JPL Publication 95-4

Center for Space Microelectronics

1993 Technical Report

Technology

February 28, 1995

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, California

C S M 1"
The research described in this publication was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

California Institute of Technology, and was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, Ballistic Missile Defense Organization/Innovative Science and Technology

Office, Advanced Research Projects Agency, U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Air Force, and

U. S. Department of Energy.

Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,

trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the

United States government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.

The report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States

government. Neither the United States government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their

employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product,

or process disclosed; or represents that its use would not infringe upon privately owned rights.
Abstract

The 1993 Technical Report of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Space

Microelectronics Technology summarizes the technical accomplishments, publications, presentations, and patents of the Center during the past year. The report

lists 170 publications, 193 presentations, and 84 New Technology Reports and

patents.

°.,

III

Table of Contents

Director's Report ............................................................................. vii

,o,

Technical Highlights ................................................................................................ vii1

Programmatic Highlights ......................................................................................... xii

Institutional Highlights ............................................................................................. xvi

i Solid-State Devices

Overview ................................................................................................................... 1- 1

1993 Major Technical Achievements .................................................................. 1 - 1

Electron Tunneling ..................................................................................... 1-1

Superconductivity ....................................................................................... 1-2

Submillimeter (Terahertz) Receiver Technology .................................. 1-5

Semiconducting Materials: Growth and Characterization ................. 1-7

Electronic Device Technology .................................................................. 1-8

Microinstrument Technology .................................................................... 1-8

Adaptive Optics ........................................................................................... 1-9

Technical Progress Reports ............................................................................... 1-10

Electron Tunneling .................................................................................. 1-10

Superconductivity .................................................................................... 1-16

Submillimeter (Terahertz) Receiver Technology ............................... 1-19

Semiconducting Materials: Growth and Characterization ............... 1-25

Electronic Device Technology ............................................................... 1-28

Microinstrument Technology ................................................................. 1-33

Adaptive Optics ........................................................................................ 1-35

Semiconductor Etching Technology .................................................... 1-36

I1. Photonics

Overview ................................................................................................................... 2-1

1993 Major Technical Achievements .................................................................. 2-1

Lasers ........................................................................................................... 2-1

Optoelectronic Materials and Characterization ..................................... 2-1

Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits ........................................................... 2-2

Infrared Detectors ........................................................................................ 2-2

Nonlinear Optics and Optical Processing .............................................. 2-3

Space Environmental Effects on Materials ............................................ 2-5

Photonics Systems ..................................................................................... 2-5

Remote-Sensing Technology ................................................................... 2-6

Binary Optics ................................................................................................ 2-6

Technical Progress Reports .................................................................................. 2-7

Spatial Light Modulators ........................................................................... 2-7

Lasers ........................................................................................................... 2-8
III.

IV.

Vl

Optoelectronic Materials and Characterization ..................................... 2-9

Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits ........................................................ 2-10

Infrared Detectors .................................................................................... 2-11

Nonlinear Optical Materials ................................................................... 2-16

Space Environmental Effects on Materials ......................................... 2-22

Remote-Sensing Technology ............................................................. :,. 2-23

Binary Optics ............................................................................................. 2-24

Advanced Computing

Overview ................................................................................................................... 3-1

1993 Major Technical Achievements .................................................................. 3-1

Parallel Computation ................................................................................. 3-1

Neural and Analog Computing ................................................................ 3-2

Neurocomputing Theory and Nonlinear Science ................................. 3-6

Data Storage ............................................................................................... 3-7

Software Engineering and Computer Science ..................................... 3-8

Technical Progress Reports .................................................................................. 3-9

Parallel Computation ................................................................................. 3-9

Neural and Analog Computing ............................................................. 3-15

Neurocomputing Theory and Nonlinear Science .............................. 3-21

Optical Processing ................................................................................... 3-25

Data Storage ............................................................................................ 3-26

Custom Microcircuits

Overview ................................................................................................................... 4-1

1993 Major Technical Achievements .................................................................. 4-1

Quality Assurance and Space-Qualification Methodology ................. 4-1

Technical Progress Reports .................................................................................. 4-2

Quality Assurance and Space-Qualification Methodology ................. 4-2

Appendix

CSMT-Caltech Campus Collaborations ............................................................ 5-1

CSMT-Other Collaborations ................................................................................ 5-3

Distinguished Visiting Scientists ....................................................................... 5-10

Visiting Industrial Fellows ................................................................................... 5-11

Honors and Awards ............................................................................................. 5-11

Lew Allen Awards .................................................................................... 5-11

NASA Medals ........................................................................................... 5-11

1993 "R&D 100" Award ........................................................................... 5-12

Conferences and Workshops Sponsored and/or Hosted by CSMT .......... 5-13

List of Acronyms ................................................................................................... 5-14

vi
Director's Report

The Center for Space Microelectronics Technology (CSMT) was founded in

1987 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of

Technology (Caltech). NASA and several Department of Defense agencies

with space responsibilities established CSMT in order to create a critical mass

program in space microelectronics with world-class facilities, equipment, and

staff.

The Center concentrates on innovative high-risk, high-payoff concepts and

devices with the potential to enable future space missions and to significantly

enhance current and planned missions. CSMT conducts research and

development in four technical areas: solid-state devices, photonics, custom

microcircuits, and advanced computing. Research and development is pursued

through proof-of-concept demonstrations, and successes are transferred to

engineering development for government mission applications and to industry

for commercialization.

The CSMT focuses on aspects of microelectronics and advanced computing

that are unique to space applications. These areas include sensors for those

portions of the electromagnetic spectrum inaccessible from Earth because the

atmosphere is opaque; microinstruments and microelectronic systems for

miniature spacecraft, and high-performance computing both in space and on

the ground for mission data analysis and visualization.

The Center's technical program continues to be intellectually and fiscally

healthy. The program is focused on "customer" needs, which continue to

evolve as NASA moves toward smaller, more frequent missions and the

Department of Defense emphasizes tactical and theater-based systems.

Fortunately, the Center's long-range thrust into high-risk/high-payoff research

and development (e.g., microsensors and microinstruments, innovative

detectors, miniature electronics and micro-electromechanical systems or

MEMS) matches these sponsor trends and offers innovative solutions to

emerging sponsor needs.

vii
Many CSMT technologies have commercial as well as government mission

applications. The U.S. Department of Commerce joined CSMT in 1991 and

urged the Center and its sponsors to emphasize commercial applications,with

the potential to aid U.S. industry s technological competitiveness. This head

start" allowed the Center to initiate programs with a strong emphasis on dualuse technologies and partnerships with U.S. industry. During the last year, the

Center has entered into 15 cooperative agreements with U.S. industry, in the

areas of electronics, computing, communications, automotive, and health care.

These collaborations are with large and small businesses, as well as smalldisadvantaged and woman-owned companies.

Policy guidance and program oversight for the Center are provided by the

CSMT Board of Governors. Board members include major sponsors of the

Center, the Director of JPL, and the Caltech President and Provost.

The members of the CSMT Board of Governors are:

[] Dr. Edward Stone, Director of JPL, Chairman

O Dr. Gary Denman, Director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency

O Dr. Dwight Duston, Director of the Ballistic Missile Defense

Organization (BMDO)/Innovative Science and Technology Office

O Dr. Thomas Everhart, President of Caltech

El Dr. Wesley Huntress, Associate Administrator of NASA/

Office of Space Science

[] Dr. Martha Krebs, Director of the Office of Energy Research,

Department of Energy

[] Dr. Paul Jennings, Vice President and Provost of Caltech

[] Dr. John Mansfield, Associate Administrator, NASA Office of Space

Access and Technology

[] Dr. Mary Good, Undersecretary for Technology, Department of

Commerce

Seven world-renowned scientists, who comprise the CSMT Scientific Advisory

Board, review the technical program and provide advice to the Board of

Governors and CSMT Director. The Scientific Advisory Board's report is

found later in this issue.

The remainder of this Director's Report summarizes the last year's

achievements on the technical, programmatic, and institutional fronts.

TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS

Key accomplishments of CSMT scientists and engineers during the past year

are as follows:

ooo

VIII
O

Rapid prototyping of new ideas, in which a project quickly develops a

concept into a demonstration, such as:

Ultraviolet charge-coupled device (CCD) imager using an MBEdeposited delta-doped layer

Space radiation effects monitor

Real-time path planning neural network chip

• Hot electron bolometer mixer at 600 GHz

• Tunneling microaccelerometer

• Tunneling infrared sensor (micro-Golay cell)

Ultra-high-frequency capacitive microseismometer

Micromachined pressure, temperature, wind, and humidity sensors

• Extractor for neural network-based digital map features

• Real-time three-dimensional visualization software on parallel

computers

• Scalable synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing software on

parallel computers

Participation by CSMT scientists in numerous technology

demonstrations and validation experiments, including:

Radiation and Reliability Assurance Experiment

(RRELAX/ Clementine). This JPL experiment, characterizing

the radiation resistance and reliability of complementary metaloxide semiconductors (CMOS) CCDs, static random access memory

(SRAM) and radiation monitor (RADMON) devices, was launched

on the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) Clementine

spacecraft in January 1994

3-D Neural Network Interceptor Technology. The end

product was a three-dimensional neural net software, delivered to

Irvine Sensors for BMDO's Interceptor/Fast Frame Seeker

Application.

ix
High-Temperature Superconductor Space Experiment. A

joint NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC)/JPL experiment to

demonstrate a low-noise receiver subsystem using high-temperature

superconductors was delivered to the Naval Research Laboratory

for its scheduled launch in September 1995.

Space Technology Research Vehicle (STRV). Three CSMT

technology experiments were flown on the BMDO's STRV lb

spacecraft.

Kuyper Airborne Observatory (KAO). Superconducting

mixers fabricated in the JPL Microdevices Laboratory were able to

detect the H2180 ground-state line at 547 GHz in two molecular

clouds (OMC- 1 and SgrB2).

Caltech Submiilimeter Observatory (CSO). CSMT

successfully implemented the superconducting-insulatorsuperconducting (SIS) junction 640-GHz receiver for planetary and

astrophysical observations. HC1 was observed for the first time in

several sources including: IRC 10216 (star), monocerous R2

(supernova remnant), Jupiter (tentative detection in upper

atmosphere), and Orion Molecular Cloud (H35C1/H37-(_l ratio).

Among its technical achievements, CSMT scientists and engineers

accomplished the following:

Electron Tunneling Accelerometer. One-axis, 1-gram, 10-7 g

accelerometers have been operational for more than 12 months. A

single-axis prototype hydrophone was delivered to the Naval Air

Warfare Center (NAWC) for calibrator tank testing and demonstrated an order-of-magnitude improvement in performance over

existing accelerometers of similar size and mass. For similar

performance, mass was reduced 10 to 100 times.

Electron Tunneling Infrared Sensor. Operational prototypes

of infrared sensors and raw transducers were delivered to the

University of Michigan, Stanford, University of California-Los

Angeles (UCLA), NAWC, Eaton Corp., Caltech, and Altadena

Instruments. This included the design, fabrication, and operation

of a 1-by-4 line array. Sensitivity characterization is in progress.

X
Advanced LIGA for X-Ray Collimators. LIGA is a German

acronym signifying a combination of deep-etch x-ray lithography,

electroplating, and injection molding. The technique requires a

substantial infrastructure, including a synchrotron radiation source

such as those found at Stanford and University of California (U.C.)

Berkeley. A collaboration to rapidly develop the LIGA technique

was formed between JPL, the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,

Sandia California Laboratory, the Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory, U.C. Berkeley, and Stanford University, as well as

several industrial partners. The primary focus of the JPL team is

fabrication of fine-modulation collimators to enable downsizing of

the proposed high-energy solar-imaging (HESI) satellite.

GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIP). A

demonstration of 15-gm QWIPs met the Atmospheric Infrared

Sounder (AIRS) D* requirement of 52 K by optimizing the

detector structure, random reflector, and materials growth.

Several prototype AIRS focal plane arrays (FPAs) were fabricated;

fabrication and characterization of 128-by-128 QWIP FPAs with

random reflectors was completed--the first ever demonstration of

such FPAs operating at the 15-_tm wavelength.

Delta-Doped CCD for Enhanced Ultraviolet Response.

Delta-doped CCDs up to 1024-by-1024 pixels were fabricated. The

devices show 100-percent internal quantum efficiency down to 121

nm, excellent lateral uniformity, and QE stability on the time scale

of years. With the addition of antireflective coatings, efficiencies

as high as 90 percent were obtained.

High-Speed Devices. Schottky-collector resonant tunneling

diodes were fabricated on InGaAs/A1As material with a maximum

oscillation frequency of approximately 2.2 THz--far higher than

the previous record. In addition, high-electron-mobility transistor

(HEMT) circuits for grid amplifiers that incorporate new gatebiasing networks were fabricated and delivered, and rectifier

diodes for converting microwave power to direct current are being

fabricated for the Microwave-Powered Aircraft Platform System

(MAPS) project.

Submillimeter Sensors. The state-of-the-art has been advanced

from 200 to 750 GHz for the SIS receiver. Performance has been

improved to less than 10 hn/k, achieving the sensitivity needs of the

Submillimeter Intermediate Mission/Far Infrared Space Telescope

(SMIM/FIRST) from 400 to 700 GHz.

xi
Active Pixel Sensors (APS). Demonstrations included a 128-

by-128 CMOS APS with on-chip timing, control, and signal chain

circuits and a 256-by-256 CMOS APS detector array and camera.

CMOS APS technology was successfully transferred to AT&T Bell

Laboratories.

High-Temperature Superconductors. YBaCuO junctions on

silicon-on-sapphire were demonstrated, enabling integration with

semiconductor circuits. A low-noise 7.4-GHz frequency

downconverter has been delivered for a September 1995 launch.

JPL and Honeywell have demonstrated high-detectivity YBaCuO

infrared bolometers.

Optical Neocognitron. A 225-channel optical wavelet

processor breadboard for missile, cancer cell, and car license plate

detection was built and demonstrated. Both e-beam multiple-phase

and liquid-crystal wavelet filters (updatable at 30 frames/s) were

fabricated.

Vertical Bloch Line Storage. Vertical bloch line solid-state

and nonvolatile data-storage chips at 25 Mbits/cm2 were designed,

simulated, and tested. The input/output data line, responsible for

moving data between external chip interfaces and the internal VBL

storage area, was successfully operated between DC and 1.66 MHz.

An output signal level of 5 microvolts per micrometer of detector

length per milliampere of sense current was generated, corresponding to a pre-sense-amplifier signal level of 3.75 millivolts.

Neural Networks. An ultra-high-speed analog neurosynapse

custom-VLSI chip that performs pattern recognition in less than

150 ns was demonstrated. A neural net chip with in-situ learning

capability was flown on a joint U.S.-United Kingdom Space

Technology Research Vehicle (STRV-lb) in geotransfer orbit. The

chip's radiation tolerance was also validated by extensive ground

radiation studies.

PROGRAMMATIC HIGHLIGHTS

CSMT hosted or sponsored the following technical workshops during

1993:

Fourth and Fifth Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy

Workshop held in Williamsburg, Virginia, on January 25, 1993

and in Mohawk, New York, on January 24, 1994.

xii
O

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization Critical Design Review for

Clementine Radiation Experiments held in Pasadena,California, on

January 20, 1993.

The Second CSCC Delta Applications Workshop held in Pasadena,

California, on March 25 and 26, 1993.

Fourth International Conference on Space Terahertz Technology--

Joint with University of Michigan and University of California,

Los Angeles, on March 30-April 1, 1993

Workshop on Innovative Concepts for Mars Environmental Survey

(MESUR) Network Micro-Lander held in Arcadia, California, on

April 5-6, 1993.

• 1993 IEEE Workshop on Charge-Coupled Devices and Advanced

Image Sensors, held in Waterloo, Canada, on June 9-12,1993.

CSMT personnel served on numerous panels and committees, including

many technical conference organizing and program committees, as well

as the following:

• Executive Committee of the American Physical Society

• Executive Board and General Council of the American Physical

Society

• Air Force Scientific Advisory Board

• Sensor Technology Committee of the American Institute of

Aeronautics and Astronautics

• Lillienfeld and Isaakson Prize Committees of the American

Physical Society

• Fellowship Nomination Committee of the Laser Science Focus

Group of the American Physical Society

• Intercenter Microspacecraft Technology Program Planning Team

• Joint Services Electronics Program, Technical Review Committee

• Technical Representative Committee, NASA-University of

Michigan Center for Space Terahertz Technology

• Concurrent Supercomputing Consortium Policy Board

• Space Technology Interdependency Group (STIG)

xiii
NASA Sensor Working Group

Defense Intelligence Agency, National MASINT Architecture

Steering Committee

NASA High-Performance Computing and Communications

Program, executive and technical committees

National Science Foundation Program Advisory Panel for

Advanced Scientific Computing

Information Systems Management Committee, NASA Office of

Space Science

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Technical

Advisory Committee on Parallel Processing

Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Research Supercomputing

Users' Group Executive Committee

Army High-Performance Computing, Research Center Advisory

Committee

Advisory Panel for Scientific Computing Division, National Center

for Atmospheric Research

Committee on Science Policy of the Society for Industrial and

Applied Mathematics

Los Alamos Computing and Communication Division Advisory

Committee

American Vacuum Society, Nanometer and Technology Division

Surface Science Spectra Executive Committee

International Standards Organization (ISO), Technology Advisory

Group on Surface Chemistry

American Vacuum Society, Chair of the Southern California

Chapter

American Vacuum Society, Chair of the Electronics Materials and

Processing Division and numerous technical conference organizing

and program committees

xiv
D A number of awards were presented to CSMT scientists and engineers.

Most notable were the following:

Two of four JPL Lew Allen Awards were presented to CSMT

staff:

Pierre Baldi, in recognition of his scientific contributions to

the theory and applications of artificial neural systems.

Seth Marder, for contributions to the science of organic

materials for nonlinear optics and for his efforts to

disseminate the results of his work to the community and to

motivate and train students in the art of conducting research.

NASA Medals were awarded to the following CSMT staff

members:

H. G. Leduc -- Exceptional Scientific Achievement

Edward T. Chow -- Exceptional Engineering Achievement

1993 "R&D 100" Award

Tom Kenny, William Kaiser, Judi Podosek, and Erika

Vote received "R&D 100" Awards for the uncooled infrared

tunnel sensor, as one of the 100 most technologically

significant new products of the year. This award is sponsored

by R&D Magazine.

CSMT again hosted several Distinguished Visiting Scientists.

Participants were:

Dr. Junichi Nakamura,

Olympus America

Dr. Anne Bagneres

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Boston University

Dr. Floyd Humphrey

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Boston University

Prof. Linda Katehi

Electrical Engineering,

University of Michigan

XV
Dr. Venkatesh Narayanamurti

College of Engineering

University of California at Santa Barbara

Dr. Antti V. Raisanen

Senior Research Fellow, National Research Council

Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland

Dr. Dimitris Pavlidis

NASA Center for Terahertz Technology,

University of Michigan

Prof. Michael G. Spencer

Department of Physics,

Howard University

Dr. Pochi Yeh

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

University of California at Santa Barbara

INSTITUTIONAL HIGHLIGHTS

O Pursuit of dual-use cooperative technology development programs with

U.S. industry has continued to be a strong focus for CSMT over the past

year. Some highlights of our activities are detailed below:

Technology Cooperative Agreements (TCA). CSMT has

entered into TCAs with 15 American companies for joint

development of technologies with both NASA and commercial

applications. The technologies include sensors, neural networks,

onboard computing, and high-performance computing. The

companies represent aerospace, electronics, computer, automotive,

health care, and other industry segments, including small

disadvantaged businesses.

Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program.

The STTR was established last year with the explicit objective of

transferring technology from government laboratories to small

businesses. Two small companies were awarded STTR funds to

obtain technologies from CSMT.

Visiting Industrial Fellowship Program. During its first

year, this new program brought six visitors from industry to JPL

to acquaint them with our programs in order to facilitate

technology transfer.

xvi
I. Solid-State Devices

OVERVIEW

The Solid-State Device Research Program is directed toward developing innovative devices for space remote and in situ sensing, and for data processing.

Innovative devices can result from "standard" structures in innovative

materials, such as low- and high-temperature superconductors or strainedlayer superlattices, or from "innovative" structures achieved using electron

tunneling or nanolithography in standard materials. A final step is to use both

innovative structures and innovative materials. A new area of emphasis is the

miniaturization of sensors and instruments using the techniques of electronic

device fabrication to micromachine silicon into micromechanical and

electromechanical sensors and actuators.

1993 MAJOR TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS

D Electron Tunneling

Observed "reverse" temperature dependence of carrier transport.

These observations were the first energy-resolved, wide-range

measurements of carrier transport in semiconductor heterostructures. The technology has applications in heterostructure

bipolar devices and quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs).

Discovered important heterogeneity in SiGe strained systems.

First experimental measurement of SiGe conduction band splitting.

These findings will find applications in heterostructure bipolar

devices, two DEG high-mobility structures.

Directly measured band structure of AIAs conduction band. First

measurement of band. Complete characterization of AlAs tunnel

barriers. Applications: heterostructure devices, QWIP infrared

detectors, and resonant tunneling devices.

Fabricated new tunneling transmission microscopy (TTM)

instrument. Characterized transport and high-bias tunneling

properties of thin-film structures.

Supported technology transfer of ballistic electron emission

microscopy (BEEM) to surface/interface. Selected as a highlight by

the National Technology Transfer Center, supported by the BMDO.

Planned new technology transfer activities.

Applied TTM instruments to new technology transfer program in

flat panel display development; one of the most important strategic

U. S. technologies.

1-1
Modified tunneling infrared sensor to improve noise equivalent

power (NEP) to 3 x 10-10 W/_/Hz. Modifications include

development of improved absorber, placement of absorber on

suspended structure inside cell, and optimization of pinhole

fabrication technique.

Successfully demonstrated a dual-element tunneling accelerometer. Live demonstration for sponsor was completed in March

1993. First accelerometer packaged for underwater testing

scheduled for delivery in January 1994.

Designed, fabricated, and operated first membrane-based

tunneling magnetometer.

Delivered membrane-based tunneling magnetometer to Eaton

Corporation, where it was successfully evaluated.

Designed, fabricated, and delivered torsional magnetometer

components to Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for assembly and

testing. Successful operation reported by NRL.

Demonstrated the tunneling infrared sensor without failure for

one year; it has operated continuously in the JPL Microdevices

Laboratory.

Initiated low-noise/low-temperature testing of tunneling

transducers in Professor Michael Roukes' group at Caltech.

Delivered sensors this year to Eaton Corporation, Altadena

Instruments, NRL, NAWC, Caltech, and UCLA.

_1 Superconductivity

Delivered a prototype low-noise receiver subsystem to the Naval

Research Laboratory for testing of the High-Temperature

Superconductor Space Experiment Phase II (HTSSE-II), in

collaboration with JPL Section 336. Section 346's contribution

was the high-temperature superconductor (HTS) bandpass filters

for incorporation on the input end of the receiver. Microwave

tests of the receiver subsystem show significantly lower noise

temperatures than a receiver using cooled normal metal

components. The HTSSE-II project is a collaboration between JPL

and the NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC). The scheduled

launch date is November 1995.

1-2
Delivered HTS bandpass filters for incorporation into a low-noise

receiver for the HTSSE-II qualification and flight units. Tests of

five of the filters show that the HTS filters perform significantly

better than Cu filters at the operating temperature of 77 K +_1 K,

with a transmission loss of 0.3 dB at the operating frequency of

7.4 GHz, compared to 0.8 dB for the Cu filter. Four of the filters

maintained better performance than the Cu filter at temperatures

up to 89 K.

Delivered HTS oscillator circuits to NASA LeRC for tile HTSSEII qualification and flight units. These circuits were originally to

be fabricated by LeRC, but delivery was not possible due to

problems with HTS film quality and/or device processing. Since

this deliverable was already a month late, the decision was made to

grow the HTS films and fabricate the devices at JPL. Successful

delivery of circuits for the qualification unit was made in five days

(October). Tests at NASA LeRC show the JPL-fabricated circuits

to be of high quality. Subsequently, three circuits for the flight

unit were delivered in November 1993.

Delivered for testing YBaCuO microwave bandpass filters for use

in a prototype receiver for the Deep Space Network.

Delivered YBaCuO epitaxial thin films on 3-inch Si substrates to

Honeywell for bolometer process testing. The YBaCuO film

thickness varied by 40 percent, and the superconducting transition

temperature was greater than 80 K over most of the wafer. These

results are adequate for prototype bolometer array fabrication.

Demonstrated the first-time growth of (100) oriented CeO2 on a

Si (100) substrate utilizing a cubic-zirconia buffer layer. CeO2

may serve as an improved buffer layer for YBaCuO growth on Si.

Demonstrated the growth of (100) oriented BaF2 on Si (100)

substrates, using yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and CeO2 buffer

layers. BaF2 is of interest because of its low dielectric constant,

plastic deformability, and chemical compatibility with YBaCuO.

These films may be useful in high frequency applications and as a

buffer layer for thick YBaCuO layers on Si, which crack on the

usual YSZ buffer layer because of the mismatch in thermal

expansion coefficients. A YBaCuO film with Tc = 88 K has been

grown on a BaF2/CeO2/YSZ/Si (100) structure.

1-3
Developed a novel multilayer buffer system which enables the

growth of very high quality YBa2Cu307-x (YBCO) thin films on

silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) substrates. This capability provides the

basis for superconductor/normal metal/superconductor (SNS)

device fabrication on SOS substrates.

Demonstrated for the first time the fabrication of epitaxial hightemperature superconducting SNS devices on buffer layers on SOS

substrates, with device performance comparable to those on standard LaA103 substrates. This result is important for application to

high-temperature superconducting Josephson mixer fabrication and

high-frequency applications that require moderate dielectric

constant (<12) substrates. Another important application is the

monolithic integration of semiconducting and superconducting

devices and circuitry.

Fabricated high-quality edge-geometry SNS weak links on

LaA103 substrates using cobalt-doped YBCO normal metal layers.

Cobalt substitutes for copper in YBCO, which changes the oxygen

stoichiometry and suppresses Tc. The advantage of doped YBCO

normal metal barriers is that such barriers are thermal-expansion

matched to YBCO, which prevents interface strain from causing

oxygen disorder and nonuniform conduction. The JPL HTS group

is one of only two groups in the world looking at these types of

doped YBCO barriers, which may result in dramatically improved

SNS device performance.

Developed a new YBCO film-pulsed laser-deposition process

utilizing Lanthanum-doped YBCO targets and high oxygen

pressures. This process routinely produces films with transition

temperatures of 91 K and 0.5-K transition widths, which exhibit

excellent microwave performance.

Demonstrated the growth of high-quality epitaxial insulator/

YBCO/insulator and insulator/YBCO heterostructures using

strontium aluminum tantalate and strontium titanate insulator

layers. This multilayer growth capability is essential for HTS

integrated circuit applications.

1-4
Submillimeter (Terahertz) Receiver Technology

Delivered 547-GHz Nb/A1Ox/Nb SIS mixers for a waveguide

receiver. The devices were tested from 460 to 630 GHz and

performed well from 460 to 580 GHz, where receiver noise

temperatures (double sideband) were below 400 K. The best

performance was near the design frequency (540 GHz), where the

receiver noise temperature was 200 K. This performance is

excellent for this frequency range.

Delivered 500- and 650-GHz Nb/A1Ox/Nb SIS mixers to Caltech

for quasioptically coupled receivers based on a twin-slot antenna

design. The 500-GHz mixers were tested from 360 to 568 GHz at

Caltech. The receiver noise temperature varied from 135 to 150 K

in the frequency range of 360 to 490 GHz, rising to 270 K at 544

GHz, and 360 K at 568 GHz. The 650-GHz devices were tested

from 490 to 670 GHz, where the noise temperature was found to be

comparable to or better than the best waveguide receiver at these

frequencies. This is important because quasioptically coupled

receivers have no external tuning elements. In the past, use of

external tuning elements enhanced the performance of waveguide

receivers; but, with this result, the performance penalty of using

quasioptically coupled receivers is eliminated. Eliminating these

elements is also expected to improve the reliability of the devices,

especially in remote operations such as space missions.

Delivered 345-GHz Nb/A1Ox/Nb mixers for SIS waveguide

receivers. The noise temperature is <100 K over the frequency

range of 270 to 425 GHz, with a best noise temperature of 47 K.

These receivers have been installed in the Caltech Submillimeter

Observatory in Hawaii as replacements for AT&T Bell Labs Pb

junction receivers operating at the same frequency with a noise

temperature which is -150 to 200 K.

Delivered and tested 665-GHz Nb/A1Ox/Nb SIS receivers. The

measured noise temperature is <230 K over the frequency range of

570 to 680 GHz, with a minimum of 170 K at 594 GHz. These

devices have no integrated tuning elements. Testing above 680 GHz

could not be done because of the limitations of the local oscillator.

These receivers were installed in the Caltech Submillimeter

Observatory in Hawaii.

Fabricated quasioptically coupled twin-slot antenna Nb/A1Ox/Nb

mixers at JPL in collaboration with Caltech. These were flown on

NASA's Kuyper Airborne Observatory.

1-5
Delivered a 2-by-5 focal plane array of Nb/AIOx/Nb SIS mixers

for 500-GHz heterodyne operation to P. Siegal of the JPL Microwave Observational Systems Section (383).

Delivered 216-GHz Nb/A1Ox/Nb SIS mixers to the Smithsonian

Astrophysical Observatory/Submillimeter Array at Harvard

University.

Delivered 547- and 630-GHz Nb bolometric mixers to R. McGrath

of JPL Section 383 for testing. These are the first devices

fabricated utilizing this new mixer concept.

Demonstrated first Schottky-collector resonant-tunneling diodes

(SCRTDs). These devices have the potential to produce more

power at higher frequencies than other resonant-tunneling diodes

(RTDs). The SCRTDs are also more easily integrated into circuits

than other high-frequency designs.

Delivered barrier-N-N+ diodes to JPL Section 383. In a frequency tripler, these devices produced approximately 200 mW with

4-percent efficiency at 200 GHz. The devices were fabricated using

the quartz-lamination/substrate removal process developed last year.

Demonstrated an ultra-low-noise broadband SIS waveguide

receiver at 550 GHz. The receiver noise is TR (DSB) = 200 K at

540 GHz, and the mixer noise is TM = 180 K. The mixer conversion efficiency is GM = -6 dB. This is a record result. The mixer

uses a carefully designed waveguide circuit. A specially designed

superconductive integrated circuit, consisting of a microstrip inductance and radial-stub rf short circuit, is used to resonate the junction

capacitance to obtain improved mixer performance. The tunable

receiver bandwidth is from 50 to 100 GHz.

Demonstrated an ultra-low-noise broadband SIS waveguide

receiver at 625 GHz. The receiver noise is TR (DSB) = 245 K at

610 GHz, and the mixer noise is TM = 80 K. The mixer conversion

efficiency is GM = -8.6 dB. This is another record result. This

receiver has been used twice at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii and resulted in first detections of

HC1 in important planetary and astrophysical sources. It is the first

submillimeter-wave SIS receiver fully designed and built at JPL to

be used in a field observatory. These receiver results represent a

significant milestone for low-noise SIS heterodyne receiver technology and show that SIS mixers and integrated rf circuits can operate

at up to 90 percent of the energy gap frequency with excellent

performance.

1-6
_3

Systematically studied for the first time the effects of overlap of

photon-assisted tunneling steps on mixer performance at submillimeter wave frequencies. Receiver noise increases by 10 to 40

percent in the region of overlap between the second-order step from

negative voltage bias and the first-order step in the positive voltage

bias region.

Systematically studied receiver and mixer performance as a

function of device and circuit parameters. Initial results indicate

that measured circuit resonance frequency is about 10 percent below

the design value.

Successfully tested a planar sliding rf short at 100 GHz, the first

time a millimeter microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) has been

optimized by a mechanical rf tuner. The response of a Schottky

detector circuit was improved by 2 dB over the untuned case.

Measured by direct-current Nb hot-electron bolometer mixers

for the first time. RF tests at 540 GHz will be performed in a

waveguide mixer circuit. This transition-edge device uses a

submillimeter geometry to shorten thermal response time and

increase IF bandwidth.

Demonstrated the first integrated subharmonically pumped antiparallel-pair Schottky barrier diode mixer using the new quartz

upside-down integrated device (QUID) process developed at JPL's

Microdevices Laboratory. Noise temperature at 215 GHz is within

20 percent of the best reported for any such mixer at this

frequency.

Demonstrated the first fully operational superconducting planar

array receiver using dipole array on a dielectric-filled parabola.

Receiver noise temperatures under 100 K were achieved at 230

GHz, only a factor of two higher than the best single element waveguide receivers at this frequency using similar superconducting

devices.

Demonstrated the first tripler measurements using integrated

bbBNN (back-back barrier-intrinsic n-type) devices designed and

fabricated at the JPL Microdevices Laboratory. Tripling efficiencies of 4 percent were achieved at 220 GHz, the highest yet reported.

Semiconducting Materials: Growth and Characterization

Demonstrated the feasibility of a new technology to allow the

fabrication of a variety of silicon/oxide heterostructures with a

wide range of potential applications.

1-7
Developed novel molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth techniques for improved control over small epitaxial Ge particles

embedded in silicon, where the ultimate goal is quantum-sized

particles exhibiting luminescence.

[] Electronic Device Technology

Demonstrated the first complementary metal oxide semiconductor

(CMOS) active pixel image sensor.

Fabricated the first interdigitated pixel PIN cosmic ray detector in

the JPL Microdevices Laboratory and demonstrated its operability.

Demonstrated the first Schottky-collector resonant-tunneling

diodes (SCRTDs). These devices have the potential to produce

more power at higher frequencies than other resonant-tunneling

diodes (RTDs). The SCRTDs are also more easily integrated into

circuits than other high-frequency designs.

Delivered barrier -N-N+ diodes to JPL Section 383. In a frequency tripler, these devices produced approximately 200 mW with

4 percent efficiency at 200 GHz. The devices were fabricated using

a quartz-lamination/substrate removal process developed last year.

[] Microinstrument Technology

Developed a new mechanical suspension that offers an increase in

accelerometer response by decreasing the suspension resonance

frequency, while maintaining a compact package and simple robust

structure.

Demonstrated a reduction in resonance frequency from 40 to

1 Hz and an improvement in sensitivity of 40_2 = 1600 times.

Developed a new feedback circuit that provides wide bandwidth

response (dc to 50 Hz) with this low-frequency suspension.

Extended instrument-sensitivity goals from 10 -9 to 1011 g while

maintaining a compact and robust sensor structure. This is achieved

through new mechanical structure and feedback control methods.

Selected as a flight instrument candidate for the In Space Technology Experiments Program (IN-STEP) was the JPL microseismometer/microaccelerometer.

1-8
Fabricated and successfully tested a new compact microhygrometer device, which has been selected for a flight demonstration in a NASA high-altitude aircraft.

Designed, fabricated, and successfully tested a micromachined silicon thermal-conductance absolute-pressure sensor.

This device provides the sensitivity required for applications on

Mars' surface and in Earth's upper atmosphere without the need

for a vacuum reference.

Employed micromachining to fabricate a temperature sensor for

atmospheric temperature measurement in low-density atmospheres.

Applications are on Mars' surface and in Earth's upper atmosphere.

Developed a unique micromachined silicon sensor for direct

measurement of the wind on Mars and the Earth. This centimeterscale device accurately detects the flow of atmospheric gases

through a microscopic channel. Applications of this device also are

expected in aircraft aerodynamic flow measurements.

Adaptive Optics

Designed and fabricated a micromachined closed-loop electrostatically-actuated reflector ([tCLEAR).

Developed micromachining methods for membrane fabrication.

Demonstrated electrostatically-controlled actuation of a 25-mmdiameter [tCLEAR device.

Demonstrated a 51 (1 = .6 l.tm) deflector for the 9-mm-diameter

_tCLEAR device.

Verified the membrane model of deflection vs. the voltage

relationship for a 9-mm-diameter _tCLEAR device. Voltage

requirements and resulting mirror shape are in good agreement

with theory.

Designed and fabricated a micromachined tip/tilt mirror

assembly (no membrane).

1-9
TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORTS

Electron Tunneling

El Publications

"Characterizing Hot Carrier Transport in Silicon Heterostructures with

the Use of Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy (BEEM),"

A. M. Milliken, S. J. Manion, W. J. Kaiser, L. D. Bell, and M. H. Hecht,

Physical Review B, vol. 48, p. 5712, 1993.

"A Probe of Hot Carrier Transport in Silicon Using BEEM,"

S. J. Manion, A. M. Milliken, W. J. Kaiser, L. D. Bell, M. H. Hecht,

and R. W. Fathauer,

International Conference on the Formation of Semiconductor Interfaces

(ICSI-4) Proceedings, Julich, Germany, June 17, 1993.

"BEEM Spectroscopy Of Electron Transport Through A1As/GaAs

Heterostructures,"

W. J. Kaiser, M. H. Hecht, L. D. Bell, F. J. Grunthaner, and L. C. Davis,

Physical Review B, 1993 (accepted for publication).

"Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy,"

L. D. Bell, W. J. Kaiser, M. H. Hecht, and L. C. Davis,

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Methods of Experimental Physics,

J. A. Stroscio and W. J. Kaiser, editors, chap. 7, vol. 27, Academic

Press, 1993.

"BEEM and the Characterization of Buried Interfaces,"

W. J. Kaiser, L. D. Bell, M. H. Hecht, and L. C. Davis,

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Theory, Techniques,

and Applications, Dawn Bonnell, editor, chap. 8, VCH Publishers, 1993.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Methods of Experimental Physics,

J. A. Stroscio and W. J. Kaiser, editors, Academic Press, vol. 27, 1993.

"Micromachined Tunneling Displacement Transducers for Physical

Sensors,"

T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, J. A. Podosek, H. K. Rockstad,

J. K. Reynolds, and E. C. Vote,

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. AII, no. 4, Part 1, p. 797. July/August 1993.

1-10
"Wide-Bandwidth Mechanical Elements for Tunneling Displacement

Transducers,"

W. J. Kaiser, T. W. Kenny, H. K. Rockstad, J. K. Reynolds,

J. A. Podosek, and E. C. Vote,

JMEMS, March 1994 (accepted for publication).

"Tunneling Magnetometers for In-Situ Measurement of Planetary

Magnetic Fields,"

T. W. Kenny, L. M. Miller, and W. J. Kaiser,

Proceedings: NASA Code SR + T Workshop on Small Instruments for

Space Physics, December 1993.

"A Miniature, High-Sensitivity, Broadband Accelerometer Based on

Electron Tunneling Transducers,"

H. K. Rockstad, T. W. Kenny, J. K. Reynolds, W. J. Kaiser, and

T. B. Gabrielson,

Sensors and Actuators, December 1993, (accepted for publication).

CI Presentations

"BEEM Characterization of Band Structure and Hot Carrier Transport

in SiGe Heterostructures,"

L. D. Bell,

Fourth Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy Workshop, Williamburg,

VA, January 25, 1993.

"Characterization of Hot Carrier Transport in Semiconductor Structures,"

S. J. Manion,

Physics and Chemistry of Semiconductor Interfaces, PCSI-20,

Williamsburg, VA, January 29, 1993.

"Probing Fundamental Aspects of Vacuum Tunneling by STM/BEEM

Spectroscopy,"

L. D. Bell,

American Physical Society, Seattle, WA, March 24, 1993.

"BEEM Investigation of Strained Metal/Semiconductor Systems,"

L. D. Bell

40th National Symposium of the American Vacuum Society, Orlando,

Florida, November 17, 1993.

"Uncooled Tunneling Infrared Sensors,"

T. W. Kenny, L. M. Miller, J. A. Podosek, E. C. Vote, and W. J. Kaiser,

BMDO/Innovative Science and Technology--Technology Applications

Review, Washington D.C., December 3, 1993.

1-11
"Tunneling Magnetometers for Automotive Applications,"

L. M. Miller and T. W. Kenny,

Technology Cooperation Agreement Proposal to Nick Montanarelli,

Pasadena, CA, November 31, 1993.

"High-Performance Accelerometers Based On Electron Tunneling,"

J. K. Reynolds, H. K. Rockstad, T. W. Kenny, and W. J. Kaiser,

1993 American Vacuum Society National Symposium, Orlando, FL,

November 14, 1993.

"A Micromachined Magnetic Field Sensor Using an Electron Tunneling

Transducer,"

D. Dilella, R. J. Colton, T. W. Kenny, E. C. Vote, and W. J. Kaiser,

1993 American Vacuum Society National Symposium, Orlando, FL,

November 14, 1993.

"Progress in Tunneling Sensors,"

T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, H. K. Rockstad, J. K. Reynolds, J. A.

Podosek, E. C. Vote, and L. M. Miller,

1993 American Vacuum Society National Symposium, Orlando, FL,

November 14, 1993.

"Uncooled Infrared Sensors,"

T. W. Kenny, L. M. Miller, J. A. Podosek, E. C. Vote, and W. J. Kaiser,

1993 NASA Code C Program Review, Pasadena, CA, October 18, 1993.

"Tunneling Accelerometers for Underwater Acoustics,"

H. K. Rockstad, J. K. Reynolds, T. W. Kenny, and W. J. Kaiser,

NAWC Program Review, Warminster, PA, August 27, 1993.

"Tunneling Magnetometers for Space Physics,"

T. W. Kenny, L. M. Miller, and W. J. Kaiser,

NASA Code-S Program Review, Pasadena, CA, August 6, 1993.

"Uncooled Tunneling Infrared Sensors,"

T. W. Kenny, L. M. Miller, and W. J. Kaiser,

1993 ASTRO Peer Review, Adelphi, MD, June 14, 1993.

"Tunneling Magnetometers for In-situ Measurement of Planetary

Magnetic Fields,"

T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, and M. E. Hoenk,

NASA Code-S Small Instruments Workshop, Pasadena, CA, March 29,

1993.

1-12
"Tunneling Sensors for Magnetic Field Measurements,"

T. W. Kenny and W. J. Kaiser,

Presentation to John Kovacich and Greg Chen of Eaton Corporation,

Pasadena, CA, March 19, 1993.

"Accelerometers for Advanced Sonobuoys,"

H. K. Rockstad, J. K. Reynolds, T. W. Kenny, and W. J. Kaiser,

NAWC Program Review, Pasadena, CA, March 2, 1993.

"Uncooled Tunneling Infrared Sensors,"

T. W. Kenny and W. J. Kaiser,

BMDO/Institute of Science and Technology--Technology Applications

Review, Pasadena, CA, February 2, 1993.

D Invited Presentations

"Unique Probes of Electronic Structure and Carrier Transport with

Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy,"

W. J. Kaiser,

NEC Research Laboratories, Princeton, N J, March 2, 1993.

"Recent Developments in Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy,"

L. D. Bell,

International Conference on the Formation of Semiconductor Interfaces

(ICFSI-4), Julich, Germany, June 17, 1993.

"New Investigations of Subsurface Interface Structures,"

W. J. Kaiser,

Physics of Low-Dimensional Structures (PLDS), Chernogolovka,

Russia, December 6-11, 1993.

"Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy of Metal/group IV Interfaces,"

M. H. Hecht,

Materials Research Society (MRS), Boston, MA, December 1, 1993.

"Micromechanical Sensors Based on Tunneling Transducers,"

T. W. Kenny, H. K. Rockstad, L. M. Miller, J. A. Podosek, E. C. Vote,

J. K. Reynolds, and W. J. Kaiser,

Hughes Workshop on Applications of Nano- and Micro-Electromechanical Technologies, E1 Segundo, CA, December 7, 1993.

1-13
"Micromechanical Sensors Based on Tunneling Transducers,"

T. W. Kenny, H. K. Rockstad, L. M. Miller, J. A. Podosek, E. C. Vote,

J. K. Reynolds, and W. J. Kaiser,

Aerospace Corporation Workshop on Mechanical Behavior of Thin

Films for Optics and Microelectronics Reliability, E1 Segundo, CA,

October 15, 1993.

"Micromachined Tunneling Sensors: Applications and Limitations,"

T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, H. K. Rockstad, J. A. Podosek, E. C. Vote,

J. K. Reynolds, and L. M. Miller,

American Vacuum Society Workshop on Micromachining : Technology

and Applications, Pasadena, CA, July 29, 1993.

"Micromachined Sensors Based on Tunneling Displacement Transducers,"

T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, H. K. Rockstad, L. M. Miller, J. A. Podosek,

J. K. Reynolds, and E. C. Vote,

Stanford University Engineering Department Seminar, Stanford, CA,

May 24, 1993.

"Progress in Tunneling Sensors,"

T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, H. K. Rockstad, J. K. Reynolds, J. A.

Podosek, and E. C. Vote

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Winter Principal

Investigators Meeting, Pasadena, CA, January 14, 1993

Q Patent and New Technology Reports

"Probing Hot Carrier Transport and Scattering Using Ballistic Electron

Emission Microscopy,"

W. J. Kaiser, L. Bell, M. Autumn, S. Manion, and M. Hecht,

New Technology Report, NPO- 19071, February 1993.

"Design and Fabrication Modifications to Improve Operation of

Tunneling Infrared Sensors,"

T. W. Kenny, J. A. Podosek, R. E. Muller, P. D. Maker, E. C. Vote,

and W. J. Kaiser,

New Technology Report, NPO- 19087, 1994 (to be published).

"An Improved Uncooled Tunneling Infrared Sensor,"

T. W. Kenny and W. J. Kaiser,

New Technology Report, NPO-18560, 1994 (to be published).

"Micromachined Electron Tunneling Infrared Detectors,"

T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, and S. B. Waltman,

New Technology Report, NPO-18413, September 1993.

1-14
"Wide-Bandwidth Feedback Circuitry for Control of Tunneling

Sensors,"

W. J. Kaiser, T. W. Kenny, H. K. Rockstad, and J. K. Reynolds,

New Technology Report, NPO-18866, January 1994.

"Technique for Preparing Lithographically Patterned Tunneling

Electrodes,"

T. W. Kenny, J. A. Podosek, J. K. Reynolds, H. K. Rockstad, W. K.

Kaiser, and E. C. Vote,

New Technology Report, NPO-18835, November 1993.

"Dual-Element Design of Tunneling Accelerometers,"

T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, H. K. Rockstad, and J. K. Reynolds,

New Technology Report, NPO- 18862, January 1994.

"Dual-Feedback Circuit for Dual-Element Tunneling Accelerometers,"

T. W. Kenny, H. K. Rockstad, J. K. Reynolds, and W. J. Kaiser,

New Technology Report, NPO-19259, (to be published).

"Micromachined Tunneling Accelerometer,"

T. W. Kenny, S. B. Waltman, J. K. Reynolds, and W. J. Kaiser,

New Technology Report, NPO- 18513, November 1993.

"Electron Tunneling Magnetometer,"

W. J. Kaiser, T. W. Kenny, and S. B. Waltman,

New Technology Report, NPO-18493, September 1993.

"Deep Dry Etching of Silicon for Fabrication of Micromechanical

Structures,"

T. W. Kenny, A. M. Milliken, L. M. Miller, J. A. Podosek, E. C. Vote,

and J. K. Reynolds,

New Technology Report, NPO-19266, (to be published).

1-15
Superconductivity

[_ Publications

"Growth of YBa2Cu307-d on Alkaline Earth Fluoride Substrates and Thin

Films,"

R. P. Vasquez, M. C. Foote, B. D. Hunt, and J. B. Barner

Physica C, vol. 207, no. 3 and 4, pp. 266-272, March 15, 1993.

"YBa2Cu307-d Based Edge-Geometry SNS Josephson Junctions with

Low-Resistivity PrBa2Cu307_d Barriers,"

J. B. Barner, B. D. Hunt, W. T. Pike, M. C. Foote, and R. P. Vasquez

Physica C, vol. 207, no. 3 and 4, pp. 381-390, March 15, 1993.

"Microwave Vortex Dissipation of Superconducting Nd-Ce-Cu-O

Epitaxial Films in High Magnetic Fields,"

N.-C. Yeh, U. Kriplani, W. Jiang, D. S. Reed, D. M. Strayer, J. B.

Barner, B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote, R. P. Vasquez, A. Gupta, and

A. Kussmaul,

Physical Review B, vol. 48, no. 13, pp. 9861-9864, October 1, 1993.

"MgO (100) by XPS,"

R. P. Vasquez,

Surface Science Spectra, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 13-19, November 1993.

"Chemical Modification of High Temperature Superconductor Surfaces,"

R. P. Vasquez,

Synthesis and Characterization of High Temperature Superconductors,

J. J. Pouch, S. A. Alterovitz, R. R. Romanofsky, and A. F. Hepp,

editors, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland,

Materials Science Forum, Vol. 130-132, pp. 405-434, 1993.

"High Temperature Superconductor Josephson Weak Links,"

B.D. Hunt, J.B. Barner, M.C. Foote, and R.P. Vasquez,

Low Temperature Electronics and High Temperature

Superconductivity, S.I. Raider, C. Claeys, D.P. Foty, T. Kawai, and

R.K. Kirschman, editors, Electrochemical Society Proceedings,

Pennington, N J, vol. 93-22, pp. 462-472, 1993.

13 Presentations

"YBa2Cu307-d Based Edge-Geometry SNS-Type Josephson Junctions

with Various Normal Layers,"

J. B. Barner, B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote, W. T. Pike, and R. P. Vasquez,

1-16
American Physical Society March Meeting, Seattle, WA, March 22-26,

1993.

"Growth of Y-Ba-Cu-O on Alkaline Earth Fluoride Substrates and Thin

Films,"

R. P. Vasquez, B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote, and J. B. Barner,

Materials Research Society, San Francisco, CA, April 12-16, 1993.

"High-Temperature Superconductive Josephson Device Development,"

J. B. Barner and B. D. Hunt,

High-Temperature Superconductive Digital Workshop, San Francisco,

CA, June 10, 1993.

"Epitaxial High Tc Edge-Geometry SNS Weak Links,"

B. D. Hunt, J. B. Barner, M. C. Foote, and R. P. Vasquez,

International Superconductive Electronics Conference, Boulder, CO,

August 11-14, 1993.

"Superconducting Microbolometers Utilizing Epitaxial YBa2Cu307-x

Thin Films,"

M. C. Foote, B. R. Johnson, B. D. Hunt, R. P. Vasquez, and J. B. Barner,

International Superconductive Electronics Conference, Boulder, CO,

August 11-14, 1993

D Invited Presentations

"High Temperature Superconductor Thin Film Devices,"

B. D. Hunt, J. B. Barner, M. C. Foote, and R. P. Vasquez,

Seminar at the Caltech Electrical Engineering Dept., February 5, 1993.

"Composition of Pulsed-Laser-Deposited Y-Ba-Cu-O and Ba-K-Bi-O

Thin Films,"

M. C. Foote, R. P. Vasquez, B. B. Jones, B. D. Hunt, and J. B. Barner,

TMS Meeting, Denver, CO, February 25, 1993.

"High Temperature Superconductor Edge-Geometry SNS Weak Links,"

B. D. Hunt, J. B. Barner, M. C. Foote, and R. P. Vasquez,

Materials Research Society Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April

12-16, 1993.

"High Temperature Superconductors: Thin Film Device Applications,"

M. C. Foote, B. D. Hunt, J. B. Barner, and R. P. Vasquez,

University of Akron Physics Department Seminar, Akron, OH, April

23, 1993.

1-17
"High-Temperature Superconductor Josephson Weak Links,"

B. D. Hunt, J. B. Barner, M. C. Foote, and R. P. Vasquez,

Electrochemical Society Meeting, Honolulu, HI, May 16, 1993.

"Characterization of High Temperature Superconductor Surfaces With

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,"

R. P. Vasquez,

University of Texas at E1 Paso Physics Dept. Seminar, E1 Paso, TX,

June 11, 1993.

"High-Tc SNS Weak Links Using Oxide Normal Metals"

B. D. Hunt, J. B. Barner, M. C. Foote, W. T. Pike, and R. P. Vasquez,

Workshop on Superconducting Electronics, Ogunquit, ME, October 3-

7, 1993.

Q Patent and New Technology Reports

"Edge-Geometry SNS Devices Made of Y-Ba-Cu-O,"

B.D. Hunt,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18552, (U. S. Patent Pending) 1993.

"Sandwich Geometry YBaCuO/Au/Nb SNS Devices,"

M.C. Foote and B.D. Hunt,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18394, (U. S. Patent Pending) 1993.

"Growth of YBa2Cu307-d on Alkaline Earth Fluoride Substrates and

Thin Films,"

R. P. Vasquez, M. C. Foote, B. D. Hunt, and J. B. Barner,

New Technology Report, NPO- 19030, 1993.

1-18
Submillimeter (Terahertz) Receiver Technology

[] Publications

"Quasi-Optical Josephson Junction Oscillator Arrays,"

J. A. Stern, H. G. LeDuc, and J. Zmuidzinas,

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 2485-

2488, 1993.

"NbN/MgO/NbN Superconducting Tunnel Junctions as X-Ray Detectors,"

G. G. Saulnier, R. A. Zacher, G. G. Fritz, B. D. Hunt, H. G. LeDuc, and

A. Judas,

Journal of Low Temperature Physics, vol. 93, no. 3/4, p. 653, November

1993.

"A1As/GaAs Schottky-Collector Resonant-Tunnel-Diodes,"

Y. Konishi, S. T. Allen, M. Reddy, M. J. W. Rodwell, R. P. Smith, and

J. Liu,

Solid-State Electronics, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1673-1676, December

1993.

"Experimental Peformance of a Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N+ (bbBNN))

Varactor Tripler at 200 GHz,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P. Smith, M. A. Frerking, S. C. Martin,

and J. K. Liu,

IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 42, no. 4,

IETMAB, p. 755, April 1994.

"A Study of the Effect of the Cmax/Cmin Ratio on the Performance of

Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N+ (bbBNN) Varactor Frequency

Multipliers,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P. Smith, and M. A. Frerking,

Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, 1993 (accepted for publication).

"0.1-mm Schottky-Collector A1As/GaAs Resonant Tunnel Diodes,"

R. P. Smith, S. T. Allen, M. Reddy, S. C. Martin, J. Liu, R. E. Muller,

and M. J. W. Rodwell,

Electron Device Letters, December 1993 (submitted).

"A Submillimeter Wave SIS Receiver for 547 GHz,"

W. R. McGrath, P. Febvre, P. Batelaan, H. G. LeDuc, B. Bumble,

M. A. Frerking, and J. Hernichel,

Proceedings: 4th lnt'l. Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology,

pp. 50-58, Univ. of Cal. Los Angeles, March 30-April 1, 1993.

1-19
"A 547-GHz SIS Receiver Employing a Submicron Nb Junction with an

Integrated Matching Circuit,"

P. Febvre, W.R. McGrath, H. G. LeDuc, P. Batelaan, B. Bumble,

M. A. Frerking, and J. Hernichel,

1993 IEEE MTT-S Int'l. Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 771-774,

Atlanta, GA, June 14-18, 1993.

"A Novel Noncontacting Waveguide Backshort, Part I: Theory,"

T. M. Weller, L. P. Katehi, and W. R. McGrath,

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory & Techniques, November 1993

(accepted for publication).

"A Novel Noncontacting Waveguide Backshort, Part II: Experimental,"

W. R. McGrath, T. M. Weller, and L. P. Katehi,

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory & Techniques, November 1993

(accepted for publication).

"A 100-GHz Coplanar Strip Circuit Tuned with a Sliding Planar

Backshort,"

V. M. Lubecke, W. R. McGrath, and D. B. Rutledge

IEEE Microwave & Guided Waves Letters, vol. 3, no. 12, December

1993 (accepted for publication).

"Performance of an SIS Receiver over 460 GHz to 640 GHz Using

Submicron Nb Junctions with Integrated RF Tuning Circuits,"

P. Febvre, W. R. McGrath, P. Batelaan, H. G. LeDuc, B. Bumble,

M. A. Frerking, and J. Hernichel,

Digest 18th lnt'l. Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, SPIE

vol. 2104, pp. 263-264, September 1993.

"A Submillimeter Wave SIS Heterodyne Receiver using Nb Tunnel

Junctions with Integrated Tuning Circuits for 626 GHz,"

M. Salez, W. R. McGrath, P. Febvre, B. Bumble, and H. G. LeDuc,

Digest 4th Int'l. Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC '93),

pp. 384-385, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder,

CO, August 11-14, 1993.

"An SIS Waveguide Heterodyne Receiver for 600 GHz-635 GHz,"

M. Salez, P. Febvre, W. R. McGrath, B. Bumble, H. G. LeDuc

lnt'l. J. IR & Millimeter Waves, December 1993 (accepted for

publication).

"A Back-To-Back Barrier-N-N + (bbBNN) Diode Tripler at 200 Ghz,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P. Smith, and M. A. Frerking,

Proceedings: Fourth International Symposium on Space Terahertz

Technology, UCLA, March 30-April 1, 1993.

1-20
"The Fabrication of Planar Doped Barrier Subharmonic Mixer Diodes,"

T. H. Lee, J. R. East, C. Y. Chi, R. J. Dengler, I. Mehdi, P. H. Siegel,

and G. Haddad,

Proceedings: Fourth International Symposium on Space Terahertz

Technology, pp. 500-514, UCLA, March 30-April 1, 1993.

Q Presentations

"Improved Properties of Bias Sputtered NbN Films,"

J. A. Stern and H. G. LeDuc,

International Superconductive Electronics Conference, Boulder, CO,

August 11-14, 1993.

"Submicron Schottky-Collector A1As/GaAs Resonant Tunnel Diodes,"

S. T. Allen, M. Reddy, M. J. W. Rodwell, R. P. Smith, S. C. Martin, J.

Liu, and R. E. Muller,

Proceedings: International Electron Device Meeting, Washington, D.C.,

December 1993.

"A Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N+ (bbBNN) Diode Tripler at 200

Gigahertz,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P. Smith, and M. A. Frerking

Fourth International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology,

UCLA, March 30-April 1, 1993.

"A Submillimeter Wave SIS Receiver for 547 Gigahertz,"

W. R. McGrath, P. Febvre, P. Batelaan, H. G. LeDuc, B. Bumble,

M. A. Frerking, and J. Hernichel,

Fourth International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology,

UCLA, March 30-April 1, 1993.

"A 547-GHz SIS Receiver Employing a Submicron Nb Junction with an

Integrated Matching Circuit,"

P. Febvre, W. R. McGrath, H. G. LeDuc, P. Batelaan, B. Bumble,

M. A. Frerking, and J. Hernichel,

1993 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Georgia

World Congress Center, Atlanta, GA, June 14-18, 1993.

"Performance of an SIS Receiver over 460 GHz to 640 GHz Using

Submicron Nb Junctions with Integrated RF Tuning Circuits,"

P. Febvre, W. R. McGrath, P. Batelaan, H. G. LeDuc, B. Bumble, M. A.

Frerking, and J. Hernichel,

18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves,

University of Essex, United Kingdom, September 6-10, 1993.

1-21
"A Submillimeter Wave SIS Heterodyne Receiver Using Nb Tunnel

Junctions with Integrated Tuning Circuits for 626 GHz,"

M. Salez, W. R. McGrath, P. Febvre, B. Bumble, and H. G. LeDuc,

Fourth International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC

'93), National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO,

August 11-14, 1993.

"The Application of the FDTD Method to Millimeter-Wave Filter

Circuits Including the Design and Analysis of a Compact Coplanar Strip

Filter for Terahertz Frequencies,"

J. E. Oswald and P. H. Siegel,

1994 IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symposium, Georgia World

Congress Center, Atlanta, GA, June 14-18, 1993.

"A Prototype Quasi-Optical SIS Array Receiver,"

P. A. Stimson, R. J. Dengler, H. G. LeDuc, and P. H. Siegel,

1994 IEEE MTT-S Intl. Microwave Symposium, Georgia World Congress

Center, Atlanta, GA, June 14-18, 1993.

"Subharmonic Mixer with Planar Schottky Diodes in a Novel Split-Block

at 200-240 GHz,"

A. V. Raisanen, R. J. Dengler, I. Mehdi, J. E. Oswald, D. Choudhury,

and P. H. Siegel,

1994 IEEE MTT-S Intl Microwave Symposium, Georgia World Congress

Center, Atlanta, GA, June 14-18, 1993.

"Planar GaAs Schottky Diodes Integrated with Quartz Substrate Circuitry

for Waveguide Subharmonic Mixers at 215 GHz,"

I. Mehdi, M. Mazed, R. J. Dengler, A. Pease, M. Natzic, and P. H. Siegel,

1994 IEEE MTT-S Intl. Microwave Symposium, Georgia World Congress

Center, Atlanta, GA, June 14-18, 1993

"Frequency Tripler with Integrated Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N+ (bbBNN)

Varactor Diodes in a Novel Split-Waveguide Block at 220 GHz,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P Smith, S. C. Martin, J. E. Oswald, R.

J. Dengler, M. A. Frerking, and P. H. Siegel,

1994 IEEE MTT-S Intl. Microwave Symposium, Georgia World Congress

Center, Atlanta, GA, June 14-18, 1993.

"Performance Analysis of Planar Subharmonically Pumped Antiparallel

Pair Schottky Diode Mixers for Submillimeter-Wave Applications,"

I. Mehdi and P. H. Siegel,

SPIE International Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves,

San Diego, CA, Jan, 10-14, 1994.

1-22
O

"Superconducting Heterodyne Planar Array Mixer Using a DielectricFilled Parabola: Status and Measured Performance,"

P. A. Stimson, R. J. Dengler, H. G. LeDuc, and P. H. Siegel,

Multifeed Systems for Radio Telescopes, Tucson, AZ, May 16-17, 1994.

"Modulation Collimater Fine Grids for High Energy Solar Physics

Satellite (HESP),"

M. Hecht, J. Ling, P. H. Siegel, T. Kenny, and F. Grunthaner,

Small Instrument Concepts for Heliospheric Physics, California Institute

of Technology, Pasadena, CA, March 29-31, 1993.

"A Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N+(bbBNN) Diode Tripler at 200 GHz,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P. Smith, and M. A. Frerking,

Fourth International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology,

UCLA, March 30-April 1, 1993.

"Microwave Limb Sounding of Earth from Space: Results from Upper

Atmosphere Research Satellite and Plans for Earth-Observing System,"

J. W. Waters, F. T. Barath, R. E. Cofield, L. S. Elson, D. A. Flower,

L. Froidevaux, R. F. Jarnot, G. K. Lau, H. M. Pickett, W. G. Read, P.

H. Siegel, W. J. Wilson, G. E. Peckham, R. A. Suttie, R. S. Harwood,

B. J. Kerridge, B. J. Maddison, and R. N. Matheson,

American Geophysical Union meeting, December 1993.

"Fabrication and Characterization of Planar-Integrated Schottky Devices

for Very-High-Frequency Applications,"

I. Mehdi and P. H. Siegel,

Fourteenth Cornell University Conference on Solid-State Devices,

Ithaca, NY, August 1993.

"The Fabrication of Planar Doped Barrier Subharmonic Mixer Diodes,"

T. H. Lee, J. R. East, C. Y. Chi, R. J. Dengler, I. Mehdi, P. H. Siegel,

and G. Haddad,

Fourth International Symposium on Space THz Tech., March 30-April 1,

1993.

Invited Presentations

"Heterodyne Radiometer Development for the Earth-Observing System

Microwave Limb Sounder,"

P.H. Siegel, I. Mehdi, R. Dengler, J. Oswald, A. Pease, T. Crowe, W.

Bishop, R. Mattauch, S. Weinreb, J. East, and T. Lee,

SPIE Conference on Infrared and Millimeter-Wave Engineering, no.

1874, San Diego, CA, January 10-14, 1994.

1-23
[] Patent and New Technology Reports

"Composite GaAs-on-Quartz Substrate for Integration of MillimeterWave Passive and Active Device Circuitry,"

P. H. Siegel, I. Mehdi, and B. Wilson,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18809, 1993 (Patent Pending for JPL C18809).

"A Fabrication Scheme for Obtaining GaAs Millimeter-Wave Planar

Schottky Diodes Integrated with Mixer Circuitry on Quartz Substrates,"

I. Mehdi, H. Mazed, P. H. Siegel, and R. P. Smith,

JPL New Technology Report, NPO-19304, September 1993.

"A Simple Technique for Forming Antireflection Layers on Thick

Cryogenic Windows at Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths,"

P. H. Siegel,

JPL New Technology Report, Dec 12, 1993 (submitted).

"A New Submillimeter-Wave Open-Structure Mixer Design for the

Detection of OH,"

P. H. Siegel,

JPL New Technology Report, NPO 19256/8856, July 1993.

"A Novel Split-Waveguide Mount Design for Millimeter- and

Submillimeter-Wave Frequency Multipliers and Harmonic Mixers,"

A. V. Raisanen, D. Choudhury, R. J. Dengler, J. E. Oswald, and

P. H. Siegel,

JPL New Technology Report, NPO-19248/8839, June 1993.

"A 200-GHz Tripler Using Single Barrier Varactor,"

D. Choudhury, M. A. Frerking, and P. D. Batelaan,

NASA Tech. Briefs, NPO- 18962, July 9, 1993.

"A New Fabrication Technique for Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N + Varactor

Diodes,"

R. P. Smith, D. Choudhury, S. C. Martin, and M. A. Frerking,

NASA Tech. Briefs, NPO- 18800, 1993.

"Characterization and Analysis of Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N+(bbBNN)

Varactor Devices for Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Frequency

Multipliers,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P. Smith, M. A. Frerking, and

S. C. Martin,

NASA Tech. Briefs, NPO-19232, June 1, 1993 (submitted).

1-24
Semiconducting Materials: Growth and Characterization

[] Publications

"Properties of Light-Emitting Porous Si and Sil-xGex Alloys Produced

by Stain Etching,"

R. W. Fathauer,

Porous Silicon, Z. C. Feng and R. Tsu, editors, World Scientific

Publishing, 1994.

"Visible Photoluminescence of Porous Sil-xGex Obtained by Stain

Etching,"

A. Ksendzov, R. W. Fathauer, T. George, W. T. Pike, R. P. Vasquez,

and A. P. Taylor,

Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 63, pp. 200-202, July 1993.

"Microstructure and Light-Emission in Stain-Etched Sil-xGex Alloys,"

W. T. Pike, A. Ksendzov, R. W. Fathauer, and T. George,

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 11, pp. 1401-1406, July/August, 1993.

"Novel Si-based Superlattices Consisting of Alternating Layers of

Crystalline Si and Porous Amorphous Sil-xGex Alloys,"

R. W. Fathauer, T. George, E. W. Jones, W. T. Pike, A. Ksendzov, and

R. P. Vasquez,

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 11, pp. 1518-1520, July/August, 1993.

D Presentations

"Novel Si-based Superlattices Consisting of Alternating Layers of

Crystalline Si and Porous Amorphous Sil-xGex Alloys,"

R. W. Fathauer,

Twentieth Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Semiconductor

Interfaces, Williamsburg, VA, January 26-28, 1993.

"Microstructure and Light-Emission in Stain-Etched Sil-xGex Alloys,"

T. George,

Twentieth Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Semiconductor

Interfaces, Williamsburg, VA, January 26-28, 1993.

"Visible Photoluminescence of Porous SiGe Obtained by Stain Etching,"

A. Ksendzov,

American Physical Society, Seattle, WA, March 22-26, 1993.

1-25
"Chemical Profiling of Light-Emitting Porous Si and SiGe Using

Transmission Electron Microscopy,"

W. T. Pike,

American Physical Society, Seattle, WA, March 22-26, 1993.

"Microstructural Variations in Light-Emitting Porous Si and SiGe

Alloys,"

T. George,

Materials Research Society, San Francisco, CA, April 12-16, 1993.

"Surface Morphology of SiGe on Si (100) and the Production of

Quantum-Sized Features,"

W. T. Pike,

Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, November 29-December 3,

1993.

"Application of Novel Epitaxy Techniques to the Growth of CrSi2,"

R. W. Fathauer,

Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, November 29-December 3,

1993.

"Mechanism of Selective Porosification at Heterojunctions in Group IV

Multilayer Structures,"

T. George,

184th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, New Orleans, LA,

October 10-15, 1993.

"Measurement of Lattice Parameter at the Nanometer Scale Using

Convergent Beam Microdiffraction From a Thermal Emission Source,"

W. T. Pike,

Microscopy Society of America, Cinncinnati, OH, August 1993.

"Atomic Layer Chemical Vapor Deposition of Single Layers, Quantum

Wells and (A1N-GaN) Short Period Superlattices,"

M. A. Khan, J. N. Kuznia, D. T. Olsen, J. Choyke, and T. George,

International Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials,

Washington DC, 1993.

[] Invited Presentations

"Properties of Light-Emitting Porous Si and Sil-xGex Alloys Produced

by Stain Etching,"

R. W. Fathauer and W. T. Pike,

Seminar at Spire Corporation, Bedford, MA, December 3, 1993.

1-26
13 Patent and New Technology Reports

"Polarized Cathodoluminescence Study of Uniaxial and Biaxial Stress in

GaAs/Si,"

D. H. Rich, A. Ksendzov, R. W. Terhune, F. Grunthaner, and B. A.

Wilson,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18353, April 1993.

"Selective Formation of Porous Silicon,"

R. Fathauer and E. Jones,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18735, 1993 (patent application prepared).

"Buried Porous Silicon-Germanium Layers in Monocrystalline Silicon

and Method of Producing,"

R. Fathauer and T. George,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO- 18836, 1993 (patent application prepared).

"Subsurface Growth of Silicide Structures in Silicon,"

R. W. Fathauer, T. George, W. T. Pike, and L. J. Schowalter,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18624, 1993.

1-27
Electronic Device Technology

CI Publications

"Development of an Interdigitated Pixel PIN Detector for Energetic

Particle Spectroscopy in Space,"

W. R. Cook, A. C. Cummings, R. A. Mewaldt, J. J. Rosenberg,

T. J. Cunningham, M. Mazed, M. J. Holtzman, and E. R. Fossum,

Remote Sensing Reviews, vol. 8, pp. 245-253, 1993.

"InGaAs Detectors for Miniature Infrared Instruments,"

T. N. Krabach, C. Staller, S. Dejewski, T. Cunningham, M. Herring

and E. R. Fossum,

Proceedings: SPIE Infrared and Millimeter Wave Engineering, vol.

1874, pp. 214-223, 1993.

"Active Pixel Sensors--Are Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)

Dinosaurs?"

E. R. Fossum,

Proceedings: SPIE CCDs and Optical Sensors III, vol. 1900, pp. 2-14,

1993.

"Design of a Low-Light-Level Image Sensor With an On-Chip SigmaDelta Analog-To-Digital Conversion,"

S. Mendis, B. Pain, R. Nixon, and E. R. Fossum,

Proceedings: SPIE CCDs and Optical Sensors III, vol. 1900, pp. 31-39,

1993.

"Noise and Electrical Characteristics Below 10 K of Small

Complementary Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (CHFET)

Circuits and Discrete Devices,"

T. J. Cunningham, R. Gee, E. R. Fossum, and S. Baier,

Proc. Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation, SPIE, vol. 1946,

pp. 384-394, 1993.

"Optical Links for Cryogenic Focal-Plane Array Readout,"

D. T. H. Liu, S. Forouhar, A. R. Johnston, J. Maserjian, and

E. R. Fossum,

Proceedings: SPIE Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation, vol. 1946,

pp. 375-383, 1993.

"Optical Links for Cryogenic Focal-Plane Arrays,"

A. R. Johnston, D. T. H. Liu, S. Forouhar, G. F. Lutes, J. Maserjian,

and E. R. Fossum,

JPL Report, D-10676, April 1993.

1-28
"Low-Power Analog Circuits for On-Focal-Plane Processing of

Infrared Sensors,"

B. Pain, S. K. Mendis, R. C. Schober, R. H. Nixon, and E. R. Fossum,

Proceedings: SPIE Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation, vol. 1946,

pp. 365-374, 1993

"Cosmic Ray Detector With Interdigitated-Finger Pixels for TwoDimensional Position Information From a Single Wafer Side,"

T. J. Cunningham, M. A. Mazed, E. R. Fossum, W. R. Cook,

A. C. Cummings, and R. A. Mewaldt,

Proceedings SPIE Astroparticle Physics and Novel Gamma Ray

Telescopes, vol. 1948, pp. 15-23, 1993.

"Low Light Level Active Pixel Sensor with On-Chip Signal

Processing,"

S. Mendis, B. Pain, R. H. Nixon, and E. R. Fossum,

Proceedings: SPIE Surveillance Technologies and Imaging Components,

vol. 1952, pp. 23-33, 1993.

"Application of the Active Pixel Sensor Concept to Guidance and

Navigation,"

E. R. Fossum, R. K. Bartman, and A. Eisenman,

Proceedings: SPIE Space Guidance, Control, and Tracking, vol. 1949,

pp. 256-265, 1993.

"Infrared Readout Electronics Capture Focal-Plane-Array Signals,"

E. R. Fossum,

Laser Focus World, pp. 22-23, April 1993.

"Noise and Electrical Characterization of Complementary Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (CHFETs),"

T. J. Cunningham, R. C. Gee, E. R. Fossum, and S. M. Baier,

Proceedings: 183rd Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Symposium

on Low-Temperature Electronics and High-Temperature

Superconductivity,

vol. 93-22, pp. 249-260, Honolulu, HI, May 16-21, 1993.

"Active Pixel Sensors Challenge Charge-Coupled Devices,"

E. R. Fossum,

Laser Focus World, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 83-87, June 1993.

"Active Pixel Sensors vs. Charge-Coupled Devices,"

E. R. Fossum,

Proceedings: 1993 IEEE Workshop on Charge-Coupled Devices and

Advanced Image Sensors, Waterloo, Canada, June 9-12,1993.

1-29
"Infrared Readout Electronics for Space Science Sensors: State of the

Art and Future Directions,"

E. R. Fossum and B. Pain,

Proceedings: SPIE Infrared Technology XIX, vol. 2020, pp. 262-285,

1993.

"Detectors and Front End Electronics for Remote Sensing,"

E. R. Fossum,

Proceedings: JPL Workshop on Technologies and Techniques for Small

Affordable Scientific Instruments, Pasadena, CA, March 8-9 1993.

"An Interdigitated Pixel PIN Detector for Energetic Particle

Spectroscopy in Space,"

R. A. Mewaldt, W. R. Cook, A. C. Cummings, T. J. Cunningham, M.

Mazed, and E. R. Fossum,

Proceedings: JPL Workshop on Technologies and Techniques for Small

Affordable Scientific Instruments, Pasadena, CA, March 8--9, 1993.

"Smarter Infrared Focal Plane Array Readout Electronics: Activities at

JPL,"

E. R. Fossum, B. Pain, S. Mendis, S. Kemeny, R. Nixon, and R. Schober,

Proceedings: Department of Defense Smart Infrared Focal Plane Array

Workshop, U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate,

Ft. Belvoir, VA, July 28, 1993.

"A 128 x 128 CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensor for Highly Integrated

Imaging Systems,"

S. Mendis, S. Kemeny, and E. R. Fossum,

International Electron Devices Meeting Technical Digest, pp. 583-586,

Washington, D.C., December 5-8 1993

"Current Switching and Modulation Based on Electron Interference in

Electron Waveguides: A Zero Gap Electron Wave Coupler,"

M. Thomas, N. Dagli, J. Waldman, A. Gossard, E. Yuh, E. Gwinn, R.

Muller, and P. Maker,

Trans. of Electron Devices, vol. 39, no. 6, p. 2643, November 1992.

"A1As/GaAs Schottky Collector-Resonant Tunnel Diodes,"

Y. Konishi, S. T. Allen, M. Reddy, M. J. W. Rodwell, R. P. Smith, and

J. Liu,

Solid-State Electronics, vol. 36, no. 12, p. 1673-1676, December 1993.

1-30
"Experimental Performance of a Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N+ (bbBNN)

Varactor Tripler at 200 GHz,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P. Smith, M. A. Frerking, S. C.

Martin, and J. K. Liu,

IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 42, no. 4, p.

755, April 1994.

"A Study of the Effect of the Cmax/Cmin Ratio on the Performance of

Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N+ (bbBNN) Varactor Frequency

Multipliers,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P. Smith, and M. A. Frerking,

Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, 1993 (accepted for publication).

"0.1-mm Schottky-Collector A1As/GaAs-Resonant Tunnel Diodes,"

R. P. Smith, S. T. Allen, M. Reddy, S. C. Martin, J. Liu, R. E. Muller

and M. J. W. Rodwell,

Electron Device Letters, December 1993 (submitted).

Q Presentations

"Noise and Electrical Characterization of Complementary Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (CHFET),"

T. J. Cunningham, R. C. Gee, E. R. Fossum, and S. M. Baier,

183rd Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Symposium on LowTemperature Electronics and High-Temperature Superconductivity,

Honolulu, HI, May 16-21, 1993.

"Active Pixel Sensors vs. Charge-Coupled Devices,"

E. R. Fossum,

1993 IEEE Workshop on Charge-Coupled Devices and Advanced Image

Sensors, Waterloo, Canada, June 9-12, 1993.

"Detectors and Front-End Electronics for Remote Sensing,"

E. R. Fossum,

JPL Workshop on Technologies and Techniques for Small Affordable

Scientific Instruments, Pasadena, CA, March 8-9, 1993.

"An Interdigitated Pixel PIN Detector for Energetic Particle Spectroscopy in Space,"

R. A. Mewaldt, W. R. Cook, A. C. Cummings, T. J. Cunningham, M.

Mazed, and E. R. Fossum,

JPL Workshop on Technologies and Techniques for Small Affordable

Scientific Instruments, Pasadena, CA, March 8-9, 1993.

1-31
"Smarter Infrared Focal Plane Array Readout Electronics: Activities at

JPL,"

E. R. Fossum, B. Pain, S. Mendis, S. Kemeny, R. Nixon, and R. Schober,

Department of Defense Smart Infrared Focal Plane Array Workshop,

U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, Ft. Belvoir,

VA, July 28, 1993.

"A 128 x 128 CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensor for Highly Integrated

Imaging Systems,"

S. Mendis, S. Kemeny, and E. R. Fossum,

International Electron Devices Meeting Technical Digest,

Washington D.C., December 5-8, 1993.

"Submicron Schottky-Collector A1As/GaAs-Resonant Tunnel Diodes,"

S. T. Allen, M. Reddy, M. J. W. Rodwell, R. P. Smith, S. C. Martin, J.

Liu, R. E. Muller,

Proceedings of the International Electron Device Meeting, Washington,

D.C., December 5-8, 1993.

"A Back-to-Back Barrier-N-N+ (bbBNN) Diode Tripler at 200 GHz,"

D. Choudhury, A. V. Raisanen, R. P. Smith, and M. A. Frerking,

Fourth International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology,

Los Angeles, CA, March 30-April 1, 1993.

O Patent and New Technology Reports

"Image Sensor with On-Chip Parallel Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital

Converter Circuits,"

E. R. Fossum, S. K. Mendis, B. Pain, and R. H. Nixon,

JPL New Technology Report, NPO-19117/8706, 1993.

"CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensor,"

E. R. Fossum and S. K. Mendis,

JPL New Technology Report, NPO-19246/8838, 1993.

"Cosmic Ray Detector with Interdigitated Fingers and Method of

Fabrication,"

T. J. Cunningham, M. Mazed, M. Holtzman, and E. R. Fossum,

JPL New Technology Report, NPO-19231/8819,1993.

1-32
Microinstrument Technology

Q Publications

"Micromachined Bessel Box Array,"

R. E. Stalder, T. R. Van Zandt, T. W. Kenny, M. H. Hecht, and

F. E. Grunthaner,

Proceedings: NASA Code SS Heliospheric Small Instruments Workshop,

Doubletree Hotel, Pasadena, CA, March 29-31, 1993.

"Micromachined Array of Electrostatic Energy Analyzers for Charged

Particles,"

R. E. Stalder, T. R. VanZandt, T. W. Kenny, M. H. Hecht, and

F. E. Grunthaner,

J. Vac. Sci. and Technol., 1993.

Presentations

"JPL Microdevices Laboratory: Capabilities and Access,"

B. A. Wilson and J. L. Lamb,

Workshop to Explore Small Instrument Concepts, Pasadena, CA,

March 15, 1993.

"Microinstruments for a Low-Power, Low-Mass Weather Station,"

M. E. Hoenk, T. R. VanZandt, W. J. Kaiser, D. Crisp, and J. Tillman,

American Vacuum Society--40th National Symposium, Orlando, FL,

November 15, 1993.

"Micromachined Bessel Box Array,"

R. E. Stalder, T. R. Van Zandt, T. W. Kenny, M. H. Hecht, and

F. E. Grunthaner,

NASA Code SS: Heliospheric Small Instruments Workshop, Doubletree

Hotel, Pasadena, CA, March 29-31, 1993.

"Array of Energy Filters for Charged Particles Micromachined in 110

Silicon,"

R. E. Stalder, T. R. VanZandt, T. W. Kenny, M. H. Hecht, and

F. E. Grunthaner,

American Vacuum Society, National Symposium, Orlando, FL,

November 15-19, 1993.

1-33
Q Invited Presentations

"Micrometeorological Instruments for In-Situ Measurements of the

Martian Planetary Boundary Layer,"

W. J. Kaiser,

Workshop on Advanced Technologies for Planetary Instruments,

April 28-30, 1993.

"New Sensor Technology for In Situ Planetary Science,"

M. E. Hoenk,

American Vacuum Society Workshop: Micromachining Technology

and Applications, Pasadena, CA, July 27, 1993.

vI Patent and New Technology Reports

"Methods and Apparatus for Improving Sensor Performance,"

W. J. Kaiser, T. W. Kenny, K. J. Reynolds, T. Van Zandt, and

S. B. Waltman,

NPO-18427, Patent No. 5,211,051, issued May 18, 1993.

"High-Performance Miniature Hygrometer and Method Thereof,"

T. R. Van Zandt, W. J. Kaiser, and T. W. Kenny,

NPO-19028, S/N 046,760 filed (patent pending).

"Low-Mass Accelerometer Employing an Ultra-High-Frequency

Capacitive Position Sensor,"

T. R. Van Zandt, W. J. Kaiser, and T. W. Kenny,

NPO-18675, S/N 878,659 filed (patent pending).

1-34
Adaptive Optics

[] Publication

"Fabrication and Characterization of a Micromachined Deformable

Mirror for Adaptive Optics Applications,"

L. M. Miller, M. A. Agronin, R. K. Bartman, W. J. Kaiser,

T. W. Kenny, R. L. Norton, and E. C. Vote,

SPIE, vol. 1945, pp. 421-430, Orlando, FL, April 1993.

[] Presentation

"A Micromachined Deformable Mirror for Adaptive Optics

Applications,"

L. M. Miller, R. K. Bartman, W. J. Kaiser, T. W. Kenny, E. C. Vote,

and P. K. C. Wang,

American Vacuum Society, Orlando, FL, Nov 1993.

[] Invited Presentation

"Adaptive Micro-Optics,"

L. M. Miller, E. C. Vote, T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, M. A. Agronin, R.

K. B artman, and N. M. Wolff,

American Vacuum Society Workshop, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

Pasadena, CA, July 1993.

[] Patent and New Technoloqy Report

"Micromachined Closed Loop Electrostatically Actuated Reflector

(_tCLEAR),"

R. K. Bartman, P. K. C. Wang, L. Miller, T. W. Kenny, W. J. Kaiser, F.

Y. Hadaegh, and M. L. Agronin,

New Technology Report, Item No. 8740, Docket No. 19154, (submitted).

1-35
Semiconductor Etching Technology

Q Presentations

"Hyperthermal Atom Beam Etching: F + Si,"

T.K. Minton, K.P. Giapis, and T.A. Moore,

Second SEMATECH Workshop on Neutral Beam Etching, Orlando, FL,

November 1993.

"Interaction of Hyperthermal Fluorine Atoms with a Silicon Surface,"

K. P. Giapis, T.A. Moore, and T.K. Minton,

40th National Symposium of the American Vacuum Society, Orlando,

FL, November 1993

Q Patents and New Technology Report

"Semiconductor Etching by Hyperthermal Neutral Beams,"

T.K. Minton and K.P. Giapis,

New Technology Report, NPO-19203, (applied for patent in March 1994).

1-36
II. Photonics

OVERVIEW

This section concentrates on optoelectronic materials and devices. Optical

processing is included in the section on Advanced Computing. Optoelectronic

devices that generate, detect, modulate, or switch electromagnetic radiation

are being developed for a variety of space applications. The program includes

spatial light modulators, solid-state lasers, optoelectronic integrated circuits,

nonlinear optical materials and devices, fiber optics, and optical networking

photovoltaic technology and optical processing.

1993 MAJOR TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS

_1 Lasers

Demonstrated the first continuous operation of InGaAs/InP lasers

at wavelengths up to 2.07 lam. These lasers are essential for

injection seeding of Tm:YAG solid-state lasers for eye-safe light

detection and ranging (LIDAR) and spectroscopy applications.

Developed very efficient, high-power InP-based semiconductor

lasers at 1.43 _tm to perform in-situ gas phase monitoring of CO2.

The eventual goal is the development of a laser spectrometer

offering significantly reduced mass, size, and power requirements.

Developed an electrically tunable single-mode laser with hundreds

of gigahertz of continuous tunability. The potential of an integrated pair of tunable lasers being used to generate microwave and

submillimeter signals is being investigated.

Patterned gratings with fine pitch control allowing arbitrary

lasing wavelength, for DFB lasers.

[_ Optoelectronic Materials and Characterization

Developed rapid specimen preparation techniques for the

observation of epitaxial diamond- and nitride-based optoelectronic

materials.

Demonstrated a novel laser-ablation technique for the thinning of

natural diamond substrates. Bulk diamond specimens were

characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using

this technique.

2-1
Characterized heteroepitaxial diamond films grown on Si.

Detected the presence of an interfacial SiC layer between the

diamond and the Si substrate.

Examined and published the first TEM characterization results

from short period superlattices of GaN/A1N grown by switched

atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) on sapphire substrates.

Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

Designed, fabricated, and installed a state-of-the-art low

damage chemical-assisted ion-etching (CAIBE) system at the JPL

Microdevices Laboratory. This system will be used for fabrication

of submi.crometer optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEIC)

structures.

Accomplished growth of high-quality InGaAsP epitaxial layers

by the newly installed state-of-the-art metallorganic chemical

vapor-deposition (MOCVD) reactor. The new growth capability

enables the fabrication of semiconductor lasers and optoelectronic

components.

Infrared Detectors

Demonstrated the first stacked SiGe/Si heterojunction internal

photoemission (HIP) infrared detector with a factor of 4 performance improvement compared to the single-layer HIP detector,

suitable for large focal plane array applications in the 3 to 20-_tm

spectrum.

Developed a detector model for the SiGe/Si HIP infrared detector, providing a figure-of-merit for further detector optimization.

Demonstrated 3-times quantum-efficiency improvement at 4 _tm

compared to the conventional PtSi detector by extending the cutoff

wavelength to 6.5 _tm utilizing the doping-spike PtSi infrared

detector operating at 70 K.

Fabricated and delivered 32 long-wavelength infrared detector

arrays (256 x 256) for bonding to the readout multiplexes.

2-2
Demonstrated a novel normal-incidence optical-coupling

technique based on scattering from a random reflector

monolithically etched into the top of a quantum well infrared

photodetector (QWIP). Achieved nearly an order of magnitude

improvement in optical absorption, responsivity, and detectivity as

compared to a one-dimensional grating or 45-degree angle of

incidence coupling.

Demonstrated a bound-to-continuum state GaAs/AlxGal_xAs

infrared hot electron transistor with peak response at 1p = 16.3 _m.

This device uses a bound-to-continuum QWIP as a photosensitive

emitter and a wide AlxGal_xAs barrier between the base and the

collector as an energy discriminating filter. An excellent photocurrent transfer ratio of ap = 0.12 and very low dark current

transfer ratio of a4 = 7.2 x 10 -5 are achieved at a temperature of T

-60K.

Dramatically reduced the dark current by many orders of

magnitude and thereby significantly increased detectivity by

increasing the quantum well barrier width, incorporating spacer

layers between the contacts and the multiquantum well region, and

optimizing the materials growth parameters. For In0.2Ga0.8As

/GaAs quantum well infrared photodetectors having a cutoff

wavelength lc = 18.3 _tm, we have achieved D* = 1.8 x 1010

cm_Hz/W at temperature T = 40 K.

D Nonlinear Optics and Optical Processing

Developed nonlinear optical chromophores that resulted in

guest/host electro-optic polymer with Ir331 = 52 pm]V at 820 nm,

i.e., twice that of LiNbO3. These polymer systems give a nonresonant r33 - 5 pm/V at the important telecommunication wavelength of 1300 nm. While these results were obtained with 2 mole

percent dye, an order of magnitude increase is feasible by covalent

attachment, suggesting that values at 1300 nm of 50 pm/V could be

realized. These materials have great potential for low-cost optical

switching and modulation components.

2-3
Designed and synthesized NLO chromophores with high

thermal stability and large nonlinearity, based on reduced

aromaticity bridges and novel acceptors developed at JPL. The

best chromophore to date has mb > 8000 × 10--481ESU and exhibits

<10-percent decomposition at 230 C, making it a promising

candidate for thermally stable electro-optic polymers.

Collaboration being developed with Enichem America to transfer

and develop technology for commercial device applications.

Determined the electro-optic coefficient of the JPL-developed

organic salt electro-optic crystal DAST to be 100 pm/V at

1064 nm. This material has one of the highest electro-optic figures

of merit known.

Developed process for top seeded solution growth of DAST

crystals. Obtained specimens of 1-cm dimension, which are

suitable for device fabrication.

Demonstrated a high-contrast (>100:1) optical switch at 633 nm

using the JPL organic crystal, DAST. (Demonstration was in

collaboration with GE, and now with spin-off company, MOEC.)

Implemented strategy of optimization of third-order nonlinearity

to develop molecules with a nonlinearity twice that of b-carotene.

Performed experimental studies that demonstrate that the

dependencies of the second- and third-order molecular nonlinear

polarizabilities on the degree of polarization of the molecule are

related, with the third-order dependence being proportional to the

derivative of the second-order response.

Developed a unified theoretical picture for linear and nonlinear

polarization that relates geometric and electronic structure to the

dipole moment and polarizabilities of conjugated organic

molecules.

Synthesized soluble variants of highly nonlinear-absorptive

heavy-atom containing phthalocyanines (e.g., indium) for

incorporation at high concentration in host materials for solid-state

optical limiter device development.

Demonstrated multiple plate limiter design using JPL-developed

phthalocyanine nonlinear absorptive optical limiter materials

leading to nonlinear attenuation of nanosecond-visible laser pulses

by a factor of 200 with a device that transmits 65-percent at

ambient light levels.

2-4
_1 Space Environmental Effects on Materials

Demonstrated ground-based broadband proton radiation source

for simulation of the natural space environment.

Predicted preflight outcome of STRV-1 flight radiation

experiments based on ground-based data.

Published Preliminary Protocol for Atomic Oxygen Testing of

Materials.

Published Cleanliness Diagnostic Techniques for Optical Surfaces

Report.

Published Effects Data for Molecular Contamination on

Cryogenic IR Sensor Surfaces Report.

Organized short-duration space flight experiment opportunities

for exposure of select materials to AO fluences (1020 atoms/cm2).

Coordinated and managed integration of flight experiment into

host spacecraft.

Demonstrated and validated space flight operation of a miniature

active atomic oxygen fluence-measuring instrument.

Assessed current knowledge of micrometeorites and debris

(MM&D) in mid-Earth altitudes.

Assessed types of impact damage and the probabilities of

spacecraft instrument survival.

Identified and characterized flight-ready MM&D sensors that can

be "piggy-backed" on spacecraft.

_1 Photonics Systems

Developed a prototype remote-sensing polarimetric hyperspectral

imaging system. It uses an acousto-optic tunable filter of TeO2 as

the fast programmable wavelength sorter and polarizer.

Preliminary field tests have illustrated capabilities of the

technology to characterize natural and manmade objects in remote

environments.

2-5
[_ Remote-Sensing Technology

Developed an acousto-optic tunable filter, polarimetric

hyperspectral imaging prototype system.

Successfully performed several field tests of the system,

including one at Ft. Huachuca, Arizona.

Developed algorithms to process and analyze polarimetric

hyperspectral images.

Illustrated technology capability to measure signatures of natural

and manmade objects in different environments.

Observed evidence that the technology is able to detect

camouflaged objects in clutters.

Demonstrated a novel thin-film far-infrared filter based on a

Fabry-Perot structure with mirrors consisting of electron-beamlithography-patterned metallic layers.

0 Binary Optics

Fabricated a 64-phase-level diffraction-limited Fresnel lens

having an 89-percent efficiency by direct-write, variable-dose

e-beam exposure of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).

Fabricated computer-generated phase holograms demonstrating

better than +)J30 phase precision, leading to high-performance

optical fan-out and interconnect devices.

2-6
TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORTS

Spatial Light Modulators

Q Publication

"Object-Oriented Classification for Software Reuse: Knowledge-Based

Overview,"

B. Beckman and M. K. Summers,

IEEE Software, August 1993, (submitted for publication).

(3 Presentation

"Project Management: A Multimedia Perspective,"

S. Shen,

Ninth International Conference on Data Engineering, September 1992.

2-7
Lasers

rq Publication

"Low-Threshold Continuous Operation of InGaAs/InGaAsP Quantum Well

Lasers at 2 _m,"

S. Forouhar, S. Keo, A. Larsson, A. Ksendzov, and H. Temkin,

Electron Lett., vol. 29, no.7, pp. 574-576, 1993.

CI Invited Presentation

"Tunable Diode Laser Development and their Applications,"

S. Forouhar,

Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,

CA, October 14, 1993.

2-8
Optoelectronic Materials and Characterization

CI Publications

"Below Band-Gap Laser Ablation of Diamond for Transmission Electron

Microscopy,"

T. George, M. C. Foote, R. P. Vasquez, E. P. Fortier, and J. B. Posthill,

Applied Physics Letters, vol. 62, p. 2880, 1993.

"GaN/A1N Digital Alloy Short Period Superlattices by Switched Atomic

Layer Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition,"

M. A. Khan, J. N. Kuznia, D. T. Olsen, T. George, and W. T. Pike,

Applied Physics Letters, 1993 (accepted for publication).

C] Presentations

"Growth of A1GaN Single Crystal Layers Using Switched Atomic Layer

Epitaxy,"

M. A. Khan, J. N. Kuznia, P. Grodzinski, D. T. Olsen, and T. George,

American Physical Society Meeting, Seattle, WA, March 1993.

"Epitaxial Growth of AlxGal-xN-Based Alloys and Superlattices on

Sapphire Substrates,"

T. George, W. T. Pike, K. Papadakis, M. A. Khan, J. Kuznia, and

D. T. Olsen,

Gordon Conference on Epitaxial Thin Films, New London, NH, July

1993.

CI Patents and New Technology Reports

"Method for Determining Characteristics of P-N Junction Semiconductor

Structures,"

J. Singletery, Jr.,

U.S. Patent No. 5,200,693, April 1993.

"Below Band-Gap Laser Ablation of Diamond for Transmission Electron

Microscopy,"

T. George, M. C. Foote, R. P. Vasquez, E. P. Fortier, and J. B. Posthill,

NASA Tech Briefs, 1993 (accepted for publication).

2-9
Optoelectronic Integrated

Publication

Circuits

"Optical Links for Cryogenic Focal-Plane Array Readout,"

A. R. Johnson, D. T. H. Liu, S. Forouhar, G. F. Lutes, J. Maserjian,

and E. R. Fossum,

Optical Engineering Journal, vol. 33, no. 67, p. 2013, June 1994.

2-10
Infrared Detectors

Q Publications

"Future Infrared Detector Needs for Space Astronomy,"

C. R. McCreight and B. A. Wilson,

Proceedings SPIE Symposium, San Diego, CA, July 12-14, 1993.

"Infrared Photodetectors with Tailorable Response Due to Resonant

Plasmon Absorption in Epitaxial Silicide Particles Embedded in Silicon,"

R. W. Fathauer, S. M. Dejewski, T. George, E. W. Jones, T. N. Krabach,

and A. Ksenzov,

Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 62, pp. 1774-1776, April 1993.

"Long-Wavelength PtSi Infrared Detectors Fabricated by Incorporating

a p+ Doping Spike Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy,"

T. L. Lin, J. S. Park, T. George, E. W. Jones, R. W. Fathauer, and

J. Maserjian,

Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 62, p. 3318, 1993.

"Proton Radiation Effects on Strained Sil-xGex/Si Heterostructures,"

J. S. Park, T. L. Lin, E. W. Jones, S. D. Gunapala, and G. A. Soli,

Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 63, 1993.

"Long-Wavelength Infrared Doping-Spike PtSi Detectors Fabricated by

Molecular Beam Epitaxy,"

T. L. Lin, J. S. Park, S. D. Gunapala, E. W. Jones, and H. M. del Castillo,

Proceedings of the 1993 SPIE Symposium, San Diego, CA, July 12-14,

1993.

"Long-Wavelength Stacked SiGe/Si Heterojunction Internal Photoemission Infrared Detectors,"

J. S. Park, T. L. Lin, E. W. Jones, H. M. del Castillo, T. George, and

S. D. Gunapala,

Proceedings of the 1993 SPIE Symposium, San Diego, CA, July 12-14,

1993.

"Very-Long-Wavelength Intersubband Infrared Hot Electron

Transistor,"

S. D. Gunapala, J. K. Liu, T. L. Lin, and Jin S. Park,

JJAP Special Issue on Solid-State Devices and Materials, vol. 33, Part 1,

no. 1B, 1994.

2-11
"Very Long Wavelength InxGal-xAs/GaAs Quantum Well Infrared

Photodetectors,"

S. D. Gunapala, K. M. S. V. Bandara, B. F. Levine, G. Sarusi,

D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho,

Applied Physics Letters, 1994 (accepted for publication).

"High-Performance InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Well Infrared

Photodetectors,"

S. D. Gunapala, K. M. S. V. Bandara, B. F. Levine, J. S. Park,

T. L. Lin, W. T. Pike, and J. K. Liu,

Appl. Phys. Lett., 1994, (accepted for publication)

"Very Long-Wavelength GaAs/AlxGal_xAs Infrared Hot Electron

Transistor,"

S. D. Gunapala, J. S. Park, T. L. Lin, J. K. Liu, and

K. M. S. V. Bandara,

J. Appl. Phys., 1994 (accepted for publication).

"Photoexcited Escape Probability, Optical Gain, and Noise in Quantum

Well Infrared Photodetectors,"

B. F. Levine, A. Zussman, S. D. Gunapala, M. T. Asom, J. M. Kuo, and

W. S. Hobson

J. Appl. Phys., vol. 72, p. 4429, 1992.

"16-1am Infrared Hot Electron Transistor,"

S. D. Gunapala, J. K. Liu, J. S. Park, and T. L. Lin,

Quantum Well Intersubband Transition Physics and Devices

ASI series book), 1993 (accepted for publication).

(NATO

"Optimization of Two-Dimensional Gratings for Very Long

Wavelength ( 1 - 16-17 _tm) Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors,"

G. Sarusi, B. F. Levine, S. J. Pearton, K. M. S. V. Bandara, and

R. E. Leibenguth,

Appl. Phys. Lett., 1994 (accepted for publication).

"Improved Performance of Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors

Using Random Grating Optical Coupling,"

G. Sarusi, B. F. Levine, S. J. Pearton, K. M. S. V. Bandara, and

R. E. Leibenguth,

Appl. Phys. Lett., 1994 (accepted for publication).

"Random Scattering Optical Coupler for Quantum Well Infrared

Photodetectors,"

B. F. Levine, G. Sarusi, K. M. S. V. Bandara, and R. E. Leibenguth,

Quantum Well Intersubband Transition Physics and Devices (NATO

ASI series book), 1994 (accepted for publication).

2-12
"Physics of Single Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors,"

K. M. S. V. Bandara, B. F. Levine, G. Sarusi, and R. E. Leibenguth,

Quantum Well lntersubband Transition Physics and Devices (NATO

ASI series book), 1994 (accepted for publication).

"Performance Assessment of Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors,"

K. K. Choi, C. Y. Lee, M. Z. Tidrow, W. H. Chang, and

S. D. Gunapala,

Appl. Phys. Lett., 1994 (accepted for publication).

"20-Mm Cutoff Long-Wavelength InxGal-xAs/GaAs Quantum-Well

Infrared Photodetectors,"

S. D. Gunapala, K. M. S. V. Bandara, B. F. Levine, D. L. Sivco,

A. Y. Cho, J. S. Park, T. L. Lin, J. K. Liu, and W. T. Pike,

Proceedings: First International Symposium on Long Wavelength

Infrared Detectors and Arrays: Physics and Applications, New Orleans,

LA, October 10-15, 1993.

"Very-Long-Wavelength Intersubband Infrared Hot Electron

Transistor,"

S. D. Gunapala, J. K. Liu, T. L. Lin, and J. S. Park,

Proceedings: 1993 International Conference on Solid-State Devices and

Materials, Chiban, Japan, August 29-September 1, 1993.

"Germanium Blocked-Impurity-Band Detector Arrays: Unpassivated

Devices With Bulk Substrates,"

D. M. Watson, M. T. Guptill, J. E. Huffman, T. N. Krabach,

S. N. Raines, and S. Satyapal,

J. Appl. Phys. vol. 74, no. 6, p. 15, September 1993.

"Growth Methods for High-Purity Ge and Ge: Ga Homoepitaxy,"

J. E. Huffman and N. L. Casey,

Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 129, pp. 525-531, 1993.

"Temperature-Dependent Compensation and Optical Quenching by

Thermal Oxygen Donors in Germanium,"

D. M. Watson, M. T. Guptill, J. E. Huffman, T. N. Krabach, and

S. N. Raines,

Phys. Rev. B, 1993 (accepted for publication).

0 Presentations

"Future Infrared Detector Needs for Space Astronomy,"

C. R. McCreight and B. A. Wilson

SPIE Symposium, San Diego, CA, July 12-14, 1993.

2-13
"Extended Cutoff of PtSi Schottky Infrared Detector Utilizing a p+

MBE Doping Spike,"

T. L. Lin, J. S. Park, T. George, and E. W. Jones,

1993 Device Research Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, June 21-23,

1993.

"Tailorable Doping-Spike PtSi Infrared Detectors Fabricated by Si

Molecular Beam Epitaxy,"

T. L. Lin, J. S. Park, S. D. Gunapala, E. W. Jones, and

H. M. del Castillo,

1993 Intenational Conference on Solid-State Devices and Materials,

Makuhari Messe, Chiba, Japan, August 29-September 1, 1993.

"Si-based Infrared Detectors for Astronomy Applications,"

T. L. Lin, J. S. Park, E. W. Jones, S. D. Gunapala, and

H. M. del Castillo,

1993 Infrared Astronomy with Arrays: The Next Generation (poster),

Los Angeles, CA, July 19-22, 1993.

"Long Wavelength InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Well Infrared

Photodetectors,"

S. D. Gunapala,

184th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, New Orleans, LA,

October 10-15, 1993.

"Long Wavelength Intersubband Infrared Hot Electron Transistor,"

S. D. Gunapala,

1993 International Conference on Solid-State Devices and Materials,

Makuhari Messe, Chiba, Japan, August 29-September 1, 1993.

"Long Wavelength Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs),"

S. D. Gunapala,

Infrared Astronomy with Arrays: The Next Generation, Los Angeles,

CA, July 19-22, 1993.

"Dual-Use Infrared Technologies for Earth-Observation Systems,"

T. Krabach,

ARPA Workshop on Dual-Use Infrared Sensors, California Institute of

Technology, Pasadena, CA, March 15, 1994.

2-14
CI Invited Presentations

"Long-Wavelength Infrared Doping-Spike PtSi Detectors Fabricated by

Molecular Beam Epitaxy,"

T. L. Lin, J. S. Park, S. D. Gunapala, E. W. Jones, and H. M. del

Castillo,

1993 SPIE, San Diego, CA, July 12-14, 1993.

"Long-Wavelength Stacked SiGe/Si Heterojunction Internal

Photoemission Infrared Detectors,"

J. S. Park, T. L. Lin, E. W. Jones, H. M. del Castillo, T. George, and

S. D. Gunapala,

1993 SPIE, San Diego, CA, July 12-14, 1993.

"Physics of Infrared Hot Electron Transistor,"

S. D. Gunapala,

NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Quantum Well Intersubband

Transition Physics and Devices, Whistler, Canada, September 7-10,

1993.

CI Patent and New Technoloqy Reports

"Long Wavelength Infrared Detector,"

R. P. Vasquez,

NPO-17543, U. S. Patent No. 5,185,647, February 9, 1993.

"Very Long Wavelength InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Well Infrared

Photodetectors,"

S. D. Gunapala, J.S. Park, T. L. Lin, and J.K. Liu,

New Technology Report, NPO-19323, October 11, 1993.

"160-gm Infrared Hot Electron Transistor,"

S. D. Gunapala, J.K. Liu, J.S. Park, and T. L. Lin,

New Technology Report, NPO-19305, August 29, 1993.

2-15
Nonlinear Optical Materials

IZl Publications

"Synthesis and First Hyperpolarizabilities of Acceptor-Substituted bapo-8'- Carotenal Derived Compounds,"

S. Gilmour, S. R. Marder, B. G. Tiemann, and L.-T. Cheng,

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., vol. 432, 1993.

"Direct Observation of Reduced Bond Length Alternation in

Donor/Acceptor Polyenes,"

S.R. Marder, J. W. Perry, B. G. Tiemann, C. B. Gorman, S. Gilmour,

S. Biddle, and G. Bourhill,

J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 115, p. 2524, 1993.

"Stronger Acceptors Can Diminish Nonlinear Optical Response in

Simple Donor-Acceptor Polyenes,"

S. R. Marder, C. B. Gorman, B. G. Tiemann, and L.-T. Cheng,

J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 115, p. 3003, 1993.

"Third-Order Polarizabilities of Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Polyene

and Cyanine-Like Molecules,"

G. Bourhill, K. Mansour, B. G. Tiemann, C. B. Gorman, S. Biddle,

S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry,

Proc. SPIE, vol. 1853, p. 208, 1993.

"Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Various AcceptorSubstituted Biologically Derived Chromophores,"

S. Gilmour, S. R. Marder, B. G. Tiemann, and L.-T. Cheng,

Proc. SPIE, vol. 1853, p. 247, 1993.

"Dynamics of Optical Limiting in Heavy Atom-Substituted

Phthalocyanines,"

K. Mansour, D. Alvarez, K. J. Perry, I. Choong, S. R. Marder, and

J. W. Perry,

Proc. SPIE, vol. 1853, p. 132, 1993.

"The Effect of Varying Ground-State Aromaticity on the First

Molecular Electronic Hyperpolarizabilities of Organic Donor-Acceptor

Molecules,"

B. G. Tiemann, S. R. Marder, and L.-T. Cheng,

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., vol. 735, 1993.

2-16
"Relationship Between Bond Length Alternation and Second Electronic

Hyperpolarizability of Conjugated Organic Molecules,"

S.R. Marder, J. W. Perry, G. H. Bourhill, C. B. Gorman,

B. G. Tiemann, and K. Mansour,

Science, vol. 261, p. 186, 1993.

"Structure-Function Relationships for the First Molecular Hyperpolarizability b,"

S. M. Risser, D. N. Beratan, and S. R. Marder,

J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 115, p. 7719, 1993.

"Optimizing the First and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Organic

Dyes,"

G. H. Bourhill, J. L. Br6das, L.-T. Cheng, A. C. Friedli, C. B. Gorman,

S. R. Marder, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, B. M. Pierce, J. Skindh_j, and

B. G. Tiemann,

Proceedings of the Optical Society of America Topical Meeting:

Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications, OSA Technical Digest

Series, vol. 17, p. 46, 1993.

"The Effects of Aromaticity and Reduced Bond Length Alternation on

Linear and Third-Order Polarizabilities in Conjugated Organic

Molecules,"

C. B. Gorman, and S. R. Marder,

Proc. Mater. Res. Soc., vol. 291, p. 579, 1993.

"A Theoretical Investigation of Interrelationships Linear Polarizability,

First and Second Hyperpolarizabilities, and Bond-Length Alternation in

Conjugated Organic Donor-Acceptors Compounds,"

C. B. Gorman and S. R. Marder,

Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, vol. 90, p. 11297, 1993.

"The First Molecular Electronic Hyperpolarizabilities of Asymmetric

Squaraine Dyes,"

C.-T. Chen, S. R. Marder, and L.-T. Cheng,

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993 (in press).

"Large First Hyperpolarizabilities in Push-Pull Polyenes by Tuning

Bond Length Alternation and Aromaticity,"

S. R. Marder, L.-T. Cheng, B. G. Tiemann, A. C. Friedli,

M. Blanchard-Desce, J. W. Perry, and J. Skindhcj,

Science, 1993 (accepted for publication).

2-17
"Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Thiophene Containing

Chromophores with Extended Conjugation,"

S. Gilmour, A. Jen, S. R. Marder, A. J. Neissink, J. Perry, J. Skinhcj, and

M. Cai,

Proc. Mater. Res. Soc., 1993 (accepted for publication).

"The Relationship Between Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties

and Ground-State Polarization,"

G. Bourhill, L.-T. Cheng, G. Lee, S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry,

M. J. Perry, and B. G. Tiemann,

Proc. Mater. Res. Soc., 1993 (accepted for publication).

"Spatial Fidelity in Photoreference Image Amplification,"

SI M. Zhou, Q. B. He, P. Yeh, and H. K. Liu,

Opt. Comm., vol. 99, pp. 18-24, 1993.

O Presentations

"Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Saccharide Materials,"

G. Bourhill, K. Mansour, K. J. Perry, L. Khundkar, E. T. Sleva,

R. Kern, J. W. Perry, I. D. Williams, and S. K. Kurtz,

Organic and Biological Optoelectronics: Electro-Optics and Lasers

Applications in Science and Engineering '93 (OE-LASE '93), Los

Angeles, CA, 1993.

"Dynamics of Optical Limiting in Heavy-Atom-Substituted Phthalocyanines,"

K. Mansour, D. Alvarez, Jr., K. J. Perry, I. Choong, S. R. Marder, and

J. W. Perry,

Organic and Biological Optoelectronics: Electro-Optics and Lasers

Applications in Science and Engineering '93 (OE-LASE '93), Los

Angeles, CA, 1993.

"Nonlinear Absorption in Metallophthalocyanines,"

K. Mansour, D. Alvarez Jr., I. Choong, K. J. Perry, S. R. Marder, and

J. W. Perry,

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Baltimore, MD, 1993.

"The Synthesis and Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of

Apo-Carotenal Derivatives,"

S. Gilmour, S. R. Marder, L.-T. Cheng, and B. G. Tiemann,

Organic and Biological Optoelectronics: Electro-Optics and Lasers

Applications in Science and Engineering '93, Los Angeles, CA,

January 16-23, 1993.

2-18
"Relationship Between Bond Length Alternation and Second Electronic

Hyperpolarizability of Conjugated Organic Molecules,"

S.R. Marder, J. W. Perry, G. H. Bourhill, C. B. Gorman,

B. G. Tiemann, and K. Mansour,

Science, vol. 261, p. 186, 1993.

"Structure-Function Relationships for the First Molecular Hyperpolarizability b,"

S. M. Risser, D. N. Beratan, and S. R. Marder,

J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 115, p. 7719, 1993.

"Optimizing the First and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Organic

Dyes,"

G. H. Bourhill, J. L. Br6das, L.-T. Cheng, A. C. Friedli, C. B. Gorman,

S. R. Marder, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, B. M. Pierce, J. Skindhcj, and

B. G. Tiemann,

Proceedings of the Optical Society of America Topical Meeting:

Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications, OSA Technical Digest

Series, vol. 17, p. 46, 1993.

"The Effects of Aromaticity and Reduced Bond Length Alternation on

Linear and Third-Order Polarizabilities in Conjugated Organic

Molecules,"

C. B. Gorman, and S. R. Marder,

Proc. Mater. Res. Soc., vol. 291, p. 579, 1993.

"A Theoretical Investigation of Interrelationships Linear Polarizability,

First and Second Hyperpolarizabilities, and Bond-Length Alternation in

Conjugated Organic Donor-Acceptors Compounds,"

C. B. Gorman and S. R. Marder,

Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, vol. 90, p. 11297, 1993.

"The First Molecular Electronic Hyperpolarizabilities of Asymmetric

Squaraine Dyes,"

C.-T. Chen, S. R. Marder, and L.-T. Cheng,

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993 (in press).

"Large First Hyperpolarizabilities in Push-Pull Polyenes by Tuning

Bond Length Alternation and Aromaticity,"

S. R. Marder, L.-T. Cheng, B. G. Tiemann, A. C. Friedli,

M. Blanchard-Desce, J. W. Perry, and J. Skindhcj,

Science, 1993 (accepted for publication).

2-17
"Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Thiophene Containing

Chromophores with Extended Conjugation,"

S. Gilmour, A. Jen, S. R. Marder, A. J. Neissink, J. Perry, J. Skinh_j, and

M. Cai,

Proc. Mater. Res. Soc., 1993 (accepted for publication).

"The Relationship Between Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties

and Ground-State Polarization,"

G. Bourhill, L.-T. Cheng, G. Lee, S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry,

M. J. Perry, and B. G. Tiemann,

Proc. Mater. Res. Soc., 1993 (accepted for publication).

"Spatial Fidelity in Photoreference Image Amplification,"

S. M. Zhou, Q. B. He, P. Yeh, and H. K. Liu,

Opt. Comm., vol. 99, pp. 18-24, 1993.

O Presentations

"Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Saccharide Materials,"

G. Bourhill, K. Mansour, K. J. Perry, L. Khundkar, E. T. Sleva,

R. Kern, J. W. Perry, I. D. Williams, and S. K. Kurtz,

Organic and Biological Optoelectronics: Electro-Optics and Lasers

Applications in Science and Engineering '93 (OE-LASE '93), Los

Angeles, CA, 1993.

"Dynamics of Optical Limiting in Heavy-Atom-Substituted Phthalocyanines,"

K. Mansour, D. Alvarez, Jr., K. J. Perry, I. Choong, S. R. Marder, and

J. W. Perry,

Organic and Biological Optoelectronics: Electro-Optics and Lasers

Applications in Science and Engineering '93 (OE-LASE '93), Los

Angeles, CA, 1993.

"Nonlinear Absorption in Metallophthalocyanines,"

K. Mansour, D. Alvarez Jr., I. Choong, K. J. Perry, S. R. Marder, and

J. W. Perry,

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Baltimore, MD, 1993.

"The Synthesis and Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of

Apo-Carotenal Derivatives,"

S. Gilmour, S. R. Marder, L.-T. Cheng, and B. G. Tiemann,

Organic and Biological Optoelectronics: Electro-Optics and Lasers

Applications in Science and Engineering '93, Los Angeles, CA,

January 16-23, 1993.

2-18
"Optical Nonlinearities of Unsymmetrical Squaraine Dyes,"

C.-T. Chen, S. R. Marder, and L.-T. Cheng,

Materials Research Society National Meeting, San Francisco, CA,

April 1-16, 1993.

"Synthesis and Spectroscopy of Metallophthalocyanines-Doped SolgelDerived Materials,"

P. D. Fuqua, K. Mansour, D. Alvarez, S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry, and

B. S. Dunn,

Materials Research Society National Meeting, San Francisco, CA,

April 1-16, 1993.

"Attempts to Understand Relationships Between Chemical Structure and

the Second- and Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities of Organic

Molecules and Materials,"

S. R. Marder,

First National Science Foundation-Sponsored Materials Chemistry

Workshop, Albuquerque, NM, October 21-24, 1993.

"Electro-Optic Studies of Polymers Containing Donor-Acceptor

Polyene and Thiophene Dyes,"

S. Gilmour, J. W. Perry, J. SkindhCj, S. R. Marder, B. G. Tiemann,

A. C. Friedli, and L.-T. Cheng,

Materials Research Society National Meeting, Boston, MA, November

29-December 3, 1993.

13 Invited Presentations

"Third-Order Polarizabilities of Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Polyene

and Cyanine-Like Molecules,"

G. Bourhill, K. Mansour, B. G. Tiemann, C. B. Gorman, S. Biddle,

S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry,

Organic and Biological Optoelectronics: Electro-Optics and Lasers

Applications in Science and Engineering '93 (OE-LASE'93), Los

Angeles, CA, 1993.

"Optical Limiters Based on Excited State Absorption in Phthalocyanine

Complexes,"

J. Perry,

Materials Directorate, Wright Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force

Base, Dayton, OH, May 1993.

"Organic Salt Electro-Optic Crystals,"

J. Perry,

Microgravity Section Lecture, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center,

Huntsville, AL, May 1993.

2-19
"Recent Advances in Nonlinear-Optic and Electro-Optic Films,"

J. Perry,

Gordon Research Conference on "Coatings and Films", Colby Sawyer

College, New London, NH, August 1993.

"Optimization of the Nonlinear Polarizabilities of Conjugated Organic

Molecules,"

J. Perry,

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa

Barbara, CA, September 30, 1993.

"Structure Property Relationships for Nonlinear Optical Properties of

Hyperpolarizabilities,"

S. R. Marder,

5th Winter Conference of the Inter-American Photochemical Society,

Clearwater Beach, FL, January 2-6, 1993.

"Molecular and Polymeric Nonlinear Optical Materials Containing

Thiobarbituric Acid Acceptors,"

L.-T. Cheng, W. Tam, S. R. Marder, and A. C. Friedli,

Materials Research Society National Meeting, San Francisco, CA,

April 12-16, 1993.

"Relationships Between Linear and Nonlinear Polarizabilities and Bond

Length Alternation in Organic Molecules,"

S. R. Marder,

Canadian Chemical Society National Meeting, Sherbrooke, Quebec,

Canada, May 30-June 4, 1993.

"Optimizing the First and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Organic Dyes,"

G. H. Bourhill, J. L. Br6das, L.-T. Cheng, A.C. Friedli, C. B. Gorman,

S. R. Marder, F. Meyers, J. W. Perry, B. M. Pierce, J. Skindhcj, and

B. G. Tiemann,

Optical Society of America Topical Meeting: Organic Thin Films for

Photonic Applications, Toronto, Canada, October 6-8, 1993.

"Structure Property Relationships for Second- and Third-Order

Nonlinear Optics,"

S. R. Marder, B. G. Tiemann, J. W. Perry, G. H. Bourhill,

C. B. Gorman, A. C. Friedli, L.-T. Cheng, F. Meyers, J. L. Br6das,

and B. M. Pierce,

Materials Research Society National Meeting, Boston, MA,

November 29-December 3, 1993.

2-20
_3 Patent and New Technology Reports

"Nonlinear Optical Materials with Reduced Aromaticity and Bond

Length Alternation,"

S. R. Marder and L.-T. Cheng,

U.S. Patent Application, August 1993 (filed).

"Etching of Polymer Waveguides with Atomic Beams,"

T.K. Minton and J.W. Perry,

New Technology Report, NPO- 19121, February 1993.

2-21
Space Environmental Effects on Materials

[3 Publications

"Probing the Microscopic Corrugation of Liquid Surfaces with GasLiquid Collisions,"

M.E. King, G.M. Nathanson, M.A. Hanning-Lee, and T.K. Minton,

Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 70, p. 1026, 1993.

"Protocol for Atomic Oxygen Testing of Materials in Ground-Based

Facilities,"

T.K. Minton,

JPL Publication 94-02, Version 1, April 1, 1994.

"Flight- and Ground-Test Correlation Study of BMDO SDS Materials:

Phase I Report,"

S.Y. Chung, D.E. Brinza, T.K. Minton, A.E. Stiegman, J.T. Kenny, and

R.H. Liang,

JPL Publication 93-31, December 1993.

C3 Presentations

"Space Environment and Effects Experiments Aboard the Space

Technology Research Vehicle-1 (STRV-1),"

Daniel R. Coulter, T.J. Jones, and R. H. Liang,

Third LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium, Williamsburg, VA, November

8-12, 1993.

"Ground-Based Round Robin Testing,"

T.K. Minton,

EOIM-3 BMDO Workshop, Arcadia, CA, June 1993.

"Molecular Beam Scattering from Kapton and Correlation with the

EOIM-3 Carousel Experiment,"

T.K. Minton and T.A. Moore,

Third LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium, Williamsburg, VA, November

1993.

2-22
Remote-Sensing Technology

[] Publications

"Photorefractive Semiconductors and Applications,"

L.-J. Cheng and K. L. Luke,

Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Applications, SPIE Critical

Review Series, vol. CR48, 1993 (invited paper).

"Multispectral Imaging Systems Using Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter,"

L.-J. Cheng, T.-H. Chao, M. Dowdy, C. LaBar, C. Mahoney, G. Reyes,

and K. Bergman,

SPIE Proceedings, vol. 1874, p. 224, 1993.

"Infrared and Millimeter Wave Engineering,"

L.-J. Cheng, T.-H. Chao, M. Dowdy, C. LaBar, C. Mahoney, G. Reyes,

and K. Bergman,

SPIE Proceedings, vol. 1874, p. 224, 1993.

"Polarimetric Multispectral Imaging Technology,"

L.-J. Cheng, T.-H. Chao, M. Dowdy, C. Mahoney, and G. Reyes,

Proceedings of Workshop on Advanced Technologies for Planetary

Instruments, Fairfax, VA, April 28-30, 1993.

FI Presentations

"Field Observations Using the AOTF Imaging Spectrometer,"

L.-J. Cheng, M. Hamilton, C. Mahoney, and G. Reyes,

JPL Fourth Annual Airborne Geoscience Workshop, Arlington, VA,

October 25-26, 1993.

"Image Processing for Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter Hyperspectral

Imaging Instrument,"

L.-J. Cheng,

Symposium on Multidimensional Image Processing: Color,

Multispectral, and Hyperspectral, 1993 OSA Annual Meeting, Toronto,

Canada, October 1993.

2-23
Binary Optics

Q Publication

(3

"Phase Holograms In Polymethyl Methacrylate,"

P. Maker and R. Muller,

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 2516, November/December

1992.

Presentations

"Phase Holograms In PMMA with Proximity Effect Correction,"

P. Maker and R. Muller,

Conference on Binary Optics, Huntsville, Alabama, February 23-25,

1993.

"Proximity-Compensated Kinoforms Directly Written by E-Beam

Lithography,"

M. Larsson, M. Ekberg, F. Nikolajeff, P. Maker, and R. Muller,

SPIE Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, San Diego,

CA, July 11-16, 1993.

"Phase and Amplitude Holograms by Direct-Write E-Beam

Lithography,"

P. Maker and R. Muller,

Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Fall Meeting, Pasadena, CA,

October 14, 1993.

"Phase Holograms Written in PMMA by E-Beam Lithography,"

P. Maker and R. Muller

American Vacuum Society 40th National Symposium, Orlando, FL,

November 15-19, 1993.

Q Patent and New Technology Report

"Continuous Phase and Amplitude Holographic Elements,"

P. D. Maker and R. E. Muller,

NASA Patent Application, NPO-18791-1-CU, May 27, 1993.

2-24
III. Advanced Computing

OVERVIEW

Advanced concepts in hardware, software, and algorithms are being pursued

for application in next-generation space computers and for ground-based

analysis of space data. The research program focuses on massively parallel

computation and neural networks, as well as optical processing and optical

networking, which are discussed in the Photonics Section. Also included are

theoretical programs in neural and nonlinear science, and device development

for magnetic and ferroelectric memories.

1993 MAJOR TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS

Q Parallel Computation

Completed a simulation model for an all-optical data path

communication network with microsecond routing latency at 98

percent of input loading.

Developed three-dimensional, coupled, integral-equation, finiteelement electromagnetics code for analysis of irregular scatterers,

consisting of inhomogeneous, possibly anisotropic, materials.

Continued the enhancement of existing parallel, integralequation, finite-element, finite-difference, and two-dimensional

coupled approach codes and developed decomposition and meshrefinement tools.

Exchanged technical information with the aerospace community

and worked with parallel-processing vendors, supporting in-house

visitors working with parallel electromagnetic (EM) codes,

development tools, and parallel-processing hardware.

Implemented three-dimensional electromagnetic plasma particlein-cell code on the Intel Delta Touchstone parallel computer with

very high (>95-percent) parallel efficiency.

Designed and demonstrated a heterogeneous distributed computing environment, integrating remote High-Performance Computing and Communication (HPCC) sites, local workstations, and a

video archive system using transmission control protocol/Internet

protocol (TCP/IP) data communication protocol and AVS visualization system. The environment enables a user to pipe computation results, as computed from a remote supercomputing center, to

the user's workstation for post processing and visualization.

3-1
Demonstrated the integration of parallel-mesh partitioning and

parallel-mesh refinement code for two- and three-dimensional

unstructured meshes on up to 512 nodes of the Intel Delta machine.

This tool is applicable to parallel finite element and finite volume

applications.

Implemented two- and three-dimensional parallel multigrid

Poisson solvers on Intel's Gamma, Delta, and Paragon computers

for Dirichlet boundary conditions. Three grid-partition strategies

have been implemented, demonstrating scalable performance on up

to 512 Delta nodes.

Designed and implemented a parallel whole Earth-rendering

algorithm on the Intel Touchstone Delta system, Intel Paragon, and

Cray T3D. The renderer is designed to be scalable and efficient

for massively parallel supercomputers and very large scientific

datasets.

Designed and implemented a framework for parallel discreteevent simulation, which was delivered to the Advanced Research

Projects Agency and U.S. Air Force.

Produced a 90-second animation video, "Flight Over Haleakala,"

using the Intel Delta and the Maui Landsat dataset.

Demonstrated "Interactive Mojave Desert Flyby" in real-time at

"Supercomputing '93," in Portland, Oregon using the whole Earth

renderer running on the Intel Paragon, the HiPPI Frame buffer,

and the Silicon Graphics Flight Simulator.

Implemented and demonstrated geographically distributed

discrete event simulation in conjunction with Los Alamos, the

National Test Facility (NTF), and the Naval Research Laboratory.

O Neural and Analog Computing

Customized and delivered a software simulator called "Strike

Planner" to the Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake. This

software simulates a novel, massively parallel, computing resource

allocation processor (RAP) architecture (patented by JPL) for

solving a class of computationally intensive dynamic-assignment

problems encountered in military domain. It performs weapon-totarget assignments for up to 400 weapons and 400 targets to obtain

3-2
an optimal or "good" assignment out of a very large number of

possibilities (factorial 400). Furthermore, it enables solutions of

many-to-many associations, as well. The simulator is a precursor

to an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip that will

perform these assignments at speeds of a few milliseconds, over 4

orders of magnitude faster than conventional computing techniques.

Completed hardware fabrication of (and software development

for) the embeddable reconfigurable neuroprocessor VME card

(NNH-V-RC-05). This card holds eight of our cascadable composite (32-neuron/992-synapse) building block chips and provides up

to 64 input neurons, up to 8000 programmable analog synapses,

and up to 64 hidden and/or output neurons. Its performance was

demonstrated on the representative problem of map separates.

With its streamlined VME interface, this card is a step closer to

emerging, high-performance host machines such as DEC Alpha.

Successfully tested a space environmental effects (SEE) board at

JPL with two configured neural networks using very-large-scale

integration (VLSI) implemented chips. It was one of three selected

JPL experiments for temperature, vacuum, and vibration (flight

readiness). The board was flown on a Space Technology Research

Vehicle (STRV) launched on February 23, 1993 by the British

Defense Research Agency (DRA). During its one-year mission in

geotransfer orbit, it studied the effects of the space-radiation

environment on the fault tolerance of neural network hardware.

Developed and demonstrated a new hardware-implementable

architecture for car license plate identification using a computer

simulation. This architecture utilizes morphological and wavelet

transform processing that offers an enhanced discrimination

capability compared to the state-of-the-art digital signal-processing

approach. Optoelectronic implementation of the simulated

architecture would result in more than a hundred-fold increase in

processing speed over the state-of-the-art approach. Interest has

been expressed by law enforcement agencies and the customs/

border control.

Designed, fabricated, and demonstrated a multiphase

Dammann grating at the JPL Microdevices Laboratory. This

grating is the first of its kind, fabricated with a continuous e-beam

phase modulation technique, achieving high efficiency (> 80

percent) and high resolution (> 20 lines/mm).

3-3
Developed a new "Focal Plane Array Window Grabber" architecture for extremely high-speed signal processing of images

obtained at over 1000 frames per second. This architecture is

based on our low-power neural network chips and Irvine Sensors

Corporation's "sugarcube" chip-packaging technology. This will

be useful not only for on-board an interceptor as artificial vision,

but also for high-speed analysis of cartographic or satellite data,

and for on-line control of product quality (or process monitoring)

in a manufacturing environment.

Completed a layout for a 64-by-64 active-pixel-sensor (APS)

array imager, incorporating a recently developed fixed pattern

noise reduction circuitry. This work, in collaboration with JPL

Section 381, has the overall goal of combining intelligent and

adaptive processing capabilities directly on the focal plane of the

sensor array.

Demonstrated that a neural network can be trained to recognize

surface mines (received from the U.S. Navy) by only their spectral

signatures. The multispectral images used for this demonstration

came from JPL's acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF)-based

imaging system. Encouraged by this result, the U.S. Navy sponsor

has sent a new set of realistic imagery data to JPL for evaluation.

Demonstrated object discrimination by using a polarimetric

laser-probing technique in the laboratory. When compared to

brown soil of similar color and texture, it successfully discriminated metallic ordinance fragments (with an over 30-year-old rusty

surface). The laser-probing technique is also effective in discriminating other man-made objects that are similar in appearance, such

as glass and plastics. This experiment represents an important step

towards the environmental clean-up task sponsored by the Army

Corps of Engineers.

Accomplished the installation of our reconfigurable neuroprocessor hardware (PC card) onto the ethernet network, an important

technical (and programmatic) milestone. Now our neural network

hardware can be accessed and used remotely by selected users, to

process their own data, taking full advantage of the computing

speed offered by the parallel hardware without duplicating the

hardware at their site.

3-4
Developed an innovative wavelet processor for the detection of

the orientation, scale, and location of multiple targets embedded in

severe noise and clutter. Computer simulations have demonstrated

excellent results. A new complex-valued e-beam wavelet filter is

designed for experimental demonstration of this technical

approach.

Completed ground-radiation tests on neural net chips identical to

the ones flown on the British Space Technology Research Vehicle

(STRV) payload. These tests provide baseline characteristics of the

hardware radiated with up to a 200-kRad total dose, the expected

level of exposure during the first year of the STRV mission. The

characteristics showed operational fault tolerance till 140-kRads

total dose, at which level some of the analog synapse-neuron

devices developed excessive leakage and failed to perform as

designed.

Developed, in collaboration with Irvine Sensors Corporation, a

conceptual architecture for three-dimensional VLSI integration of

neural network chips into a "sugarcube" for Ballistic Missile

Defense Organization's (BMDO) On-Board Real-Time Target

Acquisition, Discrimination, Detection, and Homing Application.

This will lead to a realization of several thousand fully parallel

analog neurons in an extremely compact, low-power package for

the time-critical Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) application.

Applied an innovative neural network-inspired technique, for the

first time, to NASA's complex problem of retrieval of atmospheric

moisture profiles from measured microwave radiometry. A fixed

topology of feed-forward neural network, trained with our new

quick-prop learning algorithm, was used to capture the inverse

mapping from a subset of 12 available microwave channels.

Results indicate that neural network technique (resulting in an rms

deviation of 0.38) performs better than the results obtained by

conventional statistical regression analyses (rms deviation of 0.42).

Experimentally demonstrated, for the first time, a holographic

technique for the synthesis of bipolar neural synapses in the laboratory. This is a result of an innovative use of electrically controllable birefringence in a liquid crystal light valve for reference

phase control. The implementation of inhibitory synapses enables a

true discrimination capability for target recognition.

3-5
Extended Kalman filter learning for neural networks to networks

with multiple inputs and outputs in software simulation, to make it

relevant to the BMDO problem of adaptive guidance and control of

an interceptor. An analysis of the proposed hardware implementation in a selected high-precision digital version suggests that

complete learning can indeed be accomplished on-line within the

available window of only a few seconds. This work was performed

jointly by JPL and the University of California-Irvine.

Experimentally demonstrated, for the first time, a joint transform wavelet processor in the laboratory. This powerful real-time

implementation method is for image enhancement and segmentation

at high resolution, as a precursor to automatic target recognition.

Neurocomputing Theory and Nonlinear Science

Developed a new class of algorithms for solving time-dependent

partial differential equations (PDEs) on massively parallel

supercomputers. Such PDEs are at the heart of many scientific and

engineering applications as well as grand challenge problems.

Usually, they are numerically simulated by discretization in time

and space, and by applying a time-stepping procedure to data and

algorithms potentially parallelized in the spatial domain.

In a radical departure from such a strictly sequential temporal

paradigm, a concept of time-parallelism was demonstrated, which

allows the marching in time to be fully parallelized. This demonstration is achieved by using a set of transformations based on

eigenvalue-eigenvector decompositions of the matrices involved in

discrete formalism. The resulting time-parallel algorithms possess

a highly decoupled structure, and can therefore be efficiently

implemented on emerging, massively parallel, high-performance

supercomputers with a minimum of communications and synchronization overhead. Time parallelism has been shown to be feasible.

A proof-of-concept demonstration of the basic ideas was also

successfully carried out on three examples: a two-dimensional heat

equation, the Schrodinger equation, and an electromagnetic scattering problem. This approach also presents outstanding opportunities

for technology transfer to U.S. industry, particularly in the areas

of computational electromagnetics and seismic modeling.

3-6
Developed and demonstrated novel neural learning theory in

terms of nonlipschitzian dynamics and adjoint operators. This new

methodology enables highly efficient computation of the gradient

of an objective function or functional within the various parameters

of the network architecture. Specifically, it combines the

advantage of dramatic reductions in computational complexity

inherent in adjoint methods with the ability to solve, for temporal

(i.e., trajectory) learning, the adjoint equations forward in time.

Not only is a large amount of computation and storage saved, but

the handling of real-time applications also becomes possible.

Results show that learning time is reduced by one to two orders of

magnitude in comparison to the best previously published benchmark results, while trajectory tracking is also significantly

improved. This work lays the foundations for new approaches to

nonlinear system identification, and efficient spatiotemporal pattern

processing.

Discovered a new method for global optimization of multiextremal functions, based on the novel concept of "Terminal Repeller

Unconstrained Subenergy Tunneling."

Demonstrated the new method for global optimization of

multiextremal functions, which is over 100 times faster than

competing state-of-the-art approaches, on the standard SIAM

benchmarks. This method should be highly valuable for many

space, energy, and defense applications.

Developed a methodology to solve certain classes of partial

differential equations on synchronous neural hardware. The

corresponding algorithms were implemented and benchmarked (in

simulation) for the Korteweg-de Vries (soliton) and heat equations.

In view of projected computational capabilities of neural optoelectronic hardware, this breakthrough approach is expected to have a

profound, long-term impact on modeling complex phenomena of

relevance to NASA and the Departments of Defense and Energy in

the areas of geophysics, space science, and aeronautics. This

methodology received a NASA Major Monetary Award for technical inventions in November 1993.

Data Storage

Demonstrated, with Honeywell, Inc., the successful modification

of a fabrication process from GaAs to a vertical bloch line (VBL).

This demonstration helps realize a manufacturable fabrication

process for VBL devices.

3-7
Demonstrated the ability to match the operating points of input/

output data lines with minor loop storage areas. This demonstration is an important precursor for demonstrating a complete

storage chip with data input/output and data storage functions.

Demonstrated horizontal bloch line (HBL) nucleation as a VBL

bit injection mechanism for VBL writing. This effect on magnetic

domain walls was observed experimentally and quantified and

analyzed successfully using micromagnetic supercomputer

simulations.

Simulated VBL bit propagation using micromagnetic computation

on the CM-2 Connection Machine supercomputers. This simulation

showed dynamic propagation of VBL bits for propagation rates in

excess of 10 Mbits per second per minor loop, and suggests

methods for improving bit definition and materials selection for

improving device operating margins.

Developed an improved epitaxial yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG)

material composition for use in upcoming VBL chips. This

material supports VBL areal densities of 25 Mbits per square

centimeter and has been designed to reduce chip power

requirements by approximately 30 percent when compared to

previous materials.

Defined 64- and 256-Mbit VBL chip architectures that satisfy

important commercial, as well as governmental, requirements.

Demonstrated an advanced electro-magneto-optic test system for

making detailed measurements on VBL chips. This system can

detect domain wall displacements with 30-nm precision using

sequenced pulses with a timing jitter less than 500 ps.

Software Engineering and Computer Science

Upgraded the Hypermedia library technology (HyLite) and ported

it to the Macintosh environment. Ported the Macintosh graphical

user interface to the Sun environment and created separate

versions of HyLite to support both CD and hard disk data sources.

Attention was focused on providing support to the PDS user and

enhancing PDS CD-ROM capabilities. A Memorandum of Understanding was established with the Digital Data Library. In addition,

a major effort was devoted to establishing working relationships

with potential HyLite users, with industry for technology transfer,

and with colleges and universities.

3-8
TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORTS

Parallel Computation

(3 Publications

"Progress in Electromagnetics Research, Computational

Electromagnetics, and Supercomputer Architecture,"

T. Cwik and J. Patterson, editors,

Progress in Electromagnetics Research, EMW Publishing, vol. 7, 1993.

"Hypercube Matrix Computation Task,"

S. Araki, T. Cwik, R. Ferraro, V. Jamnejad, J. McComb, J. Parker,

J. Patterson,

Research in Parallel Computational Electromagnetics, Report for April

1, 1992-August 31, 1993, JPL Document, December 1, 1993.

"Comparing Three-Dimensional Finite Element Formulations Modeling

Scattering from a Conducting Sphere,"

J. Parker, R. D. Ferraro, and P. C. Liewer,

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1646-1649, March

1993.

"The Application of Massively Parallel Computation to Integral

Equation Models of Electromagnetic Scattering,"

T. Cwik, R. van de Geijn, and J. Patterson,

Journal of the Optical Society, Special Issue on Three-Dimensional

Electromagnetic Scattering, Fall 1994 (to be published).

"Coupling Finite Elements,"

T. Cwik, V. Jamnejad, and C. Zuffada,

Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation, Ann Arbor, MI,

June 1993.

"Electromagnetic Scattering Calculations on the Intel Touchstone Delta,"

T. Cwik, J. Patterson, and D. Scott,

The Concurrent Supercomputing Consortium (CSCC) Bulletin--

Publication of the Concurrent Supercomputing Consortium, April 1993.

"Hybrid Simulations of the Effects of Interstellar Pickup Hydrogen on

the Solar Wind Termination Shock,"

P. C. Liewer, B. E. Goldstein, and N. Omidi,

J. Geophys. Res., vol. 98, no. 211, p. 15, 1993.

3-9
"High-Performance Computing and Plasma Physics,"

J. M. Dawson, V. Decyk, R. Sydora, and P. Liewer,

Physics Today, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 64-70, March 1993.

"Dynamic Load Balancing for a Two-Dimensional Concurrent Plasma

PIC Code,"

R.D. Ferraro, P. C. Liewer, and V. K. Decyk,

J. Comp. Physics, 1994 (to be published).

"Parallel Object-Oriented Computation Applied to a Finite Element

Problem,"

J. B. Weissman, A. S. Grimshaw, and R. D. Ferraro,

Proceedings: First Object-Oriented Numerics Conference,

Sun River, OR, April 25-27,1993.

"Architectural Requirements of Parallel Scientific Applications with

Explicit Communication,"

P. Messina,

Proceedings: 1993 bzternational Symposium in Computer Architecture,

San Diego, CA, May 1993.

"The Concurrent Supercomputing Consortium: Year One,"

P. Messina,

Parallel & Distributed Technology--Systems and Applications, vol. 1,

no. 1, pp. 9-16, February 1993.

System Software and Tools for High Performance Computing

Environments,

P. Messina and T. Sterling, editors,

Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA,160

pages, 1993.

Concurrent Supercomputing Consortium: Research Highlights,

P. Messina and T. Pauna, editors,

Technical Report No. CCSF-36, Caltech Concurrent Supercomputing

Facilities, Pasadena, CA, 171 pages, November 1993.

Proceedings of the Second Delta Applications Workshop,

Paul Messina, editor,

Technical Report No. CCSF-32, 335 pages, Caltech Concurrent

Supercomputing Facilities, Pasadena, CA, February 1993.

"An Advanced Framework for Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation,"

H. Henry, T. Li, P. P. Li, R. Yeung, D. Tyrrell II, and N. Adhami,

Proceedings: Object-Oriented Simulation Conference, pp. 155-160,

January 1994.

3-10
"Interactive Graphics for the Parallel and Distributed Computing

Simulation,"

Y.-W. Tung and J. Steinman,

Proceedings of the 1993 Summer Computer Simulation Conference,

pp. 695-700, July 1993.

"Optical Implementation of the Modified Signed-Digit Algorithm,"

S. M. Zhou, S. Campbell, P. Yeh, and H. K. Liu,

Topical Meeting on Optical Computing Tech. Digest, vol. 7, p. 313,

Palm Springs, CA, March 16-19, 1993.

"Polarization- and Space-Encoded Parallel Optical Fuzzy Logic

Processor,"

S. M. Zhou, S. Campbell, W. Wu, P. Yeh, and H. K. Liu,

Opt. Lett., vol. 18, pp. 1831-1833, 1993.

(3 Presentations

"Electromagnetic Scattering Calculations on the Intel Touchstone Delta,"

T. Cwik, J. Patterson, and D. Scott,

Touchstone Delta User's Group Seminar (repeat of T. Cwik's

presentation at Gordon Bell Supercomputing Award Ceremony at

Supercomputing '92 Conference), February 1993.

"Towards a Seamless Parallel Finite Element Package for the

Automated Solution of Large Scale 3-D Electromagnetic Scattering

Problems on the Touchstone Delta,"

J. McComb, S. Araki, R. Ferraro, J. Parker, K. Tembekjian, and

J. Patterson,

Second Delta Applications Workshop, Norfolk, VA, March 1993.

"Finite Element Modeling of Scattering from Anisotropic Materials

with Arbitrary Principal Axes,"

J. Parker,

IEEE APS/URSI Meeting, Ann Arbor, MI, June 1993.

"A Comparison of Partitioned and Nonpartitioned Matrix Solutions to

Coupled Finite Element-Integral Equations (FE-IE),"

T. Cwik, V. Jamnejad, and C. Zuffada,

IEEE APS/URSI Meeting, Ann Arbor, MI, June 1993.

"Coupling Finite Elements,"

T. Cwik, V. Jamnejad, and C. Zuffada,

IEEE APS/URSI Meeting, Ann Arbor, MI, June 1993.

3-11
"An Efficient Formulation of the Coupled Finite Element-Integral

Equation Technique for Solving Large 3-D Scattering Problems,"

T. Cwik, V. Jamnejad, and C. Zuffada,

Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium 93, Pasadena, CA,

July 1993.

"Massively Parallel Computation of RCS with Finite Elements,"

J. Parker,

Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium 93, Pasadena, CA,

July 1993.

"Analytical Evaluation of a Surface Integral Expressing the Coupling

Between Interior and Exterior Volumes in a FE-IE Approach,"

C. Zuffada, T. Cwik, and V. Jamnejad,

Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium 93, Pasadena, CA,

July 1993.

"Parallel Object-Oriented Computation Applied to a Finite Element

Problem,"

J. B. Weissman, A. S. Grimshaw, and R. D. Ferraro,

Object-Oriented Numerics Conference, Sun River, OR, April 25-

27,1993.

"Supercomputing, Visualization, and Space Science,"

S. Groom,

SIAM Conference on Geometric Design, Tempe, AZ, November 3,

1993.

"A General-Purpose Sparse Matrix Parallel Solver,"

H. Q. Ding and R. D. Ferraro,

Supercomputing '93, Portland, OR, November 15-19, 1993.

"Advanced Computing Environments: Future Trends,"

P. Messina,

Advanced Workshop on Programming Tools for Parallel Machines,

Alimini, Italy, June 22-25, 1993.

"An Applications-Oriented View of Future Architectures,"

P. Messina,

Supercomputing '93: Panel Session on the Future of Parallel

Architectures,

Portland, OR, November 16-19, 1993.

"The CASA Gigabit Testbed Applications Experience,"

P. Messina,

Supercomputing '93: Panel Session on High-Speed Network Testbeds,

Portland, OR, November 16-19, 1993.

3-12
"Interactive Graphics for the Parallel and Distributed Computing

Simulation,"

Y.-W. Tung and J. Steinman,

1993 Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Boston, MA,

July 19-21, 1993.

[] Invited Presentations

"Particle-in-Cell Algorithms for Massively Parallel Computers,"

P. C. Liewer,

Computational Accelerator Physics Conference, Pleasanton, CA,

February 1993.

"Implementation of a 3-D Plasma Particle-in-Cell Code on a MIMD

Parallel Computer,"

P. C. Liewer,

APS Division of Computational Physics Meeting, Albuquerque, NM,

June 1993.

"Distributed Supercomputing--The CASA Gigabit Testbed Experience,"

P. Messina,

Second International Symposium on High-Performance Distributed

Computing (HPDC-2), keynote address, Spokane, Washington, July 22,

1993.

"The Importance of High-Performance Computing,"

P. Messina,

Inaugural Symposium of National MPP Center, keynote address,

Bergen, Norway, December 10-12, 1993.

"Parallel Computing: Progress and Prospects--The View from the

Trenches,"

P. Messina,

Defense Sciences Research Council Workshop, La Jolla, CA, July 21,

1993.

"Concurrent Supercomputing Consortium (CSCC)--Applications and

Activities,"

P. Messina,

Intel User's Group Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO, October 3, 1993.

"An Advanced Framework for Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation,"

H. Henry, T. Li, P. P. Li, R. Yeung, D. Tyrrell II, and N. Adhami,

Society for Computer Simulation Western Multiconference, January 26,

1994.

3-13
[3 Patent and New Technology Reports

"Nonblocking Crossbar Permutation Engine with Constant Routing

Latency,"

S. P. Monacos,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18864-1-CU, 1993 (patent pending).

"A Scalable Wrap-Around Shuffle Exchange Network with Deflection

Routing,"

S. P. Monacos,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18983, 1993 (patent pending).

3-14
Neural and Analog Computing

[] Publications

"Electronic Hardware Implementations of Neural Networks,"

A. P. Thakoor, A. Moopenn, J. Lambe, and S. K. Khanna,

selected as a landmark paper in Optical Neural Networks, SPIE's

Milestone Book Series, 1994 (in press).

"Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Active Pixel

Image Sensor,"

S. K. Mendis, S. E. Kemeny, and E. R. Fossum,

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1993 (accepted, in press).

"High Speed, Optoelectronic Response From the Edges of Lead

Zirconate Titanate Thin Film Capacitors,"

S. Thakoor,

Appl. Phys. Letters, vol. 63,. no. 23, p. 3233, 1993.

"A 128 x 128 Active Pixel Image Sensor for Highly Integrated Imaging

Systems,"

S. K. Mendis, S. E. Kemeny, and E. R. Fossum,

IEEE/International Electronic Devices Meeting Technical Digest,

pp. 583-586, December 5-8, 1993, Washington D.C.

"Embeddable Reconfigurable Neuroprocessors,"

T. Daud, T. Duong, H. Langenbacher, M. Tran, A. Thakoor, and

T. Brown,

Intelligent Engineering Systems through Artificial Neural Networks--

Vol. 3, C. H. Dagli, editor, ASME Press Series on International

Advances in Design Productivity, pp. 59-64, ASME Press, New York,

1993.

"Optical Implementation of a Feature-Based Neural Network with

Application to Automatic Target Recognition,"

T.-H. Chao and W. W. Stoner,

Applied Optics, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1359-1369, 1993.

"Learning in Analog Neural Network Hardware,"

R. Tawel,

Computers in Electrical Engineering, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 453-467, 1993.

"Perfectly Retrievable Unipolar Optoelectronic Neural Associative

Memory,"

C. H. Wu and H. K. Liu,

Proceedings: SPIE Conference on Optical Computing and Neural

Networks, vol. 1812, pp. 64-75, December 16-17, 1992.

3-15
"Holographic Neural Network for Space and Commercial Applications,"

H. K. Liu,

Proceedings: NASA Applied Information Systems Research Program

Workshop III Meeting, pp. 9-10, Boulder, CO, August 3-6, 1993.

(3 Presentations

"A Hybrid Radial Basis Function Neuroprocessor for Inverse Problems

in Weather Modeling,"

R. Tawel, S. Watkins, and B. Lambgritsen,

Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Conference,

Denver, CO, November 1993.

"Real Time Guidance and Control by EKF-Trained Multilayered

Perceptrons,"

R. Tawel,

Government Microcircuit Applications Conference (GOMAC '93),

New Orleans, LA, November 1993.

"Embeddable Reconfigurable Neuroprocessors,"

T. Daud

Conference on Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering (ANNIE

'93), St. Louis, MO, November 1993.

"Analog Neuroprocessor for Data Compression,"

R. Tawel,

JPL Data Compression Workshop, Pasadena, CA, 1993.

"A 128 x 128 CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensor for Highly Integrated

Imaging Systems,"

S. K. Mendis, S. E. Kemeny, and E. R. Fossum,

1993 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, Washington, D.C.,

December 1993.

"Optoelectronic Neural Network Using a Wavelet Processor,"

T.-H. Chao,

SPIE 1993 San Diego Conference on Optoelectronic Neural Networks,

San Diego, CA, December 16-17, 1992.

"Associative Memory Recall Using Cascadable Analog

Neuroprocessors,"

R. Tawel,

International Neural Network Society Meeting: World Congress on

Neural Networks, Portland, OR, July 1993.

3-16
"Optical Morphological Processor and Its Applications,"

T-H. Chao,

Gordon Conference on Holography and Optical Signal Processing,

Plymouth State College, Plymouth, NH, June 28-July 2, 1993.

"Neural Network for Image Compression, Pattern Recognition, and

Feature Detection,"

R. Tawel,

NCI-NASA Sponsored Digital Mammography Workshop, Washington,

D.C., May 1993.

"Shift-Invariant Optical Neural Network with Holographic Bipolar

Synapses,"

T.-H. Chao,

1993 SHE International Symposium on Aerospace and Remote Sensing,

Orlando, FL, April 1993.

"Spatial-Spectral Optical Pattern Recognition Using an Acousto-Optic

Tunable Filter (AOTF) Preprocessor,"

T.-H. Chao, G. Reyes, E. Hegblom, and L. J. Cheng,

1993 SPIE International Symposium on Aerospace and Remote Sensing,

Orlando, FL, April 1993.

"A 64 x 64 Thresholding Photodetector Array for Optical Pattern

Recognition,"

H. Langenbacher, T-H. Chao, T. Shaw, and J. Yu,

1993 SPIE International Symposium on Aerospace and Remote Sensing,

Orlando, FL, April 1993.

"Real Time Focal Plane Image Compression,"

R. Tawel,

International Data Compression Corfference (DCC93), Snowbird, UT,

March 1993.

"Electronic Neuroprocessors,"

A. Thakoor,

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization/Innovative Science and

Technology Office Technology Applications Workshop, Pasadena, CA,

February 1993.

"Optoelectronic Neuroprocessor for Target Discrimination,"

T.-H. Chao,

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization/Innovative Science and

Technology Office Technology Applications Workshop, Pasadena, CA,

February 1993.

3-17
"Electronic Neuroprocessors for Communication Applications,"

A. Thakoor,

Western Communication Forum, Phoenix, AZ, February 1993.

"Electronic Neural Networks for Onboard High-Performance

Computing,"

R. Tawel,

NASA Code R-Sponsored Symposium on High-Performance Computing

for Flight Vehicles, Arlington, VA, December 1992.

"NASA Neurocomputing Devices and Analog Computing Program,"

S. Gulati, R. Tawel, J. Barhen, and A. Thakoor,

NASA Code R-Sponsored Symposium on High-Performance Computing

for Flight Vehicles, Arlington, VA, December 1992.

Q Invited Presentations

"Neuroprocessors for Environmental Monitoring and Characterization,"

T.-H. Chao,

Balllistic Missile Defense Organization Technology Applications

Review, Herndon, VA, December 1993.

"Electronic Neural Networks,"

R. Tawel,

Workshop on Neural Networks: Hardware Implementations--1993

Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Conference, Vail, CO,

November 1993.

"An Optoelectronic Neocognitron for Automatic Target Recognition,"

T.-H. Chao,

Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering (ANNIE '93) Conference,

St. Louis, MO, November 1993.

"Electronic Neuroprocessors,"

A. Thakoor,

National Communications Forum, Chicago, IL, September 1993.

"Sensing and Processing Applications of Photoresponse from Perovskite

Titanates,"

S. Thakoor,

Fifth International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics, Colorado

Springs, CO, April 1993.

"Analog Very-Large-Scale-Integration Neural Networks,"

S. Eberhardt,

Seminar at Concordia University, Canada, April 1993.

3-18
"Electronic Neuroprocessors,"

T. Daud,

Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., January 1993.

o Patent and New Technology Reports

"Electronic Neural Network for Solving Global Optimization

Problems,"

A. P. Thakoor, A. Moopenn, T. Duong, and S. Eberhardt,

U.S. Patent No. 5,255,349, October 1993.

"Thin Film Ferroelectric Electrooptic Memory,"

S. Thakoor,

U.S. Patent No. 5,206,829, April 1993.

"Sputter-Deposition of Thin Films of Multicomponent Materials,"

S. Thakoor,

U.S. Patent No. 5,196,101, March 1993.

"Neural Network-Based Dedicated Processor for Solving Assignment

Problems,"

S. P. Eberhardt,

U.S. Patent No. 5,195,170, February 1993.

"Enhanced Fatigue and Retention in Ferroelectric Thin-Film Memory

Capacitors by Post-Top Electrode Anneal Treatment,"

S. Thakoor,

U. S. Patent application, January 1993 (filed).

"Analog Very-Large-Scale-Integration Processor for High-Speed Image

Compression,"

R. Tawel,

NASA Tech Briefs-Class 1 (accepted for publication).

"Planar Ferroelectric Nonvolatile Memory Device with Optical

Nondestructive Read-out,"

S. Thakoor and A. Thakoor,

NASA Tech Briefs-Class 1, 1993 (accepted for publication).

"Nonvolatile Array of Synapses for Neural Network,"

R. Tawel,

NASA Tech Briefs, vol. 17, no.12, p. 26, 1993.

"Rectangular Array of Digital Processors for Planning Paths,"

S. E. Kemeny,

NASA Tech Briefs, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 34, 1993.

3-19
"Cascaded VLSI Chips Help Neural Network To Learn,"

T. Duong, T. Daud, and A. Thakoor

NASA Tech Briefs, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 48, 1993

"Noninvasive Optical Probe for Ferroelectric Thin Films,"

S. Thakoor,

NASA Tech Briefs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 54, 1993.

"Analog Processor to Solve Optimization Problems,"

T. Duong, S. Eberhardt, and A. Thakoor,

NASA Tech Briefs, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 56, 1993.

"Generalized Adaptive Artificial Neural Networks,"

R. Tawel,

NASA Tech Briefs, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 52, 1993.

"Photodetector Array for Neural Network,"

H. Langenbacher, T-H. Chao, T. J. Shaw, and J. Yu,

NASA Tech Briefs, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 22, 1993.

"Optical Inner-Product Associative Memory,"

H. K. Liu,

U.S. Patent Pending, NOP-18491; NASA Monetary Award, April 20, 1993.

"Optical Implementation of Terminal Attractor-Based Associative

Memory,"

H. K. Liu,

NASA Tech. Brief, NOP-18790; NASA Monetary Award, July 13, 1993.

"Inner Product Array Processor for Retrieval of Stored Images Represented by Bipolar Binary (+1,-1) Pixels using Partial Input Trinary Pixels

Represented by (+1, 0, -1),"

H. K. Liu, A. A. S. Awwal, and M. A. Karim,

U. S. Patent No. 5,257,389, October 26, 1993.

3-20
Neurocomputing Theory and Nonlinear Science

Q Publications

"Computational Chaos in Massively Parallel Neural Networks,"

J. Barhen and S. Gulati,

IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, 1994 (in press).

"Massively Parallel Algorithms for Solution of the Schrodinger

Equation,"

A. Fijany, J. Barhen, and N. Toomarian,

IEEE IPPS, vol. 8, 1994 (in press).

"Time-Parallel Solution of Linear Partial Differential Equations on the

Intel Touchstone Delta Supercomputer,"

N. Toomarian, A. Fijany, and J. Barhen,

Concurrency: Practice & Experience, vol. 6, 1994 (in press).

"Application of Adjoint Operator Fast Neural Learning to Nonlinear

System Identification in Robotics,"

J. Barhen, S. Gulati, N. Toomarian, and S. Venkataraman,

IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 5, 1994 (in press).

"Learning without Local Minima,"

J. Barhen, J. N. Toomarian, and A. Fijany,

IEEE ICNN, 1994 (in press).

"Hyperspectral Air-to-Air Seekers,"

N. Gat, J. Barhen, S. Gulati, and T. Steiner,

Proceedings: International Symposium on Optical Engineering and

Photonics in Aerospace Sensing, Orlando, FL, 1994 (in press).

"Hyperspectral Imaging for Target-Decoy Discrimination: Sensor and

Algorithms,"

N. Gat, J. Barhen, S. Gulati and T. Steiner

Proceedings: 1994 IRIS Specialists Meeting on Passive Sensors,

Albuquerque, NM, 1994 (in press).

"Chaotic Relaxation Dynamics in Concurrently Asynchronous Neural

Networks,"

J. Barhen and S. Gulati,

Int. J. Comp. Elec. Eng., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 507-523, 1993.

"Overcoming Local Minima in Neural Networks,"

J. Barhen, J. B. Cetin, and J. Burdick,

Neuro-Nimes '93, J.C. Rault, editor, pp. 251-262, EC2 Press, Paris,

France, 1993.

3-21
"Massively Parallel Neurocomputing for Aerospace Applications,"

A. Fijany, J. Barhen, and N. Toomarian,

Computing in Aerospace, vol. 9, pp. 1002-1010, AIAA Press, 1993.

"Terminal Repeller Unconstrained Subenergy Tunneling for Fast

Global Optimization,"

B. Cetin, J. Barhen, and J. Burdick,

Journal of Optimization Theory & Applications, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 97-

126, 1993.

"Reduction in the Reconstruction Error of Computer-Generated

Holograms by Photorefractive Volume Holography,"

J. Rosen, J. M. Segev, A. Yariv, and J. Barhen,

Optics Lett., vol. 18, no. 21, pp. 1858-1860, 1993.

"Global Descent Replaces Gradient Descent to Avoid Local Minima

Problems in Learning with Artificial Neural Networks,"

B. Cetin, J. Burdick, and J. Barhen,

IEEE ICNN, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 175-186, 1993.

"Automated Nodal Analysis for Critical Relocatable Target

Discrimination and Validation,"

S. Gulati, J. Barhen, N. Toomarian, and M. Zak,

Proceedings of the Sixth Joint Services Data Fusion Symposium, DFS93, vol. 2, pp. 877-99, NAWC, 1993.

"The Intelligent Missile Seeker: Spectral, Spatial, and Temporal

Domain-Based Target Identification and Discrimination,"

N. Gat, J. Barhen, S. Gulati, and T. Steiner,

Proceedings: Third Automatic Target Recognition Systems and

Technology Conference, Parts I & II, GACIAC-PR-93-01, pp. 117-

128 and 129-139, ITT Research Institute, 1993.

Presentations

"Theater Missile Defense: Global Optimization Algorithms for CRT

Discrimination and Geolocation,"

J. Barhen,

BMDO Innovative Science and Technology Office Program Review, Jet

Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, December 15, 1993.

"Automated Nodal Analysis for CRT Discrimination and Validation,"

J. Barhen,

1993 Joint Services Data Fusion Symposium (classified meeting),

Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, June 17, 1993.

3-22
O

"Automated Nodal Analysis for Global Grid Data Fusion Applications,"

J. Barhen,

Presentation to Dr. Lou Lome, Deputy Director, BMDO Innovative

Science and Technology Office, Washington, D.C., June 16, 1993.

"Terabit Volume Holographic Space Science Data Storage,"

J. Barhen,

Data Systems Technology Working Group Meeting, NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, February 24, 1993.

"Automated Nodal Analysis for Identification and Geolocation of

Critical Targets,"

J. Barhen and S. Gulati,

ONR-SDIO/ISTEF Sensor Fusion Program Meeting, Washington, D.C.,

February 23, 1993.

"Automated Nodal Analysis for Tactical Situation Assessment,"

J. Barhen and S. Gulati,

Presentation to U.S. Army III-d Corps, Ft. Hood, TX, February 12,

1993.

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Signal-Processing Applications of Massively Parallel Charge-Domain

Computing Devices,"

A. Fijany, J. Barhen, and N. Toomarian,

Caltech Case No. CIT-2246, JPL Case No. C-19088, 1993 (patent pending).

"Unipolar Terminal Attractor-Based Neural Associative Memory with

Adaptive Threshold,"

H. K. Liu, J. Barhen, and N. Farhat,

NASA Case No. NPO-18790-1-CU, JPL Case No. 18790, 1993 (patent

pending).

"High-Precision Computing with Charge-Domain Devices,"

J. Barhen, N. Toomarian, and A. Fijany,

Caltech Case No. CIT-2200, JPL Case No. C-18972, 1993 (patent

pending).

"Fast Neural Solution of a Nonlinear Wave Equation,"

J. Barhen and N. Toomarian,

Caltech Case No. CIT-2205, JPL Case No. C-18906, 1993 (patent

pending).

3-23
"Massively Parallel Algorithms for Solution of the Schrodinger

Equation,"

A. Fijany, J. Barhen, and N. Toomarian,

NASA J. Tech. Briefs, NPO-19317, 1994 (in press).

"Massively Parallel Algorithms for Signal Processing Applications

Using Charge-Domain Computing Devices,"

A. Fijany, J. Barhen, and N. Toomarian,

NASA J. Tech. Briefs, NPO-19088, 1994 (in press).

"High-Precision Computing with Charge-Domain Devices,"

J. Barhen, N. Toomarian, and A. Fijany,

NASA J. Tech Briefs, NPO-18972, 1994 (in press).

"Fast Neural Solution of a Nonlinear Wave Equation,"

J. Barhen and N. Toomarian,

NASA J. Tech Briefs, NPO-18906, 1994 (in press).

"Optical Implementation of Terminal Attractor-Based Associative

Memory,"

H. K. Liu and J. Barhen,

NASA J. Tech Briefs, NPO-18790, 1994 (in press).

"Adjoint Functions and Temporal Learning Algorithms in Neural

Networks,"

J. Barhen and N. Toomarian,

NASA J. Tech Briefs, NPO-18586, 1994 (in press).

"Adjoint-Operator and Non-Adiabatic Learning Algorithms in Neural

Networks,"

J. Barhen and N. Toomarian,

NASA J. Tech Briefs, NPO-18352, vol. 17, no. 10, p. 55, 1993.

"Neural Networks with Creative Dynamics,"

M. Zak and J. B arhen,

NASA J. Tech Briefs, NPO-18125, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 80, 1993.

3-24
Optical Processing

Q Publications

"Bifurcating Optical Pattern Recognition in Photorefractive Crystals,"

H. K. Liu,

Opt. Lett., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 60-62, 1993.

"A Dynamic Optical 2-D Beam-Steering Technique,"

S. M. Zhou, P. Yeh, and H. K. Liu,

Opt. Lett., v. 18, pp. 843-846, June 1993.

"An Effective High-Data-Throughput Optical Matrix Crossbar Network,"

S. M. Zhou, X. Yang, P. Yeh, and H. K. Liu,

OSA Annual Meeting Technical Digest, WG vol. 6, p. 108, October 3-8,

1993, Toronto, Canada.

"Multichannel Fingerprint Identification Via Four-Wave Mixing in a

Photorefractive Crystal,"

S. M. Zhou, P. Yeh, and H. K. Liu,

OSA Annual Meeting Technical Digest, WG, vol. 8, p. 109, October 3-

8, 1993, Toronto, Canada.

"A Self-Amplified Beam-Steering Technique for Programmable Optical

Interconnections,"

H. K. Liu, S. M. Zhou, and P. Yeh,

Topical Meeting on Spatial Light Modulators Tech. Digest, vol. 6,

pp. 204-207, Palm Springs, CA, March 15-17, 1993.

"Bifurcating Optical Information Processing,"

H. K. Liu,

Proceeding of SPIE Conference on Optical Computing and Neural

Networks, vol. 1812, pp. 2-10, Hsinchu, Taiwan, China, December 16-

17, 1992.

"Holographic Associative Memory,"

H. K. Liu, S. M. Zhou, and P. Yeh,

Proceedings: World Optical Conference, p. 11, Shanghai, China,

August 30-September 3, 1993.

Q Patent and New Technology Report

"Self-Amplified Optical Pattern Recognizer,"

H. K. Liu,

NASA Monetary Award, vol. 17, p. 56, March 31, 1993.

3-25
Data Storage

Q Publications

"Measurement of Horizontal Bloch Line Motion and Vertical Bloch

Line Coercivity in Magnetic Garnet Films,"

D. Opalsky and F. Humphrey,

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2512-2514,

September 1993.

"Partially Grooved Domain-Stabilization Structures for Vertical Bloch

Line Memory,"

R. Katti, J. Dooley, and A. Meng,

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2578-2580,

September 1993.

"A Numerical Investigation of Domain Wall Motion in Thin Films with

Perpendicular Anisotropy,"

G. Patterson and F. Humphrey,

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2581-2583,

September 1993.

"Dynamic Distortion in Magnetic Domain Wall Containing Loosely

Spaced 2pi Vertical Bloch Lines,"

A. Bagneres, M. Redjdal, and F. B. Humphrey,

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2584-2586,

September 1993.

"Magnetic Force Microscopy Images of Magnetic Garnet with ThinFilm Magnetic Tip,"

A. Wadas, J. Moreland, P. Rice, and R. Katti,

Applied Physics Letters, October 1993 (accepted).

"Vertical Bloch Line Storage Technology,"

R. Katti,

Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Nonvolatile Memory Technology

Review, p. 814, June 1993.

[3 Presentations

"Measurement of Horizontal Bloch Line Motion and Vertical Bloch

Line Coercivity in Magnetic Garnet Films,"

D. Opalsky and F. Humphrey,

International Magnetics Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, April 1993.

3-26
"Partially-Grooved Domain Stabilization Structures for Vertical Bloch

Line Memory,"

R. Katti, J. Dooley, and A. Meng,

International Magnetics Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, April 1993.

"Vertical Bloch Line Storage Technology,"

R. Katti,

Fifth Biennial Nonvolatile Memory Technology Review, Linthicum

Heights, MD, June 1993.

"Line-Width Characterization Test Structures for Microelectronic

Devices,"

U. Lieneweg and N. Zamani,

International Conference for Microelectronic Test Structures, San

Diego, CA, February 1994 (accepted).

"A Numerical Investigation of Domain Wall Motion in Thin Films With

Perpendicular Anisotropy,"

G. Patterson and F. Humphrey,

International Magnetics Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, April 1993.

"Dynamic Distortion in Magnetic Domain Wall Containing Loosely

Spaced 2pi Vertical Bloch Lines,"

A. Bagneres, M. Redjdal, and F. Humphrey,

International Magnetics Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, April 1993.

[] Invited Presentations

"Solid-State Storage Technology,"

R. Katti,

National Media Laboratory Review, McLean, VA, June 1993.

"Applied Vertical Bloch Line Storage Technology,"

R. Katti,

Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan, August 1993.

"Vertical Bloch Line Storage Technology,"

R. Katti,

3M Corporate Seminar and Physics Chapter Presentation, St. Paul, MN,

September 1993.

3-27
[] Patent and New Technology Reports

"Improved Vertical Bloch,"

R. Katti, J. Wu, and H. Stadler,

NPO-18615, combined with NPO-18644, NPO-18867, and S/N 905,878

(filed, patent not issued).

"Vertical Bloch Line Memory,"

R. Katti, H. Stadler and, J. Wu,

New Technology Report, NPO-18467 (NASA Tech Brief in process).

"Improved Reading Gate for Vertical Bloch Line Memory,"

R. Katti, H. Stadler, and J. Wu,

New Technology Report, NPO-18615, NPO-18467 (NASA Tech Brief

in process).

"Improved Writing-Conductor Designs for Magnetic Memory,"

R. Katti, H. Stadler, and J. Wu,

New Technology Report, NPO-18626 (NASA Tech Brief in process).

"Half-State Readout in Vertical Bloch Line Memory,"

R. Katti, H. Stadler, and J. Wu,

New Technology Report, NPO-18644 (NASA Tech Brief in process).

"Imaging Domains in Magnetic Garnets by Use of TSMFM,"

R. Katti, P. Rice, H. Stadler, and J. Wu,

New Technology Report, NPO-18726 (NASA Tech Brief in process).

"Partial-Thickness Grooves in a Vertical Bloch Line Memory Device,"

R. Katti, H. Stadler, and J. Wu,

New Technology Report, NPO-18749 (NASA Tech Brief in process).

"Three-Dimensional Vertical Bloch Line Memory System,"

R. Katti, H. Stadler, and J. Wu,

New Technology Report, NPO-18867 (NASA Tech Brief in process).

3-28
IV. Custom Microcircuits

OVERVIEW

The goal of this program is to develop custom microcircuit technology, also

known as application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology, for use in

flight and ground programs. Supporting this effort are activities to investigate

the effects of the space environment, and particularly ionizing radiation, on

microcircuits and to develop a space-qualification methodology. Another

aspect of the program emphasizes innovative applications of custom

microcircuit technology to image and signal processing and communications.

1993 MAJOR TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS

t_ Quality Assurance and Space-Qualification Methodology

Evaluated the Honeywell 1060 Gate Array Test Coupon, which is

to be used for assessing the reliability of flight gate arrays.

Delivered the Radiation and Reliability Assurance Experiment

(RRELAX) for the Clementine Mission to be launched January 25,

1994.

Delivered the Radiation Monitor (RADMON) to the Space

Technology Research Vehicle (STRV-lb) to be launched February

23, 1994.

Delivered a RADMON p-FET dosimeter for the SAMMES-la

Mission to be launched in 1994.

4-1
TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORTS

Quality Assurance and Space-Qualification Methodology

Publications

"Single-Event Upset (SEU) / Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) as

a Process Monitor"

B. R. Blaes and M. G. Buehler,

Proceedings: IEEE Intern. Conf. on Microelectronic Test Structures,

vol. 6, p. 57-62, March 1993.

"Process, Performance, and Reliability Characterization of a GaAs

Very-Large-Scale-Integration Technology,"

W. Yamada, K. MacWilliams, S. Brown, N. Zamani, B. Blaes, and M.

Buehler,

1993 GaAslC Symposium Digest, 1993.

"Space Technology Research Vehicle Radiation Monitor (RADMON):

An Integrated High-Energy Particle Detector,"

M. G. Buehler, G. A. Soli, B. R. Blaes, and G. R. Tardio,

Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Very. Large Scale Integration

Design, November 1993.

,, • . ,, On-Chip p-MOSFET Doslmetry,

M. G. Buehler, B. R. Blaes, G. A. Soli, and G. R. Tardio,

IEEE Trans. on Nuclear Science, vol. 41, pp. 1442-1449, 1993.

13 Presentations

"SEU/SRAM as a Process Monitor,"

M. G. Buehler,

International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures, Barcelona,

Spain, March 1993.

"On-Chip p-Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor

(MOSFET) Dosimetry,"

M. G. Buehler,

IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference, Snowbird, UT,

July 1993.

"STRV RADMON: An Integrated High Energy Particle Detector,"

M. G. Buehler,

Fifth Symposium on VLSI Design, Albuquerque, NM, November 1993.

4-2
[3 Patent and New Technology Reports

"SRAM as an Array of Energetic-Ion Detectors,"

M. G. Buehler, B. R. Blaes, U. Lieneweg, and R. H. Nixon,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18322, vol. 17, No. 7, p. 36, July 1993.

"Predicting Lifetimes of Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

(CMOS) Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) from Test

Data,"

M. G. Buehler, N. Zamani, and J. A. Zoutendyk,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18698, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 79, August 1993.

"Microelectronic Chips for Radiation-Dose Tests,"

M. G. Buehler, Y. S. Lin, K. P. Ray, and M. M. Sokoloski,

NASA Tech Briefs, NPO-18720, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 33, September 1993.

4-3

V. Appendix

CSMT-CALTECH CAMPUS COLLABORATIONS

H. Atwater

J. D. Baldeschwieler

J. Burdick

K. P. Giapis

T. Gottschalk

R. H. Grubbs

H. Keller

S. Karmesin

N. Lewis,

C. Karp

V. Lubecke

R. Mewaldt

T. Phillips

D. Psaltis,

D. Marx

J. Rosen

M. Roukes,

D. Harrington

D. B. Rutledge

Giant magnetoresistance multilayers and

materials; GeSn alloys for infrared sensing

Scanning tunneling microscopy

Global optimization

Semiconductor etching

Parallel polygon manipulation algorithms for

design automation; radar track initiation software

for multisensor tracking and surveillance systems;

simulation and tracking software developed for

theatre missile defense and missile defense

environments

Nonlinear optical polymers

Parallel plasma simulation

Parallel plasma simulation

Surface electrochemistry patterns

Submillimeter wave circuits

Cosmic ray detectors

Submillimeter receivers

Subwavelength optical patterns

Computer-generated holograms

Integrated acousto-optic patterns; piezoelectric

thin-film devices; intrinsic noise and fundamental

sensitivity limits of tunneling displacement sensors

Grid amplifiers and other quasioptical microwave/

millimeter-wave concepts; submillimeter-wave

circuits

5-1
R. Schoelkopf

N. Scoville

M. Segev

K. Vahala

A. Yariv

N.-C. Yeh

J. Zmuidzinas

H!gh-temperature superconductor Josephson

mixers

Submillimeter receivers

Volume holographic data storage

Patterned growth of GaAs for quantum dots and

wires; lithography of quantum dots

Optoelectronic computing

High-temperature superconductor, high-field

magnetic properties

Submillimeter receivers

5-2
CSMT-OTHER COLLABORATIONS

D. Andes

(Naval Weapons Center)

A. Bagneres

(U. of Grenoble)

B. Beckman

(Microsoft, Inc.)

D. Beratan

(U. of Pittsburgh)

H. Bozler

(USC)

P. Echternach

J. U. Brackbill

(Los Alamos Scientific

Laboratory)

J. L. Bredas

(U. of Mons, Belgium)

J. Brock

(TRW)

D. Casasent

(Carnegie-Mellon U.)

J. Champine

(Cray Research, Inc.)

L. T. Cheng

(Dupont)

R. Colton

(Naval Research

Laboratory)

R. Culbertson

(Arizona State U.)

T. E. Cushing

(Altadena Instruments)

Neurocomputing algorithms for target

detection in cluttered backgrounds

Micromagnetic supercomputer simulations

Knowledge-based software

Theory of optical nonlinearities and electron

transfer

Single-electron transistor

Parallel plasma simulation

Theoretical studies of conjugated organic

molecules

DFB gratings

Optical processing

Parallel rendering algorithm development

Hyperpolarizabilities of organics

Magnetometer

Ion beam analysis of materials

Development of electronics and packaging for

underwater testing of tunneling accelerometers

5-3
T. Crowe

(U. of Virginia)

N. Dagli

(U. C., San Diego)

M. Thomas

L. Dalton

(usc)

D. Dapkis

(usc)

J. M. Dawson

(U. of California)

V. Decyk

(U. of California)

R. van de Geijn

(U. of Texas, Austin)

A. Dickinson

(AT&T Bell Labs)

S. Dixit

(Lawrence Livermore

National Laboratory)

T. Dowling (Massachusetts

Institute of Technology)

G. Dreyfus

(ESPCI, Paris, France)

B. Dunn

(UCLA)

J. East

(U. of Michigan)

P. Encrenaz

(Ecole Normale

Superieur, Paris, France)

N. Erickson

(U. of Massachusetts)

Semiconductor devices

Electron waveguides

Electro-optic polymer modulator

HDWDM components in photonic integrated

circuits; DFB gratings

Parallel plasma simulation

Parallel plasma simulation

High-performance in-core parallel direct

solver

Active pixel image sensors

Amplitude leveling phase plate

Explicit planetary isentropic coordinate

atmospheric model

Neural networks

Sol-gel nonlinear optical materials

Submillimeter-wave mixer analysis

Superconductor-insulator-superconductor

receivers

Submillimeter-wave multipliers

5-4
S. Ermer

(Lockheed)

M. Forrester

(Westinghouse Science and

Technology Center)

D. W. Forslund

(Los Alamos Scientific

Laboratory)

T. Gabrielson

(NAWC)

A. Garito

(U. of Pennsylvania)

E. Gelende

(Duke U.)

H. Gibbs

(U. of Arizona)

F. DeColstoun

A. Gmitro

(U. of Arizona)

B. Velasquez

K. Goser

(U. of Dortmund)

J. Green

(Oxford U.)

D. Greve

(Carnegie-Mellon U.)

A. Grimshaw

(U. of Virginia)

J. Hardy

(Geodynamics Corp)

R. Haas

(Aerojet Electronics

Systems)

J. Herring

(Hughes)

Molecular design of chromophores

High-temperature superconductor digital

electronics

Parallel plasma simulation

Accelerometer

Hyperpolarizabilities of squaraines, negative

hyperpolarizabilities

Neural networks

Vortex phase plate

Optical interconnect holograms

Neural networks

Photoelectron spectroscopy of organic and

organometallic NLO materials

Silicon long-wavelength infrared active pixel

sensor

Mentat, an object-oriented parallel processing

environment

Correct distributed simulation protocol

Waveguide horns

256 x 256 long-wavelength infrared focal-plane

array

5-5
S. S. Iyengar

(California State U. of

Los Angeles)

V. Jackson

(Intel)

B. Jallali

(UCLA)

A. Jen

(EniChem America)

R. Minini

B. Johnson

(Honeywell)

P.A. Kaaret

(Columbia U.)

L. P. B. Katehi

(U. of Michigan)

R. Keller

(Harvey Mudd College)

C. Kirchhof

(Cray Research, Inc.)

M. A. Khan

(APA Optics, Inc.)

A. Kleinsasser

(IBM)

J. A. Kovacich

(Eaton Corporation)

A. Kussmaul (MITLincoln Laboratory)

D. L. Kwong

(U. of Texas)

A. G. Larsson

(Chalmers U.)

Sensor fusion

Supercomputer demonstration

Space robotic vision sensors

Electro-optic polymers, NLO chromophores

High-temperature superconductor bolometers

Development of silicon lobster-eye x-ray optics

Waveguide circuits

Hypermedia library technology (HyLite)

Parallel rendering algorithm development

Characterization of wide band-gap

semiconductors

High-temperature superconductors

superconductor/normal metal/superconductor

device analysis: superconductor-insulatorsuperconductor junction analysis

Tunneling magnetometer program

High-temperature superconductors

Porous Si and SiGe

Molecular beam epitaxy growth and

semiconductor lasers

5-6
T. Lee

(Kodak)

B. F. Levine

(AT&T Bell Laboratories)

J. Luine

(TRW)

P. Malin

(Duke U.)

R. L. Marcus

(Central State U.)

William Martin

(Analysis Consultants)

P. Miles

(Logicon/RDA)

F. Namavar

(Spire Corporation)

S. Narathong

(U. of WisconsinPlatteville)

G. M. Nathanson

(U. of Wisconsin)

J. Norgard

(U. of Colorado, Colorado

Springs)

S. Palfrey

(David Sarnoff Research

Center)

P. Pellegrini

(Rome Laboratory)

A. Persoons

(U. of Leuven, Belgium)

B. Pierce

(Hughes Aircraft

Company)

Active pixel image sensors

Infrared detectors

HTS digital electronics

Borehole seismometers

Hypermedia library technology (HyLite)

Dark current reduction in silicon far-infrared

detectors

Nonlinear absorptive optical limiters

Porous silicon

Neurochip designs

Molecular-beam scattering from surfaces

Validation studies

Monolithic long-wavelength infrared focalplane array

PtSi infrared detector

Hyper-Raleigh scattering technique

Theoretical studies of conjugated organic

molecules

5-7
J. Pollack

(NASA Ames Research

Center)

J. Posthill

(Center for Semiconductor

Research)

P. Rice

(National Institute of

Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO)

M. Rodwell

(U.C., Santa Barbara)

S. Allen

A. A. Sawchuk

(USC)

L. Schowalter (Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute)

G. Stegeman

(U. Central Florida)

W. Steier

(usc)

R. Stewart

(MOEC, GE spin-off co.)

A. Stubberud

(U. C., Irvine)

M. K. Summer

(Sangamon State U.)

H. Temkin

(Colorado State U.)

O. Tonnesen

(Tech. U. of Denmark)

E. Van Stryland

(U. Central Florida)

MARS general-circulation model

Analysis of epitaxial diamond films

Tunneling-stabilized magnetic force

microscopy in magnetic garnets

Lithography for resonant tunneling diodes;

nonlinear transmission lines (devices and

circuits); Schottky-collector resonant tunneling

diodes

Permutation engine-switching node

Rutherford back-scattering analysis

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of

organic materials

Electro-optic polymers, modulator

Electro-optic organic salt crystals

Neural nets for control

Knowledge-based software

Gas source molecular beam epitaxy and

semiconductor lasers

Electro-optic high-voltage sensors

Passive optical limiters; nonlinear optics of

phthalocyanines

5-8
P.K.C. Wang

(UCLA)

H. Wieder

(U. C., San Diego)

T. Weller

(U. of Michigan)

I. Williams

(Hong Kong U. of Science

and Tech.)

M. Wu

(UCLA)

C. Yakymyshyn

(ABB)

P. Yeh

(U.C., Santa Barbara)

F. Yu

(Pennsylvania State U.)

S. Zhou

(U. C., Santa Barbara)

Micromachined closed-loop electrostatically

actuated reflector (_tCLEAR)

InGaAs photodetectors

Waveguide circuits

Nonlinear optics of bio-organic crystals

Wavelength division multiplexing

Electro-optic organic salt crystals

Advanced optical processing and

neurocomputing

Image processing

Photorefractive material and holography

5-9
DISTINGUISHED VISITING SCIENTISTS

Dr. Anne Bagneres, Department of Electrical Engineering,

Boston University

Dr. Floyd B. Humphrey, Department of Electrical, Computer, and

Systems Engineering, Boston University

- IEEE Magnetics Society Achievement Award Laureate

- Experimental and computational magnetic device and materials

physics

Dr. Junichi Nakamura, Olympus America

- Active pixel image sensors

Dr. Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Dean, College of Engineering,

University of California at Santa Barbara

- Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy

Prof. Antti V. Raisanen, Senior Research Fellow, National

Research Council, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo,

Finland

- Head, Radio Laboratory

Dr. Roland Stalder, ETH Zurich

- Charged Particle Detection

Dr. James Tillman, University of Washington

- Microweather Station

Prof. Pochi Yeh, Department of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara

- Neurocomputing Theory and Nonlinear Science

5-10
VISITING INDUSTRIAL FELLOWS

Dr. Alan Kleinsasser, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center

- High-temperature superconducting superconductor/normalmetal/superconductor device analysis; high Jc superconductorinsulator-superconductor junction analysis

Dr. John F. Read, Honeywell Corporation

- Advanced computing and data storage

Dr. Yin Shih, Kodak-Datatape, Incorporated

- Vertical bloch line storage technology

Dr. Charles Byson, President, Surface Interface, Inc.

- Charged particle optics; scanning tunneling microscopy

Dr. John Kovacich, Senior Engineer, Microelectronics Division,

Eaton Corp.

Tunneling sensor magnetometer for current sensing application

HONORS AND AWARDS

Lew Allen Awards

Pierre Baldi: In recognition of his scientific contributions to the

theory and applications of artificial neural systems.

Seth Marder: For contributions to the science of organic materials

for nonlinear optics and for his efforts to disseminate the results of

his work to the community and to motivate and train students in the

art of conducting research.

NASA Medals

• H.G. LeDuc: Exceptional Scientific Achievement

• Edward T. Chow: Exceptional Engineering Achievement

5-11
1993 "R&D 100" Award

Thomas Kenny, William Kaiser, Judi Podosek, and Erika Vote

received an "R&D 100" award for the uncooled infrared tunnel

sensor, as one of the 100 most technologically significant new

products of the year. This award is sponsored by R & D Magazine.

5-12
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS SPONSORED AND/OR

HOSTED BY CSMT

Fourth Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy Workshop,

Williamsburg, VA, January 25, 1993

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization Critical Design Review

for Clementine Radiation Experiments, January 20, 1993

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization Technology Applications

Workshop, Pasadena, CA, February 2, 1993

The Second Concurrent Supercomputing Consortium Delta

Applications Workshop, Norfolk, VA, March 25-26, 1993

Fourth International Conference on Space Terahertz Technology--

Joint Meeting with University of Michigan, University of

California, Los Angeles, CA, March 30-April 1, 1993

Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optical Applications: Materials

Research Society, San Francisco, CA, April 1993

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization/Innovative Science and

Technology Status Review, Colorado Springs, CO, April 28-29,

1993

1993 IEEE Workshop on Charge-Coupled Devices and Advanced

Image Sensors, Toronto, Canada, June 1993

American Vacuum Society-Southern California Chapter Workshop

on Micromachining: Technology and Applications, Pasadena, CA,

July 27, 1993

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Utah State

University Conference on Small Satellites, Logan, UT,

September 13-16, 1993

Fall Meeting of the Materials Research Society: Symposium D-

"Silicides, Germanides and their Interfaces," Boston, MA,

November 1993

Workshop on Innovative Concepts for Mars Environmental Survey

Network Micro-Lander, Arcadia, CA, April 5-6, 1994

5-13
LIST OF ACRONYMS

AIRS

ALE

ANNIE

AOTF

APS

ARPA

ASIC

bbBNN

BEEM

BMDO

CAIBE

CCD

CHFET

CMOS

CSCC

CSMT

CSO

DAST

DCC

DOD

DOE

DRA

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder

atomic layer epitaxy

Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering (conference)

acousto-optic tunable filter

active-pixel sensor

Advanced Research Projects Agency

application-specific integrated circuit

back-to-back barrier-intrinsic n-type devices

ballistic electron emission microscopy

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization

chemical-assisted ion etching

charge-coupled device

complementary heterojunction field-effect transistors

complementary metal-oxide semiconductors

Concurrent Supercomputing Consortium

Center for Space Microelectronics

Caltech Submillimeter Observatory

JPL inorganic crystal

Data Compression Conference

Department of Defense (U.S.)

Department of Energy (U.S.)

Defense Research Agency (British)

5-14
EM

FE-IE

FPA

GOMAC

HBL

HEMT

HESI

HESP

HIP

HPCC

HTS

HTSSE-II

HyLite

IEEE

INSTEP

ISEC

ISO

KAO

LeRC

LIDAR

LIGA

MAPS

MBE

electromagnetic

finite element-integral equation

focal plane array

Government Microcircuit Applications Conference

horizontal bloch line

high-electron-mobility transistor

high-energy solar-imaging satellite

high-energy solar-physics satellite

heterojunction internal photoemission

high-performance computing and communication

high-temperature superconductor

High-Temperature Superconductor Space ExperimentPhase II

Hypermedia library technology

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

In Space Technology Experiments Program

International Superconductive Electronics Conference

International Standards Organization

Kuyper Airborne Observatory

Lewis Research Center (NASA)

light detection and ranging

German acronym for a combination of deep-etch x-ray

lithography, electroplating, and injection molding

Microwave-Powered Aircraft Platform System

molecular beam epitaxy

5-15
MESUR

MM&D

MMIC

MOCVD

MOSFET

MRS

NAWC

NEP

NIPS

NRL

NTF

OEIC

PDE

PMMA

QUID

QWIP

RADMON

RAP

RRELAX

RTD

SAR

SCRTD

SDI

Mars Environmental Survey

micrometeorites and debris

millimeter microwave integrated circuit

metallorganic chemical vapor-deposition reactor

metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor

Materials Research Society

Naval Air Warfare Center

noise-equivalent power

Neural Information Processing Systems (conference)

Naval Research Laboratory

National Test Facility

optoelectronic integrated circuits

partial differential equation

polymethylmethacrylate

quartz upside-down integrated device

quantum well infrared photodetectors

radiation monitor

resource allocation processor

Radiation and Reliability Assurance Experiment

(on Clementine)

resonant-tunneling diode

synthetic aperture radar

Schottky-collector resonant-tunneling diodes

Strategic Defense Initiative

5-16
SEE

SEU

SIS

SMIM/FIRST

SNS

SOS

SRAM

STIG

STRV

STTR

TCA

TCP/IP

TEM

TTM

VBL

VLSI

YBCO

YIG

YSZ

_tCLEAR

space environmental effects

single-event upset

superconducting-insulator-superconducting

Submillimeter Intermediate Mission/

Far Infrared Space Telescope

superconductor/normal metal/superconductor

silicon-on-sapphire substrates

static random access memory

Space Technology Interdependency Group

Space Technology Research Vehicle

Small Business Technology Transfer Program

Technology Cooperative Agreements

transmission control protocol/Internet protocol

transmission electron microscopy

tunneling transmission microscopy

vertical bloch line

very-large-scale integration

YBa2Cu307-x

yttrium-iron-garnet

yttria-stabilized zirconia

micromachined closed-loop electrostatically

actuated reflector

5-17