‘ HEAD LENGTH 9
i FACE [BREADTHS} \
4 ‘ BIORBITAL BREADTH 1 10
5 | BIECTOCANTHUS BREADTH i o4
6 | BIPUPIL BREADTH | 40
7 | BIENTOCANTHUS BREADTH 10
8 | NASAL BRIDGE BREADTH 10
9 | BIALAR BREADTH 10
10 | BICHEILION BREADTH 10
i | BITRAGION BREADTH u
12 | BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH 10
13 | BIGONIAL BREADTH 10
| FACE [LENGTHS}
14 | SELLION-MENTON LENGTH 9
15 SELLION-SUPRAMENTALE LENGTH 9
16 SELLION-STOMION LENGTH 9
17 | SELLION-SUBNASION LENGTH a)
| NOSE [PROJECTION HEIGHTS] :
18 MIDNASAL BRIDGE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLONASALE PLANE LINE | 12
19 | PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLOALARE PLANE LINE 12
20 | PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM SELLION-PROMENTALE PLANE LINE 13
21 | SELLION HEIGHT FROM MEDIAL CANTHUS PLANE LINE 12
22 | SELLION HEIGHT FROM LATERAL ORBITAL PLANE LINE 13
i {

12


FIGURE 3. COMPARATIVE FACE BREADTH PERCENTILES.
CAMI/1062 DATA ve EXTREME RANGE DATA

FACE BREADTH [MM]

seme CAM/1992 FEMALE ir US 1968 FEMALE §=——CaM/1892 MALE
“ME RAN 1970 MALE «EUS 1946 FEMALE 0 “EE US 19.46 MALE

FIGURE 4. COMPARATIVE FACE LENGTH PERCENTILES.
CAMI/1992 DATA vs EXTREME RANGE DATA

FACE LENGTH (MM]

wo CAM/1992 FEMALE <i US 1968 FEMALE 9 ——~CAM/1992 MALE
ME VET 1964 MALE | -~ US 1946 FEMALE «BES 1946 MALE


TABLE 12.

BITRAGION BREADTH

SUMMARY STATISTICS

SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
131.78 MEAN 5.19 149.89 MEAN 5.55
@.5@ STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.22 @.58 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.02
§.47 STO DEVIATION 90.22 5.75 STD DEVIATION @.23
119.13 MINIMUM 4.69 128.92: MINIMUM 5.04
144.92 MAXIMUM 8.67 152.91 MAXIMUM 6.22
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 4.14 COEFF. OF VARIATION(%) 4.05
SYMMETRY 9.14 SYMMETRY D.24
KURTOSIS 2.49 KURTOSIS 2.25
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 120 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 98
PERCENTILES : PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
119.13 1ST 4.69 128.92 ist 5.04
121.92 § TH 4.80 132.28 5 TH 5.28
123.95 10 TH 4.88 133.10 10 TH 5.24
127.20 25 TH 5.20 136.40 25 TH - 5.37
132.8 56 TH 5.28 141.99 5@ TH 5.59
134.87 75 TH §.31 145.93 75 TH 5.71
138.94 99 TH 5.47 149.15 9 TH 5.87
149.97 95 TH 5.55 183.11 95 TH §.91
143.20 99 TH 5.63 © 181.91 99 TH 5.98

BITRAGION BREADTH: The bilateral distance between the right and left TRAGION

landmarks of the ears. Measurement obtained with minimum (no

compression) tissue contact.

Bll


TABLE 9. NASAL BRIDGE BREADTH

SUMMARY STATISTICS
MILLIMETERS INCHES

31.83 MEAN 1.25
@.21 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.91

SUMMARY STATISTICS
MILLIMETERS

33.17
9.25

MEAN

STD ERROR(MEAN)

INCHES

1.31
D.O1

2.72 STD DEVIATION 9.11 2.99 STD DEVIATION @.12
23.11 MINIMUM 9.91 25.91 MINIMUM 1.02
39.88 MPXIMUM 1.58 39.12 MAXIMUM 1.54

COEFF. OF VARIATION(%) 8.42 COEFF. OF VARIATION(%) 6.86
SYMMETRY 9.03 SYMMETRY ~O.34
KURTOSIS 3.45 KURTOSIS 2.62
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 174 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 145
PERCENTILES PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
24.89 1ST D.98 25.91 1ST 1.
26.92 5 TH 1.86 27.94 5 TH 1.
28.96 10 TH 1.14 28.96 10 TH 1.
29.97 25 TH 1.18 33.99 25 TH 1.
32.00 56 TH 1.26 33.02 56 TH 1.
33.02 75 TH 1.38 35.95 75 TH 1.
35.05 9% TH 1.38 37.28 90 TH 1.
36.07 95 TH 1.42 38.10 95 TH 1.
38.198 99 TH 1.58 39.12 99 TH i.

SSaVSREs8

NASAL BRIDGE BREADTH: The bilateral distance between the right and left

MAXILLONASALE landmarks at the nose bridge hase.


HEAD AND FACE ANTHROPOMETRY OF
ADULT U.S. CIVILIANS

INTRODUCTION

This report presents a total of 17 traditional and 5 new
head and facial dimensions from a random, composite
U.S female and male civilian population measured over
a period of 25 years. The 5 new measurements, identified.
to describe specific anatomical relationships of the face,
can have a direct influence on equipment design con-
cepts. The total survey population includes 367 adult
subjects (195 females and 172 males) in the age range of
17 through 69 years representing a predominantly high
ratio of Caucasian subjects to subjects of other ethnic
crigins. The survey population includes subjects used in
CAMI experimental projects and selected volunteer sub-
jects; it is hereafter referred to as the CAMI/1992 data
base. The data summary format is specifically intended
for basic design concept use.

These 22 dimensions describe essential anatomical
characteristics for use as basic design criteria in the
development of protective equipment for the head and
face. Currently, there are standardized, traditional
anthropometric data that describe adult two-dimensional
face and head characteristics of large military popula-
tions. While these data typically describe basic dimen-
sions of major surface features or areas, they do not
include specific features and/or combinations of features
that are considered essential for design use. The reader
should also understand that the population demograph-
ics of military data may not necessarily represent com-
parative civilian populations in age range or distribution
of dimensional extremes. The limited availability and use
of initial 3-dimensional contour plot data (1) provides
excellent design criteria, but is not presently availabie in
a practical or convenient format.

In the practice of descriptive anatomy and
anthropometry, multiple labels appear in published for-
mat descriptions of identical or associated landmarks and
dimensions. Because of the lack of standardization of
anatomical and anthropometrical terminology, a user of
these types of data and labels can be confused or misled.

A thesaurus of selected anatomical and anthropometrical
terms, specific to descriptive labels used in this report, is
provided asacross reference for anthropometrical dimen-
sions. This thesaurus is presented in Appendix A.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA BASE

Areview of major anthropometric surveys (ref. 2 through

15) confirms the absence of certain head and face dimen-
sional data for adult U.S. female civilians and limited data
foradult U.S. male civilians. Alchough the most complete
military surveys include both female and male data, there
are no known civilian population data bases considered
adequate for comparative analysis.

The potential overall effect of data bias, if any, in
variable population demographics, is not exactly known
when using military data to represent civilian values.
Typically, physical changes in facial soft tissue can be
associated with age and health status. Relative to this type
of soft tissue change caused by factors of age and physical
conditioning, these changes in anatomical characteristics
of the face may be least affected for design needs.

Most current military surveys are also limited in the
number and selection of descriptive dimensions of the
face. This is a typical problem that is encountered when
attempting to make comparisons between most
anthropometric data bases. The experimental design for
amajor population survey usually provides for only those
anthropometric dimensions that are specific to the needs
of the target population. Cther than the traditional
measurements of head length and breadth, face breadth,
and nose length, there are few consistent dimension
selections from one survey to another.

Specific to the need of understanding the relationship
of the CAMI/1992 data established in this report with
other available daza bases, selected key measurements are
used for comparisons of 6 face and 2 head dimensions.
These key measurements, selected as typical representa-
tions of the primary anatomical features, include head


STATISTICAL SUMMARY TABLES (Continued)

TABLE 8.
TABLE 9.

TABLE 10. ~~
TABLE 11.
TABLE 12.
TABLE 13.
TABLE 14.
TABLE 15.
TABLE 16.
TABLE 17.
TABLE 18.
TABLE 19.
TABLE 20,
TABLE 21.
TABLE 22.
TABLE 23.

BIENTOCANTHUS BREADTH
NASAL BRIDGE BREADTH
BIALAR BREACTH BREAD

BICHEILION BREADTH . 10° _

BITRAGION BREADTH .
BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH
BIGONIAL BREADTH ...
SELLION-MENTON LENGTH
SELLION-SUPRAMENTALE LENGTH
SELLION-STOMION LENGTH ..
SELLION-SUBNASION LENGTH...
MIDNASAL BRIDGE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLONASALE PLANE LINE
PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLOALARE PLANE LINE...........
PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM SELLION-PROMENTALE PLANE LINE
SELLION HEIGHT FROM MEDIAL CANTHUS PLANE LINE
SELLION HEIGHT FROM LATERAL ORBITAL PLANE LINE



HEAD BREADTH: The mzximum bilateral distance
between right and left sides of the head. (No.2/Fig.11)

HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE: The maximum distance
around the head with the tape placed above the eyebrow
ridges and positioned over the greatest posterior projec-
tion at the back of the head.

HEAD LENGTH: The maximum distance beeween
GLABELLA and the back of the head in the MIDSAG-
TTTAL PLANE. (No.3/Fig.9)

BIALAR BREADTH: The bilateral distance between
right and left ALARE landmarks of the nose. (No.9/
Fig.10)

BIECTOCANTHUS BREADTH: The bilateral dis-
tance between right and left lateral eyelid junctions
{ECTOCANTHION landmarks). (No.5/Fig.10)

BIENTOCANTHUS BREADTH: The bilateral dis-
tance between right and left medial eyelid junctions
(ENTOCANTHION landmarks). (No.7/Fig.10)

BICHEILION BREADTH: The bilateral distance be-
tween right and left CHEILION landmarks without
facial expression. (No.10/Fig.10)

BIGONIAL BREADTH: The bilateral distance between
right and left GONION landmarks at the GONIAL
ANGLES of the mandible. (No.13/Fig.10)

BIORBITAL BREADTH: The bilateral distance be-
tween right and left lateral orbital surfaces (ECTO-
ORBITALE landmarks). (No.4/Fig.10)

BIPUPIL BREADTH: The bilateral distance between
right and left pupil centers of the eyes when looking
straight ahead. (No.6/Fig.10)

BITRAGION BREADTH: The bilateral distance be-
tween right and left TRAGION landmarks of the ears.
Measurement obrained with minimum (slight or mini-
mum compression) tissue contact. (No.1 1/Fig.11)

13

BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH: The greatest bilateral
distance between the most !ateral suzfaces of the zygo-
matic arch (ZYGION landmarks). (No.12/Fig.10)

NASAL BRIDGE BREADTH: The bilateral distance
becween right and left MAXILLONASALE landmarks at
the nose bridge base. (No.8/Fig.10)

SELLION-SUBNASALE LENGTH: The midsagictal
distance berween SELLION and SUBNASALE land-
marks of the nose. (No.17/Fig.9)

SELLION-STOMION LENGTH: The midsagitral dis-
tance between SELLION and STOMION landmarks
with lips closed and teeth in occlusion. (No. 16/Fig.9)

SELLION-SUPRAMENTALE LENGTH: The mid-
sagittal distance between SELLION and SUPRA-
MENTALE landmarks with the teeth in occlusion.
(No.15/Fig.9)

SELLION-MENTON LENGTH: The midsagittal dis-
tance berween SELLION and MENTON landmarks
with the teeth in occlusion. (No.14/Fig.9)

SELLION HEIGHT FROM MEDIAL CANTHUS
PLANE LINE: A perpendicular projection distance of
the SELLION landmark away from a line coincident
with the bilateral areas just medial to ENTOCANTHION
landmarks. (No.21/Fig.12)

SELLION HEIGHT FROM LATERAL ORBITAL
PLANE LINE: A perpendicular projection distance of
the SELLION landmark away from a line coincident
with bou: LATERAL ORBITAL RIM POINTS. (No.22/
Fig.13)

MIDNASALE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLONASALE
PLANE LINE: A perpendicular projection distance of
the MIDNASALE landmark away from a line coincident
with the right and left MAXILLONASALE landmarks.
(No.18/Fig.12)


HEAD BREADTH [MM]

HEAD LENGTH [MM]

FIGURE 1. COMPARATIVE HEAD BREADTH PERCENTILES.

CAMI/1002 DATA vs EXTREME RANGE DATA

175:
1707

1685

PERCENTILES

some CAM/1992 FEMALE aie US 1968 FEMALE 9 ———CAM/1992 MALE
JAP 1974 MALE) |= “GUS 1946 FEMALE 9 -2E~US 1946 MALE

FIGURE 2. COMPARATIVE HEAD LENGTH PERCENTILES.

CAMI/1992 DATA vs EXTREME RANGE DATA

swe CAM/1992 FEMALE —die- US 1965 FEMALE 9——CAM/1992 MALE
“ME KOR 1567 MALE 9 -E US 1948 FEMALE «AB US 1946 MALE



TABLE 4. HEAD LENGTH

FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
187.84 MEAN 7.40 199.57 MEAN 7.86
@.56 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.2 @.59 SYD ERROR(MEAN) 9.02
7.29 SID DEVIATION 9.29 7.56 STD DEVIATION 9.30
165.10 MINIMUM 6.50 180.09 MINIMUM 7.09
216.92 MAXIM = 8.54 223.01 MAXIMUM 8.78
COEFF. OF VARIATION(S) 3.86 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 3.76
SYMMETRY 9.21 SYMMETRY 9.32
KURTOSIS 4.32 KURTOSIS 3.62

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 169 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 166

PERCENTILES PERCENTILES

170.94 1ST 6.73 182.12 1ST ae
175.61 5TH 6.89 187.96 5 TH 749
179.07 19 TH 7.95 191.91 19 TH 7.52
182.88 25 TH 728 194.26 25 TH 7.64
187.96 50 TH 7.40 198.88 50 TH 7.83
193.04 75 TH 7.60 203.96 75 TH 3.03
196.09 99 TH 77 209.04 90 TH 8.23
198.12 95 TH 7180 213.11 95 TH 8.39
203.96 99 TH 8.03 217.93 99 TH 8.58

HEAD LENGTH: The maximum distance between GLABELLA and the back of the
head in the MIDSAGITTAL PLANE.

B-3

x
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AD-A268 661 ..
Minin

DOTIEAA/AM-93/10 Head and Face
Anthropometry of

Office of Aviation Medicine po eo ege

Washington, D.C. 20591 Adult U.S. Civilians

Joseph W. Young

Civil Aeromedical Institute
Federal Aviation Administration
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125

July 1993

Final Report

This decument is available to the public
through the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

983 8 24 073.

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. AUG 2 5, 1993;

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STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION

Consistent with the intended purpose of this report,
statistical summaries of the described data base include 17
traditional anthropometric dimensions of the head and
face that ar: comparable with measurements of other
surveys. The maximum number of data subjects used for
any measurement is 195 females and 172 males. The five
new measurements are (a) Biorbital Breadth, (b) Sellion-
Supramentale Length, (c) Midnasal Bridge Height from
a Maxillonasale Plane Line, (d) Pronasale Height from a
Sellion-Promentale Plane line, (e) Sellion height from a
Latera} Orbital Plane Line.

Each of these measurements is identified and de-
scribed with the individual data tables by gender. Sum-
maty statistics are included with each data table for
reference purposes. For consistency with traditional
anthropometric data formats intended for use as design
reference information, all values are presented in both
English and metric value systems.

Descriptive statistics included with each measurement
table are the minimum and maximum values, mean,
standard error of the mean, standard deviation, coeffi-
cient of variation, symmetry, and kurtosis. The standard
deviation and variance are calculated as sample or unbi-
ased data to provide a correction factor for sample size.

Because of a wide range in total subjects used for
various measurements, a comparative statistical analysis
of the data used both the sample (unbiased) and popula-
tion (biased) methods to calculate standard deviation and
variance. Although there appear to be no significant
differences between sample and population method cal-
culations, the more conservative sample method may be
more realistic for smaller sample sizes.

DEFINITIONS GF ANATOMICAL
LANDMARKS AND PLANES

Definitions of anatomical landmarks and directional
reference planes, used to identify surface measurement
points, are listed. In most instances, the surface landmark
point represents an int ~nal bone feature that is defined
as the actual landmark. {t is typical of both anatomical
and anthropometrical terminology to have duplicate
labels for structures and measurements. Refer to the
thesaurus listing of anatomical and asthropometrical
terminology to confirm certain interchangable fabels.

Paired surface area points define a line in a derived
plane from which a perpendicular distance is measured.
Surface landmarks and reference planes used for all mea-
surements are indicated in the anatomical illustrations

listed in Figures 7 through 13.

ALARE: The most lateral point or area on the fateral
surface of the right and left nostrils.

CHEILION: The lateral junction point cf the upper and
lower lips. The point is comectly positioned with the lips
closed and no facial expression. Right and left points.

ECTOCANTHION: The lateral junction point of the
upper and lower eyelids of both right and left eyes.

ECTOORBITALE: The most posterior-lateral point on
the frontal process of the zygomatic bone. This point
approximates the level of defined ECTOCANTHION
landmarks.

ENTOCANTHION: The medial junction point of the
upper and lower eyelids of both right and left eyes.

GLABELLA: The most anterior midsagittal point on the
forehead ar the level of the eyebrow ridges.

GONION: the most posterior-inferior midpoint of the
GONIAL Angie fo-med by the mandibular body and
ramus. Right and left points.


FIGURE 5. COMPARATIVE NOSE BREADTH PERCENTILES.
CAMI/1992 DATA ve EXTREME RANGE DATA

NOSE BREADTH [MM}

PERCENTILES

mem CAM/1992 FEMALE wali US 1988 FEMALE === CAM/1992 MALE
“WE US 1988 MALE “GUS 1946 FEMALE ~H-US 1946 MALE

FIGURE 6. COMPARATIVE NOSE LENGTH PERCENTILES.

CAMI/1992 DATA vs EXTREME RANGE DATA

PERCENTILES

o-- CAM /1992 FEMALE di US 1958 FEMALE §=—CAM/1992 MALE
AE-US 1985 MAE = -EEUS 1946 FOUN «-@-US 1948 MULE



TABLE 23. SELLION HEIGHT FROM LATERAL ORBITAL PLANE LINE

FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
29.56 MEAN 1.17 32.99 MEAN 1.30
@.5@ STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.01 @.56 STD ERROR(MEAN) ‘0.02
3.80 STD DEVIATION 2.15 3.44 STD DEVIATION 2.13
21.08 MINIMM 9.83 26.92  MINTMUM 1.06
39.12  MAXIMM 1.54 38.10  MAXIMM 1.53
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 12.55 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 10.14
SYMMETRY 0.42 SYMMETRY “0.14
KURTOSIS 3.07 KURTOSIS 1.77

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 58 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 38

PERCENTILES PERCENTILES

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS — INCHES
20.83 1st 9.82 26.92 1ST 1.96
23.88 5 TH 9.94 27.94 5 TH 1.19
24.89 19 TA 2.98 28.45 19 TH 1.12
27.43 25 TH 1.08 29.97 25 TH 1.18
28.96 50 TH 1114 34.04 50 TH 1.34
32.00 75 TA 1.26 35.05 75 TH 1.38
35.05 90 TA 1:38 37.08 90 TH 1.46
36.07 95 TH 1.42 37.59 95 TH 4.48
39.12 99 TH 1.54 38.19 99TH 1.50

SELLION HEIGHT FROM LATERAL ORBITAL PLANE LINE: A perpendicular projection
distance of the SELLION landmark away from a line coincident with the
antero-lateral aspects of the lateral orbital rims, just lateral of the
right and left ECTOCANTHION landmarks.

B22

RUS. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: #993 -76-05070008 ,


TABLE 11. BICHETLION BREADTH

SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES
48.25 MEAN 1.99
@.33 STD ERROR(MEAN) 3.01
3.95 STD DEVIATION 9.21
37.28 MINIMUM 1.46
56.98 MAXIMUM 2.24
COEFF. OF VARIATION(%) 8.96
SYMMETRY 2.95
KURTOSIS 2.65

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 145

PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES
37.08 1st 1.46
41.91 5 TH 1.65
42.93 10 TH 1.69
44.96 25 TH 1.77
48.01 56 TH 1.89
$1.05 75 TH 2.01
53.29 9 TH 2.09
55.42 95 TH 2.17
56.99 99 TH 2.24

SUMMARY STATISTICS
MILLIMETERS INCHES
52.23 MEAN 2.06

@.36 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.21
3.91 STD DEVIATION 3.15

42.93 MINIMUM 1.69
62.99 MAXIMUM 2,48
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 7.47
SYMMETRY O.O1
KURTOSIS 3.13

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 115

PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES
42.93 1ST 1.69
43.94 5 TH 1.73
48.91 19 TH 1.89
50.04 28 TH 1.97
52.07 56 TH 2.05
55.12 75 TH 2.47
56.99 96 TH 2.24
57.91 95 TH 2.28
&B.96 99 TH 2.48

BICHEILION BREADTH: The bilateral distance between the right and left
CHEILICN landmarks without facial expression.

B-10


TABLE 10. BIALAR BREADTH

FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
33.29 MEAN 1.31 36.78 MEAN 1.45
9.24 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.01 @.28 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.91
3.16 STD DEVIATION @.13 3.42 STD DEVIATION @.14
27.20 MINIMUM 1.96 30.99 MINIMUM 1.22
43.20 MAXIMIM 1.69 50.04 MAXIMUM 1.97
COEFF. OF VARIATION(S) 9.56 COEFF. OF VARIATION(%) 9.33
SYMMETRY 1.92 SYMMETRY 9.92
KURTOSIS 4.44 KURTOSIS. 4.37
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 172 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 145
PERCENTILES PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
27.94 1ST 1.18 30.99 1ST 1.22
28.96 5 TH 1.14 32.20 5 TH 1.26 -
29.97 19 TH 1.18 32.52 19 TH 1.28
32.28 25 TH 1.26 35.05 25 TH 1.38
33.02 5@ TH 1.38 36.07 50 TH 1.42
35.05 75 TH 1.38 38.10 75 TH 1.5
37.28 98 TH 1.46 49.89 9 TH 1.61
39.88 95 TH 1.57 42.93 95 TH 1.69
42.93 99 TH 1.69 48.91 99 TH 1.89

BIALAR BREADTH: T?.e bilateral distance between the right and left ALARE
landmarks o: .che nose.

B9


breadth, head iength, face breadth, face length, nose
breadth, and nose length. These comparisons provide
some basic insight to a generalized relationship berween
the CAMI/1992 data and the selected referenced data
(ref. 2 through 14) in gross proportions and size. All
reference data, including both international and U.S.
population surveys, are considered to be representative of
the basic population demographics in size and shape
ranges of proportional anatomical variability. These data
define the comparative extreme value ranges. Although
there are few international female data for specific key
comparisons, the international male data values appear to
be valid substitutes. It is typical to find small incremental
differer.ces in the extreme low value ranges for female and
male international data, particularly in the Asiatic-Pacific
populations. For the primary intent of this report, the low
percentile data of international males will be appropriate
for female comparisons. The earliest composite 1946
survey (2, 3) of 8,543 female and 85,000 male army
separatees is one of the primary U.S. data resources used
to establish the extreme range of dimensional limits for
comparison. The 1946 survey may, in fact, closely repre-
sent a general civilian population distribution for females
and males.

The remaining key reference sources include
anthropometric surveys of Iranian (11), Japanese (13),
Korean (8), and Vietnamese (5) male military personnel.
With the exception of the Iranian survey, the other
Asiatic-Pacific surveys of Japanese, Korean, and Viet-
namese represent the smallest facial dimensions that are
critical to design needs. Comparisons of Asiatic-Pacific
populations are considered vital to establish practical
extreme range data. Significant changes are occurring in
U.S. anthropometry demographics through the increase
of Asiatic-Pacific populations. In many instances, current

equipment designs are compromised in functional per-
formance through lack of proper body fit.

Specific key dimensional relationships between the
CAMI/1992 and reference data are illustrated by graphs
in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. These X-Y type graphs plot
the data value range as a function of percentile distribu-
tion. Selection of reference data for each key dimension
(extreme value range) was made on the basis of the lowest
and highest value range for females and/or males.

Relative to all key anthropometric dimensions, the
CAMI/1992 female data fall within the range limits of
data extremes. This type of female distribution is ex-
pected, especially with Asiatic-Pacific population data
representing some of the smaller face dimension ranges.
With the exception of head breadth, the CAMI/1992
data represent the maximum values for data range ex-
tremes.

Exceptions to this occur with 95th through 99th
percentile values for certain U.S. Army Separatee male
data of 1946. The comparative data bases selected for this
report represent surveys conducted from 1946 through
1988.

The user of these data should also be aware of the
inherent measurementerror through observer and instru-
mentation techniques in soft tissue anthropometry. Valid
comparisons of anthropometric surveys should always be
made with full awareness of measurement technique and
landmark definitions for compatibility. Soft tissue
anthropometry is not a precision technique, but should
produce acceptable data if surface landmarks are correctly
defined and identified.


REPORT TERMS ALTERNATE TERMS
MIDNASAL BRIDGE HEIGHT FROM

MAXILLONASALE PLANE LINE —------—-------- NASAL BRIDGE HEIGHT
NASAL BRIDGE SALIENT
NASAL BRIDGE BREADTH —~----—--——-~ -NOSE BRIDGE BREADTH
PRONASALE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLONASALE
PLANE LINE NOSE PROJECTION
HORIZONTAL NOSE PROTRUSION
NASAL TIP SALIENT
SELLION HEIGHT FROM MEDIAL CANTHUS
PLANE LINE NASAL ROOT SALIENT
NASAL ROOT HEIGHT
SELLION-MENTON LENGTH -—~------—-------- MENTON-SELLION LENGTH
FACE LENGTH
TOTAL FACE LENGTH
FACE HEIGHT
SELLION-SUBNASION LENGTH ~~-----------—---- SUBNASALE-SELLION LENGTH
SUBNASALE-NASAL ROOT DEPRESSION LENGTH
NASAL HEIGHT
NOSE HEIGHT
NOSE LENGTH

A2



TABLE 18. SELLION-SUBNASION LENGTH

FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
59.18 MEAN 1.98 54.91 MEAN 2.13
9.3 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.21 Q.34 STD ERROR(MEAN) 0.34
3.83 STD DEVIATION 9.15 4.09 STD DEVIATION 9.16
38.10 MINIMUM 1.50 Sl 4isa 0. “oMenaMiM 1.65
62.99 MAXIMUM 2.48 62.89 ‘MAXIMUM 2.48
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 7:56 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 7.60
SYMMETRY O.91 SYMMETRY 8.08
KURTOSIS 3.32 KURTOSIS 2.67

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 175 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 145

PERCENTILES PERCENTILES

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
49.89 1st 1.64 41.91 1ST 1.65
43.94 5H 1.73 46.99 5TH 1.85
44.96 19TH 1.77 49.92 16 TH 1.93
46.99 25 TH 1.85 51.95 25 TH 2.91
50.04 56 TH 1.97 54.10 59TH 2.13
53.29 75 TH 2.99 56.92 75 TH 2.24
55.12 9% TH 2.17 58.93 90 TH 2.32
55.88 95 TH 2.28 6.96 95 TH 2.49
57.91 99 TH 2.28 62.99 99 TH 2.48

SELLION-SUBNASALE LENGTH: The midsagittal distance between the SELLION and
SUBNASALE landmarks of the nose.

B-17


TABLE 19. MIDNASAL BRIDGE HEIGHT FROM MAXILLONASALE PLANE LINE

FEMALE

MALE

SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES
21.96 MEAN @.86
9.27 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.01
2.97 SID DEVIATION 9.12
13.19 MINIMUM 9.55
29.01 MAXIMUM 1.14
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 13.48
SYMMETRY D.@4
KURTOSIS 3.11

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 119

SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES
25.44 MEAN 1,20
9.34 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.01
3.55 STD DEVIATION 9.14
18.93 yONDUM, O74
39.12 MAXIMUM 1.54

COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 13.94
SYMMETRY 9.72
KURTOSIS 4.85

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS ili

PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES
13.97 “1ST 9.55
27.22 3 35 B. 87
18.03 io TH B.71
29.91 25 TH 79
22.19 5O.TR 2.87
23.88 75 TH 2.94
25.91 96 TH 1.92
26.92 95 TH 1.96
28.96 99 TH 1.14

PERCEMTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES
18.03 ist @.7t
2.2 sw B.78
21.28 wTM 3.35
23.21 es TH 9.92
24.89 56 TH @.98
27.94 75 TH 1.13
29.97 ® TH 1.18
29.99 95 TH 1.23
38.19 99 TH 1.56

MIDNASALE BRIDGE: HEIGHT FROM MAXILLONASALE PLANE LINE: A perpendicular

projection distance of the MIDNASALE landmark away fraa a line coincident with
the right and left MAXILLONASALE landmarks.

B18



TABLE 7. BIPUPIL BREADTH

SUMMARY STATISTICS

SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
58.44 MEAN 2.30 61.39 2.42
@.28 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.21 @.36 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.01
3.32 STD DEVIATIN 9.13 3.63 STD DEVIATION 4.14
52.97 MINIMUM 2.05 54.99 2.17
68.07 - MAXIMUM 2.68 78.99 2.88
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 5.66 COEFF. OF VARTATION($) 5.88
SYMMETRY 9.58 SYMMETRY 9.55
KURTOSIS 2.85 KURTOSIS 2.99
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 136 SUMBER OF SUBJECTS 102
PERCENTILES PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
52.97 1st 2.25 54.99 1st 2.37
54.10 5 TH 2.13 56.1 57H 2.28
54.61 19 TH 2.15 57.00 9TH 2.24
55.88 25 TH 2.23 59.20 25 Ta 2.32
57.91 50 TH 2.28 61.91 50 TH 2.4
59.94 75 TH 2.36 62.99 75 TA 2.48
62.99 99 TH 2.48 65.99 90 TH 2.60
64.91 95 TH 2.52 68.20 95 TH 2.68
68.07 99 TH 2.68 70.99 99 TH 2.80

BIPUPIL BREADTH: The bilateral distance between the right and left pupil
centers of the eyes when looking straight ahead.


FOREWORD

This report presents a current CAMI data base of adult head and face anthropometry that will
typically identify a generalized morphological diversity of the U. S. population. The initial data
format and data for this CAMI data base was generated, in support of a North American Aviation,
Inc. research and development program, to provide special design criteria for the protective
helmets, protective breathing devices, and pressurized flight gear for advanced weapon systems.
These data, which form a part of the CAMI/1992 data base, represent both traditional and new
unique measurements.

The largest part of the CAMI data sample was obtained in support of long range research and
development programs at the Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration,
Department of Transportation, and related protective equipment industries. These data support
past and ongoing CAMI joint research and evaluation programs with design criteria for face related

protective equipment and identify the ranges of face morphology of test subjects for comparison

with target populations.

DTIC QUALITY INSPECTED §
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DTIC TAB
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Justification.
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FIGURE 9. FACE & HEAD MEASUREMENTS.
—

FIGURE 10. FACE BREADTH
MEASUREMENTS.

Ls

b-9

f—- 10



FIGURE 12. NASAL BRIDGE HEIGHT
MEASUREMENTS FROM REFERENCE PLANE LINES.

FIGURE 13. PRONASALE HEIGHT
MEASUREMENTS FROM REFERENCE PLANE
LINES.

1


Technical Report Documentation Page

1, Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipierit's Catalog No.
DOT/FAA/AM-93/10

4. Title and Subtitie 5. Report Date

Head and Face Anthropometry of Adult U.S. Citizens July 1993

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.
Joseph W. Young

9. Performing Organization Name and Address ” | 10. Work Unit No. (FRAIS)
FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute
P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, OK 73125 11. Contract or Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Agency name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Office of Aviation Medicine
Federal Aviation Administration
800 Independence Avenue, S.W.
‘Washington, DC 20591 ‘14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplemental Notes
Work was performed under Task AM-B-92-PRS-87 16,

16, Abstract

This report presents a total of 17 traditional and 5 new head and facial dimensions from a random,
composite U.S. female and male civilian population measured over a period of 30 years. The 5 new
measurements, identified to describe specific anatomical relationships of the face, can have a direct
influence on equipment design concepts. The survey population includes 376 (195 females and 172 males)
adult subjects in the age range of 17 through 69 years representing a predominantly high ratio of Caucasian
subjects to other ethnic origin subjects. The data summary format is specifically intended for basic design
concept use. These dimensions describe essential anatomical characteristics for use as basic design criteria
in the development of protective equipment for the head and face. Because of the lack of standardization
of anatomical and anthropometrical terminology, a thesaurus of selected anatomical and anthropometrical
terms, specific to descriptive labels used in this report, is provided as a cross reference for
anthropometrical dimensions.

17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

Anatomy, Anthropometry, Anatomical Document is available to the public through the
Characteristics, Head and Face Anthropometry National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia 22161.

19. Security Clessif. (of this report) 20. Security Classi. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages. 22. Price
Unclassified Unclassified 44

Form DOT F 1700.7 (6-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized


TABLE 17. SELLION-STOMION LENGTH

FEMALE

SUMMARY STATISTICS

SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
69.01 MEAN 2.72 715.78 2.98
@.37 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.37 @.44 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.22
4.46 SYD DEVIATION @.18 4.71 STD DEVIATION 9.19
55.88 MINIMUM 2.21 65.02 2.56
83.26 MAXIMUM 3.27 98.93 3.58
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 6.45 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 6.20
SYMMETRY 9.16 SYMMETRY .25
KURTOSIS 3.114 KURTOSIS 3.15
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 145 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 115
PERCENTILES PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
55.88 i sT 2.26 65.02 1st 2.56
61.98 5 TH 2.44 68.07 5 TH 2.68
62.99 19 TH 2.48 69.09 19 TH 2.72
66.04 25 TH 2. 71.88 25 TH 2.83
69.29 50 TH 2.72 74.93 59 TR 2.95
71.88 75 TH 2.83 77.98 75 TH 3.07
74.93 9% TH 2.95 81.93 90 TH 3.19
75.95 95 TH 2.99 83.26 95 TR 3.27
80.01 99 TH 3.15 86.11 99 TH 3.39

SELLION-STOMION LENGTH: The midsagittal distance between the SELLION and

STOMION landmarks with the lips closed and teeth in occiusion.


BIORSITAL BREADTH

SUMMARY STATISTICS

SUMMARY SATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS
113.79 4.48 119.92
@.43 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.02 @.5@ STD ERROR(MEAN)
5.05 STD DEVIATION 9.26 5.81 STD DEVIATION 9.23
102.11 4.02 99.26
128.92 5.4 134.87
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 4.42 COEFF. OF VARIATION($)
SYMMETRY 9.31 SYMMETRY
KURTOSIS 2.76 KURTOSIS
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 149 NUMBEK OF SUBJECTS
PERCENTILES PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS
192.11 1st 4.92 99.26 ist 3.
195.92 5 TH 4.17 107.95 5 TH 4.
197.95 10 TH 4.25 112.01 19 TH 4.
189.98 25 TH 4.33 115.96 25 TH 4.
113.93 5@ TH 4S 119.13 5@ TH 4,
118.11 75 TH 4.65 122.94 75 TH 4.
119.89 90 TH 4.72 125.98 9 TH 4.
121.92 95 TH 4.88 128.92 95 TH 5
125.98 99 TH 4.96 133.18 9¢ TH Ss.

BIORBITAL BREADTH: The bilateral distance between the right and left lateral

orbital surfaces (ECTOORBITALE landmarks).


NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of
the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of
information exchange. The United States Government
assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof.


FEMALE MALE
SUMMARY STATISTICS SUMMARY STATISTICS

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
131.81 MEAN 5.18 149.67 MEAN 5.54
9.36 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.91 9.46 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.92
5.09 STD DEVIATION 9.20 6.@2 STD DEVIATION 0.24
119.12 MINIMUM 4.68 125.98 MINIMUM 4.96
148.08 ‘MAXIMUM 5.83 152.91 MAXIMUM 6.02
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 3.85 COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 4.26
SYMMETRY @.12 SYMMETRY -2.28
KURTOSIS 3.11 RURTOSIS 2.53

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 195 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 171

PERCENTILES PERCENTILES

MILLIMETERS INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
119.89 1st 4.72 127.90 182 5.20
122.94 5 TR 4.84 130.95 5 TH 5.12
124.97 10 TH 4.92 133.18 19 TH 5.24
128.92 25 TH 5.94 135.89 25 TH 5.35
132.08 50 TH 5.20 139.95 50 TH 5.51
134.87 75 TH 5.31 145.93 75 TH 5.71
137.92 99 TH 5.43 149.19 90 TH 5.87
139.95 - 95 TH 5.51 150.11 95 TH 5.91
145.93 99 TH 5.71 151.89 99 TH 5.98

BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH: ‘The greatest bilateral distance between the lateral
cheek surfaces of the zygomatic arch (ZYGION iandmarks).

B-12


TABLE 22. SELUION HEIGHT FROM MEDIAL CANTHUS PLANE LINE

FEMALE

MALE

SUMMARY STATISTICS
MILLIMETERS INCHES
11.42 MEAN @.45
@.28 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.22

3.13 STD DEVIATION 9.12

6.19 MINIM =. 24

22.18 MAXIMUM 9.87
COEFF. OF VARIATION(#) 27.11
SYMMEIRY D.48
KURTOSIS 3.37

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 121

SUMMARY STATISTICS
INCHES
12.87 MEAN @.51

9.31 STD ERROR(MEAN) @.31
3.21 STD DEVIATION 9.13

MILLIMETERS

7.22 MINIMUM 9.28

26.20 MAXIMUM 1.02
COEFF. OF VARIATION(%) 24.85
SYMMETRY _ 8.88
KURTOSIS 4.93

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 1i1

PERCENTILES

MILLIMETERS INCHES
6.10 1st 9.24
7.11 5 TH 9.28
7.87 10 TH 9.31
8.89 25 TH 9.35
12.92 5@ TH @.43
13.97 7S TH 9.55
14.99 90 TH 9.59
16.28 95 TH 9.63
26.87 99 TH 9.79"

PERCENTILES
MILLIMETERS INCHES
7.01 1st @.28
8.25 5 TH 9.31
8.99 19 TH 9.35
11.20 25 TH 9.43
13.20 56 TH 9.51
14.20 75 TH 0.55
16.99 9 TH 2.67
18.91 95 TH @.74
23.01 99 TH 9.91

SELLION HEIGHT FROM MEDIAL CANTHUS PLANE LINE: A perpendicular projection
distance of the SELLION landmark away from a line coincident with both
bilateral areas just medial of the ENTOCANTHION landmarks.

B21


TABLE 8. BIENTOCANTHUS BREADTH

SUMMARY STATISTICS

SUMMARY STATISTICS ©

MILLIMETERS, INCHES MILLIMETERS INCHES
30.57 MEAN 1.20 32.08 1.26
G.23 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.91 @.27 STD ERROR(MEAN) 9.01
2.71 STD DEVIATION 9.11 2.95 STD DEVIATION @.12
23.88 © MINIMUM 9.95 25.91 1.02
39.89 MAXIMUM © ~~ = 1.58 39.88 1.58
COEFF. OF VARIATION($) 8.72 COEFF. OF VARIATICN(%) 9.93
SYMMETRY .25 SYMMETRY @.52
KURTOSIS 4.84 KURTOSIS 2.76
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 145 NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 115
PERCENTILES PERCENTILES
23.88 1st @.94 25.91 1st 1.02
25.91 5 TH 1.92 27.94 5 TH 1.18
26.92 1@ TH 1.96 28.96 19 TH 1.14
28.96 25 TH 1.14 29.97 25 TH 1.18
29.97 5@ TH 1.18 32.20 50 TH 4-26
32.20 75 TH 1.26 34.04 75 TH 1.34
34.04 9@ TH 1.34 36.87 90 TH 1.42
35.95 95 TH 1.38 37.28 95 TH 1.46
39.12 99 TH 1.54 39.12 99 TH 1.54

BIENTOCANTHUS BREADTH: The bilateral distance between the right and
left medial eyelid junctions (ENTOCANTHION landmarks) .



LATERAL ORBITAL RIM POINT: A derived pointon
the anterior-lateral rim of the orbit at a level of the
ECTOCANTHUS landmark. The right and left points
define the LATERAL ORBITAL PLANE LINE.

LATERAL ORBITAL PLANE LINE: A derived base
plane line established for measuring a projection height of
SELLION point from the anterior-lateral rim surfaces of
the right and left orbits.

MAXILLOALARE: Bilateral points formed by the junc-
tion of each maxillary and mid-posterior alar surface
areas. These landmarks define the MAXILLOALARE
PLANE LiNE.

MAXILLOALARE PLANE LINE: A derived base plane
line established for measuring a projection height of
PRONASALE point away from anterior cheek surfaces.

MAXILLONASALE: Bilateral midpoints along the nose-
face junction where the anterior maxillary projection

starts to form the nose bridge base. These landmarks
define the MAXILLONASALE PLANE LINE.

MAXILLONASALE PLANE LINE: A derived base line
plane established for measuring a projection height of
MIDNASALE point away from anterior cheek surfaces.

MEDIAL CANTHUS PLANE LINE: A derived base
plane line established for measuring a projection height of
SELLION point. This line plane is coincident with the
right and left ENTOCANTHUS landmarks.

MENTON: The most inferior midsagittal point on the
chin.

MIDNASALE: A derived midsagittal point on the nasal
bridge midway between the SELLION and PRONASALE
points.

MIDPUPIL: The center point of both the right and ieft
eye pupils.

MIDSAGITTAL PLANE: A base anatomical plane chat
divides the head, face, or other bilateral structures into
tight and lef “mirzor-image” parts.

PROMENTALE: The most anterior midsagittal point

on the chin prominence.

PRONASALE: The most anterior midsagittal point on
the nose tip.

SELLION: The point of greatest midsagittal indentation
on the nasal bridge immediately inferior to the supraor-
bital ridge level.

SELLION-PROMENTALE PLANE LINE: A derived
base plane line establiched for measuring a projection
height of SELLION point. This plane line is coincident
with the right and left ENTOCANTHUS landmarks.

STOMION: A midsagittal point formed at the junction
of closed upper and lower lips when relaxed.

SUBNASALE: A midsagitial point at the junction of the
external nasal septum and the superior aspect of the upper
lip area (Philerum).

SUPRAMENTALE: The deepest midsagiteal point in
the horizontal groove between che lower lip and the chin
prominence.

TRAGION: A point located at the most anterior
aspect of the upper ear notch formed along the superior
edge of the Tragus flap. Right and left points.

ZYGION: The most lateral point on the zygomatic
arch for both the right and left sides.


FIGURE 11. FACE & HEAD BREADTH MEASUREMENTS. REFERENCE PLANE LINES FOR
HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS.

10