16th Space Photovoltaic Research

and Technology Conference

NASA/CP—2001-210747/REV1

May 2005
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16th Space Photovoltaic Research

and Technology Conference

NASA/CP—2001-210747/REV1

May 2005

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Glenn Research Center

Proceedings of a conference

held at Ohio Aerospace Institute

and sponsored by NASA Glenn Research Center

Brook Park, Ohio, August 31–September 2, 1999
Available from

NASA Center for Aerospace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076

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Document Change History

This revised report, numbered as NASA/CP⎯2001-210747/REV1, May 2005, supersedes the previous

version, NASA/CR⎯2001-210747, April 2001.

Pages 259 to 268: The attendee list has been removed.

Back of title page, Report Documentation Page, CD label, and CD insert: Non-Web statement has been removed.

Report Documentation Page, number 11, Supplementary Notes: The statement “This revised report supersedes the

original report” has been inserted.
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Foreword

The 16th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference, SPRAT–99, was held at the Ohio

Aerospace Institute (OAI) from August 31 to September 2, 1999.

The SPRAT conference is scheduled on a sesquiennial, or every 18 months, convening roughly opposite to the

IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. Once again, the workshop featured a meeting among representatives of

industry, government, and universities to discuss the progress in the development of solar cells and arrays for space

use, and brought together people from the research community, cell and array manufacturers, the space

environmental effects community, and the end users.

The purpose of the SPRAT conference is to bring members of the space solar cell community together in a

relatively informal conference setting to discuss the recent developments in solar cell technology and to discuss the

future directions of the field. The conference is sponsored by the Photovoltaic and Space Environmental Effects

Branch at the NASA Glenn Research Center. This is the first year in which the conference was held at OAI, just

outside the gate of NASA Glenn, instead of onsite at NASA, and I think that the overall opinion of the participants

was favorable.

This year's conference came at a time when the space photovoltaic business is in a state of change. New highefficiency solar cell types are now seeing commercial use, and several new concepts for solar arrays, including

flexible and concentrator arrays, are making their appearances in flight systems. Commercial communications

satellites are reaching toward the unprecedented power levels of 30 kW and higher to feed a burgeoning broadcast

and telecommunications market, while the International Space Station, which will feature the most powerful

electrical power system ever flown in space, is approaching flight. All in all, it has been an extremely interesting

18 months.

At each SPRAT, the SPRAT Chairman has the privilege of awarding the Irving Weinberg Award to a

researcher who has made significant contributions to space solar cell research and technology. Previous years'

recipients have been Prof. Chandra Goradia and Dr. Masafumi Yamaguchi. This year I had the honor to give the

Irving Weinberg Award to Dr. Dennis Flood, who has been for many years the chief of the Photovoltaic Branch at

NASA Lewis (and later at NASA Glenn). Denny has been a great leader and a friend to the space photovoltaic

community, and I do not think that we could have made a better choice.

In closing, I would like to give thanks to all the conference organizers, session chairs, and presenters for the

hard work that they contributed toward making the conference a success. I hope to see you all in 2001 for the

17th sesquiennial SPRAT!

Geoffrey A. Landis,

Chairman

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

INVITED PAPERS

MODELING SOLAR CELL DEGRADATION IN SPACE: A COMPARISON OF THE JPL

AND NRL METHODS

Geoffrey P. Summers, Scott R. Messenger, Robert J. Walters, and Edward A. Burke,

Naval Research Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

ESA SOLAR GENERATOR TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME

C. Signorini, European Space Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

SPACE RADIATION

EFFECT OF STOICHIOMETRY ON THE RADIATION RESPONSE OF In xGa1–xAs SOLAR CELLS

S.R. Messenger, SFA, Inc.; R.J. Walters and G.P. Summers, Naval Research Laboratory;

and R.H. Hoffman, Jr., and M.A. Stan, Essential Research, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF DEEP LEVELS IN ANOMALOUS DEGRADATION OF Si SPACE

SOLAR CELLS

Aurangzeb Khan, Masafumi Yamaguchi, and Stephen J. Taylor, Toyota Technological Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

RADIATION HARD MULTI-QUANTUM WELL InP/InAsP SOLAR CELLS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS

R.J. Walters and G.P. Summers, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; A. Freundlich, C. Monier, and

F. Newman, Space Vacuum Epitaxy Center; and S.R. Messenger, SFA, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

USE OF DISPLACEMENT DAMAGE DOSE IN AN ENGINEERING MODEL OF GaAs SOLAR

CELL RADIATION DAMAGE

T.L. Morton, Ohio Aerospace Institute; R. Chock and K.J. Long, NASA Glenn Research Center;

S.R. Messenger, SFA, Inc.; R.J. Walters, Naval Research Laboratory; and G.P. Summers,

Naval Research Laboratory and University of Maryland Baltimore County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

DISPLACEMENT DAMAGE DOSE ANALYSIS OF NEUTRON IRRADIATED SINGLE

AND DUAL JUNCTION GaAs-BASED SOLAR CELLS

R.J. Walters and G.P. Summers, Naval Research Laboratory; and S.R. Messenger and E.A. Burke, SFA, Inc. . . . . . . 39

SolaMaxTM MICROSHEET SOLAR CELL COVERGLASS: SPACE RADIATION QUALIFICATION

TEST RESULTS

Janeen A. Cooke, Mike Larro, and Mark Madigan, Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

SPACE ENVIRONMENT AND FLIGHT EXPERIENCE

COMBINED SILICON AND GALLIUM ARSENIDE SOLAR CELL UV TESTING

Douglas Willowby, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

SOLAR ARRAY SAILS: POSSIBLE SPACE PLASMA ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Willie R. Mackey, NASA Glenn Research Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

OVERVIEW, TESTING, AND SOLUTIONS TO ESD-INDUCED, SOLAR-ARRAY-STRING,

ON-ORBIT FAILURES

A. Meulenberg, Hi Pi Consulting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

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FLIGHT DATA OF GaAs SOLAR CELLS ON THE COMETS

Osamu Anzawa, Kazuhiro Aoyama, Takashi Aburaya, Koichi Shinozaki and Sumio Matsuda,

National Space Development Agency of Japan; Takeshi Ohshima, Isamu Nashiyama,

Hisayoshi Itoh, and Sohei Okada, JAERI, Tetsuya Nakao and Yusuke Matsumoto, AES Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

IN-ORBIT PERFORMANCE OF HUGHES HS601HP DUAL JUNCTION GaInP2/GaAs/Ge SOLAR ARRAYS

Steven W. Gelb, Jay S. Fodor, and Joseph S. Powe, Hughes Space and Communications Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

MULTI-BANDGAP CELL DEVELOPMENT

TECSTAR’S NEXT GENERATION CASCADE® SOLAR CELL IMPROVEMENTS: A MONOLITHIC

INTEGRAL DIODE AND NEW MIDDLE CELL FORMATION

Louis C. Kilmer, Charlie Chu, Milton Yeh, Peter Iles, P.K. Chiang, and Frank Ho, TECSTAR, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

DEVELOPMENT, SPACE QUALIFICATION, AND PRODUCTION OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY LARGEAREA InGaP/GaAs DUAL-JUNCTION SOLAR CELLS ON GE AT EMCORE PHOTOVOLTAICS (EPV)

Navid S. Fatemi, Hong Q. Hou, Paul R. Sharps, Paul M. Martin, B.E. Hammons, and Frank Spadafora,

Emcore Photovoltaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

RECENT PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY Ga0.5In0.5P/GaAs/Ge

DUAL- AND TRIPLE-JUNCTION SOLAR CELLS

Nasser H. Karam, Richard R. King, Dimitri D. Krut, James H. Ermer, Moran Haddad, Hector Cotal,

and Jack W. Eldredge, Spectrolab, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

30% EFFICIENT INGaP/GaAs/GaSb CELL-INTERCONNECTED-CIRCUITS FOR LINE-FOCUS

CONCENTRATOR ARRAYS

Lewis Fraas and James Avery, JX Crystals, Inc.; Peter Iles and Charlie Chu, TECSTAR, Inc.; and

Mike Piszczor, NASA Glenn Research Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

HIGH GROWTH RATE METAL-ORGANIC MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY FOR THE FABRICATION

OF GaAs SPACE SOLAR CELLS

A. Freundlich, F. Newman, C. Monier, and S. Street, Space Vacuum Epitaxy Center; and

P. Dargan and M. Levy, Riber, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

HIGH-EFFICIENCY MULTI-JUNCTION SPACE SOLAR DEVELOPMENT UTILIZING

LATTICE GRADING

Mark A. Stan et al., Essential Research, Inc.; Richard W. Hoffman, Jr., Phillip P. Jenkins,

and David A. Scheiman, The Ohio Aerospace Institute; and Navid S. Fatemi, Emcore Photovoltaics . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

ANTIREFLECTION COATING DESIGN FOR MULTI-JUNCTION, SERIES INTERCONNECTED

SOLAR CELLS

Daniel J. Aiken, Sandia National Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

INVITED PAPER

RECENT SPACE PHOTOVOLTAIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN

Masafumi Yamaguchi, Toyota Tech. Inst., and Sumio Matsuda, National Space Development Agency of Japan . . . 135

THIN FILM CELL TECHNOLOGY

DEVELOPMENT OF A THIN FILM AMORPHOUS SILICON SPACE SOLAR CELL FOR THE

POWERSPHERE CONCEPT

Edward J. Simburger, David Scott, Dennis Smith, David Gilmore, Mike Meshishnek, and Meg Abraham,

The Aerospace Corporation, and Frank R. Jeffery, Iowa Thin Film Technologies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

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TOWARDS A THIN FILM SILICON HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELL

Young Song, Elena Guliants, and Wayne Anderson, State University of New York at Buffalo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

CHEMICALLY DEPOSITED THIN-FILM SOLAR CELL MATERIALS

R. Raffaelle and W. Junek, Rochester Institute of Technology; J. Gorse and T. Thompson,

Baldwin-Wallace College; J. Harris and D. Hehemann, Kent State University; and A. Hepp and

G. Rybicki, NASA Glenn Research Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Cu(In,Ga)S2, THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS PREPARED BY H2S SULFURIZATION OF CuGa-In PRECURSOR

Neelkanth G. Dhere, Shashank R. Kulkarni, Sanjay S. Chavan, and Shantinath R. Ghongadi,

Florida Solar Energy Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

MEASUREMENTS

INVESTIGATION OF THE CARBON ARC SOURCE AS AN AMO SOLAR SIMULATOR FOR

USE IN CHARACTERIZING MULTI-JUNCTION SOLAR CELLS

Jianzeng Xu and James R. Woodyard, Wayne State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DEFECTS IN SiC SCHOTTKY BARRIERS

C.M. Schnabel and M. Tabib-Azar, Case Western Reserve University; R.P. Raffaelle, Rochester

Institute of Technology; H.B. Su and M. Dudley, SUNY at Stony Brook, and P.G. Neudeck and

S. Bailey, NASA Glenn Research Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

INVESTIGATIONS TO CHARACTERIZE MULTI-JUNCTION SOLAR CELLS IN THE STRATOSPHERE

USING LOW-COST BALLOON AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Glenroy A. Bowe, Qianghua Wang, and James R. Woodyard, Wayne State University; Richard R. Johnston,

Lawrence Technological University; and William J. Brown, High Altitude Research Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

PHOTOVOLTAIC ENGINEERING TESTBED ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

Geoffrey A. Landis and David Scheiman, Ohio Aerospace Institute; and Andrew Sexton, Richard Abramczyk,

Joseph Francz; D.B. Johnson; Liu Yang, Daniel Minjares, and James Myers, Dynacs, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

ADVANCED CONCEPTS

SILICON CARBIDE RADIOISOTOPE BATTERIES

George C. Rybicki, NASA Glenn Research Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

HIGH QUALITY GaAs GROWTH BY MBE ON Si USING GeSi BUFFERS AND PROSPECTS FOR

SPACE PHOTOVOLTAICS

J.A. Carlin and S.A. Ringel, The Ohio State University; E.A. Fitzgerald, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology; and M. Bulsara, Amberwave, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

n/p/n TUNNEL JUNCTION InGaAs MONOLITHIC INTERCONNECTED MODULE (MIM)

David M. Wilt, NASA Glenn Research Center; Christopher S. Murray, Bechtel Bettis, Inc.;

Navid S. Fatemi, Emcore, Inc.; and Victor Weizer, Essential Research, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

NOVEL PASSIVATING/ANTIREFLECTIVE COATINGS FOR SPACE SOLAR CELLS

Mircea Faur, Maria Faur, H.M. Faur, and C.G. Mateescu, SPECMAT, Inc.; S.G. Bailey, D.J. Flood,

S.A. Alterovitz, D.J. Brinker, J.D. Warner, and D.R. Wheeler, NASA Glenn Research Center; and

D. Scheiman and P.P. Jenkins, Ohio Aerospace Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

ADVANCED FLEXIBLE SOLAR ARRAY PROGRAM

Peter V. Meyers and Leon Fabick, ITN Energy Systems; Kitt C. Reinhardt, Air Force Research

Laboratory; and William N. Shafarman, Institute of Energy Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

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SOLAR POWER ON MARS

MARS ORBITER SAMPLE RETURN POWER DESIGN

N. Mardesich and S. Dawson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

PROGRESS OF THE MARS ARRAY TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENT (MATE) ON THE 2001 LANDER

David A. Scheiman, Phil Jenkins, and Geoff Landis, Ohio Aerospace Institute; Cosmo Baraona, Dave Wilt,

Michael Krasowski, Lawrence Greer, John Lekki, and Daniel Spina, NASA Glenn Research Center . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

PROGRESS OF THE DUST ACCUMULATION AND REMOVAL TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENT

(DART) FOR THE MARS 2001 LANDER

Phillip Jenkins, Geoffrey A. Landis, and David Scheiman, Ohio Aerospace Institute; David Wilt,

Michael Krasowski, Lawrence Greer, and Cosmo Baraona, NASA Glenn Research Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

WORKSHOPS

REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP ON NEXT-GENERATION SPACE PV: THIN FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

PREDICTING ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

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Conference Publication

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NASA CP—2001-210747-REV1

E–12676–1

WU–755–A4–02–00

269

Sheila Bailey, editor

Solar cell; Photovoltaic; GaAs; Space radiation; Plasma; GaInP;

Solar array; Mars; Thin film

Unclassified -Unlimited

Subject Categories: 20, 18, 33, and 93 Distribution: Nonstandard

This revised report supersedes the original report. Proceedings of a conference held at Ohio Aerospace Institute and

sponsored by NASA Glenn Research Center, Brook Park, Ohio, August 31–September 2, 1999. Responsible person,

Sheila Bailey, organization code RPV, 216–433–2228.

16th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference

The purpose of the SPRAT conference is to bring members of the space solar cell community together in a relatively

informal conference setting to discuss the recent developments in solar cell technology and to discuss the future

directions of the field. The conference is sponsored by the Photovoltaic and Space Environmental Effects Branch at

the NASA Glenn Research Center.