Incidence and Impa~t of Damage to Georgia's Timber, 1952 

Cindy M. ~uber,' Joe P. McClure, 2 

and Noel D. Cost2 

'~ntomolo~ist, Southeastern Area, State and Private 

Forestry, Ashevi 1 le, NC. 

'~esource Analysts, Southeastern Forest Experximent 

Station, Ashevi i le, NC. 


Foreword 

This Bul letin reports survey data 

on agents damaging trees in Georgia's 

forests. Data were cotlected in 1980, 

1981, and 1982 by the Forest Inventory 

and Analysis Work Unit of the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. This 

effort was part of the fifth inventory 

of the State's forests. Considerably 

more information was gathered for this 

inventory than in the previous data 

col lections, which makes possible the 

publication of this specialized report 

on timber damage, as we1 1 as reports on 

forest resources other than timber. 

The Southeastern Forest Experiment 

Station in Ashevi l le, NC, periodically 

inventories and eval uates forest 

resources in Florida, Georgia, North 

Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. 

The Region 8, State and Private 

Forestry, Forest Pest Management Staff 

Unit, headquartered in Atlanta, GA, provides training and field support and 

helps evaluate the data on forest 

insects, diseases, and other damaging 

agents, 

Damage is described here, but 

appropriate measures for preventing 

damage are not. Residents of Georgia 

requiring technical assistance with 

forestry problems on State and private 

land should contact: 

John Mixon, Director 

Georgia Forestry Comnii ssion 

P.0. Box 819 

Macon, GA 31298-4599 
During the fifth inventory of 

Georgi a's forests in 1980-1983, damage 

to live trees on sample plots was noted. 

Where possible, a cause or damaging 

agent wds specified- This Bd letin 

reports and interprets these observations. 

Since plots are visited only once 

but at any lime of the year, it is only 

possible to keep recor-ds on agerats triat 

produce spptoms or signs in dl1 seasons. 

On the basis of these ""durable" symptoms 

and siqns, the recognized dgents are 

listed in "Defin~tions." 

Before the field survey, qua1 ified 

people from Reg"o~: 8, State and Private 

Forestry, Forest Pest Management, 

tr.ained the field crews in the use of a 

damdge-identifimtion handbook, which 

was used throughout the survey. Dur~na 

the survey, they fi2ld-checked data 

col lected by crews to ensdrxe accurdcy 

and consistency, It should be recosnized that the data repor-ted here were 

qatherXod by people trained and experienced in forest ~nventory, not entorno loqy 

and pdthology. Crew members received 

specimen kits and forms to help them 

identify types of damaqe. 

Georqid is the fifth Southeastern 

State to have a damage inventory. 

Agents selected for the survey Bere 

required to be (1) edsily identifidbie, 

(2) present year around, and (3) present 

on trees at ledst I inch in didmeter at 

breast height (dabah.). Therefore, 

small trees with problems such as brownspot and trees of dl 1 si zes with da::;dge 

such as defoliation (which is not apparent in ~zrinter) we ni?t accounted For in 

this report, 

There dre three reasons why this 

report cannot dccurdtely access the 

incidence mil impact of dl i darnage th?t 

acc~irred in Geor*gl;a's forests, First, 

ddmdqeiii caused by a wide variety of 

agekits, some gf which are easi iy recogpized, arid otfiers which are inore difficult to identify, The data presented 

here for danlilqing agents which ar-e 

edsi ly identified dnd persistent, such 

as f~usifor-m rust, ar? very r-elrabk. 

The data for davaqinq agents which are 

rnore difficult to recognize, sdch t~; 

root rot, are underestimated. 

Second, certain types of damage c3n 

only be observed during part of the year 

and have not been included in this survey. For example, defoliation cii,used by 

insects and diseases is only evident at 

the time of year the trees we supposed 

to have ledves. Since the survey crxewi 

work year around, defoliatio~ is one type 

of- dan~dge which cannot be consider-ed. 

Consequently, we have no information on 

incidence and impact of defolidtion in 

this report. 

Third, some damaginq agents cause 

trees to die rapidly, and dead trees are 

recorded in a rnortdlity category. Far 

instance, trees attacked by bark beetles 

in summer tend to die rapidly. If the 

survey crew found bark beetles, there is 

a good chance the trees would be dead 

and "cllied as such. The bark beetle 

"damaged" trees would not show up in d 

listing of damdqed trees. 

In spite of these problems, the 

survey gives a good picture of the rxel ativc incidence dnd impac~ of damging 

dqents which are easi ly recognized and 

persist yedr around. This is the context* 

in which the report sho;ild be read. 

Acres of for-est types, timber 

removals, 3nd mortality by s~ecies and 

si ze cl ass are taken from the Resource 

B~lletin "Georgia's Forests" (Sheff ielb 

and Kniqht 1984). The remaininq datd 

were and1 yzed by Forest Pest Management 

to develop the tables presented here. 

Sampl i ng Procedure 

.- 

!be sdrripi ing prdcedi-ire used for tr~~ 

inventory was designed to provide re l i - 

dble statistics pri:riilr;ly for the whole 

State, for Idrye gr-oups of codnties, md 

For species with re1 iit~vely izr-qe tot& 

volmes io the State. Accor?ingiy, tbe 

err-or.; ass~ci 3t:./l ~v'i ti] rei ati :.e 1 y n-i~~-':- 7' si;cc ies, 17 ~ec~tconl~md, exceed 11/73~e 

fi;i7 s~ch rn~j~i species ds ii?blci jy owe. 

pr txm.d~.e; were 2s fo l lows: 

@ Irili'31 5st-iir;ztas ~f for2it jr~a? 

rf>ofnrt it re ;ver.i'- deve ]ape.' frgq 

!w ~1?s~+ficdLtor) of 11896?3 ~dliple 

ci ~ster s syste~aticdl iy spxed on the 

latest ae:-51 photograpbls 23 labie. 
Field crews checked a subsample of 

11,503 of these IS-point clusters on the 

ground. A linear regression was fitted 

to the datd to develop the relationship 

between the photo aqd graund cl assif ication of the subsairiyle. This procedure 

provided a means for adjusting the initial acreaye estimates for change in 

land use bince date of photograph and 

for j3vto misclassifications. 

For the entire State, estimates 

of ti,i.tier volu~~e and forest classifications were based on medsurements recorded dt 7,084 ground-sar-nple locations 

systematically distributed on commercial 

forest land. The plot design at each 

location was based on a cluster of 10 

points. In most cases, variable plots 

delineated with d basal area factor of 

37.5 square feet per acre were systematical ly spaced within a single forest 

condition at 5 of the 10 cluster points. 

Trees less than 5.0 inches d.b.h. were 

tallied on fixed- radius plots around 

the point centers. 

Equat ions developed deiai led 

rneasur-ernents of standing trees in 

Georgia and toroughout the Southeast 

were used to compute volumes of individual tal ly trees. A mirror caliper and 

sectional aluminum poles were used to 

measure upper stems of standing trees. 

In addition, felled trees were measured 

at 101 active cutting operations to provide utilization factors for the different timber pr-oducts and species groups 

and to supplement the standing-tree 

vo 1 uve study. 

Growth, removdl s, and mortal i ty 

were estimated from the remeasurement of 

6,134 pcrnanent sample Nets estdhlished 

in the 1972 inventory. A 1980 survey sf 

timber products output, conducted by the 

Geor-gid Forestry Commission, along with 

the dfi~iiiil piiip~~od pr~odiiction study in 

the South, provided additional information for 3 breakdol~n of rernoval s, by 

product, 

A1 1 f~eid data were sent to 

AshevilIe for editinq and were entered 

into disk and mqnetic-tape storaqe for 

processing. Final estimates were based 

on statisticdl sum:i~aries of the ddta. 

Ps each of the -five Si_lr,vey llnits in 

Ge~rgi3 was coiilpleted, special s~rllmar.iei 

of the -ilfor'mdtion WPW added to master 

data fi les of forest r-esaurce statistics 

maintained in Ashevi lle for the entire 

Southeast. A Forest Information 

Retrieval (FIR) program is availdble for 

compi ling infor-mation f~r any 3red of 

interest as a cocnerative service. 

Computations 

I. Limi ts on 51 ze classes of trees 

were: saplings, 1.0 to 5.0 inches 

d.b.h.; softwood poles, 5.0 to 9.0 

inches d.b.h.; hardwood poles, 5.0 to 

11.0 inches d.h.h.; softwood sawtimber, 

9.0 inches and above; and hardwood 

sawtimber, 11.0 inches and above. 

2. Volume equations were bdsed on 

detai led medsurernents of standinq and 

felled trees in Georqia and similar 

measurements taken from other trees 

throughout the Southeast. These were 

used to compute merchantable and total 

cubic vol ume. 

3. The symptoms thdt were used to 

identify the muse of daiiiage to iivir-~cj 

trees on the sampled plots are listed in 

"Definitions." The percent incidence 

and cul 1 associated with each damage 

cl ass were estimated. Percentage of 

species volme and total volume loss 

attributable to all agents darnaqing a 

species were a1 so estimated. Note thdt 

data on percent incidence and cul lassociated dainaqe do not imp1 y total 

tree loss. Only a part of the volume in 

associated cul l would fail to qualify 

for some commercial use, s~h as firewood. The volume loss was deterqined by 

totalinq the volume of cull associated 

with edch pest, by species. 

4. Quality loss ~ds determined by 

takinq the nuwiibeu- of trees tnjt ~tiev'e 

sufficiently 1 arge f::r sjwtirnher trees 

but 3i.i not qualify b~cdl~se ~fdamage. 

The cubic-foot voiune in the ;3~~-log 

portion of these trees was cot~pu~ed. 

This vsliirne is tdkei. as the ;;xiiai ity 

lass, Note, however, that the qddi ty 

losses 7r7 trees th2t were T~OX ~jaindqed 

enotrqh to be wi ti~dr.a~zin frc;;~ i,ne ~aht 1 liber cdtegory are ex. l uded. 

5. Mur tdlity c~Td not he dttr~buted to daimqinq mil"ls bemuse st w3s 

of ten jrnpossib 12 t-i deter-mirie th, cause 

of death, In rn._iny cases: a tree td1lSed 
In the last survey 10 years ago was simply missing. It was possible, however, 

to determine volume loss to mor-t3lity 

for each tree species on each ~1st. Bj 

using total mortality by tree species, 

it was possible to arrive at a total 

vo?r_raqe loss for poles and sawtimber by 

tree species . 6. Economic impact wds determined 

by multiplying the total wood fiber dnd 

qua1 i ty loss for each tree species by 

the stumpage value per unit. These 

do 1 lar estimates were taken from an 

average of a nlrmber of timber sales in 

Georgia in 1982. 

Incidence of Damaging Ayents and 

Associ ated Cull 

Georgia has 23,733,684 acres of 

commercial forest, and most of the acreage is in the oak-hickory, loblol ly 

pine, sl ash pine, oak-gurn-cypress, and 

oak-pine forest types, Table 1 shows 

the acredge in iile varfuus stand-size 

classes and forest types. The remaining 

tables in this report show how much of 

the timber resource is damaged and the 

agents responsible for. the damage. 

Remember, the term "damaqe" refers to an 

injury the tree has suffered. A damaged 

tree is sti 11 al ive. 

Overdl 1, hardwoods had more dmage 

than softwoods, and more saplings were 

dafnaged than poletimber or sawtimber - 

Lobiolly pine and slash pine are the 

most abundant softwood species in 

Georgia, and 30 percent or more of both 

poletimber- and sawlimber-size trees 

were damaged. Shortleaf pine, the third 

most abundant softwood, had the least 

damage of any of the rndjor pine species. 

Only 16 percent of the poletimber and 10 

percent of the sad-imber were ciainaqed, 

The percentge of saplings damaged 

wds generally auch higher for hardwoods 

thdn sof tcqoods . In fi1us"cdrdwaod 

species, 40 to 66 percent of the sap7 ings wer.~? damaged. The nos t frequent 1 y 

damaged sdplings were black cherry and 

ash. Hardwood po l etimber was damaged 

less often than sdp1 ings or sawtimber, 

The most frequent1 y ddrnaged hdrdwood 

sawtimber trees were black cherry, soft 

and hard maples, and beech. More than 

50 percent of the trees in these species 

were damaged . Tables 2 and 3 show percentages of 

trees damaged, by size class and tree 

species. 

Table 4 shows dainaqe incidence and 

associated cull for softwoods. The most 

common causes of softwood damage were 

suppression and stagnation, weather, 

loqqing, and form. At l softwood species 

exhibited signs of these types of 

damage. The damaging dqent with the 

highest incidence, when it occurred, was 

fusiform rust. Lobloliy, slash, longleaf, and pond pines, in a11 size 

classes, were affected by this disease. 

In these tree species, fusiform rust was 

the most damaging agent and was associ - ated with high volume losses. Fusiform 

rust was recorded only if the gall was 

on or within 12 inches of the main stem. 

If gal 1s farther out on limbs had been 

recorded, occurrence of fusiform would 

have been higher. Turpentining contributed to the greatest cull loss on longleaf and slash pines. Basal defect, 

branch stubs, dieback, and suppression 

and stagnation wer-e dssoci dted with hiqh 

cull losses on baldcypress and pondcypress. 

The incidence of bark beetle damage 

on live softwood trees is very low. 

Bark beet 1 es dre the greatest insect 

pest of pine in the Southedst, and yet 

they do not show up as a significant 

damaging agent for most softwood 

sgecies. The rnain reasoq for this is 

that the survey reports damage to living 

trees, and most often hark beetles are 

associ ated wi th dead trees. Therefore, 

bark beetle infested trees wo!~ld be considered damaged only wheri tiley were 

newiy dttzcked dnd riot yet dead. Bark 

beztie outbreik; a1 so occur ir? cyc les, 

so it is highly probable that d survey 

rnay not coincide dith d beetle o:~tbreak. 

In fact, this happened with the present 

survey of Georqia, which W~S conducted 

just after a major beetle oatbreak. 

Reported incf dence and asrocl ated 

cull due to insect ddmdge on both hardwoods and softwoods were very low. 

Insect damage, however, is siqnificantiy 

underestimated due to the difficalty in 

diagnosing and evaluating incidence and 

sev@r.i ty of inany types of insect-cdused 

damage. 
Table 5 shows ddmage incidence dnd 

associated cull for hardwoods- The most 

common damdge pr-ob 1 ems observed in hardwoods were bas31 defect, dieback, weather*, suppression and stagnation, jogging, 

arid form. Form da~dge had the highest 

incidence, and it occurr-ed in saplings, 

Saplings of dl1 species had some degree 

of form darndge but ash wds the worst, 

with 47 percent of the trees darnaged. 

There is much less form damage in poletimber and sawtimber because sap1 ings 

either grow out of the form damdge, die, 

or become suppressed. Saplings also had 

a high incidence of damage due to suppression and stagnation. Al though many 

hardwood species are attacked by terminal shoot dnd stem borers, this was 

observed only on hickory where 18 percent of the saplings were damaged. 

Black cherry had particular-iy high 

darndye incidence in all size classes. 

Black knot, a disease which would come 

under the "other dizeases" category, 

probdbly contributed to the high incidence of damage fomd in bl dck cherry 

sdpiings and poletimber. This disease 

is very easy to identify by the elongated black s~~ilirias itmuses on the 

twigs and branches. Hack cherry also 

has thin bark which makes it vulnerable 

to fire iind loqginq damage. Basal 

defect, diebdck, and wedther account fora large portion of the damage to sa~~timber-size trees. Black cherry is particul drly s~~sceptible to top bredkdge durinq storms because it typicdl ly tohers 

above the generdl canopy in mixed 

stznds, 

The Iwqest loss in hardwood.; was 

due to basal defect * Beech, cottonwood, 

basswcjod, bay 4nd inagnol ia each had 

bdsdl defect in mre thdn 20 percent of 

the sawtimber-si ze trees. Basdl defect 

is usual iy aclsoci dted with pdst loqging 

or fire* 

Hign cui 1 losses or! dl I hdrdwood 

species were associated with basal 

defect, dieback, and brdnch stubs, 

Branch stubs of the size recorded in 

this survey are normally decayed. This 

expldins why there was a high degree of 

d~~0Cidted CU~ 1. Branch stubs are 

r?or:nililiy associated with "thinning 

operations or storm damage dnd are more 

comon in understocked stands, 

Mortality, Losses to Cul I, Qua1 ity toss, 

and Economic Impact 

Annual nortali ty of al l live softwood timber was about 211 mi 11 ion cubic 

feet dnd 151 mi 1 lion cubic feet for 

hardwood timber. Softwood mortai i ty was 

more than 19 ~ercent of the annual 

harvest, and hardwood mortality was 48 

percent of the harvest. Approximately 

52 percent of softwood mortai ity and 64 

percent of hardwood mortir 1 i ty occurred 

in sawtimber-si ze trees. The mortal i ty 

figures shown in table 6 are the total 

for the resource and do not reflect any 

discounting for trees whose death represented no economic loss. Table 6 also 

shows the estimated volumes of cul l and 

qudlity loss for the major species 

groups in Georgia. Annual hdrvest 

figures are given to place the volume 

losses in perspective. 

Tt-le volume lost due to cull is milch 

greater in hardwoods than softwoods. 

The dnnua! accuqulated cui l for hdr-dwoods is 18 percent of annual bar-dwcod 

mortal it.y, while cul 1 in softwoods is 

iess than 1 percent of softwood mortai ity* qua1 ity loss was also greater in 

hardiii~oods than softwoods, Qua1 ity loss 

of trees occurs with the shift fror-ri the 

sawtimber to poletimber category because 

of particuldr types of dd;nage- It 

should be noted that rnorucrity figures 

are on an f~nnudl bds-kS, whereas dnrrual 

accumulated cull and quality loss were 

determined by dividing total dccumiil ated 

cull and qbality ft~ss by 10, so that 

tosses were distributed over a lO-yedi. 

~er i cd , 

&c-s~ * impasici, of cidmauing 

agents is yrqeatest in snftwood rawfimber, which showed anxannuat loss of 

$-46,313,934 (tdb1e.i). The annad his 

fcr ia~r.!w.iori s3wCiinDer, iii though qr e6"cer 

in chic feet, is only $31,301,59fi 

becatrse har.dwo.;id shidi~ipacj~ v3J .~e 7 s 

considerdb!y iess thm that rjf softwood - 

In poiet.irrber, the S23,336,540 softw~od 

loss exceeded that ~f hardwoods 

j$2,8063558) by 10 tilnes. 

Over~li, 77 percent 9-f a17 economic 

iwpacl. accur-s in soft ,~ods, and about 92 

Ljercent of the total economic impact is 

In sawtimber-s-r'ze trees. 
Past Di sturbance 

In stands that have been significantly disturbed since the last survey, 

the cause of the disturbance and any 

needed corrective treatment are determined by the survey crew. Tdble 8 

summari zes these observations. 

Diseases, insects, and weather were the 

most prevalent damaging disturbances 

enhuntered. Stdnds which had 

insect, disease, or weather damage most 

often required no correct-i ve treatment, 

However, when corrective treatment was 

prescribed it was usually thinning, 

cleaning, salvage, harvest, or 

regeneration. A1 l of these indicate 

that the stand is overmature, crowded, 

or growing under slresr, and these are 

the usual conditions under which insects 

and di seases become nrob lems . 

Definitions 

Damwing Agents and Tree Defects and - Their Symptoms 

Diseases 

Fusiforn rust,--Slash, Ioblolly, 

pitch hortleaf pines. 

Spindle-shaped gal 1s form on the stern or 

on branches within 12 inches of the 

bole. Older gal 1s appear 6s cdnkers 

with sunken, rotten centers encircled by 

a ~r?l/;is ridge. !.iii;ches"-bu.oom is 

cornon at galls, Bright orange spores 

are produced on the qal 1s in the spring. 

Hardwood cankers, --A1 1 hardwoods. 

Dead, sunken :ired on the stem, freqgently 

with annual callus ridges around the dead 

ared. 

Littleleaf disease.--Shortleaf dnd 

Isblo tleaf is wore 

susceptible. Affected trees occur in 

groups * Short, ye1 low needles; reduced 

shoot growth; and large crops of undersized cones are typical symptoms. 

bittieleaf disease usual iy occurs in 

trees growing on heavy soi 1s with poor 

internal draindge. 

Pitch canker. --Most southern pines, 

but primarily sldsh, foblolly, and 

shortleaf. Synrptoms are flagging at 

branch ends, pitch flow from affected 

area, slight swelling on affected sterns 

and twigs, crooks in main stem, and 

wi 1 ti ng of current cand 1 es . 

Root rots.--All species* Diseased 

h thin, tufted crowns, 

frequently occur in groups that usual 1y 

contain dead or windthrown trees, Conks 

(fruiting bodies) of various fungi may 

be present on or near the base of 

diseased trees. Root rots are more frequmt in trees of reduced vigor, thinned 

stands, and in trees with butt or root 

injury. Trees with root rots are often 

attacked by bark beetles. 

Other diseases.--All species. All 

damag seases not identified 

in separate categories (e-g., red heart 

of pine, brown spot, and leaf diseases). 

Trees showing degrade caused by diseases 

and noodentif ied el sewhere are jncl uded in this cdtegory. 

Growth Defects 

Branch stubs.--All species. Branch 

holes or stubs greater than 4 inches in 

diameter on stem (trees 5.0 inches 

d.b.h. and larger). Branch holes or 

stubs greater thdn 1 inch in diameter on 

stem (trees 1.0-4.9 inches d,b,h,). 

Basal defect .--A1 1 species. Butt 

swel l V-shaped stump sprouts, 

frost seams, dnd low stubs below d.b.hare symptoms of basal defect. 

Dieback.--All hardwoods, Tips of 

the branches die back. Initially, only 

a few branches are affected, but in 

advdnced stdges, entire branches die . Tree mortality may result. Dieback is 

frequently associated with stress caused 

by an unfavorable environment. 

Suppressign and stagnation, --A1 1 

speci ted trees 

are characterized by poor form and small 

crowns. Suppressed trees are overtopped 

and receive indirect sun1 ight . Stagnated 

trees have thin foliage dnd receive some 

direct sunlight. Stagnation is usual ly 

dssocidted with poor growing sites or 

overstocked stands. 
Form (damaging) .--A1 1 species. A1 1 

trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger that 

are deformed due to unknown causes. 

Natural Phenomena 

surface of the sapwood, exit holes, and 

loose bark. Streaks caused by blue 

stain fungi are often evident on the 

sapwood. Fol i age of infested trees 

qradual ly ye1 lows and then turns red. 

Fire.--A1 1 species. Fire scars are 

usually at the base of stem and are 

widespread in the stand. The scars are 

usually on the uphi 11 side of the tree, 

and signs of charring are general ly 

present on the stem. 

Flooding.--All species. Yellowing 

and cur l ing downward of leaves, premature leaf fall, branch and top dieback, 

tree mortal ity, and high water and si lt 

marks on tree boles are the most common 

effects of flooding. 

Lightning.--All species. Lightning 

causes bark stripping or cracking, with 

damage running from the strike point to 

the ground in-a straight line or spira1l.y. Often, the foliaqe will fade due 

to root damage or top breakage. Bark 

beetles often invade struck trees. 

Weather.--All species. Windthrow, 

ice, frost cracks, broken tops, broken 

branches, marginal leaf burn, and winter 

burn are the common symptoms. 

Animals and Birds 

Beaver. --A1 1 species. Beavers 

1 eave arks and remove the bark 

from the bole of the tree. Trees are 

often flooded by water impoundment. 

Other animals.--All species. 

Branches clipped off or broken, bark 

removed, holes in the stem, and tears 

and toothmarks in the wood are all 

common signs of animal activity. 

Sapsucker. --A1 l species. Horizontal rows of smal 1 holes that may encircle the tree's bole. Bark below the 

hole is usual iy streaked or stained by 

oozing sap. 

Insects 

Bark beetles.--All pines- Spptoms 

incf u es, bark beetle galleries on the inner bark surface and the 

Hardwood borers. --A1 1 har3dwood s . The initial symptom is a dark sap spot 

on the bark surface, often mixed with 

frass, Eventually, coarse boring particles appear in bark cracks and crevices 

beneath the point of attack. Old damage 

appears as knobby overgrowths or scars 

on the bark surface. 

Terminal shoot and stem borers.-- 

All species. tresh attacks show boring 

dust and frass at the entrance holes, 

which are most often located at the base 

of leaf petioles and buds. Resin globs 

may be present at points of attack. 

Dieback results from larval tunnel ing 

within terminal shoots and branches. 

Foliage on the shoots turns ye1 low, red, 

and finally brown. 

Other insects.--Ail species, All 

damage caused by insects not identified 

in separate categories. Incl udes hardwood defol iators (e .g., orangestriped 

oakworm and fa1 1 cankerworm), pine 

defol iators (e .g., redheaded pine sawfly), and pine weevils. 

Human Activities 

People.--All species. Initials in 

bark, nails in tree, lantern burn, bark 

stripped, wire around stem, and ax marks 

are signs of damage by people. 

Logging and related.--411 species. 

Logging scars on the stem will have callus ridges within I to 2 years after 

wounding. Trees with logging damage are 

scattered In stands and show no charring, Broken limbs and scars on the 

stem near the crown wil l occur from the 

felling of other trees. Skid trails, 

stumps, or other evidence of logging 

will be present, 

Turpentining.--Long1eaf9 sksh, and 

Ioblol 'Z_y pines. Darnage -is seen as exposed wood with \I-shaped scars and heavy 

pitch flow, 
Forest Survey Terms 

Acceptable trees.--Growing-stock 

trees of commercial species that meet 

specified standards of sire and quality, 

but do not qualify as desirable trees. 

Accumulated volume loss.--Percentaqe of trees affected x the percent cull 

x the volume for the species. 

Associated cull.--Percentage of 

affected trees cantdining cull associated with the indicated damging agent, 

Associated volume loss from sawtimees sufficiently large 

to qua1 ify as sawtimber, but unsatisfactory for sawtimber because of damaging agent, 

Basal area.--The area in square 

feet ss section at breast 

height of a single tree or of all the 

trees in a stand, usually expressed in 

square feet per (acre. 

Cleaning .--An intermediate cutting 

made nd, not past the sap1 ing 

stage, in order to eliminate undesirable 

trees of the same age which overtop or 

are likely to overtop the best trees in 

the stand. 

Commercial forest land.--forest 

l and producing or capable of producing 

crops of industrial wood and not withdrawn from timber uti l izatlon, 

Commercial species.--Tree species 

prese eiy suitable for 

products, 

Desirable trees.--Growing-stock 

trees of commercSdf species having no 

serious quai i ty defects that iimi t present or prospective use for "Lmber products, of relatively high vigor, and 

containing no pathogens that may resul t 

in death or serious deterior*adion bef~re 

rotaion ago. 

Diameter class.--A c ldssif ication 

of trees based on diameter outside bark, 

measured dt breast height (4-1/2 feet 

above the grodnd). D.b.h. is the common 

ab~revi at ion for di ameter at breast 

height. Two-inch diameter classes are 

commonly used in Forest Survey, with the 

even inch the approximate midpoint for a 

class. For example, the 6-inch class 

includes trees 5.0 through 6.9 inches 

d.b.h., inclusive. 

Growing-stock trees.--Live trees of 

corn fying as desirable or acceptable trees. 

Incidence.--Percentage of susceptible trees affected by a damaging agent. 

Poletimber trees.--live trees of 

commercial species at least 5.0 inches 

d .h.h. but smaller than sawtimber size. 

Rotten trees.--Live trees of commercial species that do not contain at 

least one 12-foot saw log or two noncontiguous saw logs, each 8 feet or longer, 

now or prospectively, primari ly because 

of rot or missing sections, and with 

less than one-third of the gross tree 

volume in sound material. 

Rough trees.-- (a) Live trees of 

come es that do not contain 

at least one saw log or two noncontiguous saw logs, each 8 feet or longer, now 

or prospectively, primari ly because of 

roughness, poor form, splits, and 

cracks, and with less than one-third of 

the gross tree volume in sound materi a1 . (b) All live trees of rniscel laneous 

species 

Saplinqs .--Live trees 1.0 to 5 .O 

inches d.b.h. 

Saw log.--A log meeting minimum 

standards of diameter, length, and 

defect, including logs at ledst 8 feet 

long, sound dnd straight, and with a 

minimum tflariieteer inside bark fcr softwoods of 5 inches (8 inches for hardwoods) * 

Sawtimber trees.--live trees of 

comercia1 species containing at least a 

l2-foot saw log, or t4o noncontiguoui 

saw logs, each 8 feet or longer, and 

with at feast one-third of the gross 

bodrd-foot vo1 ume between the f -foot 

stump and minimum saw-log top being 
sound. Softwoods must be at least 9.0 

i nc hes d . h , h . and hardwoods at 1 east 

11.11. 

Sawtimber volume.--Net volume of 

the saw-log portion of live sawtimber in 

board-foot International If4-inch rule. 

Species groups.--Sets of tree species pooled together for standard 

reporting. 

Other red oaks: Scarlet, southern red, laurel, water, willow and 

bl ack. 

Se-lect red oaks : Cherrybark, 

northern red, and shumard. 

Other white oaks: Overcup, 

chestnut, post and live, 

Select whi te oaks: White, swamp 

chestnut, and chinkapin. 

Other eastern hardwoods : Buckeye, birch, hackberry, dogwood, persimmon, honeylocust, silverbell, holly, 

butternut, cucumbertree, mulberry, scrub 

oaks, ~ill~w, andnoncommercial species. 

Stand-size class,--A classification 

of forest land based on the size class 

of growing-stock trees on the area. 

Sawt imber stands: Stands dt 

feast 16.7 percent stocked with growingstock trees, with half or more of total 

stocking in sawtimber or poletimber 

trees, and with sawtimber stocking at 

least equal to poletimber stocking. 

Poletimber stands: Stands at 

least 16.7 percent stocked with growingstock trees, with half or more of this 

stocking in pol etimber and sawtimber 

trees, and with poletimber stocking 

exceeding that of sawtimber. 

Sap1 ing-seed l ing stands: Stands 

at least 16.7 percent stocked with growing-stock trees, of which more than half 

of the stocking is saplings and seed1 ings. 

Susceptible trees.--All living 

trees able and acceptable trees, as well as rough and rotten 

trees. 
References 

This publication reports incidence 

and impact of damaging agents on 

Georgia's timber. It does not discuss 

their identification or control. Some 

of the references listed below are cited 

in our discussion. Others are provided 

to assist those desiring additional 

information on causal agents. 

Bennett, Wi l 1 iam H. ; Chel lman, Charles 

W.; Holt, William R. Insect enemies 

of southern pines. Occas. Pap. 164. 

New Orleans, LA: U.S, Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern 

Forest Experiment Station; 1958. 35 p. 

Burns, Denver P. Insect enemies of 

yellow-poplar. Res. Pap. NE-159. 

Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of 

Agricul Lure, Forest Service, 

Northeastern Forest Experiment 

Station; 1970. 15 p. 

Filer, T. H-; Solomon, J. 0.; McCracken, 

F. I. [and others]. Sycamore pests: a 

guide to major insects, diseases, and 

air pollution. Atlanta, GA: U.S. 

Departn~ent of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Southeastern Area, State and 

Private Forestry; 1977. 36 pa 

[Unnumbered publication]. 

Holmes, Francis W.; Chater, Clifford S.; 

Becker, William B. Culture, diseases, 

injuries, and pests of maples. Publ. 

443. Amherst: University of 

Massachusetts Cooperative Extension 

Service; [n-d.]. 44 p. 

Johnson, W. T.; Sinclair, W. A*; 

Saunders, J. L. Insects and diseases 

of willow and poplar. Pest Leafl. 

A-10. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ.; 

[n.d.]. 37 p. 

Lockard, C. R.; Putnam, J. A.; 

Carpenter, R. O. Grade defects in 

hardwood timber and logs. Agric. 

Handb. 244. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture; 1963. 39 p. 

Morris, R. C.; Filer, T. H.; Solomon, J. 

D. [and others]. Insects and diseases 

of cottonwood. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-8. 

New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern 

Forest Experiment Station; 1975. 37 p. 

Sheffield, R. M.; H. A. Knight. 

Georgia's forests. Resource Bulletin 

SE-73. Ashevi 1 le, MC: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Southeastern Forest Experiment 

Station; 1984. 92 p. 

Solomon, J. D.; McCracken, F. I.; Lewis, 

R. [and others]. Oak pests: a guide 

to major insects, diseases, air 

pollution, and chemical injury. Gen. 

Rep. SA-GR-11. Atlanta, GA: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Southeastern Area, State and 

Private Forestry; 1980. 

U.S.. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service. Insects and diseases of 

trees in the South. Publ. 7. Atlanta, 

GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Southeastern Area, 

State and Private Forestry; 1972. 8 p. 
Table 1.--Area of commercial forest 

land, by stand-size class 

and forest type 

Forest classification Acres 

Stand-si ze class: 

Sawt irnber 

Poletimber 

Sdplings-seedlings 

Nonstocked areas 

All stand sizes 

Forest type: 

Oak-hickory 

Lobloi ly pine 

Slash pine 

Oak-gum-cypress 

Oak-pi nc Shortleaf pine 

Long leaf pine 

Elm-ash-cottonwood 

Virginia pine 

Southern scrub oak 

Pond pine 

White pine-hemlock 

Chestnut oak 

Sand pine 

Eastern redcedar 

Pitch pine 

Al 1 types 

Table 2.--Porcentaqe of susceptible softwood trees 

damaged, by species and tree size 

Host 

Trees damaged i Totdl oo~ulation 

Lob101 iy plnP 

Slash pine 

Short leaf pine 

Pondcypr ess 

V~rg3n-fd plw 

Long l ~af pine 

Eastern redcedar 

Focd p-rpe 

Eastern wh-~ te Dine 

Ealdcjpr~ss 

Pitch pwe 

Sand pinc 

S~ruce pine 

Tab lo Hounta-in pine 

1 (thousands) 

Percent - - - 

4 0 

3 r! 

16 

12 

2 3 

24 

14 

3 6 

0 

7 

26 

0 

3 6 

2 2 

Saplings Poletimber I f 

d ;here wr-e no trees of this ilre claii in the idmp11, tnerefir-e 

nedsdres cf trees damaged co~~ld not be made. 

Sawtimber 
Table 3.--Percentage of susceptible hardwood trees 

damaged, by species and tree size 

Trees damaged 

Total population 

------ Percent - - - - - 

Other eastern 2,563,936 

hardwoods 

Sweetgum 1,700,579 

Tupelo & bl ackgum 1,615,797 

Other red oaks 1,589,145 

Soft maple 1,133,634 

Hickory 553,697 

Bay & magnol ia 324,654 

Select \+hi te oaks 322,197 

Ye1 iow-pop1 ar 309,087 

Elm 241,371 

Black cherry 240,171 

Other wh i te oaks 235,630 

Ash 201,489 

Chestnut oak 126,988 

Select red oaks 69 , 688 

Ward map1 e 39,569 

Beech 20,192 

Syc amore 7,132 

Black locust 6,181 

Basswood 5,519 

Black walnut 4,025 

Cottonwood 1,231 
Table 4, --Damage ~ncidence and associated cul l in softwoods in Georgia, 1982 

! Incidence of damage I Associated cul l I Accumulated volume loss/ Associated 

------------ Percent - - - - - - - - - - - ----- 3 - - 

M ft - - - - - - 

LOBLOLLY PISE j 1,905,510,000 susceptible trees) 

Agent 

Fusiform rust 

Pitch canker 

Root rct 

Other diseases 

Basal defect 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Form 

Fire 

Flooding 

Liqhtning 

Weather 

Beaver 

Other animals 

Sapsucker 

Bark beetles 

Terminal shoot and 

stem borers 

Other insects 

People 

Logging & related 

Turpentining 

Fusiform rust 

Pitch canker 

Root rot 

Other diseases 

Basal defect 

D~eback 

Suppression R 

staqndtlon 

Form 

Flre 

F l ood I nq 

iightnlnil 

Weather 

Reaver 

Other an~rnai s Sapsucker 

Bark beet l es Terrnlnai shoot and 

stein oorers Other ~nsects 

People 

Logqlnq & related 

Turpen t I n I nq 

1 

ins ~o~et~nber I ~awt~~er tm~e I Sadimber oetbr ' Sawtikr 

SLASH PINE (1,463,825,000 susceptible trees) 

voidme loss 

from sawt imoer 

I pot~mier 

Continued 
iab:e 4. --Danaqe ~ncldence and dssoci ated cul i In saf woods in Georg7 a, 1382--Cent~nued 

Incidence of darndq? 

SHORTLEAF PINE (577,011,0100 suscept~b ie trees) 

Littleleaf d~sease 

PI tch cdnkur 

Root rot 

Other d? seases Basdl defect 

D~ebac k 

Suppression R 

stagnat-ion 

Form 

FI re iiqhtt~~nq 

!&ather 

Beaver 

Otoer anlindls 

Sapsucker 

Sark beetles 

Termtnai shoat 3nd 

s t-im her-ers 

Other Insects 

People 

Loqalna R reia~p3 

Other d I seases 

Braqch stubs 

Pdsal defect 

31ebac k 

S~ppress~e~ & 

~tdgtldt70c 

Forn; 

F-ire 

Flood~r-~q 

Liqt?ti711?~ 

ideather 

%her anllal s Other irsects 

?e;p I e iogc?oq 8 reidted 

PONOCYPRESS (280,270,000 susceptible trees) 

Con ti nued 

13 
Table 4.--Damaqe ~ncidence and dssociated cull in softwoods In Ge~rgia, Ig82--Cont~nued 

Eastern gal? rust 

Pitch canker 

Other diseases 

Basal defect 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Foriri 

Fire 

Liqhtninq 

Yeather 

Other animals 

Sapsucker 

Bark beetles 

Other insects 

Peop 1 e Loqqing & related 

Fus~forin rust 

PI tc h can ker 

Root r-o t 

Other diseases 

gieback 

Suppress~on & 

stasni~t-ron 

Forin 

F~re 

Meather 

Other an ~qa 1 s 

Sapsucker 

Bark beetles 

Terminal shoot and 

s ten borers 

Other ~nrects 

Peop 1 e Loqg~nq & related 

Turpenr~c~nq 

Other disedses 

Rasa: defect 

Sdppr-essicn R 

scaqnat~cjn 

Fore 

Fire 

Weather 

Beaver 

Peop ie 

Laggins & related 

LONGLEAF PINE 6 136,582,000 susceptible trees) 

EASTEKri riE;ICEilPii (57,134,riOil s(isci;pt lb le trees) 
Table 4. --Damage incidence and associated cuT I in softwoods in Georgia, 1982--Continued 

- - - - - - . - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - . - - - ----- 3 - M ft - - - - - - 

POND PINE (46,744,000 susceptible trees) 

Fusiform rust 

Pitch canker 

Other diseases 

Basal defect 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Form 

Fire 

Lightning 

Weather 

Sapsucker 

Bark beetles 

Terminal shoot and 

stem borers 

Other insects 

Logging & related 

Turpentining 

Other diseases 

Branch stubs 

Basal defect 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Form 

Weather 

Beaver 

Sapsucker 

Other insects 

People 

Logging & related 

BALDCYPRESS (19,601,000 susceptible trees) 

Continued 
Table 4. --Damage incidence and associated cu l l in softwoods in Ge-orgi a, 1982--Continued 

Incidence of damage Associated cull 

from sawt irnber 

to poletimber 

PITCH PINE f 4,757,000 susceptible trees) 

Suppression & 

stagnation 17 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Form 51 0 5 0 0 0 0 605 

Lightning 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Weather 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 

Sapsucker 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Bark beet 1 es 0 21 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Logging & related 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

SAND PINE (4,645,000 susceptible trees) 

Farm 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Terminal shoot and 

stem borers 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

SPRUCE PINE (4,147,000 susceptible trees) 

Eastern gall rust 

Other diseases 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Form 

Be aver 

Sapsucker 

Peop 1 e Logging & related 

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE (566,000 susceptible trees) 

Peop i e 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Table 5.--Damage incidence and associated cull in hardwoods in Georgia, 1932 

f Incidence of darnase f Associated cul I f Accumulated volume loss1 Associated 

SWEETGUM (1,700,579,000 susceptible trees) 

Agent 

Hardwood cankers 

Other di seases 

Branch stubs 

Basal defect 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Form 

Fire 

Weather 

Beaver 

Other animals 

Sapsucker 

Hardwood borers 

Other insects 

Peop 1 e 

Logging & related 

Hardwood cankers 

Other diseases 

Branch stubs 

Basal defect 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Form 

Fire 

Flooding 

Lightning 

ideather 

Beaver 

Other animals 

Sapsucker 

Hardwood borers 

Other insects 

Poop 1 e Logging R related 

TUPELO & BLACKGUM (1,615,797,000 susceptible trees) 

volume loss 

from sawtimber 

to po letimber 

1 

Continued 

17 

Sap] inqs Poletimber Sawt imber Po letimber Sawtimber Poletimber Sawtimber 
Tab ie 5. --Oarcage incidence and associ dted cu l 1 in hardwoods in Georgia, 1982--Continued 

Hardwood cankers 

Root rot 

Other dl sedses 

Branch st~bs 

Basal defect 

D~eback 

Suppression & 

st3qnation 

Form 

Fire 

Flooding 

Lightn~nq 

Weather 

Beaver 

Other animals 

Sapskc ker 

Hdr ~WOG~ bofer-~ 

Termlnai shoot and 

s ten borers 

Other insects 

People 

Logginq & related 

Hardwood caqkers 

Root rot 

Other diseases 

Branch stdbs 

Basal defect 

Dieback 

Sdppressjon & 

~tdgndt~r3t-i 

For3 

F~re 

Floodjnq 

Neat her 

Beaver 

Other anlrfiaii 

Saps~c~er 

Hardwood borers 

Otner Insects 

pei3ple 

Loqq:ng & relzted 

SOFT WPLE (1,133,634,000 susceptible trees) 

Continued 
Table 5. --Damage incidence and associ ated cu l l in hardwoods in Georgi a, 1982--Continued 

1 Incidence of damaae 

from sa~t imber 

HICKORY (553,697,000 susceptible trees) 

Hardwood cankers 

Other di sedses 

Branch stubs 

Basal defect 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Form 

Fire 

Floodinq 

Weather 

Beaver 

Other animals 

Sapsucker 

Hard wood borers 

Terminal shoot and 

stern borers 

Other insects 

Feople 

Logging R related 

Hardwood cankers 

Other diseases 

Branch stubs 

Basal defect 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Form 

Fire 

Flooding 

Weather 

Beaver 

Other animal s Sapsucker 

Hardwood borers 

Other insects 

People 

Logging & related 

BAY & MAGNOLIA (324,654,000 susceptible trees) 

Con t .i nucc'; 

19 
Table 5.--Damdqe incidence and associated CIA? i In hardwoods In Georgja, 1982--Gont-~nued 

~nt !Y 

pvol~.;e loss from sawt~mher 1 Sdp l ?iqcjs Dol etli~iber S3~t1mber- Po iet~mber Satut~mber Poietjrnber Yadt~iribet- t~ let~iilber 1 1 7 

- - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M ftd - - - - - - 

SELECT UtiITE (MKS (322,197,000 susceptible trees) 

Hardwood caqkers 

Other dl seasts 

Branch it2bs 

Basal defect 

71ebdck 

S~ppress1or-i & 

stiignatlon 

Forin 

F~re 

Liqhtn~nq 

Weather 

Beaver 

Other anjrnal s 

Sapsucker 

Hardwood hor er s Other ~nsects 

People 

Logling & related 

iiz~ dwood cdn ker s 

:Ither dl seas~s 

3r dnch stubs 

Rjsal defect 

Dlphack 

Yuppress-ion & 

staqnat~on 

Form 

FIYP 

Flooding 

L~ghtnlng 

!deathor 

%?aver 

Other an? 1131s 

Sapsil~ ker 

iidrdin100d bor ers 

?thpr ICSPC~S 

Dpop l e 

Lr;aqlr~a & r=.?at?ci 

YELLOW-POPLAP (30Q,O37,00fi susceptible trees) 

Continued 
T3b le 5. --Damage jncidence and associ ated cu i 1 in hardwoods in Georg~ d, 1982--Ccnt~nued 

ELM (241,371,000 suscept~bie trees) 

0thm dl seases 

Sranch stubs 

Basal d?fect 

31ebac~ 

Suppression & 

staqnztion 

For li 

F~re 

Flccd~nq 

Wea t her 

Beaver 

Other anivai s 

Sap.;uc ker 

Hardwood borers 

Other jnsec ts 

People 

Loqqlnq R related 

Hardwood cankers 

Other diseases 

Branch stubs 

Basal defect 

Diehack 

Suppression & 

staqnation 

Form 

FI re 

Weather 

Beaver 

Other animals 

S~DSUC ker

Hardh~od borers 

Pe3p l e 

Lougtqq R reiated 

SLACK CHERRY (230,17l,OOr? susce~tible tree\) 

Ccnti nued 

21 
Tdh le 5. --Dairi6qe ~ncldence ana assocl at?a cd 1 1 1s hardwoods 7n Gecrg~ a, 1982--Continued 

I I i 

------------ Percent - - - - - - - - - - - ----- 3 - M ft - - - - - - 

OTHER NWITE @KS 3235,630,000 suscept~bie trees) 

Hardw~ob cankers 

Other di sedses 

Branch stabs 

RasdT defect 

Dieback 

Suppr-ession & 

stagnation 

For111 

Fire 

Lisktnicg 

Weather. 

Other animals 

Sdpszcker 

Hardwood borers 

riti'ier. insects 

Peop i e 

Loq~ing K related 

Hardwood cankers 

Other di soases Branch stubs 

Basal defect 

9~ebdck 

Sdppresi~cc & 

staq~dtlen 

Farm 

i ioodlnq 

Weather 

Beaver 

Other animals 

Sapbucker 

Hardwooa bcrers 

Pzop l e iogglng & related 

ASH (281,4P9,000 susceptible trees) 

Con t i oued 
Tab le 5. --Damaqe ~ncidence and associ ated c~l 1 in hardwoods in Georq~ a,1982--Coct~nued 

i~cidenco of dmage / Assocj ated cd l l Accumulated volilie loss/ Assoc-latzd I vor~le loss 

SELECT RED OAKS (69,688,000 suscept i b l e trees) 

Hara$qood cznker 5 

Other d~seases 

Branch stubs 

Basal defect 

Oleback 

Suppression & 

stdgnation 

Form 

F~re 

iightnlng 

Weather 

Hardwood borers 

Peopl P 

iogginq & related 

Hardwoad cankers 

Other dl seases 

Rdsai defect 

D~ebac k 

Suppros s i on & 

staqndt~ori 

Fnrrn 

F~re 

Wedther 

S3psucker 

Hardwood borers 

Loaqinq R related 

HARD PI1APi-E (39,569,900 susciipt~b le trees) 
Tab ie 5. --Dardge ~r~c~dence ma dssqc~ dted c~l I in hardwoods in Georgi 0, 1982--Csnti~ued 

I i 1 i 

i 1 Fsscci ate.? c_ri I j 3ccumul ated ?io iuve loss1 i?issoc? ad& 

Other d I sedses 

Branch stdbs 

Gdsal defecr 

Suppress~on & 

stagnation 

For in 

Fl re 

i~ghtning 

Yeather 

Hal-d\niood borers 

Peoa 1 f 

ioggiqq & related 

Branch stubs 

Bdsdl defect 

Dieback 

Suppression & 

stagnation 

Forin 

Weat her 

ads61 defect I? 

Dieback 0 

Sdppvession & 

slaqriat~ori i 9 

Form 26 

heather 3 

Sdp~uciier 3 

Hardimx,! Sor ers 5 

SYCAMORE (7,232,000 susce~t~bie treesj 

BASSMOOD (5,519,000 suscoptib te trees) 

Con ti nued 
la5 1 e 5. --Damage inc~dence and assocl ated cu i 1 In hardwoods in Geot-ql a, 1982--Cont?fi~~d 

Associated cu; 1 

SLACK WALNUT (4,025,:300 soscepti h ie trees) 

Basdl defect 

Dlehack 

Form 

Meather 

Animal 

People 

Cther di seases 0 

Easal defect 0 

Dieback 13 

Sapsac~cliv 0 

Feop 1 e 0 

Logging & related 0 

Hdrdwocd cankers 

Other diseases 

Graach stubs 

Bdsa: defect 

Dieback 

Sgppression & 

staqnation 

Form 

Fire 

Flaodjng 

Li gh tfi i ng 

Neather 

Beav"2,' 

Gther anigal s Sapsucker 

Eark beet les 

Hs?rdwood bcrers 

Per-einsl shcot and 

 st,^^:: borers 

Other insects 

Pep 1 c. 

Logging & reiaced 

COTTOF4WOOD 61,231,000 susceptible trees) 
Table 6.--Timber removals and mod 19ss to poletimber and sawtimber 

I i voi~r;~e loss due t~-- 

I I I 

1 1 Anndal qua1 I ty Species , 1 Anndai timer removals 1 Ann~al mrtaiity Annb31 3ccurn~ldted CUT i loss froir: S~W2 MftY .................... 

SOFTWOODS 

ioblolly plne 99,781 

Slash p-ine 116,804 

Longleaf pine 12,261 

Short leaf pine 31,270 

Pond p-ine 2,592 

V-irq~n-ia p1ve 5,940 

Pondc ypress 1,145 

Sprlrce PI ne 634 

Eastern white pine 0 

Baldcypress 0 

Pitch p-ine 0 

Eastern redcedar 430 

Table Mount3in pine 0 

Sand pine 0 

Total 270,857 E22,540 101,603 109,331 325 1,644 3,141 

Other red oaks 

Sweet(?um 

Yel low-pap1 ar 

Tupelo & bldckguq 

Select wh~te oaks 

Hickory 

Soft maple 

Other whi te oaks 

Other eastern 

hardwoods 

Select red oaks 

Chestnut oak 

Ash 

Elm 

Bay & magnolia 

Sycamore 

Beech 

Blxk cherry 

thrd .nap le 

Black wainlit 

61 ac4 ~ocust 

Bdsrwoud 

Cottonw~od 
Tab l e 7. --Annua i economic impact of damdqe 

on the timber resource 

Annual volume Stumpage val de 

Species / wood f~ber loss/ per unit Annual Loss 

M ft 3 ---- -Dollars - - - - 

Softwoods 

Sawt imber 114,116 844.110 96,3i3,904 

Po 1 e t imber 101,931 278.00 28,336,818 

M ard wood s 

Sawt imbor 172,810 239.00 41,301,590 

Po 1 e t imber 59,714 47.00 2,806,558 

A1 l species 

Sawt imber 286,926 

Poletimber 161,645 

Total 448,571 

Table 8.--Treatment needed as related to past disturbance, by number of sample stands 

.................................. Number of sample stands ................................. 

Di seas~ 306 42 14 101 3 35 5 0 31 537 

Insects 

Weather afid other 101 10 55 11 2 20 c 0 45 248 

natora! destructive 

aqen ts 

Construct2on of Fences, 36 0 2 4 I b 1 0 0 2 2 76 

razds, f~rebrzaks, 

trash pits, etc. 

Salvage cut