Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-880 | February 14, 2020 Page 1 of 33

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Gregory L. Fumarolo

Fort Wayne, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Curtis T. Hill, Jr.

Attorney General of Indiana

Matthew B. MacKenzie

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Cody E. Reynolds,

Appellant-Defendant,

v.

State of Indiana,

Appellee-Plaintiff.

February 14, 2020

Court of Appeals Case No.

19A-CR-880

Appeal from the Allen Superior 

Court

The Honorable David M. Zent, 

Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

02D05-1710-F6-1115

Darden, Senior Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-880 | February 14, 2020 Page 2 of 33

Statement of the Case

[1] A jury found Cody E. Reynolds (“Cody”) guilty of child molestation, a Level 4 

felony;

1

and vicarious sexual gratification, a Level 6 felony.

2

Cody appeals the

trial court’s judgment of conviction for both offenses, and his sentence for child 

molestation. We affirm.

Issues

[2] Cody raises four issues, which we restate as:

I. Whether the trial court erred in denying Cody’s challenges 

for cause of two jurors.

II. Whether the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a 

video recording of the child victim’s forensic interview

along with the child victim’s trial testimony and live 

testimony by the interviewer.

III. Whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain Cody’s

convictions.

IV. Whether Cody’s sentence for child molestation is 

inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the 

character of the offender.

1

Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3 (2015).

2

Ind. Code § 35-42-4-5 (2014).
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Facts and Procedural History

[3] Cody and Tricia Reynolds (“Tricia”) married in 2014. Tricia had two 

daughters, H.W. and I.W., from a previous relationship. Cody and Tricia

subsequently had a daughter together, R.R. At all times relevant to this case, 

primarily in the year 2017, H.W. was eight-going-on-nine years old, I.W. was 

seven years old, and R.R. was two-going-on-three years old. Tricia worked in a 

restaurant at night. Cody was employed during the day, and he watched all 

three girls when Tricia was at work and H.W. and I.W. were not at their 

father’s house. H.W., Tricia, and Detective Lorrie Freiburger, a trained child 

forensic interviewer, all testified at Cody’s trial.

[4] On one occasion in the spring of 2017, when Tricia came home from work, she

found Cody in the living room asleep on the couch, with his shorts down 

around his ankles and a pillow covering the area of his groin. The girls were 

asleep in their rooms.

[5] According to the testimony of H.W., during this period of time, on one 

occasion when Tricia was at work, and the other girls were in their rooms, she

related that she and Cody were together in the living room watching television. 

At some point, Cody pulled his pants down to his ankles, sat on the couch, and

openly masturbated in H.W.’s presence. H.W. further testified that Cody 

squirted some lotion on his hand and rubbed “up and down” on his “private 

part.” Tr. Vol. 3, p. 54. She looked away and was “kind of scared.” Id. at 52. 

Cody told H.W. not to tell Tricia what he had done.
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[6] H.W. later testified that Cody masturbated in front of her approximately twenty

different times. Almost every time he masturbated in her presence, he would 

put some lotion from a particular bottle on his private part. Cody kept the 

bottle of lotion in a closet that the girls were not allowed to go into without 

Tricia or Cody’s permission. On one specific occasion, when Cody was 

masturbating in H.W.’s presence, he ran out of lotion and ordered her to “spit 

on his hand.” Id. at 54. She obeyed him, and he continued to masturbate.

[7] Cody also taught H.W. a “game” he called “the five finger challenge.” Id. at 

59. The “game” required one person to close their eyes and feel another 

person’s hands to determine how many fingers the other person was holding 

up. During one incident, Cody told H.W. to close her eyes and reach toward 

his hands. H.W. felt what she thought was six fingers, but when she opened 

her eyes, she saw that she was feeling Cody’s fingers and his “private part.” Id. 

at 62. She described his “private part” as being “slimy.” Id. at 63. Afterwards, 

H.W. went to her room.

[8] H.W. was disturbed and believed that Cody was doing something “wrong” 

because he had told her not to tell Tricia what he was doing. Id. at 69. As a 

result, she “looked it up” on a website and learned “that [what he was doing]

wasn’t okay.” Id. On Thursday, August 3, 2017, while Cody was taking a 

shower, H.W. told Tricia what Cody had been doing with her. Tricia took the 

evening off from work, gathered the girls, and went to her aunt’s house. Tricia 

told her aunt what H.W. had told her.
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[9] The next day, on Friday, it was R.R.’s birthday. Tricia and other family 

members had previously scheduled a surprise party for R.R. at a restaurant. 

Tricia took the girls to the party. She had not told Cody about the party, but he 

heard about it from another source and attended. After the party, Tricia called 

H.W.’s father and told him what had occurred. Tricia then went to her own

father’s house, put the girls to bed, and called the police.

[10] Officer David Colon3arrived at Tricia’s father’s house around 1 a.m., and 

Tricia met him outside. She explained to him what H.W. had told her. Officer 

Colon prepared a report and called the Indiana Department of Child Services

(“DCS”). A DCS employee called Tricia later that morning/day. Tricia and 

the DCS employee created a safety plan for the children, and scheduled an 

appointment for a forensic interview the following Monday.

[11] In the meantime, Tricia had previously planned a family camping trip for that 

weekend. She took the girls on the trip without Cody. Tricia did not want to 

cancel the trip because she was concerned that H.W. would think she was being 

punished for disclosing what Cody had done to her. During the trip, H.W. also 

revealed to Tricia that Cody had tricked her into feeling his penis during what 

Cody called the “finger game,” and explained to Tricia how the game was 

played. Tr. Vol. 3, p. 18.

3 By the time Colon testified at trial, he had been promoted to detective.
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[12] On Monday, August 7, Tricia took H.W. to the Dr. Bill Lewis Center for 

Children (“the Center”) for a forensic interview. Freiburger spoke with H.W. 

while a DCS case manager, another detective, a prosecutor, and a 

representative of the prosecutor’s victim’s assistance office watched live video of 

the interview from another room. Freiburger wore a receiver in her ear so that 

the people remotely watching the interview could send her additional questions 

via a microphone. Tricia remained in the Center’s reception area and did not 

participate in or observe the interview. A video camera was set up in the 

interview room.

[13] At the beginning of the interview, Freiburger disclosed to H.W. that she had a 

receiver in her ear and that their conversation was being video recorded. She 

then asked H.W. what had happened. H.W. told Freiburger that Cody had 

“masturbated” or “jerk[ed] off” in her presence. State’s Ex. 4, at 5:41, 5:51. 

H.W. used the phrase “down there” to describe Cody’s private parts. Tr. Vol.

3, p. 67. Next, Freiburger showed her a drawing of a nude man and asked her

to point to what she meant by “down there.” Id. H.W. pointed at the man’s 

genitals, and Freiburger circled them.

[14] H.W. also told Freiburger that Cody had masturbated in her presence about 

“twenty” times. State’s Ex. 4, at 7:00. She moved her hand up and down to

demonstrate how Cody masturbated. H.W. said that on one occasion she saw 

a “clear” liquid come out of Cody’s private part, and he cleaned it up with a 

napkin. Tr. Vol. 3, p. 58; State’s Ex. 4, at 11:00. She also described and 

demonstrated the finger game to Freiburger. H.W. further told Freiburger that 
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Cody had her play the game and, when she opened her eyes, she saw that she 

was feeling his private part. In addition, H.W. drew a picture of Cody’s bottle 

of lotion.

[15] After the interview, the interview team met with Tricia to establish a plan to 

protect the girls. Next, a DCS case manager went to the location where Tricia

and the girls were staying to ensure that the girls were safe and that their needs 

were being met.

[16] H.W. was subsequently diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. Tricia 

explained that H.W. was having trouble sleeping and was waking up due to 

nightmares. Even a hug could provoke feelings of anxiety in her. H.W. was 

displaying hostility, anger, irritability, and fear, which was damaging her 

relationships with her family. She was going to therapy every other week and 

seeing a life skills coach six times per month.

[17] On October 2, 2017, the State charged Cody with vicarious sexual gratification, 

a Level 6 felony. On September 5, 2018, the State filed a notice indicating it 

intended to use the statements of a protected person at trial. Specifically, the 

State intended to introduce into evidence statements H.W. made to Freiburger 

during the forensic interview. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on 

September 28, 2018, during which Freiburger testified, and the recording of the 

interview was played. On October 1, 2018, the trial court issued an order

stating:
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l. The witness, H.W., is a protected person under the statute 

and was present for the hearing and available for cross 

examination.

2. The Statement given by H.W. to Lorrie Freiburger 

concerns the charges filed against [Cody].

3. The Forensic Interviewer asked open-ended, non-leading 

questions which were age-appropriate.

4. The Statement, as contained in State’s Exhibit 1 [the 

recording of the interview] would be admissible in the trial of this 

cause as it is probative and relevant. The witness, H.W., was 

reserved but open to the questions and oftentimes she corrected 

the Interviewer. H.W. volunteered information and provided 

detailed descriptions.

The Court finds the statements to the Forensic Interviewer to be 

sufficiently reliable to be admitted into evidence.

Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 53-54.

[18] On October 9, 2018, the State filed a motion to amend the charging information 

to add a second count, child molesting as a Level 4 felony. The trial court 

granted the motion after a hearing.

[19] The trial judge presided over a jury trial on February 12 and 13, 2019. H.W. 

and other witnesses, including Freiburger, testified for the State. In addition, 

the trial court admitted into evidence the video recording of H.W.’s forensic 

interview with Freiburger. The jury found Cody guilty as charged. At the end 

of the trial, the trial court issued a judgment of conviction on the jury’s verdict.
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[20] On March 22, 2019, the trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of thirteen 

years and 183 days, with two years and 183 days suspended to probation. This 

appeal followed.

Discussion and Decision

I. Challenges for Cause of Potential Jurors

[21] Cody argues the trial court erred in denying his challenges for cause of multiple 

potential jurors, claiming he had demonstrated that they were biased against 

him. The State responds that only two of the challenged potential jurors were 

ultimately seated in the jury, and they both demonstrated they could be fair and 

impartial.

[22] The purpose of the jury selection process is to ascertain whether prospective 

jurors can render an impartial verdict based on the law and the evidence. 

Gibson v. State, 43 N.E.3d 231, 238 (Ind. 2015). Parties may ask questions of 

prospective jurors “to discover prejudice and eliminate bias.” Skaggs v. State, 

438 N.E.2d 301, 304 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982).

[23] Indiana Jury Rule 18 establishes that parties may use peremptory challenges for 

any reason to remove potential jurors from the jury pool.4 In addition, the 

4 A peremptory challenge occurs when a party strikes a potential juror other than for cause. Such challenges 

are intended “to eliminate extremes of partiality and to assure the parties that jurors will decide the issues on 

the basis of the evidence before them.” Phillips v. State, 496 N.E.2d 87, 88 (Ind. 1986). A peremptory 

challenge is exercised “without reason stated, without inquiry, and without being subject to the [trial] court’s 

control.” Id. In felony cases where the State seeks neither the death penalty nor life without parole, each 

party is entitled to ten peremptory challenges. Ind. Jury Rule 18(a)(2).
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Sixth Amendment requires that “biased jurors be removed for cause.” Whiting 

v. State, 969 N.E.2d 24, 29 (Ind. 2012). However, there are no limits on the 

number of challenges for cause, but each challenge must be supported by 

specified causes or reasons that demonstrate that, as a matter of law, the 

potential juror is not qualified to serve. Id. (quotation omitted).

[24] The Indiana Supreme Court has further stated:

[T]he trial judge has the inherent authority and responsibility to 

dismiss biased jurors for cause, either sua sponte or upon 

counsel’s motion, and is afforded broad discretion in making 

these decisions; and on appeal, we afford substantial deference to 

the trial judge’s decision respecting a challenge for cause and will 

find error only if the decision is illogical or arbitrary.

Id. As we conduct our review, we keep in mind that the trial court is in the best 

position to “assess the demeanor of prospective jurors as they answer the 

questions posed by counsel.” Smith v. State, 730 N.E.2d 705, 708 (Ind. 2000).

[25] In Cody’s case, the trial court and counsel went through three rounds of 

questioning to select the twelve-person jury and two alternates. Here, 

defendant’s argument and challenge appears to focus on the third round, at 

which point the trial judge needed only four more jurors to complete the jury

selection process. During the third round, the prosecutor asked the potential 

jurors what they thought about the State putting children on the witness stand. 
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Several potential jurors, including numbers 133 and 72,5indicated they 

understood that testimony by child witnesses was sometimes necessary. Cody, 

by counsel, engaged in the following colloquy with the potential jurors:

Q: Good afternoon. Um, I was listening to some of the 

answers and I used to ask this beforehand but I didn’t today. But 

I’m gonna ask you now. Um, it’s not a popularity contest. If 

you like [the prosecutors] better than me, well I can live with 

that. But don’t vote in favor or against my client because I was a 

little aggressive in my questioning of someone. You can hate 

me, it doesn’t - I mean no one likes to be hated, but I can live 

with it because I’m doing my job. And if you don’t like my style 

don’t hold it against my client, is that fair enough? Number [94]?

JUROR 94: Yes, I think that’s fair. But I - I just don’t want it to

be an overly aggressive examination of the child. Uh, that’s my 

only qualm about the whole situation.

Q: And I don’t like people who lie.

JUROR 94: I’m sorry?

Q: And I don’t like people who lie.

JUROR 94: It’s a child who is under oath.

Q: And I – I - well it happens. I’m just saying, you know, we 

have to take our job seriously, and I do. I’m not saying that no

one else does, but, I like to get to the meat of the issues. And if it 

offends you, is that gonna affect your being able to be impartial I 

guess?

JUROR 133: Uh, I would say yeah.

5 The potential jurors each received jury numbers, apparently based on their questionnaires. During the jury 

selection process, the parties addressed the jurors based on their seat number in the jury box, but the 

transcript identifies them by their juror numbers. We refer to potential jurors using their juror numbers.
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Q: Okay. How about you?

JUROR 94: I do believe that if you took an overly aggressive 

cross examination of a child witness I would - I would view that 

unfavorably in your case. Now, an adult is a different story. 

Q: Okay, that - but that’s fair. Anybody else? Number [72]?

JUROR 72: I actually agree with number [94].

Q: Okay.

JUROR 62: Umhuh (affirmative response), me too.

Q: Number [62], okay. Number [140]?

JUROR 140: I agree with 3.

Q: Okay, number [8]? I didn’t mean to cross over you.

JUROR 8: Um, well, uh, if - if you weren’t to exercise your due 

diligence in handling that situation I might think less of you. 

But, um, I would do my best to remain impartial as to, uh, 

assessing the evidence.

Q: Do you think it could affect you though?

JUROR 8: Do I think it could affect me?

Q: Affect your impartiality?

JUROR 8: Um, my hope would be no.

Q: Yeah, but hope is not a yes or no?

JUROR 8: Some people are too certain of their own 

knowledge.

Q: Well I understand that. I’m not trying to argue with you.

JUROR 8: I understand.
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Q: We’re just looking for fair and impartial jurors.

JUROR 8: No, I’m enjoying this too.

Q: Okay, I’m glad you are but can you be fair and impartial?

JUROR 8: Yeah, I believe so.

Q: You believe or - yes or no. I mean, again, you might even

- if you’re selected you might hear either the State or me say 

Judge could you please direct the witness to just answer the 

question with a yes or a no.

JUROR 8: Oh, yeah. No, that’s fair. 

Q: Okay, so yes or no, can you be fair and impartial?

JUROR 8: Yes.

Q: Okay. Number [32]?

JUROR 32: Yes. 

Q: Okay, um, number [140], sorry. 

JUROR 140: Yeah, I think I can be fair and impartial. 

Q: Okay. How about -

JUROR 140: I’m a teacher. 

Q: [137]?

JUROR 137: Yes. 

Q: Okay, [43]?

JUROR 43: Yes.

Q: Number [53]?
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JUROR 53: Yes.

Tr. Vol. 2, pp. 203-06.

[26] After Cody finished questioning the potential jurors, the parties approached the 

bench to discuss challenges for cause. Cody strenuously objected and 

challenged for cause the potential jurors in seats one through eight, including 

potential jurors 72 and 133, claiming they had all agreed that they could not be 

fair if Cody was “overly aggressive” during witness questioning. Id. at 213. He 

repeatedly indicated that no one knows how those potential jurors define 

“aggressiveness.” Id. After further discussion, the trial court struck potential 

juror 94 but denied Cody’s request to strike the others, stating, “I’m not gonna 

strike seven (7) people for cause because of the civility issue.” Id. at 214. Cody

had already exhausted his peremptory challenges. After the bench conference 

concluded, the trial court notified four remaining potential jurors that they had 

been selected for the jury, concluding the selection process.

[27] Cody claims the trial court committed reversible error and should have struck 

for cause all of the potential jurors he identified. The State notes, without 

contradiction, that potential jurors 72 and 133 were the only potential jurors 

Cody specifically challenged in round three that were ultimately seated on the 

jury. Cody does not explain in his briefs how he was harmed by the trial court’s 

refusal to strike the other potential jurors that were not seated on the jury, so we 

will restrict our analysis to potential jurors 72 and 133.
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[28] Cody argued in the trial court, and argues on appeal, that it was “illogical and 

arbitrary” for the trial court to grant his challenge as to potential juror 94 but 

not the remaining jurors, because they all demonstrated they had the same bias. 

Appellant’s Br. p. 29. We disagree. To begin with, Cody expressed concern to 

the trial court that the potential jurors had not explained what they meant by

“aggressiveness,” but he had begun his third round of questions by using the 

word “aggressive” without himself providing an explanation of that term or 

requesting a definition from the trial court. He thus invited any confusion

concerning the usage of the term.

[29] Next, the record does not definitively demonstrate that potential juror 72 

displayed bias against Cody. Potential juror 72’s response could be construed 

as agreeing with potential juror 94 that it was “fair” to not hold any dislike of 

Cody’s trial counsel against Cody himself, but expressing a “qualm” about 

“overly aggressive” questioning of a child witness and viewing it “unfavorably.” 

Tr. Vol. 2, pp. 203-04. Further, potential juror 72 had earlier acknowledged it 

was his or her understanding that sometimes it was necessary to have a child

testify in a trial. Those equivocal responsive statements do not amount to proof 

of bias against Cody. At best, they appear to indicate potential concern for

Cody’s trial counsel’s litigation style, as noted by the trial judge. See Oswalt v. 

State, 19 N.E.3d 241, 250 (Ind. 2014) (affirming denial of challenge of potential 

juror for cause; potential juror expressed “discomfort” at trying child 

molestation case, but discomfort did not amount to bias or prejudice).
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[30] Next, Cody’s counsel asked potential juror 133 whether that person’s 

impartiality would be affected if that person was offended by counsel’s 

preference to “get to the meat of the issues.” Potential juror 133 responded, “I 

would say yeah.” Tr. Vol. 2, p. 204. Thus, the juror provided an equivocal 

answer to a vague question. Cody’s counsel did not define what he meant by 

addressing “the meat of the issues,” and his question about impartiality was 

conditioned on whether the juror would be “offend[ed].” Id. The question was 

so unclear that potential juror 133 reasonably could have concluded that 

counsel was again asking whether the juror would dislike counsel, rather than 

whether he or she would be biased against Cody, if counsel questioned 

witnesses aggressively. We further note that potential juror 133 had also earlier 

indicated he or she understood that sometimes it was necessary for children to 

testify at trial. Under these circumstances, we should rely on the trial judge, 

who was in the best position to assess potential juror 133’s demeanor and 

reactions to counsel’s questions.

[31] In any event, the transcript of counsel’s cross-examination of H.W. and the 

State’s other witnesses reveals what appears to be normal cross-examination,

and counsel did not object to the trial court at any point during the trial that he 

was limited or hampered in any manner during questioning. Cody has failed to 

demonstrate an abuse of discretion. See Oswalt, 19 N.E.3d at 251 (deferring to 

trial court’s ability to assess demeanor of potential juror).
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II. Admissibility of Forensic Interview and Interviewer’s 

Testimony

[32] Cody asserts that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence both the 

recording of Freiburger’s forensic interview with H.W. and Freiburger’s 

testimony about the interview, claiming the trial court violated the Indiana 

Supreme Court’s decision in Tyler v. State, 903 N.E.2d 463 (Ind. 2009).6 The 

State argues that Cody waived his challenge to the admissibility of Freiburger’s 

testimony. After reviewing the record, we disagree. We will address the 

admissibility of both the recorded interview and Freiburger’s testimony.

[33] “In general, the decision to admit or exclude evidence is within a trial court’s 

sound discretion and is afforded great deference on appeal.” Agilera v. State, 862 

N.E.2d 298, 302 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. We review evidentiary 

rulings solely for an abuse of discretion, which “occurs where the decision is 

clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the 

court.” Carter v. State, 31 N.E.3d 17, 28 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.

[34] Indiana Code section 35-37-4-6 (2016), which is also known as the protected 

person statute (“PPS”), governs the admissibility at trial of prior statements by 

protected persons in certain circumstances. The PPS applies to specific crimes,

6 Cody also claims in passing that the admission of this evidence violated his federal and state constitutional 

right to a fair trial. But he mentions those provisions only in the context of discussing the Tyler case, and he 

does not present any separate constitutional analysis. We deem Cody’s constitutional claims to be waived. 

See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (each contention must be supported by citations to authorities and by 

cogent reasoning).
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including the convictions at issue in this case. In addition, the PPS defines a 

protected person, in relevant part, as “a child who is less than fourteen (14) 

years of age.” Id. There is no dispute that H.W. meets the definition of a 

protected person under the PPS.

[35] The PPS further provides, in relevant part:

A statement or videotape that:

(1) is made by a person who at the time of trial is a protected 

person;

(2) concerns an act that is a material element of an offense listed 

in subsection (a) or (b) that was allegedly committed against the 

person; and

(3) is not otherwise admissible in evidence;

is admissible in evidence in a criminal action for an offense listed 

in subsection (a) or (b) if the requirements of subsection (e) are 

met.

Ind. Code § 35-37-4-6(d).

[36] The requirements of subsection (e) of the PPS include a hearing outside the 

presence of the jury, with advance notice to the defendant, after which the trial 

court shall determine “that the time, content, and circumstances of the 

statement or videotape provide sufficient indications of reliability.” Ind. Code § 

35-37-4-6(e). In this case, the trial court held a hearing prior to trial and
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determined H.W.’s prior statement was admissible. Cody does not present any 

claims of error arising from the pretrial hearing. Another relevant requirement 

of Indiana Code section 35-37-4-6(e) is that the protected person must testify at 

trial or be found unavailable to testify for specific reasons not relevant here.

[37] Although the PPS explicitly indicates that both a protected person’s live 

testimony and prior statement may be introduced at trial, Cody argues that it is 

inappropriate to admit H.W.’s live testimony, along with the recording of 

H.W.’s interview and Freiburger’s testimony, citing Tyler v. State. In that case, 

Tyler was accused of sexual misconduct involving five children he was 

babysitting. The five children subsequently participated in separate recorded 

interviews. At trial, all five children testified, and three of the children’s 

videotaped interviews were admitted into evidence under the PPS.

[38] Tyler argued to the Indiana Supreme Court that the trial court erred in 

admitting the interviews along with the children’s live testimony. The Supreme 

Court noted that Indiana Code section 35-37-4-6 “represents a departure from 

ordinary trial procedure,” “and should be used only when necessary to further 

its basic purpose of avoiding further injury to the protected person.” 903 

N.E.2d at 466. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court recognized that the PPS is “a 

part of Indiana evidence law, though not in the Rules.” Id. at 467.

[39] Considering the purposes of the PPS and the potential harm resulting from the 

admission of duplicative evidence, the Supreme Court determined: “We hold 

that if the statements are consistent and both are otherwise admissible, 
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testimony of a protected person may be presented in open court or by 

prerecorded statement through the PPS, but not both except as authorized 

under the Rules of Evidence.” Id. The Supreme Court also noted: “[t]here are 

. . . some circumstances under which a prior statement of a live witness is 

admissible under the Rules of Evidence, for example under Evidence Rule 

801(d)(1)(A) or (B) because it contains inconsistent statements or rebuts a claim 

of fabrication. But neither party claims that the testimony in this case is 

admissible under these provisions.” Id. at 466. The Supreme Court ultimately 

concluded that although the videotaped statements should not have been 

admitted as they were further cumulative of the victims’ trial testimony, the 

prejudicial effect was “not significant” and did not require reversal. Id. at 467.

[40] We turn to the recording of H.W.’s forensic interview. The State argues that 

the trial court did not err in admitting the recording along with H.W.’s live 

testimony because the Indiana Rules of Evidence authorized the admission. 

We disagree. The State, citing to Indiana Evidence Rule 801(d), claims the 

recorded statement was admissible to refute Cody’s claims that H.W. had 

fabricated her allegations. That rule provides, in relevant part:

(d) Statements That Are Not Hearsay. A statement that meets 

the following conditions is not hearsay:

(1) A Declarant-Witness’s Prior Statement. The declarant 

testifies and is subject to cross-examination about a prior 

statement, and the statement:

* * * * *
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(B) is consistent with the declarant’s testimony and is offered:

(i) to rebut an express or implied charge that the declarant 

recently fabricated it or acted from a recent improper influence or 

motive in so testifying; or

(ii) to rehabilitate the declarant’s credibility as a witness when 

attacked on another ground . . . .

Id.

[41] To be admissible as substantive evidence, the prior consistent statement must 

have been made “‘before the motive to fabricate arose.’” Moreland v. State, 701 

N.E.2d 288, 293 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (quoting 13 Robert L. Miller, Jr., Indiana 

Evidence § 613.208 (1995)). In this case, Cody told the jury during his opening 

statement that H.W. first raised her allegations the night after Cody told Tricia 

“I am not gonna stay with you anymore.” Tr. Vol. 2, p. 233. He thus indicated 

that H.W. was prompted by her mother to fabricate the allegations of 

molestation from the beginning, and there is no evidence that disputes the 

timing of Cody’s request for a divorce. As a result, H.W.’s statements during 

the recorded forensic interview were made after the alleged motive to fabricate 

arose. See Lovitt v. State, 915 N.E.2d 1040, 1044 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (no error 

in excluding prior consistent statement; witness already had motive to fabricate 

when she made the statement). In light of this argument, Indiana Evidence 

Rule 801(d) alone does not justify the admission of H.W.’s recorded forensic 

interview.
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[42] The State further argues that the recorded forensic interview was admissible 

under the holding in Evans v. State, 643 N.E.2d 877 (Ind. 1994). In that case, 

the trial court allowed the State to admit into evidence a witness’s transcribed 

police statement and deposition. On appeal, Evans argued the statement and 

deposition were inadmissible prior statements, but the Indiana Supreme Court 

concluded they were “admissible under the doctrine of completeness.” Id. at 

881. The Court noted, “a party may place the remainder of a statement or 

document before the jury after the opposing party has introduced a portion of 

that statement or document into evidence.” Id.

[43] In the current case, Cody did not put a portion of H.W.’s forensic interview 

into evidence before the State sought to introduce the entire interview. The 

doctrine of completeness is inapplicable here, and Evans is distinguishable.

[44] To summarize, the Rules of Evidence do not otherwise support the admission 

of the recorded forensic interview into evidence, and admission of the recording 

into evidence along with H.W.’s live testimony contravenes the Indiana 

Supreme Court’s holding in Tyler. But our analysis does not end there. The 

admission of evidence is subject to a harmless error analysis. Fox v. State, 717 

N.E.2d 957, 966 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied. Admission of a recording

may be harmless error if it is no more than cumulative of the statements of a 

witness and the recording is not the only direct evidence of the events. Id.
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[45] A panel of our Court found harmful error in Cox v. State, 937 N.E.2d 874, 879 

(Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied, when the trial court admitted both the video 

interview and the child’s live testimony. We held: 

We note that in Tyler, the court concluded that introduction of 

the prerecorded statements into evidence was not reversible error 

because it was merely cumulative of the children’s consistent trial 

testimony. Here, there was no trial testimony by D.H. regarding 

the charged crimes, consistent or otherwise. All of the evidence 

supporting Cox’s convictions came from the videotaped 

statement. Introduction of that statement removed any 

possibility that D.H. might make inconsistent statements in live 

testimony as compared to the statement, and so that potential 

avenue for defense counsel to attack the veracity of D.H.’s claims 

was foreclosed. Additionally, we note that the statement was not 

made under any kind of oath, including an oath appropriate for 

children. There was, for example, no examination before D.H. 

gave the statement of whether he appreciated the difference 

between truths and lies. Thus, there is no sworn testimony or 

statement supporting Cox’s convictions. The trial court’s 

erroneous admission of the videotape cannot be labeled harmless.

Cox, 937 N.E.2d at 879 (citations omitted and emphasis supplied).

[46] The facts of this case, however, are more similar to Tyler than Cox. In this case, 

the recorded interview was merely cumulative of in-court testimony by H.W.

and Tricia. Further, Tricia’s testimony added another piece of circumstantial 

evidence: during the relevant time period, she came home from work and 

found Cody asleep on the couch with his pants down around his ankles, with a 

pillow covering his genitals. We therefore conclude, as did our Supreme Court,

that the effect of the admission of the recorded interview herein was 
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“insignificant” and we do not find it amounted to reversible error. See Tyler, 

903 N.E.2d at 467 (no reversible error in admission of recorded interviews; any 

prejudicial effect was outweighed by the children’s live testimony); see also

Taylor v. State, 841 N.E.2d 631, 637 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (admission of recorded 

forensic interview was harmless error; victim, the victim’s mother, and the 

forensic interviewer testified at trial), trans. denied.

[47] Turning to Freiburger’s testimony, we note that the Indiana Supreme Court’s 

holding in Tyler is limited to situations involving “testimony of a protected 

person . . . in open court or by prerecorded statement.” 903 N.E.2d at 467. As 

a result, the holding does not apply to Freiburger’s live testimony. We instead 

turn to Taylor, in which Taylor challenged the admissibility of several pieces of 

evidence, including a forensic interviewer’s testimony regarding statements 

made by the child victim during the interview. 841 N.E.2d at 633. A panel of 

this Court determined the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting 

testimony by the interviewer, noting: (1) the forensic interview occurred four 

days after the initial disclosure; (2) the interview lasted twenty minutes; (3) the 

interviewer did not ask leading questions, and the victim’s mother was not 

present; and (4) the interview occurred before a sexual assault examination.

[48] Here, Freiburger interviewed H.W. four days after she disclosed the sexual 

abuse to her mother. The interview lasted only thirty minutes. Tricia did not 

participate in or observe the interview. Freiburger testified that her interview 

protocol requires letting the child lead the interview and avoiding direct 

questions. She further explained that she followed the above protocol by 
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allowing H.W. to narrate what happened and expressed no credibility as to 

H.W.’s statements made during or after the interview. Finally, the record fails 

to indicate whether H.W. underwent a sexual assault examination, and whether 

it happened before her forensic interview. Under the circumstances, and 

following the holding in Taylor, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in admitting Freiburger’s testimony concerning the forensic 

interview.

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

[49] Cody argues the State failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain his 

convictions, in large part because he claims H.W.’s testimony was incredibly 

dubious and unbelievable. The State responds that H.W.’s testimony was 

consistent and believable, and that the record contains ample evidence to affirm 

Cody’s convictions.

[50] The Indiana Supreme Court has explained:

In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, the Court 

neither reweighs the evidence nor assesses the credibility of the 

witnesses. We look to the evidence most favorable to the verdict 

and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. We will affirm the 

conviction if there is probative evidence from which a reasonable 

jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt.

Within the narrow limits of the ‘incredible dubiosity’ rule, a court 

may impinge upon a jury’s function to judge the credibility of a 

witness. If a sole witness presents inherently improbable 

testimony and there is a complete lack of circumstantial 

evidence, a defendant’s conviction may be reversed. This is 
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appropriate only where the court has confronted inherently 

improbable testimony or coerced, equivocal, wholly 

uncorroborated testimony of incredible dubiosity. Application of 

this rule is rare and the standard to be applied is whether the 

testimony is so incredibly dubious or inherently improbable that 

no reasonable person could believe it.

Love v. State, 761 N.E.2d 806, 810 (Ind. 2002) (citations omitted). The rule 

applies only when a witness contradicts herself or himself in a single statement 

or while testifying, and does not apply to conflicts between multiple statements. 

Carter, 31 N.E.3d at 31.

[51] To convict Cody of Level 4 child molesting as charged, the State was required 

to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he: (1) being at least eighteen years of 

age (2) performed or submitted to any fondling or touching (3) of either H.W. (a 

child under fourteen years of age) or himself (4) with the intent to arouse or to 

satisfy the sexual desires of H.W. or himself. Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3;

Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 62. To convict Cody of Level 6 vicarious sexual 

gratification as charged, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that he: (1) being at least eighteen years of age (2) knowingly or 

intentionally (3) touched or fondled his own body (4) in the presence of H.W. 

(5) a child less than fourteen years of age (6) with the intent to arouse or satisfy 

the sexual desires of himself or H.W. Ind. Code § 35-42-4-5; Appellant’s App. 

Vol. II, p. 17.

[52] Having reviewed the record, we reject Cody’s claim that H.W.’s trial testimony 

was incredibly dubious. Her testimony was detailed and organized. Further, 
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H.W. did not equivocate, and her description of events was not improbable or 

illogical. See Reyburn v. State, 737 N.E.2d 1169, 1171-72 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)

(child-victims’ testimony not incredibly dubious; both victims testified 

unequivocally and without contradiction about Reyburn’s criminal misconduct 

toward them). Cody argues H.W.’s testimony is “inherently contradictory” to 

other evidence, Appellant’s Br. p. 32, but the incredible dubiosity analysis 

focuses on contradictions within a witness’s testimony, not in the context of 

other evidence.

[53] Next, the evidence is sufficient to sustain Cody’s convictions. H.W. testified 

that Cody openly masturbated in her presence, explaining that he used lotion 

and sat on the couch in the living room with his pants down around his ankles. 

During the forensic interview, she demonstrated for Freiburger how Cody 

moved his hand on his penis as he masturbated. H.W. also described with 

particularity Cody’s lotion bottle. Subsequently, the bottle was found inside the 

house, in a closet which the girls were not allowed to access without 

permission. This is sufficient evidence to sustain Cody’s conviction for 

vicarious sexual gratification.

[54] H.W. further testified that Cody taught her a “game” in which one person 

would close their eyes and touch the other person’s hands to determine how 

many fingers the other person was holding up. She explained that on one 

occasion while playing the game with Cody, when no one else was present, she 

initially thought she was touching Cody’s fingers. However, when H.W.

opened her eyes, she was surprised to learn that she was feeling his private part,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-880 | February 14, 2020 Page 28 of 33

which she described as being “slimy.” Tr. Vol. 3, pp. 62-63. This is sufficient 

evidence to sustain Cody’s conviction for Level 4 felony child molesting.

[55] Cody argues H.W. had ample grounds to fabricate the claims against him, 

pointing to his own testimony that he had asked Tricia for a divorce on August 

2, 2017, the day before H.W. first disclosed Cody’s alleged sexual misconduct

to Tricia. He also notes that he attended R.R.’s birthday party the day after 

H.W.’s disclosure, without incident. Cody further claims that H.W. did not 

divulge the alleged act of molestation (that is, Cody tricking H.W. into touching 

his penis) until she was on a camping trip with her mother, and that Tricia 

delayed calling the police for two days. Next, Cody claims H.W.’s allegations 

are improbable because: (1) she frequently stayed at her father’s house during 

the period of time when the sexual misconduct was alleged to have occurred;

(2) it was difficult to keep the other girls in their rooms; and (3) Tricia had 

installed a camera in the kitchen which she could access remotely via her 

telephone. These arguments all amount to a request for this Court to reweigh 

the evidence, which contradicts our standard of review. Cody presented all of 

these arguments to the jury, which was in the position to assess the witnesses’ 

credibility accordingly. Cody has failed to demonstrate that the evidence is 

insufficient.

IV. Appropriateness of Sentence for Child Molesting

[56] Cody argues that his eleven-year sentence, with two years suspended, for Level 

4 felony child molesting is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and 

his character. He asks the Court to reduce his sentence to six years, with no 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-880 | February 14, 2020 Page 29 of 33

more than three years executed, to be served concurrently with his sentence for 

vicarious sexual gratification.

[57] Article seven, section six of the Indiana Constitution authorizes this Court to 

review and revise sentences “to the extent provided by rule.” This 

constitutional authority is implemented through Appellate Rule 7(B), which 

provides that this Court may revise a sentence otherwise authorized by statute 

“if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the 

sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character 

of the offender.”

[58] A defendant must persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met 

this inappropriateness standard of review. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 

1080 (Ind. 2006). Whether a sentence should be deemed inappropriate turns on 

our sense of culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage 

done to others, and other factors. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (Ind. 

2008). In particular, we may consider “whether a portion of the sentence is 

ordered suspended or is otherwise fashioned using any of the variety of 

sentencing tools available to the trial judge.” Davidson v. State, 926 N.E.2d 

1023, 1025 (Ind. 2010).

[59] “[W]e must and should exercise deference to a trial court’s sentencing decision, 

both because Rule 7(B) requires us to give ‘due consideration’ to that decision 

and because we understand and recognize the unique perspective a trial court 

brings to its sentencing decisions.” Stewart v. State, 866 N.E.2d 858, 866 (Ind. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-880 | February 14, 2020 Page 30 of 33

Ct. App. 2007). Deference to the sentencing decision “should prevail unless 

overcome by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the 

offense (such as accompanied by restraint, regard, and lack of brutality) and the 

defendant’s character (such as substantial virtuous traits or persistent examples 

of good character).” Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015).

[60] To assess whether a sentence is inappropriate, we look first to the statutory 

range established for the class of the offense. At the time Cody committed child 

molesting, by statute the possible sentencing range for a Level 4 felony was 

imprisonment for a fixed term of between two and twelve years, with the 

advisory sentence being six years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-5.5 (2014). The trial 

court sentenced Cody to eleven years, with two years suspended to probation, 

for an executed sentence of nine years, halfway between the advisory sentence 

and the maximum possible sentence.

[61] For purposes of sentencing revision, we first address the nature of the offense as 

related to child molesting. Cody acknowledges that his behavior was 

“grotesque and reprehensible” but urges the Court to consider that the specific 

offense was “a one time act of very short duration.” Appellant’s Br. p. 35. 

While the criminal act of child molesting as a Level 4 felony may have occurred 

over a short span of time, however, the evidence established that his act was 

part of a months-long series of prior acts of sexual misconduct he committed 

against H.W. Cody had ample opportunity to reconsider his criminal conduct 

but chose to continue. Further, his acts escalated in severity over time, from 

masturbating in H.W.’s presence, to ordering her to spit on his hand while
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-880 | February 14, 2020 Page 31 of 33

masturbating, to committing Level 4 felony child molesting by tricking her into 

feeling his penis.

[62] Further, H.W. was eight years old when the offenses occurred, which is well 

below the statutory limit of fourteen years. Also, Cody, as her stepfather and 

adult resident of the household, as well as her frequent caregiver, was in a 

position of trust over H.W.

[63] In addition, Cody’s criminal behavior has had a severe impact on H.W. She 

has been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and regularly sees a 

therapist and a life skills coach. H.W.’s relationship with family members has

been damaged to the extent that she presently displays a great amount of 

hostility, anger, irritability, and fear. Further, H.W.’s mother informed the 

court that she was concerned that Cody’s abuse of H.W. would make her 

journey through adolescence even more turbulent than usual. There is nothing 

about the nature of his criminal behavior, and the consequences thereof, that 

convinces the Court that Cody’s sentence is inappropriate.

[64] As for the character of the offender, Cody was twenty-nine years old at the time 

of sentencing. His prior criminal history consists of a felony theft conviction 

and misdemeanor convictions for possession of marijuana; two disorderly 

conduct convictions; criminal damage; unauthorized use of a motor vehicle;

domestic violence; and, possession of paraphernalia. It appears that Cody has 

accrued new convictions every few years, demonstrating a consistent refusal to 

live a law-abiding life. Further, as noted, his Level 4 felony conviction of child 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-880 | February 14, 2020 Page 32 of 33

molesting was part of a series of other uncharged criminal behavior, because 

there was testimony that he masturbated in H.W.’s presence approximately 

twenty times but was charged for only one of those incidents.

[65] In mitigation, Cody asserts that he has a steady employment history, from 2012 

until his arrest in this case. “[M]any people are gainfully employed such that 

this would not require” employment being noted as a mitigating factor. 

Newsome v. State, 797 N.E.2d 293, 301 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. In 

addition, Cody accrued four of his misdemeanor convictions during that same 

period of time.

[66] Cody further claims that lengthy incarceration will pose a financial hardship to 

his daughter R.R. “[J]ail is always a hardship on dependents.” Teeters v. State, 

817 N.E.2d 275, 280 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. The record reflects that 

Tricia has had custody of R.R. since she and Cody separated, and as a result 

Cody has failed to show how R.R. will suffer undue hardship from his 

incarceration.7 There is nothing about his character that renders his sentence 

inappropriate.

[67] Cody has failed to carry his burden of proving that his sentence for child 

molesting is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and his character.

7 A reduction in household income may or may not create an undue hardship. On the other hand, the 

protection of minor siblings by parents and society is a factor that the trial court and this Court must consider 

and balance.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-880 | February 14, 2020 Page 33 of 33

Conclusion

[68] For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

[69] Affirmed.

Brown, J., and Tavitas, J., concur.