Index 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-1 

AASHTO P.2.1 

AASHTO Commonly Recognized (CoRe) 

Elements 4.5.1 

AASHTO detail categories for 

 load induced fatigue 8.1.33 

 Categories E and E' 8.1.33 

 Category A 8.1.31 

 Category B 8.1.32 

 Category B' 8.1.32 

 Category C and C' 8.1.32 

 Category D 8.1.32 

 Category F (former) 8.1.33 

Abrasion P.3.34 

 2.2.27 

Absorption 2.2.4 

 2.2.31 

Abutments 10.1.1 

 Design characteristics 10.1.2 

Abutment elements 10.1.14 

Abutment types 10.1.2 

Foundation types 10.1.16 

Primary materials 10.1.11 

Reinforcing steel 10.1.13 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 10.1.17 

Access 3.1.8 

 3.5.1 

Access equipment 3.5.1 

Access equipment, underwater 

 inspection 11.3.36 

Access, methods of 3.5.1 

Access vehicles 3.5.10 

Accidents, causes of 3.2.9 

Acid etching 2.2.34 

Acoustic emissions testing 13.3.1 

Acoustic wave sonic/ultrasonic 

 velocity measurements 13.2.1 

ADT 4.3.6 

 4.4.2 

ADTT 4.3.6 

 4.4.2 

Admixture 2.2.2 

Aerial obstruction lighting 5.4.13 

Aggradation 11.2.3 

Aggregate 2.2.2 

Air entrainment 2.2.2 

Alignment of deck joints 5.4.17 

Allowable stress design P.2.22 

Alternate military loading P.2.7 

Aluminum 2.3.34 

 

 Properties of 2.3.34 

 Types and causes of deterioration 2.3.34 

Anchorage, bearing 9.1.2 

Appendices, report 4.4.5 

Appraisal Rating Items 4.2.6 

Approach guardrail 5.5.2 

 Identification and appraisal 5.5.10 

 Inspection 5.5.15 

Approach roadway and 

 embankment, culvert P.3.27 

Approach roadway alignment 4.2.8 

Arch bridges P.1.43 

Arch bridges, steel 8.8.1 

Arch bridges, timber 6.1.6 

 6.2.4 

Arch shaped culverts P.3.11 

 Design characteristics 7.5.5 

 Evaluation 7.5.17 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.5.16 

 Steel reinforcement 7.5.10 

Asbestos sheet packing between 

 metal plates 9.1.5 

Asphalt wearing surfaces 5.2.9 

5.3.8 

Asphaltic expansion joint 5.4.9 

At−grade casting 7.11.4 

Attire, proper inspection 3.2.2 

Axial forces P.2.10 

Backwall 10.1.14 

Balanced cantilever construction 7.11.12 

Barges 3.5.4 

Barrel, culvert P.3.33 

Bascule bridges 12.2.6 

 Design characteristics 12.2.6 

Multi−trunnion (Strauss) bridge 12.2.10 

Rolling lift (Scherzer) bridge 12.2.7 

Simple trunnion (Chicago) 

 bridge 12.2.8 

 Special elements 12.2.28 

Center locks 12.2.33 

Hopkins frame 12.2.32 

Racks and pinions 12.2.29 

Rolling lift tread and 

 track castings 12.2.28 

Tail (rear) locks 12.2.32 

Transverse locks 12.2.34 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-2 

Trunnions and trunnion 

 bearings 12.2.31 

Beam bridges P.1.38 

Beams, timber 6.1.2 

6.2.2 

Bearing areas, timber 6.1.9 

6.2.7 

6.3.7 

Bearing surface 9.1.2 

Bearings, basic inspection 

 procedures for 3.1.11 

Bearings, inspection and evaluation of 9.1.1 

 Elements of 9.1.2 

 Evaluation of 9.1.34 

 Inspection of 9.1.19 

 Types and functionality 9.1.3 

Bending forces P.2.11 

Bending moment P.2.11 

Bent cap 10.2.13 

Bents P.1.52 

10.2.1 

Bituminous wearing surfaces 5.1.6 

Black and white fathometer 11.3.22 

Blast cleaning 2.2.34 

Boats 3.5.4 

Boatswain chairs 3.5.6 

Boring 13.1.4 

Bosun chairs 3.5.6 

Box culverts P.3.12 

Box culverts, concrete 7.12.1 

 Common defects 7.12.5 

 Design characteristics 7.12.2 

 Evaluation 7.12.10 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.12.5 

 Loads on 7.12.2 

 Steel reinforcement 7.12.4 

 Types of 7.12.3 

Box girders, concrete 7.11.1 

 Common defects 7.11.18 

 Construction methods 7.11.3 

 Design characteristics 7.11.2 

 Evaluation 7.11.33 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.11.18 

 Primary members 7.11.5 

 Steel reinforcement 7.11.5 

Box girders, steel 8.5.1 

 Common defects 8.5.6 

 Configurations 8.5.2 

 

 Deck interaction 8.5.5 

 Design characteristics 8.5.2 

 Evaluation 8.5.13 

 Fatigue prone details 8.5.4 

Inspection of 8.5.10 

 Fracture critical areas 8.5.5 

 Fracture critical members 8.5.11 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.5.6 

 Primary and secondary members 8.5.3 

Braided rivers 11.1.5 

Breakaway end treatments 5.5.12 

Breastwall 10.1.14 

Bridge barriers P.1.32 

Bridge design loadings P.2.1 

Bridge inspection, fundamentals of 3.1.1 

Bridge inspection reporting system 4.1.1 

Bridge management 4.1.12 

 4.4.7 

Bridge posting P.2.26 

Bridge railing P.1.32 

 5.5.2 

 Identification and appraisal 5.5.9 

 Inspection 5.5.14 

 AASHTO requirements for 5.5.3 

Bridge response to loadings P.2.9 

Bridge seat 10.1.14 

Bridge structure file 3.1.2 

 4.3.3 

Brinell hardness test 13.3.9 

Brittle fracture 8.1.8 

Brittleness P.2.20 

Bronze bearing plates 9.1.5 

Bucket trucks 3.5.10 

Buckle plate decks 5.3.2 

Buckling P.2.19 

Buoyancy P.2.8 

Burying end treatments 5.5.12 

Cable−stayed bridges 12.1.14 

 Anchorages and connections 12.1.19 

 Cable arrangements and systems 12.1.14 

 Cable planes 12.1.16 

 Vibrations 12.1.21 

 Inspection locations and 

 procedures 12.1.26 

Anchorages 12.1.35 

Cable sheathing assembly 12.1.29 

Cable wrapping 12.1.28 

Dampers 12.1.31 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-3 

 

Inspection elements 12.1.28 

Other inspection items 12.1.36 

 Recordkeeping and documentation 12.1.37 

Cable Supported bridges P.1.44 

 12.1.1 

 Advanced inspection 12.1.37 

 Common defects 12.1.22 

 Design characteristics 12.1.2 

 Evaluation 12.1.38 

Cables P.1.15 

Caddisflies 2.1.16 

Caissons P.2.36 

Cantilever pier 10.2.4 

Cantilever span P.2.30 

Carbonation 13.2.11 

Carbon equivalent equation 13.3.10 

Carpenter ants 2.1.15 

Cast−in−place slab 7.1.1 

 Common defects 7.1.3 

 Design characteristics 7.1.2 

 Evaluation 7.1.8 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.1.4 

 Steel reinforcement 7.1.2 

Cast iron 2.3.32 

 Properties of 2.3.32 

 Types and causes of 

 deterioration 2.3.34 

Categories E and E'' 8.1.33 

Category A 8.1.31 

Category B 8.1.32 

Category B' 8.1.32 

Category C and C' 8.1.32 

Category D 8.1.32 

Cathodic protection 5.2.10 

Catwalks 3.5.8 

Cellular seal 5.4.6 

Centrifugal force P.2.8 

Channel beams 7.4.1 

 Common defects 7.4.4 

 Design characteristics 7.4.2 

 Evaluation 7.4.10 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.4.4 

 Primary and secondary members 7.4.2 

 Steel reinforcement 7.4.2 

Channel elements 11.1.3 

Channel types 11.1.4 

Charpy impact test 13.3.9 

Cheek wall 10.1.14 

Chemical analysis 13.3.10 

Chemical attack 2.1.18 

Circular culverts P.3.10 

Cleaning, tools for 3.4.3 

Cleaning, underwater inspection 11.3.38 

Cleanout plugs 5.4.11 

Climbers 3.5.5 

Climbing 3.5.7 

Climbing safety 3.2.11 

Closed joints 5.4.5 

Closed spandrel arch 7.5.2 

 Design characteristics 7.5.2 

 Evaluation 7.5.17 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.5.11 

 Primary members 7.5.7 

 Steel reinforcement 7.5.9 

Collision damage 2.1.21 

 2.2.26 

 2.3.10 

Column 10.2.13 

Column bent 10.2.5 

11.3.16 

Column pier 10.2.2 

Column pier with a web wall 10.2.3 

Components, bridge P.1.1 

Composite action P.2.32 

5.2.5 

7.9.4 

7.10.2 

Compression P.2.19 

Compression members, 

 Axially−loaded P.1.9 

Compression seal 5.4.6 

Computer programs 13.3.2 

Computer tomography 13.3.5 

Conclusions, report 4.4.4 

Concrete 2.2.1 

Concrete advanced inspection 

 techniques 13.2.1 

Concrete arches 7.5.1 

Concrete bridge coatings, 

 inspection of 2.2.35 

 Areas to inspect 2.2.38 

 Coating failures 2.2.39 

Concrete bridges, protective 

 systems for 2.2.32 

Concrete coatings, types and 

 characteristics of 2.2.32 

 Epoxy paint 2.2.33 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-4 

 Latex paint 2.2.32 

 Oil−based paint 2.2.32 

 Paint 2.2.32 

 Urethanes 2.2.33 

 Water repellent membranes 2.2.33 

Concrete culverts P.3.15 

Concrete decks 5.2.1 

 Common defects 5.2.11 

 Design characteristics 5.2.1 

 Evaluation 5.2.16 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 5.2.12 

 Protective systems 5.2.9 

 Wearing surfaces 5.2.8 

Concrete deterioration, types 

 and causes of 2.2.12 

 Abrasion 2.2.27 

 Chloride contamination 2.2.24 

 Collision damage 2.2.26 

 Cracking 2.2.13 

 Delamination 2.2.23 

 Efflorescence 2.2.24 

 Ettringite formation 2.2.24 

 Honeycombs 2.2.25 

 Overload damage 2.2.27 

 Pop−outs 2.2.25 

 Prestressed concrete 

 deterioration 2.2.29 

 Reinforcing steel corrosion 2.2.28 

 Scaling 2.2.21 

 Spalling 2.2.23 

 Wear 2.2.25 

Concrete, examination of 2.2.35 

 Advanced inspection techniques 2.2.37 

 Physical examination 2.2.36 

 Visual examination 2.2.36 

Concrete girders 7.3.1 

 Common defects 7.3.4 

 Design characteristics 7.3.2 

 Evaluation 7.3.9 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.3.5 

 Primary and secondary members 7.3.3 

 Steel reinforcement 7.3.3 

Concrete inspection, general 

 principles of 3.1.13 

Concrete permeability 13.2.11 

Concrete, prestressed 2.2.9 

Concrete, properties of 2.2.3 

 

 Basic ingredients 2.2.1 

 High performance 2.2.5 

 Mechanical properties 2.2.4 

 Physical properties 2.2.4 

Concrete, reinforced 2.2.6 

Concrete strength 13.2.11 

Concrete wearing surfaces 5.1.6 

5.2.8 

 5.3.8 

Condition, overall 3.1.6 

Condition rating items 4.2.1 

Condition state assessment 4.2.6 

Confined spaces 3.2.17 

Condition states 4.5.9 

Connections P.1.16 

Connections, bolted P.1.20 

Connections, pin P.1.17 

Connections, pin and hanger P.1.21 

Connections, riveted P.1.18 

Connections, splice P.1.22 

Connections, welded P.1.22 

Consequence of irresponsibility 1.2.5 

Construction date 4.4.2 

Continuous span P.2.29 

Copes 8.1.49 

Core sampling, concrete 13.2.11 

CoRe element 4.5.1 

 Basic requirements 4.5.3 

 Development 4.5.1 

 Identification 4.5.4 

 Role of 4.5.10 

Coring equipment, underwater 

 inspection 11.3.40 

Corrosion 8.1.55 

Corrosion of steel 2.3.14 

Corrosion sensors 13.3.2 

Corrugated pipe culverts P.3.15 

Corrugated steel flooring 5.3.2 

Coupons, steel test 13.3.9 

Covered bridge arches 6.1.6 

Covered bridges, timber 6.1.3 

Covers, timber 6.1.7 

Crack initiation 8.1.7 

Crack propagation 8.1.8 

Cracking 2.2.13 

Cracks parallel to primary 

 stress 8.1.54 

Cracks perpendicular to 

 primary stress 8.1.54 

Creep P.2.18 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-5 

Critical areas 4.4.7 

Culvert P.3.1 

 Definition P.3.4 

 Distress P.3.24 

 Durability P.3.5 

 P.3.33 

 End treatments P.3.17 

 Hydraulic features P.3.4 

 P.3.20 

 Inspection P.3.2 

 P.3.26 

 Maintenance features P.3.5 

 Materials P.3.13 

 Performance P.3.23 

 Protective systems P.3.35 

 Shapes P.3.10 

 Soil and water conditions P.3.34 

 Structural characteristics P.3.4 

Culvert ratings, overall 4.2.11 

Curb loading P.2.8 

Current, dealing with 11.3.44 

Diagonals 8.6.13 

Damage inspections 3.1.15 

Data recording 3.4.11 

 Hardware 3.4.11 

 Software 3.4.11 

Dead loads P.2.2 

Decay 2.1.9 

Deck P.1.23 

 Function P.1.24 

 Materials P.1.25 

 Purpose P.1.23 

Deck appurtenances P.1.32 

Deck arches 8.8.2 

 Common defects 8.8.13 

 Design characteristics 8.8.2 

 Evaluation 8.8.22 

 Fracture critical members 8.8.7 

 General characteristics 8.8.2 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.8.13 

 Load transfer 8.8.7 

 Primary and secondary members 8.8.6 

Decks, basic inspection 

 procedures for 3.1.10 

Deck drainage elements P.1.32 

Deck drains and inlets 5.4.1 

5.4.10 

Deck joints P.1.29 

 5.4.1 

Deck joints, inspection procedures 

 and locations 5.4.15 

Deck joints, problems 5.4.14 

Deck trusses 8.6.3 

Decompression sickness 11.3.47 

Defects 

 Identification 4.3.27 

 Location 4.3.29 

 Qualification 4.3.28 

 Quantification 4.3.28 

Deformation P.2.17 

Degradation 11.2.3 

Delamination, concrete 2.2.23 

 Timber 2.1.18 

Delamination detection machinery 13.2.3 

Design data 4.3.3 

 4.4.1 

Details and defects 8.1.41 

 Initial defects 8.1.42 

 Low fatigue strength 

 details 8.1.42 

Detection and warning of 

 bridge collapse 13.3.2 

Diaphragms and cross bracing, general P.1.36 

 Timber bridges 6.1.7 

6.2.5 

6.3.5 

 Concrete bridges 7.2.3 

7.3.3 

7.4.2 

7.8.3 

7.9.5 

7.10.6 

 Steel bridges 8.2.9 

8.3.5 

8.5.3 

8.6.24 

8.8.6 

8.8.9 

8.8.12 

8.9.17 

Dimensions 4.3.26 

Dirt and debris accumulation 

 in deck joints 5.4.16 

Dive team requirements 11.3.15 

Diver−inspectors, qualifications of 11.3.14 

Diver investigations 11.3.24 

Diver training and certification 11.3.14 

Diving equipment 11.3.31 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-6 

Diving inspection intensity levels 11.3.5 

 Level I 11.3.6 

 Level II 11.3.6 

 Level III 11.3.7 

Diving regulations, federal commercial 11.3.14 

Documentation, tools for 3.4.4 

Dolphins and fenders 10.2.14 

 Inspection locations 10.2.34 

Downspout pipes 5.4.11 

Drainage systems 5.4.1 

 5.4.10 

Drainage systems, inspection procedures 

 and locations 5.4.21 

Drainage systems, problems 5.4.14 

Drainage troughs 5.4.11 

 5.4.22 

Drawings and sketches 4.3.19 

 4.4.5 

Drift and debris, dealing with 11.3.45 

 Hidden costs 11.3.46 

 Past history 11.3.46 

 Safety 11.3.46 

Drilling 13.1.4 

Dual frequency and color 

 fathometer 11.3.22 

Ductile fracture 8.1.8 

Ductility P.2.20 

Duties of the bridge inspection team 3.1.2 

Dye penetrant 13.3.3 

Earth pressure P.2.8 

Earthquake P.2.8 

Eddy current 13.3.8 

Efflorescence 2.2.24 

Elastic deformation P.2.17 

Elastomeric bearings 9.1.12 

Electrical methods 13.2.2 

Electromagnetic methods 13.2.4 

Element dimensions 4.3.26 

Element identification 4.3.23 

Element orientation 4.3.24 

Elements, bridge P.1.1 

Element level rating terminology 4.5.2 

 Condition state 4.5.2 

 CoRe elements 4.5.2 

 Feasible actions 4.5.2 

 Non-CoRe elements 4.5.2 

 Smart flags 4.5.2 

 Sub-elements 4.5.2 

Elliptical culverts P.3.11 

Elongation P.2.20 

Endoscopes and videoscopes 13.2.11 

End restraints 8.1.50 

End treatments 5.5.2 

 Identification and appraisal 5.5.11 

 Inspection 5.5.17 

End treatments, culvert P.3.17 

 Distress P.3.29 

Environments 4.5.10 

Epoxies 2.3.18 

Epoxy mastics 2.3.18 

Epoxy paint 2.2.33 

Equilibrium P.2.9 

Equipment, inspection 3.2.12 

Equipment, inspection safety 3.2.2 

 Boats 3.2.9 

 Dust mask/respirator 3.2.7 

 Gloves 3.2.5 

 Hard hat 3.2.3 

 Life jacket 3.2.6 

 Reflective safety vest 3.2.4 

 Safety goggles 3.2.5 

 Safety harness and lanyard 3.2.8 

Ettringite formation 2.2.24 

Exodermic decks 5.3.6 

Expansion bearings 9.1.2 

External dead load P.2.2 

Eyebars 8.7.1 

 Common defects 8.7.12 

 Design characteristics 8.7.5 

 Development 8.7.5 

 Evaluation 8.7.23 

 Forging 8.7.7 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.7.12 

 Redundancy 8.7.11 

Fabricated multi−girders 8.2.1 

 Common defects 8.2.11 

 Design characteristics 8.2.3 

 Evaluation 8.2.23 

 Fatigue prone details 8.2.10 

 Function of stiffeners 8.2.8 

 Haunched girder design 8.2.7 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.2.11 

 Primary and secondary members 8.2.9 

Fabrication flaws 8.1.16 

Factors affecting fatigue crack 

 initiation 8.1.10 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-7 

 

 Fabrication flaws 8.1.16 

 In−service flaws 8.1.22 

 Material flaws 8.1.15 

 Transportation and erection flaws 8.1.21 

 Welds 8.1.10 

Fillet welds 8.1.11 

Groove welds 8.1.11 

Plug welds 8.1.11 

Tack welds 8.1.11 

Factors affecting fatigue crack 

 propagation 8.1.22 

 Flange crack failure process 8.1.25 

 Inspection of details 8.1.45 

 Number of cycles 8.1.23 

 Stress range 8.1.23 

 Type of detail 8.1.23 

Web crack failure process 8.1.29 

Failure mechanics 8.1.7 

 Crack initiation 8.1.7 

 Crack propagation 8.1.8 

 Factors that determine fatigue behavior 8.1.9 

 Fatigue life 8.1.8 

 Fracture toughness 8.1.10 

 Fracture 8.1.8 

Fathometer/theodolite 11.3.22 

Fatigue P.2.20 

8.1.2 

Fatigue crack categories 8.1.31 

 Copes 8.1.49 

 Details and defects 8.1.42 

 End restraints 8.1.50 

Flange terminations 8.1.50 

 Out-of-plane distortion 8.1.51 

Fatigue life 2.3.13 

 8.1.8 

Federal Highway Administration 

 training 1.1.7 

Fenders 10.2.14 

FHWA Structure, Inventory, 

 and Appraisal 4.1.1 

Fiber reinforced concrete deck 5.2.4 

Fiber reinforced polymer deck 5.2.3 

Fiberglass reinforced polymer (FRP) bars 5.2.10 

Field inspection notes 4.4.6 

Fillet welds 8.1.11 

Finger plate joints 5.4.3 

Fire 2.1.19 

Fire retardants 2.1.25 

 5.1.7 

Fixed bearings 9.1.2 

Flange terminations 8.1.50 

Flaring end treatments 5.5.12 

Flat jack testing 13.2.5 

Flexure cracks 2.2.13 

Floating bridges P.1.47 

Floats 3.5.6 

Floorbeams, timber 6.1.4 

 6.1.7 

Floor system arrangement 8.3.3 

 8.6.20 

 8.9.6 

 Inspection 8.6.34 

 8.8.17 

Footing 10.1.16 

10.2.13 

Force P.2.16 

Forging 8.7.7 

Formed joints 5.4.2 

Forms, standard 4.3.7 

Foundations P.2.35 

Fracture 8.1.8 

Fracture critical bridge members 8.1.2 

 Arches, deck 8.8.7 

 Arches, through 8.8.10 

 Arches, tied 8.8.13 

 Box girders 8.5.11 

 Eyebars 8.7.22 

 Fabricated girders 8.2.20 

 Two girders 8.3.17 

Fracture critical bridge types 8.1.41 

Fracture critical member 8.1.2 

Fracture toughness 8.1.10 

Frame girder 8.9.7 

Frame knee 8.9.7 

Frame leg 8.9.7 

Friction pendulum bearings 9.1.15 

Fumigants 5.1.7 

Fundamentals of bridge inspection 3.1.1 

Fungi 2.1.9 

Gabions 11.1.8 

Galvanic action 2.3.15 

Galvanized reinforcement bars 5.2.10 

Geotechnical data 3.1.3 

Girder−floorbeam−stringer system 8.3.3 

Girder−floorbeam system 8.3.3 

Glued−laminated deck panels 5.1.2 

Glued−laminated multi−beam bridges 6.2.2 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-8 

 

 Design characteristics 6.2.2 

 Evaluation 6.2.12 

 Inspection procedures 

 and locations 6.2.7 

Glulam arch bridges 6.2.4 

Grates 5.4.22 

Grid decks 5.3.3 

Groove welds 8.1.11 

Ground−penetrating radar 11.3.22 

13.2.3 

Hammerhead pier 10.2.4 

Hammering 8.7.7 

Handrails 3.5.9 

Hands−on inspection of material 

 underwater 11.3.27 

Heat treating and annealing 8.7.9 

High damping rubber bearings 9.1.15 

High level casting 7.11.3 

High speed under clearance 

 measurement system 3.4.10 

Highway lighting 5.4.12 

Hollow piers 10.2.5 

Honeycombs 2.2.25 

HS truck loading, AASHTO P.2.4 

H truck loading, AASHTO P.2.3 

Hydraulic capacity, culvert P.3.22 

Hydraulic opening 11.1.7 

Hydrologic analysis, culvert P.3.21 

Hydrologic data 3.1.4 

Ice pressure P.2.8 

Identification of components 

 and elements 3.1.4 

“Imaginary cable−imaginary 

 arch” rule 8.6.14 

Impact−echo testing 13.2.6 

Impact, live load P.2.2 

In−depth inspections 3.1.16 

In−service flaws 8.1.22 

Increment borer 13.1.4 

Incremental launching construction 7.11.17 

Infrared thermography 13.2.7 

Initial defects 8.1.42 

Insects 2.1.13 

 Caddisflies 2.1.16 

 Carpenter ants 2.1.15 

 Powder−post or lyctus beetles 2.1.14 

 Termites 2.1.13 

Inspection forms 4.3.7 

 4.4.6 

Inspection history 4.3.7 

Inspection procedures and 

 locations, steel fatigue 8.1.44 

 Copes 8.1.49 

 Corrosion 8.1.55 

 Cracks parallel to primary 

 stress 8.1.54 

 Cracks perpendicular to 

 primary stress 8.1.54 

 End restraints 8.1.50 

 Flange terminations 8.1.50 

 Inspection of details 8.1.45 

 Out-of-plane distortion 8.1.51 

 Recommendations 8.1.46 

 Recordkeeping and documentation 8.1.45 

 Riveted and bolted details 8.1.48 

 Welded details 8.1.46 

Inspection report, importance of the 4.4.6 

Inspection report, preparing 3.1.13 

Inspection results 4.4.3 

Inspection robots 3.5.10 

 13.3.6 

Inspection, tools for 3.4.1 

Inspection vehicles, safety 3.2.14 

Instrumentation 13.4.1 

Integral deck P.2.33 

Integral piers 10.2.6 

Interim inspections 3.1.15 

Internal redundancy P.2.33 

 8.1.5 

Inventory inspections 3.1.15 

Inventory items 4.1.11 

Inventory ratings P.2.23 

Isolation bearings 9.4.14 

Joint anchorage devices 5.4.21 

Joints, deck 5.4.1 

Joint supports 5.4.20 

Ladders , access 3.5.1 

 Safety 3.2.13 

Laminated neoprene pads 9.1.13 

Lane loadings, AASHTO P.2.5 

Laser scanning 3.4.10 

Laser ultrasonic testing 13.2.9 

Lateral bracing 8.6.21 

Lateral clearance signs 5.4.13 

Lateral movement 10.1.19 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-9 

10.2.20 

Latex paint 2.2.32 

Lead sheets between steel plates 9.1.4 

Legal responsibilities 1.2.4 

Lighting P.1.34 

 5.4.1 

 Components 5.4.12 

 Inspection 5.4.23 

Live load deflections P.2.21 

Live loads, primary P.2.2 

Load capacity analysis 4.4.6 

Load capacity ratings P.2.22 

Load factor design P.2.22 

Load and resistance factor design P.2.22 

Load path redundancy P.2.34 

 8.1.3 

Load rating analysis 4.4.7 

Longitudinal force P.2.8 

Low fatigue strength details 8.1.42 

LRFD live loads P.2.5 

Lubricated steel plates 9.1.3 

Magnetic field disturbance 13.2.9 

Magnetic flux leakage 13.3.4 

Maintenance 4.4.7 

Maintenance and repair records 3.1.3 

Maintenance rating guidelines 4.2.9 

Major bridge components P.1.1 

Manlifts 3.5.10 

Marine borers 2.1.16 

Marine traffic 11.3.47 

Masonry culverts P.3.15 

Masonry plate 9.1.2 

Mass concrete cracks 2.2.17 

Material defects, underwater 

 inspection for 11.3.24 

 Concrete and masonry 11.3.24 

 Steel 11.3.26 

 Timber piles 11.3.25 

Material defects, abutments 10.1.24 

 Piers 10.2.22 

Material flaws 8.1.15 

Material response to loadings P.2.16 

Materials, testing results 4.4.6 

Meandering rivers 11.1.4 

Measuring, tools for 3.4.4 

Mechanics, bridge P.2.1 

Median barriers 5.5.13 

Metal culverts P.3.15 

Mill scale 2.3.29 

Modular elastomeric seal 5.4.9 

Modulus of elasticity P.2.18 

Moisture, decay 2.1.10 

Moisture content 2.1.5 

 Testing 13.2.12 

Moment P.2.10 

Monolithic action 7.7.2 

 7.10.5 

Mortar 2.4.2 

Movable bridges 12.2.1 

 Common defects 12.2.37 

 Control house, inspection 

 locations and procedures 12.2.43 

 Electrical inspection considerations 12.2.54 

Cabinets 12.2.56 

Circuit breakers 12.2.55 

Conduit 12.2.56 

Control starters and 

 contactors/relays 12.2.57 

Junction boxes 12.2.57 

Limit switches 12.2.57 

Meters 12.2.57 

 Motors 12.2.55 

Power supplies 12.2.54 

Selsyn transmitters and 

 receivers 12.2.57 

Service light and outlet 12.2.57 

Transformers 12.2.55 

Wires and cables 12.2.55 

 Evaluation 12.2.67 

 Hydraulic inspection considerations 12.2.58 

 Machinery members, inspection 

 locations and procedures 12.2.48 

Air buffer cylinders and 

 shock absorbers 12.2.53 

 Auxiliary drives 12.2.52 

 Bearings 12.2.51 

 Brakes 12.2.51 

Drives −electrical motors 12.2.52 

Drives −hydraulic equipment 12.2.52 

Drives − internal combustion 

 engines 12.2.52 

Fasteners 12.2.53 

Live load shoes and 

 strike plates 12.2.53 

Locks 12.2.52 

Machinery frames, supports, 

 and foundations 12.2.53 

Machinery inspection 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-10 

 

 considerations 12.2.48 

Maintenance procedures 12.2.48 

Open gearing 12.2.48 

 Operation and general system 

 condition 12.2.48 

Shafts and couplings 12.2.50 

Special machinery for 

 bascule bridges 12.2.54 

Special machinery for 

 swing bridges 12.2.53 

Special machinery for 

 vertical lift bridges 12.2.54 

 Speed reducers including 

 differentials 12.2.49 

 Trail openings 12.2.48 

 Wedges 12.2.53 

 Opening and closing sequences, 

 inspection procedures and locations 12.2.41 

 Closing sequence 12.2.41 

 Interlocking for normal operation 12.2.41 

 Opening sequence 12.2.41 

 Recordkeeping and documentation 12.2.59 

 Safety, inspection procedures and 

 locations 12.2.37 

 Dependable operation 12.2.41 

 Inspection considerations 12.2.38 

 Movable bridge inspector safety 12.2.37 

 Navigational safety 12.2.39 

 Public safety 12.2.38 

 Structure safety 12.2.41 

 Special elements common to 

 all movable bridges 12.2.14 

Air buffers and shock absorbers 12.2.19 

Bearings 12.2.16 

Brakes 12.2.16 

Counterweights 12.2.21 

Drives 12.2.18 

Live load shoes and 

 strike plates 12.2.22 

Open gearing 12.2.14 

Shafts and couplings 12.2.15 

Span locks 12.2.21 

Speed reducers including 

 differentials 12.2.15 

Traffic barriers 12.2.23 

 Structural members, inspection 

 locations and procedures 12.2.44 

Concrete decks 12.2.47 

Counterweights and attachments 12.2.44 

Defects, damage and deterioration 12.2.44 

Fatigue 12.2.44 

Other structural considerations 12.2.47 

Piers 12.2.46 

Steel grid decks 12.2.47 

Multiple barrel culverts P.3.12 

Multi−trunnion (Strauss) bridge 12.2.10 

Nailed laminated decks 5.1.2 

Narrow underpass signs 5.4.13 

National Bridge Inspection Program 1.1.1 

1.1.6 

Navigation lighting 5.4.13 

Neoprene pot bearings 9.1.16 

Neutron probe for detection 

 of chlorides 13.2.9 

Non−composite deck P.2.31 

5.2.5 

Nondestructive evaluation 

 equipment underwater 11.3.39 

Nondestructive testing methods, timber 13.1.1 

 Concrete 13.2.1 

 Steel 13.3.1 

Nondestructive testing equipment 3.4.5 

Nonredundant configurations 8.1.6 

Notes, preparation of 3.1.6 

Nuclear methods 13.2.10 

Numbering system 

Deck element 3.1.5 

Substructure element 3.1.5 

Superstructure element 3.1.5 

Number of cycles 8.1.23 

Oil/alkyd paints 2.3.18 

Oil−based paint 2.2.32 

Open bent 10.2.5 

Open joints P.1.29 

 5.4.2 

Open spandrel arch 7.5.1 

Design characteristics 7.5.1 

Evaluation 7.5.17 

Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.5.11 

Primary and secondary members 7.5.6 

Steel reinforcement 7.5.8 

Operating ratings P.2.23 

Orientation 4.3.23 

Orthotropic decks P.2.33 

 5.3.1 

OSHA safety requirements, diving 11.3.14 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-11 

Other testing methods 13.1.4 

 13.2.11 

 13.3.9 

Outlet pipes 5.4.11 

5.4.23 

Out−of−plane distortion 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.1.51 

 Ends of diaphragm connection 

 plates in girder bridges 8.2.22 

 Floorbeam and cantilever bracket 

 connection to girders 8.3.21 

 Girder webs at diaphragm 

 connections 8.2.20 

 Girder webs at floorbeam 

 connections 8.3.17 

 Lateral gussets on plate girder 

 webs at connections 8.2.23 

 8.3.19 

Overlays, indiscriminate 5.4.19 

Overload damage P.2.20 

Overloads P.2.19 

Pachometer 13.2.10 

Packing 8.7.10 

Paint, concrete 2.2.32 

 Steel 2.3.16 

 Timber 2.1.26 

Paint adhesion, steel 2.3.30 

 Timber 2.3.30 

Paint dry film thickness, steel 2.1.29 

 Timber 2.1.28 

Paint failures 2.3.11 

Paint layers 2.3.17 

Panel points 8.6.17 

Panels 8.6.17 

Peak travel times 3.1.8 

Penetration methods 13.2.10 

Permits 3.1.9 

Permit vehicles P.2.8 

Personal protection 3.2.2 

Photographs 4.4.5 

 11.3.42 

Pier wall 10.2.13 

Piers and bents P.1.52 

10.2.1 

11.3.16 

 Design characteristics 10.2.1 

Pier and bent elements 10.2.13 

Pier and bent types 10.2.1 

Pier protection 10.2.14 

Primary materials 10.2.7 

Primary and secondary reinforcement 10.2.10 

 Evaluation 10.2.36 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 10.2.18 

Pile bent 10.2.5 

11.3.16 

Pile cap 10.2.13 

Pile foundations P.2.35 

 10.1.16 

Piles 10.1.14 

10.2.13 

Pin and hanger assemblies 8.4.1 

 Common defects 8.4.11 

 Design characteristics 8.4.3 

 Forces in 8.4.8 

 Fracture critical 8.4.10 

 Primary and secondary members 8.4.3 

 Evaluation 8.4.21 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.4.13 

 General 8.4.14 

 Hanger 8.4.16 

 Pins 8.4.18 

 Retrofits 8.4.19 

Pin and link bearings 9.1.18 

Pin hole 8.7.8 

Pinned rockers 9.1.11 

Pipe arch culverts P.3.11 

Plain neoprene pads 9.1.12 

Plank decks 5.1.1 

Plank seal 5.4.7 

Plans, bridge 3.1.3 

Plastic deformation P.2.17 

Platform truck 3.5.12 

Plug welds 8.1.11 

Pol−Tek 13.1.1 

Pony trusses 8.6.3 

Pop−outs 2.2.25 

Posttensioning 2.2.10 

Pot bearings 9.1.16 

Poured joint seal 5.4.5 

Powder−post beetles 2.1.14 

Precast arch 7.5.3 

Precast decks 5.2.2 

Precast prestressed deck panels 5.2.2 

 With CIP topping 5.2.2 

Precast prestressed slab 7.7.1 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-12 

 

 Common defects 7.7.3 

 Design characteristics 7.7.1 

 Evaluation 7.7.8 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.7.4 

Prefabricated elastomeric seal 5.4.7 

Preparation for inspection 3.1.2 

Preservatives 2.1.24 

 5.1.6 

Pressing 8.7.7 

Prestressed box beams 7.10.1 

 Common defects 7.10.8 

 Design characteristics 7.10.1 

Adjacent box beams 7.10.4 

Fiber reinforced polymer strands 7.10.8 

Spread box beams 7.10.6 

 Evaluation 7.10.16 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.10.9 

Prestressed concrete 2.2.9 

Prestressed concrete deterioration 2.2.29 

Prestressed double tees 7.8.1 

 Common defects 7.8.4 

 Design characteristics 7.8.1 

 Evaluation 7.8.7 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.8.4 

Prestressed I−beams and bulb−tees 7.9.1 

 Common defects 7.9.6 

 Design characteristics 7.9.1 

 Evaluation 7.9.14 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.9.7 

Pretensioning 2.2.10 

Previous inspection reports 3.1.3 

Probing for scour 11.2.22 

Probing, timber 13.1.6 

Procedures, inspection 3.1.10 

Progressive placement construction 7.11.16 

Protection of suspension cables 2.3.19 

Protective systems, concrete 2.2.32 

 Steel 2.3.14 

 Timber 2.1.23 

PTFE on stainless steel plates 9.1.6 

Public investment 1.2.2 

Public safety 3.3.15 

Public safety and confidence 1.2.1 

Pulse velocity 13.2.5 

Qualifications of bridge inspectors 1.2.4 

Qualifications of diver inspectors 11.3.14 

Quality 4.4.7 

 Quality assurance 1.2.6 

 1.3.1 

 Quality control 1.2.6 

 1.3.1 

Radiographic testing 13.3.5 

Railing loading P.2.9 

Rappelling 3.5.6 

Rating vehicles P.2.24 

Reactions P.2.15 

Rebound methods 13.2.10 

Recommendations for fracture 

 critical members 8.1.46 

Recommendations, report 3.1.14 

Recordkeeping and 

 documentation 4.3.1 

Recordkeeping, methods of 4.3.1 

 Traditional 4.3.1 

 Electronic data collection 4.3.2 

Records, bridge 1.2.3 

Record setup, typical 4.3.3 

 Accident records 4.3.5 

 Coating history 4.3.5 

 Correspondence 4.3.4 

 Flood data 4.3.6 

 Inspection forms 4.3.7 

 Inspection notes and sketches 4.3.19 

 Inspection requirements 4.3.7 

 Maintenance history 4.3.5 

 Material tests 4.3.4 

 Permit loads 4.3.6 

 Photo log 4.3.4 

 Plans 4.3.3 

 Posting 4.3.5 

 Rating records 4.3.19 

 Specifications 4.3.4 

 Summary of findings 4.3.23 

 Traffic data 4.3.6 

Redundancy 8.1.3 

Rehabilitation, bridge 4.2.13 

Reinforced cast−in−place decks 5.2.1 

Reinforced concrete 2.2.6 

Reinforcement coatings, types and 

 characteristics of 2.2.34 

 Cathodic protection 2.2.35 

 Epoxy coating 2.2.34 

 Galvanizing 2.2.35 

Reinforcing steel corrosion 2.2.28 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-13 

Reinforcing steel strength 13.2.12 

Remote camera 3.4.8 

Repainting 2.1.30 

Report preparation 3.1.13 

Responsibilities of the bridge 

 inspector 1.2.1 

Restraining bearings 9.1.17 

Rib shortening P.2.9 

Rigging , general 3.5.2 

 Safety 3.2.16 

Rigid frames, concrete 7.6.1 

 Common defects 7.6.6 

 Design characteristics 7.6.1 

 Evaluation 7.6.11 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.6.7 

Rigid frames, steel 8.9.1 

 Common defects 8.9.11 

 Design characteristics 8.9.1 

Delta frames 8.9.4 

Fatigue prone details and failure 8.9.9 

Floor system arrangements 8.9.6 

Fracture critical areas 8.9.9 

K-frames 8.9.2 

Stiffeners 8.9.5 

Stress zones 8.9.9 

 Evaluation 8.9.16 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.9.11 

Riprap 11.1.8 

Riveted and bolted details 8.1.48 

Riveted grate decks 5.3.6 

Riveted connections P.1.18 

Robotic inspection 13.3.6 

Rocker bearings 9.1.8 

Rocker nests 9.1.10 

Rolled multi−beams 8.2.1 

 Common defects 8.2.11 

 Design characteristics 8.2.1 

 Evaluation 8.2.23 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.2.11 

Roller bearings 9.1.6 

Roller nests 9.1.7 

Rolling lift (Scherzer) bridge 12.2.7 

Roofing felt / tar paper 9.1.6 

Rotary percussion 3.4.6 

Rotational movement, bridge P.2.22 

 Inspection of abutment 10.1.22 

 Inspection of piers or bents 10.2.20 

Routine inspections 3.1.15 

Runoff 5.4.10 

Safety features 5.5.1 

Safety practices 3.2.1 

 Inspector 3.3.3 

Safety precautions 3.1.9 

 3.2.9 

Safety responsibilities 3.2.2 

Scaffolds, safety 3.2.14 

 3.5.4 

Scaling 2.2.21 

Schmidt hammer 13.2.10 

Scour, abutment 10.1.28 

 Pier or bent 10.2.32 

 Waterway deficiencies 11.2.3 

Contraction scour 11.2.6 

General scour 11.2.5 

Lateral stream migration 11.2.14 

Local scour 11.2.10 

Scour investigations 11.3.24 

Scour measurement 3.4.7 

Scour monitoring 3.4.7 

 Scour monitoring collar 3.4.7 

 Scour Watch 3.4.7 

Scuba diving 11.3.4 

Seals, damage to deck joint 5.4.18 

Secondary loads P.2.8 

Segmental concrete box girder 7.11.7 

 Construction methods 7.11.12 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.11.28 

 Segment configurations 7.11.9 

 Segmental classification 7.11.10 

Segmental rockers 9.1.9 

Seismic bearings 9.1.14 

Self−lubricating bronze bearings 9.1.5 

Self weight P.2.2 

Sequence, inspection 3.1.6 

Serrated steel 5.3.8 

Service data 4.4.2 

Set−up time 3.1.8 

Shapes, basic member P.1.2 

Shapes, concrete P.1.4 

Prestressed P.1.6 

Reinforced P.1.5 

Shapes, iron P.1.9 

Cast P.1.9 

Wrought P.1.10 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-14 

Shapes, steel P.1.10 

Built−up P.1.13 

Rolled P.1.10 

Shapes, timber P.1.2 

Beams P.1.3 

Piles P.1.4 

Planks P.1.2 

Shear cracks 2.2.13 

Shear forces P.2.17 

Sheet seal 5.4.8 

Shielding end treatments 5.5.12 

Shigometer 13.1.7 

Shrinkage P.2.9 

Shrinkage cracks 2.2.17 

Sidewalk loading P.2.9 

Signing P.1.33 

Signs 5.4.13 

 Inspection of 5.4.23 

Sign lighting 5.4.1 

Simple span P.2.28 

Simple trunnion (Chicago) 

 bridge 12.2.8 

Single rollers 9.1.6 

Sliding plate joint 5.4.6 

 9.1.3 

Snoopers 3.5.11 

Sole plate 9.1.2 

Solid sawn multi−beam bridges 6.1.1 

 Design characteristics 6.1.2 

 Evaluation 6.1.13 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 6.1.8 

Solid shaft pier 10.2.2 

Sounding devices 11.3.21 

 Black and white fathometer 11.3.22 

 Dual frequency and 

 color fathometer 11.3.22 

 Fathometer/theodolite 11.3.22 

 Fixed instrumentation 11.3.22 

 Ground−penetrating radar 11.3.22 

Spalling 2.2.23 

Span-by-span construction 7.11.13 

Special equipment 3.4.5 

Spectral analysis 13.1.2 

Spherical pot bearings 9.1.16 

Spread footings P.2.35 

 10.1.16 

Standard forms 4.1.2 

Steel 2.3.1 

 

 Common methods of steel 

 member fabrication 2.3.1 

 Common steel shapes used in 

 bridge construction 2.3.1 

Steel advanced inspection techniques 13.3.1 

Steel and iron inspection, 

 general principles of 3.1.13 

Steel bridge coatings, inspection of 2.3.29 

 Areas to inspect 2.3.23 

 Mill scale 2.3.29 

 Paint adhesion 2.3.30 

 Paint dry film thickness 2.3.30 

 Repainting 2.3.31 

 Weathering steel 2.3.31 

Steel bridges, protective systems for 2.3.14 

Steel coatings, types and 

 characteristics of 2.3.15 

 Paint 2.3.16 

 Paint layers 2.3.17 

 Protection of suspension cables 2.3.19 

 Types of paint 2.3.18 

Epoxies 2.3.18 

Epoxy mastics 2.3.18 

Latex paint 2.3.19 

Oil/alkyd paints 2.3.18 

 Urethanes 2.3.19 

 Vinyl paints 2.3.18 

Zinc−rich primers 2.3.19 

Steel, corrosion of 2.3.14 

 Galvanic action 2.3.15 

Steel decks 5.3.1 

 Common defects 5.3.9 

 Design characteristics 5.3.1 

 Evaluation 5.3.12 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 5.3.9 

 Protective systems 5.3.9 

 Wearing surfaces 5.3.8 

Steel deterioration, types and 

 causes of 2.3.6 

 Collision Damage 2.3.10 

 Corrosion 2.3.6 

 Fatigue cracking 2.3.7 

 Heat damage 2.3.10 

 Overloads 2.3.9 

 Paint failures 2.3.11 

Steel, examination of 2.3.21 

 Advanced inspection techniques 2.3.32 

 Physical examination 2.3.29 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-15 

 

 Visual examination 2.3.21 

Steel, factors that influence fatigue life 2.3.13 

Steel, properties of 2.3.4 

 Mechanical properties 2.3.6 

 Physical properties 2.3.4 

Steel reinforcement 5.2.6 

Steep mountain streams 11.1.6 

Stem 10.1.14 

Stone masonry 2.4.1 

Stone masonry, inspection of 2.4.4 

Stone masonry, construction methods 2.4.2 

 Ashlar 2.4.2 

 Rubble masonry 2.4.2 

 Square-stoned masonry 2.4.2 

Stone masonry, properties of 2.4.1 

 Mechanical properties 2.4.2 

 Mortar 2.4.2 

 Physical properties 2.4.1 

Stone masonry, protective systems 2.4.4 

Stone masonry, types and causes of 

 deterioration 2.4.2 

Straight rivers 11.1.5 

Strain P.2.17 

Strain gauges 13.4.3 

Stream flow pressure P.2.9 

Stress P.2.16 

Stress range 8.1.23 

Stress−strain relationship P.2.18 

Stress-laminated timber bridges 6.3.1 

 Common defects 6.3.6 

 Design characteristics 6.3.1 

Stress-laminated box beam bridges 6.3.4 

Stress-laminated slab bridges 6.3.1 

Stress-laminated K−frame bridges 6.3.5 

Stress-laminated tee beam bridges 6.3.3 

 Evaluation 6.3.10 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 6.3.6 

Stress-laminated timber decks 5.1.3 

Stressing rods 6.3.7 

Stringers, timber 6.1.4 

 6.1.7 

Strip seal 5.4.8 

Structural composite lumber decks 5.1.4 

Structural plate pipe culverts 12.4.5 

Structural redundancy P.2.34 

 8.1.4 

Structure file, bridge 3.1.2 

Structure inventory 4.1.1 

Structure length N.B.I.S. P.1.1 

Substructure P.1.49 

 Function P.1.50 

 Purpose P.1.49 

Substructure units and elements, 

 underwater inspection of 11.3.16 

 Abutments 11.3.20 

 Bents 11.3.16 

 Culverts 11.3.19 

 Piers 11.3.17 

 Protection systems 11.3.20 

Substructures, basic inspection 

 procedures for 3.1.11 

Sufficiency rating 4.2.13 

Superstructure P.1.35 

 Function P.1.35 

 Primary elements P.1.35 

 Purpose P.1.35 

 Secondary elements P.1.36 

 Types P.1.37 

Superstructures, basic inspection 

 procedures for 3.1.11 

Surface communication, 

 underwater inspection 11.3.35 

Surface-supplied diving 11.3.5 

Surface preparation, concrete 2.2.34 

 Acid etching 2.2.34 

 Blast cleaning 2.2.34 

Surface preparation, steel 2.3.15 

 Methods of 2.3.16 

Survey equipment 3.4.5 

Suspension bridges 12.1.2 

 Cable anchorages 12.1.10 

 Cable saddles 12.1.10 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 12.1.22 

 Cable bands 12.1.25 

Main cable anchorage elements 12.1.23 

Main suspension cables 12.1.24 

Recordkeeping and documentation 12.1.26 

Saddles 12.1.25 

Sockets 12.1.25 

Suspender cables and connections 12.1.25 

 Suspender cable connections 12.1.11 

 Vibrations 12.1.12 

Suspension cables, protection of 2.3.19 

Sway bracing 8.6.22 

Swing bridges 12.2.3 

 Design characteristics 12.2.3 

Center−bearing 12.2.4 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-16 

Rim−bearing 12.2.5 

 Special elements 12.2.24 

Balance wheels 12.2.25 

End latches 12.2.27 

Pivot bearings 12.2.24 

Rim−bearing rollers 12.2.25 

Wedges 12.2.26 

Swiss hammer 13.2.10 

Tack welds 8.1.11 

Tee beams 7.2.1 

 Common defects 7.2.5 

 Design characteristics 7.2.1 

 Evaluation 7.2.15 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 7.2.5 

Temperature P.2.9 

Temperature cracks 2.2.17 

Tensile strength P.2.21 

Tensile strength test 13.3.10 

Tension P.2.10 

Termites 2.1.13 

Thermal effects P.2.18 

Thermal movements P.2.22 

Through arches 8.8.8 

 Common defects 8.8.13 

 Design characteristics 8.8.8 

 Fracture critical members 8.8.10 

General characteristics 8.8.8 

Load transfer 8.8.10 

Primary and secondary members 8.8.9 

 Evaluation 8.8.22 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.8.13 

Through arch, concrete 7.5.2 

Through girder, concrete 7.3.1 

Through girders, steel (see Two-girder systems) 8.3.1 

Through trusses 8.6.2 

Tied arches 8.8.11 

 Common defects 8.8.13 

 Design characteristics 8.8.8 

Fracture critical members 8.8.13 

General characteristics 8.8.12 

Load transfer 8.8.13 

Primary and secondary members 8.8.11 

 Evaluation 8.8.22 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.8.13 

Tie backs 10.1.14 

Timber 2.1.1 

Timber advanced inspection 

 techniques 13.1.1 

Timber, basic shapes used in 

 bridge construction 2.1.2 

Timber bridge coating, 

 inspection of 2.1.29 

 Paint adhesion 2.1.29 

 Paint dry film thickness 2.1.29 

 Repainting 2.1.30 

Timber bridges, protective 

 systems for 2.1.23 

Timber culverts P.3.15 

Timber decks 5.1.1 

 Common defects 5.1.7 

 Design characteristics 5.1.1 

 Evaluation 5.1.11 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 5.1.8 

 Protective systems 5.1.6 

 Wearing surfaces 5.1.5 

Timber deterioration, 

 types and causes of 2.1.8 

 Chemical attack 2.1.18 

 Fungi 2.1.9 

 Insects 2.1.13 

 Marine borers 2.1.16 

 Natural defects 2.1.8 

 Other types and sources 

 of deterioration 2.1.18 

 Protective coating failure 2.1.23 

Timber, inspection of 2.1.27 

 Advanced inspection techniques 2.1.30 

 Physical examination 2.1.27 

 Visual examination 2.1.27 

Timber, grades of 2.1.7 

Timber inspection, general 

 principles of 3.1.12 

Timber, mechanical properties 2.1.5 

 Creep characteristics 2.1.7 

 Fatigue characteristics 2.1.6 

 Impact resistance 2.1.6 

 Orthotropic behavior 2.1.6 

Timber, physical properties 2.1.3 

 Anatomy of timber 2.1.4 

 Classification 2.1.4 

 Growth features 2.1.5 

 Moisture content 2.1.5 

Timber wearing surfaces 5.1.5 

Time requirements 3.1.8 

Tools, standard 3.1.9 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-17 

 

 3.4.1 

Tools, underwater inspection 11.3.37 

 Cleaning tools 11.3.38 

 Hand tools 11.3.37 

 Power tools 11.3.38 

Torsional forces P.2.14 

Toughness P.2.21 

Traffic control 3.1.7 

 3.3.1 

Traffic control devices, requirements of 3.3.5 

Traffic control devices, types 3.3.6 

 Channelizing devices 3.3.7 

 Flaggers 3.3.10 

 Lighting 3.3.8 

 One-way traffic control 3.3.13 

 Police assistance 3.3.14 

 Shadow vehicles 3.3.14 

 Signs 3.3.6 

Traffic control lighting 5.4.12 

Transition between brittle and 

 ductile fracture 8.1.9 

Transitions 5.5.2 

 Identification and appraisal 5.5.10 

 Inspection 5.5.16 

Transportation and erection flaws 8.1.21 

Traveler 3.5.8 

Truck loadings, AASHTO P.2.3 

Trusses, steel 8.6.1 

 Common defects 8.6.25 

 Design characteristics 8.6.1 

Chord members 8.6.11 

Design geometry 8.6.5 

Diagonals 8.6.13 

Floor system arrangement 8.6.20 

Lateral bracing 8.6.21 

Panel points and panels 8.6.17 

Primary and secondary members 8.6.24 

Sway/portal bracing 8.6.22 

 Verticals 8.6.15 

Web members 8.6.13 

 Evaluation 8.6.44 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.6.25 

Trusses, timber 6.1.4 

 6.2.3 

Truss type 8.6.2 

Two−girder systems, steel 8.3.1 

 Common defects 8.3.8 

 Design characteristics 8.3.3 

Fatigue prone details 8.3.6 

Fracture critical areas 8.3.7 

Floor system arrangement 8.3.3 

Primary and secondary members 8.3.5 

 Evaluation 8.3.23 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 8.3.8 

Type of detail, fatigue 8.1.23 

Types of fractures 8.1.8 

 Brittle fracture 8.1.8 

 Ductile fracture 8.1.8 

Types of paint 2.3.18 

 Epoxies 2.3.18 

 Epoxy mastics 2.3.18 

 Latex paint 2.3.19 

 Oil/alkyd paints 2.3.18 

 Urethanes 2.3.19 

 Vinyl paints 2.3.18 

 Zinc−rich primers 2.3.19 

Ultrasonic testing, concrete 13.2.10 

 Steel 13.3.7 

 Timber 13.1.3 

Underbridge inspection vehicle 3.5.11 

Undermining 11.2.16 

Underwater inspection 11.3.1 

 Bridge selection criteria 13.3.1 

 Inspection equipment 3.4.5 

11.3.31 

 Intensity levels 11.3.5 

 Material defects 11.3.24 

 Methods of 11.3.3 

 Planning 11.3.15 

 Scour investigations 11.3.21 

 Special considerations for 11.3.44 

 Substructure units and elements 11.3.16 

 Types of 11.3.7 

 Qualifications of diver-inspectors 11.3.14 

Underwater photography and video 

 equipment 11.3.42 

V−notch test 13.3.9 

Vertical clearance signs 5.4.14 

Vertical lift bridges 12.2.12 

 Design characteristics 12.2.12 

 Power and drive system 

 on lift span 12.2.12 

Power and drive system 

 on towers 12.2.13 

 Special elements 12.2.35 

 Balance chains 12.2.36 
INDEX 

 Page Page 

I-18 

 

Drums, pulleys and sheaves 12.2.36 

 Span and counterweight guides 12.2.36 

 Span leveling devices 12.2.36 

 Wire ropes and sockets 12.2.35 

Vertical movement, abutments 10.1.17 

 Piers or bents 10.2.18 

Verticals 8.6.15 

Vibration 13.1.4 

Video equipment 11.3.42 

Visual aid, tools for 3.4.4 

Wading inspection 11.3.3 

Water repellent membranes 2.2.33 

Water repellents, timber 2.1.24 

 Timber deck 5.1.6 

Waterproofing membrane 5.2.11 

Waterway elements 11.1.1 

 Channel characteristics 11.1.3 

 Floodplain characteristics 11.1.6 

 Hydraulic control structures 11.1.8 

 Hydraulic opening 11.1.7 

 Properties affecting 11.1.2 

 Purpose of inspection 11.1.3 

Waterway, culvert 11.2.44 

Waterway inspection 11.2.1 

 Deficiencies 11.2.3 

 Effects of deficiencies 11.2.16 

 Evaluation 11.2.34 

 Locations and procedures 11.2.22 

 Performance factors 11.2.1 

 Preparation for 11.2.18 

Waterways, basic inspection 

 procedures for 3.1.11 

Waterways, inspection purpose 11.1.3 

Wear, concrete 2.2.25 

 Timber 2.1.21 

Wearing surfaces for concrete decks 5.2.8 

Wearing surfaces for steel decks 5.3.8 

Wearing surfaces for timber decks 5.1.5 

Weather, inspection consideration 3.1.9 

Weathering of timber 2.1.22 

Weathering steel 2.3.20 

 Inspection of 2.3.25 

Color 2.3.25 

Protective coating 2.3.31 

Texture 2.3.28 

 Uses of 2.3.20 

Web members 8.6.13 

Weep hole 7.12.9 

Weight limit signs 5.4.14 

Welded details 8.1.46 

Welded grid decks 5.3.5 

Welds 8.1.10 

 Fillet welds 8.1.11 

 Groove welds 8.1.11 

 Plug welds 8.1.11 

 Tack welds 8.1.11 

Welded connections P.1.21 

Wind load on live load P.2.9 

Wind load on structure P.2.9 

Windsor probe 13.2.10 

Wingwalls 10.1.31 

 Design characteristics 10.1.30 

Construction classifications 10.1.33 

General 10.1.31 

Geometrical classifications 10.1.31 

Materials 10.1.34 

Reinforcement 10.1.35 

 Inspection procedures and 

 locations 10.1.35 

Wood (see Timber) 

Wrought iron 2.3.33 

 Properties of 2.3.33 

 Types and causes of deterioration 2.3.34 

Yield strength P.2.21 
 B-1 

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 B-2 

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