United States

Department of 

Agriculture

Forest Service

Northern 

Research Station

General Technical

Report NRS-9

Population Trends and Habitat 

Occurrence of Forest Birds 

on Southern National Forests, 

1992-2004

Frank A. La Sorte 

Frank R. Thompson, III 

Margaret K. Trani 

Timothy J. Mersmann
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Abstract

We determined population trends and habitat occurrences for bird species in 14 national 

forests located in the Southern Region from 1992-2004. We estimated population trends 

for 144 species within: 14 national forests, 10 physiographic areas, and in the Southern 

Region as a whole. Habitat occurrences were estimated for 114 species based on 13 forest 

types and four successional stages. We discussed results for 48 species of management 

concern along with information compiled on conservation status and the U.S. Geological 

Survey’s (USGS) Breeding Bird Survey population trend estimates. There was evidence that 

populations increased for 42 species and decreased for 38 species on national forests in the 

Southern Region as a whole. Trends for many species varied widely across physiographic 

areas and national forests. Most species were found across a variety of habitats, though 

associations with particular forest types and structural conditions were often apparent.

The Authors

FRANK A. LA SORTE is a postdoctoral associate with the University of Missouri-Columbia, 

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Columbia, Missouri.

FRANK R. THOMPSON, III is a research wildlife biologist with the USDA Forest Service’s 

Northern Research Station at Columbia, Missouri.

MARGARET K. TRANI (GRIEP) is a regional wildlife biologist with the USDA Forest Service’s 

Southern Region at Tallahassee, Florida.

TIMOTHY J. MERSMAN is a regional planning wildlife biologist with the USDA Forest 

Service’s Southern Region at Atlanta, Georgia.

Manuscript received for publication 15 December 2006

Photographs

Courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Bird Identification Infocenter: blue-winged 

warbler, chestnut-sided warbler, northern parula, summer tanager, yellow-breasted chat, 

yellow-throated vireo, golden-winged warbler, and Swainson’s warbler, Chandler S. Robbins, 

photographer; black-billed cuckoo, eastern wood pewee, worm-eating warbler, Jeffrey 

A. Spendelow, photographer; field sparrow, great crested flycatcher, pine warbler, prairie 

warbler, yellow-throated warbler, Deanna K. Dawson, photographer; Acadian flycatcher, Brad 

Bergstrom, photographer.

Courtesy of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: red-headed woodpecker, eastern bluebird, 

northern cardinal, Dave Menke, photographer; wood thrush, black-throated blue warbler, 

scarlet tanager, Steve Maslowski, photographer; prothontary warbler, John and Karen 

Hollingsworth, photographers; Kentucky warbler, hooded warbler, yellow-billed cuckoo.

Courtesy of NBII Image Library: eastern meadowlark, Charles H. Warren, photographer.

Courtesy of photographer Paul Conover, white-eyed vireo. Courtesy of photographer Jim 

Stasz, black-throated green warbler. Courtesy of photographer Dan Sudia, brown-headed 

nuthatch. Courtesy of photographer Marcus G. Martin, orchard oriole, ovenbird. 

All other photos by the U.S. Forest Service.
CONTENTS

Introduction......................................................................................................................1

Methods ............................................................................................................................1

 Sampling Design and Point-count Methods .................................................................1

 Population Trend Analysis: Procedure ..........................................................................3

 Population Trend Analysis: Interpretation .....................................................................4

 Habitat Association Analysis .........................................................................................5

Results..............................................................................................................................5

Management Indicator Species And Species Of Conservation Concern ...................9

 Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) ...............................................................................9

 Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) .............................................................................12

 Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) ....................................................................16

 Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus) ......................................................20

 Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) ............................................................22

 Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) ..........................................26

 Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) ................................................................30

 Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) ...........................................................................34

 Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) ...............................................................38

 Eastern Wood-pewee (Contopus virens) ....................................................................42

 Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) ...............................................................46

 Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) ...........................................................50

 White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) ................................................................................54

 Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo fl avifrons) ......................................................................58

 Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) ...........................................................62

 White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) .............................................................64

 Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla) .......................................................................68

 Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) ....................................................................................72

 Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) ..........................................................................76

 Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora pinus) .....................................................................80

 Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) ......................................................83

 Northern Parula (Parula americana) ..........................................................................85

 Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) .........................................................................89

 Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica) ...................................................93

 Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens) .............................................95

 Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens) ......................................................97

 Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendroica dominica) .......................................................101

 Pine Warbler (Dendroica pinus) ...............................................................................105

 Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor) .........................................................................109

 Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulean) ................................................................... 113

 Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) ............................................................... 115
 Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorum) .................................................... 117

 Swainson’s Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) ........................................................121

 Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) .................................................................................125

 Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla) ...............................................................129

 Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus) ..................................................................133

 Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrine) ............................................................................137

 Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) ........................................................................141

 Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra) ............................................................................145

 Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea) ..........................................................................149

 Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) ...............................................................153

 Bachman’s Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis) ..............................................................157

 Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) ....................................................................160

 Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) ................................................................................164

 Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) ..................................................................168

 Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) ..................................................................172

 Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) ..................................................................174

 Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurious) .............................................................................178

Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................180

Literature Cited ............................................................................................................180

Appendix 1: Common and Scientifi c Names of 210 Avian Species Recorded on 

Point Counts on 14 National Forests, Southern Region, 1992-2004 ............................185

Appendix 2: Number of Occurrences for 210 Avian Species by National Forest, 

Southern Region, 1992-2004 ........................................................................................188

Appendix 3: Mean Number of Observations per Count and Percent Annual 

Change in Observations per Count for 144 Avian Species, Southern Region, 

1997-2004 .....................................................................................................................193

Appendix 4: Mean Number of Observations per Count and Percent Annual 

Change in Number of Observations per Count for 144 Avian Species in 10 

Physiographic Areas, Southern Region, 1997-2004 .....................................................196

Appendix 5: Mean Number of Observations per Count and Percent Annual 

Change in Number of Observations per Count for 144 Avian Species in National 

Forests, Southern Region, 1992-2004 ..........................................................................213

Appendix 6: Frequency of Occurrence for 114 Avian Species in Four 

Successional Stages for 13 Forest Types in Southern Region .....................................232
1

INTRODUCTION

In 1996, the Southern Region of USDA Forest Service adopted “The Southern National Forest’s 

Migrant and Resident Landbird Conservation Strategy” (Gaines and Morris 1996) to improve 

monitoring, research, and management programs affecting forest birds and their habitats. A 

regionwide program of monitoring avian populations based on point-counts was initiated as part of 

this strategy. We report the results of this monitoring effort on southern national forests based on 

data collected from 1992 to 2004. We estimated population trends and annual abundances of birds 

in the Southern Region as a whole, for 10 physiographic areas, and for 14 national forests (Fig. 1) as 

well as habitat occurrences in the Region. In addition to these monitoring results, we summarized 

information on 48 species identifi ed as management indicator species for southern national forests 

by the Forest Service or as species of concern in bird conservation regions of the Southern United 

States (USDI Wild. Serv. 2002). To provide context for our trend analysis, we compiled information 

on conservation status and habitat associations for the 48 species from Hamel (1992) and “The 

Birds of North America” (see Literature Cited section). We also present population trend estimates 

for each selected species from the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) Breeding Bird Survey (Sauer et 

al. 2005). In the appendices we report population trend estimates for 144 species, including the 48 

management indicator species for the same geographic areas. We also summarized habitat occurrence 

for 114 species, which was defi ned by combinations of forest types and successional stages.

METHODS

Sampling Design and Point-count Methods

Sampling strategy and point-count methodology are described in detail in Gaines and Morris 

(1996). The sampling strategy was based on a stratifi ed random design, with habitat strata defi ned 

collaboratively by national forest personnel within each physiographic region. Each habitat strata was 

to receive a minimum of 30 points. Departures from this design are evident on some national forests, 

often due to constraining randomization to reduce distance between points for monitoring effi ciency. 

In some cases, points were allocated to strata in proportion to strata abundance; in others, they were 

allocated equally among strata. Due to poor records of the initial point stratifi cation, we treated 

the sample of points as a representative sample of each national forest and used post-stratifi cation 

analysis to show to the extent to which this assumption was true. Points were established no closer 

than 250 m from each other and at least 50 m from habitat-type edges. Although some point-count 

stations were considered permanent and were monitored once annually, many points were added or 

subtracted over time. 

Counts on some forests began as early as 1992, but most were initiated in the fi rst several years 

following adoption of the conservation strategy in 1996 (Gaines and Morris 1996). Point-count 

methodology followed Hamel et al. (1996). Counts at each point were conducted for 10 minutes 

between sunrise and 10 a.m. and between April 12 and June 30. All birds seen or heard during this 

time period were recorded. Data on vegetation conditions at each point also were collected at various 

intervals over time, with most vegetation data collected toward the end of the survey period.
2

Figure 1.—Location of 14 national forests (top) and 10 physiographic areas (bottom), including 4,945 pointcount stations, in the Southern Region of the USDA Forest Service. Due to small numbers of points in some 

physiographic areas, analysis combines points from the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont (10) with the Mid-Atlantic 

Ridge and Valley (12), Peninsular Florida (02) with South Atlantic Coastal Plain (03), and Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley (05) with East Gulf Coastal Plain (04).

AL = NFs in Alabama

CHA = Chattahoochee and Oconee NFs

CHE = Cherokee NF

DB = Daniel Boone NF

FL = NFs in Florida

FMS = Francis Marion and Sumter NFs

GWJ = George Washington and Jefferson NFs

KIS = Kisatchie NF

LBL = Land Between the Lakes NRA

MS = NFs in Mississippi

NC = NFs in North Carolina

OSF = Ozark and St. Francis NFs

OUA = Ouachita NF

TX = NFs in Texas

02 Peninsular Florida

03 South Atlantic Coastal Plain

04 East Gulf Coastal Plain

05 Mississippi Alluvial Valley

10 Mid-Atlantic Piedmont

11 Southern Piedmont

12 Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Valley

13 Southern Ridge and Valley

14 Interior Low Plateaus

19 Ozark-Ouachita Plateau

21 Northern Cumberland Plateau

23 Southern Blue Ridge

42 West Gulf Coastal Plain
3

We performed post-stratifi cation analysis of the distribution of points by forest type and successional 

stage. Only data from 2000 to 2004 were included because most points lacked vegetation 

measurements before 2000. Habitat features were applied to a point for the year in which the 

measurements were taken and to previous and subsequent years in the interval from 2000 to 2004 

until the point was remeasured. We report the number of counts (visits to a point) during this 

interval by forest type and successional class as a measure of effort by habitat. To determine the degree 

to which this sample was representative, we compared this assessment with the Forest Service’s Forest 

Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program for national forest lands and all forested lands in the Southern 

Region (USDA For. Inventory and Analy. Data Cent. 2006). We pooled the hardwood-pine and 

sand pine-oak classes used by the Southern Region bird monitoring program to compare to the FIA 

hardwood-pine class and combined the grass/forb and shrub/seedling classes used by the program to 

compare to the FIA shrub/seedling class. Other classes matched exactly or by the dominant species. 

Population Trend Analysis: Procedure

We estimated population trends for 144 species in national forests in the Southern Region as a whole, 

10 physiographic areas, and in 14 individual national forests. Trend estimates for individual national 

forests were based on all available data collected from 1992 to 2004. Regional and physiographic area 

trend analyses were limited to data collected from 1997 to 2004. We excluded early years in these 

analyses due to poor sampling in many national forests before 1997. We included species in the trend 

analysis that were known to breed in forested habitats in southern national forests; though some 

species might have been migrants. We also included species that may not be detected adequately by 

our survey design for use in trend analysis, for example nocturnal and low-density species with a large 

home range (raptors), because there may be interest in knowing that these species were detected. 

Points were included in the trend analysis for a given species if it was observed at least once at that 

point during the time of survey. All observations of a species at a point were included in the analysis 

with no consideration of its estimated distance from the point.

To estimate population trends, we used marginal longitudinal models with a Poisson probability 

distribution fi tted using generalized estimating equations (GEE) (Fitzmaurice et al. 2004: 291-323). 

We treated the number of detections of a species at a point as the response, and estimated population 

trends, or the annual rate of change in detections, by including year as a fi xed effect. We conducted 

separate analyses for the Southern Region, each of the 10 physiographic areas, and each of the 14 

national forests. The GEE procedure represents an extension of generalized linear models by allowing 

for the consideration of temporal correlation within the data (i.e., the correlation of the number of 

detections at a point from one year to the next). We estimated temporal correlation using a fi rstorder autoregressive model. This approach allowed us to model differences in annual variability in 

the number of detections at a point. Poisson models are well suited to count data where values are 

integers and the events being modeled are relatively infrequent. However, overdispersion is a common 

feature where variability in the number of counts exceeds that estimated by a Poisson model. Our 

approach took this into consideration by estimating an annual correction factor to account for 

overdispersion. Sampling variability or standard error of trend estimates was calculated using the 

empirical or ‘sandwich’ estimator.

The GEE approach with the sandwich estimator provides robust estimates of population trends and 

sampling variability even if the within-point associations are not modeled correctly (Fitzmaurice et 
4

al. 2004). We implemented the GEE analysis using the library “geepack” and the function “geese” 

available in the statistical package R, version 2.2.1 (R Dev. Core Team 2006). On the basis of an 

assessment of trend estimates and sampling variability as a function of the number of points used 

in the analysis, we concluded that a minimum sample size of six points produced estimates that, 

on average, displayed levels of variability similar to that with species with larger sample sizes. A 

comparison of three jack-knife estimators with the sandwich estimator suggested that this minimum 

sample size was appropriate.

These analyses represent a comparatively simple design-based approach to these data that enabled 

us to estimate trends for many species and for all national forest and physiographic regions for 

selected years. We recognize that model-based approaches that include covariates such as habitat or 

observer, or methods that estimate detectability directly, can improve estimates. We are pursuing these 

approaches with subsets of the data that include the necessary information. 

Population Trend Analysis: Interpretation

Users should use caution when interpreting the results of the trend analysis. First, changes in observer 

ability over time and differences between observers can affect the analysis of population trends 

(Faanes and Bystrak 1981, Kendall et al. 1996, Sauer et al. 1994, Link and Sauer 1998). The pattern 

of occurrence of observers was highly variable both within and among forests, so we were unable to 

model a consistent observer effect across all forests. Second, it is typically assumed that detectability 

is constant for a species over time and across habitats independent of observer differences, but this 

is rarely the case. Our approach accounted for nonconstant detectability to a limited degree by 

including within-point temporal correlation as a factor in the analysis. Third, the level of rarity of 

a species can infl uence the reliability of trend estimates, that is, observations at a limited number of 

points or at many points but at low densities can result in unreliable trend estimates. This is due at 

least in part to the many zero values that occur for some species because zeros convey less information 

than variation in count values greater than zero. Multiple zeros also infl ated the dispersion of counts 

in the GEE Poisson models, requiring the addition of overdispersion correction factors. Hence, 

when interpreting population trends, consider carefully the number of points where each species was 

observed and the average abundance at those points. The most reliable estimates will be associated 

with species found in high abundance at many points.

The magnitude of the trend estimate and its biological relevance and the breadth of the confi dence 

interval also should be considered when interpreting trend estimates. Each estimate should be 

considered in association with how well the population was sampled if the magnitude is large enough 

to represent a biologically signifi cant trend, and if there is evidence that the trend could occur by 

chance alone. For example, change of -3.0 percent annually would represent a decrease of 26 percent 

in counts over 10 years (((0.9710)-1)*100); this might be biologically important. Further, if the 

estimate is based on a reasonable sample of points and the confi dence interval does not include zero, 

it might be considered reliable. Estimates for species present at few points and at low abundance 

that present biologically signifi cant trends whose confi dence intervals do not include zero would be 

somewhat less reliable. Finally, estimates for species present at few points and at low abundance that 

present biologically signifi cant trends whose confi dence intervals include zero would be the least 

reliable. In the narrative accounts for the 48 management indicator species or species of conservation 

concern, we highlight trends supported by relatively strong evidence of increases or decreases. For 
5

consistency, we defi ne strong evidence as having a 90 percent confi dence interval that excludes zero 

and a sample that includes 30 or more points where the species was detected.

Habitat Association Analysis

We summarized habitat associations for 114 species based on unique combinations of four 

successional classes and 13 forest types. We included only data from 2000 to 2004 in our analysis 

of habitat associations because, most points lacked vegetation measurements before 2000. Habitat 

features were applied to a point for the year in which the measurements were taken and to previous 

and subsequent years in the interval from 2000 to 2004 until the point was remeasured. We report 

the proportion of counts for each combination of successional class and forest type at which a species 

was detected. These proportions can be compared directly as measures of selection and generally 

represent how often one would expect to observe a species in a given habitat type. We also report 

the proportion of counts for each forest type across all successional stages and the proportion of 

counts for each stage across all forest types. Proportions are based on detections, so they are not true 

estimates of actual occurrence and are subject to bias caused by differences in detectability among 

habitats and observers.

RESULTS

We analyzed data from 35,486 counts at 4,945 point-count stations in 10 physiographic regions and 

14 national forests in the Southern Region from 1992 to 2004 (Table 1). The most common habitat 

surveyed was mature oak-hickory forest followed by loblolly-shortleaf-pine, mixed hardwoods and 

pine, and longleaf-slash pine forest (Table 2). The percentages of counts in each forest type generally 

followed a pattern similar as the percentage of national forest land and percentage of all land in each 

forest type (Table 3). The percentage of counts in stands of each tree-size class also was similar to the 

percentage of national forest land in each size class; however, all forest lands had a greater percentage 

of small tree sizes than the point-count survey and national forest lands (Table 4). We conclude that 

at the region level, the point-count survey generally is representative of national forest lands.

In all, 210 species were detected across all 14 national forests (Appendices 1-2). We modeled 

population trends for 144 of these species (Appendices 3-5), including the 48 management indicator 

species or species of conservation concern (Tables 5-52). On the basis of trend estimates and 90 

percent confi dence intervals where zero was excluded, there was evidence that populations increased 

for 42 species on national forests and decreased for 38 species on national forests in the Southern 

Region as a whole (Appendix 3). Species detected on more than 30 points with large negative trend 

estimates (< -10 percent), and 90 percent confi dence intervals excluding zero were northern bobwhite 

(-10.2 percent, 1045 points), sharp-shinned hawk (-10.9 percent, 37 points), common nighthawk 

(-11.9 percent, 60 points), brown creeper (-13.4 percent, 45 points), winter wren (-13.8 percent, 127 

points), blue-winged warbler (-15.6 percent, 293 points), and golden-winged warbler (-24.3 percent, 

37 points). Species meeting the same criteria with large positive trend estimates (> 10 percent) were 

whip-poor-will (12.2 percent, 93 points), fi sh crow (10.3 percent, 284 points), and prothonotary 

warbler (12.5 percent, 287 points). The barn owl and alder fl ycatcher had annual trend estimates 

that represented extreme values (increases of 414 and 155 percent, respectively) and had 90 percent 

confi dence intervals that excluded zero. However, given the extreme trend estimates and small 

number of points at which detections were made (barn owl = 12 points, alder fl ycatcher = 17 points), 

we suggest limited or no inference be drawn for these species.
6

Table 1.—Number of avian point counts conducted annually in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 national forests in the Southern Region from 1992 to 2004

Physiographic area or national forest Foresta 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total

Mid Atlantic Ridge & Valley GWJ 0 0 202 285 348 615 590 625 637 636 498 633 561 5630Southern Blue Ridge GWJ 0 0 59 59 60 167 170 170 167 171 170 145 170 1508

NC 0 0 0 0 0 239 251 245 246 244 202 201 245 1873

CHE 184 212 91 212 225 238 214 231 229 227 224 225 222 2734CHA 28 41 22 40 85 91 82 82 82 64 101 110 112 940FMS 0 0 91 90 71 87 72 59 55 106 74 84 80 869Subtotal 212 253 263 401 441 822 789 787 779 812 771 765 829 7924

Northern Cumberland Plateau DB 0 0 0 0 0 188 172 189 188 188 178 152 172 1427

Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley

CHA 8 10 6 10 15 34 29 39 41 37 40 35 30 334AL 0 0 0 0 0 23 72 122 154 155 171 161 166 1024

Subtotal 8 10 6 10 15 57 101 161 195 192 211 196 196 1358

Southern Piedmont NC 0 0 0 0 0 55 55 55 53 55 0 32 41 346

CHA 17 22 8 22 13 11 19 5 0 21 17 25 46 226FMS 0 0 120 82 55 122 134 102 127 71 101 90 81 1085Subtotal 17 22 128 104 68 188 208 162 180 147 118 147 168 1657

Interior Low Plateaus LBL 0 208 143 191 176 198 200 194 187 203 202 191 201 2294Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands OSF 0 0 0 0 0 219 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 1759

OUA 0 0 0 0 0 281 284 284 283 256 278 285 282 2233Subtotal 500 504 504 503 476 498 505 502 3992

West Gulf Coastal Plain OUA 0 0 0 0 0 21 21 24 24 24 24 24 24 186

TX 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 1260

KIS 0 0 0 0 0 0 130 128 131 99 128 129 129 874Subtotal 21 331 332 335 303 332 333 333 2320

East Gulf Coastal Plain AL 0 0 0 0 0 52 130 151 151 151 151 147 151 1084

OSF 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 112MS 0 0 212 215 215 0 39 661 753 812 818 764 826 5315Subtotal 212 215 215 52 185 828 920 979 985 927 993 6511

Continued
7

Table 1.—Continued

Physiographic area or national forest Foresta 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 TotalSouth Atlantic Coastal Plain NC 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 36 38 40 40 40 40 235

FMS 0 0 105 110 109 106 112 111 104 99 102 103 104 1165FL 0 0 0 0 0 80 80 80 110 110 169 169 175 973Subtotal 105 110 109 187 192 227 252 249 311 312 319 2373

National Forests GWJ 0 0 261 344 408 782 760 795 804 807 668 778 731 7138

NC 0 0 0 0 0 295 306 336 337 339 242 273 326 2454

CHE 184 212 91 212 225 238 214 231 229 227 224 225 222 2734CHA 53 73 36 72 113 136 130 126 123 122 158 170 188 1500FMS 0 0 316 282 235 315 318 272 286 276 277 277 265 3119DB 0 0 0 0 0 188 172 189 188 188 178 152 172 1427AL 0 0 0 0 0 75 202 273 305 306 322 308 317 2108LBL 0 208 143 191 176 198 200 194 187 203 202 191 201 2294OSF 0 0 0 0 0 219 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 1871OUA 0 0 0 0 0 302 305 308 307 280 302 309 306 2419TX 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 1260KIS 0 0 0 0 0 0 130 128 131 99 128 129 129 874MS 0 0 212 215 215 0 39 661 753 812 818 764 826 5315FL 0 0 0 0 0 80 80 80 110 110 169 169 175 973Total 237 493 1059 1316 1372 2828 3272 4009 4176 4185 4104 4161 4274 35486

a GWJ = George Washington and Jefferson; NC = NFs in North Carolina; CHE = Cherokee; CHA = Chattahoochee and Oconee; FMS = Francis Marion and Sumter; DB = Daniel Boone; 

AL = NFs in Alabama; LBL = Land Between the Lakes; OSF = Ozark and St Francis; OUA = Ouachita; TX = NFs in Texas; KIS = Kisatchie; MS = NFs in Mississippi; FL = NFs in Florida
8

Table 2.—Number of counts (point visits) at 4,945 point-count stations for four successional stages and 13 

forest types on 14 national forests, Southern Region, 2000-2004

Forest type

Grass/

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole Mature All stages

Oak-hickory 0 113 595 2516 3224

Loblolly-shortleaf 28 315 1047 1645 3035

Hardwood-pine 17 155 464 2131 2767

Longleaf-slash 20 222 477 985 1704

Oak-gum-cypress 0 77 144 314 535

Elm-ash-cottonwood 18 37 69 275 399

White pine-hemlock 10 12 92 112 226

Sand pine-oak 0 120 45 30 195

Glade-shrub-savanna 57 36 12 26 131

Cove hardwood 0 0 25 81 106

Maple-beech-birch 0 0 46 59 105

Riparian 0 0 0 95 95

Spruce-fir 0 0 0 15 15

All forest types 150 1087 3016 8284 12537

Table 3.—Percentage of counts (point visits) from 2000 to 2004 at 

4,945 point-count stations, percentage of national forest lands, and 

percentage of all lands, by forest type, Southern Region

Forest type Counts NF lands All lands

Oak-hickory 25.7 43.7 36.7

Loblolly-shortleaf 24.2 24.2 24.5

Hardwood-pine 23.6 16.1 14.1

Longleaf-slash 13.6 8.1 6.5

Oak-gum-cypress 4.3 3.6 11.8

Elm-ash-cottonwood 3.9 0.9 3.6

Maple-beech-birch 1.7 1.0 0.6

Spruce-fir 0.1 0.1 0.0

White pine 1.8 2.1 0.5

Nonstock 1.0 0.0 0.4

Other 0.0 0.2 1.3

Table 4.—Percentage of counts (point visits) from 2000 to 2004 at 4,945 

point-count stations, percentage of national forest lands, and percentage 

of all lands by tree-size class in the Southern Region

Tree-size class Counts NF lands All lands

Mature 66.1 63.6 43.0

Sapling/pole 24.1 23.9 28.3

Shrub/seedling 9.9 12.4 28.7

Trend estimates for many species varied widely across physiographic areas (Appendix 4) and national 

forests (Appendix 5). Frequency of occurrence of species within 13 forest types and four successional 

stages (Appendix 6) shows that most species were found across a variety of habitats, though 

associations with particular forest types and structural conditions often were apparent. In the next 

section we present a detailed look at trend estimates and habitat associations for the 48 management 

indicator species and species of conservation concern.
9

MANAGEMENT INDICATOR SPECIES AND 

SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN

Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus)

The ruffed grouse is distributed throughout deciduous and 

coniferous forests of North America (Rusch et al. 2000). In the 

Eastern United States it occurs in the Appalachian Mountains 

as far south as Georgia and Alabama. This species is associated 

with mixed deciduous-coniferous forest types in early stages 

of succession. Optimal year-round cover includes a mixture 

of young and old forest that provides both food and cover. 

Management practices that create early successional forest in relatively small blocks, e.g., logging and 

prescribed burning, provide optimum habitat conditions.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-2.4 

percent; 95 percent CI: -4.1 to -0.8). It is a species of concern due to declining populations that may 

be the result of reduction in early successional habitats. Ruffed grouse also is of interest because it is 

a game species. A management indicator species on the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests, this 

species indicates management effects on species associated with early successional habitat, production 

of soft mast, and the ability of these national forests to provide public hunting opportunities.

Population trends for the ruffed grouse were estimated in three physiographic areas and fi ve national 

forests (Table 5, Fig. 2). Trend estimates suggest that populations were stable to increasing on 

national forests across the Southern Region and in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Valley physiographic 

area. However, these trends were strongly infl uenced by the large number of occurrences and large 

increases on the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests. By contrast, trend estimates 

on the Cherokee and Nantahala/Pisgah National Forests showed large decreases, resulting in a large 

decreasing trend for the Southern Blue Ridge. Detections on the Chattahoochee and Daniel Boone 

National Forests were limited.

Although frequency of occurrence is relatively low, ruffed grouse was associated most frequently with 

glade-shrub-savanna habitats and both mature and sapling/pole stages of maple-beech-birch forests 

(Appendix 6).
10

Table 5.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of ruffed grouse on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.009 218 4.4 -0.3 9.4

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.044 130 11.4 5.7 17.3

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.012 80 -11.6 -18.9 -3.5

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.004 6 -15.6 -24.9 -5.1

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.034 142 16.1 11.5 20.9

 NFs in North Carolina 0.011 25 -12.4 -21.8 -1.9

 Cherokee 0.020 42 -12.1 -16.6 -7.3

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.004 6 14.3 9.9 18.8

 Daniel Boone 0.004 6 -15.6 -24.9 -5.1

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which ruffed grouse occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on 

few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
11

Figure 2.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence 

bands (dotted lines) for the ruffed grouse, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, three physiographic areas, and fi ve national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
12

Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

The wild turkey is distributed widely throughout Eastern 

North America, from Southern Canada to the Gulf Coast 

(Eaton 1992). In the South, wild turkey uses upland forests 

of oaks, hickories, and pines as well as bottomland forest 

habitats, which include beech, gum, bald cypress, tupelo, 

and water ash. Habitat management centers on maintaining 

mature bottomland hardwood forest, open upland forests 

maintained with fi re, and scattered openings dominated by 

herbaceous cover. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a positive trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (13.6 

percent; 95 percent CI: 11.5 to 15.6). Wild turkey is of interest because it is a game species in high 

demand and because of its association with both open, fi re-maintained habitat and mature hardwood 

forests. A management indicator species on 13 national forests in the Southern Region, the eastern 

wild turkey indicates management effects for a variety of habitats and the ability of national forest 

land to meet hunting demand.

Population trends for the wild turkey were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and 14 national 

forests (Table 6, Fig. 3). Trend estimates suggest that populations were stable on national forests 

across the Southern Region and in most physiographic areas. Large increases were indicated for 

the Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge and Valley and for the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Increases 

also were indicated for the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Chattahoochee 

and Oconee National Forests, and National Forests in Alabama. Decreases were indicated for the 

Cherokee National Forest and National Forests in Florida.

Wild turkey was associated with a variety of habitat types but showed the greatest association with 

grass/forb stages of loblolly-shortleaf pine and hardwood-pine forest types, and shrub/seedling and 

sapling/pole stages of sand pine-scrub oak forests (Appendix 6).
13

Table 6.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of observations 

per count of wild turkey on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, and national forest, 

1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.028 606 2.0 -1.3 5.4

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.031 113 0.3 -5.9 7.0

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.021 108 -3.8 -9.6 2.4

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.039 35 7.5 -4.6 21.1

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.030 34 18.3 8.3 29.2

 Southern Piedmont 0.058 47 -2.4 -12.9 9.4

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.044 52 9.4 -2.8 23.2

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.026 78 6.6 -3.0 17.1

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.017 26 16.4 0.7 34.5

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.024 80 -5.5 -12.3 1.8

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.025 33 -8.3 -16.8 1.1

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.027 134 4.2 0.2 8.4

 NFs in North Carolina 0.018 37 -3.6 -10.6 3.9

 Cherokee 0.021 29 -5.6 -10.1 -0.9

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.022 20 18.9 10.2 28.3

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.035 62 -0.8 -5.8 4.4

 Daniel Boone 0.039 35 7.5 -4.6 21.1

 NFs in Alabama 0.024 46 25.9 10.0 44.2

 Land Between the Lakes 0.051 52 -2.4 -9.6 5.4

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.012 20 -3.2 -11.8 6.1

 Ouachita 0.036 60 9.4 -1.4 21.4

 NFs in Texas 0.011 10 1.8 -16.8 24.6

 Kisatchie 0.025 14 28.2 -0.4 64.8

 NFs in Mississippi 0.026 63 -2.0 -5.2 1.4

 NFs in Florida 0.049 28 -11.8 -20.2 -2.5

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which wild turkey occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. Estimates based 

on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few points with confidence

intervals that include zero.
14

Figure 3.(continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the wild turkey, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
15

Figure 3.—Continued
16

Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)

The northern bobwhite is distributed widely throughout 

the Eastern United States and Mexico (Brennan 1999). In 

forest habitats, this bird prefers early seral conditions across 

a variety of vegetation types created by disturbance, e.g., 

fi re, agriculture, and timber harvesting. In forest habitats, 

opportunities for management are best in well-drained 

upland pine and mixed pine-hardwood stands. It is essential 

that tree canopy cover be maintained at less than 50 percent 

to create open, park-like conditions. Frequent use of 

prescribed fi re maintains optimum habitat conditions in southern pine forests. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-3.0 percent; 95 percent CI: -3.3 to -2.7). Northern bobwhite is of interest and concern because 

it is an important game bird and because the abundance and quality of its habitats have declined 

signifi cantly, primarily due to clean farming practices and fi re suppression. A management indicator 

species on 11 national forests in the Southern Region, northern bobwhite indicates management 

effects on fi re-maintained open forest and grassland habitats and the ability of national forests to meet 

hunting demand.

Population trends for the northern bobwhite were estimated in nine physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 7, Fig. 4). Trend estimates suggest populations experienced large decreases on 

national forests across the Southern Region. Estimates were negative for all physiographic areas, with 

six of nine having 90 percent confi dence intervals excluding zero. Estimates for all but one national 

forest were negative, with 9 of 14 having 90 percent confi dence intervals excluding zero. 

Northern bobwhite was associated most frequently with grass/forb stages of pine and hardwood-pine 

forests (Appendix 6). It also was highly associated with all successional stages of longleaf-slash pine 

forests, and to a lesser extent with later successional stages of loblolly-shortleaf pine forests. Across 

forest types, northern bobwhite was associated most frequently with longleaf-slash pine forests.
17

Table 7.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of observations 

per count of northern bobwhite on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, and national 

forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.071 1045 -10.2 -12.0 -8.3

Physiographic Area

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.013 66 -17.2 -22.7 -11.4

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.015 13 -12.4 -26.6 4.6

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.031 35 -5.0 -11.6 2.1

 Southern Piedmont 0.256 139 -17.3 -21.7 -12.8

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.087 141 -1.1 -6.3 4.4

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.081 98 -10.4 -16.9 -3.4

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.096 312 -15.6 -18.3 -12.7

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.297 191 -6.1 -9.5 -2.6

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.004 12 -28.7 -33.2 -23.8

 NFs in North Carolina 0.043 50 3.9 -4.0 12.3

 Cherokee 0.009 14 -9.3 -15.1 -3.0

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.045 36 -6.2 -10.0 -2.3

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.296 210 -10.0 -12.6 -7.3

 Daniel Boone 0.015 13 -12.4 -26.6 4.6

 NFs in Alabama 0.073 82 -11.3 -16.0 -6.3

 Land Between the Lakes 0.062 49 -24.5 -26.9 -21.9

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.042 26 -2.2 -10.1 6.3

 Ouachita 0.114 120 -0.8 -7.0 5.8

 NFs in Texas 0.063 40 -12.8 -21.8 -2.7

 Kisatchie 0.119 53 -8.4 -17.1 1.1

 NFs in Mississippi 0.097 253 -6.1 -7.9 -4.2

 NFs in Florida 0.258 91 -10.2 -14.2 -5.9

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which northern bobwhite occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. Estimates 

based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few points with 

confidence intervals that include zero.
18

Figure 4.(continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the northern bobwhite, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, nine physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when 

interpreting the trends.
19

Figure 4.—Continued
20

Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus)

The black-billed cuckoo’s (Hughes 2001) breeding range 

includes most of the Northern United States east of the 

Rocky Mountains (Hughes 2001). In the South, it breeds 

in the Appalachian Mountains and Cumberland Plateau 

regions. Habitat for this species is variable as it occurs in 

high-elevation hardwood forests, cove hardwoods, and oak-hickory forest types, often where tangles 

are present. This bird is often found in edges and clearings of young deciduous and mixed deciduousconiferous woods, orchards, and berry patches. There is no consensus as to what constitutes 

appropriate management for the black-billed cuckoo. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-1.5 percent; 95 percent CI: -2.4 to -0.7). It is a bird of conservation concern in the Appalachian 

Mountains Region due to declining populations. Causes for this decline are not well understood, but 

may include pesticide use and a reduction in the availability of insect prey. Because of its rarity and 

variable habitat association, this species is not selected as a management indicator species.

Population trends for the black-billed cuckoo were estimated in two physiographic areas and two 

national forests (Table 8, Fig. 5). Estimates indicate a stable to declining population on national 

forests across the Southern Region. Declines are indicated for the George Washington and Jefferson 

National Forests, where the number of detections is relatively large. There were insuffi cient detections 

on other national forests for reliable estimates, but this species was associated most frequently with 

glade-shrub-savanna habitats and mature maple-beech-birch forests (Appendix 6). 

Table 8.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in the number of 

observations per count of black-billed cuckoo on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.004 114 -3.1 -9.5 3.8

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.017 80 -5.2 -13.0 3.3

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.004 23 2.0 -7.1 12.1

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.018 95 -5.3 -9.6 -0.8

 Cherokee 0.004 6 12.5 -2.6 30.1

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which black-billed cuckoo occurred on fewer than six points are 

not shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than 

estimates based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
21

Figure 5.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted 

lines) for the black-billed cuckoo, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, two physiographic areas, and two national forests. Meanobservations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
22

Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus)

The yellow-billed cuckoo breeds throughout much of the United 

States, Southeastern Canada, the Greater Antilles, and Mexico 

(Hughes 1999), wintering primarily in South America. This species 

prefers to nest in open woodlands with clearings as well as low scrubby 

vegetation associated with riparian areas. In the South, it occupies 

hammocks and hardwood forests. Management centers on the 

maintenance of riparian areas with dense understory vegetation.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this 

species from 1966 to 2004 (-1.7 percent; 95 percent CI: -2.0 to 

-1.5). This bird is of concern due to population declines associated 

with habitat loss and fragmentation. The yellow-billed cuckoo is a 

management indicator species only on the Kisatchie National Forest, where it indicates management 

effects on small-stream riparian habitats.

Population trends for the yellow-billed cuckoo were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 

14 national forests (Table 9, Fig. 6). Estimates indicate that populations increased moderately on 

national forests across the Southern Region. Estimates were positive for 7 of 10 physiograpic areas, 

with 5 having 90 percent confi dence intervals excluding zero. Similarly, trend estimates for 9 of 14 

national forests were positive, with 6 having 90 percent confi dence intervals excluding zero. Declines 

were indicated only for the Interior Low Plateau represented by Land Between the Lakes, and the 

East Gulf Coastal Plain, infl uenced by declines on National Forests in Mississippi.

The yellow-billed cuckoos is associated with a variety of habitats but was associated most frequently 

with riparian, elm-ash-cottonwood, and oak-gum-cypress forest types (Appendix 6). It generally was 

equally associated with each successional stage across all forest types. 
23

Table 9.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of observations 

per count of yellow-billed cuckoo on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, and 

national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.318 3318 3.4 2.7 4.2

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.195 400 9.1 7.1 11.0

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.134 393 19.8 16.9 22.8

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.393 136 8.0 5.0 11.1

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.277 173 6.3 2.6 10.1

 Southern Piedmont 0.357 205 3.1 -0.4 6.7

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.604 207 -5.9 -7.8 -3.9

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.449 459 3.0 1.4 4.6

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.480 289 -0.8 -3.2 1.7

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.392 881 -2.0 -3.8 -0.3

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.256 175 3.3 -0.3 7.0

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.194 496 6.1 4.7 7.4

 NFs in North Carolina 0.073 77 17.5 12.0 23.2

 Cherokee 0.142 162 3.4 1.0 5.8

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.212 135 1.7 -0.8 4.3

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.449 342 -0.3 -2.0 1.4

 Daniel Boone 0.393 136 8.0 5.0 11.1

 NFs in Alabama 0.249 250 9.7 6.6 13.0

 Land Between the Lakes 0.691 207 -7.0 -8.1 -5.9

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.371 208 6.7 4.2 9.2

 Ouachita 0.527 290 0.6 -1.2 2.5

 NFs in Texas 0.457 152 1.3 -2.2 4.8

 Kisatchie 0.491 114 -0.8 -4.7 3.2

 NFs in Mississippi 0.432 755 -2.5 -3.6 -1.4

 NFs in Florida 0.069 44 -3.6 -18.6 14.2

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which yellow-billed cuckoo occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
24

Figure 6. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percentconfi dence bands (dotted lines) for the yellow-billed cuckoo, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
25

Figure 6.—Continued
26

Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes 

erythrocephalus)

The red-headed woodpecker breeds throughout the Eastern 

United States and Southern Canada east of the Rocky 

Mountains (Smith et al. 2000). It winters within the 

same area except for the western and northern extremes 

of its range. This species is commonly found in deciduous 

woodlands. In the South, it is found in pine scrub, mixed 

pine and hardwood forest, pine fl atwoods, pine-oak savanna 

and long-leaf pine forests. The red-headed woodpecker 

prefers open forests with a sparse understory and abundant snags. Management programs that focus 

on creating or maintaining snags benefi t this species. Prescribed burning, thinning, and woodland 

restoration have also a positive effect.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-2.7 

percent; 95 percent CI: -3.3 to -2.1). This bird is of concern because of the loss of suitable forest 

habitat. It is a bird of conservation concern in the Central Hardwoods, West Gulf Coastal Plain/

Ouachitas, Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Appalachian Mountains, and Peninsular Florida regions. The 

red-headed woodpecker is a management indicator species on the Kisatchie National Forest, where 

it indicates management effects on longleaf pine forests and woodlands, and on the Ozark National 

Forest, where it indicates management effects on the restoration of oak woodland.

Population trends for the red-headed woodpecker were estimated in nine physiographic areas and 

in 13 national forests (Table 10, Fig. 7). Estimates indicate stable populations on national forests 

across the region. Several estimates for physiographic areas and individual national forests (Northern 

Cumberland Plateau, Interior Low Plateau, Daniel Boone National Forest, and National Forests 

in North Carolina) represent both positive and negative extreme values. Although the 90 percent 

confi dence intervals for these estimates may exclude zero, they are based on relatively small numbers 

of detections and should be interpreted with caution. More robust estimates of note are declines 

suggested for the Southern Blue Ridge, the Francis Marion and Sumter National Forests, and the 

Ouachita National Forest, and increases on the National Forests in Alabama.

The red-headed woodpecker was associated with a variety of forest types and successional conditions 

but was associated most frequently with early successional stages of pine forest types (Appendix 6). 

Later successional stages of pine forest types also supported relatively high frequency of occurrence.
27

Table 10.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of red-headed woodpecker on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.062 995 -1.0 -3.3 1.3

Physiographic Area

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.005 33 -14.7 -25.9 -2.0

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.021 20 119.4 103.5 136.6

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.062 55 9.6 -0.6 20.9

 Southern Piedmont 0.171 106 1.5 -4.4 7.8

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.004 19 -54.4 -57.5 -51.2

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.013 35 -13.1 -24.5 0.1

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.137 94 -4.4 -9.9 1.5

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.107 411 -0.6 -4.6 3.6

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.268 217 -2.0 -5.6 1.8

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.001 6 6.9 0.1 14.2

 NFs in North Carolina 0.015 22 31.6 19.1 45.4

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.037 31 3.7 -2.5 10.3

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.184 195 -7.1 -9.8 -4.4

 Daniel Boone 0.021 20 119.4 103.5 136.6

 NFs in Alabama 0.075 108 10.0 3.4 17.0

 Land Between the Lakes 0.010 19 -16.4 -17.3 -15.6

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.010 10 0.5 -13.3 16.6

 Ouachita 0.020 35 -13.9 -25.7 -0.3

 NFs in Texas 0.179 46 -5.5 -12.5 2.2

 Kisatchie 0.089 39 -2.9 -11.7 6.9

 NFs in Mississippi 0.121 354 -2.0 -4.1 0.3

 NFs in Florida 0.359 114 3.5 -1.3 8.5

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which red-headed woodpecker occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
28

Figure 7. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the red-headed woodpecker, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, nine physiographic areas, and 13 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
29

Figure 7.—Continued
30

Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens)

The downy woodpecker is a year-round resident coast to coast 

and from the tree line in Canada and Alaska to southern Florida 

and the forests of southern California (Jackson and Ouellet 2002). 

Often it is found in open, deciduous forests and riparian corridors 

throughout its range. This species is less abundant in coniferous 

forests except when it is associated with deciduous understory. 

Thinning of forest habitats is benefi cial for this species as it prefers 

more open forests.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this 

species from 1966 to 2004 (0.0 percent; 95 percent CI: -0.3 

to 0.4). The downy woodpecker is a management indicator species only for the national forests in 

Mississippi, where it indicates effects of management on mature slash pine forests.

Population trends for the downy woodpecker were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 11, Fig. 8). Trend estimates suggest that populations have increased moderately 

on national forests across the region. Estimates were positive for six physiographic areas, with fi ve 

having 90 percent confi dence intervals excluding zero. Similarly, trend estimates for 10 of 14 national 

forests were positive, with 7 having 90 percent confi dence intervals excluding zero. Declines were 

indicated only for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Valley represented by the George Washington and 

Jefferson National Forests, for the East Gulf Coastal Plain, and for the Francis Marion and Sumter 

National Forests.

The downy woodpecker was detected with relatively high frequency of occurrence across a variety 

of habitats (Appendix 6). It was associated most frequently with all successional stages of elm-ashcottonwood forest and sand pine-oak forest.
31

Table 11.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of downy woodpecker on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.110 2111 3.3 1.9 4.7

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.070 263 -6.3 -9.8 -2.7

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.076 343 -1.2 -4.5 2.2

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.128 105 14.0 8.9 19.3

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.066 71 15.6 5.6 26.7

 Southern Piedmont 0.148 123 -3.9 -9.4 1.8

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.167 164 13.3 8.5 18.3

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.146 312 7.0 3.4 10.8

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.121 135 7.8 2.8 13.1

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.120 432 -3.8 -6.9 -0.7

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.148 163 2.6 -1.2 6.5

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.075 337 -2.7 -4.8 -0.4

 NFs in North Carolina 0.056 83 -2.2 -9.2 5.4

 Cherokee 0.078 136 4.4 1.3 7.6

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.139 115 0.1 -2.8 3.1

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.113 177 -6.5 -9.4 -3.6

 Daniel Boone 0.128 105 14.0 8.9 19.3

 NFs in Alabama 0.059 96 1.0 -5.1 7.5

 Land Between the Lakes 0.160 164 6.7 3.9 9.5

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.174 165 -0.4 -4.5 3.9

 Ouachita 0.136 176 12.0 6.8 17.6

 NFs in Texas 0.125 76 14.9 8.2 21.9

 Kisatchie 0.103 45 3.6 -5.0 12.9

 NFs in Mississippi 0.116 372 4.9 2.5 7.4

 NFs in Florida 0.184 79 6.4 1.3 11.7

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which downy woodpecker occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
32

Figure 8. (contunied on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percentconfi dence bands (dotted lines) for the downy woodpecker, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of pointsused in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
33

Figure 8.—Continued
34

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

The northern fl icker is a year-round resident of most of the 

United States (Moore 1995). This species prefers forest edge 

and open woodlands and savannas; however, the variation 

in tree species composition of its habitat is as broad as the 

species’ geographic range. Forest management practices that 

restore woodlands and retain snags greatly benefi t this bird. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend 

for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-2.0 percent; 95 percent 

CI: -2.3 to -1.7). It is of interest because as a primary cavity excavator, the northern fl icker creates 

many of the cavities used later by other hole-nesting species. It is a management indicator species on 

the George Washington National Forest, where it indicates management effects on cavity nesters.

Population trends for the northern fl icker were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 12, Fig. 9). Trend estimates suggest that populations have been stable on 

national forests across the region. Positive trends were indicated for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and 

Valley represented by the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, the West Gulf Coastal 

Plain, National Forests in North Carolina, Cherokee National Forest, and National Forests in Texas. 

Declines were indicated for the Interior Low Plateaus represented by Land Between the Lakes, OzarkOuachita Interior Highlands infl uenced by large declines on the Ouachita National Forest, Francis 

Marion and Sumter National Forests, and National Forests in Florida.

The northern fl ickers was detected in a variety of habitat types, but was associated most frequently 

with the grass/forb stage of longleaf-slash pine forest and all successional stages of elm-ashcottonwood forest and sand pine-oak forest (Appendix 6). Across forest types, fl ickers were more 

highly associated with early successional stages than later successional stages. 
35

Table 12.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of northern flicker on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.061 1312 1.3 -0.6 3.3

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.050 167 7.5 2.5 12.7

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.060 283 0.3 -3.3 4.1

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.066 70 8.4 -0.4 18.0

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.090 86 2.3 -3.5 8.4

 Southern Piedmont 0.114 118 -0.4 -6.4 6.0

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.007 27 -27.8 -31.5 -23.8

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.034 85 -11.6 -17.8 -4.9

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.038 59 17.2 7.2 28.1

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.046 226 0.7 -4.5 6.2

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.196 191 -0.5 -5.1 4.4

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.052 235 6.0 3.1 9.0

 NFs in North Carolina 0.056 73 16.7 7.4 26.8

 Cherokee 0.065 103 9.0 5.1 13.0

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.065 67 -4.0 -7.8 0.0

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.184 238 -6.6 -9.0 -4.2

 Daniel Boone 0.066 70 8.4 -0.4 18.0

 NFs in Alabama 0.055 87 -1.8 -6.9 3.6

 Land Between the Lakes 0.014 27 -16.5 -19.2 -13.8

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.039 37 -4.0 -11.5 4.2

 Ouachita 0.029 54 -16.7 -24.5 -8.2

 NFs in Texas 0.040 29 30.4 13.7 49.5

 Kisatchie 0.038 25 -0.7 -14.0 14.6

 NFs in Mississippi 0.052 205 -0.4 -3.1 2.5

 NFs in Florida 0.157 78 -8.1 -14.3 -1.4

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which northern flicker occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
36

Figure 9. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percentconfi dence bands (dotted lines) for the northern (yellow-shafted) fl icker, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, 

and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. 

Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number ofpoints used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
37

Figure 9.—Continued
38

Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus)

The pileated woodpecker is a permanent resident of 

deciduous or coniferous forests in Southern Canada and 

in the Western, Midwestern, and Eastern United States 

(Bull and Jackson 1995). Habitat for this species consists of 

extensive areas of late successional coniferous or deciduous 

forest. However, young forests that retain scattered, large, 

dead trees also provide suitable habitat. It roosts in cavities 

in both live and dead trees. Forest management activities 

that favor this species include maintaining older forests and 

retaining dead trees, hollow trees, and older live trees to replace existing snags over time.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a positive trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (1.8 

percent; 95 percent CI: 1.4 to 2.3). This bird is of interest because of its association with large 

diameter snags and because many species use the cavities it excavates for shelter and nesting. The 

pileated woodpecker is a management indicator species on 15 national forests in the Southern 

Region, where it helps indicate management effects on the availability of large snags.

Population trends for the pileated woodpecker were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 

14 national forests (Table 13, Fig. 10). Trend estimates indicate that populations are stable on 

national forests across the region. At the physiographic area scale, positive trends are indicated for 

the Southern Blue Ridge, Northern Cumberland Plateau, Ozark-Ouachita Highlands, and West 

Gulf Coastal Plain. Negative trends are indicated for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Valley, Southern 

Piedmont, and Interior Low Plateaus. At the national forest scale, positive trends are indicated for 

the Cherokee, Daniel Boone, Ouachita, and Kisatchie National Forests, and for National Forests in 

Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Negative trends are indicated for the George Washington and 

Jefferson National Forests and Land Between the Lakes. 

The pileated woodpecker was relatively uniformly associated with all forest types and successional 

stages except for sand pine-oak and spruce-fi re forest types (Appendix 6). This may refl ect the fact 

that this species is wide ranging and can be heard from great distances; its detection during a pointcount does not necessarily refl ect the bird’s association with the habitat at that point.
39

Table 13.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of pileated woodpecker on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.334 3701 0.5 -0.3 1.3

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.296 503 -2.7 -4.5 -0.8

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.397 746 2.8 1.5 4.1

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.373 170 4.1 0.9 7.4

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.212 160 3.7 -0.6 8.3

 Southern Piedmont 0.435 201 -7.1 -10.3 -3.8

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.147 180 9.8 4.8 15.1

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.458 476 3.9 2.0 5.9

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.397 293 3.7 1.0 6.5

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.247 748 -2.7 -4.9 -0.5

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.290 224 -0.1 -3.3 3.1

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.325 637 -1.6 -2.7 -0.4

 NFs in North Carolina 0.264 219 -2.3 -4.7 0.1

 Cherokee 0.310 296 2.1 0.6 3.7

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.509 174 -0.5 -2.0 1.0

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.549 364 -1.2 -2.7 0.2

 Daniel Boone 0.373 170 4.1 0.9 7.4

 NFs in Alabama 0.169 213 7.1 3.3 10.9

 Land Between the Lakes 0.235 180 -10.3 -12.2 -8.2

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.419 217 1.4 -1.1 4.1

 Ouachita 0.477 293 5.4 2.8 8.1

 NFs in Texas 0.474 171 2.5 -1.0 6.1

 Kisatchie 0.293 103 7.2 2.3 12.3

 NFs in Mississippi 0.248 644 4.3 2.9 5.8

 NFs in Florida 0.210 104 7.5 2.0 13.3

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which pileated woodpecker occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
40

Figure 10. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the pileated woodpecker, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, nine physiographic areas, and 10 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of pointsused in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
41

Figure 10.—Continued
42

Eastern Wood-pewee (Contopus virens)

The eastern wood-pewee breeds throughout Eastern 

North America from Southern Canada to the Gulf 

Coast, and winters in South America (McCarty 1996). 

This species prefers to breed in open to mediumdensity mature forests in dry conditions. It uses both 

pine and hardwood forests and may inhabit parks and 

wooded residential areas as well as remote forests. Forest 

management that benefi ts this species includes maintaining large tracts of open forests through 

thinning and burning. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-1.8 

percent; 95 percent CI: -2.1 to -1.5). It is of concern because of a loss of open forest habitats due 

to fi re suppression. The eastern wood-pewee is a management indicator species on the Kisatchie 

National Forest, where it indicates management effects on pine-oak forests.

Population trends for the eastern wood-pewee were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 14, Fig. 11). Estimates indicate that populations are stable on national forests 

across the region. At the physiographic area scale, positive trends are indicated for the Southern 

Cumberland Plateau and Ridge and Valley, and the East Gulf Coastal Plain. Negative trends are 

indicated for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Valley, Southern Blue Ridge, Interior Low Plateaus, 

and West Gulf Coastal Plain. At the national forest scale, positive trends are indicated for the 

Chattahoochee and Oconee National Forests, and for National Forests in Alabama and Mississippi. 

Negative trends are indicated for the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Land 

Between the Lakes, and Kisatchie National Forest.

The eastern peewee was associated most frequently with elm-ash-cottonwood forests of all 

successional stages (Appendix 6). It also was associated with a variety of other conditions, especially 

with oak-hickory, loblolly-shortleaf pine, oak-gum-cypress, hardwood-pine, and longleaf-slash pine 

forests. 
43

Table 14.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of eastern wood-pewee on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.183 2112 -1.0 -2.0 0.1

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.223 406 -4.5 -6.8 -2.2

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.107 260 -5.1 -8.1 -2.0

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.203 108 0.0 -4.2 4.3

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.039 36 13.2 1.2 26.7

 Southern Piedmont 0.213 121 3.1 -1.2 7.6

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.466 190 -2.5 -4.4 -0.5

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.179 247 0.1 -2.6 2.8

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.184 147 -7.6 -11.7 -3.4

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.192 481 5.4 2.8 8.1

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.150 116 4.4 -1.5 10.7

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.247 521 -2.9 -4.4 -1.4

 NFs in North Carolina 0.114 99 -0.1 -6.8 7.1

 Cherokee 0.050 70 0.2 -3.7 4.2

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.076 59 6.1 1.4 11.0

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.161 151 -3.1 -6.2 0.0

 Daniel Boone 0.203 108 0.0 -4.2 4.3

 NFs in Alabama 0.053 68 10.5 3.6 17.8

 Land Between the Lakes 0.558 190 -5.0 -6.1 -3.9

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.288 155 1.5 -1.5 4.6

 Ouachita 0.106 117 -1.9 -6.4 2.8

 NFs in Texas 0.187 75 2.7 -3.7 9.5

 Kisatchie 0.176 61 -24.9 -31.4 17.8

 NFs in Mississippi 0.210 435 4.0 2.1 5.9

 NFs in Florida 0.031 17 -24.7 -33.8 -4.3

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which eastern wood-pewee occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
44

Figure 11. (contimued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the eastern wood-pewee, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of pointsused in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
45

Figure 11.—Continued
46

Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax 

virescens)

The Acadian fl ycatcher breeds throughout 

Eastern North America including most of the 

South. It winters in Central and Northern 

South America (Whitehead and Taylor 2002). 

Breeding habitat for this species is mature 

mesic deciduous forests, often near streams. Habitat management includes maintaining relatively 

undisturbed, mature, deciduous forests in riparian areas and coves within larger blocks of mature 

forest. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a relatively stable trend for this species from 1966 

to 2004 (-0.1 percent; 95 percent CI: -0.5 to 0.3). It is of concern because a loss of habitat due 

to fragmentation and land-use conversion. This species is a bird of conservation concern in the 

Appalachian Mountains and West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas Bird Conservation regions. The 

Acadian fl ycatcher also is a management indicator species on 10 national forests in the Southern 

Region, where it indicates management effects on mature riparian and mesic cove forests.

Population trends for the Acadian fl ycatcher were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 15, Fig. 12). Estimates indicate that populations are stable to increasing 

slightly on national forests across the region. At the physiographic area scale, positive trends are 

indicated for the Northern Cumberland Plateau, Interior Low Plateaus, and Ozark-Ouachita Interior 

Highlands; negative trends are indicated for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Valley. At the national forest 

scale, positive trends are indicated for 7 of 14 national forests; negative trends are indicated only for 

the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests.

The Acadian fl ycatcher was associated most frequently with later successional stages of riparian, elmash-cottonwood, and oak-gum-cypress forests (Appendix 6). It also was highly associated with cove 

hardwood forests and to a lesser extent with mature oak-hickory, hardwood-pine, and white-pinehemlock forests. 
47

Table 15.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of Acadian flycatcher on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.262 2052 1.0 0.0 2.0

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.215 261 -4.7 -7.0 -2.4

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.146 287 -1.3 -4.2 1.8

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.290 104 3.8 0.7 7.1

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.137 74 3.2 -1.1 7.8

 Southern Piedmont 0.483 146 2.2 -1.6 6.2

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.456 184 2.4 0.1 4.7

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.181 190 3.6 0.8 6.5

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.491 150 1.2 -2.0 4.5

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.337 583 0.5 -1.5 2.6

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.179 73 4.1 -1.5 10.0

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.207 311 -4.1 -5.9 -2.3

 NFs in North Carolina 0.222 128 11.8 7.8 15.9

 Cherokee 0.101 88 -0.3 -4.2 3.8

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.209 79 3.2 -0.4 6.9

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.324 188 -1.2 -3.5 1.1

 Daniel Boone 0.290 104 3.8 0.7 7.1

 NFs in Alabama 0.116 109 4.6 0.7 8.5

 Land Between the Lakes 0.407 184 7.5 6.1 8.9

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.243 114 5.7 2.5 9.0

 Ouachita 0.149 106 7.0 2.2 11.9

 NFs in Texas 0.626 74 0.4 -3.1 4.0

 Kisatchie 0.340 59 -2.1 -8.7 5.1

 NFs in Mississippi 0.408 531 1.4 0.2 2.7

 NFs in Florida 0.027 11 4.2 -35.1 67.3

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which Acadian flycatcher occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
48

Figure 12. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the Acadian fl ycatcher, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 

national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of pointsused in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
49

Figure 12.—Continued
50

Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus)

The great crested fl ycatcher’s breeding habitat extends 

from Southern Canada south throughout the Eastern 

United States to the Gulf Coast and the Florida Keys 

(Lanyon 1997). It winters in Central and South America. 

This species generally favors open deciduous or mixed 

woodlands and edges of clearings, but also uses woodlands, 

savannas, riparian corridors, and wooded swamps. The 

great-crested fl ycatcher favors isolated woodlots and 

open forests over closed-canopy forest. Benefi cial forest 

management includes practices that enhance edge and open canopies while preserving dead snags 

and trees with natural cavities. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (0.0 

percent; 95 percent CI: -0.3 to 0.3). The bird is of interest because of its dependence on cavities for 

nesting. The great-crested fl ycatcher is a management indicator species on the Land Between the 

Lakes National Recreation Area, where it indicates management effects on mature open oak forests.

Population trends for this species were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 national forests 

(Table 16, Fig. 13). Trend estimates indicate that populations are stable on national forests across the 

region though trends are highly variable from area to area. At the physiographic area scale, positive 

trends are indicated for the Southern Cumberland/Ridge and Valley, East Gulf Coastal Plain, and 

South Atlantic Coastal Plain; negative trends are indicated for six physiographic areas. At the national 

forest scale, positive trends are indicated for National Forests in North Carolina, Alabama, and 

Mississippi, while negative trends are indicated for the George Washington and Jefferson National 

Forests, Land Between the Lakes, Ouachita National Forest, and Kisatchie National Forest.

The great crested fl ycatcher was associated with a variety of forest types and successional conditions, 

occurring with high frequency in sand pine-oak forests (Appendix 6). This species occurred at 

relatively equal frequencies across successional stages. It was least associated with the spruce-fi r and 

maple-beech-birch forest types.
51

Table 16.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of great crested flycatcher on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.247 2783 0.7 -0.3 1.7

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.203 414 -4.6 -6.9 -2.3

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.062 282 -6.3 -10.1 -2.3

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.057 60 1.1 -7.2 10.1

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.187 150 5.5 0.8 10.3

 Southern Piedmont 0.399 198 -5.3 -9.0 -1.5

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.154 161 -8.8 -13.0 -4.3

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.100 220 -8.3 -11.8 -4.6

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.234 209 -5.6 -9.2 -2.0

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.265 766 10.5 8.2 12.8

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 1.320 323 1.7 0.3 3.2

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.192 486 -4.4 -6.0 -2.8

 NFs in North Carolina 0.160 98 15.1 9.5 20.9

 Cherokee 0.044 71 -4.7 -9.3 0.1

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.201 134 -2.0 -4.8 0.8

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.675 298 -0.7 -1.9 0.6

 Daniel Boone 0.057 60 1.1 -7.2 10.1

 NFs in Alabama 0.186 216 9.8 6.7 12.9

 Land Between the Lakes 0.209 161 -10.5 -12.4 -8.5

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.048 57 -2.3 -8.1 3.8

 Ouachita 0.160 192 -6.5 -10.4 -2.5

 NFs in Texas 0.229 100 -3.5 -7.9 1.1

 Kisatchie 0.223 90 -12.3 -18.5 -5.7

 NFs in Mississippi 0.284 662 5.3 3.6 7.0

 NFs in Florida 1.411 173 1.4 -0.5 3.2

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which great crested flycather occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
52

Figure 13. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the great crested fl ycatcher, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 

national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends 

were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of pointsused in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
53

Figure 13.—Continued
54

White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus)

The white-eyed vireo breeds in Eastern North America 

from Southern Canada to south Florida and westward 

to the Great Plains (Hopp et al. 1995). It winters from 

coastal Virginia to Texas and as far south as Central 

America and several islands in the Caribbean. This 

species breeds in variable habitat conditions, including 

those with extensive undergrowth, shrubs, brambles, and saplings that are interspersed with taller 

trees. These habitats are found in deciduous scrub, overgrown pastures, abandoned farmland, middleto late-stage succession forests, and streamside thickets. Forest management that promotes dense 

brushy habitat is benefi cial.

 The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (0.3 

percent; 95 percent CI: -0.1 to 0.7). The white-eyed vireo is a management indicator species on the 

Kisatchie National Forest, where it indicates management effects on the availability of canopy gaps 

in small-stream riparian forests and early successional forests within mixed hardwood/loblolly pine 

communities.

Population trends for the white-eyed vireo were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 17, Fig. 14). Estimates indicate that populations are showing limited increases 

on national forests across the region though trends are highly variable from area to area. At the 

physiographic area scale, positive trends are indicated for the Southern Cumberland/Ridge and Valley 

and West Gulf Coastal Plain; negative trends are indicated for the Southern Blue Ridge and Southern 

Piedmont. At the national forest scale, positive trends are indicated for fi ve national forests; negative 

trends also are indicated for fi ve national forests.

The white-eyed vireo was associated with a variety of forest types and successional conditions, 

occurring with high frequency in sand pine-oak forests, especially shrub-seedling stages (Appendix 6). 

This species also occurred frequently in riparian, elm-ash-cottonwood, and oak-gum-cypress forests, 

as well as early successional stages of most forest types. 
55

Table 17.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of white-eyed vireo on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.226 1920 1.8 0.6 3.1

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.002 6 13.1 4.5 22.4

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.028 109 -9.2 -15.0 -2.9

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.209 85 -0.2 -4.5 4.2

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.114 80 5.9 0.2 12.0

 Southern Piedmont 0.269 134 -6.9 -11.3 -2.3

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.383 151 2.0 -0.6 4.7

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.163 211 1.8 -1.7 5.3

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.726 241 7.3 4.3 10.4

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.297 665 -0.7 -3.1 1.7

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.652 238 1.7 -1.0 4.4

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.002 9 16.5 7.9 25.7

 NFs in North Carolina 0.135 61 14.2 7.8 21.0

 Cherokee 0.041 47 -9.7 -13.6 -5.6

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.086 68 5.6 0.5 11.0

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.347 223 -3.4 -5.4 -1.3

 Daniel Boone 0.209 85 -0.2 -4.5 4.2

 NFs in Alabama 0.105 126 7.9 3.0 13.0

 Land Between the Lakes 0.401 151 -1.9 -3.7 -0.1

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.164 87 6.9 2.6 11.3

 Ouachita 0.209 156 1.8 -2.1 5.9

 NFs in Texas 0.979 127 7.1 3.4 10.9

 Kisatchie 0.429 97 3.8 -2.1 10.0

 NFs in Mississippi 0.348 596 -3.6 -5.1 -2.2

 NFs in Florida 0.655 99 -4.1 -7.3 -0.8

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which white-eyed vireo occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
56

Figure 14. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the white-eyed vireo, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of pointsused in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
57

Figure 14.—Continued
58

Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo fl avifrons)

The yellow-throated vireo breeds in the Eastern United States 

from the Canadian border to the Gulf Coast (Rodewald and 

James 1996). It winters in Central and South America. This 

species breeds in open forests and edge habitats of bottomland, 

upland deciduous, and mixed deciduous-coniferous forests. While 

associated with forest edge, it requires large blocks of forest 

for successful breeding. Forest management that creates small 

openings, e.g., group or single-tree selection, or thinned canopies 

may benefi t the species.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a positive trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (1.1 

percent; 95 percent CI: 0.5 to 1.8). The bird is of interest due to its association with openings 

and open conditions in riparian and bottomland hardwood forests. The yellow-throated vireo is a 

management indicator species on the Francis Marion National Forest, where it indicates management 

effects on bottomland and riparian forests.

Population trends for the yellow-throated vireo were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 18, Fig. 15). Estimates indicate that populations are increasing moderately 

on national forests across the region. Positive trends are indicated for four physiographic areas, and 

six national forests. Negative trends are indicated only for the Francis Marion and Sumter National 

Forests, and National Forests in Florida.

The yellow-throated vireo was associated with a variety of forest types and successional conditions 

at relatively low frequencies (Appendix 6). The species was associated most frequently with a diverse 

mix of habitats, including mature sand pine-oak, riparian forest, shrub/seedling stage of white pinehemlock forest, and early successional stages of loblolly-shortleaf pine forest.
59

Table 18.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of yellow-throated vireo on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.059 1092 4.5 2.6 6.4

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.004 14 6.5 -4.8 19.1

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.014 72 -6.4 -13.3 1.0

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.079 72 7.9 1.2 15.0

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.060 66 20.0 11.4 29.3

 Southern Piedmont 0.108 83 3.4 -2.5 9.7

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.099 120 17.1 10.1 24.5

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.052 116 3.1 -2.6 9.1

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.173 163 3.9 0.3 7.6

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.065 274 2.8 -1.9 7.7

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.123 112 -1.0 -5.0 3.2

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.003 15 14.8 7.1 23.1

 NFs in North Carolina 0.047 64 0.7 -7.4 9.5

 Cherokee 0.005 11 -6.5 -11.4 -1.4

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.025 30 11.0 6.2 15.9

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.075 108 -4.4 -7.9 -0.7

 Daniel Boone 0.079 72 7.9 1.2 15.0

 NFs in Alabama 0.049 85 19.0 11.9 26.5

 Land Between the Lakes 0.096 120 7.2 3.9 10.5

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.028 31 6.2 -1.8 14.9

 Ouachita 0.069 96 2.6 -4.0 9.7

 NFs in Texas 0.125 68 7.9 2.0 14.1

 Kisatchie 0.264 84 0.0 -4.4 4.6

 NFs in Mississippi 0.079 254 -1.6 -3.8 0.5

 NFs in Florida 0.175 58 -5.2 -9.1 -1.1

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which yellow-throated vireo occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
60

Figure 15. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the yellow-throated vireo, 1992–2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graphs. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
61

Figure 15.—Continued
62

Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)

The black-capped chickadee is found across most of the 

northern two-thirds of the United States and Southern 

Canada (Smith 1993). In the South, it is found at higher 

elevations in the Appalachian Mountains from Virginia 

to Tennessee and North Carolina. Habitat for this species 

includes a variety of deciduous and mixed deciduous/

coniferous open forest and woodland. It is common near 

edges of wooded areas but also can be found in the middle 

of large wooded tracts. Forest management centers on 

maintaining a diverse landscape and adequate snags for cavity nesting.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a positive trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (1.3 

percent; 95 percent CI: 0.9 to 1.7). The species is of regional concern due to population declines and 

a variety of threats to ecosystems at the upper elevations of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. 

It is a bird of conservation concern across the Appalachian Mountains. Because of its limited range 

and general habitat requirements, the black-capped chickadee has not been selected as a management 

indicator species.

Population trends for the black-capped chickadee were estimated in two physiographic areas and 

in three national forests (Table 19, Fig. 16). Trend estimates indicate that populations showed large 

increases on national forests in the region. This trend is driven largely the George Washington and 

Jefferson National Forests within the Southern Blue Ridge. Trends for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and 

Valley were stable to increasing slightly. Detections were limited on the only two other national 

forests within the range of this species. 

The black-capped chickadee was associated most frequently with later successional stages of white 

pine-hemlock. It also was associated with glade-shrub-savanna, and maple-beech-birch, hardwood 

pine, and oak hickory forests.
63

Table 19.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of black-capped chickadee on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.019 354 6.7 3.4 10.2

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.082 250 2.9 -1.0 7.0

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.031 103 15.2 10.5 20.1

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.091 332 6.1 3.5 8.8

 NFs in North Carolina 0.008 8 77.3 55.9 101.7

 Cherokee 0.008 15 -1.6 -4.3 1.2

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which black-capped chickadee occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates 

based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.

Figure 16.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence 

bands (dotted lines) for the black-capped chickadee, 1992–2004, for the Southern Region, two physiographic 

areas, and three national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the 

species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on 

the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands 

should be considered when interpreting the trends.
64

White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)

The white-breasted nuthatch is a resident species in forests 

across North America from Southern Canada to the Gulf 

Coast and Mexico (Pravosudov and Grubb 1993). This 

species generally breeds in mature deciduous woodland but 

also uses mixed deciduous and coniferous forests. It nests in 

natural holes in large, old trees and prefers woodland edges. 

Forest management in hardwoods that retains old trees and 

snags with natural cavities provides habitat for this species.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a positive trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (8.6 

percent; 95 percent CI: 1.1 to 16.2). The white-breasted nuthatch is a management indicator species 

on the Kisatchie National Forest, where it indicates management effects on large-stream riparian 

forests.

Population trends for the white-breasted nuthatch were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and 13 

national forests (Table 20, Fig. 17). Trend estimates indicate moderate increases in populations on 

national forests across the region. Positive trends are indicated for four physiographic areas and fi ve 

national forests. Negative trends are indicated only for the Interior Low Plateaus represented solely by 

Land Between the Lakes.

The white-breasted nuthatch was associated with a variety of forest types and successional stages but 

was associated most frequently across successional stages with oak-hickory, maple-beech-birch, white 

pine-hemlock, and hardwood-pine forests, as well as with glade-shrub-savanna habitats (Appendix 6).
65

Table 20.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of white-breasted nuthatch on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.116 1816 3.4 2.0 4.7

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.159 375 0.1 -2.4 2.6

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.127 421 1.1 -1.6 3.8

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.298 156 2.9 -0.8 6.7

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.152 129 9.5 3.2 16.2

 Southern Piedmont 0.055 46 8.5 1.7 15.8

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.235 177 1.6 -2.8 6.1

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.142 273 9.0 5.6 12.6

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.018 19 10.4 0.2 21.7

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.048 186 4.4 -1.0 10.1

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.032 34 22.8 9.6 37.6

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.167 475 0.1 -1.5 1.7

 NFs in North Carolina 0.141 152 0.9 -3.0 5.0

 Cherokee 0.082 119 4.1 0.6 7.8

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.136 104 1.2 -2.8 5.3

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.037 76 -6.0 -11.7 0.1

 Daniel Boone 0.298 156 2.9 -0.8 6.7

 NFs in Alabama 0.120 155 9.2 4.1 14.5

 Land Between the Lakes 0.278 177 -5.0 -6.9 -3.1

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.179 140 7.1 2.7 11.6

 Ouachita 0.095 133 12.2 6.9 17.7

 NFs in Texas 0.010 8 17.0 9.2 25.3

 Kisatchie 0.033 11 7.2 -1.9 17.1

 NFs in Mississippi 0.033 127 19.3 15.6 23.1

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which white-breasted nuthatch occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based 

on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
66

Figure 17. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the white-breasted nuthatch, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 13

national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of pointsused in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
67

Figure 17.—Continued
68

Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla)

The range of the brown-headed nuthatch coincides with 

the geographic distribution of southern pine forests on the 

Lower Coastal Plain, Upper Coastal Plain, and Southern 

Piedmont regions (Withgott and Smith 1998). It is a 

resident from east Texas and extreme southeast Oklahoma, 

east to the Atlantic Coast and north to Virginia. This 

species is associated primarily with mature pine habitat that has been managed with prescribed 

fi re and, thus, lacks a dense hardwood midstory and understory. Conservation needs center on 

maintaining mature pine forests and restoring/maintaining appropriate fi re regimes.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a nearly stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-1.4 percent; 95 percent CI: -3.0 to 0.2). It is a bird of conservation concern in the West Gulf 

Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, Southeastern Coastal Plain, and Peninsular Florida regions. The bird is of 

concern due to local population declines related to the loss of fi re-maintained pine forests. Habitat 

fragmentation also may be detrimental as weak fl ying ability and sedentary character make it unlikely 

that individuals will disperse to distant fragments following local extirpations. The brown-headed 

nuthatch is a management indicator species on three national forests in the Southern Region, where it 

indicates management effects related to maintaining open, fi re-maintained pine forests.

Population trends for the brown-headed nuthatch were estimated in seven physiographic areas and in 

nine national forests (Table 21, Fig. 18). Trend estimates indicate moderate increases in populations 

on national forests across the region. Positive trends are indicated for the Southern Cumberland/

Ridge and Valley, and East Gulf Coastal Plain as well as the Francis Marion and Sumter National 

Forests and national forests in Alabama. No physiographic areas or national forests showed negative 

trends.

The brown-headed nuthatch was primarily associated with longleaf-slash pine forests and to a lesser 

extent with loblolly-shortleaf pine forests (Appendix 6). Association was stronger with early than with 

later successional stages.
69

Table 21.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of brown-headed nuthatch on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.042 451 3.7 0.4 7.0

Physiographic Area

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.001 6 -1.5 -17.9 18.2

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.031 33 86.5 72.7

 Southern Piedmont 0.139 61 2.7 -3.5 9.3

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.007 7 10.4 -10.6 36.4

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.191 108 0.5 -5.3 6.7

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.036 114 11.2 4.1 18.7

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.192 122 1.7 -2.8 6.4

National Forest

 NFs in North Carolina 0.050 22 -2.1 -15.1 12.8

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.011 12 28.3 19.3 37.9

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.124 109 5.4 2.8 8.0

 NFs in Alabama 0.036 54 43.6 33.1 55.0

 Ouachita 0.008 7 -6.7 -19.2 7.7

 NFs in Texas 0.249 64 0.8 -6.5 8.6

 Kisatchie 0.145 43 -0.3 -9.6 10.0

 NFs in Mississippi 0.042 94 3.6 -0.3 7.6

 NFs in Florida 0.122 44 0.7 -9.9 12.7

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which brown-headed nuthatch occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based 

on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
70

Figure 18. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the brown-headed nuthatch, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, seven physiographic areas, and 9 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
71

Figure 18.—Continued
72

Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis)

The eastern bluebird breeds from Canada, south 

throughout the Eastern United States to the Gulf Coast, 

and west into the riparian corridors of the Great Plains 

(Gowaty and Plissner 1998). This species is a year-round 

resident of the South. Natural habitats probably were 

fi re-maintained savannas, mature open pine forests, snags 

adjacent to open water, and xeric forest openings in the 

eastern deciduous forest. This cavity nester depends on 

cavities in snags or nest boxes. Forest practices such as 

thinning and prescribed burning to provide open habitats benefi t this species. Maintaining standing 

dead trees within silvicultural treatment areas provides vital nesting cavities.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a positive trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (2.4 

percent; 95 percent CI: 2.0 to 2.8). The bird is of interest because it is limited by nest-site availability 

and is valued for wildlife watching. The eastern bluebird is a management indicator species on 

Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area, where it indicates management effects on the 

abundance of snags in open habitats and on wildlife viewing opportunities.

Population trends for the eastern bluebird were estimated in nine physiographic areas and in 12 

national forests (Table 22; Fig. 19). Trend estimates indicate stable populations on national forests 

across the region. Positive trends are indicated for the East Gulf Coastal Plain and National Forests in 

Mississippi. Negative trends are indicated for the Southern Blue Ridge and the Francis Marion and 

Sumter National Forests.

The eastern bluebird was associated primarily with glade-shrub-savanna habitats and early 

successional stages of pine forests (Appendix 6).
73

Table 22.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of eastern bluebird on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.017 365 -0.9 -4.9 3.2

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.004 22 6.9 -6.3 21.9

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.009 40 -14.6 -23.6 -4.4

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.012 12 -3.2 -16.0 11.5

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.011 13 11.1 -1.1 24.8

 Southern Piedmont 0.090 54 -2.7 -12.1 7.7

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.015 34 9.6 -4.3 25.5

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.012 33 12.9 1.4 25.6

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.016 19 -42.6 -46.7 -38.1

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.015 62 16.0 5.6 27.5

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.047 76 -2.2 -7.5 3.5

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.005 28 2.4 -4.4 9.6

 NFs in North Carolina 0.015 19 9.3 -3.8 24.1

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.025 21 11.5 3.7 19.9

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.083 97 -10.8 -14.4 -7.0

 Daniel Boone 0.012 12 -3.2 -16.0 11.5

 NFs in Alabama 0.022 29 8.4 -2.0 19.9

 Land Between the Lakes 0.024 34 -13.7 -19.4 -7.7

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.013 15 12.6 -2.0 29.5

 Ouachita 0.010 18 13.2 -2.6 31.4

 Kisatchie 0.040 17 -42.8 -47.2 -38.0

 NFs in Mississippi 0.011 42 24.6 16.3 33.4

 NFs in Florida 0.042 29 -12.6 -21.2 -3.1

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which eastern bluebird occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on 

few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
74

Figure 19. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the eastern bluebird, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, nine 

physiographic areas, and 12 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be 

considered when interpreting the trends.
75

Figure 19.—Continued
76

Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)

The wood thrush breeds in a variety of wooded habitats 

in Eastern North America from Southern Canada to 

the Gulf Coast (Roth et al. 1996). It winters in Mexico, 

Central America, and the western Caribbean. This species 

breeds in both the interior and forest edges of deciduous 

and mixed forests. Key elements of preferred sites include 

a variety of deciduous tree species, moderate subcanopy 

and shrub density, shade, and a fairly open, moist forest 

fl oor. Habitat management centers on maintaining large 

tracts of deciduous forest habitat.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for the species from 1966 to 2004 

(-1.8 percent; 95 percent CI: -2.1 to -1.4). It is a bird of conservation concern in the Central 

Hardwoods, West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Southeastern Coastal 

Plain, Appalachian Mountains, and Piedmont regions. The bird is of concern because of the loss 

and fragmentation of forest habitats and nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird. The wood 

thrush is a management indicator species on four national forests in the Southern Region, where it 

indicates management effects on interior forest habitats, mesic hardwood forest communities, and 

mature mixed pine hardwood forests.

Population trends for the wood thrush were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 13 national 

forests (Table 23, Fig. 20). Trend estimates indicate moderately declining populations on national 

forests across the region. Negative trends are indicated for fi ve physiographic areas and four forests. 

Positive trends are indicated only for the South Atlantic Coastal Plain though the number of points 

where wood thrush was detected in this physiographic area was relatively small.

The wood thrush was associated with a variety of forest types and successional stages, with highest 

association indicated for mature maple-beech-birch, cove hardwood, and white-pine hemlock 

forests (Appendix 6). Association also was high for oak hickory, hardwood pine, loblolly-shortleaf 

pine, and riparian forests. The wood thrush was detected at points across successional stages.
77

Table 23.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of wood thrush on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.225 2623 -3.3 -4.3 -2.3

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.304 475 -3.4 -5.5 -1.2

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.253 528 1.3 -0.6 3.3

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.396 148 -0.1 -3.2 3.2

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.115 82 -1.2 -7.1 5.1

 Southern Piedmont 0.467 204 -10.8 -14.1 -7.4

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.189 162 -10.3 -14.1 -6.4

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.086 163 -0.8 -4.5 3.0

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.097 110 -15.4 -20.8 -9.7

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.282 717 -4.8 -7.1 -2.5

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.036 34 18.0 5.2 32.3

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.335 602 -2.1 -3.4 -0.8

 NFs in North Carolina 0.211 155 0.5 -3.3 4.3

 Cherokee 0.252 203 -1.7 -3.7 0.4

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.240 123 1.2 -1.5 3.9

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.239 224 -9.9 -12.1 -7.6

 Daniel Boone 0.396 148 -0.1 -3.2 3.2

 NFs in Alabama 0.105 139 -4.0 -8.6 0.7

 Land Between the Lakes 0.271 162 -12.8 -14.8 -10.7

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.137 109 -1.4 -5.5 2.9

 Ouachita 0.048 66 2.8 -4.1 10.2

 NFs in Texas 0.111 64 -25.1 -32.3 -17.2

 Kisatchie 0.090 44 2.7 -5.7 11.9

 NFs in Mississippi 0.316 629 -0.2 -1.7 1.2

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which wood thrush occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. Estimates 

based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few points with 

confidence intervals that include zero.
78

Figure 20. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the wood thrush, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 13 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
79

Figure 20.—Continued
80

Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora pinus)

The blue-winged warbler breeds in the Eastern 

United States as far south as Oklahoma, 

Arkansas, northern Alabama and northern 

Georgia (Gill et al. 2001). Most descriptions 

of breeding habitat refer to the use of saplings, forest edge, or forest clearings and dense shrub 

understory. This species also is common in overgrown old fi elds and brushy swamps. Management 

focuses on maintaining adequate early successional nesting habitat.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a nearly stable trend for this species from 1966 to 

2004 (-0.7 percent; 95 percent CI: -1.6 to 0.3). It is a bird of conservation concern in the Central 

Hardwoods region. The bird is of concern due to loss of early-serial forest habitat. The blue-winged 

warbler has not been selected as a management indicator species.

Population trends for the blue-winged warbler were estimated in seven physiographic areas and in 

eight national forests (Table 24, Fig. 21). Trend estimates indicate large declines on national forests 

across the region. The number of points where this species was detected is somewhat limited for many 

physiographic areas and national forests; however, negative trend estimates associated with 90 percent 

confi dence intervals that exclude zero and 30 or more points are indicated for two physiographic areas 

and four national forests. Positive trend estimates meeting these criteria are indicated only for the 

Francis Marion and Sumter National Forests.

The blue-winged warbler was associated most frequently with glade-shrub-savanna habitats and early 

successional stages of white-pine hemlock and loblolly-shortleaf pine forest (Appendix 6). 
81

Table 24.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of blue-winged warbler on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.014 293 -15.6 -19.0 -12.0

Physiographic Area

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.032 133 -11.2 -14.1 -8.3

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.021 23 -26.8 -35.9 -16.5

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.030 35 -12.6 -18.7 -6.2

 Southern Piedmont 0.018 23 11.4 2.9 20.6

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.016 30 -15.5 -16.4 -14.6

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.019 33 -9.4 -18.0 0.1

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.002 9 113.5 78.2

National Forest

 NFs in North Carolina 0.064 76 -32.3 -36.8 -27.6

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.066 56 -7.6 -12.5 -2.4

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.013 32 12.9 7.5 18.6

 Daniel Boone 0.021 23 -26.8 -35.9 -16.5

 NFs in Alabama 0.016 30 2.1 -8.3 13.7

 Land Between the Lakes 0.016 30 -15.5 -16.4 -14.6

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.040 32 -9.6 -18.3 -0.1

 NFs in Mississippi 0.002 9 113.5 78.2

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which blue-winged warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
82

Figure 21.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence 

bands (dotted lines) for the blue-winged warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, seven physiographic areas, and 

eight national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an 

annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for 

each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when 

interpreting the trends.
83

Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera)

The golden-winged warbler’s breeding habitat is 

distributed in the Northeastern and North-central 

United States and southern Ontario (Confer 1992). 

In the South, it occurs at mid to upper elevations in 

the Appalachian Mountains from Virginia to Georgia, 

and it winters in Central and South America. Breeding 

habitat includes patches of grass-dominated herbaceous 

cover, shrubs, scattered trees, and forested edge. Often, this habitat is associated with shrubby fi elds 

and marshes and bogs with a forest edge. Management that provides for grassy patches within early 

succession forest or fi eld conditions, particularly at higher elevations, provides suitable breeding 

habitat. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-2.5 

percent; 95 percent CI: -4.0 to -0.9). The bird is of concern because of advancing forest succession, 

nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird, and hybridization with blue-winged warblers. Because 

of its rarity, the golden-winged warbler has not been selected as a management indicator species but 

it is increasingly targeted as part of habitat improvement projects on national forests of the Southern 

Appalachians.

Population trends for the golden-winged warbler were estimated in one physiographic area and in 

two national forests (Table 25, Fig. 22). Although points where the species was detected are limited, 

evidence suggests that populations are declining on national forests within the Southern Blue Ridge, 

the extent of its range in the Southern Region. Habitat associations of the golden-winged warbler 

were not determined due to the small number of points at which they were detected.

Table 25.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number 

of observations per count of golden-winged warbler on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.012 34 -27.0 -34.2 -18.9

Physiographic Area

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.011 34 -10.4 -14.5 -6.0

National Forest

 NFs in North Carolina 0.028 22 -27.0 -34.7 -18.4

 Cherokee 0.006 10 -11.2 -14.1 -8.2

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which golden-winged warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates 

based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
84

Figure 22.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid 

line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the golden-winged warbler, 

1992-2004, for the Southern Region, one physiographic area, and two national 

forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the 

species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson 

regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of 

points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered 

when interpreting the trends.
85

Northern Parula (Parula americana)

The northern parula breeds throughout the eastern 

half of the United States and in Southern Canada 

(Moldenhauer and Regelski 1996). It winters 

primarily in Eastern Mexico and on islands of the 

West Indies. This species is associated primarily 

with mature forest with epiphytic growth such as 

Spanish moss. It is commonly found in the canopy 

and subcanopy of bottomland forest next to rivers, 

swamps, and lakes. Southern populations nest in Spanish moss in hardwood bottomlands along rivers 

and swamps. Forest management should center on maintaining large tracts of undisturbed breeding 

habitat or allowing disturbed habitat to mature to the point where it can support the species.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a positive trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (0.8 

percent; 95 percent CI: 0.2 to 1.4). It is a bird of conservation concern in the Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley and Southeastern Coastal Plain regions. The bird is of concern because of the loss of riparian 

habitats suitable for nesting. The northern parula is a management indicator species on three national 

forests in the Southern Region, where it indicates management effects on riparian forests.

Population trends for the northern parula were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 26, Fig. 23). Trend estimates indicate small increases for this species on 

national forests across the region. Increases were indicated for fi ve physiographic areas and three 

national forests; decreases were indicated for three physiographic areas and one national forest. 

Increases were indicated for western and coastal plain areas, with decreases clustered in the 

Appalachians and Southern Piedmont.

The northern parula was associated most frequently with mature oak-gum-cypress, elm-ashcottonwood, and riparian forests types, and was highly associated with mature cove hardwood and 

white-pine hemlock forests (Appendix 6). Unexpectedly, this species also was recorded relatively 

frequently at early successional points in glade-shrub-savanna and loblolly-shortleaf pine forests.
86

Table 26.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of northern parula on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.129 1355 1.8 0.3 3.3

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.066 118 -5.2 -8.6 -1.6

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.123 278 -3.2 -5.7 -0.5

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.111 60 3.0 -2.8 9.1

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.074 62 4.5 -3.8 13.6

 Southern Piedmont 0.367 149 -5.7 -9.8 -1.4

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.217 138 14.9 10.6 19.4

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.109 115 3.1 0.0 6.2

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.143 58 6.5 0.4 12.9

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.081 216 5.8 1.9 9.8

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.289 161 6.8 2.2 11.6

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.059 151 -1.6 -4.3 1.2

 NFs in North Carolina 0.248 152 2.8 -2.3 8.1

 Cherokee 0.076 89 2.7 -0.1 5.6

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.098 56 -1.5 -6.1 3.3

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.340 219 -4.1 -6.3 -1.9

 Daniel Boone 0.111 60 3.0 -2.8 9.1

 NFs in Alabama 0.070 90 4.4 -2.0 11.2

 Land Between the Lakes 0.176 138 15.8 13.2 18.4

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.149 68 8.4 4.5 12.3

 Ouachita 0.093 65 -0.9 -5.5 4.0

 NFs in Texas 0.179 34 10.8 4.8 17.2

 Kisatchie 0.094 19 -2.9 -18.5 15.7

 NFs in Mississippi 0.094 169 -2.2 -4.3 0.0

 NFs in Florida 0.225 71 3.8 -2.2 10.2

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which northern parula occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
87

Figure 23. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the northern parula, 1992–2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of pointsused in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
88

Figure 23.—Continued
89

Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia)

The yellow warbler breeds across North America from 

south of the tundra to Arkansas, Georgia, and Virginia 

(Lowther et al. 1999). It winters in Mexico and Central 

and South America, and occasionally along the Gulf Coast. 

This species is commonly found in wet, deciduous thickets 

dominated by willows, and uses other early successional 

habitats associated with streams, rivers or lakes. Habitat 

management centers on creating and maintaining early 

successional nesting habitat in riparian areas. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (0.3 

percent; 95 percent CI: 0.0 to 0.5). The yellow warbler is a bird of conservation concern in the 

Peninsular Florida region and is of concern due to habitat loss in riparian areas. The yellow warbler 

has not been selected as a management indicator species.

Population trends for the yellow warbler were estimated in seven physiographic areas and in nine 

national forests (Table 27, Fig. 24). Trend estimates indicate stable populations for this species on 

national forests across the region. Subdivided by physiographic area and forest, sample sizes are 

relatively small but evidence indicates declines in the Southern Blue Ridge and increases on the 

Daniel Boone National Forest in the Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge and Valley area. 

The yellow warbler was associated most frequently with glade-shrub-savanna, early successional elmash-cottonwood forest, and mature cove hardwood forest (Appendix 6). 
90

Table 27.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of yellow warbler on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.007 198 0.6 -4.7 6.1

Physiographic Area

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.008 51 -15.9 -24.7 -6.0

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.027 31 17.6 3.3 33.9

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.017 20 20.5 8.3 34.0

 Southern Piedmont 0.030 32 0.1 -12.2 14.1

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.013 34 -4.1 -12.4 5.1

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.002 12 75.2 55.4 97.5

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.002 13 -21.7 -27.6 -15.4

 NFs in North Carolina 0.011 21 -12.3 -18.3 -6.0

 Cherokee 0.009 22 1.8 -3.5 7.3

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.021 22 9.7 2.8 17.2

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.007 13 -15.9 -23.5 -7.6

 Daniel Boone 0.027 31 17.6 3.3 33.9

 NFs in Alabama 0.015 29 45.4 33.2 58.6

 Land Between the Lakes 0.005 10 -25.1 -29.5 -20.4

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.025 30 -5.6 -14.0 3.6

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which yellow warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on 

few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
91

Figure 24. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the yellow warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, seven 

physiographic areas, and nine national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should 

be considered when interpreting the trends.
92Figure 24.—Continued
93

Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica) 

The chestnut-sided warbler breeds primarily in northern 

hardwood and mixed forests of Eastern North America 

from Canada southward through the Appalachian 

Mountains (Richardson and Brauning 1995). In the South, 

the species breeds at higher elevations from Virginia to 

northern Georgia. It is associated with early successional 

habitats, e.g., abandoned farmlands and regenerating 

clearcut areas, and is considered as one of the most abundant breeding warblers in second-growth 

deciduous woodlands. The chestnut-sided warbler is responsive to forest management associated with 

stand regeneration. Despite declines since the 1960s, this species appears to be maintaining healthy 

populations throughout its range.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a nearly stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-0.6 percent; 95 percent CI: -1.2 to 0.0). The bird is of interest because it is a good indicator of 

the intensity of forest management activities. The chestnut-sided warbler is a management indicator 

species on three national forests in the Appalachian Mountains, where it indicates management effects 

on the abundance of early successional forest habitats.

Population trends for the chestnut-sided warbler were estimated in two physiographic areas and in 

four national forests (Table 28, Fig. 25). Trend estimates indicate relatively large population declines 

on national forests across the region. This trend is driven largely by declines for the Southern Blue 

Ridge, which, in turn, is driven primarily by large declines on National Forests in North Carolina. 

Increases are indicated for the Chattahoochee and Oconee National Forests.

The chestnut-sided warbler was associated most frequently with glade-shrub-savanna and mature 

stages of the high elevation forest types of maple-beech-birch and spruce-fi r (Appendix 6). It also was 

highly associated with early successional oak-hickory forest.

Table 28.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number 

of observations per count of chestnut-sided warbler on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.114 570 -6.8 -8.6 -4.9

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.132 146 -2.5 -6.4 1.6

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.452 406 -7.5 -9.5 -5.3

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.140 236 1.6 -0.7 4.0

 NFs in North Carolina 0.789 199 -10.0 -12.2 -7.7

 Cherokee 0.252 94 -2.4 -4.9 0.1

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.123 45 7.7 2.4 13.2

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which chestnut-sided warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates 

based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
94

Figure 25.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the chestnut-sided warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, two physiographic areas, and four national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when 

interpreting the trends.
95

Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica 

caerulescens)

The breeding range for the black-throated blue warbler 

includes the Northeastern United States and Southern 

Canada southward along the higher elevations of the 

Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia (Holmes 

et al. 2005). Habitat for this species includes large 

tracts of relatively undisturbed hardwood and mixed 

deciduous-coniferous forests along the higher elevations 

in the Southern Appalachians from northern Georgia 

to Kentucky. Management of breeding habitat centers on maintaining a variety of forest types with 

relatively thick understory conditions in patches larger than 100 hectares.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (1.0 

percent; 95 percent CI: -0.8 to 2.7). The black-throated blue warbler is a management indicator 

species only on the Caribbean National Forest, where it indicates management effects on migratory 

bird wintering habitat.

Population trends for the black-throated blue warbler were estimated in three physiographic areas and 

in fi ve national forests (Table 29, Fig. 26). Trend estimates indicate moderate declines for populations 

on national forests across the region. This trend is driven largely by declines for the Southern Blue 

Ridge, which in turn, is driven primarily by large declines on National Forests in North Carolina and 

smaller declines on the Cherokee National Forest. Increases are indicated for the George Washington 

and Jefferson National Forests.

The black-throated blue warbler was most strongly associated with maple-beech-birch forest 

(Appendix 6). It was also associated with white-pine hemlock and cove hardwood forests, though at 

much lower frequency.

Table 29.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of black-throated blue warbler on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.056 426 -3.5 -5.5 -1.5

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.063 93 8.5 3.6 13.7

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.220 306 -4.4 -6.5 -2.2

 Southern Piedmont 0.027 21 -45.9 -48.5 -43.2

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.054 123 7.4 4.1 10.9

 NFs in North Carolina 0.311 137 -6.1 -9.1 -2.9

 Cherokee 0.247 127 -2.6 -4.7 -0.4

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.136 49 0.0 -4.6 4.8

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.018 23 -5.9 -9.2 -2.6

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which black-throated blue warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates 

based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
96

Figure 26.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the black-throated blue warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, three physiographic areas, and fi ve national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
97

Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens)

The breeding habitat for the black-throated green warbler 

in the South includes the Appalachian Mountains from 

Alabama to Virginia (Morse and Poole 2005). There is 

a disjunct population in the Ozarks of Arkansas and a 

Coastal Plain race from Virginia to South Carolina. This 

forest-interior species occupies a variety of habitats over 

its range. Effective management centers on maintaining 

relatively mature forest habitats in contiguous blocks. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a nearly stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-1.8 percent; 95 percent CI: -6.8 to 3.3). It is a bird of conservation concern in the Southeastern 

Coastal Plain region. The bird is of concern in the Coastal Plain due to small, narrowly distributed 

populations associated with rare and declining wetland habitats. In the Appalachian Mountains, 

this species is of management interest because of its association with eastern hemlock and fi r forests, 

which are threatened by infestations of wooly adelgids (Adelges tsugae). In the Southern Region, the 

black-throated green warbler is a management indicator species on the Daniel Boone National Forest, 

where it indicates management effects on forest structure within mature mesic deciduous cove forests.

Population trends for the black-throated green warbler were estimated in seven physiographic 

areas and in nine national forests (Table 30, Fig. 27). Trend estimates indicate moderate increases 

in populations on national forests across the region. There is strong evidence of increases in four 

physiographic areas and four national forests. Among all physiographic areas and national forests, 

the trend estimate is negative only for the Southern Piedmont based on a relatively small numbers of 

points. 

The black-throated blue warbler was associated most frequently with white pine-hemlock, maplebeech-birch, and cove hardwood forests (Appendix 6).
98

Table 30.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of black-throated green warbler on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.114 947 4.1 2.5 5.7

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.073 128 0.7 -4.1 5.8

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.398 563 3.9 2.2 5.7

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.254 95 1.6 -3.3 6.8

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.105 77 18.9 10.8 27.6

 Southern Piedmont 0.014 15 -40.7 -48.3 -32.0

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.019 34 21.3 8.7 35.4

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.008 30 39.7 31.0 49.1

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.077 181 6.7 3.3 10.2

 NFs in North Carolina 0.306 147 -0.8 -4.1 2.6

 Cherokee 0.516 288 1.9 0.4 3.4

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.306 103 -1.6 -4.5 1.4

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.110 96 6.4 2.6 10.3

 Daniel Boone 0.254 95 1.6 -3.3 6.8

 NFs in Alabama 0.078 88 22.8 16.2 29.8

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.022 15 7.4 -4.2 20.5

 Ouachita 0.013 19 45.5 19.5 77.2

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which black-throated green warbler occurred on fewer than six points are 

not shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates 

based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
99

Figure 27.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the black-throated green warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, seven physiographic areas, and nine national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
100Figure 27.—Continued
101

Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendroica 

dominica) 

The yellow-throated warbler breeds 

throughout the Eastern United States from the 

Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast (Hall 1996). 

It winters from coastal South Carolina and 

Georgia south throughout the Florida peninsula and west along the Gulf Coast to Central America 

as well as throughout the Caribbean. This species occupies heavily wooded stream bottomlands or 

swamps, and drier upland pine or mixed pine-hardwood forests. On the Atlantic Coastal Plain, it is 

common in cypress swamps and live oak stands. In other areas, yellow-throated warbler is numerous 

in bottomland forest containing large sycamore trees. The bird nests in mixed pine-deciduous forest 

on ridge tops and occasionally in pure hardwood stands. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable to slightly increasing trend for this species from 

1966 to 2004 (0.9 percent; 95 percent CI: 0.0 to 1.9). It is a bird of conservation concern in the 

Peninsular Florida region. This species is of concern due to loss of breeding habitat. The yellowthroated warbler has not been selected as a management indicator species.

Population trends for the yellow-throated warbler were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 

14 national forests (Table 31, Fig. 28). Trend estimates indicate relatively large population increases 

on national forests across the region. There is strong evidence of increases in four physiographic areas 

and fi ve national forests. There is strong evidence of negative trends only for the Cherokee National 

Forest. 

The yellow-throated warbler was associated with a variety of habitats (Appendix 6). It was associated 

most frequently with glade-shrub savannas and early successional stages of white pine-hemlock, 

loblolly-shortleaf pine, and oak hickory forests. Association with early successional forests was greater 

than with later successional stages.
102

Table 31.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of yellow-throated warbler on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.038 626 5.5 3.0 8.0

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.002 8 -17.7 -19.1 -16.1

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.035 139 -2.7 -7.7 2.6

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.159 101 3.8 -0.8 8.6

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.039 33 20.0 12.7 27.8

 Southern Piedmont 0.136 81 9.5 3.5 15.9

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.027 31 9.8 1.4 19.0

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.013 36 -5.8 -13.8 3.0

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.022 27 13.0 -0.6 28.4

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.017 86 6.5 -0.2 13.7

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.114 84 13.3 6.8 20.2

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.002 13 -10.2 -15.2 -4.9

 NFs in North Carolina 0.102 81 11.1 4.7 17.8

 Cherokee 0.059 72 -10.0 -13.1 -6.7

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.044 35 8.3 1.8 15.3

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.082 108 9.4 5.4 13.5

 Daniel Boone 0.159 101 3.8 -0.8 8.6

 NFs in Alabama 0.026 34 15.5 8.3 23.1

 Land Between the Lakes 0.025 31 6.2 -0.4 13.1

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.020 23 5.0 -4.6 15.6

 Ouachita 0.007 15 -22.4 -36.3 -5.6

 NFs in Texas 0.013 10 13.5 -16.8 55.0

 Kisatchie 0.038 15 8.0 -5.5 23.3

 NFs in Mississippi 0.018 83 6.8 0.3 13.8

 NFs in Florida 0.031 18 23.3 5.5 44.1

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which yellow-throated warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
103

Figure 28. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the yellow-throated warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
104

Figure 28.—Continued

 Ozark & St. Francis
105

Pine Warbler (Dendroica pinus) 

The pine warbler breeds in pine forests of Eastern North America 

(Rodewald et al. 1999). It is a common breeding bird in pine 

habitats and a permanent resident in the South in both Atlantic and 

Gulf Coast States. This species uses a variety of upland pine and 

pine-hardwood forest types throughout its range, and will nest in 

deciduous forest with scattered individual or small groves of pines. 

The density of forest understory habitat (pine or deciduous) can vary 

greatly; this species is most abundant where the understory is sparse. 

Forest management centers on the retaining mature pine trees with 

sparse understory maintained by prescribed burning. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a positive trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (0.9 

percent; 95 percent CI: 0.4 to 1.5). The bird is of interest because of its close association with pine 

forests. The pine warbler is a management indicator species on seven national forests in the Southern 

Region, where it indicates management effects on pine forests.

Population trends for the pine warbler were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 national 

forests (Table 32, Fig. 29). Trend estimates indicate stable populations on national forests across the 

region. There is strong evidence of increases in four physiographic areas and four national forests. 

There is similar evidence of negative trends for four physiographic areas and three national forests. 

The pine warbler was associated with a variety of habitats but most frequently with pine forest types 

and riparian forests (Appendix 6). This species occurred with higher frequency in early successional 

stages of pine forests with slightly higher frequency in mature forests. 
106

Table 32.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of pine warbler on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.559 2890 0.7 -0.2 1.6

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.138 269 -4.4 -6.8 -1.9

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.122 302 -1.4 -4.2 1.4

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.200 80 -7.8 -12.0 -3.4

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.355 180 9.2 5.9 12.5

 Southern Piedmont 1.127 236 -4.2 -7.0 -1.3

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.051 46 12.4 3.7 21.8

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.772 370 0.5 -1.0 2.1

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 2.128 301 5.4 3.5 7.3

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.598 825 3.4 1.7 5.1

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 1.007 281 -7.3 -9.3 -5.2

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.119 283 -3.0 -4.9 -1.0

 NFs in North Carolina 0.189 106 2.8 -1.4 7.1

 Cherokee 0.132 136 6.7 4.4 9.0

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.273 119 0.4 -2.4 3.2

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.813 344 -0.2 -2.2 1.9

 Daniel Boone 0.200 80 -7.8 -12.0 -3.4

 NFs in Alabama 0.355 266 10.8 8.3 13.4

 Land Between the Lakes 0.054 46 -0.1 -4.3 4.3

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.437 103 0.8 -1.8 3.4

 Ouachita 0.998 280 -0.2 -2.0 1.7

 NFs in Texas 3.221 173 7.1 5.1 9.1

 Kisatchie 0.831 115 0.0 -4.1 4.3

 NFs in Mississippi 0.633 708 5.4 4.2 6.6

 NFs in Florida 1.383 151 -13.5 -15.9 -11.0

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which pine warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. Estimates 

based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few points with 

confidence intervals that include zero.
107

Figure 29. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the pine warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
108

Figure 28.—Continued
109

Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor)

The prairie warbler breeds throughout most of the Eastern 

United States and Southern Canada (Nolan et al. 1999). 

It winters in the Bahamas, on Caribbean islands, and 

in southern Florida. Typical habitat is southern pine 

forests with scattered trees and a shrub layer present. The 

prairie warbler also breeds in fi re-maintained woodlands, 

shrubby old fi elds, regenerating forests, dunes, and other 

early successional habitats. Effective forest management includes timber harvests that result in early 

successional forests and the restoration of open woodlands.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-2.1 

percent; 95 percent CI: -2.9 to -1.4). It is a bird of conservation concern in the Central Hardwoods, 

West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, Southeastern Coastal Plain, Appalachian Mountains, Piedmont, 

and Peninsular Florida regions; and is of concern due to loss of quality early successional forest 

and woodland habitats upon which it depends. The prairie warbler is a management indicator 

species on 11 national forests in the Southern Region; where it indicates management effects on the 

maintenance of early successional forest and restoration of woodlands.

Population trends for the prairie warbler were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 33, Fig. 30). Trend estimates indicate small population decreases on national 

forests across the region. There is strong evidence of decreases in four physiographic areas and four 

national forests. There is similar evidence of positive trends for two physiographic areas and four 

national forests. 

The prairie warbler was associated most frequently with early succesional stages of hardwood-pine, 

and loblolly-shortleaf forests, and to a lesser extent with all successional stages of longleaf-slash 

pine forests (Appendix 6). Some association was observed with later successional stages of loblollyshortleaf pine forest and with glade-shrub-savanna habitats.
110

Table 33.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of prairie warbler on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.160 1212 -2.3 -4.0 -0.5

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.027 50 3.5 -5.0 12.8

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.085 147 -7.5 -11.8 -3.0

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.178 58 -13.1 -18.9 -7.0

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.270 111 -0.4 -4.1 3.4

 Southern Piedmont 0.424 143 -8.9 -13.6 -4.1

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.107 95 -0.4 -5.4 5.0

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.201 160 -5.4 -8.6 -2.1

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.120 49 -4.9 -13.6 4.6

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.144 292 3.1 0.6 5.7

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.498 107 6.4 2.7 10.3

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.020 52 8.7 1.8 16.1

 NFs in North Carolina 0.375 71 7.8 4.3 11.5

 Cherokee 0.054 57 4.1 -0.5 8.9

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.286 86 0.0 -3.1 3.1

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.399 194 -8.1 -11.1 -5.0

 Daniel Boone 0.178 58 -13.1 -18.9 -7.0

 NFs in Alabama 0.272 192 2.7 0.4 5.1

 Land Between the Lakes 0.140 95 -7.7 -10.4 -4.9

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.096 32 -5.2 -10.6 0.6

 Ouachita 0.262 130 -5.5 -9.3 -1.6

 NFs in Texas 0.075 16 9.3 -4.4 24.9

 Kisatchie 0.198 31 -12.5 -23.9 0.5

 NFs in Mississippi 0.109 188 3.6 0.8 6.5

 NFs in Florida 0.026 14 48.5 27.8 72.7

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which prairie warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
111

Figure 30. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the prairie warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
112

Figure 28.—Continued
113

Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulean)

The cerulean warbler breeds locally in mature and older deciduous forests with broken canopies 

across much of the Eastern United States (Hamel 2000). In the South, this species breeds from the 

mountains of Virginia and North Carolina and extreme northeast Georgia west to central Arkansas. 

Primary breeding habitat is mature deciduous forests with broken canopies. Population densities 

appear highest in extensive tracts of forest along the Cumberland Mountains and in the Mississippi 

Alluvial Plain, where canopy gaps are present.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-4.3 percent; 95 percent CI: -5.7 to -3.0). It is a bird of conservation concern in the Central 

Hardwoods, West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Southeastern Coastal 

Plain, Appalachian Mountains, and Piedmont regions. This species is of concern because forest 

fragmentation and land-use changes have resulted in the increasing isolation of remaining mature, 

deciduous forest. In addition, extensive closed-canopy, second-growth forests may not provide 

appropriate canopy structure for the cerulean warbler. The bird is a management indicator species 

on two national forests in the Southern Region, where it indicates management effects on canopy 

structure within mature hardwood forests.

Population trends for the cerulean warbler were estimated in four physiographic areas and in three 

national forests (Table 34, Fig. 31). Trend estimates indicate large decrease on national forests across 

the region. All trend estimates for each physiographic area and national forest are negative, though 

in some cases the number of points where the species was detected is relatively small. There is strong 

evidence of large declines on the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests in the MidAtlantic Ridge and Valley area and on national forests within the Southern Blue Ridge. 

Frequency of occurrence was low for this species across forest types and successional stages. Habitat 

association was highest for all successional stages of oak-hickory forests and glade-shrub-savanna, 

perhaps indicating an association with canopy gaps (Appendix 6).

Table 34.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of cerulean warbler on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992–2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.010 162 -5.7 -10.1 -0.9

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.011 49 -15.2 -24.4 -4.8

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.007 31 -10.7 -19.7 -0.7

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.098 58 -4.8 -10.2 0.8

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.014 16 -12.0 -22.4 -0.1

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.017 78 -12.4 -17.7 -6.6

 Daniel Boone 0.098 58 -4.8 -10.2 0.8

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.027 15 -7.8 -18.8 4.7

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which cerulean warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on 

few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
114

Figure 31.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the cerulean warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, four physiographic areas, and three national forests. Meanobservations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysisand the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
115

Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea)

The prothonotary warbler breeds in bottomland hardwood 

forest throughout its range in the Eastern United States 

(Petit 1999). It is abundant in appropriate lowland habitats 

throughout most of the South. This species winters in 

mangrove forests of Central and South America. Breeding 

habitat is bottomland hardwood forests and other forested 

wetlands. The prothonotary warbler nests in tree cavities 

over or near large bodies of standing or slow-moving water, 

e.g., bald cypress swamps, large rivers, and lakes. Effective 

forest management maintains wetlands and riparian areas to protect nesting habitat.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-1.5 percent; 95 percent CI: -2.7 to -0.3). It is a bird of conservation concern in the West Gulf 

Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Appalachian Mountains, and Piedmont regions. 

This species is of concern because of the continuing loss of bottomland hardwood forests. The 

prothonotary warbler is a management indicator species only on National Forests in Florida, where it 

indicates management effects on bottomland hardwood forests and wetlands.

Population trends for the prothonotary warbler were estimated in fi ve physiographic areas and in six 

national forests (Table 35, Fig. 32). Trend estimates indicate large increases on national forests across 

the region. There is strong evidence of increases in the East Gulf Coastal Plain, driven primarily by 

increases on National Forests in Mississippi, and in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain. There is strong 

evidence of declines only for the Francis Marion and Sumter National Forests.

Table 35.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number 

of observations per count of prothonotary warbler on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992–2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.039 287 12.5 8.9 16.2

Physiographic Area

 Southern Piedmont 0.012 10 24.7 -4.7 63.2

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.032 23 5.4 -2.6 14.2

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.014 9 4.8 -11.4 23.9

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.108 131 13.2 8.9 17.6

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.230 101 12.8 6.0 20.0

National Forest

 NFs in North Carolina 0.100 23 38.5 25.1 53.4

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.101 69 -3.9 -7.3 -0.3

 Land Between the Lakes 0.039 23 -7.3 -12.5 -1.7

 Ouachita 0.005 6 -34.5 -43.2 -24.5

 NFs in Mississippi 0.120 128 13.4 10.2 16.7

 NFs in Florida 0.022 16 -21.9 -33.8 -7.9

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which prothonotary warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates 

based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
116

Figure 32.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted 

lines) for the prothonotary warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, fi ve physiographic areas, and six national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
117

Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros 

vermivorum)

The worm-eating warbler breeds in hardwood forests 

throughout the Southeast except in areas of the Lower 

Coastal Plain (Hanners and Patton 1998). It winters 

in Central America and the eastern Caribbean. This 

species nests in areas of moderate to steep slopes and patches of dense understory shrubs within large 

tracts of deciduous and mixed forest. In the Coastal Plain, breeding populations occur in bottomland 

hardwoods with an understory of dense evergreen shrubs. Management is focused primarily on 

retaining large forested blocks with dense shrub understories.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a nearly stable trend for this species from 1966 to 

2004 (1.2 percent; 95 percent CI: -0.3 to 2.7). It is a bird of conservation concern in the Central 

Hardwoods, West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, and Appalachian Mountains regions. This species 

is of concern because of the loss of forest habitat and fragmentation of forest blocks. The wormeating warbler is a management indicator species on the George Washington National Forest where it 

indicates management effects on forest interior habitats, and on the Kisatchie National Forest, where 

it indicates management effects on large stream riparian habitats.

Population trends for the worm-eating warbler were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 13 

national forests (Table 36, Fig. 33). Trend estimates indicate small population increases on national 

forests across the region. There is strong evidence of increases in three physiographic areas and fi ve 

national forests. There is strong evidence of negative trends for two physiographic areas and the 

Kisatchie National Forest. 

The worm-eating warbler was associated with a variety of successional stages and forest types, 

including white pine-hemlock forests, oak-hickory, hardwood pine, and cove hardwood forests 

(Appendix 6). Somewhat unexpectedly, its occurrence was greatest in early successional white pinehemlock forests, perhaps due to high densities of deciduous shrubs and saplings there. Across forest 

types, occurrence was slightly greater in late successional than in early successional forests.
118

Table 36.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of worm-eating warbler on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.151 1883 2.4 1.2 3.6

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.269 421 0.6 -1.6 3.0

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.198 471 4.0 1.7 6.4

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.387 152 2.4 -0.6 5.5

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.105 86 -1.3 -7.1 5.0

 Southern Piedmont 0.038 50 -16.4 -25.1 -6.7

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.195 143 8.1 4.0 12.2

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.113 197 3.9 -0.3 8.3

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.045 46 -18.1 -26.1 -9.2

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.084 299 12.5 8.2 16.9

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.025 18 19.2 6.6 33.2

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.287 547 3.8 2.4 5.2

 NFs in North Carolina 0.095 109 -2.0 -7.5 3.9

 Cherokee 0.195 195 -1.7 -3.5 0.2

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.101 81 0.5 -3.6 4.8

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.075 95 7.7 3.7 11.8

 Daniel Boone 0.387 152 2.4 -0.6 5.5

 NFs in Alabama 0.060 85 3.2 -2.7 9.6

 Land Between the Lakes 0.185 143 4.9 2.4 7.5

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.122 83 4.5 0.1 9.0

 Ouachita 0.092 115 3.5 -3.7 11.2

 NFs in Texas 0.016 12 -4.2 -18.6 12.8

 Kisatchie 0.095 33 -21.6 -31.0 -10.8

 NFs in Mississippi 0.102 279 5.2 2.4 8.0

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which worm-eating warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
119

Figure 33. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the worm-eating warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 

physiographic areas, and 13 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be 

considered when interpreting the trends.
120

Figure 33.—Continued
121

Swainson’s Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) 

The Swainson’s warbler breeds primarily in the South and winters in 

the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize, and on the Caribbean islands (Brown 

and Dickson 1994). It is a bird of conservation concern in the Central 

Hardwoods, West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley, Southeastern Coastal Plain, Appalachian Mountains, and 

Piedmont regions. Swainson’s warbler breeds in understory thickets and 

canebrakes of the swamps and bottomlands of the South Atlantic and 

Gulf Coastal Plains, and in dense shrub layers of mixed mesophytic 

forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Benefi cial management 

for this species includes conserving and promoting bottomland and 

riparian forests with dense understories. Breeding habitat also is promoted by canebrake restoration.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a positive trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(8.6 percent; 95 percent CI: 1.1 to 16.2). This species is of concern in the South due to the loss of 

bottomland hardwood forests with appropriate understory structure. The Swainson’s warbler is a 

management indicator species on three national forests in the Southern Region, where it indicates 

management effects on understory structure and early successional habitats within riparian areas.

Population trends for the Swainson’s warbler were estimated in six physiographic areas and in eight 

national forests (Table 37, Fig. 34). Trend estimates indicate stable to decreasing populations on 

national forests across the region. Trend estimates for three physiographic areas and three forests 

were negative and had 90 percent confi dence intervals excluding zero. However, the number of 

points included in these estimates is limited. On the basis of larger numbers of points, there is strong 

evidence of increases in the East Gulf and South Atlantic Coastal Plains, and on the Francis Marion 

and Sumter National Forests.

Although frequency of occurrence was low for this species, habitat association levels were highest for 

shrub/seedling stages of oak-gum-cypress and riparian forests (Appendix 6).
122

Table 37.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number 

of observations per count of Swainson’s warbler on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.013 208 -4.2 -8.7 0.6

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.024 22 -11.2 -15.0 -7.1

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.011 46 -4.3 -11.9 3.8

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.016 16 -15.6 -28.8 -0.1

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.019 29 -23.6 -33.0 -12.8

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.009 57 22.6 7.0 40.4

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.045 33 16.9 6.8 27.9

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.017 25 -11.4 -15.2 -7.5

 NFs in North Carolina 0.030 17 11.9 -0.7 26.0

 Cherokee 0.010 19 0.1 -6.8 7.6

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.022 46 8.2 1.1 15.8

 Daniel Boone 0.016 16 -15.6 -28.8 -0.1

 NFs in Texas 0.025 17 -33.3 -39.7 -26.2

 Kisatchie 0.010 9 4.4 -17.5 32.2

 NFs in Mississippi 0.012 56 1.6 -3.6 7.1

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which Swainson’s warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates 

based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
123

Figure 34. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the Swainson’s warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, six 

physiographic areas, and eight national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should 

be considered when interpreting the trends.
124

Figure 34.—Continued
125

Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla)

The ovenbird breeds in Northern North America and 

winters in southern Florida, Mexico, Central America, and 

on the Caribbean islands (Van Horn and Donovan 1994). 

This species requires large, contiguous mature forests for 

successful breeding. It is commonly found in mature mesic 

deciduous forests. Typical forested communities where 

ovenbirds breed include oak-hickory and oak-pine forests. Forest management requires the retention 

of large forest tracts (100 to 885 ha) and relatively closed canopies. 

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable to slightly increasing trend for this species 

from 1966 to 2004 (0.5 percent; 95 percent CI: 0.2 to 0.8). This species is of interest because of 

its association with large patches of relatively closed-canopied hardwood forest. The ovenbird is a 

management indicator species on seven national forests in the Southern Region, where it indicates 

management effects on mature forest interior habitats.

Population trends for the ovenbird were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 11 national 

forests (Table 38, Fig. 35). Trend estimates indicate small population increases on national forests 

across the region. There is strong evidence of increases within three physiographic areas and six 

national forests. There was similar evidence of decreases within the East Gulf Coastal Plain.

The ovenbird was associated with a wide variety of forest types and successional stages (Appendix 

6). It was associated most frequently with white pine-hemlock, maple-beech-birch, oak-hickory, 

cove hardwood, and hardwood-pine forests, but also was frequently detected at points in gladeshrub-savanna habitats. The ovenbird was more highly associated with late successional than early 

successional stages.
126

Table 38.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of ovenbird on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, and 

national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.456 2316 1.4 0.7 2.2

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.944 614 2.2 1.1 3.4

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.749 760 -0.1 -1.3 1.2

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 1.125 179 4.7 2.7 6.6

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.240 132 3.8 -1.2 9.2

 Southern Piedmont 0.376 119 2.1 -2.0 6.4

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.062 60 2.0 -5.5 10.1

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.489 325 2.2 0.2 4.2

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.005 6 -1.6 -2.0 -1.1

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.028 83 -8.0 -11.8 -3.9

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.103 38 5.7 -4.5 17.0

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.908 754 2.6 1.8 3.5

 NFs in North Carolina 0.705 255 -0.6 -3.1 2.0

 Cherokee 0.744 330 1.4 0.0 2.8

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.643 148 -0.1 -1.9 1.7

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.216 178 -1.0 -3.4 1.5

 Daniel Boone 1.125 179 4.7 2.7 6.6

 NFs in Alabama 0.145 135 5.2 1.3 9.4

 Land Between the Lakes 0.048 60 10.3 6.4 14.4

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.787 191 1.0 -0.9 2.9

 Ouachita 0.198 134 6.4 0.8 12.3

 NFs in Mississippi 0.011 45 -2.7 -13.3 9.3

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which ovenbird occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. Estimates 

based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few points with 

confidence intervals that include zero.
127

Figure 35. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the ovenbird, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 11 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
128Figure 35.—Continued
129

Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla)

The Louisiana waterthrush breeds in the Eastern United States except for peninsular Florida 

(Robinson 1995). It winters in Central and South America and the West Indies. This species 

frequently breeds adjacent to gravel-bottomed streams fl owing through hilly, deciduous forest. It 

also breeds in cypress swamps and bottomland forest along mud-bottomed streams, though in lower 

densities than in upland forest. Habitat management centers on protecting riparian forests and stream 

systems used during the breeding season.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable to slightly increasing trend for this species from 

1966 to 2004 (0.8 percent; 95 percent CI: 0.0 to 1.6). It is a bird of conservation concern in the 

Central Hardwoods, West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, and Appalachian Mountains regions. This 

species is of concern due to fragmentation and loss of riparian forests. The Louisiana waterthrush is a 

management indicator species only on the Kisatchie National Forest, where it indicates management 

effects on small-stream riparian forests.

Population trends for the Louisiana waterthrush were estimated in nine physiographic areas and in 13 

national forests (Table 39, Fig. 36). Trend estimates indicate that populations were stable on national 

forests across the region as a whole. There is strong evidence of increases on national forests in two 

physiographic areas and fi ve national forests. There is strong evidence of declines only for national 

forests within the Southern Blue Ridge particularly on the Cherokee National Forest.

The Louisiana waterthrush was associated most frequently with the grass/forb stage of elm-ashcottonwood, mature white pine-hemlock, and riparian forests (Appendix 6).
130

Table 39.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of Louisiana waterthrush on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.029 471 2.4 -0.3 5.1

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.038 88 -2.0 -6.6 2.8

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.028 100 -7.1 -11.9 -1.9

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.028 26 7.1 -4.8 20.5

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.026 17 -4.2 -17.4 11.2

 Southern Piedmont 0.052 36 3.0 -5.3 12.0

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.023 25 2.6 -7.9 14.2

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.038 73 14.0 6.9 21.6

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.048 47 4.1 -3.0 11.7

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.013 56 19.8 10.6 29.7

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.042 119 -0.1 -3.0 2.9

 NFs in North Carolina 0.006 11 -7.1 -23.2 12.4

 Cherokee 0.035 51 -5.8 -9.4 -2.0

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.043 31 8.2 3.6 13.0

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.017 31 8.8 3.2 14.8

 Daniel Boone 0.028 26 7.1 -4.8 20.5

 NFs in Alabama 0.017 19 9.9 -4.5 26.5

 Land Between the Lakes 0.022 25 1.7 -4.0 7.7

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.038 34 18.4 8.8 28.7

 Ouachita 0.042 48 13.7 5.1 22.9

 NFs in Texas 0.056 26 -0.9 -9.6 8.7

 Kisatchie 0.030 15 2.6 -12.0 19.7

 NFs in Mississippi 0.013 50 23.0 17.2 29.0

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which Louisiana waterthrush occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
131

Figure 36. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the Louisiana waterthrush, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, nine physiographic areas, and 13 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
132

Figure 36.—Continued
133

Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus)

The Kentucky warbler breeds throughout most of the 

Eastern United States south of the Great Lakes to the Gulf 

Coast (McDonald 1998). It winters in Central and South 

America. This species inhabits rich, moist, deciduous 

forests. Bottomland hardwoods and woods near streams 

with a dense understory provide nesting habitat. Forest 

management practices that encourage a dense understory 

and well-developed ground cover should benefi t this species.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a small negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-1.0 percent; 95 percent CI: -1.7 to -0.3). It is a bird of conservation concern in the West Gulf 

Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, Appalachian Mountains, and Piedmont regions. This species is of concern 

due to loss and fragmentation of habitat. The Kentucky warbler is a management indicator species on 

the Kisatchie National Forest, where it indicates management effects on large-stream riparian forests.

Population trends for the Kentucky warbler were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 13 

national forests (Table 40, Fig. 37). Trend estimates indicate large increases of this species on national 

forests across the region. There is strong evidence of positive trends for national forests in four 

physiographic areas in the western and southern portions of the region and evidence of declines 

on national forests in two of three physiographic areas in the Appalachian Mountains. There is 

strong evidence of increases on six national forests and strong evidence of declines on the George 

Washington, Jefferson, and Daniel Boone National Forests, and on National Forests in North 

Carolina.

The Kentucky warbler was associated with a variety of forest types and successional stages (Appendix 

6). It was associated most frequently with oak-gum-cypress, riparian, loblolly-shortleaf, and elm-ashcottonwood forests.
134

Table 40.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of Kentucky warbler on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.086 1349 5.5 3.8 7.3

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.009 88 -0.1 -10.4 11.5

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.014 100 -12.7 -19.3 -5.5

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.140 26 -6.8 -11.7 -1.5

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.089 17 18.6 13.4 24.0

 Southern Piedmont 0.080 36 6.8 -0.7 14.8

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.099 25 -0.6 -6.1 5.3

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.180 73 7.2 4.0 10.4

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.194 47 6.0 1.3 10.9

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.126 56 8.0 4.1 12.1

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.027 88 25.0 11.8 39.7

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.011 58 -8.2 -12.7 -3.5

 NFs in North Carolina 0.023 34 -18.5 -27.8 -8.1

 Cherokee 0.007 15 -31.3 -34.3 -28.3

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.049 47 -2.5 -7.2 2.4

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.056 96 8.4 3.1 13.9

 Daniel Boone 0.140 101 -6.8 -11.7 -1.5

 NFs in Alabama 0.062 81 25.7 19.0 32.8

 Land Between the Lakes 0.098 110 -1.8 -5.5 1.9

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.174 106 7.9 3.4 12.5

 Ouachita 0.196 165 6.2 2.2 10.4

 NFs in Texas 0.138 61 -4.6 -11.2 2.5

 Kisatchie 0.232 78 16.2 8.5 24.4

 NFs in Mississippi 0.139 400 10.9 8.3 13.5

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which Kentucky warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on 

few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
135

Figure 37. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the Kentucky warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 

physiographic areas, and 13 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be 

considered when interpreting the trends.
136

Figure 37.—Continued
137

Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrine)

The hooded warbler breeds from southernmost Canada 

throughout the Eastern United States as far south as the 

Gulf Coast (Evans Ogden and Stutchbury 1994), and 

winters in Central America. This species favors moist 

deciduous forests with a fairly dense understory. Nesting 

locations are restricted to large forest patches. It typically 

inhabits mature forests where large trees fall to create 

canopy gaps. Management may entail creating canopy gaps 

where they are absent and maintaining a shrub layer.

The Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (0.7 percent; 95 

percent CI: -1.1 to 2.5). The bird is of interest because it is sensitive to forest fragmentation but also 

requires well-developed understories and midstories. The hooded warbler is a management indicator 

species on seven national forests in the Southern Region, where it indicates management effects on 

mature mesic hardwood forests, with special focus on the presence of canopy gaps and structural 

diversity.

Population trends for the hooded warbler were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 41, Fig. 38). Trend estimates indicate that populations are stable on national 

forests across the region. There is strong evidence of increases for the Southern Cumberland Plateau/

Ridge and Valley and the three coastal plain physiographic areas and for four national forests. There is 

strong evidence of declines for national forests in the Southern Blue Ridge and Southern Piedmont, 

including National Forests in North Carolina and the Cherokee National Forest.

The hooded warbler occurred frequently within a variety of forest types and successional stages 

(Appendix 6). It was associated most frequently with riparian, shrub/seedling oak-hickory, and 

mature white pine-hemlock forests, and was frequently associated with all successional stages, 

showing a slightly higher association with later successional stages.
138

Table 41.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of hooded warbler on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.371 2855 0.5 -0.4 1.4

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.220 311 -2.5 -4.9 0.1

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.522 702 -1.5 -3.0 -0.1

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.798 178 2.0 -0.1 4.0

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.147 106 13.4 7.5 19.6

 Southern Piedmont 0.452 179 -11.5 -15.4 -7.3

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.018 22 22.0 11.3 33.7

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.219 229 1.9 -0.7 4.6

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.754 254 5.3 2.5 8.3

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.399 768 3.2 1.1 5.3

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.102 106 23.0 15.4 31.1

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.236 421 0.2 -1.3 1.8

 NFs in North Carolina 0.376 211 -4.5 -7.4 -1.5

 Cherokee 0.626 327 -1.8 -3.1 -0.4

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.462 138 2.7 0.6 4.8

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.474 295 -0.6 -2.6 1.4

 Daniel Boone 0.798 178 2.0 -0.1 4.0

 NFs in Alabama 0.172 176 7.8 3.8 11.9

 Land Between the Lakes 0.018 22 1.5 -6.5 10.1

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.311 139 1.1 -1.8 4.1

 Ouachita 0.131 104 3.8 -1.2 9.1

 NFs in Texas 0.965 140 6.7 3.2 10.3

 Kisatchie 0.590 104 1.5 -3.0 6.2

 NFs in Mississippi 0.465 691 2.1 0.9 3.3

 NFs in Florida 0.026 16 14.5 -10.8 47.0

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which hooded warbler occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
139

Figure 38. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the hooded warbler, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 

physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be 

considered when interpreting the trends.
140

Figure 38.—Continued
141

Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens)

The yellow-breasted chat breeds primarily in 

Eastern North America from Southern Canada to 

the Gulf Coast (Eckerle and Thompson 2001). 

This species winters in Mexico and Central 

America with some individuals known to winter 

in the southern United States. The yellow-breasted 

chat occurs in dense shrubby vegetation in 

regenerating forests and forest edges. It is classifi ed as an open-canopy obligatory species; population 

densities are directly related to shrub density. Management practices that promote early successional 

habitat benefi t this species.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (0.0 

percent; 95 percent CI: -0.4 to 0.5). The bird is of interest because of its association with early 

successional forest habitats. The yellow-breasted chat is a management indicator species on four 

national forests in the Southern Region, where it indicates management effects on early successional 

forest habitats.

Population trends for the yellow-breasted chat were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 42, Fig. 39). Trend estimates indicate population declines on national forests 

across the region. There is strong evidence of declines within four physiographic areas and fi ve 

national forests. There is strong evidence of increases only for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Valley and 

West Gulf Coastal Plain.

The yellow-breasted chat was associated with a variety of forest types but was associated most 

frequently with early successional stages (Appendix 6). Associations were highest with early 

successional stages of loblolly-shortleaf pine, hardwood-pine, longleaf-slash pine, and elm-ashcottonwood forests.
142

Table 42.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of yellow-breasted chat on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.306 2157 -3.1 -4.2 -1.9

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.015 37 10.6 1.3 20.8

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.101 227 -9.9 -13.2 -6.4

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.313 106 -3.6 -7.7 0.7

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.403 153 2.0 -1.0 5.2

 Southern Piedmont 0.605 188 -13.1 -16.8 -9.3

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.219 137 4.2 0.5 7.9

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.298 235 -1.8 -4.4 1.0

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 1.040 221 2.9 0.2 5.6

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.444 740 -3.7 -5.5 -1.9

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.226 113 -4.8 -8.9 -0.5

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.017 54 0.8 -6.1 8.2

 NFs in North Carolina 0.134 84 -2.1 -7.3 3.4

 Cherokee 0.098 85 -9.2 -12.6 -5.6

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.321 109 0.1 -2.9 3.2

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.621 273 -10.4 -12.3 -8.4

 Daniel Boone 0.313 106 -3.6 -7.7 0.7

 NFs in Alabama 0.323 226 1.1 -1.2 3.5

 Land Between the Lakes 0.288 137 -7.5 -9.6 -5.4

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.224 79 3.4 -1.4 8.4

 Ouachita 0.346 170 -3.7 -6.7 -0.6

 NFs in Texas 1.079 102 3.6 -0.3 7.6

 Kisatchie 1.146 108 1.4 -2.4 5.2

 NFs in Mississippi 0.488 639 -1.4 -2.7 -0.1

 NFs in Florida 0.006 6 -7.4 -15.5 1.4

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which yellow-breasted chat occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
143

Figure 39. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the yellow-breasted chat, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 

physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be 

considered when interpreting the trends.
144

Figure 39.—Continued
145

Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra) 

The summer tanager breeds throughout the Eastern 

United States primarily south of the Great Lakes to 

the Gulf Coast (Robinson 1996). It winters from 

central Mexico to South America. Eastern populations 

favor open deciduous forests often near large gaps or 

along forest edge. In the South, it occurs commonly in 

pine-oak forests. Forest management activities such as 

prescribed burning and thinning benefi t this species.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (0.4 

percent; 95 percent CI: -0.3 to 1.0). The bird is of concern because of the loss of habitat. The 

summer tanager is a management indicator species on the Kisatchie National Forest, where it 

indicates management effects on shortleaf pine/oak-hickory forests, and on the Daniel Boone 

National Forest, where it indicates management effects on restoration of woodlands.

Population trends for the summer tanager were estimated in nine physiographic areas and in 13 

national forests (Table 43, Fig. 40). Trend estimates indicate that populations were stable on national 

forests across the region. There is strong evidence of increases on national forests in the Southern 

Cumberland Plateau/Ridge and Valley, particularly on National Forests in Alabama; in the Interior 

Low Plateaus represented solely by Land Between the Lakes; and in the East Gulf Coastal Plain, 

particularly on National Forests in Mississippi; National Forests in Texas also showed increases. There 

is strong evidence of decreases on national forests in the Southern Piedmont, the Ozark-Ouachita 

Interior Highlands as a whole, particularly on the Ozark and St. Francis National Forests, and on 

National Forests in Florida.

The summer tanager was associated with a variety of forest types and successional stages (Appendix 

6). The association was highest with riparian, loblolly-shortleaf pine, longleaf-slash pine, elm-ashcottonwood, and oak-gum-cypress forests.
146

Table 43.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of summer tanager on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.263 2526 0.6 -0.4 1.5

Physiographic Area

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.008 56 2.0 -4.9 9.4

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.048 51 8.2 -2.0 19.4

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.206 153 10.0 5.4 14.8

 Southern Piedmont 0.534 227 -4.1 -7.1 -1.0

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.456 201 5.9 3.2 8.6

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.383 409 -2.7 -4.7 -0.7

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.642 316 1.2 -0.8 3.2

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.444 897 2.3 0.4 4.3

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.346 211 -2.9 -6.0 0.3

National Forest

 NFs in North Carolina 0.093 72 -2.1 -7.5 3.7

 Cherokee 0.004 9 1.9 -2.9 6.9

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.142 79 2.0 -1.6 5.7

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.285 267 0.2 -1.7 2.2

 Daniel Boone 0.048 51 8.2 -2.0 19.4

 NFs in Alabama 0.218 228 10.7 7.3 14.3

 Land Between the Lakes 0.449 201 2.7 1.1 4.2

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.266 159 -7.2 -10.2 -4.1

 Ouachita 0.478 283 0.4 -2.0 2.8

 NFs in Texas 0.702 174 3.4 1.0 5.8

 Kisatchie 0.580 121 -3.6 -7.3 0.2

 NFs in Mississippi 0.488 778 2.2 1.0 3.4

 NFs in Florida 0.460 106 -7.6 -11.0 -4.1

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which summer tanager occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
147

Figure 40. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the summer tanager, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, nine 

physiographic areas, and 13 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be 

considered when interpreting the trends.
148

Figure 40.—Continued

 Ozark & St. Francis
149

Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)

The scarlet tanager breeds in Eastern North America from 

Southern Canada to northern Georgia and Louisiana 

(Mowbray 1999). It winters in Central and South 

America. This species breeds in a variety of deciduous and 

mixed deciduous-coniferous forest habitats from mixed 

mesophytic to xeric pine-oak woodlands. It prefers large 

blocks of mature forest, especially where oaks are common, 

but also may occur in young successional woodlands. As 

a forest interior species, the scarlet tanager is sensitive to 

fragmentation of forested blocks by non-forest cover types. Nest predation and parasitism rates appear 

to be inversely related to size of forest fragments. Management emphasis centers on maintaining large 

forest tracts and creating open canopies or canopy gaps.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-0.2 

percent; 95 percent CI: -0.5 to 0.2). The bird is of interest because of its association with large blocks 

of mature forest. The scarlet tanager is a management indicator species on seven national forests in 

the Southern Region, where it primarily represents management effects on upland oak forests.

Population trends for the scarlet tanager were estimated in eight physiographic areas and in 11 

national forests (Table 44, Fig. 41). Trend estimates indicate small population increases on national 

forests across the region. There is strong evidence of increases on national forests within three 

physiographic areas and six national forests. There is strong evidence of decreases only for the George 

Washington and Jefferson National Forests, and for National Forests in North Carolina.

The scarlet tanager was associated with a variety of forest types and successional stages (Appendix 

6). It was associated most frequently with white pine-hemlock and oak-hickory forests; there was a 

slightly higher association with mature forests than with early successional stages.
150

Table 44.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of scarlet tanager on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.299 2494 1.4 0.6 2.2

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.665 625 -0.1 -1.3 1.1

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.417 753 0.1 -1.3 1.6

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.451 173 1.8 -0.8 4.6

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.252 145 5.9 1.5 10.4

 Southern Piedmont 0.122 96 3.7 -2.1 9.8

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.400 196 4.9 2.2 7.6

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.363 379 5.9 3.7 8.2

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.034 121 4.9 -0.7 10.7

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.621 769 -1.6 -2.4 -0.7

 NFs in North Carolina 0.300 211 -4.8 -7.4 -2.2

 Cherokee 0.433 319 0.5 -1.0 1.9

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.451 157 5.0 3.0 7.1

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.146 151 -1.0 -3.8 1.8

 Daniel Boone 0.451 173 1.8 -0.8 4.6

 NFs in Alabama 0.146 151 4.8 0.8 9.0

 Land Between the Lakes 0.339 196 9.0 7.5 10.6

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.365 170 3.6 0.5 6.7

 Ouachita 0.319 211 8.1 4.7 11.5

 NFs in Mississippi 0.017 71 21.0 11.7 31.0

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which scarlet tanager occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
151

Figure 41. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the scarlet tanager, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, eight physiographic areas, and 11 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
152Figure 41.—Continued
153

Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)

The eastern towhee is distributed widely across most 

of Eastern North America (Greenlaw 1996). Northern 

populations are migratory while populations in the 

South are mostly resident. This species is an edgeassociated generalist that occupies varied habitats 

characterized by dense shrub and small trees with a 

well-developed layer of hardwood leaf litter. Overstory 

trees may or may not be present; if present, opencanopy situations are favored. Habitat management 

centers on maintaining an array of woody plant communities in early and mid-successional stages.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-1.7 

percent; 95 percent CI: -2.0 to -1.4). The bird is of concern because of a loss of quality early and 

mid-successional forest habitats in some settings. The eastern towhee is a management indicator 

species on four national forests in the Southern Region, where it indicates management effects on the 

availability of early successional forests, particularly those dominated by hardwood.

Population trends for the eastern towhee were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 13 national 

forests (Table 45, Fig. 42). Trend estimates indicate that populations have experienced moderate 

declines on national forests across the region. There is strong evidence of declines on national forests 

within four physiographic areas and on fi ve national forests. Evidence of increases is strong only for 

national forests within the Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge and Valley, particularly on National 

Forests in Alabama, Mississippi, and North Carolina.

The eastern towhee was common and occurred in association with a variety of forest types and 

successional stages (Appendix 6). It was associate more frequently with early successional than late 

successional stages.
154

Table 45.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of eastern towhee on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.585 2796 -4.1 -5.2 -3.0

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.501 439 -3.7 -5.3 -2.1

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.637 697 -3.7 -5.0 -2.3

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.197 88 -2.8 -6.6 1.2

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.186 113 6.7 0.8 12.9

 Southern Piedmont 0.737 205 -10.6 -13.6 -7.5

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.134 139 -17.6 -21.8 -13.1

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.071 88 -4.2 -8.5 0.3

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.050 49 -0.1 -8.9 9.6

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.349 673 0.7 -1.3 2.8

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 3.677 305 -3.1 -5.4 -0.7

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.568 589 -4.0 -5.1 -2.9

 NFs in North Carolina 1.005 274 2.6 0.1 5.1

 Cherokee 0.459 231 -2.5 -4.3 -0.6

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.576 154 0.2 -1.9 2.2

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.909 319 -5.2 -6.6 -3.8

 Daniel Boone 0.197 88 -2.8 -6.6 1.2

 NFs in Alabama 0.186 188 6.1 2.4 9.9

 Land Between the Lakes 0.219 139 -14.9 -16.8 -12.9

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.142 75 -2.2 -6.5 2.2

 Ouachita 0.008 15 -35.8 -42.6 -28.1

 Kisatchie 0.133 48 0.5 -8.5 10.4

 NFs in Mississippi 0.363 572 4.8 3.3 6.4

 NFs in Florida 6.062 163 -5.9 -9.0 -2.6

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which eastern towhee occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on 

few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
155

Figure 42. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the eastern towhee, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 

physiographic areas, and 13 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be 

considered when interpreting the trends.
156

Figure 42.—Continued
157

Bachman’s Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis)

The Bachman’s sparrow breeds and winters primarily in the 

Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of the South (Dunning 

2006). Habitat for this species is open pine woodlands or 

other open habitats that support a dense ground layer of 

grasses and forbs. These habitats are typically maintained 

by periodic understory fi res. Habitat management entails 

maintaining relatively low tree densities and regular 

prescribed burning, which suppresses woody understory 

and increases cover of native grasses and forbs.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable to slightly declining trend for this species 

from 1966 to 2004 (-2.0 percent; 95 percent CI: -4.9 to 1.0). It is a bird of conservation concern 

throughout much of its range, including the Central Hardwoods, West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, 

Southeastern Coastal Plain, Appalachian Mountains, Piedmont, and Peninsular Florida regions. The 

bird is of concern because of a loss of fi re-maintained habitats due to fi re suppression and land-use 

conversion. The Bachman’s sparrow is a management indicator species on two national forests in the 

Southern Region, where it indicates management effects on maintaining dense grass/forb understories 

in longleaf pine forests.

Population trends for the Bachman’s sparrow were estimated in four physiographic areas and in 

six national forests (Table 46, Fig. 43). Trend estimates indicate large declines on national forests 

across the region. All trend estimates by physiographic area and national forest are negative except 

for National Forests in Mississippi, for which there is strong evidence of moderate increases. There 

is strong evidence of decreases for national forests within the East Gulf and South Atlantic Coastal 

Plains, and on the Kisatchie National Forest and National Forests in Alabama and Texas.

The Bachman’s sparrow was associated most frequently with late successional stages of longleaf-slash 

pine forests (Appendix 6). It was associated with grass/forb stages of loblolly-shortleaf pine forest and 

with glade-shrub-savanna habitats.
158

Table 46.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number 

of observations per count of Bachman’s sparrow on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.054 345 -6.0 -8.6 -3.2

Physiographic Area

 Southern Piedmont 0.024 6 -6.0 -23.8 15.9

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.214 12 -4.2 -8.6 0.6

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.039 87 -0.1 -6.7 7.1

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.444 106 -6.6 -10.2 -2.9

National Forest

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.051 42 -6.3 -10.0 -2.4

 NFs in Alabama 0.034 22 -1.3 -7.9 5.6

 NFs in Texas 0.283 49 -4.3 -9.7 1.4

 Kisatchie 0.160 38 -3.9 -9.9 2.5

 NFs in Mississippi 0.038 90 4.6 0.9 8.4

 NFs in Florida 0.817 93 -10.0 -13.7 -6.1

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which Bachman’s sparrow occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates 

based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
159

Figure 43.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the Bachman’s sparrow, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, four physiographic areas, and six national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models s. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
160

Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina)

The chipping sparrow (Middleton 1998) is distributed 

widely throughout most of North America from the 

tree line in Canada, south to the Gulf Coast, Mexican 

highlands, and Baja California. This species is a year-round 

resident throughout much of the South. Breeding habitats 

vary with geographic location; however, this bird generally 

prefers open, grassy areas, coniferous forests, woodland 

glades or edge, weedy fi elds, and river and lake shorelines. 

Because of its preference for breeding in shrubby, coniferous 

habitats bordering open grassy spaces, the chipping sparrow has benefi ted from human occupation as 

its population levels are thought to be higher than in pre-settlement times.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-0.2 

percent; 95 percent CI: -0.4 to 0.1). The bird is of interest because of its association with grassland 

habitats. The chipping sparrow is a management indicator species on the Daniel Boone National 

Forest, where it indicates management effects on the restoration of open woodlands, grasslands, and 

shrublands.

Population trends for the chipping sparrow were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 12 

national forests (Table 47, Fig. 44). Trend estimates indicate large increases on national forests across 

the region. There is strong evidence of increases on national forests in four physiographic areas and 

four national forests. There is strong evidence of declines only for Land Between the Lakes of the 

Interior Low Plateaus. However, if the fi rst years of the survey are excluded, a stable or increasing 

trend is evident (Fig. 44).

The chipping sparrow was found at relatively low frequencies across a variety of forest types and 

successional stages (Appendix 6). It was associated most frequently with grass/forb conditions within 

the hardwood-pine forest type.
161

Table 47.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of chipping sparrow on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.029 547 5.2 3.3 8.1

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.017 129 -6.5 -11.9 -0.9

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.015 73 -14.6 -22.7 -5.7

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.065 56 -3.6 -8.2 1.2

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.036 40 11.4 3.0 20.5

 Southern Piedmont 0.050 35 25.6 14.0 38.5

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.011 33 45.4 30.9 61.6

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.045 84 0.6 -5.3 6.9

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.036 39 8.5 -0.2 18.1

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.037 132 18.4 13.4 23.6

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.007 6 32.5 14.1 53.8

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.018 75 0.6 -3.2 4.6

 NFs in North Carolina 0.024 33 -10.9 -21.0 0.4

 Cherokee 0.003 7 2.4 -2.3 7.3

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.037 33 16.5 10.1 23.3

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.014 22 8.0 1.3 15.2

 Daniel Boone 0.065 56 -3.6 -8.2 1.2

 NFs in Alabama 0.040 62 22.2 11.9 33.4

 Land Between the Lakes 0.021 33 -15.5 -19.1 -11.7

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.049 33 9.3 3.2 15.7

 Ouachita 0.038 55 -8.5 -16.9 0.8

 Kisatchie 0.085 32 11.1 -0.3 23.7

 NFs in Mississippi 0.033 103 17.2 12.5 22.0

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which chipping sparrow occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few 

points with confidence intervals that include zero.
162

Figure 44. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the chipping sparrow, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 

physiographic areas, and 12 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be 

considered when interpreting the trends.
163

Figure 44.—Continued
164

Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla)

The fi eld sparrow is a partial migrant that is 

found throughout the Eastern United States 

east of the Rocky Mountains (Carey et al. 

1994). This species breeds in open grassy 

areas within forested communities. Its nests are composed almost entirely of grasses and are located 

near the ground in early spring. Later in the year, nests may be built in small saplings and shrubs in 

woodland openings. Maintaining early successional forest openings and grassy woodlands benefi ts 

this species.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-3.0 percent; 95 percent CI: -3.3 to -2.7). The bird is of concern due to a loss of quality grassland 

habitats. The fi eld sparrow is a management indicator species on three national forests in the 

Southern Region, where it indicates management effects on the restoration of open woodlands and 

grasslands.

Population trends for the fi eld sparrow were estimated in eight physiographic areas and in 11 

national forests (Table 48, Fig. 45). Trend estimates indicate large declines on national forests across 

the region. There is strong evidence of declines for national forests within the Southern Piedmont, 

Interior Low Plateaus, and Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands. There also is strong evidence of 

declines for the Francis Marion and Sumter National Forests, Ouachita National Forest, and Land 

Between the Lakes National Recreation Area.

The fi eld sparrow was associated most frequently with glade-shrub-savanna habitats and the grass/

forb stage of hardwood-pine and loblolly-shortleaf pine forests (Appendix 6). Across forest types, this 

species was detected with greater frequency at early than at late-successional points.
165

Table 48.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of field sparrow on southern national forests by region, physiographic area, 

and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.034 448 -8.3 -11.1 -5.3

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.011 35 -4.9 -13.6 4.7

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.062 86 -4.5 -9.6 1.0

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.057 25 -0.9 -10.8 10.1

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.042 34 -3.9 -11.2 3.9

 Southern Piedmont 0.104 66 -16.6 -25.0 -7.3

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.041 57 -13.6 -21.5 -5.0

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.026 50 -12.2 -20.0 -3.6

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.026 86 -1.2 -8.0 6.2

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.037 55 -2.9 -8.5 3.0

 NFs in North Carolina 0.056 37 -5.5 -13.6 3.3

 Cherokee 0.016 15 -7.9 -15.7 0.6

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.043 30 -1.8 -8.5 5.5

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.106 69 -19.1 -23.0 -15.0

 Daniel Boone 0.057 25 -0.9 -10.8 10.1

 NFs in Alabama 0.057 75 1.7 -5.9 9.9

 Land Between the Lakes 0.079 57 -19.7 -22.9 -16.3

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.020 13 -9.0 -20.6 4.2

 Ouachita 0.030 39 -14.4 -22.0 -6.0

 NFs in Mississippi 0.012 34 -3.2 -11.0 5.3

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which field sparrow occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. Estimates 

based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on few points with 

confidence intervals that include zero.
166

Figure 45. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the fi eld sparrow, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 

eight physiographic areas, and 11 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
167

Figure 45.—Continued
168

Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)

The northern cardinal is a resident species throughout 

Eastern and Central North America from Southern 

Canada into Mexico and Central America (Halkin and 

Linville 1999). This species inhabits areas with shrubs 

and/or small trees ranging from forest edges to forest 

interiors, shrubby areas in logged and second-growth 

forests, and grasslands. Breeding areas require woody 

plants with dense foliage for nesting and conspicuous 

locations for song perches. Forest management that 

provides a diversity of age classes benefi ts this species.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (0.1 

percent; 95 percent CI: -0.1 to 0.3). The northern cardinal is a management indicator species only 

on the Daniel Boone National Forest, where it indicates management effects on restored woodlands 

and shrublands.

Population trends for the northern cardinal were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 14 

national forests (Table 49, Fig. 46). Trend estimates indicate small increases on national forests 

across the region. There is strong evidence of increases for national forests within six physiographic 

areas and on 10 national forests. There is strong evidence of decreases for national forests within 

the Southern Piedmont, including the Francis Marion and Sumter National Forests, the East Gulf 

Coastal Plain, and Land Between the Lakes of the Interior Low Plateaus.

The northern cardinal was detected frequently in a variety of forest types and successional stages 

(Appendix 6).
169

Table 49.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of northern cardinal on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.541 3383 1.5 0.7 2.3

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.046 142 15.9 10.5 21.5

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.227 499 8.1 6.2 10.2

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.247 122 5.9 1.5 10.4

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.332 179 6.5 3.0 10.2

 Southern Piedmont 1.024 251 -6.6 -8.7 -4.4

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.288 196 0.9 -2.1 4.0

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.279 329 9.5 6.8 12.3

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 2.104 334 3.1 1.5 4.7

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.799 1028 -2.8 -4.1 -1.6

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.903 303 1.3 -0.8 3.3

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.066 224 13.2 9.9 16.7

 NFs in North Carolina 0.271 169 14.4 10.6 18.2

 Cherokee 0.155 148 5.7 3.0 8.5

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.422 157 -1.7 -4.2 1.0

 Francis Marion and Sumter 1.057 405 -1.6 -2.6 -0.6

 Daniel Boone 0.247 122 5.9 1.5 10.4

 NFs in Alabama 0.336 279 9.3 6.8 11.8

 Land Between the Lakes 0.351 196 -4.9 -6.4 -3.5

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.157 119 12.0 7.5 16.8

 Ouachita 0.445 248 5.8 3.2 8.6

 NFs in Texas 2.713 179 3.8 2.0 5.6

 Kisatchie 1.459 131 2.9 0.4 5.5

 NFs in Mississippi 0.890 887 0.0 -0.8 0.8

 NFs in Florida 0.673 155 9.1 5.7 12.6

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which northern cardinal occurred on fewer than six points are 

not shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable 

than estimates based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
170

Figure 46. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the northern cardinal, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 

physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be 

considered when interpreting the trends.
171

Figure 46.—Continued
172

Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna)

The eastern meadowlark is a resident species in open 

country from the grassy dunes of the Atlantic Coast west to 

the river valleys of the Great Plains, and from the grasslands 

of southern Canada south through the savannas of Central 

America and northern South America (Lanyon 1995). This 

species is most common in native grasslands, pastures, and 

savannas; it also is found in hay and alfalfa fi elds, reclaimed 

strip mines, and shrubby overgrown fi elds, along roadsides, 

and in other open areas. It prefers habitats with grass and 

litter cover, usually maintained by prescribed burning.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a negative trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 (-2.9 

percent; 95 percent CI: -3.3 to -2.5). The bird is of concern because of a loss of quality grassland 

habitats primarily due to fi re suppression and land-use conversion. The eastern meadowlark is a 

management indicator species for National Forests in Mississippi, where it indicates management 

effects on early successional pine forests. It also is a management indicator on Land Between the 

Lakes, where it indicates management effects on grasslands.

Population trends for the eastern meadowlark were estimated in two physiographic areas and in 

one national forest (Table 50, Fig. 47). Trend estimates indicate stable to increasing populations 

on national forests across the region. However, points where this species was detected are limited, 

resulting in weak evidence of trends. Data on habitat association also are limited. Levels of association 

were highest with glade-shrub-savanna habitats (Appendix 6).

Table 50.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number 

of observations per count of eastern meadowlark on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.002 39 5.5 -2.2 13.8

Physiographic Area

 Southern Piedmont 0.005 7 10.9 -1.2 24.4

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.014 11 7.1 -3.3 18.7

National Forest

 NFs in Florida 0.030 11 7.1 -3.3 18.7

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which eastern meadowlark occurred on fewer than six points are 

not shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than 

estimates based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
173

Figure 47.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend 

estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted 

lines) for the eastern meadowlark, 1992-2004, for the Southern 

Region, two physiographic areas, and one national forest. Mean 

observations per count is the average number of observations of 

the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using 

marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is 

unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis 

and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when 

interpreting the trends.
174

Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)

The brown-headed cowbird is a year-round resident 

throughout the South where it is a brood parasite laying its 

eggs in the nests of many different species (Lowther 1993). 

This species prefers habitats such as old fi elds with low 

or scattered trees interspersed with grassland vegetation, 

woodland edges, or brushy thickets. Breeding habitats (as 

indicated by parasitized nests) indicate that this bird prefers 

forest-fi eld ecotones rather than extensive forests, fi elds, or 

prairies. Fragmentation of eastern forests has made large 

areas accessible to cowbird nest parasitism. There is concern that host species with small populations 

may be threatened by parasitism. Habitat management to reduce this species centers on maintaining 

high levels of forest cover and reducing the amount of forest edge across the landscape.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a declining trend for this species from 1966 to 2004 

(-1.2 percent; CI: -1.4 to -1.0). The bird is of concern because it is a brood parasite and selects many 

passerine birds as its hosts. The brown-headed cowbird is a management indicator species on the 

George Washington National Forest, where it indicates management effects on brood parasitism of 

forest birds.

Population trends for the brown-headed cowbird were estimated in 10 physiographic areas and in 

14 national forests (Table 51, Fig. 48). Trend estimates indicate that populations have been stable 

on national forests across the region. There is strong evidence of increases for national forests within 

the Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge and Valley and the South Atlantic Coastal Plain. There 

is evidence of increases on National Forests in North Carolina, the Chattahoochee and Oconee 

National Forests, and National Forests in Texas and Florida. Decreases are evident in the Mid-Atlantic 

Ridge and Valley represented by the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, in the 

Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands, on the Ozark and St. Francis and Ouachita National Forests, in 

the Interior Low Plateaus represented by Land Between the Lakes, and on the Francis Marion and 

Sumter National Forests.

The brown-headed cowbird was associated most frequently with early successional stages of elm-ashcottonwood, oak-gum-cypress, and loblolly-shortleaf pine forests (Appendix 6). Across forest types, it 

was associated more highly with early than with late successional stages.
175

Table 51.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number 

of observations per count of brown-headed cowbird on southern national forests by region, 

physiographic area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.081 1295 0.3 -1.5 2.1

Physiographic Area

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Valley 0.055 187 -15.6 -20.0 -11.0

 Southern Blue Ridge 0.025 112 -5.2 -11.1 1.1

 Northern Cumberland Plateau 0.116 90 3.6 -3.3 10.9

 Southern Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley 0.045 38 17.6 4.6 32.2

 Southern Piedmont 0.133 98 6.2 -1.4 14.4

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.202 180 5.6 1.0 10.4

 Ozark-Ouachita Interior Highlands 0.068 120 -11.0 -15.2 -6.6

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.125 113 0.0 -4.3 4.6

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.091 222 -1.6 -6.1 3.2

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.130 135 4.9 0.3 9.6

National Forest

 George Washington and Jefferson 0.064 248 -7.9 -10.5 -5.1

 NFs in North Carolina 0.058 60 10.4 3.3 18.0

 Cherokee 0.013 25 0.0 -5.9 6.3

 Chattahoochee and Oconee 0.065 42 9.0 3.7 14.6

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.096 128 -4.2 -7.7 -0.6

 Daniel Boone 0.116 90 3.6 -3.3 10.9

 NFs in Alabama 0.027 42 5.6 -4.7 17.0

 Land Between the Lakes 0.278 180 -10.7 -13.2 -8.1

 Ozark and St. Francis 0.066 45 -7.4 -14.0 -0.3

 Ouachita 0.102 95 -8.0 -12.8 -2.9

 NFs in Texas 0.125 72 8.5 2.6 14.7

 Kisatchie 0.047 23 -11.0 -22.8 2.6

 NFs in Mississippi 0.100 208 1.4 -1.7 4.7

 NFs in Florida 0.066 38 9.8 1.5 18.8

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which brown-headed cowbird occurred on fewer than six points are not 

shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are ore reliable than estimates based 

on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
176

Figure 48. (continued on next page)—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) for the brown-headed cowbird, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, 10 physiographic areas, and 14 national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
177

Figure 48.—Continued
178

Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurious)

The orchard oriole breeds throughout the Eastern United States from 

the Great Plains to the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (Scharf and Kren 

1996). It winters in Central and South America. This species shows 

a distinct preference for riparian zones, fl oodplains, marshes, and 

shorelines of large rivers and lakes. It also nests in shrublands and 

scattered hardwoods in open country. Forest management centers 

on creating and/or maintaining open riparian forests and upland 

woodland communities by prescribed burning or thinning activities.

The USGS Breeding Bird Survey indicates a stable to declining 

trend for the species from 1966 to 2004 (-0.8 percent; 95 percent CI: -1.5 to 0.0). It is a bird of 

conservation concern in the West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas, Mississippi Alluvial Valley and 

Southeastern Coastal Plain regions. The bird is of concern due to a loss and degradation of riparian 

forests.

Population trends for the orchard oriole were estimated in fi ve physiographic areas and in six national 

forests (Table 52, Fig. 49). Trend estimates indicate that populations have been stable on national 

forests across the region. There is strong evidence of increases on National Forests in Mississippi and 

for decreases on the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area.

The orchard oriole was associated most frequently with early successional stages of elm-ashcottonwood and longleaf-slash pine forests, and with glade-shrub-savanna habitats (Appendix 6). 

Across forest types, it was associated most frequently with early than with late successional stages.

Table 52.—Mean number of observations per count and percent annual change in number of 

observations per count of orchard oriole on southern national forests by region, physiographic 

area, and national forest, 1992-2004a

Location

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Southern Region 0.010 221 1.7 -2.6 6.2

Physiographic Area

 Southern Piedmont 0.011 9 12.6 -1.2 28.4

 Interior Low Plateaus 0.032 69 -10.0 -16.9 -2.5

 West Gulf Coastal Plain 0.028 28 20.1 5.7 36.3

 East Gulf Coastal Plain 0.012 48 -8.0 -18.4 3.8

 South Atlantic Coastal Plain 0.038 52 -6.9 -14.5 1.3

National Forest

 NFs in North Carolina 0.015 10 -11.9 -24.6 3.1

 Francis Marion and Sumter 0.022 47 -5.4 -11.0 0.5

 Land Between the Lakes 0.055 69 -14.8 -17.6 -12.0

 NFs in Texas 0.027 14 65.4 51.9 80.1

 Kisatchie 0.034 13 -8.6 -20.0 4.4

 NFs in Mississippi 0.014 47 10.5 5.8 15.5

a Physiographic areas and national forests in which orchard oriole occurred on fewer than six points are not shown. 

Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on 

few points with confidence intervals that include zero.
179

Figure 49.—Mean observations per count (black circles) and trend estimates (solid line) with 90-percent confi dence bands (dotted lines) 

for the orchard oriole, 1992-2004, for the Southern Region, fi ve physiographic areas, and six national forests. Mean observations per count is the average number of observations of the species during an annual survey. Trends were estimated using marginal Poisson regression models f. The scale on the y-axis is unique for each graph. The number of points used in the analysis and the width of confi dence bands should be considered when interpreting the trends.
180

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We acknowledge Glen Gaines and Eddie Morris for their contribution in the initial development 

and implementation of the Regional Landbird Strategy in the mid 1990s. We also recognize the 

many program managers, fi eld biologists, and technicians that have supported implementation of 

this program since its inception. With thank Dirk Burhans and William Dijak for his assistance with 

the development of this project and preliminary analyses and Wes Bailey and Jim Bennett for their 

assistance preparing this report. Finally, we thank John Sauer, Wayne Thogmartin, national forest 

staff, and Agency cooperators for valuable reviews they provided on various drafts of this report.

LITERATURE CITED

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185

Common name Scientific name

Black-bellied whistling-duck Dendrocygna autumnalis

Canada goose Branta canadensis

Wood duck Aix sponsa

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

Blue-winged teal Anas discors

Hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus

Ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus

Wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo

Northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus

Pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps

Northern gannet Morus bassanus

Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus

Anhinga Anhinga anhinga

American bittern Botaurus lentiginosus

Least bittern Ixobrychus exilis

Great blue heron Ardea herodias

Great egret Ardea alba

Snowy egret Egretta thula

Little blue heron Egretta caerulea

Tricolored heron Egretta tricolor

Reddish egret Egretta rufescens

Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis

Green heron Butorides virescens

Black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax

Yellow-crowned night-heron Nyctanassa violacea

White ibis Eudocimus albus

Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus

Wood stork Mycteria americana

Black vulture Coragyps atratus

Turkey vulture Cathartes aura

Osprey Pandion haliaetus

Swallow-tailed kite Elanoides forfi catus

White-tailed kite Elanus leucurus

Mississippi kite Ictinia mississippiensis

Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Northern harrier Circus cyaneus

Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus

Cooper’s hawk Accipiter cooperii

Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus

Broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus

Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis

Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos

American kestrel Falco sparverius

Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus

Common moorhen Gallinula chloropus

American coot Fulica americana

Sandhill crane Grus canadensis

Killdeer Charadrius vociferus

APPENDIX 1

Common and Scientifi c Names of 210 Avian Species Recorded on Point Counts on 14 National 

Forests, Southern Region, 1992-2004

Common name Scientific name

Black-necked stilt Himantopus mexicanus

Greater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca

Lesser yellowlegs Tringa fl avipes

Spotted sandpiper Actitis macularius

Upland sandpiper Bartramia longicauda

Common snipe Gallinago gallinago

American woodcock Scolopax minor

Laughing gull Larus atricilla

Least tern Sterna antillarum

Rock pigeon Columba livia

Eurasian collared-dove Streptopelia decaocto

Mourning dove Zenaida macroura

Common ground-dove Columbina passerina

Black-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus

Yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus

Greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus

Barn owl Tyto alba

Eastern screech-owl Megascops asio

Great horned owl Bubo virginianus

Barred owl Strix varia

Common nighthawk Chordeiles minor

Chuck-will’s-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis

Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus

Chimney swift Chaetura pelagica

Ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris

Belted kingfi sher Ceryle alcyon

Red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus

Red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus

Yellow-bellied sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius

Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens

Hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus

Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis

Northern fl icker Colaptes auratus

Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus

Olive-sided fl ycatcher Contopus cooperi

Eastern wood-pewee Contopus virens

Acadian fl ycatcher Empidonax virescens

Alder fl ycatcher Empidonax alnorum

Willow fl ycatcher Empidonax traillii

Least fl ycatcher Empidonax minimus

Eastern phoebe Sayornis phoebe

Great crested fl ycatcher Myiarchus crinitus

Brown-crested fl ycatcher Myiarchus tyrannulus

Eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus

Scissor-tailed fl ycatcher Tyrannus forfi catus

Loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus

White-eyed vireo Vireo griseus

Bell’s vireo Vireo bellii

Continued
186

Common name Scientific name

Yellow-throated vireo Vireo fl avifrons

Blue-headed vireo Vireo solitarius

Warbling vireo Vireo gilvus

Philadelphia vireo Vireo philadelphicus

Red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus

Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata

Florida scrub-jay Aphelocoma coerulescens

American crow Corvus brachyrhynchos

Fish crow Corvus ossifragus

Common raven Corvus corax

Purple martin Progne subis

Tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor

Northern rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis

Bank swallow Riparia riparia

Cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Barn swallow Hirundo rustica

Carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis

Black-capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus

Tufted titmouse Baeolophus bicolor

Red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis

White-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis

Brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla

Brown creeper Certhia americana

Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus

Bewick’s wren Thryomanes bewickii

House wren Troglodytes aedon

Winter wren Troglodytes troglodytes

Sedge wren Cistothorus platensis

Golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa

Ruby-crowned kinglet Regulus calendula

Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea

Eastern bluebird Sialia sialis

Veery Catharus fuscescens

Gray-cheeked thrush Catharus minimus

Swainson’s thrush Catharus ustulatus

Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus

Wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina

American robin Turdus migratorius

Gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis

Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos

Brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum

European starling Sturnus vulgaris

Cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum

Blue-winged warbler Vermivora pinus

Golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera

Tennessee warbler Vermivora peregrina

Nashville warbler Vermivora rufi capilla

Northern parula Parula americana

Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia

Chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica pensylvanica

Magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia

Common name Scientific name

Black-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens

Yellow-rumped warbler Dendroica coronata

Black-throated green warbler Dendroica virens

Blackburnian warbler Dendroica fusca

Yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica

Pine warbler Dendroica pinus

Prairie warbler Dendroica discolor

Palm warbler Dendroica palmarum

Bay-breasted warbler Dendroica castanea

Cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea

Black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia

American redstart Setophaga ruticilla

Prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea

Worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorum

Swainson’s warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii

Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla

Northern waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis

Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla

Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus

Mourning warbler Oporornis philadelphia

Common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas

Hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina

Wilson’s warbler Wilsonia pusilla

Canada warbler Wilsonia canadensis

Yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens

Summer tanager Piranga rubra

Scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea

Eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Bachman’s sparrow Aimophila aestivalis

Chipping sparrow Spizella passerina

Field sparrow Spizella pusilla

Vesper sparrow Pooecetes gramineus

Lark sparrow Chondestes grammacus

Savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis

Grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum

Song sparrow Melospiza melodia

Lincoln’s sparrow Melospiza lincolnii

Swamp sparrow Melospiza georgiana

White-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis

White-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys

Dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis

Northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis

Rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus

Blue grosbeak Passerina caerulea

Indigo bunting Passerina cyanea

Painted bunting Passerina ciris

Dickcissel Spiza americana

Red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus

Eastern meadowlark Sturnella magna

Western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta

Common grackle Quiscalus quiscula

Appendix 1—continued

Continued
187

Common name Scientific name

Boat-tailed grackle Quiscalus major

Great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus

Bronzed cowbird Molothrus aeneus

Brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater

Orchard oriole Icterus spurius

Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula

Purple fi nch Carpodacus purpureus

House fi nch Carpodacus mexicanus

Red crossbill Loxia curvirostra

Pine siskin Carduelis pinus

American goldfi nch Carduelis tristis

House sparrow Passer domesticus

Appendix 1—continued
188

APPENDIX 2Number of Occurrences for 210 Avian Species by National Foresta, Southern Region, 1992-2004

Species GWJ NC CHE CHA FMS DB AL LBL OSF OUA TX KIS MS FL TotalBlack-bellied whistling-duck 1 1Canada goose 13 16 9 10 67 8 5 2 3 133Wood duck 2 2 5 23 4 2 9 1 7 23 14 11 4 107Mallard 3 5 2 2 5 1 3 1 22Blue-winged teal 1 1Hooded merganser 1 1Ruffed grouse 181 26 47 6 6 266Wild turkey 159 40 32 25 76 43 51 62 21 72 12 17 67 37 714Northern bobwhite 17 76 19 52 509 21 154 96 56 208 56 81 417 161 1923Pied-billed grebe 3 8 11Northern gannet 1 1Double-crested cormorant 1 1 1 7 10Anhinga 4 1 5American bittern 1 1 1 3Least bittern 2 2Great blue heron 5 1 3 14 48 5 8 96 5 27 20 7 37 5 281Great egret 2 19 13 3 9 32 6 84Snowy egret 1 4 5 1 3 14Little blue heron 1 13 8 2 2 15 41Tricolored heron 1 1Reddish egret 1 1Cattle egret 2 2 1 3 7 3 6 2 26Green heron 4 3 3 3 4 7 1 13 4 1 43Black-crowned night-heron 1 1Yellow-crowned night-heron 1 4 3 11 19White ibis 1 6 4 1 1 13Glossy ibis 1 1Wood stork 1 9 1 11Black vulture 9 1 4 22 17 1 5 12 11 3 20 1 106Turkey vulture 48 13 16 32 69 36 51 7 47 38 84 31 68 16 556Osprey 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 13Swallow-tailed kite 4 1 5White-tailed kite 1 1Mississippi kite 3 3 3 21 1 31Bald eagle 1 2 1 1 5Northern harrier 2 2Sharp-shinned hawk 6 2 6 5 1 1 1 5 10 1 2 1 41Cooper’s hawk 3 1 5 9 4 3 1 6 2 6 2 13 3 58Red-shouldered hawk 27 7 25 28 106 35 52 66 39 57 52 59 227 40 820Broad-winged hawk 30 15 32 33 20 7 17 3 41 49 30 12 64 353Red-tailed hawk 32 12 9 49 75 15 37 25 18 15 27 29 40 6 389

Continued
189

Species GWJ NC CHE CHA FMS DB AL LBL OSF OUA TX KIS MS FL TotalGolden eagle 1 1American kestrel 1 1 2 2 28 14 3 40 91Peregrine falcon 2 1 3Common moorhen 2 2American coot 34 3 3 10 1 7 2 1 61Sandhill crane 22 22Killdeer 1 3 6 1 1 3 15Black-necked stilt 1 1Greater yellowlegs 1 1Lesser yellowlegs 1 1Spotted sandpiper 1 1Upland sandpiper 1 1Common snipe 1 1American woodcock 1 1 2 1 1 6Laughing gull 57 57Least tern 3 3Rock pigeon 1 1Eurasian collared-dove 1 1Mourning dove 810 316 212 272 938 204 321 199 170 246 428 164 520 404 5204Common ground-dove 7 29Black-billed cuckoo 103 4 8 3 4 1 1 124Yellow-billed cuckoo 1078 136 324 264 987 420 524 1162 580 962 411 300 1847 57 9052Greater roadrunner 10 2 12Barn owl 2 4 6 12Eastern screech-owl 7 3 4 2 5 3 1 3 2 2 6 4 42Great horned owl 4 3 5 3 8 1 4 1 2 2 1 1 4 5 44Barred owl 43 19 19 11 47 4 10 28 19 28 48 6 156 4 442Common nighthawk 4 1 5 1 2 2 4 2 60 81Chuck-will’s-widow 3 8 1 5 1 1 23 4 19 6 11 82Whip-poor-will 45 8 15 12 2 7 6 8 4 3 110Chimney swift 45 72 92 62 112 15 88 40 38 38 42 30 140 9 823Ruby-throated hummingbird 129 77 75 47 112 69 33 91 59 70 21 12 318 1 1114Belted kingfisher 8 2 11 15 15 7 12 12 3 7 4 2 9 1 108Red-headed woodpecker 6 27 2 47 403 23 159 20 14 41 118 60 529 244 1693Red-bellied woodpecker 242 190 65 232 1221 281 413 619 214 177 528 261 2091 614 7148Yellow-bellied sapsucker 3 6 3 5 10 1 28Downy woodpecker 487 112 196 180 284 165 124 333 305 269 130 72 562 155 3374Hairy woodpecker 346 96 97 74 145 78 72 54 78 125 48 18 129 12 1372Red-cockaded woodpecker 9 2 77 19 6 48 36 69 65 331Northern flicker 331 103 160 88 433 85 116 29 71 59 38 30 248 125 1916Pileated woodpecker 1859 546 743 625 1208 464 357 439 670 913 447 218 1131 177 9797Olive-sided flycatcher 13 4

Appendix 2—continued

Eastern wood-pewee 1438 171 119 95 363 245 111 1014 485 219 164 114 952 24 5514

Continued
190 Species GWJ NC CHE CHA FMS DB AL LBL OSF OUA TX KIS MS FL Total

Acadian flycatcher 1068 340 200 236 595 340 245 808 395 240 343 152 1610 21 6593Alder flycatcher 9 5 1 3 18Willow flycatcher 3 14 2 1 2 1 23Least flycatcher 16 29 5 1 1 3 1 56Eastern phoebe 80 18 47 42 55 86 27 48 48 61 1 46 559Great crested flycatcher 1129 222 107 242 1239 76 393 391 83 344 198 151 1305 774 6654Brown-crested flycatcher 1 1Eastern kingbird 2 18 1 12 63 13 18 25 6 26 29 30 13 256Scissor-tailed flycatcher 32 5Loggerhead shrike 1 1 1 3White-eyed vireo 12 155 74 111 706 226 222 729 263 385 501 238 1431 373 5426Bell’s vireo 6 3 10Yellow-throated vireo 17 83 12 35 183 105 103 195 52 141 123 178 347 131 1705Blue-headed vireo 773 565 383 107 193 58 38 6 2123Warbling vireo 1 1 1 5 2 1 2 13Philadelphia vireo 1 1Red-eyed vireo 4682 1493 2086 1168 1703 1195 1242 1247 1493 2012 778 361 2658 50 22168Blue jay 1142 407 488 363 985 241 425 461 349 517 738 322 1942 364 8744Florida scrub-jay 46 46American crow 2265 840 1169 912 1967 794 626 1116 887 1542 870 545 1828 339 15700Fish crow 4 31 1 117 2 2 6 54 59 86 18 380Common raven 616 57 22 3 4 702Purple martin 2 15 1 11 57 13 25 5 28 69 35 7 7 275Tree swallow 6 3 4 9 1 2 3 13 41Northern rough-winged swallow 4 2 5 6 4 1 4 1 27Bank swallow 1 6 1 1 9Cliff swallow 2 2Barn swallow 3 4 2 4 11 7 28 12 6 5 22 9 113Carolina chickadee 267 389 625 350 615 267 332 317 487 731 438 146 1034 80 6078Black-capped chickadee 508 15 15 538Tufted titmouse 2091 866 747 572 1567 596 583 1024 734 1124 742 396 2608 462 14112Red-breasted nuthatch 61 92 37 15 1 206White-breasted nuthatch 968 281 181 161 94 354 252 503 291 196 9 17 149 3456Brown-headed nuthatch 46 2 14 249 76 2 11 149 67 137 76 829Brown creeper 12 77 6 1 3 99Carolina wren 242 544 336 391 1452 325 412 687 402 677 1062 475 2499 438 9942Bewick’s wren 21 3House wren 7 24 1 1 7 40Winter wren 39 225 126 5 395Sedge wren 3 3Golden-crowned kinglet 23 235 28 2 289

Appendix 2—continued

Ruby-crowned kinglet 3 18 4 1 1 8 35Blue-gray gnatcatcher 436 211 150 178 766 230 210 820 532 542 142 73 737 269 5296

Continued
191

Species GWJ NC CHE CHA FMS DB AL LBL OSF OUA TX KIS MS FL TotalEastern bluebird 32 23 5 31 169 15 46 45 21 21 2 20 45 33 508Veery 512 449 414 8 1 2 1 10 1397Gray-cheeked thrush 1 1Swainson’s thrush 3 4 25 21 11 64Hermit thrush 16 17 3 2 6 1 45Wood thrush 1676 371 498 266 446 426 222 453 225 91 100 67 1307 2 6150American robin 337 291 184 23 17 49 19 31 3 1 6 24 985Gray catbird 232 304 112 43 106 18 47 26 12 12 5 15 76 71 1079Northern mockingbird 9 8 14 48 2 30 4 9 12 7 33 25 201Brown thrasher 29 54 25 39 183 12 59 90 3 19 7 7 130 254 911European starling 2 5 1 1 4 4 1 18Cedar waxwing 200 49 117 2 4 6 1 2 8 2 3 2 11 407Blue-winged warbler 121 85 34 29 34 32 60 1 4 7 409Golden-winged warbler 3 40 15 2 1 61Tennessee warbler 2 17 6 2 27Nashville warbler 5 5Northern parula 356 369 177 100 618 131 147 386 249 157 118 42 395 154 3399Yellow warbler 13 24 24 28 14 37 32 10 43 7 3 1 236Chestnut-sided warbler 631 838 326 114 1 4 1 1 2 41 1923Magnolia warbler 60 1 3 6 70Black-throated blue warbler 285 442 409 133 34 1 1 3 1308Yellow-rumped warbler 13 1 1 3 1 5 1 25Black-throated green warbler 408 466 941 306 224 259 165 36 23 2 1 2831Blackburnian warbler 94 129 59 14 2 1 8 1 308Yellow-throated warbler 13 150 137 50 199 199 55 53 35 16 13 24 86 21 1051Pine warbler 657 281 279 285 1206 205 749 106 492 1316 1009 373 2153 585 9696Prairie warbler 112 238 110 265 564 168 574 262 110 388 44 71 425 18 3349Palm warbler 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 14 23Bay-breasted warbler 2 2Cerulean warbler 108 2 118 10 1 39 1 1 1 1 282Black-and-white warbler 1084 370 603 190 206 372 132 52 569 666 41 27 412 4724American redstart 506 48 49 7 34 44 11 2 2 11 15 48 210 1 988Prothonotary warbler 71 11 236 4 3 77 11 11 9 8 374 19 834Worm-eating warbler 1593 175 427 135 184 445 127 369 213 173 16 51 445 1 4354Swainson’s warbler 81 34 26 1 62 19 1 2 3 26 9 60 3 327Ovenbird 3907 1007 1252 637 447 929 305 97 918 288 2 4 51 3 9847Northern waterthrush 1 2 1 6 12Louisiana waterthrush 263 13 81 51 44 39 36 42 61 78 58 21 60 847Kentucky warbler 72 49 15 67 144 172 131 206 271 359 121 148 618 2373Mourning warbler 2 11 4

Appendix 2—continued

Common yellowthroat 55 342 15 24 773 83 100 283 27 159 71 36 627 208 2803Hooded warbler 1236 621 1135 480 865 774 362 35 480 234 549 317 1871 24 8983

Continued
192 Species GWJ NC CHE CHA FMS DB AL LBL OSF OUA TX KIS MS FL Total

Wilson’s warbler 2 1 3Canada warbler 170 195 157 11 1 1 3 1 539Yellow-breasted chat 97 196 182 321 917 316 680 504 257 519 394 400 1762 6 6551Summer tanager 5 170 9 166 621 60 459 817 429 869 638 353 2021 310 6927Scarlet tanager 3315 572 932 550 341 538 308 695 544 532 3 75 8405Eastern towhee 2520 1101 787 545 1426 215 392 392 216 18 80 1356 771 9819Bachman’s sparrow 10 5 111 72 1 6 174 86 164 325 954Chipping sparrow 110 40 8 44 29 82 84 40 79 70 3 53 136 778Field sparrow 166 81 30 49 133 57 120 136 28 59 3 49 911Vesper sparrow 10 6 2 18Lark sparrow 2 2Savannah sparrow 21 3Grasshopper sparrow 1 5 1 2 9Song sparrow 34 129 28 20 34 13 3 1 262Lincoln’s sparrow 2 2Swamp sparrow 1 1White-throated sparrow 4 3 1 1 9White-crowned sparrow 1 1Dark-eyed junco 618 593 446 31 1 1 3 1693Northern cardinal 383 439 328 454 1858 291 708 662 266 781 1042 634 3155 461 11462Rose-breasted grosbeak 698 271 163 20 9 5 4 2 1172Blue grosbeak 20 11 112 60 18 19 55 68 52 76 11 502Indigo bunting 2118 809 1259 768 916 548 897 1000 1050 1434 544 285 1818 2 13448Painted bunting 4 4 3 16 6 33Dickcissel 1 17 18Red-winged blackbird 17 7 3 14 21 25 4 46 19 6 19 2 183Eastern meadowlark 5 2 6 4 3 1 3 2 13 3 19 61Western meadowlark 1 1Common grackle 72 41 18 26 167 7 46 28 2 3 8 5 14 17 454Boat-tailed grackle 4 1 5Great-tailed grackle 3 3Bronzed cowbird 25 25Brown-headed cowbird 400 104 30 70 219 148 56 454 95 190 118 30 339 50 2303Orchard oriole 2 19 2 4 63 5 9 97 5 3 22 23 58 1 313Baltimore oriole 4 1 1 4 6 3 2 1 22Purple finch 1 1 2 4House finch 2 3 4 9Red crossbill 7 9 5 1 22Pine siskin 54 54American goldfinch 755 327 255 111 220 119 54 111 53 56 1 31 29 2122House sparrow 2 2Total 50148 22057 21329 13895 34347 14202 15364 20549 15953 21207 14342 8256 48822 9296 309767

a GWJ = George Washington and Jefferson; NC = NFs in North Carolina; CHE = Cherokee; CHA = Chattahoochee and Oconee; FMS = Francis Marion and Sumter; DB = Daniel Boone; AL = 

NFs in Alabama; LBL = Land Between the Lakes; OSF = Ozark and St Francis; OUA = Ouachita; TX = NFs in Texas; KIS = Kisatchie; MS = NFs in Mississippi; FL = NFs in Florida

Appendix 2—continued
193

APPENDIX 3

Mean Number of Observations per Count and Percent Annual Change in Observations 

per Count for 144 Avian Species, Southern Region, 1997-2004a

Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total number

of points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Wood duck 0.007 86 -5.2 -11.9 2.0

Ruffed grouse 0.009 218 4.4 -0.3 9.4

Wild turkey 0.028 606 2.0 -1.3 5.4

Northern bobwhite 0.071 1045 -10.2 -12.0 -8.3

Black vulture 0.004 100 8.1 1.1 15.5

Turkey vulture 0.022 452 1.3 -2.1 4.9

Mississippi kite 0.002 27 4.8 -5.5 16.1

Sharp-shinned hawk 0.001 37 -10.9 -19.2 -1.9

Cooper’s hawk 0.002 56 2.5 -5.2 10.8

Red-shouldered hawk 0.027 637 1.5 -1.3 4.3

Broad-winged hawk 0.011 326 5.8 1.7 10.1

Red-tailed hawk 0.012 330 -7.6 -11.2 -4.0

American kestrel 0.004 69 -3.4 -11.4 5.4

Killdeer 0.001 12 -6.4 -19.2 8.4

American woodcock 0.000 6 -5.4 -10.5 0.0

Mourning dove 0.197 2301 2.2 1.1 3.3

Common ground-dove 0.000 8 -15.5 -30.0 1.9

Black-billed cuckoo 0.004 114 -3.1 -9.5 3.8

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.318 3318 3.4 2.7 4.2

Greater roadrunner 0.000 11 -3.4 -12.1 6.2

Barn owl 0.000 12 413.6 352.5 482.9

Eastern screech-owl 0.002 42 -6.6 -15.9 3.7

Great horned owl 0.001 40 6.4 0.3 12.8

Barred owl 0.015 350 2.8 -0.5 6.3

Common nighthawk 0.004 60 -11.9 -18.9 -4.3

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.004 72 -0.1 -8.0 8.4

Whip-poor-will 0.004 93 12.2 2.3 23.1

Chimney swift 0.035 641 4.0 0.5 7.7

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.037 821 5.9 3.6 8.3

Belted kingfisher 0.003 88 -2.1 -10.2 6.8

Red-headed woodpecker 0.062 995 -1.0 -3.3 1.3

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.264 2724 4.1 3.1 5.1

Yellow-bellied sapsucker 0.001 26 -15.4 -23.6 -6.2

Downy woodpecker 0.110 2111 3.3 1.9 4.7

Hairy woodpecker 0.043 1089 -3.3 -5.4 -1.1

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.016 169 -1.9 -6.3 2.6

Northern flicker 0.061 1312 1.3 -0.6 3.3

Pileated woodpecker 0.334 3701 0.5 -0.3 1.3

Eastern wood-pewee 0.183 2112 -1.0 -2.0 0.1

Acadian flycatcher 0.262 2052 1.0 0.0 2.0

Alder flycatcher 0.001 17 155.4 135.1 177.4

Willow flycatcher 0.001 20 -17.2 -28.3 -4.4

Least flycatcher 0.004 35 -3.8 -14.0 7.6

Eastern phoebe 0.019 412 3.6 0.3 7.0

Great crested flycatcher 0.247 2783 0.7 -0.3 1.7

Eastern kingbird 0.010 178 -3.9 -8.9 1.4

White-eyed vireo 0.226 1920 1.8 0.6 3.1

Bell’s vireo 0.000 9 -14.6 -21.7 -6.9

Yellow-throated vireo 0.059 1092 4.5 2.6 6.4

Blue-headed vireo 0.083 945 -7.2 -9.2 -5.2

Warbling vireo 0.000 9 -3.2 -16.7 12.5

Red-eyed vireo 1.162 4195 0.3 -0.2 0.8

Blue jay 0.359 3544 2.3 1.4 3.3

Florida scrub-jay 0.003 24 -31.1 -38.7 -22.5

American crow 0.753 4021 -1.9 -2.5 -1.3

Continued
194

Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total number

of points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Fish crow 0.016 284 10.3 4.8 16.0

Common raven 0.026 351 -8.2 -10.5 -5.8

Purple martin 0.012 214 6.3 -0.2 13.2

Tree swallow 0.003 39 -0.5 -9.9 9.8

Northern rough-winged swallow 0.002 22 25.4 5.4 49.3

Bank swallow 0.000 9 -24.1 -31.0 -16.5

Barn swallow 0.009 68 1.6 -8.4 12.7

Carolina chickadee 0.261 2918 4.0 2.8 5.2

Black-capped chickadee 0.019 354 6.7 3.4 10.2

Tufted titmouse 0.575 4115 2.2 1.6 2.9

Red-breasted nuthatch 0.009 106 -5.9 -10.4 -1.2

White-breasted nuthatch 0.116 1816 3.4 2.0 4.7

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.042 451 3.7 0.4 7.0

Brown creeper 0.005 45 -13.4 -17.8 -8.6

Carolina wren 0.434 3298 7.4 6.5 8.2

House wren 0.003 27 14.9 7.9 22.3

Winter wren 0.024 127 -13.8 -17.0 -10.5

Golden-crowned kinglet 0.030 73 -5.5 -9.7 -1.1

Ruby-crowned kinglet 0.001 21 -13.8 -19.4 -7.9

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.200 2305 4.7 3.6 5.9

Eastern bluebird 0.017 365 -0.9 -4.9 3.2

Veery 0.065 374 -1.7 -3.6 0.2

Swainson’s thrush 0.003 62 3.6 -1.6 9.1

Hermit thrush 0.002 40 5.1 -3.3 14.2

Wood thrush 0.225 2623 -3.3 -4.3 -2.3

American robin 0.039 499 -0.1 -2.4 2.3

Gray catbird 0.042 595 2.2 -0.8 5.4

Northern mockingbird 0.006 148 6.5 0.3 13.0

Brown thrasher 0.030 591 -2.1 -4.6 0.4

European starling 0.001 17 -1.9 -16.4 15.1

Cedar waxwing 0.036 267 8.8 2.5 15.5

Blue-winged warbler 0.014 293 -15.6 -19.0 -12.0

Golden-winged warbler 0.003 37 -24.3 -32.1 -15.6

Tennessee warbler 0.001 23 -31.1 -41.7 -18.7

Northern parula 0.129 1355 1.8 0.3 3.3

Yellow warbler 0.007 198 0.6 -4.7 6.1

Chestnut-sided warbler 0.114 570 -6.8 -8.6 -4.9

Magnolia warbler 0.003 44 3.3 -2.9 10.0

Black-throated blue warbler 0.056 426 -3.5 -5.5 -1.5

Yellow-rumped warbler 0.002 25 6.3 -1.6 15.0

Black-throated green warbler 0.114 947 4.1 2.5 5.7

Blackburnian warbler 0.012 172 1.7 -2.4 6.0

Yellow-throated warbler 0.038 626 5.5 3.0 8.0

Pine warbler 0.559 2890 0.7 -0.2 1.6

Prairie warbler 0.160 1212 -2.3 -4.0 -0.5

Palm warbler 0.001 19 -0.5 -6.1 5.4

Cerulean warbler 0.010 162 -5.7 -10.1 -0.9

Black-and-white warbler 0.166 2116 1.8 0.7 2.9

American redstart 0.034 548 -7.3 -9.9 -4.7

Prothonotary warbler 0.039 287 12.5 8.9 16.2

Worm-eating warbler 0.151 1883 2.4 1.2 3.6

Swainson’s warbler 0.013 208 -4.2 -8.7 0.6

Ovenbird 0.456 2316 1.4 0.7 2.2

Northern waterthrush 0.001 12 0.3 -9.5 11.1

Louisiana waterthrush 0.029 471 2.4 -0.3 5.1

Kentucky warbler 0.086 1349 5.5 3.8 7.3

Common yellowthroat 0.126 1098 1.0 -0.9 2.9

Appendix 3—continued

Continued
195

Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total number

of points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Hooded warbler 0.371 2855 0.5 -0.4 1.4

Canada warbler 0.021 224 -4.3 -7.4 -1.0

Yellow-breasted chat 0.306 2157 -3.1 -4.2 -1.9

Summer tanager 0.263 2526 0.6 -0.4 1.5

Scarlet tanager 0.299 2494 1.4 0.6 2.2

Eastern towhee 0.585 2796 -4.1 -5.2 -3.0

Bachman’s sparrow 0.054 345 -6.0 -8.6 -3.2

Chipping sparrow 0.029 547 5.2 2.4 8.1

Field sparrow 0.034 448 -8.3 -11.1 -5.3

Vesper sparrow 0.001 8 -1.5 -14.3 13.2

Grasshopper sparrow 0.000 8 -2.9 -22.4 21.4

Song sparrow 0.013 118 -2.2 -7.2 3.0

White-throated sparrow 0.000 9 -5.6 -21.5 13.5

Dark-eyed junco 0.101 445 -7.1 -8.9 -5.2

Northern cardinal 0.541 3383 1.5 0.7 2.3

Rose-breasted grosbeak 0.040 520 -6.2 -8.5 -3.9

Blue grosbeak 0.019 320 3.4 -0.3 7.3

Indigo bunting 0.633 3424 0.8 0.1 1.5

Painted bunting 0.001 28 -21.4 -32.1 -9.0

Dickcissel 0.001 6 -16.5 -27.2 -4.2

Red-winged blackbird 0.011 93 2.0 -6.0 10.8

Eastern meadowlark 0.002 39 5.5 -2.2 13.8

Common grackle 0.018 323 0.7 -4.6 6.3

Boat-tailed grackle 0.000 6 41.0 19.6 66.2

Bronzed cowbird 0.001 23 5.0 3.9 6.1

Brown-headed cowbird 0.081 1295 0.3 -1.5 2.1

Orchard oriole 0.010 221 1.7 -2.6 6.2

Baltimore oriole 0.000 22 -0.5 -14.3 15.6

House finch 0.001 9 -17.4 -20.7 -13.9

Red crossbill 0.004 20 -10.0 -17.2 -2.2

Pine siskin 0.003 23 -4.3 -11.4 3.4

American goldfinch 0.087 1230 1.7 -0.1 3.6

a

 Estimates based on point-count surveys on 14 national forests in the Southern Region. Species that occurred at fewer than 

six points are not shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than 

estimates based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.

Appendix 3—continued
196

APPENDIX 4

Mean Number of Observations per Count and Percent Annual Change in Number of 

Observations per Count for 144 Avian Species in 10 Physiographic Areas, Southern Region, 

1997-2004a

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Mid-Atlantic Ridge & 

Valley

Ruffed grouse 0.044 130 11.4 5.7 17.3

Wild turkey 0.031 113 0.3 -5.9 7.0

Turkey vulture 0.010 30 13.0 6.6 19.8

Red-shouldered hawk 0.006 23 5.5 -5.1 17.2

Broad-winged hawk 0.005 28 -7.2 -19.9 7.5

Red-tailed hawk 0.004 20 13.0 9.1 17.1

Mourning dove 0.139 272 1.9 -0.4 4.2

Black-billed cuckoo 0.017 80 -5.2 -13.0 3.3

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.195 400 9.1 7.1 11.0

Eastern screech-owl 0.002 6 -37.2 -44.4 -29.0

Barred owl 0.008 36 -4.0 -12.8 5.7

Whip-poor-will 0.009 33 31.0 28.6 33.3

Chimney swift 0.008 36 -10.1 -15.8 -4.0

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.020 77 -4.7 -10.2 1.0

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.036 133 6.6 0.4 13.2

Downy woodpecker 0.070 263 -6.3 -9.8 -2.7

Hairy woodpecker 0.054 209 3.6 -1.2 8.5

Northern flicker 0.050 167 7.5 2.5 12.7

Pileated woodpecker 0.296 503 -2.7 -4.5 -0.8

Eastern wood-pewee 0.223 406 -4.5 -6.8 -2.2

Acadian flycatcher 0.215 261 -4.7 -7.0 -2.4

Alder flycatcher 0.002 9 131.3 96.8 171.8

Least flycatcher 0.003 8 20.6 7.7 35.0

Eastern phoebe 0.015 38 -1.4 -8.4 6.3

Great crested flycatcher 0.203 414 -4.6 -6.9 -2.3

White-eyed vireo 0.002 6 13.1 4.5 22.4

Yellow-throated vireo 0.004 14 6.5 -4.8 19.1

Blue-headed vireo 0.133 312 -0.7 -3.8 2.5

Red-eyed vireo 1.164 630 0.1 -0.8 1.1

Blue jay 0.205 442 6.2 3.4 9.0

American crow 0.411 492 -7.0 -8.5 -5.5

Common raven 0.106 208 -7.6 -10.8 -4.4

Carolina chickadee 0.052 161 -9.0 -12.7 -5.2

Black-capped chickadee 0.082 250 2.9 -1.0 7.0

Tufted titmouse 0.379 540 -2.8 -4.5 -1.1

Red-breasted nuthatch 0.001 8 10.5 2.9 18.6

White-breasted nuthatch 0.159 375 0.1 -2.4 2.6

Carolina wren 0.045 125 5.0 -0.1 10.3

Winter wren 0.004 12 -15.8 -26.3 -3.8

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.054 158 3.4 -0.9 7.8

Eastern bluebird 0.004 22 6.9 -6.3 21.9

Veery 0.119 106 1.3 -2.4 5.2

Wood thrush 0.304 475 -3.4 -5.5 -1.2

American robin 0.042 104 3.5 -1.5 8.8

Gray catbird 0.021 63 0.9 -6.5 8.9

Brown thrasher 0.004 18 2.9 -5.7 12.3

Continued
197

Cedar waxwing 0.055 100 18.0 10.6 25.9

Northern parula 0.066 118 -5.2 -8.6 -1.6

Chestnut-sided warbler 0.132 146 -2.5 -6.4 1.6

Magnolia warbler 0.009 27 3.9 -5.6 14.3

Black-throated blue warbler 0.063 93 8.5 3.6 13.7

Yellow-rumped warbler 0.002 10 42.6 31.2 54.9

Black-throated green warbler 0.073 128 0.7 -4.1 5.8

Blackburnian warbler 0.017 50 6.3 -2.3 15.6

Yellow-throated warbler 0.002 8 -17.7 -19.1 -16.1

Pine warbler 0.138 269 -4.4 -6.8 -1.9

Prairie warbler 0.027 50 3.5 -5.0 12.8

Cerulean warbler 0.011 49 -15.2 -24.4 -4.8

Black-and-white warbler 0.170 392 -1.2 -3.7 1.3

American redstart 0.096 178 -4.5 -7.9 -0.9

Worm-eating warbler 0.269 421 0.6 -1.6 3.0

Swainson’s warbler 0.024 22 -11.2 -15.0 -7.1

Ovenbird 0.944 614 2.2 1.1 3.4

Louisiana waterthrush 0.038 88 -2.0 -6.6 2.8

Kentucky warbler 0.009 39 -0.1 -10.4 11.5

Common yellowthroat 0.009 23 20.5 5.0 38.3

Hooded warbler 0.220 311 -2.5 -4.9 0.1

Canada warbler 0.039 68 -7.4 -11.3 -3.3

Yellow-breasted chat 0.015 37 10.6 1.3 20.8

Scarlet tanager 0.665 625 -0.1 -1.3 1.1

Eastern towhee 0.501 439 -3.7 -5.3 -2.1

Chipping sparrow 0.017 49 -6.5 -11.9 -0.9

Field sparrow 0.011 35 -4.9 -13.6 4.7

Song sparrow 0.004 8 -6.8 -18.2 6.2

Dark-eyed junco 0.104 146 -2.0 -5.0 1.2

Northern cardinal 0.046 142 15.9 10.5 21.5

Rose-breasted grosbeak 0.131 278 -4.6 -7.6 -1.4

Indigo bunting 0.430 434 -3.9 -5.5 -2.3

Red-winged blackbird 0.004 7 11.0 -6.7 32.1

Common grackle 0.014 41 -8.5 -15.6 -0.7

Brown-headed cowbird 0.055 187 -15.6 -20.0 -11.0

American goldfinch 0.126 300 4.3 1.3 7.4

Southern Blue Ridge Ruffed grouse 0.012 80 -11.6 -18.9 -3.5

Wild turkey 0.021 108 -3.8 -9.6 2.4

Northern bobwhite 0.013 66 -17.2 -22.7 -11.4

Black vulture 0.001 9 6.5 4.0 9.0

Turkey vulture 0.008 43 0.6 -5.6 7.2

Sharp-shinned hawk 0.001 10 -20.1 -29.0 -10.0

Cooper’s hawk 0.002 12 8.3 3.0 14.0

Red-shouldered hawk 0.007 38 38.7 22.3 57.2

Broad-winged hawk 0.012 71 8.0 0.4 16.1

Red-tailed hawk 0.011 56 -12.6 -20.5 -4.0

Mourning dove 0.149 385 6.6 4.2 9.1

Black-billed cuckoo 0.004 23 2.0 -7.1 12.1

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
198

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.134 393 19.8 16.9 22.8

Eastern screech-owl 0.001 9 -1.0 -8.1 6.7

Great horned owl 0.001 8 45.7 34.9 57.3

Barred owl 0.008 48 -2.7 -11.7 7.3

Whip-poor-will 0.006 29 2.2 -13.2 20.3

Chimney swift 0.040 152 -2.2 -8.1 4.0

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.031 154 8.1 1.9 14.7

Belted kingfisher 0.005 22 -8.7 -22.7 7.9

Red-headed woodpecker 0.005 33 -14.7 -25.9 -2.0

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.057 227 8.7 4.2 13.5

Yellow-bellied sapsucker 0.002 9 -7.1 -21.9 10.5

Downy woodpecker 0.076 343 -1.2 -4.5 2.2

Hairy woodpecker 0.044 248 -6.3 -10.4 -2.1

Northern flicker 0.060 283 0.3 -3.3 4.1

Pileated woodpecker 0.397 746 2.8 1.5 4.1

Eastern wood-pewee 0.107 260 -5.1 -8.1 -2.0

Acadian flycatcher 0.146 287 -1.3 -4.2 1.8

Alder flycatcher 0.002 8 262.2 216.2 314.9

Willow flycatcher 0.003 11 -23.7 -32.3 -14.0

Least flycatcher 0.014 21 -7.4 -17.1 3.5

Eastern phoebe 0.018 92 4.6 -2.1 11.8

Great crested flycatcher 0.062 282 -6.3 -10.1 -2.3

White-eyed vireo 0.028 109 -9.2 -15.0 -2.9

Yellow-throated vireo 0.014 72 -6.4 -13.3 1.0

Blue-headed vireo 0.272 498 -10.6 -12.9 -8.3

Red-eyed vireo 1.351 884 -0.2 -1.1 0.6

Blue jay 0.253 646 3.5 1.4 5.6

American crow 0.771 799 3.0 1.6 4.5

Common raven 0.046 142 -8.0 -11.7 -4.1

Purple martin 0.002 14 -1.6 -6.6 3.8

Tree swallow 0.002 7 -7.5 -13.8 -0.6

Northern rough-winged swallow 0.002 9 -20.7 -31.1 -8.6

Barn swallow 0.003 10 -19.4 -28.1 -9.7

Carolina chickadee 0.225 548 2.2 -0.1 4.6

Black-capped chickadee 0.031 103 15.2 10.5 20.1

Tufted titmouse 0.419 747 0.8 -0.6 2.2

Red-breasted nuthatch 0.041 94 -5.9 -10.5 -1.1

White-breasted nuthatch 0.127 421 1.1 -1.6 3.8

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.001 6 -1.5 -17.9 18.2

Brown creeper 0.022 35 -14.0 -18.6 -9.2

Carolina wren 0.157 454 5.9 3.2 8.7

Winter wren 0.116 115 -13.5 -16.7 -10.1

Golden-crowned kinglet 0.146 70 -5.3 -9.5 -0.9

Ruby-crowned kinglet 0.004 8 -14.6 -22.4 -6.0

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.089 270 3.7 -0.1 7.6

Eastern bluebird 0.009 40 -14.6 -23.6 -4.4

Veery 0.226 248 -1.8 -4.1 0.4

Swainson’s thrush 0.006 26 14.2 11.3 17.1

Hermit thrush 0.007 32 14.2 4.7 24.7

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
199

Wood thrush 0.253 528 1.3 -0.6 3.3

American robin 0.137 262 0.9 -1.9 3.8

Gray catbird 0.100 219 1.2 -2.0 4.4

Northern mockingbird 0.003 13 6.8 -7.3 23.1

Brown thrasher 0.017 87 -8.3 -14.5 -1.7

Cedar waxwing 0.089 130 11.4 3.4 19.9

Blue-winged warbler 0.035 133 -21.0 -25.2 -16.6

Golden-winged warbler 0.012 34 -27.0 -34.2 -18.9

Northern parula 0.123 278 -3.2 -5.7 -0.5

Yellow warbler 0.008 51 -15.9 -24.7 -6.0

Chestnut-sided warbler 0.452 406 -7.5 -9.5 -5.3

Magnolia warbler 0.005 10 8.2 -0.3 17.6

Black-throated blue warbler 0.220 306 -4.4 -6.5 -2.2

Yellow-rumped warbler 0.003 6 -13.5 -25.1 -0.1

Black-throated green warbler 0.398 563 3.9 2.2 5.7

Blackburnian warbler 0.044 110 0.0 -4.8 5.2

Yellow-throated warbler 0.035 139 -2.7 -7.7 2.6

Pine warbler 0.122 302 -1.4 -4.2 1.4

Prairie warbler 0.085 147 -7.5 -11.8 -3.0

Cerulean warbler 0.007 31 -10.7 -19.7 -0.7

Black-and-white warbler 0.227 554 3.4 1.3 5.5

American redstart 0.033 118 -23.6 -28.7 -18.2

Worm-eating warbler 0.198 471 4.0 1.7 6.4

Swainson’s warbler 0.011 46 -4.3 -11.9 3.8

Ovenbird 0.749 760 -0.1 -1.3 1.2

Louisiana waterthrush 0.028 100 -7.1 -11.9 -1.9

Kentucky warbler 0.014 85 -12.7 -19.3 -5.5

Common yellowthroat 0.060 66 -1.3 -4.9 2.4

Hooded warbler 0.522 702 -1.5 -3.0 -0.1

Canada warbler 0.070 151 -3.0 -7.1 1.2

Yellow-breasted chat 0.101 227 -9.9 -13.2 -6.4

Summer tanager 0.008 56 2.0 -4.9 9.4

Scarlet tanager 0.417 753 0.1 -1.3 1.6

Eastern towhee 0.637 697 -3.7 -5.0 -2.3

Chipping sparrow 0.015 73 -14.6 -22.7 -5.7

Field sparrow 0.062 86 -4.5 -9.6 1.0

Vesper sparrow 0.003 8 -1.5 -14.3 13.2

Song sparrow 0.051 79 1.6 -4.2 7.7

Dark-eyed junco 0.415 295 -7.7 -9.8 -5.7

Northern cardinal 0.227 499 8.1 6.2 10.2

Rose-breasted grosbeak 0.092 227 -7.8 -11.2 -4.3

Blue grosbeak 0.005 13 -7.1 -20.9 9.2

Indigo bunting 0.664 711 -1.3 -2.7 0.1

Red-winged blackbird 0.003 11 -18.1 -28.3 -6.4

Common grackle 0.011 58 -15.1 -21.5 -8.1

Brown-headed cowbird 0.025 112 -5.2 -11.1 1.1

Baltimore oriole 0.001 8 -2.8 -14.7 10.8

Red crossbill 0.005 11 42.6 20.0 69.3

Pine siskin 0.015 23 -4.3 -11.4 3.4

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
200

American goldfinch 0.184 456 0.3 -2.3 3.0

Northern Cumberland 

Plateau

Ruffed grouse 0.004 6 -15.6 -24.9 -5.1

Wild turkey 0.039 35 7.5 -4.6 21.1

Northern bobwhite 0.015 13 -12.4 -26.6 4.6

Turkey vulture 0.033 28 -14.7 -20.3 -8.8

Red-shouldered hawk 0.025 31 -4.2 -10.8 2.9

Broad-winged hawk 0.005 7 -26.7 -33.4 -19.4

Red-tailed hawk 0.013 14 -19.7 -34.5 -1.6

Mourning dove 0.167 102 13.8 8.6 19.2

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.393 136 8.0 5.0 11.1

Chimney swift 0.016 13 -13.6 -30.9 8.1

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.050 54 8.6 1.2 16.6

Red-headed woodpecker 0.021 20 119.4 103.5 136.6

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.214 130 11.8 7.2 16.5

Downy woodpecker 0.128 105 14.0 8.9 19.3

Hairy woodpecker 0.061 62 4.1 -3.0 11.6

Northern flicker 0.066 70 8.4 -0.4 18.0

Pileated woodpecker 0.373 170 4.1 0.9 7.4

Eastern wood-pewee 0.203 108 0.0 -4.2 4.3

Acadian flycatcher 0.290 104 3.8 0.7 7.1

Eastern phoebe 0.067 60 9.8 2.2 18.0

Great crested flycatcher 0.057 60 1.1 -7.2 10.1

Eastern kingbird 0.010 6 4.1 -13.7 25.4

White-eyed vireo 0.209 85 -0.2 -4.5 4.2

Yellow-throated vireo 0.079 72 7.9 1.2 15.0

Blue-headed vireo 0.046 44 5.0 -3.2 14.0

Red-eyed vireo 1.477 188 1.5 0.2 2.9

Blue jay 0.200 123 5.6 1.2 10.2

American crow 0.893 179 0.1 -2.0 2.3

Tree swallow 0.009 9 69.3 47.9 93.9

Carolina chickadee 0.242 131 -2.4 -6.7 2.2

Tufted titmouse 0.501 175 5.7 3.3 8.1

White-breasted nuthatch 0.298 156 2.9 -0.8 6.7

Carolina wren 0.275 152 15.3 10.4 20.5

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.192 123 7.0 2.5 11.6

Eastern bluebird 0.012 12 -3.2 -16.0 11.5

Wood thrush 0.396 148 -0.1 -3.2 3.2

American robin 0.036 33 -4.9 -11.5 2.3

Gray catbird 0.013 14 -8.0 -19.8 5.6

Brown thrasher 0.009 11 5.2 -8.5 21.1

Blue-winged warbler 0.021 23 -26.8 -35.9 -16.5

Northern parula 0.111 60 3.0 -2.8 9.1

Yellow warbler 0.027 31 17.6 3.3 33.9

Black-throated green warbler 0.254 95 1.6 -3.3 6.8

Yellow-throated warbler 0.159 101 3.8 -0.8 8.6

Pine warbler 0.200 80 -7.8 -12.0 -3.4

Prairie warbler 0.178 58 -13.1 -18.9 -7.0

Cerulean warbler 0.098 58 -4.8 -10.2 0.8

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
201

Black-and-white warbler 0.297 141 4.6 1.5 7.8

American redstart 0.035 27 4.7 -4.9 15.3

Worm-eating warbler 0.387 152 2.4 -0.6 5.5

Swainson’s warbler 0.016 16 -15.6 -28.8 -0.1

Ovenbird 1.125 179 4.7 2.7 6.6

Louisiana waterthrush 0.028 26 7.1 -4.8 20.5

Kentucky warbler 0.140 101 -6.8 -11.7 -1.5

Common yellowthroat 0.074 36 -7.9 -13.7 -1.8

Hooded warbler 0.798 178 2.0 -0.1 4.0

Yellow-breasted chat 0.313 106 -3.6 -7.7 0.7

Summer tanager 0.048 51 8.2 -2.0 19.4

Scarlet tanager 0.451 173 1.8 -0.8 4.6

Eastern towhee 0.197 88 -2.8 -6.6 1.2

Chipping sparrow 0.065 56 -3.6 -8.2 1.2

Field sparrow 0.057 25 -0.9 -10.8 10.1

Song sparrow 0.010 6 -1.1 -13.2 12.7

Northern cardinal 0.247 122 5.9 1.5 10.4

Indigo bunting 0.580 147 0.1 -3.0 3.2

Red-winged blackbird 0.062 9 0.4 -8.2 9.8

Common grackle 0.006 7 40.4 36.0 45.0

Brown-headed cowbird 0.116 90 3.6 -3.3 10.9

American goldfinch 0.123 79 7.3 -0.1 15.3

Southern Cumberland 

Plateau/Ridge & Valley

Wild turkey 0.030 34 18.3 8.3 29.2

Northern bobwhite 0.031 35 -5.0 -11.6 2.1

Turkey vulture 0.022 30 46.6 35.0 59.3

Red-shouldered hawk 0.031 38 17.3 5.2 30.8

Broad-winged hawk 0.015 26 31.2 20.6 42.8

Red-tailed hawk 0.012 14 -0.9 -11.9 11.5

Mourning dove 0.161 109 9.6 3.7 15.8

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.277 173 6.3 2.6 10.1

Great horned owl 0.005 6 9.8 0.7 19.9

Barred owl 0.005 8 3.0 -4.4 11.1

Chimney swift 0.034 35 20.9 4.7 39.5

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.026 27 21.8 10.2 34.5

Belted kingfisher 0.008 9 40.5 17.5 68.0

Red-headed woodpecker 0.062 55 9.6 -0.6 20.9

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.175 141 16.9 12.6 21.3

Downy woodpecker 0.066 71 15.6 5.6 26.7

Hairy woodpecker 0.045 51 -1.5 -10.3 8.2

Northern flicker 0.090 86 2.3 -3.5 8.4

Pileated woodpecker 0.212 160 3.7 -0.6 8.3

Eastern wood-pewee 0.039 36 13.2 1.2 26.7

Acadian flycatcher 0.137 74 3.2 -1.1 7.8

Eastern phoebe 0.014 17 -3.7 -15.1 9.2

Great crested flycatcher 0.187 150 5.5 0.8 10.3

Eastern kingbird 0.008 10 38.1 17.8 61.8

White-eyed vireo 0.114 80 5.9 0.2 12.0

Yellow-throated vireo 0.060 66 20.0 11.4 29.3

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
202

Blue-headed vireo 0.029 26 25.4 12.9 39.1

Red-eyed vireo 0.817 215 2.8 0.9 4.7

Blue jay 0.241 163 13.8 9.0 18.9

American crow 0.461 179 -0.9 -3.6 1.9

Purple martin 0.007 9 69.5 40.5 104.6

Carolina chickadee 0.188 146 12.7 7.1 18.5

Tufted titmouse 0.313 192 10.7 6.3 15.2

White-breasted nuthatch 0.152 129 9.5 3.2 16.2

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.031 33 86.5 72.7 101.3

Carolina wren 0.214 146 10.9 5.5 16.5

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.156 125 10.9 4.5 17.8

Eastern bluebird 0.011 13 11.1 -1.1 24.8

Wood thrush 0.115 82 -1.2 -7.1 5.1

American robin 0.009 13 24.3 11.7 38.3

Gray catbird 0.033 30 10.2 1.1 20.0

Northern mockingbird 0.008 9 -5.8 -15.4 4.8

Brown thrasher 0.023 29 9.6 0.2 19.9

Blue-winged warbler 0.027 35 1.8 -9.5 14.6

Northern parula 0.074 62 4.5 -3.8 13.6

Yellow warbler 0.017 20 20.5 8.3 34.0

Black-throated green warbler 0.105 77 18.9 10.8 27.6

Yellow-throated warbler 0.039 33 20.0 12.7 27.8

Pine warbler 0.355 180 9.2 5.9 12.5

Prairie warbler 0.270 111 -0.4 -4.1 3.4

Black-and-white warbler 0.077 80 3.4 -4.3 11.7

American redstart 0.008 9 -18.3 -26.5 -9.2

Worm-eating warbler 0.105 86 -1.3 -7.1 5.0

Ovenbird 0.240 132 3.8 -1.2 9.2

Louisiana waterthrush 0.026 17 -4.2 -17.4 11.2

Kentucky warbler 0.089 71 18.6 13.4 24.0

Common yellowthroat 0.031 27 9.5 -0.5 20.5

Hooded warbler 0.147 106 13.4 7.5 19.6

Yellow-breasted chat 0.403 153 2.0 -1.0 5.2

Summer tanager 0.206 153 10.0 5.4 14.8

Scarlet tanager 0.252 145 5.9 1.5 10.4

Eastern towhee 0.186 113 6.7 0.8 12.9

Chipping sparrow 0.036 40 11.4 3.0 20.5

Field sparrow 0.042 34 -3.9 -11.2 3.9

Northern cardinal 0.332 179 6.5 3.0 10.2

Blue grosbeak 0.014 14 5.2 -1.7 12.5

Indigo bunting 0.406 177 1.5 -2.1 5.2

Common grackle 0.006 9 10.8 2.6 19.6

Brown-headed cowbird 0.045 38 17.6 4.6 32.2

American goldfinch 0.042 38 13.7 7.1 20.7

Southern Piedmont Wood duck 0.053 11 -29.9 -39.3 -19.1

Wild turkey 0.058 47 -2.4 -12.9 9.4

Northern bobwhite 0.256 139 -17.3 -21.7 -12.8

Black vulture 0.008 9 20.8 4.6 39.5

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
203

Turkey vulture 0.031 25 25.8 5.9 49.3

Red-shouldered hawk 0.035 37 6.2 -3.6 16.9

Broad-winged hawk 0.004 7 26.7 9.1 47.1

Red-tailed hawk 0.054 59 -7.8 -15.1 0.2

Mourning dove 0.539 214 -5.6 -8.3 -2.8

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.357 205 3.1 -0.4 6.7

Great horned owl 0.005 7 -17.9 -22.6 -12.9

Barred owl 0.008 13 -10.7 -18.5 -2.1

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.005 6 -44.2 -53.0 -33.8

Chimney swift 0.083 52 -1.6 -10.7 8.5

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.075 81 12.8 5.9 20.1

Belted kingfisher 0.013 12 19.3 5.9 34.3

Red-headed woodpecker 0.171 106 1.5 -4.4 7.8

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.481 223 -0.4 -3.2 2.6

Downy woodpecker 0.148 123 -3.9 -9.4 1.8

Hairy woodpecker 0.071 83 -19.7 -26.6 -12.1

Northern flicker 0.114 118 -0.4 -6.4 6.0

Pileated woodpecker 0.435 201 -7.1 -10.3 -3.8

Eastern wood-pewee 0.213 121 3.1 -1.2 7.6

Acadian flycatcher 0.483 146 2.2 -1.6 6.2

Eastern phoebe 0.046 40 -7.3 -21.3 9.0

Great crested flycatcher 0.399 198 -5.3 -9.0 -1.5

Eastern kingbird 0.065 42 -18.2 -27.6 -7.6

White-eyed vireo 0.269 134 -6.9 -11.3 -2.3

Yellow-throated vireo 0.108 83 3.4 -2.5 9.7

Blue-headed vireo 0.078 57 2.6 -4.6 10.3

Red-eyed vireo 1.577 262 -6.1 -8.2 -4.0

Blue jay 0.678 209 -1.8 -5.1 1.7

American crow 1.408 262 -10.1 -12.1 -8.0

Fish crow 0.020 22 -7.2 -19.4 6.8

Purple martin 0.052 17 31.2 6.5 61.6

Carolina chickadee 0.533 224 -5.7 -9.1 -2.0

Tufted titmouse 0.925 253 -5.2 -7.1 -3.2

White-breasted nuthatch 0.055 46 8.5 1.7 15.8

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.139 61 2.7 -3.5 9.3

Carolina wren 0.738 255 -1.8 -4.1 0.7

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.470 224 0.8 -2.8 4.6

Eastern bluebird 0.090 54 -2.7 -12.1 7.7

Veery 0.005 6 -34.0 -37.2 -30.7

Wood thrush 0.467 204 -10.8 -14.1 -7.4

American robin 0.012 20 -14.5 -24.8 -2.7

Gray catbird 0.056 49 -13.7 -22.1 -4.4

Northern mockingbird 0.029 23 14.9 3.1 28.0

Brown thrasher 0.074 66 -3.6 -10.3 3.7

Blue-winged warbler 0.018 23 20.7 12.1 29.9

Northern parula 0.367 149 -5.7 -9.8 -1.4

Yellow warbler 0.030 32 0.1 -12.2 14.1

Black-throated blue warbler 0.027 21 -45.9 -48.5 -43.2

Black-throated green warbler 0.014 15 -40.7 -48.3 -32.0

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
204

Yellow-throated warbler 0.136 81 9.5 3.5 15.9

Pine warbler 1.127 236 -4.2 -7.0 -1.3

Prairie warbler 0.424 143 -8.9 -13.6 -4.1

Black-and-white warbler 0.175 125 -13.2 -17.9 -8.2

American redstart 0.047 40 -7.4 -16.1 2.2

Prothonotary warbler 0.012 10 24.7 -4.7 63.2

Worm-eating warbler 0.038 50 -16.4 -25.1 -6.7

Ovenbird 0.376 119 2.1 -2.0 6.4

Louisiana waterthrush 0.052 36 3.0 -5.3 12.0

Kentucky warbler 0.080 78 6.8 -0.7 14.8

Common yellowthroat 0.140 93 -4.1 -11.9 4.4

Hooded warbler 0.452 179 -11.5 -15.4 -7.3

Yellow-breasted chat 0.605 188 -13.1 -16.8 -9.3

Summer tanager 0.534 227 -4.1 -7.1 -1.0

Scarlet tanager 0.122 96 3.7 -2.1 9.8

Eastern towhee 0.737 205 -10.6 -13.6 -7.5

Bachman’s sparrow 0.024 12 -6.0 -23.8 15.9

Chipping sparrow 0.050 35 25.6 14.0 38.5

Field sparrow 0.104 66 -16.6 -25.0 -7.3

Song sparrow 0.023 20 -20.6 -28.3 -12.1

Northern cardinal 1.024 251 -6.6 -8.7 -4.4

Blue grosbeak 0.050 29 13.4 5.4 22.0

Indigo bunting 0.647 205 -2.6 -5.9 0.7

Red-winged blackbird 0.022 10 29.1 7.4 55.1

Eastern meadowlark 0.005 7 10.9 -1.2 24.4

Common grackle 0.033 24 21.4 13.2 30.1

Brown-headed cowbird 0.133 98 6.2 -1.4 14.4

Orchard oriole 0.011 9 12.6 -1.2 28.4

American goldfinch 0.228 128 1.1 -4.7 7.2

Interior Low Plateaus Wood duck 0.006 6 -2.7 -16.0 12.7

Wild turkey 0.044 52 9.4 -2.8 23.2

Cooper’s hawk 0.004 6 -6.4 -12.9 0.6

Red-shouldered hawk 0.040 48 4.2 -4.9 14.1

Red-tailed hawk 0.008 23 -4.0 -20.3 15.8

Mourning dove 0.066 111 -10.9 -16.4 -5.1

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.604 207 -5.9 -7.8 -3.9

Barred owl 0.013 26 -10.9 -24.0 4.4

Chimney swift 0.034 36 15.3 2.2 30.2

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.051 65 11.7 3.4 20.6

Belted kingfisher 0.002 12 -43.0 -46.3 -39.5

Red-headed woodpecker 0.004 19 -54.4 -57.5 -51.2

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.263 188 7.0 3.4 10.7

Downy woodpecker 0.167 164 13.3 8.5 18.3

Hairy woodpecker 0.025 48 6.3 -5.8 20.0

Northern flicker 0.007 27 -27.8 -31.5 -23.8

Pileated woodpecker 0.147 180 9.8 4.8 15.1

Eastern wood-pewee 0.466 190 -2.5 -4.4 -0.5

Acadian flycatcher 0.456 184 2.4 0.1 4.7

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
205

Eastern phoebe 0.010 31 23.9 10.9 38.4

Great crested flycatcher 0.154 161 -8.8 -13.0 -4.3

Eastern kingbird 0.008 11 19.8 15.0 24.7

White-eyed vireo 0.383 151 2.0 -0.6 4.7

Yellow-throated vireo 0.099 120 17.1 10.1 24.5

Red-eyed vireo 0.981 205 10.5 8.7 12.4

Blue jay 0.168 181 -18.9 -23.2 -14.3

American crow 0.765 202 1.9 0.1 3.8

Purple martin 0.018 24 -6.5 -19.9 9.0

Carolina chickadee 0.148 162 5.3 -0.3 11.1

Tufted titmouse 0.491 205 3.0 0.5 5.6

White-breasted nuthatch 0.235 177 1.6 -2.8 6.1

Carolina wren 0.319 200 6.4 3.8 9.1

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.438 199 13.2 10.2 16.3

Eastern bluebird 0.015 34 9.6 -4.3 25.5

Wood thrush 0.189 162 -10.3 -14.1 -6.4

American robin 0.004 28 -20.4 -22.8 -17.8

Gray catbird 0.002 24 -48.5 -51.9 -44.9

Brown thrasher 0.025 62 -12.4 -16.9 -7.6

Blue-winged warbler 0.011 30 -60.5 -62.8 -58.1

Northern parula 0.217 138 14.9 10.6 19.4

Yellow-throated warbler 0.027 31 9.8 1.4 19.0

Pine warbler 0.051 46 12.4 3.7 21.8

Prairie warbler 0.107 95 -0.4 -5.4 5.0

Black-and-white warbler 0.029 41 25.0 17.7 32.8

Prothonotary warbler 0.032 23 5.4 -2.6 14.2

Worm-eating warbler 0.195 143 8.1 4.0 12.2

Ovenbird 0.062 60 2.0 -5.5 10.1

Louisiana waterthrush 0.023 25 2.6 -7.9 14.2

Kentucky warbler 0.099 110 -0.6 -6.1 5.3

Common yellowthroat 0.098 89 -6.6 -11.3 -1.7

Hooded warbler 0.018 22 22.0 11.3 33.7

Yellow-breasted chat 0.219 137 4.2 0.5 7.9

Summer tanager 0.456 201 5.9 3.2 8.6

Scarlet tanager 0.400 196 4.9 2.2 7.6

Eastern towhee 0.134 139 -17.6 -21.8 -13.1

Chipping sparrow 0.011 33 45.4 30.9 61.6

Field sparrow 0.041 57 -13.6 -21.5 -5.0

Northern cardinal 0.288 196 0.9 -2.1 4.0

Blue grosbeak 0.009 14 85.3 72.2 99.4

Indigo bunting 0.607 186 5.0 2.7 7.3

Red-winged blackbird 0.015 22 -21.3 -25.4 -16.9

Common grackle 0.014 23 -17.5 -19.8 -15.1

Brown-headed cowbird 0.202 180 5.6 1.0 10.4

Orchard oriole 0.032 69 -10.0 -16.9 -2.5

American goldfinch 0.065 74 13.5 4.8 23.0

Ozark-Ouachita Interior 

Highlands

Wild turkey 0.026 78 6.6 -3.0 17.1

Northern bobwhite 0.087 141 -1.1 -6.3 4.4

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
206

Black vulture 0.003 9 56.9 45.0 69.7

Turkey vulture 0.022 61 -2.0 -8.8 5.2

Cooper’s hawk 0.002 8 19.0 9.4 29.5

Red-shouldered hawk 0.021 62 -12.5 -19.4 -5.0

Broad-winged hawk 0.025 82 2.5 -4.8 10.2

Red-tailed hawk 0.008 26 -18.7 -24.5 -12.5

Mourning dove 0.099 201 9.4 5.5 13.5

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.449 459 3.0 1.4 4.6

Greater roadrunner 0.003 9 -6.1 -13.4 1.9

Barred owl 0.010 36 -13.4 -24.1 -1.1

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.006 19 7.6 -8.0 25.8

Whip-poor-will 0.004 11 11.7 1.6 22.7

Chimney swift 0.029 63 14.1 4.7 24.4

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.028 84 -0.2 -6.4 6.4

Belted kingfisher 0.002 9 -3.1 -16.4 12.4

Red-headed woodpecker 0.013 35 -13.1 -24.5 0.1

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.074 182 8.1 2.7 13.8

Yellow-bellied sapsucker 0.003 10 -14.5 -17.9 -11.0

Downy woodpecker 0.146 312 7.0 3.4 10.8

Hairy woodpecker 0.054 151 -1.9 -7.1 3.6

Northern flicker 0.034 85 -11.6 -17.8 -4.9

Pileated woodpecker 0.458 476 3.9 2.0 5.9

Eastern wood-pewee 0.179 247 0.1 -2.6 2.8

Acadian flycatcher 0.181 190 3.6 0.8 6.5

Eastern phoebe 0.030 80 1.0 -4.7 7.1

Great crested flycatcher 0.100 220 -8.3 -11.8 -4.6

White-eyed vireo 0.163 211 1.8 -1.7 5.3

Yellow-throated vireo 0.052 116 3.1 -2.6 9.1

Red-eyed vireo 1.793 507 3.0 2.0 3.9

Blue jay 0.274 376 5.9 2.9 8.9

American crow 0.979 489 2.2 0.9 3.5

Fish crow 0.017 45 18.9 3.7 36.4

Purple martin 0.008 16 11.4 2.0 21.6

Carolina chickadee 0.450 443 13.2 10.2 16.2

Tufted titmouse 0.558 478 9.8 7.9 11.6

White-breasted nuthatch 0.142 273 9.0 5.6 12.6

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.007 7 10.4 -10.6 36.4

Carolina wren 0.267 379 0.4 -2.0 2.8

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.313 375 6.6 4.4 8.9

Eastern bluebird 0.012 33 12.9 1.4 25.6

Swainson’s thrush 0.007 20 -19.9 -28.3 -10.6

Wood thrush 0.086 163 -0.8 -4.5 3.0

Gray catbird 0.005 14 -22.7 -31.4 -12.9

Northern mockingbird 0.004 10 -13.3 -26.6 2.5

Brown thrasher 0.006 17 -17.1 -31.8 0.9

Cedar waxwing 0.025 10 -47.1 -52.8 -40.7

Blue-winged warbler 0.019 33 -9.4 -18.0 0.1

Tennessee warbler 0.004 13 -47.4 -51.8 -42.7

Northern parula 0.109 115 3.1 0.0 6.2

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
207

Yellow warbler 0.013 34 -4.1 -12.4 5.1

Yellow-rumped warbler 0.003 6 172.1 133.0 217.8

Black-throated green warbler 0.019 34 21.3 8.7 35.4

Blackburnian warbler 0.003 9 34.1 28.5 39.9

Yellow-throated warbler 0.013 36 -5.8 -13.8 3.0

Pine warbler 0.772 370 0.5 -1.0 2.1

Prairie warbler 0.201 160 -5.4 -8.6 -2.1

Cerulean warbler 0.014 16 -12.0 -22.4 -0.1

Black-and-white warbler 0.357 434 3.9 2.0 5.9

American redstart 0.005 11 -18.0 -36.8 6.4

Worm-eating warbler 0.113 197 3.9 -0.3 8.3

Ovenbird 0.489 325 2.2 0.2 4.2

Louisiana waterthrush 0.038 73 14.0 6.9 21.6

Kentucky warbler 0.180 244 7.2 4.0 10.4

Common yellowthroat 0.052 90 -7.9 -14.1 -1.2

Hooded warbler 0.219 229 1.9 -0.7 4.6

Yellow-breasted chat 0.298 235 -1.8 -4.4 1.0

Summer tanager 0.383 409 -2.7 -4.7 -0.7

Scarlet tanager 0.363 379 5.9 3.7 8.2

Eastern towhee 0.071 88 -4.2 -8.5 0.3

Chipping sparrow 0.045 84 0.6 -5.3 6.9

Field sparrow 0.026 50 -12.2 -20.0 -3.6

Northern cardinal 0.279 329 9.5 6.8 12.3

Blue grosbeak 0.019 44 -9.4 -18.4 0.6

Indigo bunting 1.081 483 6.9 5.4 8.5

Brown-headed cowbird 0.068 120 -11.0 -15.2 -6.6

American goldfinch 0.038 78 -10.9 -18.2 -3.0

West Gulf Coastal Plain Wood duck 0.029 35 20.2 6.0 36.2

Wild turkey 0.017 26 16.4 0.7 34.5

Northern bobwhite 0.081 98 -10.4 -16.9 -3.4

Yellow-crowned night-heron 0.009 10 19.2 7.4 32.2

Black vulture 0.014 20 2.6 -5.4 11.3

Turkey vulture 0.082 89 -2.9 -8.8 3.3

Sharp-shinned hawk 0.006 10 -22.7 -32.8 -11.0

Red-shouldered hawk 0.070 92 -9.7 -16.4 -2.6

Broad-winged hawk 0.020 39 8.3 -3.4 21.3

Red-tailed hawk 0.028 45 -1.8 -10.6 7.8

American kestrel 0.022 33 2.4 -10.4 17.0

Mourning dove 0.434 243 0.8 -2.3 4.1

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.480 289 -0.8 -3.2 1.7

Barred owl 0.036 42 4.7 -3.4 13.4

Common nighthawk 0.004 6 -18.7 -27.9 -8.3

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.019 20 2.6 -10.8 18.1

Chimney swift 0.054 56 -9.0 -17.8 0.7

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.023 43 4.1 -7.3 16.9

Belted kingfisher 0.003 7 -29.8 -38.3 -20.1

Red-headed woodpecker 0.137 94 -4.4 -9.9 1.5

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.541 292 1.7 -0.7 4.2

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
208

Downy woodpecker 0.121 135 7.8 2.8 13.1

Hairy woodpecker 0.041 59 4.8 -4.1 14.4

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.069 39 -16.0 -22.7 -8.8

Northern flicker 0.038 59 17.2 7.2 28.1

Pileated woodpecker 0.397 293 3.7 1.0 6.5

Eastern wood-pewee 0.184 147 -7.6 -11.7 -3.4

Acadian flycatcher 0.491 150 1.2 -2.0 4.5

Great crested flycatcher 0.234 209 -5.6 -9.2 -2.0

Eastern kingbird 0.034 40 -7.5 -17.7 4.0

White-eyed vireo 0.726 241 7.3 4.3 10.4

Yellow-throated vireo 0.173 163 3.9 0.3 7.6

Red-eyed vireo 1.509 279 1.8 -0.4 4.0

Blue jay 0.836 318 5.3 3.2 7.5

American crow 1.556 330 1.2 -0.6 3.1

Fish crow 0.067 39 39.9 27.6 53.4

Purple martin 0.067 86 -7.0 -13.3 -0.3

Barn swallow 0.016 13 25.5 3.0 52.8

Carolina chickadee 0.485 265 9.7 6.5 13.0

Tufted titmouse 1.101 310 4.2 2.1 6.4

White-breasted nuthatch 0.018 19 10.4 0.2 21.7

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.191 108 0.5 -5.3 6.7

Carolina wren 1.516 329 7.1 5.4 8.8

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.198 131 8.5 3.8 13.4

Eastern bluebird 0.016 19 -42.6 -46.7 -38.1

Swainson’s thrush 0.006 11 -11.5 -13.6 -9.3

Wood thrush 0.097 110 -15.4 -20.8 -9.7

American robin 0.004 6 -87.6 -89.9 -84.7

Gray catbird 0.009 20 3.7 -10.4 20.0

Northern mockingbird 0.011 16 -29.1 -34.5 -23.3

Brown thrasher 0.006 14 12.4 -10.0 40.4

Tennessee warbler 0.003 6 15.6 3.5 29.1

Northern parula 0.143 58 6.5 0.4 12.9

Magnolia warbler 0.003 6 13.8 3.2 25.5

Yellow-throated warbler 0.022 27 13.0 -0.6 28.4

Pine warbler 2.128 301 5.4 3.5 7.3

Prairie warbler 0.120 49 -4.9 -13.6 4.6

Black-and-white warbler 0.043 61 7.0 -3.5 18.5

American redstart 0.033 41 -10.2 -17.2 -2.7

Prothonotary warbler 0.014 9 4.8 -11.4 23.9

Worm-eating warbler 0.045 46 -18.1 -26.1 -9.2

Swainson’s warbler 0.019 29 -23.6 -33.0 -12.8

Ovenbird 0.005 6 -1.6 -2.0 -1.1

Louisiana waterthrush 0.048 47 4.1 -3.0 11.7

Kentucky warbler 0.194 159 6.0 1.3 10.9

Common yellowthroat 0.081 61 -12.3 -18.9 -5.0

Hooded warbler 0.754 254 5.3 2.5 8.3

Yellow-breasted chat 1.040 221 2.9 0.2 5.6

Summer tanager 0.642 316 1.2 -0.8 3.2

Eastern towhee 0.050 49 -0.1 -8.9 9.6

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
209

Bachman’s sparrow 0.214 87 -4.2 -8.6 0.6

Chipping sparrow 0.036 39 8.5 -0.2 18.1

Northern cardinal 2.104 334 3.1 1.5 4.7

Blue grosbeak 0.069 66 -5.2 -11.5 1.6

Indigo bunting 0.926 226 -1.4 -3.8 1.1

Painted bunting 0.013 19 -27.4 -36.6 -16.9

Red-winged blackbird 0.039 8 -3.5 -12.8 6.8

Common grackle 0.008 15 -3.4 -18.4 14.3

Brown-headed cowbird 0.125 113 0.0 -4.3 4.6

Orchard oriole 0.028 28 20.1 5.7 36.3

East Gulf Coastal Plain Wood duck 0.005 11 1.6 -4.6 8.2

Wild turkey 0.024 80 -5.5 -12.3 1.8

Northern bobwhite 0.096 312 -15.6 -18.3 -12.7

Black vulture 0.007 33 -9.4 -17.9 -0.1

Turkey vulture 0.019 84 -1.9 -8.9 5.8

Mississippi kite 0.007 20 7.0 -10.5 27.8

Cooper’s hawk 0.002 13 -6.0 -13.5 2.2

Red-shouldered hawk 0.039 187 -3.5 -8.9 2.3

Broad-winged hawk 0.011 63 7.9 -2.6 19.5

Red-tailed hawk 0.011 61 -11.2 -18.8 -2.8

Mourning dove 0.136 410 -1.3 -4.5 2.0

Common ground-dove 0.001 6 -34.5 -44.1 -23.2

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.392 881 -2.0 -3.8 -0.3

Eastern screech-owl 0.001 6 -24.8 -39.2 -7.0

Barred owl 0.032 111 2.2 -3.4 8.2

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.002 9 -16.2 -31.0 1.7

Chimney swift 0.046 154 10.7 4.0 17.9

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.062 201 -5.6 -10.5 -0.4

Belted kingfisher 0.002 10 -20.9 -34.3 -4.7

Red-headed woodpecker 0.107 411 -0.6 -4.6 3.6

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.445 905 7.7 5.9 9.6

Downy woodpecker 0.120 432 -3.8 -6.9 -0.7

Hairy woodpecker 0.028 147 -18.0 -22.9 -12.7

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.018 49 -2.5 -13.1 9.3

Northern flicker 0.046 226 0.7 -4.5 6.2

Pileated woodpecker 0.247 748 -2.7 -4.9 -0.5

Eastern wood-pewee 0.192 481 5.4 2.8 8.1

Acadian flycatcher 0.337 583 0.5 -1.5 2.6

Eastern phoebe 0.014 51 8.0 3.8 12.3

Great crested flycatcher 0.265 766 10.5 8.2 12.8

Eastern kingbird 0.007 32 15.1 5.9 25.1

White-eyed vireo 0.297 665 -0.7 -3.1 1.7

Yellow-throated vireo 0.065 274 2.8 -1.9 7.7

Red-eyed vireo 0.677 900 1.9 0.6 3.3

Blue jay 0.484 858 -4.6 -6.4 -2.8

American crow 0.464 842 -2.6 -4.5 -0.6

Fish crow 0.020 78 -8.9 -17.9 1.1

Purple martin 0.003 13 15.9 -14.5 57.1

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
210

Barn swallow 0.016 17 5.9 -12.0 27.5

Carolina chickadee 0.278 676 0.1 -2.4 2.8

Tufted titmouse 0.648 957 6.0 4.3 7.6

White-breasted nuthatch 0.048 186 4.4 -1.0 10.1

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.036 114 11.2 4.1 18.7

Carolina wren 0.581 943 8.6 6.9 10.4

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.170 460 8.1 4.7 11.7

Eastern bluebird 0.015 62 16.0 5.6 27.5

Veery 0.003 10 -40.5 -44.1 -36.8

Wood thrush 0.282 717 -4.8 -7.1 -2.5

American robin 0.007 26 2.5 -1.5 6.6

Gray catbird 0.016 74 8.7 2.5 15.3

Northern mockingbird 0.009 40 11.6 -0.4 25.1

Brown thrasher 0.030 132 16.7 9.4 24.5

Blue-winged warbler 0.002 9 113.5 78.2 155.8

Northern parula 0.081 216 5.8 1.9 9.8

Yellow warbler 0.002 12 75.2 55.4 97.5

Black-throated green warbler 0.008 30 39.7 31.0 49.1

Yellow-throated warbler 0.017 86 6.5 -0.2 13.7

Pine warbler 0.598 825 3.4 1.7 5.1

Prairie warbler 0.144 292 3.1 0.6 5.7

Black-and-white warbler 0.093 281 -1.0 -5.0 3.0

American redstart 0.029 121 14.5 6.6 22.9

Prothonotary warbler 0.108 131 13.2 8.9 17.6

Worm-eating warbler 0.084 299 12.5 8.2 16.9

Swainson’s warbler 0.009 57 22.6 7.0 40.4

Ovenbird 0.028 83 -8.0 -11.8 -3.9

Northern waterthrush 0.001 6 -26.1 -39.1 -10.2

Louisiana waterthrush 0.013 56 19.8 10.6 29.7

Kentucky warbler 0.126 425 8.0 4.1 12.1

Common yellowthroat 0.140 372 1.2 -2.5 5.0

Hooded warbler 0.399 768 3.2 1.1 5.3

Yellow-breasted chat 0.444 740 -3.7 -5.5 -1.9

Summer tanager 0.444 897 2.3 0.4 4.3

Scarlet tanager 0.034 121 4.9 -0.7 10.7

Eastern towhee 0.349 673 0.7 -1.3 2.8

Bachman’s sparrow 0.039 106 -0.1 -6.7 7.1

Chipping sparrow 0.037 132 18.4 13.4 23.6

Field sparrow 0.026 86 -1.2 -8.0 6.2

Northern cardinal 0.799 1028 -2.8 -4.1 -1.6

Blue grosbeak 0.022 83 21.9 11.8 32.9

Indigo bunting 0.580 762 0.6 -0.9 2.2

Painted bunting 0.001 6 -51.9 -65.1 -33.7

Red-winged blackbird 0.005 12 -6.6 -17.0 5.1

Common grackle 0.009 46 -39.1 -45.1 -32.4

Bronzed cowbird 0.006 23 5.0 3.9 6.1

Brown-headed cowbird 0.091 222 -1.6 -6.1 3.2

Orchard oriole 0.012 48 -8.0 -18.4 3.8

American goldfinch 0.010 41 25.2 16.2 34.8

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
211

South Atlantic Coastal 

Plain

Wood duck 0.006 12 0.4 -12.8 15.5

Wild turkey 0.025 33 -8.3 -16.8 1.1

Northern bobwhite 0.297 191 -6.1 -9.5 -2.6

Black vulture 0.004 15 1.9 0.1 3.7

Turkey vulture 0.034 55 -6.0 -12.9 1.5

Red-shouldered hawk 0.052 81 12.2 5.4 19.4

Red-tailed hawk 0.005 12 18.5 8.9 29.0

American kestrel 0.028 28 -8.5 -20.2 4.9

Mourning dove 0.510 254 1.5 -1.0 4.1

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.256 175 3.3 -0.3 7.0

Great horned owl 0.004 6 3.9 -7.5 16.7

Barred owl 0.015 26 1.9 -5.9 10.4

Common nighthawk 0.048 48 -11.2 -18.9 -2.7

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.009 11 -11.0 -20.3 -0.6

Chimney swift 0.028 44 17.4 8.1 27.4

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.015 35 7.2 -5.4 21.5

Red-headed woodpecker 0.268 217 -2.0 -5.6 1.8

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.936 303 -4.2 -5.9 -2.5

Downy woodpecker 0.148 163 2.6 -1.2 6.5

Hairy woodpecker 0.017 31 -2.5 -15.7 12.7

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.100 75 11.1 4.0 18.7

Northern flicker 0.196 191 -0.5 -5.1 4.4

Pileated woodpecker 0.290 224 -0.1 -3.3 3.1

Eastern wood-pewee 0.150 116 4.4 -1.5 10.7

Acadian flycatcher 0.179 73 4.1 -1.5 10.0

Great crested flycatcher 1.320 323 1.7 0.3 3.2

Eastern kingbird 0.028 30 10.4 1.3 20.3

White-eyed vireo 0.652 238 1.7 -1.0 4.4

Yellow-throated vireo 0.123 112 -1.0 -5.0 3.2

Red-eyed vireo 0.202 125 -12.3 -17.9 -6.3

Blue jay 0.449 228 -6.5 -9.6 -3.2

Florida scrub-jay 0.046 24 -31.1 -38.7 -22.5

American crow 0.635 247 -12.3 -14.0 -10.5

Fish crow 0.063 95 -0.9 -5.9 4.3

Purple martin 0.026 33 26.3 16.0 37.6

Tree swallow 0.022 17 -14.7 -20.0 -9.1

Barn swallow 0.008 12 36.1 25.8 47.3

Carolina chickadee 0.160 162 -6.0 -9.9 -2.0

Tufted titmouse 0.799 258 -9.6 -11.4 -7.8

White-breasted nuthatch 0.032 34 22.8 9.6 37.6

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.192 122 1.7 -2.8 6.4

Carolina wren 1.023 315 6.7 4.6 8.8

House wren 0.042 17 10.5 2.4 19.2

Ruby-crowned kinglet 0.004 7 -15.8 -20.8 -10.6

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.424 240 -6.0 -8.7 -3.3

Eastern bluebird 0.047 76 -2.2 -7.5 3.5

Wood thrush 0.036 34 18.0 5.2 32.3

Gray catbird 0.149 88 11.7 3.4 20.6

Northern mockingbird 0.020 34 24.7 10.5 40.8

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper

Continued
212

Brown thrasher 0.211 155 -5.1 -8.3 -1.8

European starling 0.003 7 40.2 13.8 72.8

Cedar waxwing 0.028 13 -20.2 -25.0 -15.1

Northern parula 0.289 161 6.8 2.2 11.6

Yellow-throated warbler 0.114 84 13.3 6.8 20.2

Pine warbler 1.007 281 -7.3 -9.3 -5.2

Prairie warbler 0.498 107 6.4 2.7 10.3

Palm warbler 0.010 10 -8.9 -13.3 -4.4

Black-and-white warbler 0.005 7 67.5 33.2 110.8

Prothonotary warbler 0.230 101 12.8 6.0 20.0

Worm-eating warbler 0.025 18 19.2 6.6 33.2

Swainson’s warbler 0.045 33 16.9 6.8 27.9

Ovenbird 0.103 38 5.7 -4.5 17.0

Kentucky warbler 0.027 37 25.0 11.8 39.7

Common yellowthroat 0.871 241 4.9 2.0 7.9

Hooded warbler 0.102 106 23.0 15.4 31.1

Yellow-breasted chat 0.226 113 -4.8 -8.9 -0.5

Summer tanager 0.346 211 -2.9 -6.0 0.3

Eastern towhee 3.677 305 -3.1 -5.4 -0.7

Bachman’s sparrow 0.444 129 -6.6 -10.2 -2.9

Chipping sparrow 0.007 6 32.5 14.1 53.8

Northern cardinal 0.903 303 1.3 -0.8 3.3

Blue grosbeak 0.043 57 4.3 -1.7 10.5

Indigo bunting 0.149 93 13.2 7.3 19.4

Red-winged blackbird 0.009 10 22.0 10.4 34.9

Eastern meadowlark 0.014 11 7.1 -3.3 18.7

Common grackle 0.132 98 14.8 7.2 22.9

Brown-headed cowbird 0.130 135 4.9 0.3 9.6

Orchard oriole 0.038 52 -6.9 -14.5 1.3

a

 Estimates are based on point-count surveys on 14 national forests in the Southern Region. Species that occurred at fewer than 6 points 

are not shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates based on 

few points with confidence intervals that include zero.

Appendix 4—continued

Physiographic area Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limit

Lower Upper
213

APPENDIX 5

Mean Number of Observations per Count and Percent Annual Change in Number of 

Observations per Count for 144 Avian Species in National Forests, Southern Region, 

1992-2004a

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

George Washington and 

Jefferson

Ruffed grouse 0.034 142 16.1 11.5 20.9

Wild turkey 0.027 134 4.2 0.2 8.4

Northern bobwhite 0.004 12 -28.7 -33.2 -23.8

Black vulture 0.002 8 -15.6 -19.2 -11.8

Turkey vulture 0.010 37 21.8 17.3 26.5

Sharp-shinned hawk 0.001 6 -13.9 -23.6 -3.1

Red-shouldered hawk 0.004 23 10.5 1.1 20.8

Broad-winged hawk 0.004 30 -4.1 -10.6 2.9

Red-tailed hawk 0.005 31 16.6 13.7 19.7

Mourning dove 0.143 360 5.3 3.4 7.2

Black-billed cuckoo 0.018 95 -5.3 -9.6 -0.8

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.194 496 6.1 4.7 7.4

Eastern screech-owl 0.001 7 -10.0 -16.0 -3.6

Barred owl 0.007 42 -0.7 -6.1 4.9

Whip-poor-will 0.011 40 10.9 7.9 14.0

Chimney swift 0.007 43 -4.7 -9.1 -0.1

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.019 108 5.5 1.1 10.1

Belted kingfisher 0.001 7 24.2 12.8 36.6

Red-headed woodpecker 0.001 6 6.9 0.1 14.2

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.037 168 6.7 3.0 10.5

Downy woodpecker 0.075 337 -2.7 -4.8 -0.4

Hairy woodpecker 0.054 257 1.4 -1.6 4.5

Northern flicker 0.052 235 6.0 3.1 9.0

Pileated woodpecker 0.325 637 -1.6 -2.7 -0.4

Eastern wood-pewee 0.247 521 -2.9 -4.4 -1.4

Acadian flycatcher 0.207 311 -4.1 -5.9 -2.3

Alder flycatcher 0.001 9 124.7 86.2 171.1

Least flycatcher 0.003 11 27.4 10.6 46.8

Eastern phoebe 0.014 50 1.9 -4.0 8.0

Great crested flycatcher 0.192 486 -4.4 -6.0 -2.8

White-eyed vireo 0.002 9 16.5 7.9 25.7

Yellow-throated vireo 0.003 15 14.8 7.1 23.1

Blue-headed vireo 0.136 384 -1.7 -3.6 0.2

Red-eyed vireo 1.078 793 2.6 1.9 3.3

Blue jay 0.210 569 7.6 5.7 9.5

American crow 0.493 638 -2.9 -4.0 -1.8

Common raven 0.120 290 -2.6 -4.5 -0.7

Carolina chickadee 0.049 207 -6.9 -9.4 -4.3

Black-capped chickadee 0.091 332 6.1 3.5 8.8

Tufted titmouse 0.374 665 -1.5 -2.7 -0.3

Red-breasted nuthatch 0.011 29 -6.6 -12.2 -0.8

White-breasted nuthatch 0.167 475 0.1 -1.5 1.7

Carolina wren 0.037 159 10.8 8.3 13.4

House wren 0.001 6 44.2 35.8 53.0

Winter wren 0.007 27 -5.6 -13.4 2.9

Golden-crowned kinglet 0.006 11 -9.7 -22.3 5.0

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.072 246 13.0 10.0 16.0

Eastern bluebird 0.005 28 2.4 -4.4 9.6

Veery 0.114 148 2.0 -0.5 4.6

Hermit thrush 0.003 13 21.7 13.7 30.3

Wood thrush 0.335 602 -2.1 -3.4 -0.8

American robin 0.063 161 -1.5 -5.0 2.1

Gray catbird 0.039 113 5.7 2.0 9.7

Northern mockingbird 0.001 7 13.9 2.3 26.9

Continued
214

Brown thrasher 0.005 25 10.5 3.6 17.8

Cedar waxwing 0.064 136 10.9 5.4 16.7

Northern parula 0.059 151 -1.6 -4.3 1.2

Yellow warbler 0.002 13 -21.7 -27.6 -15.4

Chestnut-sided warbler 0.140 236 1.6 -0.7 4.0

Magnolia warbler 0.010 36 11.8 5.3 18.7

Black-throated blue warbler 0.054 123 7.4 4.1 10.9

Yellow-rumped warbler 0.002 13 48.7 38.7 59.5

Black-throated green warbler 0.077 181 6.7 3.3 10.2

Blackburnian warbler 0.015 62 7.0 -0.9 15.4

Yellow-throated warbler 0.002 13 -10.2 -15.2 -4.9

Pine warbler 0.119 283 -3.0 -4.9 -1.0

Prairie warbler 0.020 52 8.7 1.8 16.1

Cerulean warbler 0.017 78 -12.4 -17.7 -6.6

Black-and-white warbler 0.177 504 3.8 2.0 5.6

American redstart 0.095 243 -6.3 -9.0 -3.4

Worm-eating warbler 0.287 547 3.8 2.4 5.2

Swainson’s warbler 0.017 25 -11.4 -15.2 -7.5

Ovenbird 0.908 754 2.6 1.8 3.5

Louisiana waterthrush 0.042 119 -0.1 -3.0 2.9

Kentucky warbler 0.011 58 -8.2 -12.7 -3.5

Common yellowthroat 0.009 32 9.4 1.4 18.1

Hooded warbler 0.236 421 0.2 -1.3 1.8

Canada warbler 0.031 81 -0.2 -3.6 3.4

Yellow-breasted chat 0.017 54 0.8 -6.1 8.2

Scarlet tanager 0.621 769 -1.6 -2.4 -0.7

Eastern towhee 0.568 589 -4.0 -5.1 -2.9

Chipping sparrow 0.018 75 0.6 -3.2 4.6

Field sparrow 0.037 55 -2.9 -8.5 3.0

Song sparrow 0.006 18 -14.5 -20.4 -8.1

Dark-eyed junco 0.143 190 -1.5 -3.9 1.1

Northern cardinal 0.066 224 13.2 9.9 16.7

Rose-breasted grosbeak 0.117 331 -3.9 -5.9 -1.9

Indigo bunting 0.421 560 -1.5 -2.7 -0.4

Red-winged blackbird 0.003 9 21.4 9.3 34.9

Common grackle 0.016 56 -1.7 -5.8 2.6

Brown-headed cowbird 0.064 248 -7.9 -10.5 -5.1

Red crossbill 0.001 7 6.4 -3.7 17.5

American goldfinch 0.136 416 9.7 7.6 11.9

NFs in North Carolina Ruffed grouse 0.011 25 -12.4 -21.8 -1.9

Wild turkey 0.018 37 -3.6 -10.6 3.9

Northern bobwhite 0.043 50 3.9 -4.0 12.3

Turkey vulture 0.006 9 6.3 -3.8 17.3

Red-shouldered hawk 0.003 7 24.7 10.4 40.9

Broad-winged hawk 0.006 14 -4.8 -20.6 14.1

Red-tailed hawk 0.005 11 -37.1 -45.6 -27.1

Mourning dove 0.183 141 8.5 4.3 12.9

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.073 77 17.5 12.0 23.2

Barred owl 0.009 18 -3.6 -15.7 10.3

Whip-poor-will 0.004 8 -0.2 -4.9 4.7

Chimney swift 0.051 59 -1.2 -9.2 7.6

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.034 63 7.4 -0.7 16.1

Red-headed woodpecker 0.015 22 31.6 19.1 45.4

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.101 103 9.4 3.5 15.6

Downy woodpecker 0.056 83 -2.2 -9.2 5.4

Hairy woodpecker 0.043 81 -8.0 -15.2 -0.2

Northern flicker 0.056 73 16.7 7.4 26.8

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
215

Pileated woodpecker 0.264 219 -2.3 -4.7 0.1

Eastern wood-pewee 0.114 99 -0.1 -6.8 7.1

Acadian flycatcher 0.222 128 11.8 7.8 15.9

Willow flycatcher 0.007 10 -28.2 -36.1 -19.4

Least flycatcher 0.032 13 -9.9 -17.5 -1.5

Eastern phoebe 0.009 13 8.3 -8.8 28.7

Great crested flycatcher 0.160 98 15.1 9.5 20.9

Eastern kingbird 0.014 11 -1.4 -14.3 13.5

White-eyed vireo 0.135 61 14.2 7.8 21.0

Yellow-throated vireo 0.047 64 0.7 -7.4 9.5

Blue-headed vireo 0.365 195 -11.2 -13.5 -8.9

Red-eyed vireo 1.229 287 -2.5 -4.5 -0.5

Blue jay 0.208 205 -3.0 -6.3 0.4

American crow 0.558 255 1.6 -0.8 4.2

Fish crow 0.017 27 -4.2 -14.5 7.4

Common raven 0.031 40 -8.5 -16.1 -0.1

Purple martin 0.009 11 57.1 20.8 104.4

Tree swallow 0.003 6 -6.6 -13.0 0.2

Carolina chickadee 0.217 208 1.8 -1.7 5.4

Black-capped chickadee 0.008 8 77.3 55.9 101.7

Tufted titmouse 0.483 260 -0.3 -2.4 1.9

Red-breasted nuthatch 0.059 38 -3.1 -9.6 3.9

White-breasted nuthatch 0.141 152 0.9 -3.0 5.0

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.050 22 -2.1 -15.1 12.8

Brown creeper 0.055 34 -13.3 -18.2 -8.2

Carolina wren 0.448 199 11.8 8.6 15.1

House wren 0.033 12 14.1 7.3 21.3

Winter wren 0.246 61 -15.2 -18.5 -11.7

Golden-crowned kinglet 0.337 54 -5.7 -9.9 -1.2

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.135 90 10.9 6.5 15.5

Eastern bluebird 0.015 19 9.3 -3.8 24.1

Veery 0.305 132 -1.0 -3.7 1.8

Hermit thrush 0.011 15 10.6 1.2 20.8

Wood thrush 0.211 155 0.5 -3.3 4.3

American robin 0.187 100 -0.4 -4.3 3.7

Gray catbird 0.233 117 5.8 0.4 11.4

Northern mockingbird 0.003 8 -47.4 -53.3 -40.9

Brown thrasher 0.029 43 8.1 -2.2 19.4

Cedar waxwing 0.060 33 -11.4 -23.2 2.2

Blue-winged warbler 0.064 76 -32.3 -36.8 -27.6

Golden-winged warbler 0.028 22 -27.0 -34.7 -18.4

Northern parula 0.248 152 2.8 -2.3 8.1

Yellow warbler 0.011 21 -12.3 -18.3 -6.0

Chestnut-sided warbler 0.789 199 -10.0 -12.2 -7.7

Black-throated blue warbler 0.311 137 -6.1 -9.1 -2.9

Black-throated green warbler 0.306 147 -0.8 -4.1 2.6

Blackburnian warbler 0.084 61 -0.1 -5.8 6.1

Yellow-throated warbler 0.102 81 11.1 4.7 17.8

Pine warbler 0.189 106 2.8 -1.4 7.1

Prairie warbler 0.375 71 7.8 4.3 11.5

Black-and-white warbler 0.187 169 1.5 -2.5 5.7

American redstart 0.021 36 -12.0 -20.7 -2.4

Prothonotary warbler 0.100 23 38.5 25.1 53.4

Worm-eating warbler 0.095 109 -2.0 -7.5 3.9

Swainson’s warbler 0.030 17 11.9 -0.7 26.0

Ovenbird 0.705 255 -0.6 -3.1 2.0

Louisiana waterthrush 0.006 11 -7.1 -23.2 12.4

Kentucky warbler 0.023 34 -18.5 -27.8 -8.1

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
216

Common yellowthroat 0.410 88 13.8 10.0 17.8

Hooded warbler 0.376 211 -4.5 -7.4 -1.5

Canada warbler 0.123 86 -4.0 -8.9 1.2

Yellow-breasted chat 0.134 84 -2.1 -7.3 3.4

Summer tanager 0.093 72 -2.1 -7.5 3.7

Scarlet tanager 0.300 211 -4.8 -7.4 -2.2

Eastern towhee 1.005 274 2.6 0.1 5.1

Chipping sparrow 0.024 33 -10.9 -21.0 0.4

Field sparrow 0.056 37 -5.5 -13.6 3.3

Song sparrow 0.108 41 4.9 -2.6 13.0

Dark-eyed junco 0.690 144 -11.4 -13.7 -9.0

Northern cardinal 0.271 169 14.4 10.6 18.2

Rose-breasted grosbeak 0.147 92 -6.6 -10.8 -2.1

Blue grosbeak 0.015 14 -20.1 -30.9 -7.6

Indigo bunting 0.584 232 -3.4 -6.1 -0.7

Common grackle 0.037 27 9.0 -4.2 24.1

Brown-headed cowbird 0.058 60 10.4 3.3 18.0

Orchard oriole 0.015 10 -11.9 -24.6 3.1

Red crossbill 0.012 7 49.0 27.7 73.9

Pine siskin 0.040 23 -4.3 -11.4 3.4

American goldfinch 0.205 180 -3.6 -7.1 -0.0

Cherokee Ruffed grouse 0.020 42 -12.1 -16.6 -7.3

Wild turkey 0.021 29 -5.6 -10.1 -0.9

Northern bobwhite 0.009 14 -9.3 -15.1 -3.0

Turkey vulture 0.007 16 -10.3 -14.5 -5.9

Red-shouldered hawk 0.011 21 8.9 1.4 17.0

Broad-winged hawk 0.013 29 -5.4 -11.2 0.8

Red-tailed hawk 0.004 9 -8.8 -16.5 -0.4

Mourning dove 0.091 102 10.3 6.6 14.2

Black-billed cuckoo 0.004 6 12.5 -2.6 30.1

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.142 162 3.4 1.0 5.8

Barred owl 0.009 18 11.6 8.7 14.5

Whip-poor-will 0.008 12 -8.8 -13.0 -4.4

Chimney swift 0.047 67 -0.6 -4.4 3.5

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.030 48 1.4 -4.5 7.6

Belted kingfisher 0.005 8 2.1 -9.1 14.8

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.025 44 3.9 -1.8 9.9

Downy woodpecker 0.078 136 4.4 1.3 7.6

Hairy woodpecker 0.041 85 -4.3 -7.6 -0.9

Northern flicker 0.065 103 9.0 5.1 13.0

Pileated woodpecker 0.310 296 2.1 0.6 3.7

Eastern wood-pewee 0.050 70 0.2 -3.7 4.2

Acadian flycatcher 0.101 88 -0.3 -4.2 3.8

Eastern phoebe 0.018 37 12.1 7.3 17.1

Great crested flycatcher 0.044 71 -4.7 -9.3 0.1

White-eyed vireo 0.041 47 -9.7 -13.6 -5.6

Yellow-throated vireo 0.005 11 -6.5 -11.4 -1.4

Blue-headed vireo 0.241 168 -5.4 -7.2 -3.6

Red-eyed vireo 1.447 396 2.6 1.8 3.4

Blue jay 0.231 222 -0.3 -2.4 1.8

American crow 0.689 345 5.1 3.7 6.5

Common raven 0.011 15 -16.1 -22.2 -9.5

Carolina chickadee 0.340 265 2.2 0.2 4.3

Black-capped chickadee 0.008 15 -1.6 -4.3 1.2

Tufted titmouse 0.329 262 3.2 1.4 5.0

Red-breasted nuthatch 0.016 24 9.3 4.6 14.2

White-breasted nuthatch 0.082 119 4.1 0.6 7.8

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
217

Carolina wren 0.150 174 7.3 5.0 9.8

Winter wren 0.058 55 -4.7 -8.3 -1.0

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.083 77 -3.1 -6.7 0.7

Veery 0.277 101 -1.9 -4.1 0.4

Wood thrush 0.252 203 -1.7 -3.7 0.4

American robin 0.094 101 4.3 0.8 8.0

Gray catbird 0.051 60 -7.0 -11.1 -2.7

Brown thrasher 0.010 24 -3.1 -7.4 1.4

Cedar waxwing 0.121 66 16.2 9.7 23.0

Golden-winged warbler 0.006 10 -11.2 -14.1 -8.2

Northern parula 0.076 89 2.7 -0.1 5.6

Yellow warbler 0.009 22 1.8 -3.5 7.3

Chestnut-sided warbler 0.252 94 -2.4 -4.9 0.1

Black-throated blue warbler 0.247 127 -2.6 -4.7 -0.4

Black-throated green warbler 0.516 288 1.9 0.4 3.4

Blackburnian warbler 0.028 35 -11.8 -16.0 -7.4

Yellow-throated warbler 0.059 72 -10.0 -13.1 -6.7

Pine warbler 0.132 136 6.7 4.4 9.0

Prairie warbler 0.054 57 4.1 -0.5 8.9

Black-and-white warbler 0.263 243 2.7 1.0 4.5

American redstart 0.022 30 -17.4 -20.9 -13.6

Worm-eating warbler 0.195 195 -1.7 -3.5 0.2

Swainson’s warbler 0.010 19 0.1 -6.8 7.6

Ovenbird 0.744 330 1.4 -0.0 2.8

Louisiana waterthrush 0.035 51 -5.8 -9.4 -2.0

Kentucky warbler 0.007 15 -31.3 -34.3 -28.3

Common yellowthroat 0.006 7 2.0 -6.7 11.4

Hooded warbler 0.626 327 -1.8 -3.1 -0.4

Canada warbler 0.086 72 -6.4 -10.8 -1.8

Yellow-breasted chat 0.098 85 -9.2 -12.6 -5.6

Summer tanager 0.004 9 1.9 -2.9 6.9

Scarlet tanager 0.433 319 0.5 -1.0 1.9

Eastern towhee 0.459 231 -2.5 -4.3 -0.6

Chipping sparrow 0.003 7 2.4 -2.3 7.3

Field sparrow 0.016 15 -7.9 -15.7 0.6

Song sparrow 0.012 13 -8.6 -16.1 -0.4

Dark-eyed junco 0.296 115 -2.7 -4.9 -0.5

Northern cardinal 0.155 148 5.7 3.0 8.5

Rose-breasted grosbeak 0.075 88 -7.0 -10.5 -3.2

Indigo bunting 0.752 305 2.2 0.7 3.6

Common grackle 0.016 17 -22.4 -25.7 -18.9

Brown-headed cowbird 0.013 25 -0.0 -5.9 6.3

American goldfinch 0.142 118 -0.6 -3.2 2.0

Chattahoochee and 

Oconee

Ruffed grouse 0.004 6 14.3 9.9 18.8

Wild turkey 0.022 20 18.9 10.2 28.3

Northern bobwhite 0.045 36 -6.2 -10.0 -2.3

Turkey vulture 0.026 26 13.4 6.9 20.2

Cooper’s hawk 0.007 8 18.4 13.0 24.1

Red-shouldered hawk 0.019 23 17.2 8.5 26.6

Broad-winged hawk 0.023 30 2.7 -3.9 9.8

Red-tailed hawk 0.036 40 5.4 1.0 10.0

Mourning dove 0.217 121 3.3 0.8 5.9

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.212 135 1.7 -0.8 4.3

Barred owl 0.008 10 -15.9 -22.0 -9.2

Chimney swift 0.055 45 16.0 11.0 21.2

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.033 37 14.0 9.1 19.0

Belted kingfisher 0.012 8 5.6 -2.6 14.6

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
218

Red-headed woodpecker 0.037 31 3.7 -2.5 10.3

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.195 111 0.3 -3.0 3.8

Downy woodpecker 0.139 115 0.1 -2.8 3.1

Hairy woodpecker 0.054 59 -6.2 -10.5 -1.7

Northern flicker 0.065 67 -4.0 -7.8 0.0

Pileated woodpecker 0.509 174 -0.5 -2.0 1.0

Eastern wood-pewee 0.076 59 6.1 1.4 11.0

Acadian flycatcher 0.209 79 3.2 -0.4 6.9

Eastern phoebe 0.033 27 5.4 -1.9 13.3

Great crested flycatcher 0.201 134 -2.0 -4.8 0.8

Eastern kingbird 0.011 8 4.0 -8.1 17.7

White-eyed vireo 0.086 68 5.6 0.5 11.0

Yellow-throated vireo 0.025 30 11.0 6.2 15.9

Blue-headed vireo 0.085 55 20.6 16.9 24.4

Red-eyed vireo 1.247 204 0.5 -0.5 1.7

Blue jay 0.321 148 -0.1 -2.7 2.5

American crow 1.006 206 -1.0 -2.3 0.4

Purple martin 0.015 9 29.4 19.2 40.5

Bank swallow 0.005 6 -10.4 -19.4 -0.4

Carolina chickadee 0.354 161 -1.3 -3.8 1.4

Tufted titmouse 0.509 193 -0.9 -2.8 1.1

White-breasted nuthatch 0.136 104 1.2 -2.8 5.3

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.011 12 28.3 19.3 37.9

Carolina wren 0.332 156 0.7 -1.6 3.0

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.177 100 5.1 0.9 9.4

Eastern bluebird 0.025 21 11.5 3.7 19.9

Wood thrush 0.240 123 1.2 -1.5 3.9

American robin 0.017 19 -6.7 -13.8 1.0

Gray catbird 0.033 27 3.6 -2.8 10.4

Northern mockingbird 0.013 8 22.6 7.9 39.4

Brown thrasher 0.031 30 -4.0 -12.3 5.2

Blue-winged warbler 0.066 56 -7.6 -12.5 -2.4

Northern parula 0.098 56 -1.5 -6.1 3.3

Yellow warbler 0.021 22 9.7 2.8 17.2

Chestnut-sided warbler 0.123 45 7.7 2.4 13.2

Black-throated blue warbler 0.136 49 -0.0 -4.6 4.8

Black-throated green warbler 0.306 103 -1.6 -4.5 1.4

Blackburnian warbler 0.011 12 16.3 8.0 25.3

Yellow-throated warbler 0.044 35 8.3 1.8 15.3

Pine warbler 0.273 119 0.4 -2.4 3.2

Prairie warbler 0.286 86 -0.0 -3.1 3.1

Black-and-white warbler 0.139 109 4.3 0.8 7.9

American redstart 0.005 7 53.3 39.3 68.7

Worm-eating warbler 0.101 81 0.5 -3.6 4.8

Ovenbird 0.643 148 -0.1 -1.9 1.7

Louisiana waterthrush 0.043 31 8.2 3.6 13.0

Kentucky warbler 0.049 47 -2.5 -7.2 2.4

Common yellowthroat 0.023 15 11.6 3.2 20.7

Hooded warbler 0.462 138 2.7 0.6 4.8

Yellow-breasted chat 0.321 109 0.1 -2.9 3.2

Summer tanager 0.142 79 2.0 -1.6 5.7

Scarlet tanager 0.451 157 5.0 3.0 7.1

Eastern towhee 0.576 154 0.2 -1.9 2.2

Chipping sparrow 0.037 33 16.5 10.1 23.3

Field sparrow 0.043 30 -1.8 -8.5 5.5

Song sparrow 0.015 12 3.1 -5.5 12.5

Dark-eyed junco 0.026 17 18.1 12.6 23.8

Northern cardinal 0.422 157 -1.7 -4.2 1.0

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
219

Rose-breasted grosbeak 0.021 10 6.0 0.4 12.0

Blue grosbeak 0.013 9 21.0 10.2 33.0

Indigo bunting 0.803 174 2.1 0.4 3.7

Red-winged blackbird 0.021 6 7.9 -11.1 31.1

Common grackle 0.025 20 -1.0 -6.0 4.3

Brown-headed cowbird 0.065 42 9.0 3.7 14.6

American goldfinch 0.094 78 5.6 2.7 8.6

Francis Marion and Sumter Wood duck 0.013 18 -4.0 -9.6 2.0

Wild turkey 0.035 62 -0.8 -5.8 4.4

Northern bobwhite 0.296 210 -10.0 -12.6 -7.3

Black vulture 0.017 22 -18.2 -21.1 -15.1

Turkey vulture 0.034 58 -3.5 -8.2 1.5

Red-shouldered hawk 0.044 77 4.5 0.5 8.6

Broad-winged hawk 0.007 18 10.3 3.7 17.3

Red-tailed hawk 0.035 56 -9.8 -15.8 -3.3

Mourning dove 0.448 320 -3.0 -4.9 -1.1

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.449 342 -0.3 -2.0 1.4

Great horned owl 0.003 8 1.5 -2.9 6.1

Barred owl 0.020 37 -9.7 -14.6 -4.6

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.003 8 7.0 1.1 13.4

Whip-poor-will 0.005 11 -24.9 -31.3 -18.0

Chimney swift 0.064 85 -13.5 -17.6 -9.1

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.047 96 -1.1 -6.0 4.1

Belted kingfisher 0.006 14 -3.9 -8.6 1.0

Red-headed woodpecker 0.184 195 -7.1 -9.8 -4.4

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.588 327 -1.8 -3.0 -0.6

Downy woodpecker 0.113 177 -6.5 -9.4 -3.6

Hairy woodpecker 0.063 115 -11.2 -14.8 -7.5

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.033 30 1.1 -2.4 4.9

Northern flicker 0.184 238 -6.6 -9.0 -4.2

Pileated woodpecker 0.549 364 -1.2 -2.7 0.2

Eastern wood-pewee 0.161 151 -3.1 -6.2 -0.0

Acadian flycatcher 0.324 188 -1.2 -3.5 1.1

Eastern phoebe 0.027 46 -9.5 -14.7 -4.0

Great crested flycatcher 0.675 298 -0.7 -1.9 0.6

Eastern kingbird 0.035 47 -10.4 -15.8 -4.6

White-eyed vireo 0.347 223 -3.4 -5.4 -1.3

Yellow-throated vireo 0.075 108 -4.4 -7.9 -0.7

Blue-headed vireo 0.083 121 -1.4 -4.7 2.0

Red-eyed vireo 1.237 367 -2.6 -3.8 -1.3

Blue jay 0.549 342 -1.5 -3.3 0.3

American crow 1.333 400 -6.4 -7.4 -5.4

Fish crow 0.044 73 -3.6 -7.8 0.7

Purple martin 0.037 39 6.9 -2.4 17.1

Barn swallow 0.008 9 -9.1 -14.2 -3.8

Carolina chickadee 0.324 305 -3.5 -5.5 -1.5

Tufted titmouse 0.817 389 -0.5 -1.6 0.7

Red-breasted nuthatch 0.005 14 17.9 11.2 24.9

White-breasted nuthatch 0.037 76 -6.0 -11.7 0.1

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.124 109 5.4 2.8 8.0

Carolina wren 0.710 363 -0.5 -1.6 0.7

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.351 292 -5.7 -7.4 -3.9

Eastern bluebird 0.083 97 -10.8 -14.4 -7.0

Swainson’s thrush 0.013 25 6.7 2.6 11.0

Hermit thrush 0.004 6 -23.7 -33.9 -12.0

Wood thrush 0.239 224 -9.9 -12.1 -7.6

American robin 0.008 17 -16.1 -22.1 -9.6

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
220

Gray catbird 0.045 69 -11.6 -16.0 -6.9

Northern mockingbird 0.019 33 -6.8 -13.5 0.5

Brown thrasher 0.068 118 4.0 0.2 8.0

Blue-winged warbler 0.013 32 12.9 7.5 18.6

Northern parula 0.340 219 -4.1 -6.3 -1.9

Yellow warbler 0.007 13 -15.9 -23.5 -7.6

Black-throated blue warbler 0.018 23 -5.9 -9.2 -2.6

Black-throated green warbler 0.110 96 6.4 2.6 10.3

Yellow-throated warbler 0.082 108 9.4 5.4 13.5

Pine warbler 0.813 344 -0.2 -2.2 1.9

Prairie warbler 0.399 194 -8.1 -11.1 -5.0

Black-and-white warbler 0.103 129 -7.6 -10.4 -4.8

American redstart 0.015 31 -2.4 -8.1 3.7

Prothonotary warbler 0.101 69 -3.9 -7.3 -0.3

Worm-eating warbler 0.075 95 7.7 3.7 11.8

Swainson’s warbler 0.022 46 8.2 1.1 15.8

Ovenbird 0.216 178 -1.0 -3.4 1.5

Louisiana waterthrush 0.017 31 8.8 3.2 14.8

Kentucky warbler 0.056 96 8.4 3.1 13.9

Common yellowthroat 0.459 177 -5.8 -7.9 -3.7

Hooded warbler 0.474 295 -0.6 -2.6 1.4

Yellow-breasted chat 0.621 273 -10.4 -12.3 -8.4

Summer tanager 0.285 267 0.2 -1.7 2.2

Scarlet tanager 0.146 151 -1.0 -3.8 1.8

Eastern towhee 0.909 319 -5.2 -6.6 -3.8

Bachman’s sparrow 0.051 42 -6.3 -10.0 -2.4

Chipping sparrow 0.014 22 8.0 1.3 15.2

Field sparrow 0.106 69 -19.1 -23.0 -15.0

Song sparrow 0.016 27 -10.9 -17.1 -4.4

Northern cardinal 1.057 405 -1.6 -2.6 -0.6

Rose-breasted grosbeak 0.003 9 6.7 1.9 11.7

Blue grosbeak 0.047 69 7.1 2.4 12.0

Indigo bunting 0.570 300 -6.8 -8.7 -4.8

Red-winged blackbird 0.010 15 -1.2 -8.7 6.9

Common grackle 0.096 92 2.4 -1.9 7.0

Brown-headed cowbird 0.096 128 -4.2 -7.7 -0.6

Orchard oriole 0.022 47 -5.4 -11.0 0.5

American goldfinch 0.128 134 -2.0 -5.2 1.3

Daniel Boone Ruffed grouse 0.004 6 -15.6 -24.9 -5.1

Wild turkey 0.039 35 7.5 -4.6 21.1

Northern bobwhite 0.015 13 -12.4 -26.6 4.6

Turkey vulture 0.033 28 -14.7 -20.3 -8.8

Red-shouldered hawk 0.025 31 -4.2 -10.8 2.9

Broad-winged hawk 0.005 7 -26.7 -33.4 -19.4

Red-tailed hawk 0.013 14 -19.7 -34.5 -1.6

Mourning dove 0.167 102 13.8 8.6 19.2

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.393 136 8.0 5.0 11.1

Chimney swift 0.016 13 -13.6 -30.9 8.1

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.050 54 8.6 1.2 16.6

Red-headed woodpecker 0.021 20 119.4 103.5 136.6

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.214 130 11.8 7.2 16.5

Downy woodpecker 0.128 105 14.0 8.9 19.3

Hairy woodpecker 0.061 62 4.1 -3.0 11.6

Northern flicker 0.066 70 8.4 -0.4 18.0

Pileated woodpecker 0.373 170 4.1 0.9 7.4

Eastern wood-pewee 0.203 108 -0.0 -4.2 4.3

Acadian flycatcher 0.290 104 3.8 0.7 7.1

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
221

Eastern phoebe 0.067 60 9.8 2.2 18.0

Great crested flycatcher 0.057 60 1.1 -7.2 10.1

Eastern kingbird 0.010 6 4.1 -13.7 25.4

White-eyed vireo 0.209 85 -0.2 -4.5 4.2

Yellow-throated vireo 0.079 72 7.9 1.2 15.0

Blue-headed vireo 0.046 44 5.0 -3.2 14.0

Red-eyed vireo 1.477 188 1.5 0.2 2.9

Blue jay 0.200 123 5.6 1.2 10.2

American crow 0.893 179 0.1 -2.0 2.3

Tree swallow 0.009 9 69.3 47.9 93.9

Carolina chickadee 0.242 131 -2.4 -6.7 2.2

Tufted titmouse 0.501 175 5.7 3.3 8.1

White-breasted nuthatch 0.298 156 2.9 -0.8 6.7

Carolina wren 0.275 152 15.3 10.4 20.5

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.192 123 7.0 2.5 11.6

Eastern bluebird 0.012 12 -3.2 -16.0 11.5

Wood thrush 0.396 148 -0.1 -3.2 3.2

American robin 0.036 33 -4.9 -11.5 2.3

Gray catbird 0.013 14 -8.0 -19.8 5.6

Brown thrasher 0.009 11 5.2 -8.5 21.1

Blue-winged warbler 0.021 23 -26.8 -35.9 -16.5

Northern parula 0.111 60 3.0 -2.8 9.1

Yellow warbler 0.027 31 17.6 3.3 33.9

Black-throated green warbler 0.254 95 1.6 -3.3 6.8

Yellow-throated warbler 0.159 101 3.8 -0.8 8.6

Pine warbler 0.200 80 -7.8 -12.0 -3.4

Prairie warbler 0.178 58 -13.1 -18.9 -7.0

Cerulean warbler 0.098 58 -4.8 -10.2 0.8

Black-and-white warbler 0.297 141 4.6 1.5 7.8

American redstart 0.035 27 4.7 -4.9 15.3

Worm-eating warbler 0.387 152 2.4 -0.6 5.5

Swainson’s warbler 0.016 16 -15.6 -28.8 -0.1

Ovenbird 1.125 179 4.7 2.7 6.6

Louisiana waterthrush 0.028 26 7.1 -4.8 20.5

Kentucky warbler 0.140 101 -6.8 -11.7 -1.5

Common yellowthroat 0.074 36 -7.9 -13.7 -1.8

Hooded warbler 0.798 178 2.0 -0.1 4.0

Yellow-breasted chat 0.313 106 -3.6 -7.7 0.7

Summer tanager 0.048 51 8.2 -2.0 19.4

Scarlet tanager 0.451 173 1.8 -0.8 4.6

Eastern towhee 0.197 88 -2.8 -6.6 1.2

Chipping sparrow 0.065 56 -3.6 -8.2 1.2

Field sparrow 0.057 25 -0.9 -10.8 10.1

Song sparrow 0.010 6 -1.1 -13.2 12.7

Northern cardinal 0.247 122 5.9 1.5 10.4

Indigo bunting 0.580 147 0.1 -3.0 3.2

Red-winged blackbird 0.062 9 0.4 -8.2 9.8

Common grackle 0.006 7 40.4 36.0 45.0

Brown-headed cowbird 0.116 90 3.6 -3.3 10.9

American goldfinch 0.123 79 7.3 -0.1 15.3

NFs in Alabama Wild turkey 0.024 46 25.9 10.0 44.2

Northern bobwhite 0.073 82 -11.3 -16.0 -6.3

Black vulture 0.008 15 -16.0 -30.3 1.4

Turkey vulture 0.024 46 8.2 -1.7 19.0

Red-shouldered hawk 0.025 48 15.1 3.7 27.8

Broad-winged hawk 0.008 17 18.0 2.6 35.8

Red-tailed hawk 0.018 33 -15.2 -26.2 -2.6

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
222

Mourning dove 0.152 160 14.0 9.3 18.9

Common ground-dove 0.003 6 -34.5 -44.1 -23.2

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.249 250 9.7 6.6 13.0

Barred owl 0.005 10 3.8 -9.7 19.3

Whip-poor-will 0.003 6 -9.2 -21.3 4.8

Chimney swift 0.042 64 2.4 -5.2 10.5

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.016 27 11.8 0.8 24.0

Belted kingfisher 0.006 10 26.0 3.7 53.1

Red-headed woodpecker 0.075 108 10.0 3.4 17.0

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.196 212 9.0 5.3 12.8

Downy woodpecker 0.059 96 1.0 -5.1 7.5

Hairy woodpecker 0.034 62 -2.3 -10.6 6.9

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.009 12 -12.6 -27.1 4.9

Northern flicker 0.055 87 -1.8 -6.9 3.6

Pileated woodpecker 0.169 213 7.1 3.3 10.9

Eastern wood-pewee 0.053 68 10.5 3.6 17.8

Acadian flycatcher 0.116 109 4.6 0.7 8.5

Eastern phoebe 0.013 25 -5.9 -15.3 4.6

Great crested flycatcher 0.186 216 9.8 6.7 12.9

Eastern kingbird 0.009 15 18.1 2.4 36.1

White-eyed vireo 0.105 126 7.9 3.0 13.0

Yellow-throated vireo 0.049 85 19.0 11.9 26.5

Blue-headed vireo 0.018 26 25.4 12.9 39.1

Red-eyed vireo 0.589 302 5.0 3.6 6.3

Blue jay 0.202 215 11.3 7.2 15.7

American crow 0.297 251 4.3 1.8 6.8

Purple martin 0.006 13 39.9 18.0 65.9

Carolina chickadee 0.157 203 6.4 2.3 10.7

Tufted titmouse 0.277 265 12.1 8.9 15.5

White-breasted nuthatch 0.120 155 9.2 4.1 14.5

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.036 54 43.6 33.1 55.0

Carolina wren 0.196 202 3.1 -0.4 6.8

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.100 136 15.8 9.8 22.2

Eastern bluebird 0.022 29 8.4 -2.0 19.9

Wood thrush 0.105 139 -4.0 -8.6 0.7

American robin 0.009 19 -7.1 -14.0 0.3

Gray catbird 0.022 34 10.7 1.2 21.1

Northern mockingbird 0.014 19 3.2 -9.6 17.8

Brown thrasher 0.028 52 33.3 25.1 42.1

Blue-winged warbler 0.016 30 2.1 -8.3 13.7

Northern parula 0.070 90 4.4 -2.0 11.2

Yellow warbler 0.015 29 45.4 33.2 58.6

Black-throated green warbler 0.078 88 22.8 16.2 29.8

Yellow-throated warbler 0.026 34 15.5 8.3 23.1

Pine warbler 0.355 266 10.8 8.3 13.4

Prairie warbler 0.272 192 2.7 0.4 5.1

Black-and-white warbler 0.063 95 12.4 5.5 19.8

American redstart 0.005 9 -18.3 -26.5 -9.2

Worm-eating warbler 0.060 85 3.2 -2.7 9.6

Ovenbird 0.145 135 5.2 1.3 9.4

Louisiana waterthrush 0.017 19 9.9 -4.5 26.5

Kentucky warbler 0.062 81 25.7 19.0 32.8

Common yellowthroat 0.047 61 12.5 5.2 20.3

Hooded warbler 0.172 176 7.8 3.8 11.9

Yellow-breasted chat 0.323 226 1.1 -1.2 3.5

Summer tanager 0.218 228 10.7 7.3 14.3

Scarlet tanager 0.146 151 4.8 0.8 9.0

Eastern towhee 0.186 188 6.1 2.4 9.9

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
223

Bachman’s sparrow 0.034 22 -1.3 -7.9 5.6

Chipping sparrow 0.040 62 22.2 11.9 33.4

Field sparrow 0.057 75 1.7 -5.9 9.9

Northern cardinal 0.336 279 9.3 6.8 11.8

Blue grosbeak 0.028 31 1.8 -6.0 10.2

Indigo bunting 0.426 275 2.5 0.7 4.4

Common grackle 0.022 39 -43.9 -47.3 -40.4

Brown-headed cowbird 0.027 42 5.6 -4.7 17.0

American goldfinch 0.026 38 20.5 13.5 28.0

Land Between the Lakes Wood duck 0.005 6 3.1 0.3 6.0

Wild turkey 0.051 52 -2.4 -9.6 5.4

Northern bobwhite 0.062 49 -24.5 -26.9 -21.9

Turkey vulture 0.005 7 -7.3 -15.8 2.0

Cooper’s hawk 0.003 6 1.3 -4.3 7.2

Red-shouldered hawk 0.033 48 9.9 2.8 17.4

Red-tailed hawk 0.011 23 -9.2 -16.6 -1.1

Mourning dove 0.114 111 -16.7 -19.6 -13.7

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.691 207 -7.0 -8.1 -5.9

Barred owl 0.017 26 -10.4 -17.1 -3.1

Chimney swift 0.040 36 -5.6 -10.9 -0.1

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.043 65 12.9 9.2 16.6

Belted kingfisher 0.006 12 -26.1 -29.6 -22.4

Red-headed woodpecker 0.010 19 -16.4 -17.3 -15.6

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.306 188 -2.6 -4.4 -0.9

Downy woodpecker 0.160 164 6.7 3.9 9.5

Hairy woodpecker 0.026 48 1.4 -1.8 4.8

Northern flicker 0.014 27 -16.5 -19.2 -13.8

Pileated woodpecker 0.235 180 -10.3 -12.2 -8.2

Eastern wood-pewee 0.558 190 -5.0 -6.1 -3.9

Acadian flycatcher 0.407 184 7.5 6.1 8.9

Eastern phoebe 0.026 31 -50.0 -54.6 -44.8

Great crested flycatcher 0.209 161 -10.5 -12.4 -8.5

Eastern kingbird 0.013 11 -10.6 -15.4 -5.4

White-eyed vireo 0.401 151 -1.9 -3.7 -0.1

Yellow-throated vireo 0.096 120 7.2 3.9 10.5

Red-eyed vireo 0.856 205 7.3 5.8 8.8

Blue jay 0.294 181 -18.0 -19.7 -16.2

American crow 0.770 202 0.9 -0.3 2.1

Purple martin 0.014 24 8.5 4.6 12.6

Carolina chickadee 0.174 162 -2.3 -4.8 0.2

Tufted titmouse 0.589 205 -4.4 -5.6 -3.1

White-breasted nuthatch 0.278 177 -5.0 -6.9 -3.1

Carolina wren 0.356 200 -2.1 -3.7 -0.5

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.441 199 3.2 1.6 4.9

Eastern bluebird 0.024 34 -13.7 -19.4 -7.7

Wood thrush 0.271 162 -12.8 -14.8 -10.7

American robin 0.016 28 -28.6 -32.0 -25.1

Gray catbird 0.014 24 -33.3 -35.7 -30.8

Brown thrasher 0.048 62 -19.8 -21.6 -18.0

Blue-winged warbler 0.016 30 -15.5 -16.4 -14.6

Northern parula 0.176 138 15.8 13.2 18.4

Yellow warbler 0.005 10 -25.1 -29.5 -20.4

Yellow-throated warbler 0.025 31 6.2 -0.4 13.1

Pine warbler 0.054 46 -0.1 -4.3 4.3

Prairie warbler 0.140 95 -7.7 -10.4 -4.9

Black-and-white warbler 0.024 41 18.9 12.0 26.2

Prothonotary warbler 0.039 23 -7.3 -12.5 -1.7

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
224

Worm-eating warbler 0.185 143 4.9 2.4 7.5

Ovenbird 0.048 60 10.3 6.4 14.4

Louisiana waterthrush 0.022 25 1.7 -4.0 7.7

Kentucky warbler 0.098 110 -1.8 -5.5 1.9

Common yellowthroat 0.164 89 -15.5 -18.1 -12.7

Hooded warbler 0.018 22 1.5 -6.5 10.1

Yellow-breasted chat 0.288 137 -7.5 -9.6 -5.4

Summer tanager 0.449 201 2.7 1.1 4.2

Scarlet tanager 0.339 196 9.0 7.5 10.6

Eastern towhee 0.219 139 -14.9 -16.8 -12.9

Chipping sparrow 0.021 33 -15.5 -19.1 -11.7

Field sparrow 0.079 57 -19.7 -22.9 -16.3

Northern cardinal 0.351 196 -4.9 -6.4 -3.5

Blue grosbeak 0.008 14 12.2 3.2 22.1

Indigo bunting 0.621 186 -0.3 -1.7 1.2

Red-winged blackbird 0.032 22 -23.7 -26.9 -20.4

Common grackle 0.018 23 -13.6 -16.3 -10.8

Brown-headed cowbird 0.278 180 -10.7 -13.2 -8.1

Orchard oriole 0.055 69 -14.8 -17.6 -12.0

Baltimore oriole 0.004 6

American goldfinch 0.076 74 -2.3 -6.6 2.2

Ozark and St. Francis Wild turkey 0.012 20 -3.2 -11.8 6.1

Northern bobwhite 0.042 26 -2.2 -10.1 6.3

Turkey vulture 0.027 33 1.6 -7.6 11.6

Red-shouldered hawk 0.022 31 -5.4 -14.7 4.9

Broad-winged hawk 0.024 36 7.2 -3.6 19.2

Red-tailed hawk 0.010 14 -13.2 -21.0 -4.7

Mourning dove 0.097 81 12.7 7.0 18.7

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.371 208 6.7 4.2 9.2

Barred owl 0.010 17 -22.0 -35.4 -5.9

Whip-poor-will 0.006 8 2.7 -0.9 6.4

Chimney swift 0.029 32 16.0 4.5 28.7

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.032 49 -0.3 -8.6 8.7

Red-headed woodpecker 0.010 10 0.5 -13.3 16.6

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.122 113 6.2 1.0 11.8

Yellow-bellied sapsucker 0.005 9 -15.3 -18.5 -12.0

Downy woodpecker 0.174 165 -0.4 -4.5 3.9

Hairy woodpecker 0.045 60 -9.7 -16.4 -2.3

Northern flicker 0.039 37 -4.0 -11.5 4.2

Pileated woodpecker 0.419 217 1.4 -1.1 4.1

Eastern wood-pewee 0.288 155 1.5 -1.5 4.6

Acadian flycatcher 0.243 114 5.7 2.5 9.0

Eastern phoebe 0.029 33 1.3 -6.2 9.3

Great crested flycatcher 0.048 57 -2.3 -8.1 3.8

White-eyed vireo 0.164 87 6.9 2.6 11.3

Yellow-throated vireo 0.028 31 6.2 -1.8 14.9

Red-eyed vireo 1.487 232 2.4 1.1 3.7

Blue jay 0.236 165 0.3 -3.8 4.6

American crow 0.717 209 1.7 -0.4 3.9

Carolina chickadee 0.366 193 13.1 8.7 17.7

Tufted titmouse 0.480 218 8.3 5.9 10.7

White-breasted nuthatch 0.179 140 7.1 2.7 11.6

Carolina wren 0.253 158 6.7 3.1 10.4

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.362 180 8.5 5.4 11.7

Eastern bluebird 0.013 15 12.6 -2.0 29.5

Wood thrush 0.137 109 -1.4 -5.5 2.9

Gray catbird 0.006 10 -41.2 -46.3 -35.6

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
225

Blue-winged warbler 0.040 32 -9.6 -18.3 -0.1

Northern parula 0.149 68 8.4 4.5 12.3

Yellow warbler 0.025 30 -5.6 -14.0 3.6

Black-throated green warbler 0.022 15 7.4 -4.2 20.5

Yellow-throated warbler 0.020 23 5.0 -4.6 15.6

Pine warbler 0.437 103 0.8 -1.8 3.4

Prairie warbler 0.096 32 -5.2 -10.6 0.6

Cerulean warbler 0.027 15 -7.8 -18.8 4.7

Black-and-white warbler 0.330 191 3.1 0.4 5.9

Worm-eating warbler 0.122 83 4.5 0.1 9.0

Ovenbird 0.787 191 1.0 -0.9 2.9

Louisiana waterthrush 0.038 34 18.4 8.8 28.7

Kentucky warbler 0.174 106 7.9 3.4 12.5

Common yellowthroat 0.016 16 -5.7 -17.8 8.3

Hooded warbler 0.311 139 1.1 -1.8 4.1

Yellow-breasted chat 0.224 79 3.4 -1.4 8.4

Summer tanager 0.266 159 -7.2 -10.2 -4.1

Scarlet tanager 0.365 170 3.6 0.5 6.7

Eastern towhee 0.142 75 -2.2 -6.5 2.2

Chipping sparrow 0.049 33 9.3 3.2 15.7

Field sparrow 0.020 13 -9.0 -20.6 4.2

Northern cardinal 0.157 119 12.0 7.5 16.8

Blue grosbeak 0.010 11 7.0 -12.5 30.9

Indigo bunting 0.955 216 5.0 2.7 7.2

Brown-headed cowbird 0.066 45 -7.4 -14.0 -0.3

American goldfinch 0.037 30 2.8 -8.6 15.7

Ouachita Wood duck 0.005 6 40.1 15.4 70.2

Wild turkey 0.036 60 9.4 -1.4 21.4

Northern bobwhite 0.114 120 -0.8 -7.0 5.8

Black vulture 0.007 11 29.8 17.0 44.0

Turkey vulture 0.018 34 -6.0 -15.9 5.0

Cooper’s hawk 0.002 6 44.0 30.8 58.4

Red-shouldered hawk 0.024 42 -20.2 -28.1 -11.6

Broad-winged hawk 0.023 47 -0.2 -9.4 10.0

Red-tailed hawk 0.006 14 -22.5 -32.1 -11.5

Mourning dove 0.119 149 7.7 2.5 13.2

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.527 290 0.6 -1.2 2.5

Greater roadrunner 0.005 9 -6.1 -13.4 1.9

Barred owl 0.013 26 -8.2 -19.8 5.1

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.011 20 6.0 -8.7 23.0

Chimney swift 0.024 31 12.7 -1.2 28.5

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.031 51 3.7 -4.1 12.1

Belted kingfisher 0.003 7 26.3 19.6 33.4

Red-headed woodpecker 0.020 35 -13.9 -25.7 -0.3

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.087 107 13.1 7.3 19.3

Downy woodpecker 0.136 176 12.0 6.8 17.6

Hairy woodpecker 0.056 95 3.6 -3.3 11.0

Northern flicker 0.029 54 -16.7 -24.5 -8.2

Pileated woodpecker 0.477 293 5.4 2.8 8.1

Eastern wood-pewee 0.106 117 -1.9 -6.4 2.8

Acadian flycatcher 0.149 106 7.0 2.2 11.9

Eastern phoebe 0.028 50 0.1 -6.8 7.6

Great crested flycatcher 0.160 192 -6.5 -10.4 -2.5

White-eyed vireo 0.209 156 1.8 -2.1 5.9

Yellow-throated vireo 0.069 96 2.6 -4.0 9.7

Red-eyed vireo 1.917 307 3.2 2.0 4.4

Blue jay 0.302 242 7.4 3.8 11.2

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
226

American crow 1.166 308 1.0 -0.6 2.6

Fish crow 0.028 48 16.7 2.5 32.9

Purple martin 0.015 19 -0.3 -12.5 13.6

Carolina chickadee 0.508 282 11.9 8.3 15.5

Tufted titmouse 0.677 297 8.6 6.4 10.9

White-breasted nuthatch 0.095 133 12.2 6.9 17.7

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.008 7 -6.7 -19.2 7.7

Carolina wren 0.350 260 -0.9 -3.4 1.7

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.291 226 3.8 0.9 6.7

Eastern bluebird 0.010 18 13.2 -2.6 31.4

Swainson’s thrush 0.010 18 -16.3 -24.9 -6.8

Wood thrush 0.048 66 2.8 -4.1 10.2

Gray catbird 0.005 10 -5.6 -17.7 8.3

Northern mockingbird 0.005 8 -17.2 -25.7 -7.6

Brown thrasher 0.008 14 -21.8 -36.2 -4.1

Cedar waxwing 0.035 8 -42.0 -48.5 -34.6

Tennessee warbler 0.007 13 -47.4 -51.8 -42.7

Northern parula 0.093 65 -0.9 -5.5 4.0

Black-throated green warbler 0.013 19 45.5 19.5 77.2

Blackburnian warbler 0.004 8 8.9 2.6 15.5

Yellow-throated warbler 0.007 15 -22.4 -36.3 -5.6

Pine warbler 0.998 280 -0.2 -2.0 1.7

Prairie warbler 0.262 130 -5.5 -9.3 -1.6

Black-and-white warbler 0.341 254 4.6 2.0 7.3

American redstart 0.007 9 -20.9 -30.5 -10.0

Prothonotary warbler 0.005 6 -34.5 -43.2 -24.5

Worm-eating warbler 0.092 115 3.5 -3.7 11.2

Ovenbird 0.198 134 6.4 0.8 12.3

Louisiana waterthrush 0.042 48 13.7 5.1 22.9

Kentucky warbler 0.196 165 6.2 2.2 10.4

Common yellowthroat 0.084 84 -7.2 -13.4 -0.6

Hooded warbler 0.131 104 3.8 -1.2 9.1

Yellow-breasted chat 0.346 170 -3.7 -6.7 -0.6

Summer tanager 0.478 283 0.4 -2.0 2.8

Scarlet tanager 0.319 211 8.1 4.7 11.5

Eastern towhee 0.008 15 -35.8 -42.6 -28.1

Chipping sparrow 0.038 55 -8.5 -16.9 0.8

Field sparrow 0.030 39 -14.4 -22.0 -6.0

Northern cardinal 0.445 248 5.8 3.2 8.6

Blue grosbeak 0.026 35 -12.4 -21.5 -2.2

Indigo bunting 1.117 299 8.9 6.9 10.9

Brown-headed cowbird 0.102 95 -8.0 -12.8 -2.9

American goldfinch 0.035 49 -22.5 -28.5 -16.0

NFs in Texas Wood duck 0.028 21 16.1 -0.4 35.3

Wild turkey 0.011 10 1.8 -16.8 24.6

Northern bobwhite 0.063 40 -12.8 -21.8 -2.7

Black vulture 0.012 10 3.1 -11.8 20.5

Turkey vulture 0.106 56 3.5 -4.8 12.5

Sharp-shinned hawk 0.010 9 -20.6 -31.6 -7.8

Red-shouldered hawk 0.053 37 -1.5 -12.4 10.8

Broad-winged hawk 0.027 26 5.2 -8.4 20.8

Red-tailed hawk 0.025 23 6.8 -7.4 23.1

American kestrel 0.027 23 14.7 -0.8 32.7

Mourning dove 0.575 147 2.4 -1.2 6.2

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.457 152 1.3 -2.2 4.8

Barred owl 0.051 31 9.4 -0.5 20.3

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
227

Chimney swift 0.061 29 -8.8 -20.3 4.5

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.017 19 -11.0 -23.5 3.6

Red-headed woodpecker 0.179 46 -5.5 -12.5 2.2

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.647 160 2.5 -0.5 5.6

Downy woodpecker 0.125 76 14.9 8.2 21.9

Hairy woodpecker 0.055 41 13.2 1.9 25.7

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.082 17 -12.7 -22.5 -1.6

Northern flicker 0.040 29 30.4 13.7 49.5

Pileated woodpecker 0.474 171 2.5 -1.0 6.1

Eastern wood-pewee 0.187 75 2.7 -3.7 9.5

Acadian flycatcher 0.626 74 0.4 -3.1 4.0

Great crested flycatcher 0.229 100 -3.5 -7.9 1.1

Eastern kingbird 0.029 15 8.6 -7.1 27.0

White-eyed vireo 0.979 127 7.1 3.4 10.9

Yellow-throated vireo 0.125 68 7.9 2.0 14.1

Red-eyed vireo 1.961 159 5.7 3.3 8.2

Blue jay 1.123 178 6.9 4.3 9.5

American crow 1.772 178 5.6 3.4 7.8

Purple martin 0.073 52 -11.5 -19.3 -2.8

Barn swallow 0.006 6 9.4 -1.7 21.8

Carolina chickadee 0.669 157 15.3 11.5 19.3

Tufted titmouse 1.326 168 9.0 6.3 11.8

White-breasted nuthatch 0.010 8 17.0 9.2 25.3

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.249 64 0.8 -6.5 8.6

Carolina wren 2.134 179 7.6 5.7 9.6

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.174 64 13.9 7.3 21.0

Swainson’s thrush 0.011 11 -11.5 -13.6 -9.3

Wood thrush 0.111 64 -25.1 -32.3 -17.2

Northern mockingbird 0.012 8 -51.2 -56.6 -45.1

Brown thrasher 0.006 7 -3.9 -33.2 38.2

Tennessee warbler 0.006 6 15.6 3.5 29.1

Northern parula 0.179 34 10.8 4.8 17.2

Magnolia warbler 0.005 6 13.8 3.2 25.5

Yellow-throated warbler 0.013 10 13.5 -16.8 55.0

Pine warbler 3.221 173 7.1 5.1 9.1

Prairie warbler 0.075 16 9.3 -4.4 24.9

Black-and-white warbler 0.034 32 -4.5 -16.0 8.6

American redstart 0.013 9 6.7 -5.1 19.9

Worm-eating warbler 0.016 12 -4.2 -18.6 12.8

Swainson’s warbler 0.025 17 -33.3 -39.7 -26.2

Louisiana waterthrush 0.056 26 -0.9 -9.6 8.7

Kentucky warbler 0.138 61 -4.6 -11.2 2.5

Common yellowthroat 0.087 29 -1.1 -9.5 8.0

Hooded warbler 0.965 140 6.7 3.2 10.3

Yellow-breasted chat 1.079 102 3.6 -0.3 7.6

Summer tanager 0.702 174 3.4 1.0 5.8

Bachman’s sparrow 0.283 49 -4.3 -9.7 1.4

Northern cardinal 2.713 179 3.8 2.0 5.6

Blue grosbeak 0.072 33 -2.8 -12.1 7.5

Indigo bunting 1.176 120 0.4 -2.6 3.6

Common grackle 0.007 8 -19.2 -33.3 -2.1

Brown-headed cowbird 0.125 72 8.5 2.6 14.7

Orchard oriole 0.027 14 65.4 51.9 80.1

Kisatchie Wood duck 0.027 10 7.4 -11.8 30.8

Wild turkey 0.025 14 28.2 -0.4 64.8

Northern bobwhite 0.119 53 -8.4 -17.1 1.1

Turkey vulture 0.056 27 -21.1 -27.1 -14.5

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
228

Red-shouldered hawk 0.088 44 -13.8 -22.9 -3.7

Broad-winged hawk 0.014 12 12.1 -8.9 38.0

Red-tailed hawk 0.035 20 -9.8 -20.8 2.7

American kestrel 0.021 10 -16.7 -30.0 -0.7

Mourning dove 0.264 79 -6.5 -12.3 -0.2

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.491 114 -0.8 -4.7 3.2

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.042 14 2.0 -11.3 17.2

Chimney swift 0.056 27 -8.4 -21.1 6.3

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.015 11 18.8 -9.5 56.0

Red-headed woodpecker 0.089 39 -2.9 -11.7 6.9

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.407 110 -4.1 -8.1 -0.1

Downy woodpecker 0.103 45 3.6 -5.0 12.9

Hairy woodpecker 0.029 17 -12.7 -25.8 2.6

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.065 22 -23.0 -32.2 -12.6

Northern flicker 0.038 25 -0.7 -14.0 14.6

Pileated woodpecker 0.293 103 7.2 2.3 12.3

Eastern wood-pewee 0.176 61 -24.9 -31.4 -17.8

Acadian flycatcher 0.340 59 -2.1 -8.7 5.1

Great crested flycatcher 0.223 90 -12.3 -18.5 -5.7

Eastern kingbird 0.039 22 -22.0 -35.3 -5.9

White-eyed vireo 0.429 97 3.8 -2.1 10.0

Yellow-throated vireo 0.264 84 -0.0 -4.4 4.6

Red-eyed vireo 0.911 100 -7.5 -11.4 -3.4

Blue jay 0.545 121 2.6 -2.0 7.4

American crow 1.295 128 -2.5 -5.6 0.7

Fish crow 0.170 33 45.0 32.8 58.3

Purple martin 0.057 26 4.1 -5.9 15.2

Carolina chickadee 0.252 90 -4.9 -10.8 1.5

Tufted titmouse 0.772 121 -4.2 -7.6 -0.8

White-breasted nuthatch 0.033 11 7.2 -1.9 17.1

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.145 43 -0.3 -9.6 10.0

Carolina wren 0.770 127 6.7 3.6 9.8

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.150 46 6.7 -2.0 16.2

Eastern bluebird 0.040 17 -42.8 -47.2 -38.0

Wood thrush 0.090 44 2.7 -5.7 11.9

American robin 0.010 6 -87.6 -89.9 -84.7

Gray catbird 0.017 15 11.5 0.7 23.5

Northern mockingbird 0.009 7 -7.8 -19.8 6.1

Brown thrasher 0.008 7 33.5 19.2 49.6

Northern parula 0.094 19 -2.9 -18.5 15.7

Yellow-throated warbler 0.038 15 8.0 -5.5 23.3

Pine warbler 0.831 115 0.0 -4.1 4.3

Prairie warbler 0.198 31 -12.5 -23.9 0.5

Black-and-white warbler 0.045 18 19.6 -1.5 45.2

American redstart 0.069 32 -14.4 -21.3 -6.8

Worm-eating warbler 0.095 33 -21.6 -31.0 -10.8

Swainson’s warbler 0.010 9 4.4 -17.5 32.2

Louisiana waterthrush 0.030 15 2.6 -12.0 19.7

Kentucky warbler 0.232 78 16.2 8.5 24.4

Common yellowthroat 0.064 26 -36.2 -43.8 -27.6

Hooded warbler 0.590 104 1.5 -3.0 6.2

Yellow-breasted chat 1.146 108 1.4 -2.4 5.2

Summer tanager 0.580 121 -3.6 -7.3 0.2

Eastern towhee 0.133 48 0.5 -8.5 10.4

Bachman’s sparrow 0.160 38 -3.9 -9.9 2.5

Chipping sparrow 0.085 32 11.1 -0.3 23.7

Northern cardinal 1.459 131 2.9 0.4 5.5

Blue grosbeak 0.072 31 -8.5 -17.5 1.6

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
229

Indigo bunting 0.665 90 -7.2 -10.7 -3.5

Painted bunting 0.029 14 -40.7 -46.9 -33.7

Red-winged blackbird 0.008 6 19.6 -5.4 51.1

Brown-headed cowbird 0.047 23 -11.0 -22.8 2.6

Orchard oriole 0.034 13 -8.6 -20.0 4.4

NFs in Mississippi Wood duck 0.005 11 1.6 -4.6 8.2

Wild turkey 0.026 63 -2.0 -5.2 1.4

Northern bobwhite 0.097 253 -6.1 -7.9 -4.2

Black vulture 0.005 20 9.1 2.5 16.2

Turkey vulture 0.017 62 10.4 4.4 16.7

Mississippi kite 0.005 18 -9.5 -18.3 0.3

Cooper’s hawk 0.003 13 -6.0 -13.5 2.2

Red-shouldered hawk 0.045 175 0.1 -2.8 3.1

Broad-winged hawk 0.012 61 19.3 14.2 24.6

Red-tailed hawk 0.008 37 1.0 -4.6 6.9

Mourning dove 0.121 317 -1.2 -3.3 1.0

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.432 755 -2.5 -3.6 -1.4

Barn owl 0.001 6

Eastern screech-owl 0.002 6 -24.8 -39.2 -7.0

Barred owl 0.036 106 5.3 1.3 9.5

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.001 6 19.0 1.0 40.3

Chimney swift 0.046 121 13.2 6.4 20.4

Ruby-throated hummingbird 0.068 195 7.3 4.2 10.5

Belted kingfisher 0.002 9 -3.7 -23.5 21.3

Red-headed woodpecker 0.121 354 -2.0 -4.1 0.3

Red-bellied woodpecker 0.494 795 4.6 3.4 5.9

Downy woodpecker 0.116 372 4.9 2.5 7.4

Hairy woodpecker 0.026 117 -2.8 -5.7 0.2

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.024 39 0.9 -3.7 5.8

Northern flicker 0.052 205 -0.4 -3.1 2.5

Pileated woodpecker 0.248 644 4.3 2.9 5.8

Eastern wood-pewee 0.210 435 4.0 2.1 5.9

Acadian flycatcher 0.408 531 1.4 0.2 2.7

Eastern phoebe 0.013 40 12.1 9.0 15.4

Great crested flycatcher 0.284 662 5.3 3.6 7.0

Eastern kingbird 0.007 26 17.1 9.8 25.0

White-eyed vireo 0.348 596 -3.6 -5.1 -2.2

Yellow-throated vireo 0.079 254 -1.6 -3.8 0.5

Red-eyed vireo 0.736 762 1.0 0.1 1.9

Blue jay 0.535 764 2.1 0.9 3.3

American crow 0.525 728 -1.0 -2.2 0.3

Fish crow 0.026 77 -3.5 -7.6 0.8

Purple martin 0.002 7 21.1 11.5 31.6

Barn swallow 0.017 17 10.4 -7.1 31.3

Carolina chickadee 0.294 571 3.5 1.8 5.2

Tufted titmouse 0.717 832 3.2 2.1 4.2

White-breasted nuthatch 0.033 127 19.3 15.6 23.1

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.042 94 3.6 -0.3 7.6

Carolina wren 0.639 841 7.1 5.8 8.4

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.194 418 3.2 1.1 5.4

Eastern bluebird 0.011 42 24.6 16.3 33.4

Veery 0.003 10 -40.5 -44.1 -36.8

Wood thrush 0.316 629 -0.2 -1.7 1.2

American robin 0.007 19 11.3 4.2 18.8

Gray catbird 0.016 65 11.8 4.2 19.8

Northern mockingbird 0.007 29 6.8 -2.0 16.3

Brown thrasher 0.028 104 5.5 -0.4 11.7

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
230

Blue-winged warbler 0.002 9 113.5 78.2 155.8

Northern parula 0.094 169 -2.2 -4.3 0.0

Yellow-throated warbler 0.018 83 6.8 0.3 13.8

Pine warbler 0.633 708 5.4 4.2 6.6

Prairie warbler 0.109 188 3.6 0.8 6.5

Black-and-white warbler 0.096 248 6.2 3.7 8.8

American redstart 0.047 122 0.6 -3.0 4.4

Prothonotary warbler 0.120 128 13.4 10.2 16.7

Worm-eating warbler 0.102 279 5.2 2.4 8.0

Swainson’s warbler 0.012 56 1.6 -3.6 7.1

Ovenbird 0.011 45 -2.7 -13.3 9.3

Northern waterthrush 0.002 6 -4.3 -21.7 16.9

Louisiana waterthrush 0.013 50 23.0 17.2 29.0

Kentucky warbler 0.139 400 10.9 8.3 13.5

Common yellowthroat 0.155 338 5.0 2.8 7.3

Hooded warbler 0.465 691 2.1 0.9 3.3

Yellow-breasted chat 0.488 639 -1.4 -2.7 -0.1

Summer tanager 0.488 778 2.2 1.0 3.4

Scarlet tanager 0.017 71 21.0 11.7 31.0

Eastern towhee 0.363 572 4.8 3.3 6.4

Bachman’s sparrow 0.038 90 4.6 0.9 8.4

Chipping sparrow 0.033 103 17.2 12.5 22.0

Field sparrow 0.012 34 -3.2 -11.0 5.3

Northern cardinal 0.890 887 0.0 -0.8 0.8

Blue grosbeak 0.016 65 45.4 39.1 51.9

Indigo bunting 0.547 620 4.5 2.9 6.1

Painted bunting 0.002 6 -51.9 -65.1 -33.7

Red-winged blackbird 0.005 11 -5.0 -12.7 3.4

Common grackle 0.003 14 -10.1 -24.8 7.6

Bronzed cowbird 0.007 23 5.0 3.9 6.1

Brown-headed cowbird 0.100 208 1.4 -1.7 4.7

Orchard oriole 0.014 47 10.5 5.8 15.5

American goldfinch 0.007 25 20.5 -6.0 54.4

NFs in Florida Wild turkey 0.049 28 -11.8 -20.2 -2.5

Northern bobwhite 0.258 91 -10.2 -14.2 -5.9

Turkey vulture 0.017 16 3.0 -7.8 15.0

Red-shouldered hawk 0.044 33 11.5 0.6 23.7

Red-tailed hawk 0.006 6 8.6 -9.2 29.9

American kestrel 0.058 27 -9.7 -21.4 3.8

Mourning dove 0.614 127 -2.0 -4.8 1.0

Yellow-billed cuckoo 0.069 44 -3.6 -18.6 14.2

Common nighthawk 0.083 42 -13.8 -20.8 -6.2

Chuck-will’s-widow 0.016 9 -15.8 -25.3 -5.1

Chimney swift 0.015 7 28.4 1.5 62.4

Red-headed woodpecker 0.359 114 3.5 -1.3 8.5

Red-bellied woodpecker 1.124 171 -7.0 -9.2 -4.7

Downy woodpecker 0.184 79 6.4 1.3 11.7

Hairy woodpecker 0.015 12 -28.5 -34.3 -22.2

Red-cockaded woodpecker 0.100 40 17.6 9.3 26.4

Northern flicker 0.157 78 -8.1 -14.3 -1.4

Pileated woodpecker 0.210 104 7.5 2.0 13.3

Eastern wood-pewee 0.031 17 -24.7 -33.8 -14.3

Acadian flycatcher 0.027 11 4.2 -35.1 67.3

Great crested flycatcher 1.411 173 1.4 -0.5 3.2

Eastern kingbird 0.016 9 6.8 -18.8 40.5

White-eyed vireo 0.655 99 -4.1 -7.3 -0.8

Yellow-throated vireo 0.175 58 -5.2 -9.1 -1.1

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper

Continued
231

Red-eyed vireo 0.074 43 -34.5 -41.7 -26.4

Blue jay 0.626 121 -13.1 -16.6 -9.4

Florida scrub-jay 0.097 24 -31.1 -38.7 -22.5

American crow 0.604 117 -15.7 -18.3 -13.0

Fish crow 0.024 16 -4.7 -13.7 5.1

Purple martin 0.010 6 -6.3 -15.1 3.3

Tree swallow 0.042 13 -15.6 -21.5 -9.3

Barn swallow 0.011 8 30.4 27.1 33.8

Carolina chickadee 0.119 49 -7.3 -12.1 -2.2

Tufted titmouse 0.856 122 -18.0 -20.3 -15.6

Brown-headed nuthatch 0.122 44 0.7 -9.9 12.7

Carolina wren 0.697 163 10.5 6.9 14.2

House wren 0.007 7 10.5 2.4 19.3

Ruby-crowned kinglet 0.009 7 -15.8 -20.8 -10.6

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.425 122 -11.4 -14.9 -7.8

Eastern bluebird 0.042 29 -12.6 -21.2 -3.1

Gray catbird 0.086 41 -0.2 -4.7 4.5

Northern mockingbird 0.029 18 54.2 29.0 84.4

Brown thrasher 0.342 97 -11.3 -14.4 -8.1

Cedar waxwing 0.057 11 -19.5 -24.9 -13.7

Northern parula 0.225 71 3.8 -2.2 10.2

Yellow-throated warbler 0.031 18 23.3 5.5 44.1

Pine warbler 1.383 151 -13.5 -15.9 -11.0

Prairie warbler 0.026 14 48.5 27.8 72.7

Palm warbler 0.021 10 -8.9 -13.3 -4.4

Prothonotary warbler 0.022 16 -21.9 -33.8 -7.9

Common yellowthroat 0.339 105 21.1 17.2 25.1

Hooded warbler 0.026 16 14.5 -10.8 47.0

Yellow-breasted chat 0.006 6 -7.4 -15.5 1.4

Summer tanager 0.460 106 -7.6 -11.0 -4.1

Eastern towhee 6.062 163 -5.9 -9.0 -2.6

Bachman’s sparrow 0.817 93 -10.0 -13.7 -6.1

Northern cardinal 0.673 155 9.1 5.7 12.6

Blue grosbeak 0.011 8 -68.0 -73.4 -61.5

Eastern meadowlark 0.030 11 7.1 -3.3 18.7

Common grackle 0.028 14 37.1 18.7 58.4

Brown-headed cowbird 0.066 38 9.8 1.5 18.8

American goldfinch 0.043 22 -8.9 -11.5 -6.2

a

 Estimates are based on point-count surveys on 14 national forests in Southern Region. Species that occurred on fewer than six 

points are not shown. Estimates based on many points with confidence intervals that exclude zero are more reliable than estimates 

based on few points with confidence intervals that include zero.

Appendix 5—continued

National forest Species

Mean 

observations 

per count

Total 

number of 

points

Percent 

annual 

change

90-percent 

confidence limits

Lower Upper
232

APPENDIX 6

Frequency of Occurrence for 114 Avian Species in Four Successional Stages for 13 

Forest Types in the Southern Regiona

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Wood duck Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.01 0.01

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Ruffed grouse Oak-hickory 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-scrub oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.02 0.02

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Wild turkey Oak-hickory 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02

Sand pine-oak 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.09

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.03 0.02

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02

Northern bobwhite Oak-hickory 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.32 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.09

Hardwood-pine 0.24 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.04

Longleaf-slash 0.15 0.14 0.19 0.19 0.18

Oak-gum-cypress 0.03 0.17 0.03 0.07

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.02

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.07 0.09 0.00 0.07

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.03

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.01 0.01

Continued
233

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.06

Black vulture Oak-hickory 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.01 0.01

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Turkey vulture Oak-hickory 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.04

Oak-gum-cypress 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.00 0.04

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.02 0.02

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.03 0.03

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02

Mississippi kite Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.03

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00

Sharp-shinned hawk Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
234

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cooper’s hawk Oak-hickory 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Red-shouldered hawk Oak-hickory 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.07

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.07

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.02

Sand pine-oak 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.04

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.04 0.04

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.03

Broad-winged hawk Oak-hickory 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.03 0.02

Riparian 0.04 0.04

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02

Red-tailed hawk Oak-hickory 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.11 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.02

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.02 0.02

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.01 0.01

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
235

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01

American kestrel Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.06

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00

Mourning dove Oak-hickory 0.20 0.13 0.09 0.10

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.32 0.37 0.17 0.16 0.18

Hardwood-pine 0.18 0.24 0.13 0.13 0.13

Longleaf-slash 0.30 0.34 0.23 0.28 0.27

Oak-gum-cypress 0.29 0.17 0.13 0.16

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.33 0.11 0.25 0.31 0.28

White pine-hemlock 0.20 0.33 0.21 0.13 0.18

Sand pine-oak 0.43 0.69 0.40 0.49

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.18 0.11 0.08 0.12 0.14

Cove hardwood 0.16 0.06 0.08

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.25 0.25

Spruce-fir 0.27 0.20

All forest types 0.24 0.31 0.18 0.15

Black-billed cuckoo Oak-hickory 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.02 0.01

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Yellow-billed cuckoo Oak-hickory 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.28

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.36 0.29 0.29 0.25 0.27

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.26 0.35 0.32 0.32

Longleaf-slash 0.20 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.17

Oak-gum-cypress 0.58 0.53 0.38 0.45

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.44 0.54 0.59 0.52 0.53

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.33 0.15 0.12 0.14

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.30 0.22 0.17 0.35 0.27

Cove hardwood 0.16 0.17 0.17

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.05 0.04

Riparian 0.52 0.52

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
236

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.28 0.31 0.29 0.28

Eastern screech-owl Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Great horned owl Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Barred owl Oak-hickory 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.17 0.13 0.08 0.10

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.11 0.27 0.23 0.16 0.18

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.03 0.02

Riparian 0.06 0.06

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02

Common nighthawk Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.03

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
237

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00

Chuck-will’s-widow Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Whip-poor-will Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chimney swift Oak-hickory 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.02

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.04

Oak-gum-cypress 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.03

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.17 0.01 0.02 0.02

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.02 0.02

Maple-beech-birch 0.13 0.12 0.12

Riparian 0.02 0.02

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.03

Ruby-throated 

hummingbird

Oak-hickory 0.10 0.04 0.03 0.04

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.38 0.10 0.09 0.13

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.39 0.51 0.23 0.23 0.27

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.04

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.09 0.19 0.00 0.08 0.11

Cove hardwood 0.04 0.04 0.04

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.12 0.08

Riparian 0.02 0.02

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
238

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.11 0.09 0.03 0.04

Belted kingfisher Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.11 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.02

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.01 0.01

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00

Red-headed 

woodpecker

Oak-hickory 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.21 0.22 0.05 0.11 0.10

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.05

Longleaf-slash 0.20 0.19 0.13 0.14 0.14

Oak-gum-cypress 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.07

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.11 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.07

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.20 0.11 0.10 0.16

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.03

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.02 0.02

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.09 0.15 0.06 0.06

Red-bellied woodpecker Oak-hickory 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.18

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.29 0.32 0.27 0.28 0.28

Hardwood-pine 0.18 0.30 0.14 0.29 0.26

Longleaf-slash 0.45 0.27 0.37 0.44 0.40

Oak-gum-cypress 0.61 0.69 0.52 0.58

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.67 0.65 0.68 0.63 0.64

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.09 0.07

Sand pine-oak 0.39 0.38 0.60 0.42

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.18 0.19 0.08 0.19 0.18

Cove hardwood 0.08 0.16 0.14

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.03 0.02

Riparian 0.43 0.43

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.29 0.32 0.26 0.29

Downy woodpecker Oak-hickory 0.13 0.09 0.13 0.12

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.14 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.09

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.12 0.06 0.12 0.11

Longleaf-slash 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08

Oak-gum-cypress 0.25 0.22 0.15 0.18

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.28 0.41 0.35 0.26 0.29

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.25 0.05 0.05 0.06

Sand pine-oak 0.24 0.13 0.50 0.26

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.11 0.25 0.12 0.10

Cove hardwood 0.12 0.06 0.08

Maple-beech-birch 0.07 0.07 0.07

Riparian 0.14 0.14

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
239

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.09 0.15 0.10 0.11

Hairy woodpecker Oak-hickory 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.04

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03

Oak-gum-cypress 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.04

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.05

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.05

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.03

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.04 0.03

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.03 0.03

Riparian 0.02 0.02

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.04

Red-cockaded 

woodpecker

Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.06

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.00 0.17 0.04 0.03

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

Northern flicker Oak-hickory 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.03

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.06

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.05

Longleaf-slash 0.30 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06

Oak-gum-cypress 0.08 0.14 0.06 0.08

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.17 0.16 0.13 0.15 0.15

White pine-hemlock 0.10 0.17 0.09 0.00 0.05

Sand pine-oak 0.20 0.18 0.23 0.20

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.08

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.05 0.04

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.03 0.03

Riparian 0.04 0.04

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.04

Pileated woodpecker Oak-hickory 0.36 0.29 0.30 0.30

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.21 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.27

Hardwood-pine 0.24 0.37 0.31 0.33 0.33

Longleaf-slash 0.20 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.22

Oak-gum-cypress 0.40 0.36 0.28 0.32

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.28 0.30 0.23 0.29 0.28

White pine-hemlock 0.30 0.58 0.45 0.31 0.38

Sand pine-oak 0.09 0.04 0.07 0.08

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.30 0.17 0.42 0.19 0.25

Cove hardwood 0.40 0.41 0.41

Maple-beech-birch 0.22 0.20 0.21

Riparian 0.45 0.45

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
240

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.29

Eastern wood-pewee Oak-hickory 0.20 0.12 0.19 0.18

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.11 0.19 0.10 0.21 0.17

Hardwood-pine 0.18 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.12

Longleaf-slash 0.15 0.12 0.05 0.16 0.12

Oak-gum-cypress 0.18 0.24 0.13 0.16

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.39 0.51 0.33 0.35 0.36

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.04

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.19 0.08

Cove hardwood 0.08 0.10 0.09

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.05 0.03

Riparian 0.04 0.04

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.13 0.16 0.10 0.17

Acadian flycatcher Oak-hickory 0.12 0.18 0.28 0.26

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.07 0.02 0.10 0.14 0.11

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.28 0.24

Longleaf-slash 0.10 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.27 0.44 0.56 0.49

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.28 0.19 0.75 0.63 0.59

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.33 0.09 0.33 0.22

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.30 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.16

Cove hardwood 0.16 0.58 0.48

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.05 0.03

Riparian 0.47 0.47

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.18 0.07 0.14 0.25

Eastern phoebe Oak-hickory 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.05

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.07 0.06

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.00 0.01

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Great crested flycatcher Oak-hickory 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.12

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.11 0.18 0.26 0.20 0.22

Hardwood-pine 0.41 0.27 0.18 0.20 0.20

Longleaf-slash 0.55 0.22 0.42 0.42 0.39

Oak-gum-cypress 0.45 0.41 0.34 0.38

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.28 0.27 0.30 0.28 0.29

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.17 0.08 0.14 0.11

Sand pine-oak 0.78 0.82 0.90 0.81

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.14 0.14 0.33 0.35 0.20

Cove hardwood 0.20 0.14 0.15

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.02 0.01

Riparian 0.31 0.31

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
241

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.23 0.28 0.25 0.21

Eastern kingbird Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.12 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01

White-eyed vireo Oak-hickory 0.31 0.11 0.09 0.10

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.43 0.53 0.27 0.20 0.26

Hardwood-pine 0.29 0.27 0.11 0.13 0.14

Longleaf-slash 0.45 0.25 0.16 0.14 0.16

Oak-gum-cypress 0.62 0.45 0.37 0.43

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.56 0.57 0.35 0.44 0.44

White pine-hemlock 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02

Sand pine-oak 0.90 0.67 0.63 0.81

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.28 0.19 0.33 0.19 0.24

Cove hardwood 0.04 0.07 0.07

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.57 0.57

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.36 0.45 0.20 0.16

Yellow-throated vireo Oak-hickory 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.05

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.11 0.11 0.03 0.06 0.06

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.08 0.06

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.07

Oak-gum-cypress 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.05

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.07 0.06

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.17 0.01 0.05 0.04

Sand pine-oak 0.04 0.07 0.20 0.07

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.00 0.01

Riparian 0.17 0.17

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.07

Blue-headed vireo Oak-hickory 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.05

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.04

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.17 0.08 0.09 0.08

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.12 0.02 0.05

Maple-beech-birch 0.24 0.46 0.36

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
242

Spruce-fir 0.20 0.15

All forest types 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04

Red-eyed vireo Oak-hickory 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.81

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.46 0.42 0.55 0.57 0.55

Hardwood-pine 0.82 0.57 0.72 0.77 0.75

Longleaf-slash 0.15 0.31 0.19 0.26 0.25

Oak-gum-cypress 0.17 0.34 0.55 0.44

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.22 0.00 0.28 0.42 0.35

White pine-hemlock 0.80 0.75 0.91 0.79 0.84

Sand pine-oak 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.51 0.47 0.67 0.27 0.47

Cove hardwood 0.80 0.90 0.88

Maple-beech-birch 0.57 0.63 0.60

Riparian 0.96 0.96

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.47 0.38 0.56 0.66

Blue jay Oak-hickory 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.21

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.18 0.37 0.40 0.37 0.38

Hardwood-pine 0.29 0.25 0.26 0.31 0.30

Longleaf-slash 0.40 0.44 0.35 0.41 0.40

Oak-gum-cypress 0.22 0.24 0.23 0.23

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.05 0.10 0.18 0.15

White pine-hemlock 0.20 0.42 0.27 0.10 0.19

Sand pine-oak 0.38 0.31 0.37 0.36

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.16 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.12

Cove hardwood 0.24 0.11 0.14

Maple-beech-birch 0.09 0.08 0.09

Riparian 0.63 0.63

Spruce-fir 0.13 0.10

All forest types 0.20 0.32 0.31 0.29

Florida scrub-jay Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.17 0.09 0.03 0.13

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.17 0.09 0.03

American crow Oak-hickory 0.52 0.46 0.41 0.42

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.32 0.57 0.52 0.44 0.48

Hardwood-pine 0.76 0.54 0.49 0.47 0.48

Longleaf-slash 0.25 0.54 0.41 0.38 0.41

Oak-gum-cypress 0.12 0.31 0.35 0.31

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.11 0.00 0.14 0.20 0.17

White pine-hemlock 0.30 0.67 0.57 0.61 0.58

Sand pine-oak 0.41 0.38 0.30 0.38

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.28 0.56 0.67 0.42 0.42

Cove hardwood 0.24 0.33 0.31

Maple-beech-birch 0.33 0.22 0.27

Riparian 0.71 0.71

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
243

Spruce-fir 0.27 0.35

All forest types 0.32 0.49 0.46 0.42

Fish crow Oak-hickory 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01

Common raven Oak-hickory 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.13 0.10

All forest types 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01

Purple martin Oak-hickory 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.03

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.01 0.01

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01

Tree swallow Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.03

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
244

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00

Northern rough-winged 

swallow

Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00

Barn swallow Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.02

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Carolina chickadee Oak-hickory 0.24 0.16 0.19 0.18

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.25 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.24

Hardwood-pine 0.35 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.24

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.19 0.12 0.14 0.14

Oak-gum-cypress 0.40 0.27 0.23 0.26

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.39 0.49 0.49 0.45 0.46

White pine-hemlock 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.21 0.24

Sand pine-oak 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.03

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.14 0.22 0.50 0.23 0.21

Cove hardwood 0.04 0.22 0.18

Maple-beech-birch 0.11 0.08 0.10

Riparian 0.52 0.52

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22

Black-capped chickadee Oak-hickory 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.03

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.00 0.01

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
245

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

Tufted titmouse Oak-hickory 0.35 0.43 0.42 0.42

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.36 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.49

Hardwood-pine 0.29 0.43 0.41 0.52 0.49

Longleaf-slash 0.25 0.36 0.31 0.38 0.36

Oak-gum-cypress 0.35 0.58 0.62 0.57

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.39 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.56

White pine-hemlock 0.50 0.25 0.48 0.41 0.43

Sand pine-oak 0.33 0.27 0.67 0.36

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.37 0.31 0.25 0.27 0.32

Cove hardwood 0.28 0.37 0.35

Maple-beech-birch 0.24 0.14 0.18

Riparian 0.83 0.83

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.47

Red-breasted nuthatch Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.03 0.03

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.47 0.35

All forest types 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

White-breasted nuthatch Oak-hickory 0.13 0.10 0.18 0.16

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.11 0.05 0.10 0.09

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.03

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.11

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.12 0.00 0.08 0.15 0.09

Cove hardwood 0.12 0.11 0.11

Maple-beech-birch 0.15 0.12 0.13

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.11

Brown-headed nuthatch Oak-hickory 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.29 0.11 0.02 0.05 0.05

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.15 0.21 0.10 0.14 0.14

Oak-gum-cypress 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.02 0.02

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
246

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.03

Carolina wren Oak-hickory 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.24

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.32 0.54 0.40 0.40 0.41

Hardwood-pine 0.18 0.41 0.23 0.38 0.36

Longleaf-slash 0.50 0.55 0.45 0.41 0.44

Oak-gum-cypress 0.65 0.69 0.60 0.63

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.78 0.54 0.68 0.72 0.70

White pine-hemlock 0.50 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.20

Sand pine-oak 0.40 0.42 0.53 0.43

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.35 0.19 0.67 0.27 0.32

Cove hardwood 0.28 0.23 0.25

Maple-beech-birch 0.07 0.03 0.05

Riparian 0.93 0.93

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.41 0.47 0.36 0.37

Winter wren Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.02

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.26 0.15 0.20

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.40 0.30

All forest types 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01

Golden-crowned kinglet Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.00 0.01

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 1.00 0.75

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Ruby-crowned kinglet Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.02

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
247

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Blue-gray gnatcatcher Oak-hickory 0.16 0.13 0.20 0.19

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.32 0.17 0.10 0.13 0.12

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.18 0.10 0.17 0.15

Longleaf-slash 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.11

Oak-gum-cypress 0.35 0.51 0.30 0.36

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.61 0.35 0.49 0.47 0.47

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.17 0.09 0.14 0.12

Sand pine-oak 0.29 0.22 0.47 0.30

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.28 0.06 0.25 0.31 0.22

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.20 0.15

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.23 0.23

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.26 0.19 0.14 0.18

Eastern bluebird Oak-hickory 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.14 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.02

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.15 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.19 0.07

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01

Veery Oak-hickory 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.03

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.03

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.12 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.15

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.61 0.61 0.61

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.67 0.70

All forest types 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02

Swainson’s thrush Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.03 0.03

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
248

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Wood thrush Oak-hickory 0.22 0.19 0.22 0.21

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.21 0.09 0.16 0.20 0.18

Hardwood-pine 0.24 0.11 0.12 0.20 0.18

Longleaf-slash 0.10 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.05

Oak-gum-cypress 0.08 0.09 0.14 0.12

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.22 0.08 0.16 0.15 0.15

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.08 0.24 0.29 0.25

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.12 0.08 0.25 0.19 0.14

Cove hardwood 0.16 0.32 0.28

Maple-beech-birch 0.20 0.34 0.28

Riparian 0.16 0.16

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.15 0.09 0.14 0.19

American robin Oak-hickory 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.04

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.12 0.33 0.08 0.00 0.15

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.07 0.08 0.08

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.60 0.65

All forest types 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01

Gray catbird Oak-hickory 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.02

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.02

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.02

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.04

Sand pine-oak 0.29 0.13 0.13 0.23

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.04 0.44 0.08 0.00 0.15

Cove hardwood 0.04 0.01 0.02

Maple-beech-birch 0.07 0.00 0.03

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.05

All forest types 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.01

Northern mockingbird Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
249

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

Brown thrasher Oak-hickory 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.20 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08

Oak-gum-cypress 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02

White pine-hemlock 0.20 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.02

Sand pine-oak 0.53 0.44 0.23 0.46

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.00 0.01

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.08 0.10 0.04 0.02

Cedar waxwing Oak-hickory 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.11

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.07 0.04

Riparian 0.01 0.01

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

Blue-winged warbler Oak-hickory 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.02

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02

Northern parula Oak-hickory 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.11

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.25 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.12 0.10

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.04

Oak-gum-cypress 0.10 0.16 0.36 0.27

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.17 0.08 0.25 0.23 0.22

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.21 0.14

Sand pine-oak 0.11 0.02 0.07 0.08

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.30 0.17 0.00 0.08 0.19

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.28 0.22

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.02 0.01

Riparian 0.15 0.15

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
250

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.11

Yellow warbler Oak-hickory 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.05 0.04

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01

Chestnut-sided warbler Oak-hickory 0.19 0.06 0.03 0.04

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.08 0.06

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.09 0.39 0.42 0.00 0.18

Cove hardwood 0.08 0.02 0.04

Maple-beech-birch 0.37 0.25 0.30

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.13 0.25

All forest types 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.02

Magnolia warbler Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.01 0.01

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Black-throated blue 

warbler

Oak-hickory 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.17 0.01 0.17 0.10

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.06 0.05

Maple-beech-birch 0.48 0.58 0.53

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
251

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02

Black-throated green 

warbler

Oak-hickory 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.10

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.11 0.10

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.38

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.21 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.12

Cove hardwood 0.20 0.22 0.22

Maple-beech-birch 0.13 0.34 0.25

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.08

Blackburnian warbler Oak-hickory 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.03

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.07 0.05

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Yellow-throated warbler Oak-hickory 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.14 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.04

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03

White pine-hemlock 0.40 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.08

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.10

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.06 0.05

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.03

Pine warbler Oak-hickory 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.16

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.50 0.55 0.55 0.67 0.61

Hardwood-pine 0.18 0.28 0.29 0.38 0.36

Longleaf-slash 0.60 0.60 0.65 0.71 0.68

Oak-gum-cypress 0.05 0.17 0.16 0.15

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.11 0.09

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.15

Sand pine-oak 0.26 0.40 0.77 0.37

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.10

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.04 0.03

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.03 0.03

Riparian 0.71 0.71

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
252

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.22 0.37 0.39 0.39

Prairie warbler Oak-hickory 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.04

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.64 0.33 0.15 0.14 0.17

Hardwood-pine 0.71 0.43 0.09 0.05 0.08

Longleaf-slash 0.25 0.41 0.20 0.23 0.25

Oak-gum-cypress 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.17 0.03 0.01 0.03

Sand pine-oak 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.11 0.06 0.17 0.04 0.08

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.02 0.01

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.27 0.25 0.11 0.08

Palm warbler Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.03

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cerulean warbler Oak-hickory 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

Black-and-white warbler Oak-hickory 0.18 0.24 0.20 0.21

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.15

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.10 0.17 0.14 0.14

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.04

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.04

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.08 0.20 0.15 0.16

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.12 0.03 0.08 0.00 0.07

Cove hardwood 0.12 0.21 0.19

Maple-beech-birch 0.28 0.20 0.24

Riparian 0.11 0.11

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
253

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.09 0.08 0.14 0.15

American redstart Oak-hickory 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.04

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.05

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.05

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.02 0.02

Maple-beech-birch 0.04 0.02 0.03

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.03

Prothonotary warbler Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.44 0.53 0.25 0.35

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.56 0.49 0.65 0.43 0.48

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.03

Worm-eating warbler Oak-hickory 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.18

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.09

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.11 0.15 0.14 0.14

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02

White pine-hemlock 0.30 0.33 0.14 0.20 0.19

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.07

Cove hardwood 0.12 0.11 0.11

Maple-beech-birch 0.04 0.03 0.04

Riparian 0.06 0.06

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.12

Swainson’s warbler Oak-hickory 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.02

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.04 0.04

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
254

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01

Ovenbird Oak-hickory 0.29 0.47 0.46 0.46

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.09

Hardwood-pine 0.18 0.19 0.38 0.24 0.26

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.03

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.50 0.53 0.59 0.54

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.35 0.17 0.00 0.23 0.24

Cove hardwood 0.44 0.46 0.45

Maple-beech-birch 0.54 0.53 0.53

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.15 0.10 0.21 0.25

Louisiana waterthrush Oak-hickory 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.04

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.04

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.17 0.00 0.04 0.06 0.06

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.13 0.09

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.04 0.09 0.08

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.13 0.13

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.03

Kentucky warbler Oak-hickory 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.09

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.12

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.09

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03

Oak-gum-cypress 0.05 0.13 0.17 0.14

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.14 0.11

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.11 0.08

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.12 0.12

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.10

Common yellowthroat Oak-hickory 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.21 0.17 0.08 0.11 0.11

Hardwood-pine 0.06 0.11 0.08 0.03 0.04

Longleaf-slash 0.50 0.37 0.27 0.24 0.27

Oak-gum-cypress 0.14 0.23 0.06 0.12

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.03 0.04

Sand pine-oak 0.08 0.04 0.00 0.06

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.19 0.28 0.17 0.38 0.25

Cove hardwood 0.04 0.00 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.01 0.01

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
255

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.20 0.17 0.11 0.07

Hooded warbler Oak-hickory 0.62 0.34 0.31 0.32

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.11 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.29 0.26 0.31 0.30

Longleaf-slash 0.40 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.14

Oak-gum-cypress 0.10 0.18 0.39 0.29

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.22 0.14 0.07 0.19 0.17

White pine-hemlock 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.51 0.46

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.23 0.14 0.08 0.08 0.16

Cove hardwood 0.40 0.33 0.35

Maple-beech-birch 0.26 0.19 0.22

Riparian 0.80 0.80

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.22 0.28 0.28 0.30

Canada warbler Oak-hickory 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.03 0.08 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.15 0.20 0.18

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.27 0.25

All forest types 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01

Yellow-breasted chat Oak-hickory 0.33 0.10 0.08 0.10

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.75 0.70 0.34 0.31 0.37

Hardwood-pine 0.71 0.54 0.18 0.15 0.18

Longleaf-slash 0.65 0.61 0.26 0.29 0.33

Oak-gum-cypress 0.48 0.15 0.10 0.17

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.67 0.57 0.16 0.31 0.32

White pine-hemlock 0.10 0.17 0.07 0.04 0.06

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.26 0.19 0.33 0.38 0.27

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.05 0.04

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.21 0.21

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.49 0.56 0.23 0.18

Summer tanager Oak-hickory 0.11 0.10 0.17 0.16

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.36 0.38 0.34 0.39 0.37

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.17 0.13 0.29 0.26

Longleaf-slash 0.15 0.35 0.29 0.39 0.35

Oak-gum-cypress 0.35 0.28 0.29 0.30

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.39 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.35

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.19 0.18 0.33 0.21

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.04 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.22 0.17

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.51 0.51

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
256

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.16 0.27 0.23 0.29

Scarlet tanager Oak-hickory 0.27 0.35 0.34 0.34

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.10

Hardwood-pine 0.24 0.22 0.31 0.22 0.24

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.30 0.42 0.38 0.39 0.38

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.21 0.22 0.17 0.38 0.24

Cove hardwood 0.48 0.20 0.26

Maple-beech-birch 0.24 0.31 0.28

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.13 0.12 0.17 0.20

Eastern towhee Oak-hickory 0.51 0.23 0.13 0.16

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.46 0.37 0.29 0.28 0.29

Hardwood-pine 0.53 0.62 0.36 0.13 0.20

Longleaf-slash 0.75 0.30 0.46 0.51 0.47

Oak-gum-cypress 0.23 0.31 0.12 0.19

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.11

White pine-hemlock 0.80 0.25 0.34 0.13 0.25

Sand pine-oak 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.25 0.56 0.50 0.42 0.39

Cove hardwood 0.24 0.09 0.12

Maple-beech-birch 0.30 0.39 0.35

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.27 0.35

All forest types 0.41 0.46 0.33 0.21

Bachman’s sparrow Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.18 0.22 0.32 0.27

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.07 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.05

Chipping sparrow Oak-hickory 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.06

Hardwood-pine 0.24 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
257

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03

Field sparrow Oak-hickory 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.24 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.02

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.03

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.31 0.42 0.31 0.21

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.01

Song sparrow Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.14 0.08 0.08 0.08

Cove hardwood 0.12 0.00 0.03

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00

Dark-eyed junco Oak-hickory 0.12 0.02 0.03 0.03

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.03

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.16 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.11

Cove hardwood 0.12 0.00 0.03

Maple-beech-birch 0.63 0.81 0.73

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.87 0.90

All forest types 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.02

Northern cardinal Oak-hickory 0.37 0.28 0.23 0.24

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.50 0.66 0.56 0.49 0.53

Hardwood-pine 0.65 0.54 0.32 0.42 0.41

Longleaf-slash 0.25 0.65 0.53 0.45 0.49

Oak-gum-cypress 0.86 0.74 0.64 0.70

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.83 0.84 0.91 0.76 0.80

White pine-hemlock 0.50 0.25 0.29 0.25 0.28

Sand pine-oak 0.41 0.47 0.50 0.44

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.37 0.31 0.58 0.50 0.40

Cove hardwood 0.32 0.19 0.22

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.02 0.02

Riparian 0.97 0.97

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
258

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.47 0.59 0.46 0.40

Rose-breasted grosbeak Oak-hickory 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.03

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.03

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.01 0.01

Maple-beech-birch 0.22 0.24 0.23

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.07 0.10

All forest types 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02

Blue grosbeak Oak-hickory 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.21 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.03

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.20 0.07 0.04 0.07

Oak-gum-cypress 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.02

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.04 0.08 0.03 0.01

Indigo bunting Oak-hickory 0.51 0.41 0.36 0.37

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.61 0.74 0.42 0.47 0.48

Hardwood-pine 0.82 0.53 0.46 0.33 0.37

Longleaf-slash 0.30 0.68 0.37 0.41 0.43

Oak-gum-cypress 0.53 0.40 0.23 0.32

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.94 0.73 0.74 0.59 0.64

White pine-hemlock 0.60 0.58 0.68 0.21 0.44

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.53 0.69 0.83 0.50 0.60

Cove hardwood 0.52 0.21 0.28

Maple-beech-birch 0.20 0.19 0.19

Riparian 0.07 0.07

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.10

All forest types 0.60 0.65 0.43 0.37

Painted bunting Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
259

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Red-winged blackbird Oak-hickory 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.08

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00

Eastern meadowlark Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.05 0.00 0.17 0.08 0.05

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00

Common grackle Oak-hickory 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02

Oak-gum-cypress 0.10 0.06 0.01 0.04

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.01

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01

Brown-headed cowbird Oak-hickory 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.04

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.25 0.19 0.05 0.06 0.08

Hardwood-pine 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.05

Longleaf-slash 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.05

Oak-gum-cypress 0.32 0.10 0.05 0.10

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.50 0.54 0.14 0.25 0.27

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.03

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.07 0.06 0.25 0.12 0.09

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.06 0.06

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages

Continued
260

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.15 0.14 0.06 0.05

Orchard oriole Oak-hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01

Hardwood-pine 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00

Longleaf-slash 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01

Oak-gum-cypress 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.28 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.03

White pine-hemlock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sand pine-oak 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.04 0.00 0.17 0.04 0.04

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maple-beech-birch 0.00 0.00 0.00

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.00

All forest types 0.07 0.04 0.00 0.00

American goldfinch Oak-hickory 0.18 0.07 0.04 0.05

Loblolly-shortleaf 0.21 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.04

Hardwood-pine 0.18 0.06 0.10 0.04 0.05

Longleaf-slash 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.03

Oak-gum-cypress 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02

White pine-hemlock 0.30 0.00 0.07 0.15 0.12

Sand pine-oak 0.05 0.07 0.00 0.05

Glade-shrub-savanna 0.19 0.22 0.75 0.19 0.25

Cove hardwood 0.00 0.05 0.04

Maple-beech-birch 0.02 0.00 0.01

Riparian 0.00 0.00

Spruce-fir 0.00 0.05

All forest types 0.16 0.08 0.05 0.04

a

 Data are from 12,537 point-count surveys on 14 national forests, 2000-2004. Each entry can be interpreted as the 

frequency or proportion of the counts in Table 2.

Appendix 6—continued

Species Forest type Grass/ 

forb

Shrub/ 

seedling

Sapling/ 

pole

Mature All 

stages
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La Sorte, Frank A.; Thompson, Frank R., III; Trani, Margaret K.; Mersmann, Timothy 

J. 2007. Population trends and habitat occurrence of forest birds on southern 

national forests, 1992-2004. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-9. Newton Square, PA: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 260 p.

We determined population trends and habitat occurrences for bird species in 14 

national forests located in the Southern Region from 1992-2004. We estimated 

population trends for 144 species within: 14 national forests, 10 physiographic areas, 

and in the Southern Region as a whole. Habitat occurrences were estimated for 

114 species based on 13 forest types and four successional stages. We discussed 

results for 48 species of management concern along with information compiled on 

conservation status and the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) Breeding Bird Survey 

population trend estimates. There was evidence that populations increased for 42 

species and decreased for 38 species on national forests in the Southern Region as a 

whole. Trends for many species varied widely across physiographic areas and national 

forests. Most species were found across a variety of habitats, though associations with 

particular forest types and structural conditions were often apparent.

KEY WORDS: avian populations, habitat, indicator species, southeastern United States
www.nrs.fs.fed.us

Capitalizing on the strengths of existing science 

capacity in the Northeast and Midwest to attain a more 

integrated, cohesive, landscape-scale research program