JPL Publication 90-3

Center for Space Microelectronics Technology

1988-1989 Technical Report

NASA

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, California C S M T
The research described in this publication was carried out by the Jet Propulsion

Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and was sponsored by the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration, Strategic Defense Initiative

Organization/Innovative Science and Technology Office, Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency, U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Air Force and U. S. Department of

Energy.

Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade

name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its

endorsement by the United States Government, or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

California Institute of Technology.

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United

States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof,

nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any

legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any

information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would

not infringe privately owned rights.
Abstract

The 1988-1989 Technical Report of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Space

Microelectronics Technology summarizes the technical accomplishments, publications,

presentations, and patents of the center during the past two years. The report lists 321

publications, 282 presentations, and 140 new technology reports and patents.

iii

TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE

!

1. Report No. J2. Government Accession I_.

JPL Publication 90-3 I

4. Title and Subtitle

Center for Space Microelectronics Technology

1988-1989 Technical Report

7. Author(s)

Peggy Olsen

l

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

JET PROPULSION LABORATORY

California Institute of Technology

4800 Oak Grove Drive

Pasadena, California 91109

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Addre.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Washington, D.C. 20546

3. Reclpient's Catalog No.

5. Report Date

March I, 1990

6. Performing Organization Code

8, Performing Organization Report No

10. Work Unit No.

11. Contract or Grant No.

NAS 7-918

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

JPL Publication

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

(c/c)B-055-80-08-00-20

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstract

The 1988-1989 Technical Report of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Space

Microelectronics Technology summarizes the technical accomplishments, publications,

presentations, and patents of the center during the past two years. The report l(sts

321 publications, 282 presentations, and 140 new technology reports and patents.

17. Key Words (Selected by Author(s))

Computer Programming and Software

Infrared and Ultraviolet Detection

Optics

Solid-State Physics

19. Security Classif. (of this report)

Unclassified

18. Distribution Statement

Unclassified -- Unlimited

20. Security Classif. (of this page)

Unclassified

21. No. of Pa_

123

22. Price

JPL 0184 R 911Q

Table of Contents

Director's Report ............................................................. 1

Microdevices Laboratory ................................................... 5

I. Solid State Devices .................................................... 9

Overview ................................................................. 11

1988-1989 Major Technical Achievements ............................ 11

Technical Progress Reports

Electron Tunneling .................................................. 15

Superconductivity ................................................... 2 0

Submillimeter (Terahertz) Receiver Technology .................. 24

Semiconducting Materials: Growth and Characterization ........ 27

Electronic Device Technology ...................................... 34

Molecular Electronics ............................................... 3 6

II. Photonics ............................................................... 39

Overview ................................................................. 41

1988-1989 Major Technical Achievements ............................ 4 1

Technical Progress Reports

Spatial Light Modulators ............................................ 45

Lasers ................................................................ 47

Optoelectronic Materials and Characterization .................... 5 1

Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits ................................. 54

Infrared Detectors ................................................... 55

Nonlinear Optical Materials and Characterization ................. 58

Fiber Optics .......................................................... 63

Photovoltaic Technology ............................................ 64

III. Computer Architecture and Subsystems ........................ 67

Overview ................................................................. 69

1988-1989 Major Technical Achievements ............................ 69

Technical Progress Reports

Parallel Computation ................................................ 76

Neural and Analog Computing ..................................... 85

Neural and Nonlinear Theory ....................................... 90

Optical Processing ................................................... 98

V

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IV.

Vt

Data Storage ........................................................ 101

Molecular Computation ............................................ 103

Custom Microcircuits .............................................. 105

Overview ................................................................ 107

1988-1989 Major Technical Achievements ........................... 107

Technical Progress Reports

Application Specific Integrated Circuits .......................... 109

Quality Assurance and Space Qualification Methodology ....... 111

Algorithms Tailored for ASIC Design ............................ 114

Appendix .............................................................. 117

• CSMT-Caltech Campus Collaboration ............................ 119

• Distinguished Visiting Scientists .................................. 120

• Conferences and Workshops ...................................... 123

Figure

MDL First Floor ........................................................... 7

vi
Director's Report

The Center for Space Microelectronics Technology (CSMT) was established in 1987 at the

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The

CSMT's mission is to perform research and advanced development in the area of

microelectronics to support new space missions for the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD).

The CSMT is chartered to investigate and advance innovative scientific concepts and

phenomena, leading to the development of electronic materials and devices that will enable

and enhance NASA and DoD space missions. The Center develops and evaluates new

electronic and optical concepts for sensors, information processing, data storage, and realtime signal processing. It explores novel concepts in solid state devices for application in

space. The Center also develops the technological base required to advance space

computing concepts and architectures - in response to the unique requirements of the space

environment.

The CSMT Board of Governors provides policy guidance and program oversight for the

Center. The Chairman of the Board is the Director of JPL. The Board includes

representatives of NASA, the Caltech Campus, and sponsoring agencies who maintain a

significant relationship with the CSMT. The CSMT Board of Governors members are:

Dr. Lew Allen (Chairman), Director, JPL.

Mr. Arnold D. Aldrich, Associate Administrator, Office of Aeronautics and Space

Technology, NASA.

Dr. Craig I. Fields, Director, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(DARPA).

Dr. Dwight Duston, Director, Innovative Science and Technology Office, Strategic

Defense Initiative Organization.

Dr. Thomas E. Everhart, President, Caltech.

Dr. Lennard Fisk, Associate Administrator, Office of Space Science and

Applications, NASA.

Dr. Paul Jennings, Vice President and Provost, Caltech.

The CSMT has formed a Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) to advise the CSMT Board of

Governors, the CSMT Director, and JPL management on the content and quality of the

CSMT technical program. The SAB consists of the following members:

Dr. Terry Cole, Chief Technologist, JPL (Board Chairman).

Dr. Bob L. Gregory, Director, Microelectronics/Materials Center, Polaroid

Corporation.

Professor Carver Mead, Department of Computer Science, Caltech.
Dr. VenkateshNarayanamurti,VicePresidentfor Research,SandiaNational

Laboratories.

ProfessorJohnWhinnery,Departmentof ElectricalEngineeringandComputer

Science,Universityof California,Berkeley.

Dr. JerryWoodall,ThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenter,IBM Corporation.

TheSABmettwiceduringthepastyeartoobtainanoverviewof CSMTactivities.The

SABconcludedthatthefacilitiesandcapabilitiesof theCSMTform asoundcombination

for spacemicroelectronicsresearchanddevelopmentwork in thefuture. In addition,the

staffwasratedas"technicallyoutstanding,enthusiastic,andwell versedin [their] fieldsof

specialization."All in all,thefindingsof theSABarehighlyencouragingfor theCSMT.

TheCSMTencompassesfour majorresearchareas:solidstatedevices,photonics,

computerarchitecture,andcustommicrocircuits.ThisDirector'sReportfocusesonrecent

CSMTactivitiesaswell asthemoresignificantachievementsof theCenterandits staff.

ThepastyearhasbeenabusyandproductivetimefortheCSMT. TheCentercontinuesin

aleadershiprole onanumberof scientific,programmatic,andinstitutionalfrontsat JPL.

Technical Achievements

Onthetechnicalfront,theCSMThasactivelypursuedresearchin avarietyof areas.

CSMTscientistsandengineershavemadegreatstridesin severalfieldsof endeavor,

includingthefollowing:

Achievementof breakthroughperformancefor verylongwavelengthgermanium

blockedimpurity band(GeBIB)detectors.Initial dataindicatehighresponsivity

(4.5amperesperwattat 100microns),darkcurrentof lessthan1000electronsper

second,andspectralresponseto 200microns.Thedetectorshaveachievedthefarinfraredcoverage,quantumefficiency,anddarkcurrentperformancerequiredby

theSpaceInfraredTelescopeFacility (SIRTF)mission.

Growthandfabricationof CoSi2infrareddetectorsusingsiliconmolecularbeam

epitaxyandadopingspiketherebyincreasingthecutoff wavelengthfrom 3.5to 5.0

microns.

Demonstrationof anInGaAsSb2.1micronlaserfor usein pumpingsolidstate

lasersfor LIDAR andlong-rangeopticalcommunciation.

Developmentof nonlinearoptical organic materials with second-harmonic

efficiency ten times greater than the previous record.

Design and fabrication of the custom direct memory access controller

(DMAC) chip with 55,000 transitors. The design meets flight qualification

standards and the initial chip is fully functional. The DMAC is designed for the

Mariner Mark II spacecraft computer.

Processing of Voyager 2 images from Neptune on an eight-node hypercube, with

80 times greater performance than that obtained using a VAX 8600 computer. The

images were used for "weather forecasting" of the motion of storms on Neptune,

allowing detailed imaging during the close encounter period.

2
Discoveryanddemonstrationof anovelneuralnetsalgorithmandarchitectureto

solvecomputationallyintensiveproblemssuchasresourceallocationandthe

"TravelingSalesmanProblem."

Demonstrationof a niobiumnitride-basedsuperconductor(SIS)tunneljunctionasa

mixerin a205-GHzheterodynereceiver.

In theareaof electrontunneling,William Kaiser'spioneeringdevelopmentsin electron

tunnelingincludinginventionof ballisticelectronemissionmicroscopy(BEEM) (withL.D.

Bell) havebeenrewardedwith aNASA OutstandingScientificAchievementAward. Dr.

HeinrichRohrer,IBM-Zurich ResearchLaboratory,visitedJPLin orderto discussBEEM,

whichnow allowsfor thestudyof buriedinterfaces.Dr. Rohrerwasrecipientof the1986

NobelPrizein Physicsfor theinventionof thescanningtunnelingmicroscope.

Programmatic Achievements

On the programmatic front, the CSMT has coordinated with the NASA Office of

Aeronautics and Space Technology, the NASA Langley Research Center, and the NASA

Ames Research Center to initiate a research program with AT&T Bell Laboratories on the

applicability of multiple quantum well technology for NASA infrared focal plan array needs

in the 6- to 17-micron range. Such technology is required for several JPL Earth Observing

System (Eos) instruments, including the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS).

A new effort in the area of high temperature superconductivity has been initiated within the

CSMT by NASA. Brian Hunt's current effort in thin film superconductivity for SDIO/IST

and DARPA is augmented. In addition, another effort directed by Donald Strayer focuses

on the RF characterization of high temperature superconducting materials.

The U.S. Army Laboratory Command, which includes the Army Laboratories, the Army

Research Office, and the Army Space Technology and Research Office, has become a

CSMT sponsor. The CSMT program for the Army focuses on ballistic electron devices

and millimeter wave imaging.

The CSMT has achieved progress in the transfer of technology to industry in the following

are as:

Electron tunneling accelerometer to the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory;

Neural network technology to McDonell Douglas Corporation and TRW;

Superconducting niobium nitride tunnel-junction wafers for circuit applications to

TRW;

Silicon-compatible infrared detector technology collaboration with Hughes; and,

Collaborative development of a fault tolerant multiprocessor computer with Unisys.

The CSMT has participated extensively in planning sessions and program reviews for

Center sponsors. It is a goal of the Center to have an overview of space microelectronics

that includes both civilian and defense needs. CSMT personnel have served on the

DARPA neural networks study team, participated in SDIO electronics and signal

processing reviews, and worked with NASA to plan initiatives in high performance

computing and global change technology. The CSMT Director represents NASA on the

3
TechnicalReviewCommitteefortheJointServicesElectronicsProgram(JSEP).JSEPis

anArmy, NavyandAir Forceprogramthatfundselectronicsresearchatthirteen

universities.TheCSMTDirectoralsoservedontheNASA teamthatevaluatedproposals

by 110U.S.universitiesfor establishmentof NASA SpaceEngineeringResearchCenters.

Nineuniversitieswereawardedcenters.Thetwo institutionsselectedin theareaof space

microelectronicsare:

TheUniversityof MichiganCenterfor SpaceTerahertzTechnology;and,

TheUniversityof IdahoCenterfor CustomVLSI for SpaceApplications.

TheCSMTis workingcloselywith theUniversityof MichiganCenterin aprogramin

whichCSMTscientistsandMichiganfacultymemberscollaboratein researchonawide

rangeof topics,includingquantumwell multipliers,varactormultipliers,andquantumwell

negativeresistancetunnelingoscillators.

Also ontheprogrammaticfront,theCSMThasactivelypursuedits DistinguishedVisiting

Scientist(DVS) program,designedto allowoutstandingresearchersfrom industryand

academiato interactandworkwith CSMTstaffmembers.RecentDVS participantshave

includedErik Fossum,ColumbiaUniversity;JamesLukens,StateUniversityof New

York,StonyBrook;PieterBalk, Delft Instituteof Technology,TheNetherlands;Floyd

Humphrey,BostonUniversity;JamesRosenberg,Brown University;CraigDavis,Ford

Motor Company;JamesMayer,CornellUniversity;andOlofEngstrom,Chalmers

University,Sweden.

Institutional Achievements

On the Institutional front, the CSMT has several areas of accomplishments to report.

Among the most exciting developments is the completion of the state-of-the-art

Microdevices Laboratory (MDL); it is described in the following section.

The CSMT, with support from SDIO/Innovative Science and Technology Office, has

acquired the JEOL JBX-5DII electron beam lithography system, offering a resolution

unsurpassed by any other instrument of its kind. This facility allows the fabrication of

devices with feature sizes as small as 15 nm. Structures and devices to be fabricated

include quantum size effect dots, nanometer scale superconducting submillimeter wave

detectors, a distributed feedback diode laser, and thin film neural network synapses.

Carl A. Kukkonen, Director

4
Microdevices Laboratory

Introduction

The new JPL Microdevices Laboratory (MDL), completed in 1989, is the primary facility

of the Center for Space Microelectronics Technology (CSMT). It is dedicated to research

and advanced development of microelectronic and photonic devices to meet the unique

needs of NASA and DOD space missions. The Microdevices Laboratory will also

significantly enhance JPL/Caltech campus collaborative research in the fields of electrical

engineering and condensed matter physics.

The MDL enables the development of a multitude of advanced space microelectronic

devices, such as infrared detectors, millimeter and submillimeter wave detectors, electronic

neural network devices, lasers, and optoelectronic integrated circuits. Experimental solid

state devices based on silicon, compound semiconductors and superconductors are

fabricated and characterized for their electrical, optical and surface/interface properties in the

MDL. Technology developed at the MDL will eventually be transferred to industry.

Building Facilities

The MDL is a 38,000 square foot facility with clean rooms for material deposition,

lithography and device processing, and conventional laboratories for characterization. The

clean rooms, divided into three categories (classes 10, 100, 1000) are arranged in

conventional bays (work areas) and chases for mechanical pumps and utilities. These

features are shown in the figure at the end of this section.

Located above the conventional laboratories are two levels of offices which accommodate

the 65 scientists, engineers and staff of the MDL. The Microdevices Laboratory is

designed to encourage a high level of intellectual synergism, and enable the benefits of

sharing key equipment and experienced support staff.

The MDL meets all the Federal, State, and County safety codes and regulations. Toxic and

pyrophoric gases are stored in autopurge gas cabinets in a gas bunker. These gases are

distributed to the point of use by nitrogen gas-purged coaxial stainless steel pipes; and at

the point of use, the valves and regulators are enclosed in exhausted secondary enclosures.

Toxic and pyrophoric gases are continuously monitored by a sophisticated safety system

that includes seismic sensors, and the MDL staff has received extensive safety training.

Research Equipment

The materials deposition capabilities of the MDL include silicon and compound

semiconductor molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

(MOCVD), atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), chemical vapor

deposition (CVD) of amorphous silicon, sputtering, electron beam evaporation, and laser

ablation used for high temperature superconductors.

Devices are fabricated using optical and electron beam lithography, diffusion and oxidation,

and wet and dry etching. The MDL houses a state-of-the-art Electron Beam Lithography

Laboratory in a class 10 clean room. The JEOL JBX-5DII e-beam lithography system can

focus its writing beam down to an 8 nanometer diameter. It is expected that 40 nanometer

(0.04 micron) structures will be the working norm for patterns created with the JBX-5DII.

5
TheElectronBeamLithographyLaboratoryalsohasacompletearrayof support

equipment.IncludedareaJEOLIC-848scanningelectronmicroscopewithanimage

processingattachment,aZeissAxiophot optical microscope with TV monitor and image

processing capability, a Leitz MPV-SP film thickness measurement tool, a surface particle

contamination measurement instrument, an airborne particle count measurement tool,

Soletec spinners for coating and developing photoresist, a YES vacuum priming oven,

several baking ovens and both acid and solvent wet benches.

Materials and devices are characterized using state-of-the-art electrical and optoelectronic

techniques. Surfaces and interfaces are studied using photoemission, scanning auger

microscopy (SAM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron

microscopy (TEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and ballistic electron emission

microscopy (BEEM).

Summary

The JPL Microdevices Laboratory is fully operational including the state-of-the-art JEOL

electron beam lithography system. This facility enables the end-to-end fabrication of

devices down to submicron feature size based on silicon, amorphous silicon, compound

semiconductors, and superconductors. The MDL also has full capability for

surface/interface and bulk elecwical and optical characterization of materials and devices.
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Overview

The Solid State Device Research Program is directed toward developing innovative devices

for space remote and in-situ sensing, and for data processing. Innovative devices can

result from the "standard" structures in innovative materials such as superconductors,

strained-layer superlattices, or even metalloproteins. Innovative devices can also result

from "innovative" structures achieved using electron tunneling or nanolithography in

standard materials. A final step is to use both innovative structures and innovative

materials.

The Solid State Device Research effort is housed in the new Microdevices Laboratory

which is described in the introduction to the section, Microdevices Laboratory.

1988-1989 Major Technical Achievements

Electron Tunneling

The new Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy (BEEM) technique was invented

and developed to enable many new capabilities for device structure diagnostics.

BEEM enabled the first electron transport spectroscopy in semiconductor device

structures which allows detailed characterization of the response of device

components. Using BEEM, some of the most important material and interface

factors limiting interface transport in devices were identified.

BEEM methods were developed which enable direct measurement of subsurface

interface band structure.

BEEM was employed to identify defects in the important Au/GaAs Schottky barrier

device structure. The origin of the defects was identified and the defects'

dependence on device fabrication methods was determined.

New device processing methods were developed which enabled all in-situ

fabrication of metal/III-V Schottky device structures for the first time. The first

ideal-interface Au/GaAs (100) Schottky barrier was fabricated using these methods.

A prototype silicon micromachined tunnel position sensor was designed,

fabricated and successfully tested. The tunnel accelerometer technology was

transferred to the C.S. Draper Laboratory.

Superconductivity

Designed and built high vacuum sputter deposition facility to deposit

qualifiable NbN/MgO/NbN Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS)

mixer elements. The superconducting refractory, space transition temperature is

16K.

Fabricated NbN/A1N/NbN tunnel junctions. MgO barriers are superior.

Designed and built low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. Major

accomplishments include:

11

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Observation of superconductor-vacuum-normal metal tunneling at high

resolution and high tunneling resistance.

First observation of superconductor phonon density of states effects using

STM.

First observation of superconductor vacuum-superconductor tunneling

using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope.

Explored small area tunnel junction geometries. Edge geometry tunnel junctions

were fabricated with areas down to 0.1 square microns.

Fabricated high-quality NbN edge junctions on thin quartz and delivered for

receiver testing. These are the first NbN edge junctions to undergo receiver testing.

Test results indicated greater than a factor of 3 improvement in performance over

previous devices, with a noise temperature of-380 K at 205 GHz.

Fabricated an array of NbN junctions that demonstrated remarkably good lateral

uniformity, with only a 3% spatial deviation (1 sigma) in the critical current density

across a 6 mm distance. Such uniformity is important for future applications

requiring arrays and circuits in the NbN system.

Transferred NbN/MgO/NbN technology to an industrial collaborator (TRW) to

fabricate superconducting A/D converters for IR sensor readout circuits.

Developed a bromine-based chemical etch for high-temperature superconducting

YBa2Cu307-x films which removes the nonsuperconducting hydroxides and

carbonates that form as a result of atmospheric exposure. This results in a

stoichiometric, superconducting surface, which is important for future device

applications of these thin films.

Developed wet chemical techniques for passivation of YBa2Cu307_x against

environmental degradation. Such techniques are critical for the avoidance of

adverse effects on the performance of superconducting contacts, tunnel junctions,

and other devices.

Fabricated and tested YBaCuO/Au/Nb SNS device structures for electrical

surface characterization of chemically-treated YBaCuO thin films. The tests

indicated that high quality, superconducting surfaces can be obtained on

YBa2Cu3OT-x.

Submillimeter (Terahertz) Receiver Technology

Fabricated InGaAs/A1As quantum well resonant tunneling devices with a cutoff

frequency near 1000 GHz. These devices are used as fundamental oscillators and

frequency multipliers in submillimeter heterodyne receivers (1 mm = 300 GHz =

0.3 Thz).

Demonstrated frequency multiplication to 200 GHz.

Demonstrated fundamental oscillation at 425 GHz.

12
Developedfirst NbN/MgO/NbNedgejunction.

Fabricated edgeandmesajunctionswith integraltuningstubs.

Testededgeandmesajunctionsasmixersat200GHzperformancewithin a factor

of 4 of bestPballoy results.

Developedplanarantennaconfigurationfor dielectricallyfilled parabola.

DemonstratedBarrier-Intrinsic-Ntype(BIN) diodeconceptfor submillimeter

waveGaAsmultipliergrids. Demonstrated(with UCLA) a 1Watt, 100GHz

outputfrom BIN diodearrays.

Developedtheoreticalmodelof novelfar-infraredlaser,basedonintersubband

transitionsin GaAs/A1GaAsquantumwells,withcurrentinjection. Themodel

predictsfeasibilityof submillimeteradiationgenerationatmoderatethreshold

currentsfor the60- 150I.tmrange.

Semicondueting Materials: Growth and Characterization

Demonstrated for the first time the growth of diamond-like carbon thin films by

electron cyclotron resonance plasma deposition. This technology has application to

high temperature devices and to advanced optical coatings for sensor protection in

space.

Demonstrated growth of high-quality GaAs/A1GaAs structures on Si substrates

by a combination of migration enhanced molecular beam epitaxy (MEMBE) and

MOCVD techniques.

Demonstrated for the first time the planar oxide maskless growth of GaAs on Si

substrates by migration-enhanced molecular beam epitaxy (MEMBE) followed by

transient-mode liquid phase epitaxy (TMLPE) in collaboration with the University

of Florida.

Demonstrated the first successful growth of single-crystal, pinhole-free CoSi 2

and lrSi 3. These materials are being used in ongoing work in Si-based Schottkydiode IR detectors.

Developed a novel MOCVD process, enabling the first successful

epitaxial growth of CdMgTe.

Demonstrated growth of detector quality InAs thick films on GaAs (100)

substrates.

Demonstrated growth of InAs quantum wells strained to match the GaAs lattice

constant. With new stoichiometry control techniques, obtained quantum well

luminescence intensities up to 8 times greater than those for the bulk GaAs

reference quantum wells for well thicknesses from 1 to 4 monolayers.

13
Electronic Device Technology

Established a state-of-the-art Electron Beam Lithography Laboratory, comprised

of a JEOL JBX-5DII e-beam lithography system, JEOL IO-848 scanning electron

microscope complete with image processing equipment, a Zeiss microscope, a Leitz

film thickness measurement tool, PMS surface particle contamination and airborne

particle count instruments, and related photoresist processing equipment, all housed

in a Class 10 clean room bay of the Microdevices Laboratory. The JEOL JBX5DII has greater resolution than any other commercially available e-beam

lithography system, and is capable of generating a probe beam only 8 nanometers in

diameter.

Made operational the photodetachment atomic oxygen source. This is the only

source in the world capable of delivering a pure, ground-state beam of atomic

oxygen, with a variable energy in the range 2-50 eV, and a flux comparable to that

encountered by spacecraft in low earth orbit.

Demonstrated that an oxide layer could be formed on SiO2 by room-temperature

exposure to a low-energy O" beam. The O" beam is several orders of magnitude

more reactive than a comparable beam of 02.

Fabricated high-gain A1GaAs intrinsic-base and Zn-diffused extrinsic-base double

heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) grown by MOCVD. Single transistors

exhibited a current gain of 500-750 at a collector current density of 500 A/cm 2 and

their Darlington transistor pairs showed current gains up to 5000.

Molecular Electronics

Demonstrated self-orientation of proteins relative to a surface by utilizing X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in conjunction with a novel myoglobin

derivative.

14
Electron Tunneling

Publications

"Observations of Interface Bandstructure by Ballistic-Electron-Emission Microscopy"

L. D. Bell, W. J. Kaiser

Phys. Rev. Lett., 61, 2368 (1988)

"Spatially Resolved Ballistic Electron Spectroscopy of Subsurface Interfaces"

L. D. Bell, W. J. Kaiser

J. Microscopy 152, 605 (1988)

"Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Methods for Spectroscopic Imaging of Subsurface

Interfaces"

L. D. Bell, W. J. Kaiser

Scanning Microscopy, 2, 1231 (1988)

"Process Dependent Morphology of the Si/SiO2 Interface Measured with STM in SiO2 and

its Interfaces"

M. H. Hecht, L. D. Bell, F. J. Grunthaner, W. J. Kaiser

S. T. Pantelides and G. Lucovsky, eds., MRS proceedings, 105,307 (1988)

"Superconducting Phonon Spectroscopy using a Low-Temperature Scanning Tunneling

Microscope"

H. G. LeDuc, W. J. Kaiser, B. D. Hunt, L. D. Bell, R. C. Jaklevic, M. G. Youngquist

Appl Phys. Lett., 54, 946 (1989)

"An Electron Tunneling Sensor"

S. B. Waltman, W. J. Kaiser

Sensors and Actuators, 19, 201 (1989)

"Electron Tunnel Sensor Technology"

S. B. Wahman, W. J. Kaiser

Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 42, 474 (1989)

"Direct Investigation of Subsurface Interface Electronic Structure by Ballistic Electron

Emission Microscopy"

W.J. Kaiser, L.D. Bell

Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1406 (1988)

"Ballistic-Electron-Emission Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Au-GaAs Interfaces"

W. J. Kaiser, L. D. Bell, M. H. Hecht, F. J. Grunthaner

J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B7, 945 (1989)

"Ballistic-Electron-Emission Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Au/GaAs Interfaces"

W.J. Kaiser, M.H. Hecht, LD. Bell, F.J. Grunthaner

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B7, 845 (1989)

"Ballistic-Electron-Emission Microscopy Investigation of Schottky Barrier Interface

Formation"

M. H. Hecht, L. D. Bell, W. J. Kaiser, F. J. Grunthaner

App. Phys. Lett., 55, 780 (1989)

15
"Ballistic-Electron-EmissionMicroscopyInvestigationof SchottkyBarrierInterface

Formation"

M.H. Hecht,L.D. Bell, W.J.Kaiser,F.J.Grunthaner

AppliedPhysicsLetters,55,780 (1989)

"Ballistic-Electron-EmissionMicroscopyof Subsurface Defects at the Au/GaAs (100)

Interface"

M.H. Hecht, L.D. Bell, W.J. Kaiser

Applied Surf. Sci. (accepted for publication)

Presentations

"Imaging Subsurface Interfaces by Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy"

L. D. Bell

Invited presentation at the Electrochemical Society Meeting, Chicago, October 10-14, 1988

"Direct Imaging of Subsurface Interface Properties by Ballistic Electron Emission

Microscopy"

L. D. Bell, W. J. Kaiser

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Conference, Oxford, UK, July 4-8, 1988

"Interface Imaging by BEEM"

L. D. Bell

Invited presentation at joint APS/AAPT Symposium on STM, San Francisco, CA,

January, 14-19, 1989

"BEEM"

L. D. Bell

Invited presentation, STM '89, Oarai, Japan, July 10-14, 1989

"Ballistic Electron-Emission Microscopy: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Applied to

Subsurface Interfaces"

L.D. Bell

Invited presentation, Physics Department Seminar, Rensalaer Polytechnic Institute, NY,

October, 1989

"Ballistic Electron-Emission Microscopy of Semiconductor Interface Structure"

L.D. Bell

Invited presentation, New York Chapter of the American Physical Society, Symposium on

STM, October, 1989

"Ballistic-Electron-Emission Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Au-GaAs Interfaces"

L. D. Bell, M. H. Hecht, and W. J. Kaiser

Invited presentation at Physics and Chemistry of Semiconductor Interfaces Meeting,

Bozeman, MT, February 7-9, 1989

"Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Subsurface Interfaces"

L. D. Bell

Invited presentation, Cal. State Northridge, Northridge, CA, March 8, 1989

16
"ScanningTunnelingMicroscopyInvestigationof SemiconductorSurfacesandInterfaces"

W.J.Kaiser

Invited presentation, Solid State Sciences Seminar at Sandia National Laboratories,

February 12, 1988

"Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigation of Semiconductor Interfaces"

W.J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, American Physical Society Meeting, April 21, 1988

"Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigation of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces"

W.J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, Scanning Microscopy Meeting, May 2, 1988

"Subsurface Interface Imaging by Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy"

W.J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, Naval Research Laboratory, August 29, 1988

"Spectroscopic Probing of Semiconductor Interface Structure with Nanometer Spatial

Resolution"

W. J. Kaiser

Invited presentation at 2nd Intemation',d Conference on the Formation of Semiconductor

Interfaces (ICSFI), Osaka, Japan, November 8-12, 1988

"Spectroscopic Probing of Semiconductor Interface Structure with Nanometer Spatial

Resolution"

W. J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, Applied Physics Seminar, California Institute of Technology,

Pasadena, CA, November 15, 1988

"Subsurface Interface Imaging by Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy"

W. J. Kaiser

Invited presentation at the Naval Research Laboratory, August 29, 1988

"Spectroscopic Probing of Subsurface Interface Properties with Nanometer-Scale

Resolution"

W. J. Kaiser

Invited presentation at American Vacuum Society Meeting, Atlanta, GA, October 4, 1988.

"Spectroscopic Probing of Semiconductor Interface Structure with Nanometer Spatial

Resolution"

W. J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, Applied Physics Seminar, California Institute of Technology,

Pasadena, CA, November 15, 1988

"Ballistic Electron Emission Spectroscopy"

W. J. Kaiser

AVS Thin Film and Surface Science Open House, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California

Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, January 23, 1989

"Ballistic Electron Emission Spectroscopy"

W. J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, American Physical Society Meeting, St. Louis, MO, March 20-24,

1989

17
"BEEM: A Nanometer-ResolutionProbeof SubsurfaceInterfaces"

W. J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, SEM 1989 Meeting, Long Beach, CA, April 7-9, 1989

"Ballistic-Electron-Emission Microscopy Investigation of Semiconductor Interfaces"

W. J. Kaiser, L. D. Bell, M. H. Hecht

Invited presentation, Semiconductor Sciences Seminar, IBM T. J. Watson Research

Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, May 24, 1989

"Ballistic-Electron-Emission Microscopy Investigation of Semiconductor Interfaces"

W. J. Kaiser, L. D. Bell, M. H. Hecht

Invited presentation, Interface Science Seminar, National Institute of Standards and

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, May 25, 1989

"Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigation of Semiconductor Interfaces

W.J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, International Vacuum Congress, Cologne, Germany, September,

1989

"Ballistic-Electron Emission Microscopy: Imaging and Spectroscopy of Subsurface

Interfaces"

W.J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, IBM, Zurich Research Laboratory, October, 1989

"Ballistic-Electron Emission Microscopy: Imaging and Spectroscopy of Subsurface

Interfaces"

W.J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, Physics Department Seminar, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,

November 21, 1989

"Semiconductor Interface Electronic Structure Investigation by Ballistic-Electron-Emission

Microscopy"

W.J. Kaiser

Invited presentation, Materials Research Society Meeting, Boston, MA., November 27-

December 2, 1989

"Electron Tunnel Sensors"

S. B. Waltman, W. J. Kaiser

Vacuum Microelectronics Conference, Williamsburg, VA, June 13-17, 1988

"Schottky Diode Characteristics, Surface Chemistry, and Surface Structure on Melt-Grown

and MBE-Grown GaAs(100) Surfaces"

M. H. Hecht, L. D. Bell, F. J. Grunthaner, W. J. Kaiser

PCSI Meeting, Physics and Chemistry of Semiconductor Interfaces Meeting, Bozeman,

MT, February 7-9, 1989

"Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy of Au/GaAs Interfaces"

M. H. Hecht

Invited presentation, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, February 6-9, 1989

"Ballistic-Electron Emission Microscopy Investigation of Semiconductor Interfaces"

M.H. Hecht

Invited presentation, International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beams,

Monterey, CA, May, 1989

18
"Ballistic EmissionSpectroscopyAlAs QuantumStructures"

M. H. Hecht

STM '89,Oarai,Japan,July 10-24,1989

"InterfaceChemistryandElectricalCharacteristicsof Au SchottkyDiodesFormedIn-situ

onMelt-GrownandMolecular-Beam-Epitaxy-GrownGaAs(100)Surfaces"

M. H. Hecht,L. D. Bell, W. J. Kaiser, F. J. Grunthaner

American Physical Society Meeting, St. Louis, MO, March 20-24, 1989

"Ballistic-Electron-Emission Microscopy Investigation of Semiconductor Interfaces"

M. H. Hecht

Invited presentation, 33rd Symposium on Electron, Ion and Photon Beams, Monterey,

CA, May 30-June 2, 1989

"The Observation of Superconductor-Superconductor Tunneling Using a Low-Temperature

Scanning Tunneling Microscope"

H. G. LeDuc, W. J. Kaiser, L. D. Bell

American Physical Society Meeting, St. Louis, MO, March 20-24, 1989

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Ballistic Electron Emission Microscope (BEEM)"

W. J. Kaiser, L. D. Bell

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17384

U. S. Patent No. 4,823,004

"Tunnel Effect Displacement Sensor"

W.J. Kaiser, S.B. Waltman

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17362

"Epitaxial Diffusion Barriers for Schottky Barrier Formation and Interdiffusion Control on

Epitaxial Gallium Arsenide Films"

W.J. Kaiser, F.J. Grunthaner, L.D. Bell, M.H. Hecht

NPO- 17796

"Formation of Room Temperature Ohmic Contacts on Epitaxial Gallium Arsenide Films"

L.D. Bell, M.H. Hecht, W.J. Kaiser

NPO- 17795

19
Superconductivity

Publications

"NbN/MgO/NbN SIS Tunnel Junctions for Submm Wave Mixers"

J. A. Stem, B. D. Hunt, H. G. LeDuc, A. Judas, W. R. McGrath, S. R. Cypher, S. K.

Khanna

IEEE Trans. Magn., 25, 1054 (1989)

"NbN/MgO/NbN Edge-Geometry Tunnel Junctions"

B. D. Hunt, H. G. LeDuc, S. R. Cypher, J. A. Stem, A. Judas

App. Phys. Lett., 55, 1801 (1989)

"Superconducting Phonon Spectroscopy Using a Low-Temperature Scanning Tunneling

Microscope"

H.G. LeDuc, W.J. Kaiser, B.D. Hunt, L.D. Bell, R.C. Jaklevic, M.G. Youngquist

Applied Physics Letters (submitted)

"Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconducting Thin Films by Simultaneous or Sequential Evaporation"

A. Mogro-Campero, B. D. Hunt, L. G. Turner, M. Burrell, W. E. Balz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 584 (1988)

"Superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O Films by Evaporation"

A. Mogro-Campero, B. D. Hunt, L. G. Turner, M. C. Burrell, W. E. Balz

Mat. Res. Soc. Proc., EA-14 (1988)

"A Nonaqueous Chemical Etch for YBa2Cu307-x"

R. P. Vasquez, B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote

Appl. Phys. Lett., 53, 2692 (1988)

"A Nonaqueous Chemical Etch for YBa2Cu307-x"

R. P. Vasquez, B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote

Proceedings of the AVS Topical Conference on Superconducting Thin Films, Devices, and

Characterization; October 3, 1988, Atlanta, Georgia, AIP Conference Proceedings #182, p

376

"Nonaqueous Chemical Depth Profiling of YBa2Cu307-x"

R. P. Vasquez, M. C. Foote, B. D. Hunt

App. Phys. Lett., 54, 1060 (1989)

"Reduced Reactivity to Air on HF-treated YBa2Cu307-x Surfaces"

R. P. Vasquez, B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote

App. Phys. Lett., 54, 2273 (1989)

"Wet

R.P.

App.

Chemical Etching Techniques for Passivation of YBaCuO"

Vasquez, M. C. Foote, B. D. Hunt

Phys. Lett., 55, 1801 (1989)

"Wet Chemical Techniques for Passivation of YBaCuO"

R. P. Vasquez, M.C. Foote, B.D. Hunt

Proceedings of the American Vacuum Society Conference, Boston, MA, October 23, 1989

2O
"Wet ChemicalPassivationofYBaCuO"

R.P.Vasquez,B.D. Hunt, M.C. Foote

J.Electrochem.Soc.,December5, 1989

"ElectricalContactStudiesof ChemicallyTreatedYBaCuOSurfaces"

B.D. Hunt, M.C. Foote,R.P.Vasquez

AmericanVacuumSocietyConferenceProceedings,Boston,MA, October23, 1989

"XPSCoreLevel Spectraof SomeY Compounds"

R. P.Vasquez

Journalof ElectronSpectroscopy(acceptedfor publication)

"Reactionof NonaqueousHalogenSolutionswith YBa2Cu307"

M.C. Foote,B.D. Hunt

Journalof AppliedPhysics,November,1989

"GrowthandCharacterizationof LargeYBa2Cu3OT-xSingleCrystals"

K.L. Keester,R.M. Housely,D.B. Marshall

J.CrystalGrowth 91,295 (1988)

"SyntacticIntergrowthProblemswith BCSCOandFabricationDifficulties Therefrom"

P.E.D.Morgan, J.J.Ratto,R.M. Housely,J.R.Porter

BetterCeramicsThroughChemistryIII, MRS SymposiumProceedings,Vol. 121(1988)

eds.,C.J.Brinker, D.E. Clark,D.R. Ulrich, p. 421

"SynthesisVariability andSyntacticlntergrowthsin theBCSCOSystem:

J.J.Ratto, R.M. Housely,J.R.Porter,P.E.D.Morgan

CeramicSuperconductorsII, Am. Ceram.Soc.(1988)ed.,M.R. Yan, p. 177

"CeramicProblems/Challengesin High TemperatureOxideSuperconductors, Hysteretic

ForceMeasurementsasaNew AnalysisTool"

P.E.D.Morgan,J.J.Ratto,R.M. Housely,J.R.Porter,D.B. Marshall,R.E.DeWames

International Superconductivity Symposium, Nagoya, Japan, August, 1988

"Low Activation Energy Damage in Ion Bombarded YBa2Cu307_x Thin Films"

I.S. Gergis, P.H. Kobrin, J.F. DeNatale, R.M. Housely

Rockwell Science Center, Thousand Oaks, CA

Proceedings of the Conference on Unusual Superconducting Mechanisms, Stanford, 1989

Presentations

"NbN/MgO/NbN SIS Tunnel Junction for Submm Wave Mixers"

J. A. Stern, B. D. Hunt, H. G. Leduc, A. Judas, W. R. McGrath, S. R. Cypher, S.K.

Khanna

Applied Superconductivity Conference, San Francisco, CA, August 21-25, 1988

"Superconducting Devices"

H. G. LeDuc

AVS Thin Film and Surface Science Open House, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California

Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, January 23, 1989

21
"Investigationof HighTc SuperconductingThinFilmsfor DeviceApplications"

B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote,R.P.Vasquez,H. G. LeDuc,D. M. Stayer

DARPA High TemperatureSuperconductorConference,Washington,D.C.,September

13,1988

"NbN/MgO/NbNEdgeJunctions"

B. D. Hunt, H. G. LeDuc,S. R. Cypher

AmericanPhysicalSocietyMeeting,St.Louis, MO, March20-24,1989

"ElectricalCharacterizationof Chemically-ModifiedYBa2Cu307-x"

B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote,R.P. Vasquez,H. G. LeDuc, W. J. Kaiser

MaterialsResearchSocietyMeeting,SanDiego,April 24-28,1989

"NbN/MgO/NbNEdgeJunction:FabricationandSISMixer Results"

B.D. Hunt, H.D. LeDuc,S.R.Cyper,A. Judas,W.R. McGrath,C.N. Byron

Invited presentation, Superconductive Electronics Workshop, St. Michael's MD, October

2, 1989

"Electrical Contact Studies of Chemically Treated YBa2Cu3OT-x Surfaces"

B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote, R. P. Vasquez

American Vacuum Society Topical Conference on High Tc Superconducting Thin Films:

Processing, Characterization and Applications, Boston, MA, October 23, 1989

"NbN Edge Junctions and Electrical Characterization of Chemically Modified YBaCuO

Thin Film Surfaces"

B.D. Hunt

Invited presentation, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, August

8, 1989

"High-Temperature Superconductor Thin Film Devices"

B. D. Hunt

NASA Program Review of High-temperature Superconductor Work Within NASA,

Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, August 29, 1989

"Exploratory Study in Making As-Deposited YBa2Cu307-8 Films Using a BaF2 Source"

M. C. Foote, B. D. Hunt, R. Livi, P. Haubert, M. Dobeli, T. A. Tombrello, D.L.

Goodstein

SEM 1989 Meeting, Long Beach, CA, April 5-7, 1989

"Surface Characterization of As-Deposited, Post-Annealed, and Chemically Modified

YBa2Cu307-8 Films"

M. C. Foote, B. D. Hunt, R. P. Vasquez

American Physical Society Meeting, St. Louis, MO, March 20-24, 1989

"A Nonaqueous Chemical Etch for YBaCu"

R. P. Vasquez, B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote

American Vacuum Society Meeting, New Orleans, LA, October 3, 1988

"Reactions of Nonaqueous Halogen Solutions with YBa2Cu307_x"

R. P. Vasquez, M. C. Foote, B. D. Hunt

Materials Research Society Meeting, San Diego, CA, April 24-28, 1989

22
"WetChemicalTechniquesforPassivationof YBa2Cu307-x"

R. P. Vasquez, B. D. Hunt, M. C. Foote

American Vacuum Society Topical Conference on High Tc Superconducting Thin Films:

Processing, Characterization and Applications, Boston, MA, October 23, 1989

"Evolution of Layered High Temperature Superconducting Oxide Precursor Films Under

High Energy Heavy Ion Bombardment"

M.C. Foote, R.D. Hunt, R. Livi, P. Haubert, M. Dobeli, T.A. Tombrello, R.M. Housely,

D.L. Goodstein

Scanning 89/EM West Conference, Long Beach, CA, 1989

"New Approaches to Monitoring the Preparation and Properties of High T c

Superconductors"

J.J. Ratto, P.E.D. Morgan, R.M. Housely, J.R. Porter, D.B. Marshall, R.E. DeWames

MRS Spring Conference, San Diego, CA, 1989

"Monitoring Sintering/Densification and Crystallization/Grain Growth in T1-Based High

Temperature Superconductors by Electrical Resistance Measurements"

J.J. Ratto, J.R. Porter, R.M. Housely, P.E.D. Morgan

MRS Fall Conference, Boston, MA, 1989

"Scanning Electron Microscope and Heavy Ion RBS Characterization of Thin Bi-Sr-CaCu-O Films"

R.M. Housely, P. Kobrin, A. Harker, P. Haubert, M. Dobeli, R. Livi, D.L. Goodstein,

T. Tombrello

Scanning 89/EM West Conference, Long Beach, CA, 1989

"Critical Currents in Highly Oriented Melt Deposited Films of Bi2Sr2CaCu208

R.M. Housely, P.E.D. Morgan, J.J. Ratto, I.B. Goldberg

Rockwell International Science Center, Thousand Oaks, CA

MRS Spring Conference, 1990 (submitted)

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Surface Halogenation of High-Temperature Superconductors"

R. P. Vasquez

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17712

"Long Wavelength Infrared Detector"

R.P. Vasquez

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17543 (patent pending)

"Oxidation of Semiconductors and Superconductors"

R.P. Vasquez

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17534 (patent pending)

23
Submillimeter (Terahertz) Receiver Technology

Publications

"NbN/MgO/NbN SIS Tunnel Junctions for Submm Wave Mixers"

J. A. Stem, B. D. Hunt, H. G. LeDuc, A. Judas, W. R. McGrath, S. R. Cypher, S. K.

Khanna

IEEE Trans. Magn., 25, 1054 (1989)

"Fundamental Oscillations Up to 200 GHz in Resonant Tunneling Diodes and New

Estimates of Their Maximum Oscillation Frequency from Stationary-State Tunneling

Theory"

E. R. Brown, W. D. Goodhue, T. C. L. G. Sollner

J. Appl. Phys. 64, p. 1519 (1988)

"Harmonic Multiplication Using Resonant Tunneling"

T. C. L. G. Sollner, E. R. Brown, W. D. Goodhue, C. A. Correa

J. Appl. Phys. 64, p. 4248 (1988)

"Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Resonant-Tunneling Devices"

T. C. L. G. Sollner, E. R. Brown, H. Q. Le

Lincoln Lab. J., 1, p. 89 (1988)

"Effects of Quasibound-states Lifetime on the Oscillation Power of Resonant Tunneling

Diodes"

E. R. Brown, C. D. Parker, T. C. L. G. Sollner

Applied Physics Letters, 54, p. 934 (1989)

"Experimental Results of a High Q Quasioptical Reflection Cavity"

K. A. Lee, M.A. Frerking

Int'l. J. IR & MMWaves, 10, 789 (1989)

"The Dielectric-Filled Parabola: A New Millimeter/Submillimeter Wavelength

Receiver/Transmitter Front End"

P. H. Siegel

IEEE Trans. Ant. & Prop. (1989)

"Measurements of Dipole, Bow-Tie, Log-Periodic and Log-Spiral Antennas on a

Dielectric-Filled Parabola"

P. H. Siegel

IEEE Trans. Ant. & Prop. (1989)

"Oscillations up to 420 GHz in GaAs/A1As Resonant-Tunneling Diodes"

E. R. Brown, T. C. L. G. Sollner, C. D. Parker, W. D. Goodhue, C. L. Chen

Applied Physics Letters, 55, p. 1777 (1989)

"Evaluation of the Feasibility of a Far Infrared Laser Based on Intersubband Transitions in

GaAs Quantum Wells"

S. Borenstain, J. Katz

Applied Physics Letters 55,654 (1989)

24
Presentations

"Quantum Well Multipliers"

P. D. Batelaan, M. A. Frerking

Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, p.

14 (1987)

"A Quantum-Well Frequency Multiplier with Millimeter-Wave Output"

P. D. Batelaan, M. A. Frerking

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Infrared Physics, p. 527 (1988)

"Theoretical Performance of Quantum Well Multipliers"

M.A. Frerking

Solid State THz Sources Workshop, Pasadena, CA, August 1988

"A Novel Noncontacting Waveguide Backshort Design for Millimeter and Submillimeter

Wave Frequencies"

W. R. McGrath

IEEE MTI'-S International Microwave Symposium, Dallas, TX (1990) (submitted)

"205 GHz SIS Receiver Development"

W. R. McGrath, C. N. Byrom, B. N. Ellison, M. A. Frerking, H. G. Leduc, R. E.

Miller, J.A. Stern

Digest Int. Symp. Submm & mm Astron., Kona, HI, 3--6 October, 1988

"205 GHz SIS Receiver Development for Remote Sensing Applications"

W. R. McGrath, C. N. Byrom, B. N. Ellison, M. A. Frerking, R. E. Miller

Digest of the 13th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, (R. J.

Temkin, ed.), p. 98 (1988). Published by the International Society for Optical

Engineering, Bellingham, Washington

"Large Scale Modeling of a Submillimeter Wave SIS Mixer with Integrated Tuning

Elements"

K. Jacobs, W. R. McGrath

Digest of the 14th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves (M. von

Ortenberg, ed.), p. 539, Wurzburg, Germany (1989)

"A Novel Noncontacting Waveguide Backshort Design for Millimeter and Submillimeter

Wave Frequencies"

W. R. McGrath

IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Dallas, TX (1990) (submitted)

"Measurements of Dipole, Bow-tie, Log-Periodic and Log-Spiral Antennas on a DielectricFilled Parabola"

P. H. Siegel, R. J. Dengler

1989 IEEE-AP-S International Symposium, vol. I., Antennas and Propagation (R. J.

Pogorzelski, ed.), p. 94, San Jose, CA (1989)

"The Dielectric-Filled Parabola: A New High Frequency Integrated Receiver or Transmitter

Front End"

P. H. Siegel, M. A. Frerking

1989 IEEE-AP-S International Symposium, vol. III, Antennas and Propagation (R. J.

Pogorzelski, ed.), p. 1191, San Jose, CA (1989)

25
"A Techniquefor FabricatingFreeStandingElectricallyThickMetallicMeshandParallel

WireGridsfor UseasSubmillimeterWavelengthFiltersandPolarizers"

P.H. Siegel,J.A. Lichtenberger

IEEEMTI' Symposium(October,1989)

"B-I-N Diodes"

U. Lieneweg

PresentedatSolidStateTHz SourcesWorkshop,Pasadena,CA, August,1988

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Quantum Well Frequency Multipliers"

P.D. Batelaan, M.A. Frerking

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17584

"Planar Antennas on Thick Dielectrics Substrates"

K. A. Lee, M.A. Frerking

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17466

"High Q Quasi-Optical Tunable Resonator"

K.A. Lee, M.A. Frerking

NPO- 17919 (patent pending)

"A New Noncontacting Waveguide Backshort Design Employing a Novel Geometry"

W. R. McGrath

NPO- 18091

"Dielectric Filled Parabola With Integrated Planar Antenna for Use as a

Millimeter/Submillimeter Wavelength Receiver/Transmitter Front End"

P. H. Siegel

NPO- 17802

"A Technique for Fabricating Electrically Thick Free Standing Metallic Mesh for Use at

Submillimeter Wavelengths"

P. H. Siegel, J. A. Lichtenberger

NPO- 17992

"Self-Operating Range Charger for Computer Interfacing the HP415E SWR Meter"

R. J. Dengler, P. H. Siegel

NPO- 17822

"Infrared Multiquantum Well Phototransistor"

S. Borenstain

NPO- 17980

26
Semiconducting Materials: Growth and Characterization

Publications

"Growth of Single-Crystal Columns of CoSi2 Embedded in Epitaxial Si on Si (111)"

R.W. Fathauer, C.W. Nieh, Q.F. Xiao, S. Hashimoto

Applied Physics Letters 55,247 (1989)

"Heavily Boron-Doped Si Layers Grown Below 700 oC by Molecular Beam Epitaxy"

T.L. Lin, R.W. Fathauer, P.J. Grunthaner

Applied Physics Letters 55, 795 (1989)

"Characterization of Si/CoSi2/Si (111) Heterostructures Using Auger Plasmon Losses"

F.D. Schowengerdt, L.T. Lin, R.W. Fathauer, P.J. Grunthaner

Journal of Applied Physics 65, 3531 (1989)

"Diffusion of Si on Thin CoSi2 Layers"

F.D. Schowengerdt, L.T. Lin, R.W. Fathauer, P.J. Grunthaner

Applied Physics Letters 54, 1314 (1989)

"Growth of Epitaxial CoSi2/Si Multilayers"

B, D. Hunt

In Properties of Silicon, Inspec, New York, 1988, p 1001

"Growth of Si/CoSi2/Si Heterostructures"

B. D. Hunt

Properties of Silicon, Inspec, New York, 1988, p 1039

"Optical Properties of Epitaxial CoSi2 and NiSi2 Films on Silicon"

J. R. Jimenez, Z. C. Wu, L. J. Schowalter, B. D. Hunt, R. W. Fathauer, P. J.

Grunthaner, and T. L. Lin

J. App. Phys., 66, 2738 (1989)

"Structural Properties of Epitaxial NiSi2 on Si(111) Investigated with X-ray Standing

Waves"

J. Zegenhegen, K. G. Huang, W. M. Gibson, B. D. Hunt, And L. J. Schowalter

Phys. Rev. B, 39, 10254 (1989)

"Novel Photovoltaic 8-doped GaAs Superlattice Structure"

A.M. Glass, E.F. Schubert, B.A. Wilson, C.E. Bonner, J.E. Cunningham, D.H. Olson,

W. Jan

Applied Physics Letters 54, 2247 (1989)

"Historical Perspective on Tunneling in Si02"

J.Maserjian

Physics and Chemistry of SiO and the Si-Si02 Interface, B. Deal Ed., Plenum Press, 1989

"Transient-Mode Liquid Phase Epitaxial Growth of G'aAs on GaAs-Coated Si Substrates

Prepared by Migration-Enhanced Molecular Beam Epitaxy"

S. Nakamura, S.Sakai, S.S. Chang, R.V. Ramaswamy, J.H. Kim, G. Radhakrishnan,

J.K. Liu, and J.Katz

Journal of Crystal Growth 97,303 (1989)

27
"HighEfficiencyCdTeThin-film SolarCellsUsingMetalorganicChemicalVapor

DepositionTechniques"

A. Nouhi, R.J.Stirn

Journalof VacuumScienceTechnologyA 7(3),833(1989)

"F toX Transportof PhotoexcitedElectronsin TypeII GaAs/A1AsMultipleQuantumWell

Structures"

P.Saeta,B.I. Green,R. Fischer,R.C.SpitzerandB.A. Wilson

AppliedPhysicsLetters54, 1681(1989)

"GrowthandCharacterizationof SingleCrystalInsulatorson Silicon"

L.J. Schowalter,R.W. Fathauer

CRCCritical Reviewsin SolidStateandMaterialsSciencesVol. 15,367-421(1989)

"RadiativeRecombinationMechanismsin Staggered-Alignment (GaAs)/(AIAs)

Heterostructures"

B.A. Wilson, C.E.Bonner,R.C.Spitzer,R. Fischer,P. Dawson,K.J. Moore, and C.T.

Foxon

Physical Review B 40, 1825 (1989)

"Novel Applications of Optical Techniques to the Study of Buried Semiconductor

Interfaces"

B.A. Wilson

Invited paper, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Special Edition on Laser Diagnostics

of Semiconductors, Vol. 25, 1012 (1989)

"Temperature Control and Calibration Issues in the Growth, Processing and

Characterization of Electronic Material"

B.A. Wilson

Proceedings of the NASA Workshop on Non-Contact Thermal Measurement, Pasadena,

CA, January 17-19, 1989

"Oxidation of Silicon with a 5 eV O- Beam"

M. H. Hecht, O. J. Orient, A. Chutjian, R. P. Vasquez

Appl. Phys. Lett. 54, 421 (1989)

"Growth and Characterization of GaAs on Si Substrates by Migration-enhanced Molecular

Beam Epitaxy"

J.H. Kim, J.K. Liu, G. Radhakrishnan, J. Katz, S. Sakai, S.S. Chang, N.A. E1-Masry

Applied Physics Letters, 53, 2435 (1988)

"Characteristics of Annealed p/n Junctions between GaAs and Si (100)"

H. Morkoc, G. Radhakrishnan, J. Katz, et. al.

Applied Physics Letters (1988)

"Molecular Beam Epitaxy and Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of

Epitaxial CdTe on (100) GaAs/Si and (111) GaAs/Si Substrates"

A.Nouhi, G.Radhakrishnan, J. Katz, K. Koliwad

Applied Physics Letters 53, 2028 (1988)

28
"Laser-AssistedMolecularBeamEpitaxicalGrowthof GaAsonSi (100)"

S.Guha,F. J. Grunthaner,A. Madhukar,J. K. Liu, P.D. Lao,W. C. Tang,

Andersson,J.Iannelli,B. Pate

Journalof AppliedPhysics65(1989)

Po

"Extended Fine Structure Analysis of the Electron Energy Loss Spectrum of InAs/GaAs

Strained Layer Quantum Wells"

F. D. Schowengerdt, F. J. Grunthaner

1988 Fall National Meeting of the Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, November 28-

December 2, 1988; to appear in Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.

"Migration-Enhanced Molecular Beam Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of GaAs on

Si Substrates"

J.H. Kim, S. Sakai, J.K. Liu, G. Radhakrishnan, S.S. Chang, J. Katz

MRS Proceedings, Vol. 144, paper W-4.3 (1988)

Presentations

"Production of Epitaxial Columns of CoSi2 in a Single-Crystal Silicon Matrix Using MBE"

R.W. Fathauer, C.W. Nieh, Q.F. Xiao, S. Hashimoto

European MRS, Strasbourg, France, May 30-June 2, 1989

"Topics in Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Metal Silicides"

R.W. Fathauer

Invited presentation, Philips Research Laboratory, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, June 12,

1989

"Topics in Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Metal Silicides"

R.W. Fathauer

Invited presentation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, June 5,

1989

"Reduction of the Effective Barrier Height in Epitaxial CoSi2/Si (111) Diodes by Selective

Doping from an HBO2 Source"

R.W. Fathauer, T.L. Lin, J.M. Ianelli, P.J. Grunthaner, J. Maserjian

Fall MRS Meeting, Boston, MA, December, 1989

"Growth of CdTe Thin Films on Polar and Non-Polar Semiconductor Substrates by

Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition"

P. Grodzinsk, J.H. Mazur, A. Nouhi, R.J. Stirn

MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, November 28, 1989

"Ion Channeling Studies of Single-Crystal Columns of CoSi2 Embedded in Eptiaxial Si on

Si (111) Grown by MBE"

S. Hashimoto, Q.F. Xiao, W.M. Gibson, C.W. Nieh, R.W. Fathauer

International Conference on Ion Beam Analysis, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, June 26-30,

1989

"Optical Properties and Electron Transport Across Interfaces in CoSi2/Si and NiSi2/Si"

J.R. Jimenz, J.J. Schowalter, Z.C. Wu, B.D. Hunt, R.W. Fathauer, P.J. Grunthaner,

T.L. Lin

APS Meeting, St. Louis, March, 1989

29
"Growthof Iridium SilicidebyMBE"

T.L. Lin, C.W.Nieh (Caltech),S.Hashimoto

EuropeanMRS,Strasbourg,France,May 30-June2, 1989

"Growthof HeavilyBoron-DopedOxygen-FreeSiliconLayersby MBE Usinga Metabolic Acid Source"

T.L. Lin, R.W. Fathauer,P.J.Grunthaner

EuropeanMRS,Strasbourg,France,May 30-June2, 1989

"MBE Growthof Iridium Silicide"

T.L. Lin

Invited presentation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, June 5,

1989

"Electron-Induced Epitaxial Growth of CoSi2 on (111) Si"

C.W. Nieh, T.L. Lin, and R.W. Fathauer

1989 MRS Spring Meeting, San Diego, CA, April 24-28, 1989

"Interlayer Transport of Photoexcited Electrons in Type II GaAs/A1As Multiple Quantum

Well Structures"

P.Saeta, R.J. Fischer, B.I. Greene, R.C. Sptizer, B.A. Wilson

CLEO/QELS Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 24-28, 1989

"Si Diffusion in MBE-Grown CoSi2/Si (111) Heterostructures"

F.D. Schowengerdt, T.L. Lin, R. W. Fathauer, P.J. Grunthaner

March, APS Meeting, St. Louis, MO, March, 1989.

"Long-Lived Metastable States in Novel GaAs Heterostructures"

R.C. Spitzer, B.A. Wilson, C.E. Bonner, L. Pfeiffer, A. M. Glass

CLEO/QELS Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 24-28, 1989

"Electro-Optical Properties of GaAs/AIGaAs/AIAs/A1GaAs Staggered Alignment

Heterostructures"

R.C. Spitzer, B.A. Wilson, C.E. Bonner, A.M. Glass

March, APS Meeting, St. Louis, MO, March, 1989

"Temperature Control and Calibration Issues in the Growth, Processing and

Characterization of Electronic Materials"

B.A. Wilson

NASA Workshop on Non-Contact Thermal Measurement, Pasadena, CA, January 17-19,

1989

"Electro-Optical Properties of Staggered-Alignment A1GaAs Heterostructures"

B.A. Wilson

Invited presentation, CLEO/QELS Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 24-28, 1989

"Optoelectronic Properties of Staggered-Alignment AIGaAs Heterostructures"

B.A. Wilson, R.C. Spitzer, C.E. Bonner, L. Pfeiffer

March, APS Meeting, St. Louis, MO, March, 1989

30
"NovelApplicationsof Optics: TheDeterminationof StructuralandElectronicProperties

of BuriedSemiconductorInterfaces"

B.A. Wilson

Invited presentation, Ontario Laser and Lightwave Research Center, University of Toronto,

Canada, February 28, 1989

"Novel Applications of Optics: The Determination of Electronic and Structural Properties

of Buried Semiconductor Interfaces"

B.A. Wilson

Invited presentation, SPIE Symposium on Raman Scattering, Luminescence and

Spectroscopic Instrumentation on Technology, Los Angeles, CA, January 14-19, 1989

"Oxidation of Silicon with 5 eV O" Beam"

M. H. Hecht, O. J. Orient, A. Chutjian, R. P. Vasquez

IEEE Semiconductor Interface Specialists Conference, San Diego, CA, December 7-10,

1988

"Applied Surface and Interface Analysis"

M. H. Hecht

AVS Thin Film and Surface Science Open House, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California

Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, January 23, 1989

"Epitaxial Growth Experiments of (100) GaAs/Si and (111) GaAs/Si Using Molecular

Beam Epitaxy and Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition"

G. Radhakrishnan, A. Nouhi, J. Liu

SPIE OE/LASE '88, Los Angeles, January 11-15, 1988

"Heteroepitaxy of CdTe on GaAs-on-Si"

G. Radhakrishnan, A.M. Nouhi, J. Katz

Conference on Heterostructures on Si: One Step Further with Si, Cargese, Corsica, May

6-10, 1988

"Extended Fine Structure Analysis of the Electron Energy Loss Spectrum of InAs/GaAs

Strained Layer Quantum Wells"

F. D. Schowengerdt, F. J. Grunthaner

1988 Fall National Meeting of the Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, November 28-

December 2, 1988

"AES Analysis and RHEED Control of Growth Front Morphology in InAs Strained Layer

Epitaxy"

F. J. Grunthaner, F. D. Schowengerdt*, J. M. Iannelli, B. R. Hancock, J. K. Liu

Spring '89 MRS Meeting in April, 1989

*Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado

"Time-Resolved RHEED Analysis of Growth Front Morphology and Initial MBE Film

Nucleation of GaAs on Si (100) and (111) Surfaces."

F. J. Grunthaner, J. M. Iannelli, B. R. Hancock, J. K. Liu

Spring '89 MRS Meeting in April, 1989

31
"InterfaceMorphologyandGrowthFrontStoichiometryin InAs/GaAsStrainedLayer

Epitaxy"

F. J.Grunthaner,J.K. Liu, J.M. Iannelli,B. R. Hancock,F. D. Schowengerdt*

4thInternationalConferenceonModulatedandMetastableSemiconductors(MSS)in July

1989in Ann Arbor,MI

*ColoradoSchoolof Mines,Golden,Colorado

"InterfacePhysicsandEpitaxialSynthesisof MultilayerMaterials"

F. J. Grunthaner

Invited presentation, 1988-89 AVS/CSMT Open House and Technical Workshop at JPL:

Device Physics, Epitaxy and Interface Science, January 23,1989

"RHEED as a Probe of Strained-Layer Synthesis and Crystallography"

F. J. Grunthaner

Invited presentation, Space Epitaxy Research Center Colliquium, University of Houston,

Houston, Texas, January 26, 1989

"Critical Thickness and Dislocation Generation in InAs Strained-Layer Quantum Wells

Grown on GaAs (100) Substrates"

F. J. Grunthaner, F. D. Schowengerdt, J. K. Liu, B. R. Hancock, J. M. Iannelli, P.

Andersson

Physics of Compound Semiconductor Interfaces Conference (PCSI-16) Bozeman,

Montana, February 7-10, 1989

"Stoichiometric Interface Control and Strained-Layer Epitaxy"

F. J. Grunthaner

Invited seminar, Distinguished Lecturer Series, Columbia University, NY, April 5, 1989

"III-V Strained-layer Synthesis and Novel Metastable Materials"

F. J. Grunthaner

Invited presentation, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center,Yorktown Heights, NY, April

6,1989

"New Perspectives in Nanometer Control of Electronic Material Synthesis for LowDimensional Devices"

F. J. Grunthaner

Invited presentation, QUEST Colliquium on Future Device Opportunities, University of

California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, August 26, 1989

Chemical And Electronic Structure of the SiO2/Si Interface and the Electrically Active

Defects"

F. J. Grunthaner, P. J. Grunthaner

Invited presentation, Third International Conference on Passivation, Hokkido University,

Sapporo, Japan, September, 1989

32
Patents and New Technology Reports

"Hydrogen Stabilized Semiconductor Devices"

A.W. Overhauser, J. Maserjian

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17187 (patent pending)

"Oxidation of Semiconductors and Superconductors"

R. P. Vasquez

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17534 (patent pending)

"Variable-Energy Ion Beams for Modification of Surfaces"

A. Chutjian, M.H. Hecht, O.J. Orient

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17498

"Molecular Beam Epitaxy of CrSi 2 on Si (111)"

R.W. Fathauer, P.J. Grunthaner, T.L. Lin, D.N. Jamieson, J.H. Mazur

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17438

"Deposition of Pinhole-Free CoSi 2 Films"

T.L. Lin, R.W. Fathauer, P.J. Grunthaner

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17447

33
Electronic Device Technology

Publications

"New Flange Correction Formula Applied to Interracial Resistance Measurements of Ohmic

Contacts to GaAs"

U. Lieneweg, D.J. Hannaman

IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. 8 (1988)

"Watt-Level Millimeter-Wave Monolithic Diode-Grid Frequency Multipliers"

R.J. Hwu, C.F. Jou, W.W. Lam, B. Hancock, U. Lieneweg, N.C. Luhman, Jr., J.

Maserjian, D.B. Rutledge

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59 (1988)

"Oxidation of Silicon with a 5 eV 0- Beam"

M.H. Hecht, O.J. Orient, A. Chutjian, R.P. Vasquez

Appl. Phys. Letters 54, 421 (1989)

"Reactions of Fast Ground-State Oxygen Atoms with Surfaces"

O.J. Orient, A. Chutjian and E. Murad

Physical Review A (1989)

"Barrier Height Enhancement of InP-Based n-Ga0A7In0.53As Schottky Barrier Diodes

Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy"

J.H. Kim, S.S. Li, L. Figueroa

Electron. Lett. 24, 687 (1988)

"PN Junction Properties of A1GaAs/GaAs Grown on GaAs-Coated Si Substrates by Liquid

Phase Epitaxy"

S. Sakai, S.S. Chang, S. Nakamura, R.V. Ramaswamy, J.H. Kim, J.K. Liu, G.

Radhakrishnan, J. Katz

MRS Proceedings, Vol. 144, paper W-9.3 (1988)

Presentations

"B-I-N Diodes"

U. Lieneweg

Solid State THz Sources Workshop, Pasadena, CA, August, 1988

"Oxidation of Silicon with a 5 eV 0- Beam"

M.H. Hecht, O.J. Orient, A. Chutjian, R.P. Vasquez

19th IEEE Semiconductor Interface Specialists Conference, San Diego, December, 1988

"Interaction of Low-Energy O-(2P) and O(3p) Beams with a MgF 2 Surface"

A. Chutjian, O.J. Orient, E. Murad

41st Annual Gaseous Electronics Conference, MN, October, 1988

34
"Experimental Investigations of Low-Energy (4-40 eV) Collisions of O-(2P) and O(3p)

Atoms with Surfaces"

A. Chutjian, O.J. Orient, E. Murad

Space Operations, Autonomy and Robotics Conference, Johnson Space Flight Center,

Houston, July, 1989

"High Kinetic Energy vs. High Temperature: Studies in Reactions of Fast O Atoms"

A. Chutjian, O.J. Orient, E. Murad

Symposium on High Temperature and Materials Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, October, 1989

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Formula Gives Better Contact-Resistance Values"

U. Lieneweg, D.J. Hannaman

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17096

"Tunable Submillimeter Wave Generator"

A.C. Gossard, J. Maserjian

NPO-17754

"Use of Variable-Energy Ion Beams for Surface Modification"

A. Chutjian, M.H. Hecht, O.J. Orient

NPO- 17498 (patent pending)

35
Molecular Electronics

Publications

"Determination of Protein Orientation on Surfaces with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy"

R. Margalit, R.P. Vasquez

J. Protein Chem. (in press)

"X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Surface Protein Orientation"

R. Margalit, R.P. Vasquez

Second International Conference of Molecular Electronics and Biocomputers, Moscow,

US SR, Septermber 11-18, 1989 (to be published by Kluwer Publishing, The Netherlands)

"Use of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in the Measurement of Protein Orientation on

Surfaces"

R.P. Vasquez, R. Margalit

Thin Solid Films (submitted)

Presentations

"A Study of Protein Self-Assembly Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy"

R. Margalit and R. Vasquez

AAAS Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, January 14-19, 1989

"Hemoproteins for Optical Processing Applications"

R. Margalit

Engineering Foundation Conference on Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology,

Hawaii, February 1989.

"Metalloproteins Thin Films"

R. Margalit and R. Vasquez

Protein Society Meeting, Seattle, WA, July 29, - August 2, 1989

"X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Surface Protein Orientation"

R. Margalit, R.P. Vasquez

Second International Conference of Molecular Electronics and Biocomputers, Moscow,

USSR, Septermber 11-18, 1989

"Evidence for Oriented Protein Surface Layers using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy"

R. Margalit, R. P. Vasquez

UCLA Symposium on Protein and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Park City, UT, January

17-22, 1989

"Metalloprotein Thin Films"

R. Margalit, R. P. Vasquez

IEEE Conference on Medical and Biological Sciences, Seattle, WA, November 11-17,

1989

"X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Hemoprotein Thin Films"

R. Margalit, R. P. Vasquez

The Protein Society, Seattle, WA, July 29 - August 22, 1989

36
Patents and New Technology Reports

"Indicator for Pseudomonas Bacteria"

R. Margalit

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17653

37

Overview

This section concentrates on optoelectronic materials and devices. Optical processing is

included in the section on Computer Architecture and Subsystems. Optoelectronic devices,

which generate, detect, modulate, or switch electromagnetic radiation are being developed

for a variety of space applications. The program includes spatial light modulators, solid

state lasers, optoelectronic integrated circuits, infrared detectors, photovoltaic devices,

nonlinear optical materials and devices, and fiber optics.

1988-1989 Major Technical Achievements

Spatial Light Modulators

Demonstrated two different photo-optic effects based on combining nipi and

multiple quantum well structures grown by MBE. Results indicate that highperformance, optically addressed, spatial light modulators (O-SLM's) can be

achieved using these effects in appropriate structures.

Lasers

Fabricated InGaAsSb/AIGaAsSb lasers capable of room temperature operation at

2.1 I.tm. This wavelength capability is important for LIDAR observations of

planetary atmospheres.

Demonstrated the monolithic integration of second-order, e-beam-written

gratings with AIGaAs/GaAs lasers. The gratings serve as spatially selective filters

to substantially reduce near and far-field emission widths from broad-area lasers.

Such improvement of the coherence of broad-area lasers is important for highpower applications. The work was done in a collaboration with the National

Nanofabrication Laboratory of Comell University where the e-beam writing was

performed.

Demonstrated double heterostructure (DH) A1GaAs/GaAs stripe-geometry lasers

on Si substrates with world-record performance. The DH stripe lasers exhibited the

highest peak power (184 mW/facet) on record for this heteroepitaxial system.

These laser structures were prepared by hybrid growth of migration-enhanced

molecular beam epitaxy (MEMBE) followed by MOCVD.

Demonstrated graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure (GRINSCH)

A1G',_As/GaAs single quantum-well lasers on Si by migration enchanced molecular

beam epitaxy (MEMBE) followed by MOCVD in collaboration with Hughes

Research Lab. These lasers exhibited the highest peak power (450 roW/facet) on

record for low-threshold-current quantum-well lasers in this important

heteroepitaxial system.

41

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED
Fabricated high-quality pseudomorphic InGaAs/AIGaAs single quantum well

lasers on GaAs substrates. These lasers have state-of-the-art threshold currents,

and the observed quantum efficiency and output power represent world records for

this materials system.

Optoelectronic Materials and Characterization

Developed a laboratory electron beam lithography system based on a

scanning electron microscope.

Developed a low temperature cathodoluminescence system based on a novel

optical fiber light collection system. The U.S. patent on this sytem has been

issued.

Fabricated quantum wires in the GaAs (A1GaAs) system by diffusion induced

disordering.

Developed a novel cathodoluminenscence based technique for measurement

of electronic diffusion lengths.

Developed a new multiband formalism for analysis of band structure and optical

matrix elements in quantum dot and quantum wire structures.

Invented several new paramagnetic organic molecules and established their spectroscopy

and chemical reactivity patterns.

Established a new mechanism for ferromagnetic coupling of electron spins in organic

materials; such interactions are critical to the design of magnetic materials.

Invented a new class of organic polymers that can be doped to produce a large number of

spins; preliminary measurements (SQUID) indicate significant, cooperative magnetic

behaviors.

Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

Fabricated the first 10xl0 array of neuron devices for neural network applications

as part of a JPL/Caltech collaboration. The integrated device contains a detector,

LED emitter and an amplifier at each pixel.

Infrared Detectors

Demonstrated the reproducibility of Germanium Blocked Impurity Band

(GeBIB) devices for far infrared wavelengths. Initial measured performance

demonstrates response to beyond 200 microns, 4.5 A/W at 102 microns, and a dark

current of less than 1000 e/s. This effort is being conducted at JPL, Caltech,

University of Rochester and the Rockwell Science Center in Anaheim, California.

42
Developeda novelMBE processcapableof growingsingle-crystalcolumnsof

CoSi2embeddedin aSi matrix. This process enables the fabrication of a new

Schottky-like IR detector with augmented quantum efficiency, "the layered internal

photoemission sensor" (LIPS).

Fabricated InAs PIN photodiodes in collaboration with Cincinnati Electronics

showing 75% quantum efficiency at 77 K, with cutoff wavelengths of 2.8-3.0/am,

and with an areal yield of better than 85%. The quantum efficiency measurements

were made with illumination through the GaAs substrate.

Fabricated InAs tunnel diodes by MBE on GaAs substrates with 14:1 peak to

valley ratio. This result demonstrates the ability to achieve high doping p+n + InAs

diodes with high quality on GaAs. It is also a precursor result for fabricating InAs

doping superlattices for LWIR detectors.

Fabricated IrSi/Si p-type Schottky-diode detectors using MBE, which permits the

growth of uniform, single-phase silicide layers. These detectors exhibit infrared

photoresponse out to 8/am, and offer the potential of extended-range focal-plane

arrays compatible with Si-based technology.

Extended the range of infrared response of CoSi 2 Schottky diodes by the use of

MBE doping technology, which permits the precise placement of high-density

doping layers adjacent to the metal-semiconductor interface. This technology may

be applied to other silicide IR sensors as well.

Nonlinear Optical Materials and Characterization

Synthesized new organic and organometallic materials with very large second

order optical nonlinearities exhibiting powder second harmonic generation

efficiencies 2000X that of urea, the industry standard; demonstrated the

feasibility of using these materials in thin film electro-optic modulators.

Synthesized new processable polymers with large nonresonant third-order

nonlinear optical susceptibilities having very low optical losses (1000X less than

polyacetylene), a critical feature for photonic applications.

Demonstrated optical limiters for laser eye protection based on silicon containing

naphthalocyanine dyes. These materials are normally transparent in the visible

spectrum, but limit throughput of high intensity optical radiation to a few

microjoules or less depending on the pulse duration.

Developed theoretical and experimental strategies for designing molecular level

optical, electronic or photonic devices based on electron transfer.

Achieved net gain coefficients for beam coupling in photorefractive GaAs of up to

140% using four-wave mixing. These results illustrate the potential for

development of cascadable optical processors using photorefractive GaAs.

Demonstrated interaction of mutually incoherent light beams in photorefractive

GaAs crystals, illustrating the potential of optical processing using incoherent light

beams of different wavelengths in semiconductors.

43
Fiber Optics

• Developedconceptofreal-timeinterfacefor 100mbitFDDI network.Will allow

freemixing of voice,video,anddataonfiberoptic tokenring network.

Photovoitaic Technology

Demonstratedfor thefirst timethegrowthof diamond-likecarbonthin films by

electroncyclotronresonanceplasmadeposition.Thetechnologyhasapplicationto

hightemperaturedevicesandto advancedopticalcoatingsfor sensorprotectionin

space.

44
Spatial Light Modulators

Publications

"An Optically Controlled Absorption Modulator Based on State Filling of Inx Gal-x

As/GaAs Quantum Wells"

J.M. Iannelli, J. Maserjian, B.R. Hancock, P.O. Andersson, F.J. Grunthaner

Applied Physics Letters 54, 301 (1989)

"An Optically Controlled Reflection Modulator using GaAs/A1GaAs nipi/Multiple Quantum

Well Structures"

K.K. Law, P.O. Holtz, R.J. Simes, L.A. Coldren, A.C. Gossard, J. Maserjian, J.L.

Merz

Optics Letters 14, 230 (1989)

Presentations

"Spatial Light Modulation in GaAs"

L.J. Cheng, G. Gheen, and D.T.H. Liu

Invited paper, Technical Digest of the Topical Conference on Spatial Light Modulation and

Applications, Lake Tahoe, NV, June 15-17, 1988 (Optical Society of America,

Washington, DC) p.44

"On the Progress of the Liquid Crystal Television Spatial Light Modulator"

T.H. Chao, H.K Liu

Technical Digest of the Topical Conference on Spatial Light Modulation and Applications,

Lake Tahoe, NV, June 15-17, 1988 (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC) p.138

"Optically Addressed Spatial Light Modulators by MBE Grown nipi/MQW Structures"

J. Maserjian, P.O. Andersson, B.R. Hancock, J.M. Iannelli, S.T. Eng, F.J. Grunthaner

OSA Topical Meeting on Spatial Light Modulators, Lake Tahoe, NV, June 15-17, 1988

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Spatial Light Modulation in Gallium Arsenide"

L.J. Cheng, G.O. Gheen, A. Partovi

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17228

"Photodiode-Coupled Multiple Quantum Well Modulator"

J. Maserjian, S.T. Eng

NASA Tech Brief NPO-16298

"Monolithic III-V/Silicon Modulator"

J. Maserjian, S.T. Eng

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 16916

"Photovoltaic-Driven Strain-Layer-Superlattice Modulator"

J. Maserjian

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 16915 (patent pending)

45
"Photovoltaic-DrivenQuantumWell Modulator"

J.Maserjian

NASA TechBrief NPO-16914(patentpending)

"121ectroabsorption MonolithicModularArray"

J.Katz,et. al.

NASA TechBrief NPO-16481,U. S.PatentNo. 4,744,616

"ImprovementsonPhotovoltaic-DrivenMultipleQuantumWell Modulator"

J.Maserjian

NPO-17357(patentpending)

"MultipleQuantumWell OpticalModulator"

J.Maserjian

CIT 1881-A,U.S. PatentNo. 4,818,079

"All OpticalPhotochromicSpatialLight Modulators"

D. N. Beratan,J.W. Perry

NASA TechBrief NPO-17612

46
Lasers

Publications

"High-Power Low-Threshold Graded-Index Separate Confinement Heterostructure

AIGaAs Single Quantum Well Lasers on Si Substrates"

J.H. Kim, R.J. Lang, G. Radhakrishnan, J. Katz, A. Narayanan, R.R. Craig

Applied Physics Letters 55, 1492 (1989)

"High-Power A1GaAs/GaAs DH Stripe Lasers on GaAs-on-Si Prepared by MigrationEnhanced Molecular Beam Epitaxy"

J.H. Kim, G. Radhakrishnan, A. Nouhi, J.K. Liu, J. Katz

Japan Journal of Applied Physics 28,791 (1989)

"Narrow Far Fields from Extended-Window Broad Area Lasers"

R.J. Lang, S. Forouhar, J. Cser, J. Katz, P. Gavrilovic, J. Williams, W. Stutius, A. Chin

Applied Physics Letters 53, 1372 (1988)

"Measurement of a Relaxation Resonance, Damping and Nonlinear Gain from Sidebands in

the Field Spectrum of a 1.3 lain InGaAs DFB Laser"

R.J. Lang, H.P. Mayer, W. Elsasser, H. Schweizer, A.P. Mozer

Applied Physics Letters 54, 1845 (1989)

"Modulation Bandwidth of GaAS/A1GaAs Single Quantum Well Lasers Operating at the

Second Quantized State"

A. Larsson and L. Lindstrom

Applied Physics Letters 54, 884 (1989)

"Highly Coherent Long Cavity GaAs/A1GaAs Single Quantum Well Lasers"

A. Larsson, P.A. Andrekson, B. Johnson, L. Lindstrom

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 25, 2013 (1989)

"High Speed Ga0.47In0.53As/InP Infrared Schottky Barrier Photodiodes"

J.H. Kim, S.S. Li, L. Figueroa, T.F. Carruthers, R.S. Wagner

Electron. Lett. 24, 1067 (1988)

"High-Speed InP-Based InxGal_xAs Schottky Barrier Infrared Photodiodes for FiberOptic Communications"

J.H. Kim, S.S. Li, L. Figueroa, T.F. Carruthers, R.S. Wagner

J.Appl. Phys., 64, 6536 (1988)

"High Peak Power Low Threshold AIGaAs/GaAs Stripe Layer Diode on GaAs-on-Si by

Hybrid Migration-enhanced MBE and MOCVD Growth"

J. H. Kim, A. Nouhi, G. Radhakrishnan, R. J. Lang, J. Katz

Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 1248-1250, 1988

"A10.3Ga0.7As/AI0.05Ga0.95As Light-Emitting diodes on GaAs-Coated Si Substrates

Grown by Liquid Phase Epitaxy"

S. Sakai, S.S. Chang, R.V. Ramaswamy, J.H. Kim, G. Radhakrishnan, J. Katz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 1203 (1988)

47
"NarrowFarFieldsFrom Extended-Window Broad Area Lasers"

R. J. Lang, S. Forouhar, J. Cser, J. Katz, P. Gavrilovic, J. Williams, W. Stutius, A.

Chin

Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 53, pp. 1372-1374, 1988

"An Exact Formulation of Coupled-Mode Theory for Coupled-Cavity Lasers"

R. J. Lang, A. Yariv

IEEE J. Quantum Electron., Vol. QE-24, pp 66-72, 1988

"High-Power AIGaAs/GaAs DH Stripe Laser Diodes on GaAs-on-Si Prepared by

Migration-enhanced Molecular Beam Epitaxy"

J. H. Kim, G. Radhakrishnan, A. Nouhi, J. K. Liu, R. J. Lang, J. Katz

Jap. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 28, pp. 791-796, 1989

"Measurement of Relaxation Resonance, Damping and Nonlinear Gain From Sidebands in

the Field Spectrum of a 1.3 mm InGaAsP DFB Laser"

R. J. Lang, H.-P. Mayer, W. Els_iBer, H. Schweizer, A. P. Mozer

Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 54, pp. 1845-1847, 1989

"A High-Speed In-Based InGaAs Schottky Barrier Infrared Photodiode for Fiber-Optic

Communications"

J.H. Kim, S.S. Li, L. Figueroa, T.F. Carruthers

Proceedings of the IEEE Electronic Devices and Materials Symposium, Taiwan, August

29-31, 1988, p. 192

"High-Peak-Power Low-Threshold A1GaAs/GaAs Strip Laser Diodes on Si Substrates by

Hybrid MBE and MOCVD Growth"

J.H. Kim, A. Nouhi, G. Radhakrishnan, J. Katz

SPIE Proceedings Vol. 945, 155 (1988)

"High-Power A1GaAs/GaAs Stripe Laser Diode on GaAs-on-Si Substrates Grown by

Migration-Enhanced Molecular Beam Epitaxy"

J.H. Kim, A. Nouhi, G. Radhakrishnan, R.J. Lang, J. Katz

Proceedings of the 11 th IEEE International Semiconductor Laser Conference, Boston, MA,

August 28 - September 1, 1988, p. 154

Presentations

"GalnAsSb/AIGaAsSb Injection Lasers for Remote Sensing Applications"

S. Forouhar, J. Cody, J. Katz

SPIE Vol. 1062, 16 (1989)

"GaAs/A1GaAs Corner Reflector Laser for Monolithic Integration"

M. Hagberg, A. Larsson, S.T. Eng

15th European Conference on Optical Communcation, Gothenburg, Sweden, September

10-14, 1989

48
"High-PowerLow-ThresholdGraded-IndexSeparate-Confinement HeterostructureSingle

QuantumWell LasersonSi SubstratesPreparedbyMigration-EnhancedMolecularBeam

Epitaxy"

J.H. Kim, R.J.Lang,G. Radhakrishnan,J.Katz,A. Narayanan,R.R. Craig

IEEELEOS'89AnnualConference, Orlando, FL, October, 15-20, 1989

"Spectral and Dynamic Properties of GaAs/AIGaAs Single Quantum Well Lasers"

A. Larson, P.A. Andrekson, B.Jonsson, L. Linstrom

15th European Conference on Optical Communication, Gothenburg, Sweden, September

10-14, 1989

"Separated Large Optical Cavity GaAsAs/GaAs Diode Lasers"

S.J. Lee, R.V. Ramaswamy, P.S. Zory, L. Figueroa, J.H. Kim

IEEE LEOS '89 Annual Conference, Orlando FL, October 15-20, 1989

"Diffraction-Coupled-Output Lasers for High Optical Powers"

S. Forouhar, R.J. Lang, J. Cser, J. Katz

IEEE International Semiconductor Laser Conference, Boston, MA, July, 1988

"Semiconductor Laser Technology for Remote Sensing Experiments"

J.Katz

SPIE OE/LASE '88, Los Angeles, January 11-15, 1988

"High Peak Power AIGaAs/GaAs Stripe Laser Diodes on GaAs-on-Si Substrates Grown

by Migration-Enhanced Molecular Beam Epitaxy"

J.H. Kim, A. Nouhi, G. Radhakrishnan, R.J. Lang, J. Katz

IEEE International Semiconductor Laser Conference, Boston, MA, August 28 - September

1, 1988

"A High-Speed InP-Based InGaAs Schottky Barrier Infrared Photodiode for Fiber-Optic

Communications"

J.H. Kim, S.S. Li, L. Figueroa, T.F. Carruthers

IEEE Electronic Devices and Materials Symposium, Taiwan, August 29-31, 1988

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Laser Receiver Using Luminescent Light Trapping"

J. W. Perry, A. H. Zewail, T. Cole

NPO-17916

"Multiperiod Grating Surface-Emitting Laser"

R.J. Lang

NPO- 18054

"Surface Emitting Laser with Integrated Muhilayer Reflector"

R.J. Lang

NPO- 17763 (patent pending)

"High-Power A1GaAs/GaAs Single Quantum Well Lasers on Migration-Enhanced

Molecular Beam Epitaxial GaAs-Coated Si Substrates"

J.H. Kim, R.J. Lang, G. Radhakrishnan, J. Katz

NPO- 17988

49
"AnnularBraggGratingSurfaceEmittingLaser"

R.J.Lang

NASA TechBrief NPO-17912

"Unstable Resonator DBR Laser"

R.J. Lang

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17906

5O
Optoelectronic Materials and Characterization

Publications

"Optoelectronic Materials, Devices Packing and Interconnects"

T.E. Batchman, R.F. Carson, R.L. Gallawa, H.J. Wojtunik, Editors

Proc. SPIE 836, p.169 (1988)

"Intersubband Auger Recombination and Population Inversion in Quantum Well

Subbands"

S. Borenstain, J. Katz

Physical Review B39, 10852 (1989)

"Cathodoluminescence System for a Scanning Electron Microscope Using a Novel Optical

Fiber Light Collection System"

M. Hoenk, K.J. Vahala

Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, (2) 226 (1989)

"Nanometer Scale Wire Structures Fabricated by Diffusion Induced Disordering of a GaAs

(A1GaAs) Quantum Well"

H.A. Zarem, P.C. Sercel, M.E. Hoenk, J.A. Legens, K.J. Vahala

Appl. Phys. Lett., 54, 2692 (1989)

"Direct Determination of the Ambipolar Diffusion Length in GaAs/A1GaAs

Heterostructures by Cathodoluminescence"

H.A. Zarem, P.C. Sercel, J.A. Lebens, L.E. Eng, A. Yariv, K.J. Vahala

Appl. Phys. Lett., 55, 1647 (1989)

"Effect of Aluminum Mole Fraction on Carrier Diffusion Lengths and Lifetimes in

A1GaAs"

H.A. Zarem, J.A. Lebens, K.B. Nordstrom, P.C. Sercel, S. Sanders, L.E. Eng, A.

Yariv, K.J. Vahala

Appl. Phys. Lett., 55, #23 (1989)

"Multiband Envelope Theory in a Spherical Representation: Application of a Super-J Basis

to Centrosymmetric Semiconductor Heterostructures"

K.J. Vahala, P.C. Sercel

Phys. Rev. Lett. (submitted)

"Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots: Physics and Applications"

K.J. Vahala

Proceedings of the American Electrochemical Society Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL. (1988)

"Disorder of a GaAs-A1GaAs Quantum Well as a Technique for Fabricating Quantum

Wires"

H.A. Zarem, P.C. Sercel, M. Hoenk, A. Yariv, K.J. Vahala

Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on Quantum Wells for Optics and Optoelectronics"

Salt Lake City, UT (Paper TuA5) (1989)

"Nanometer Scale Bandgap Modulation by Disorder of a GaAs-AIGaAs Quantum Well"

H.A. Zarem, P.C. Sercel, M. Hoenk, A. Yariv, K.J. Vahala

Proceedings of the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, Baltimore, MD,

(1989)

51
"QuantumWireandQuantumDotLasers"

K.J. Vahala

Proceedingsof theQuantumElectronicsandLaserScienceConference,(1989)

"QuantumWire andQuantumDotsin SemiconductorLasers"

K.J. Vahala

Invited paper, Gordon Conference on Nonlinear Optics and Lasers, Wolfeboro, NH,

(1989)

"Quantum Wire and Quantum Dot Semiconductor Lasers: Physics and Fabrication"

K.J. Vahala

Proceedings of the Europen Conference on Optical Communication, Gothenberg, Sweden

(1989)

"Quantum Confinement for Optoelectronic Devices: Beyond the Conventional Quantum

Well"

K.J. Vahala

Proceedings of the Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, San Francisco, CA,

(1990)

"Optical Properties of Nanostructures for Semiconductor Lasers"

K.J. Vahala

Invited paper, APS March, Meeting, Anaheim, CA, (1990)

"A Novel Technique for the Direct Determination of Carrier Diffusion Lengths in

GaAs/G1GaAs Heterostructures Using Cathodoluminescence"

P.C. Sercel, H. Zarem, J. Legens, L. Eng, A. Yariv, K.J. Vahala

International Electron Devices Meeting, Washington D.C. (paper #11.3) (1989)

"Cyclobutanediyls: A New Class of Localized Biradicals. Synthesis and EPR Spectroscopy"

R. Jain, M.B. Sponsler, F.D. Corns, D.A. Dougherty

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110, 1988, 1356

"l,3-Diphenyl-l,3-cyclopentanediyl:

F.D. Corns, D.A. Dougherty

Tetrahedron Lett. 29, 1988, 3753

A Remarkably Stable l_x)calized Biradical"

"Matrix-Isolation Decay Kinetics of Triplet Cyclobutanediyls. Observation of Both Arrhenius

Behavior and Heavy-Atom Tunneling in C-C Bond-Forming Reactions"

M.B. Sponsler, R. Jain, F.D. Coms, D.A. Dougherty

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 1989, 2240

"Diphenylbicyclo[2.1.0]pentane. A Persistent Hydrocarbon with a Very Weak

C-C Bond"

F.D. Corns, D.A. Dougherty

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 1989, 6894

52
Presentations

"Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots: Physics and Applications"

K.J. Vahala

Invited presentation, Proceedings of the American Electrochemical Society Annual

Meeting, Chicago, IL (1988)

"Disorder of a GaAs-A1GaAs Quantum Well as a Technique for Fabricating Quantum

Wires"

H.A. Zarem, P.C. Sercel, M. Hoenk, A. Yariv, K.J. Vahala

Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on Quantum Wells for Optics and Optoelectronics"

Salt Lake City, UT (Paper TuA5) (1989)

"Nanometer Scale Bandgap Modulation by Disorder of a GaAs-A1GaAs Quantum Well"

H.A. Zarem, P.C. Sercel, M. Hoenk, A. Yariv, K.J. Vahala

Proceedings of the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, Baltimore, MD

(1989)

"Quantum Wire and Quantum Dot Lasers"

K.J. Vahala

Invited presentation, Proceedings of the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science

Conference (1989)

"Quantum Wire and Quantum Dots in Semiconductor Lasers"

K.J. Vahala

Invited presentation, Gordon Conference on Nonlinear Optics and Lasers, Wolfeboro, NH

(1989)

"Quantum Wire and Quantum Dot Semiconductor Lasers: Physics and Fabrication"

K.J. Vahala

Invited presentation (MoA3-2), Proceedings of the European Conference on Optical

Communication, Gothenberg, Sweden (1989)

"Quantum Confinement for Optoelectronic Devices: Beyond the Conventional Quantum

Well"

K.J. Vahala

Invited presentation, Proceedings of the Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, San

Francisco, CA (1990)

"A Novel Technique for the Direct Determination of Carrier Diffusion Lengths in

GaAs/G1Ga.As Heterostructures Using Cathodoluminescence"

P,C. Sercel, H. Zarem, J. Legens, L. Eng, A. Yariv, K.J. Vahala

International Electron Devices Meeting, Washington D.C. (paper #11.3) (1989)

53
Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

Publications

"Monolithically Integrated Two-Dimensional Arrays of Optoelectronic Threshold Devices

for Neural Network Applications"

J.H. Kim, S.H. Lin, J. Katz, D. Psaltis

SPIE Proceedings 1043, 44 (1989)

"Integration of High-Gain Double Heterojunction of GaAs Bipolar Transistors with a LED

for Optical Neural Network Applications"

S.H. Lin, J.H. Kim, J. Katz, D. Psaltis

Proceedings of the IEEE Comell Conference on Advanced Concepts in High-Speed

Semiconductor Devices and Circuits, Ithaca, NY, August 7-9, 1989

"System Issues Relating to Laser Diode Requirements for VLSI Holographic Optical

Interconnects"

E. Bradley, P.K.L. Yu, A.R. Johnston

Opt. Eng. 28, 155 (1989)

Presentations

"Monolithically Integrated Two-Dimensional Arrays of Optoelectronic Threshold Devices

for Neural Network Applications"

J.H. Kim, S.H. Lin, J. Katz, D. Psaltis

SPIE Conference on Diode Technology and Applications, Los Angeles, CA, January 18-

20, 1989

"Optimum Design of High-Gain AIGaAs/GaAs Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

for Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit Applications"

J.H. Kim, S.H. Lin, J. Katz, D. Psaltis

IEEE LEOS '89 Annual Conference, Orlando, FL, October 15-20, 1989

"Integration of High-Gain Double Heterojunction GaAs Bipolar Transistors with a LED for

Optical Neural Network Applications"

S.H. Lin, J.H. Kim, J. Katz, D. Pslatis

IEEE Cornell Conference on Advanced Concepts in High-Speed Semiconductor Devices

and Circuits, Ithaca, NY, August 7-9, 1989

Patehts and New Technology Reports

"Monolithic Two-Dimensional Arrays of Optoelectronic Threshold Devices for Neural

Networks"

D. Psaltis, J. Katz, J.H. Kim, S.H. Lin

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17652

"High-Gain AIGaAs/GaAs Double Heterojunction Darlington Phototransistors for Neural

Network Applications"

J.H. Kim, S.H. Lin

NPO-18101

54
Infrared Detectors

Publications

"Infrared Pre-Detection Dynamic Range Compression via Photorefractive

H.K. Liu, L.J. Cheng

Applied Optics, 27, 1006 (1988)

Crystals"

"Tunable Quantum Well Infrared Detector"

K.L. Doughty, P.O. Holtz, R.J. Simes, A.C. Gossard, J.L. Merz, J. Maserjian

Proceedings of OSA Topical Meeting on Optics and Optoelectronics, Salt Lake City, UT,

March 6, 1989

Presentations

"Tunable Quantum Well Infrared Detector"

K.L. Doughty, P.O. Holtz, R.J. Simes, A.C. Gossard, J.L. Merz, J. Maserjian

OSA Topical Meeting on Optics and Optoelectronics, Salt Lake City, UT, March 6, 1989

"Use of Ultra-Thin, Highly Doped Layers to Extend the Cut-off Wavelength in SchottkyDiode Infrared Sensors"

R.W. Fathauer, T.L. Lin, J.M. lannelli, P.J., Grunthaner, J. Maserjian

European MRS, Strasbourg, France, May 30- June 2, 1989

"LWIR Detector Research and Development at JPL"

J. Maserjian

Invited presentation, Superlattice/Quantum Well Detectors Workshop, Los Alamos, NM,

August 10, 1989

"Silicon-Compatible Infrared Sensors"

P. J. Grunthaner

AVS Thin Film and Surface Science Open House, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California

Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, January 23, 1989

"Extrinsic Germanium Blocked Impurity Band Detectors"

T.N. Krabach, J.E. Huffmann, D.M. Watson

Ames Low Background Infrared Detector Workshop, NASA Ames Research Center,

Moffet Field, CA., January, 1989

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Dynamic Range Compression/Expansion of Light Beams by Photorefractive Crystals"

L.J. Cheng, H.K. Liu

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17140, U. S. Patent No. 4,772,785

"Stacked Silicide-Silicon for Infrared Detector"

J. Maserjian

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17194 (patent pending)

55
"TunableQuantumWell InfraredDetector"

J. Maserjian

NASA TechBrief NPO-17361(patentpending)

"AlternateGradientPhotodetector"

A.W. Overhauser, J. Maserjain

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17235 (patent pending)

"Plasma-Enhanced Internal Photoemission (PIP) Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) Detector"

J. Maserjian

NPO- 18053

"Long-Wavelength Infrared Detector"

R. P. Vasquez

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17543

"Dymamic-Range Compression for Infrared Imagery"

L.J. Cheng, H.K. Liu

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17140, U.S. Patent No. 4,772,785

"A Novel p+-Si l_xGex/P-Si LWIR Detector Fabricated by Molecular Beam Epitaxy"

T.L.Lin

NPO- 17950

"Integrated Optic Spectrometer"

R.J. Lang

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17733

"Superlattice Long-Wavelength Infrared Sensors"

R.W. Fathauer

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17713

"Infrared Multiquantum Well Phototransistor"

S. Borenstain

NPO- 17980

"Nitric Oxide Enhances Charge Coupled Devices"

M. H. Hecht

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17281

"Back-Surface Illuminated CCD with Ir"

M. H. Hecht

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17327

"Deposition of Pinhole-Free CoSi2 Film"

T.L. Lin, R.W. Fathauer, P.J. Grunthaner

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17447

56
"MolecularBeamEpitaxyof CrSi2onSi (111)"

R.W. Fathauer,T.L. Lin, P.J.Grunthaner

NASA TechBrief NPO-17438

"MakingSubmicronCoSi2StructuresonSiliconSubstrates"

K.W. Nieh, T.L. Lin, R.W. Fathauer

NASA TechBrief NPO-17736

57
Nonlinear Optical Materials and Characterization

Publications

"Index Grating Lifetime in Photorefractive GaAs"

L.J. Cheng, A. Partovi

Applied Optics, 27, 1760 (1988)

"Cross-Polarization Two Beam Coupling in Photorefractive GaAs Crystals"

L.J. Cheng, P. Yeh

Optics Letters, 13, 50 (1988)

"Photorefractive Effects in GaAs"

L.J Cheng, G. Gheen

Proc. SPIE 836, p. 169 (1988)

"Cross Polarization Multiwave Mixings in Semiconductors"

L.J. Cheng, P. Yeh

"Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonlinear Optics, Cong, County Mayo,

Ireland, May 3-6, 1988", ed. V.J. Corcoran (STS Press, McLean, VA), p. 225

"Photorefractive Gain in GaAs under a DC Electric Field"

D.T.H. Liu, L.J. Cheng, M.F. Rau, F.C. Wang

Applied Physics Letters, 53, 1369 (1988)

"DC Electric Field Effect on Cross Polarization Four-Wave Mixing in GaAs"

L.J. Cheng, D.T.H. Liu

Technical Digest of the Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America, October 31-

November 4, 1988, p.161

"Photorefractive Gain in GaAs under a DC Electric Field"

D.T.H. Liu, L.J. Cheng, M.F. Rau, F.C. Wang

Applied Physics Letters, 53, 1369 (1988)

"Efficient Photorefractive Gain Under a DC Electric Field"

D.T.H. Liu, L.J. Cheng

Technical Digest of the Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America, October 31-

November 4, 1988, p.137

"Two Beam Coupling Gain in Undoped GaAs with Applied DC Electric Field and Moving

Grating"

D.T.H. Liu, L.J. Cheng, A.E. Chiou, P. Yeh

Optics Communications, 72, 384 (1989)

"Fanning in Undoped GaAs Under a DC Electric Field"

D.T.H. Liu, L.J. Cheng

Technical Digest of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Baltimore, MD, April 24-

28, 1989

"Two-Beam Coupling Gain in Undoped GaAs with Applied DC Electric Field and Moving

Grating"

D.T.H. Liu, L.J. Cheng, A.E. Chiou, P. Yeh

Optics Communications, 72, 384 (1989)

58
"Polarization Properties of Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing in GaAs"

D.T.H. Liu, L.J. Cheng

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 6, 1558 (1989)

"Photorefractive Incoherent to Coherent Converter"

J. Yu, D. Psaltis, R. Johnson, A. Marrakchi, A.R. Tanguay Jr.

Chapter of a book, "Topics in Applied Physics: Photorefractive Materials and Applications

II" (Springer Verlag, 1989)

"Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Diiron Alkenylidyne Complexes"

J.A. Bandy, H.E. Bunting, M.H. Garcia, M.L.H. Green, S.R. Marder, M.E. Thompson,

D. Bloor, P.U. Kolinsky, R.J. Jones, J.W. Perry

J. Organomet. Chem. (submitted for publication 1989)

"The Synthesis of Optically Active Ferrocenyl Compounds with Second-Order Optical

Nonlinearities"

H. E. Bunting, M.L.H. Green, S. R. Marder, D. Bloor, P. U. Kolinsky, R. J. Jones

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (submitted for publication 1989)

"The Synthesis of Ferrocenyl Compounds with Second-Order Optical Nonlinearities"

M. L. H. Green, S. R. Marder, M. E. Thompson, D. Bloor, P. U. Kolinsky, R. J. Jones

J. Organomet. Chem. (submitted for publication 1989)

"New Organometallic Solids"

M. L. H. Green, J. Qin, D. O'Hare, H. E. Bunting, M. E. Thompson, S. R. Marder, K.

Chatakondu

Pure and Appl. Chem., 61,817 (1989)

"Organometallic Salts with Large Second-Order Optical Nonlinearities: (E)- 1-Ferrocenyl2-(4-N-Methylpyridinium) Ethylene Salts"

S. R.Marder, J. W. Perry

J. Am. Chem. Soc. (submitted for publication 1989)

"Third-Order Susceptibilities of Soluble Polymers Derived from the Ring-Opening

Metathesis Copolymerization of Cyclooctatetraene and 1,5-Cyclooctadiene"

S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry, F. L. Klavetter, R. H. Grubbs

Chem. Materials, 1,171 (1989)

"Synthesis of Organic Salts with Large Second-Order Optical Nonlinearities"

S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry, W. P. Schaefer

Science, 245, 626 (1989)

"The Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds with Second-Order Optical Non-linearities"

J. A. Bandy, H. E. Bunting, M. H. Garcia, M. L. H. Green, S. R. Marder, M. E.

Thompson, D. Bloor, P. U. Kolinsky, R. J. Jones

In "Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics," R. A. Hann and D. Bloor, eds, p. 225 (The

Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1989)

"The Synthesis of Ferroceny] Compounds with Second-Order Optical Non-linearities"

J. A. Bandy, H. E. Bunting, M. L. H. Green, S, R. Marder, M. E. Thompson, D. Bloor,

P. U. Kolinsky, R. J. Jones

In "Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics," R. A. Hann and D. Bloor, eds, p. 219 (The

Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1989)

59
"StructuralDependenceof thePi-ElectronContributionsto theOpticalSecond

Hyperpolarizabilityof NonlinearConjugatedOrganicMolecules"

D. N. Beratan,M. A. Lee,D. W. Allender,S.Risser

SPIEProceedings,1080,in press(1989)

"OpticalLimiting in Solutionsof MetallophthalocyaninesandNaphthalocyanines"

D. R. Coulter,V. M. Miskowski, J. W. Perry,T. H. Wei,E. W. Van Stryland,

Hagan

SPIEProceedings,1105,42 (1989)

D.J.

"The Synthesis and Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities of Soluble Polymers Derived from

the Ring Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of Cyclooctatetraene and 1,5-

Cyclooctadiene"

S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry, F. L. Klavetter and R. H. Grubbs

In "Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics," R. A. Hann, D. Bloor, eds, p. 288 (The

Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1989)

"Second and Third Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Molecules and

Polymers"

J. W. Perry, A. E. Stiegman, S. R. Marder, D. R. Coulter, D. N. Beratan, D. E. Brinza,

F. L. Klavetter, R. H. Grubbs

SPIE Proceedings, 971, 17 (1988)

"Second and Third Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of End-Capped Acetylenic

Oligomers"

J. W. Perry, A. E. Stiegman, S. R. Marder, D. R. Coulter

In "Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics," R. A. Harm, D. Bloor, eds., p. 189 (The

Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1989)

Presentations

"DC Electric Field Effect on Cross Polarization Four-Wave Mixing in GaAs"

L.J. Cheng, D.T.H. Liu

Technical Digest of the Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America, October 31-

November 4, 1988, p. 161

"Efficient Photorefractive Gain Under a DC Electric Field"

D.T.H. Liu, L.J. Cheng

Technical Digest of the Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America, October 31-

November 4, 1988, p. 137

"Fanning in Undoped GaAs Under a DC Electric Field"

D.T.H. Liu, L.J. Cheng

Technical Digest of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Baltimore, MD, April 24-

28, 1989

"Optical Limiting in Organometallic Macrocyclic Dyes"

D. R. Coulter

DARPA Technical Steering Committee Meeting on Eye and Sensor Protection Against the

Battlefield Laser Threat, Alexandria, VA, January, 1989

60
"Optical Limiting in Solutions of Metallophthalocyanines and Naphthalocyanines"

D. R. Coulter, V. M. Miskowski, J. W. Perry, T. H. Wei, E. W. Van Stryland, D. J.

Hagan

SPIE, Symposium on Materials for Optical Switches, Isolators and Limiters, Orlando, FL,

March, 1989

"Optical Limiting in Solutions of Metallophthalocyanines and Naphthalocyanines"

D. R. Coulter, V. M. Miskowski, J. W. Perry, T. H. Wei, E. W. Van Stryland, D.J.

Hagan

SPIE Proceedings, 1105, 42 (1989)

"The Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Poly-n-butyl Cyclooctatetraene"

C. B. Gorman, E. J. Ginsburg, S. R. Marder, R. H. Grubbs, J. W. Perry

ACS National Meeting, Dallas, Texas, April, 1989

"New Organic and Organometallic Materials for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics"

S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry, W. P. Schaefer

Engineering Foundation Conference on "Molecular Electronics -- Science and Technology"

Keauhou Kona, Hawaii, February 1989

"The Synthesis and Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities of Soluble Polymers Derived from

the Ring Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of Cyclooctatetraene and 1,5-

Cyclooctadiene"

S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry, F. L. Klavetter and R. H. Grubbs

In "Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics," R. A. Hann, D. Bloor, eds, p. 288 (The

Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1989)

"Nonlinear Optical Materials"

J. W. Perry

JPL-TRW Technology Exchange Program, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA,

October, 1988

"Second and Third Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Molecules and

Polymers"

J. W. Perry, A. E. Stiegman, S. R. Marder, D. R. Coulter, D. N. Beratan, D. E. Brinza,

F. L. Klavetter, R. H. Grubbs

SPIE Proceedings, 971, 17 (1988)

"Second and Third Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of End-Capped Acetylenic

Oligomers"

J. W. Perry, A. E. Stiegman, S. R. Marder and D. R. Coulter

In "Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics," R. A. Hann, D. Bloor, eds., p. 189 (The

Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1989)

"Synthesis and Characterization of Processable Organic and Organometallic Materials with

Large Second and Third Order Optical Nonlinearities and Fast Response"

J. W. Perry

1st International Symposium on Nonlinear Optical Polymers for Soldier Survivability,

U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, June,

1989

61
"TheSynthesisof OrganometallicCompoundswith Second-OrderOpticalNon-Linearities"

J.A. Bandy,H. E. Bunting, M. H. Garcia,M. L. H. Green,S.R. Marder,M. E.

Thompson,D. Bloor, P.U. Kolinsky, R. J. Jones

"OrganicMaterialsfor NonlinearOptics,"R.A. HannandD. Bloor,eds,p. 225,(The

RoyalSocietyof Chemistry,London,1989)

"TheSynthesisof FerrocenylCompoundswith Second-OrderOpticalNon-Linearities"J.

A. Bandy,H. E. Bunting, M. L. H. Green,S.R. Marder,M. E. Thompson,D. Bloor, P.

U. Kolinsky, R. J. Jones

In "OrganicMaterialsfor NonlinearOptics,"R.A. HannandD. Bloor,eds,p. 219 (The

RoyalSocietyof Chemistry,London,1989)

"StructuralDependenceof thePi-ElectronContributionsto theOpticalSecond

Hyperpolarizabilityof NonlinearConjugatedOrganicMolecules"

D. N. Beratan,M. A. Lee,D. W. Allender,S.Risser

SPIEProceedings,1080,in press(1989)

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Optical Signal Using the Photorefractive Effects in Semiconductor Etalons"

L.J. Cheng, A. Partovi, E.M. Garmire

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17460

"Net Photorefractive Gain in Gallium Arsenide"

L.J. Cheng, T.H. Liu

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17626

"Organometallic Salts with Large Second Order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities"

S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17730

"Compounds Generate Optical Second Harmonics"

S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17731

"Diphenylpolynes for Nonlinear Optical Devices"

A. E. Stiegman, J. W. Perry, D. R. Coulter

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17572

62
Fiber Optics

Publications

"A Miniaturized Space-Potential DC Electric Field Meter"

A.R. Johnston, H. Kirkham

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 4, 1253 (1989)

"Optically Powered Data Link for Power System Applications"

H. Kirkham, A.R. Johnston

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 4, 1997 (1989)

Presentations

"Fiber Optics for Distribution Automation"

H. Kirkham, A. Johnston, D. Roessler

Proceedings of 4th IASTED, Valencia, Spain, July 4-7, 1989

"Implementation of a Tactical Voice/Data Network Over FDDI"

L.A. Bergman, F. Halloran, J. Martiniz

MILCOM' 88, San Diego, CA, October 23-26, 1988

"Overview of JPL/NASA Fiber Optic LAN Research"

L.A. Bergman

Information Gatekeepers MFOC '88, Los Angeles, CA, December 5-8, 1988

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Fast Asynchronous Data Communication via Fiber Optics"

L. Bergman, R. Tell

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 16972

63
Photovoitaic Technology

Publications

"Amorphous Silicon Germanium Alloy Film Deposition with In Situ Plasma Diagnostics"

Y.H. Shing, J.W. Perry, C.E. Allevato

Solar Cells, 24, 353 (1988)

"Diagnostics of Silane and Germane Radio Frequency Plasmas by Coherent Anti-Stokes

Raman Spectroscopy"

J.W. Perry, Y.H. Shing, C.E. Allevato

Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 2022 (1988)

"Optical Emission Diagnostics of Electron Cyclotron Resonance and Glow Discharge

Plasmas for a-Si:H and a-SiC:H Film Depositions"

C.L. Yang, Y.H. Shing, C.E. Allevato

Proc. 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 202 (1988)

"Silane and Germane Plasma Diagnostics for Depositing Photosensitive a-SiGe:H Films"

Y.H. Shing, J.W. Perry, C.E. Allevato

Proc. 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 224 (1988)

"Electron Cyclou'on Resonance Deposition of a-Si:H and a-C:H Films"

Y.H. Shing, C.L. Yang, C.E. Allevato, F.S. Pool

Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1989)

"Electron Cyclotron Resonance Deposition and Plasma Diagnostics of a-Si:H and a-C:H

Films"

Y.H. Shing

Solar Cells (1989) (submitted)

Presentations

"Optical Emission Diagnostics of Electron Cyclotron Resonance and Glow Discharge

Plasmas for a-Si:H and a-SiC:H Film Depositions"

C.L. Yang, Y.H. Shing, C.E. Allevato

20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Las Vegas, NV, September 26-30, 1988

"Silane and Germane Plasma Diagnostics for Depositing Photosensitive a-SiGe:H Films"

Y.H. Shing, C.L. Yang, C.E. Allevato, F.S. Pool

Materials Research Society Symposium, November, 1988

"Microwave Assisted Plasma Deposition of Amorphous Alloys"

Y.H. Shing

American Vacuum Society Thin Film and Surface Science Chapter Open House at the Jet

Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, January 23, 1989

"Electron Cyclotron Resonance Deposition of Diamond and Diamond-Like Films"

Y.H. Shing and F.S. Pool

Eleventh International Vacuum Congress, Cologne, West Germany, September 25-29,

1989

64
"ElectronCyclotronResonanceandGlowDischargeDepositionof a-Si:H,a-C:HandaSiC:HFilms"

Y.H. Shing, C.E. Allevato, C.L. Yang, F.S. Pool

Solar Energy Research Institute Amorphous Silicon Subcontractors Meeting (1989)

"Electron Cyclotron Resonance Deposition of a-Si:H and a-C:H Films"

Y.H. Shing, C.L. Yang, C.E. Allevato, F.S. Pool

Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1989)

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Detection of Gas-Phase Polymerization in Silane and Germane Plasmas"

Y.H. Shing, J.W. Perry, C.E. Allevato

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17779

"Photovoltaic Hydrogen Sensor"

T. Daud, J. Janesick, J. Lambe

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17124

65

Overview

Advanced concepts in hardware, software and algorithms are being pursued for application

in next generation space computers and for ground-based analysis of space data. The

research program focuses on massively parallel computation, neural networks, and optical

processing. Also included are small seed efforts in novel magnetic memories and

molecular computation. A common theme is fault tolerance which is required for space

applications and for acceptable mean time to failure in massively parallel ground computers.

1988-1989 Major Technical Achievements

Parallel Computation

The Hypercube Project completed its third generation objective when, in April, the

128-node Mark IIIfp was assembled and verified. Many of the 200-plus

science and engineering applications that had been run on smaller hypercubes were

extended on the large machine, and system timing tests showed that it operated as

one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world today. One Caltech physics

problem in quantum chromodynamics was computed at a rate of over 700 million

floating point operations per second.

Demonstrated Hyperswitch Adaptive Message Routing VLSI chip with a data

throughput per channel of 400 Mbits/s and adaptive network reconfiguration for a

number of random channel failures. The above tests were verified with a laboratory

testbed configuration.

Collaborated on the system development and evaluation of the Hyperswitch

Communication Network (HCN) with a large computer company. This

multiprocessor computer will result in a machine ready for mission critical largescale applications.

Developed simulation methods key to complex distributed sytems modeling and

performance evaluation. This work has the support of the above HCN

collaboration.

Developed a conceptual design for a fault-tolerant hypercube which can be

implemented as a ground-based hypercube or be used as the basis for a flight

hypercube.

Developed and demonstrated a Concurrent Image Processing Executive for the

SUN/hypercube high-performance workstation environment.

During the Voyager Neptune encounter period in August the JPL Image

Analysis Systems Group employed an 8-node Mark IIIfp hypercube to process

the images that were used to create the mosaics and rotational movies that were

essential to displaying and understanding the atmospheric dynamics of the planet in

near real time. The computational requirements are large; they include photometric

correction, corrections for spacecraft navigation and pointing parameters, geometric

projections to be used for map registration, creation of mosaics, and analysis of the

motions of features in the imagery. Their 8-node machine operated at 60 to 80

times the speed of the computer system used conventionally for these computations,

a VAX 8600.

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Four electromagnetic (EM) scattering and radiation analysis programs have been

developed for the hypercube. These programs are being used to design and

analyze metallic structures such as the Global Positioning System Rogue Receiver

choke ring antenna. A major emphasis of this EM research effort is developing

analysis tools which are particularly suited to a parallel environment such as the

finite element parallel partitioning and load balancing algorithms, and the efficient

parallel sparse and dense matrix solvers.

Other applications that have been developed include a 2-d electrostatic particle-incell plasma simulation, synthetic aperture radar data analysis, radiative transfer

calculations for atmospheric parameter retrieval, image processing of multi-spectral

data, vortex flow analysis, crustal deformation studies, and complex simulations.

These applications typically run with an efficiency of 80 to 95 percent. That means

that a program using a 32-node hypercube will run 26 to 30 times faster than one on

a single node without accruing substantial penalty for message passing or node

synchronization.

The hypercube is now being employed to run large distributed simulations of

multi-processor computer systems as a design and analysis tool for future

generations of such machines. The Hypercube Project is simulating their next

generation communications processor using the Time Warp operating system that

has been under development by JPL and UCLA for several years. The

implementation allows distributed descrete-event simulations of machines of up to

2048 processing nodes under varying workloads and communication requirements

to be run extremely quickly compared to simulations that can be run only on

traditional sequential machines.

Demonstrated 4-node MAX multicomputer designed for.general purpose, faulttolerant spacecraft applications. This effort will result in a flight qualifiable, low

power, low mass parallel processor suitable for a wide range of missions.

Demonstrated new dataflow software design methodologies for MAX

multicomputers that simplify development of flight software.

Developing flight qualifiable designs for two custom VLSI chips supporting the

MAX multicomputer.

Developing a custom VLSI chip (300,000 transistors)and overall system for the

Human Genome Project. This biological system will have the performance of over

40 Cray-2 supercomputers at 1/1,000 of the cost.

Neural and Analog Computing

Demonstrated a floating gate field effect transistor with analog memory in VLSI,

for the first time using double-poly process (MOSIS), a strong contender as a

synapse for electronic neural networks with on-chip learning capability.

Designed and fabricated a wide spectrum of cascadable, programmable,

CMOS/VLSI synaptic chips with binary to 11-bit resolution, as well as multineuron

chips. This has led to transfer of neural nets hardware technology to U.S.

industries.

70
Developed "building blocks" for high speed image processing/pattern recognition

applications. The building blocks consist of:

A fabricated 62x62 thin film, binary, nonvolatile, programmable, high

density synaptic array with a nominal feature size of 2 microns based on

amorphous chromium silicon alloy system.

A designed and fabricated 64-neuron CMOS/VLSI "winner-take-all"

cascadable chip with a winner lockout feature. It selects the best pattern

match in less than 10 microseconds (with an effective search rate of more

than 109 bits/sec for a 64-bit xl000 word memory).

Developed a unique, versatile neurocircuit simulator, a valuable neural net

hardware design aid, which takes the realistic hardware component characteristics

into account during simulation, for a variety of neural net architectures and

algorithms.

Demonstrated, for the first time, Euclidean distance minimization in fully parallel

hardware for multidimensional vector quantization. It has been successfully applied

to terrain trafficability determination with a 10 to 100 times speed improvement over

digital computing approach. This has paved the way for rapid hardware prototyping of several selected neuroprocessors for DoD applications.

Made a major algorithmic/architectural breakthrough allowing a novel neural nets

approach to computationally intensive problems of combinatorial optimization (e.g.,

the famous Traveling Salesman Problem, TSP) using our unique "analog

prompting scheme." This has resulted in:

A software as well as a hardware demonstration of the TSP

solutions using the hybrid neuro-computer and the VLSI based

neural net system.

Implementation of a consumer-resource assignment problem,

demonstrating for the first time the multiple assignment solution in

hardware with a phenomenal speed of a few microseconds.

Demonstrated for the first time, by circuit simulation, that a novel design

of our analog resource allocation chip solves a one-to-one assignment problem of

32 tracks to 32 targets (with a search space of over 1035 possible solutions) in -100

microseconds, a 4-orders of magnitude faster response than even an 8-node Mark

III hypercube machine.

Demonstrated the high speed performance of a "trained" neuro-processor

hardware interfaced with an experimental robotic arm for positioning the endeffector of the arm within the selected work space. The network is trained under

supervision with an error-back-propagation algorithm, and executes the inverse

kinematics transformation in less than 10 microseconds.

71
Neural and Nonlinear Theory

Implemented image enhancement filters and reading rate software on a Sun

workstation which was enhanced using high-speed digital hardware to develop a

clinical prototype for improving the reading performance of low vision observers

using commercially available closed circuit television.

Designed and implemented fast accurate dynamic image analysis of natural

scenes based on biological models using a layered neural network to reconstruct

the depth map that analyzes the scene across several sensory dimensions, such as

texture, position, motion parallax, shape from shading, illumination, and occlusion.

Implemented feedforward and feedback connections using nonlinear adaptive

thresholding, region growing, changes in optical flow, and Hebbian learning to

improve 3D reconstruction.

Designed a dynamic imaging system (based on layered biological neural networks

and image enhancement to improve resoultion of objects) to be used for mapping

out the surfaces of unknown terrain (e.g., planetary imaging, and navigating

robotic vehicles close to real-time frame rates).

Discovered a new type of attractor in nonlinear dynamical systems: this attractor,

named "Terminal Attractor" ensures infinite local stability of information encoded in

neural networks and enables suppression of spurious states in associative

memories.

Developed a radically new method for supervised learning using neural networks

with non-lipschitzian dyanamics. Dramatic increase in the speed of learning (over

state-of-the-art back-propagation algorithms) has been achieved, and the

methodology enables systematic incorporation of event-driven constraints in realtime.

Developed a new formalism for unsupervised learning from examples presented

to a neural network. Each example is considered as an "interpolation node" of the

networks velocity field in phase space, thereby enabling automatic clustering for

pattern recognition.

Discovered a fundamentally new class of nonlinear dynamical systems: the

unpredictable systems with creative dynamics. Such systems are presented in the

form of coupled activation and learning dynamical equations whose ability to be

spontaneously activated is based upon two pathological charactertistics. Firstly,

such systems have zero Jacobian. As a result of that, they have an infinite number

of equilibrium points which occupy curves, surfaces of hypersurfaces. Secondly,

all these equilibrium points become terminal attractors or repellers depending upon

the sign of the periodic excitation. Potential applications may range from

encryption to machine intelligence.

Demonstrated fast learning algorithms based on adjoint operator theory. The

development of learning algorithms is generally based upon the minimization of a

"neuromorphic" energy-like function. A fundamental requirement of all currently

available approaches is the computation of the gradient of this objective function

with respect to the various parameters of the neural architecture such as synaptic

weights, neural gains, decay constants, etc. In principle, the computation requires

the solution of a system of nonlinear equations for each parameter of the network.

Our new methodology enables us to gather all the information required to compute

72
theenergygradientswith respecto all networkparametersby solvinga_ set

of (linear)adjointequations.Theinformationsoobtainedcanalsobeusedto

propagatearchitectureuncertainties(expressedascovariancematrices)to a network

responseof interest.

Discoveredtheexistenceof chaoticoscillationsin massivelyparallelneural

networksanddevelopedanewmethodologyenablingcorrectrecoveryof

informationunderconcurrentlyasynchronousoperatingregimes.Themethodology

constitutesthef'u'stdemonstrationof truefault-tolerancecapabilitiesin neural

networks.

Developedabiologicallyinspiredcomputationalmethodologyfor hyperacute

globalsensoryresolutionfrom apoolof potentiallycoarseor unreliablesingle

receptors.

Demonstrated that oscillations can serve as local distributed clocks in analog

calculations and can encode and label temporal information by several phase and

frequency adjusting mechanisms. The methodology is expected to become a

cornerstone for applications such as signal pattern search, sequence likelihood

estimation and signal presence indication.

Developed smart retina neural network architecture that generates translation and

rotation invariant representations of star maps for the JPL neural network star

pattern identifier.

Completed the computer simulation for the comparison of the inner- and outerproduct algorithms of the Hopfield-type neural net with difference binary data

representations. Discovered a unifed approach for input data representation.

Discovered the application of the new terminal attractor binary associative

(TABAM) neural processing for the reduction or elimination of spurious states.

Derived a model for binary data representation for optical implementation and

conceived optical architectures for the new model.

Demonstrated the inner-product neural network using a diffuser, a Hughes

LCLVSLM, and the LCTVSLM originally developed at JPL.

Optical Processing

Demonstrated a shortest Hamming distance based optical associative memory

breadboard.

- Suitable for both auto- and hetero-associative recall.

- Suitable for accurate similarity measure between images.

- Suitable for radar image processing.

73
Developedaninnovativeopticalassociativememoryarchitectureusingoptoelectroniclight amplifiers.

- Canbeminiaturized.

- Canbecascadedto multiplelayers.

Demonstratedmatrix-vectorandvector-vectormultiplicationswithlargearraysof

elements,opticalcorrelation,imagesubstration,andlogicoperationsusing

photorefractiveGaAs.

Demonstratedspectralimagingof anoutdoor scene using an imaging

spectrometer breadboard with an acousto-optic tunable filter of TeO2.

Demonstrated the feasibility of using GaAs crystals as interaction media for highspeed image correlation and convolution applications.

Achieved matrix-vector operations using four-wave mixing in photorefractive

compound semiconductors.

Demonstrated an optical pseudocolor encoding method to enhance visibility of

interesting features of an image using colors representing different signal densities

and object brightness.

Achieved auto- and hetero-associative memory using a two-dimensional optical

logic gate.

Demonstrated for the first time phase conjugate interferometers using

photorefractive GaAs, which have potentials to be utilized in high-speed optical

computing, novelty filters, and moving target tracking.

Established the feasibility of using photorefractive GaAs as a real-time dynamic

volume holographic medium for optical and image processing applications.

Data Storage

Designed complete VLSI memory chips (with I/O) using Vertical Bloch Line

(VBL) pairs as memory elements, for use with nonvolatile, radiation hard magnetic

garnet technology. Fabrication is proceeding under contract on devices with 10

Mbit/cm 2 and 25 Mbit/cm 2 densities. Test chips have been designed and fabricated

(and are undergoing testing) for evaluating operation of the storage cells (i.e. minor

loops). Magnetostatic performance simulations were conducted for a VBL output

detector and major line gates (i.e. output gates).

Invented a magnetic-Hall effect random access memory which offers densities

greater than SRAM, sub-100 nanosecond access time, nonvolatility, low power

consumption, and SEU and radiation hardness.

Simulated performance of Hall sensors in the magnetic-Hall effect random access

memory, accounting for certain fabrication variations and domain variations in the

magnetic layer. Measurements of large-scale InSb Hall sensors were made for

comparison.

74
Establishedanewdatastoragelaboratorywith magneticandmagneto-optical

effecttestequipment.

Molecular Computation

There has been much activity, both theoretical and experimental in the area of

strategies for designing molecular level optical, electronic or photonic devices based

on electron transfer. The molecular shift register memory concept developed last

year has been generalized to yield a number of device architectures. In addition,

experiments have been under way to measure rates and quantum yields of single and

two step intramolecular electron transfer reactions as a function of chemical

structure and environment.

75
Parallel Computation

Publications

"General Purpose Concurrent Processing for Space Applications"

R. Bunker, B. Lewis, R. Rasmussen

AIAA Conference on Parallel Computation, California State University at Fullerton, April,

1988

"Designing Expert Systems for Modeling Complex Computer Systems"

E. Upchurch, K. Raman, K. Ranai

19th Modeling and Simulation Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 1988

"Designing Expert Systems for Modeling Complex Computer Systems"

E. Upchurch, K. Raman, K. Ranai

ISA Transactions, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1989

"Parallel Joins on the Mark III Hypercube"

E. Upchurch, K. Cloud, D. Curkendall, A. Loomis, J. Geiselman

4th Conference on Hypercube Concurrent Computers, Monterey, CA, 1989

"Object-Oriented Modeling and Expert Systems"

E. Upchurch

20th Modeling and Simulation Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 1989

"Modeling Internode Communications for Hypercube Architectures"

E. Upchurch, D. Neuse

SCS Summer Simulation Conference, Austin, TX, July, 1989

"Modeling Parallel Relational Database Join Algorithms on the Mark III Hypercube"

E. Upchurch, K. Cloud, D. Curkendall, A. Loomis

20th Modeling and Simulation Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 1989

"A PAWS-Based Fault Simulation Model for the Mark III Hypercube"

E. Upchurch, E. Chow, J. Peterson, H. Madan

International Workshop On Fault Tolerance in Multiprocessors, Urbana, IL, June, 1989

"A Fault Simulation Model for the Mark III Hypercube"

E. Upchurch, E. Chow, J. Peterson, H. Madan

IEEE - International Workshop on Hardware Fault Tolerance in Multiprocessors, June,

1989

"A High-Speed Message-Driven Communication Architecture"

J. Peterson, E. Chow, H. Madan

Proceedings of the 1988 ACM International Conference on Supercomputing, July, 1988

"Stepping Up to Multiprocessing - Is It Worth the Hassle?"

J. Peterson, R. Ferraro, K. Kim, D. Mizell

Panel: AIAA Computers in Aerospace VII Conference, October, 1989

"Plasma Simulations on the Mark III Hypercube"

P. C. Liewer, R. W. Gould, G. F. Fox, V. K. Decyk, J. M. Dawson

Third Conference on Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Applications, 1988

76
"PlasmaParticleSimulationson theMark III Hypercube"

P. C. Liewer, V. K. Decyk,J. M. Dawson,G. F. Fox

Proceedingsof the6thInternationalConferenceonMathematicalModeling(Pergamon,

1988)

"A UniversalConcurrentAlgorithmfor PlasmaParticle-in-CellSimulationCodes"

P.C. Liewer, V. Decyk

Division of PlasmaPhysics,APS,Hollywood,FL, November,1988

"Applicationof HypercubeComputerstoPlasmaParticle-in-CellSimulationCodes"

P.C. Liewer,V. Decyk

FourthInternationalConferenceonSupercomputing,SantaClara,CA, May, 1989

"A GeneralConcurrentAlgorithmforPlasmaParticlein Cell SimulationCodes"

P.C. Liewer, V.K. Decyk

Computational Physics (in press)

"Hypercube Matrix Computation Task--Report for 1986-1988"

R. H. Calalo, W. A. Imbriale, N. Jacobi, P. C. Liewer, T. G. Locklart, G. A. Lyzenga,

J. R. Lyons, F. Manshadi, J. E. Patterson

JPL Publication 88-31, August, 1988

"Hypercube Parallel Architecture Applied to Electromagnetic Scattering Analysis"

R. Calalo, T. Cwik, W. Imbriale, P. Liewer, T. Lockhart, G. Lyzenga, J. Patterson

Third IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation, Bethesda, MD, December,

1988

"Hypercube Matrix Computation Task, Research in Parallel Computational

Electromagnetics"

R. H. Calalo, T. Cwik, R. D. Ferraro, W. A. Imbriale, N. Jacobi, P. C. Liewer, T. G.

Lockhart, G. A. Lyzenga, S. Mulligan, J. W. Parker, J. E. Patterson

Report for 1988-1989, November 1, 1989

"Hypercube Parallel Architecture Applied to Electromagnetic Scattering Analysis"

R. Calalo, T. Cwik, W. Imbriale, P. Liewer, T. Lockhart, G. Lyzenga, J. Patterson

Fourth Conference on Hypercube Computers and Applications, Monterey, CA, March,

1989

"A General Concurrent Algorithm for Plasma Particle-in-Cell Simulation Codes"

V. Decyk, J. Dawson, P. Liewer, G. Fox

Fourth Conference on Hypercube Computers and Applications, Monterey, CA, March,

1989

"Numerical Algorithms for the Hypercube Concurrent Processor"

J. Patterson, F. Manshadi, R. Calalo, P. Liewer, W. Imbriale, J. Lyons

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mathematical Modeling, (Pergamon,

1988)

"Application of the Hypercube Parallel Processor to a Large-Scale Method of Moments

Code"

F. Manshadi, P. C. Liewer, J. Patterson

IEEE 1988 Aerospace Applications Conference, February, 1988

77
"Performanceof the Colliding Pucks Simulation on the Time Warp Operating System (Part

I: Asynchronous Behavior and Sectoring)"

P. Hontalas, B. Beckman, M. Di Loreto, L. Blume, P. Reiher, K. Sturdevant, L. Van

Warren, J. Wedel, F. Wieland, D. Jefferson

Distributed Simulation 1989, Society for Computer Simulation, March, 1989

"Benchmarking the Time Warp Operating System with a Computer Network Simulation"

M. Presley, M. Ebling, F. Wieland, J. Jefferson

Distributed Simulation 1989, Society for Computer Simulation, March, 1989

"Distributed Combat Simulation and Time Warp: The Model and its Performance"

F. Wieland, L. Hawley, A. Feinberg, M. Di Loreto, L. Blume, P. Reiher, B. Beckman, P.

Hontalas, S. Bellenot, D. Jefferson

Distributed Simulation 1989, Society for Computer Simulation, March, 1989

"The Performance of a Distributed Combat Simulation on the Time Warp Operating

System"

F. Wieland, L. Hawley, A. Feinberg, M. Di Loreto, L. Blume, J. Rufles, B. Beckman, P.

Hontalas, S. Bellenot

Concurrency: Practice and Experience, Vol. 1, No. 1, September, 1989

"An Ant Foraging Model on the Time Warp Operating System"

M. Ebling, M. Di Loreto, M. Presley, F. Wieland, D. Jefferson

Distributed Simulation 1989, Society for Computer Simulation, March, 1989

"A General Framework for Complex Time-Driven Simulations on Hypercubes"

D. L. Meier, K. L. Cloud, J. C. Horvath, J. D. Allan, W. H. Hammond, H. A. Maxfield

Proceedings of 4th Conference on Hypercube, Concurrent Computers, and Application,

Monterey, CA, March, 1989

"Electro-Optical Adaptive Switching Network for the Hypcrcube Computer"

E. Chow, J. Peterson

Proceedings SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, January, 1988

"Hyperswitch Network for the Hypercube Computer"

E. Chow, H. Madan, J. Peterson, D. Grunwald, D. Reed

IEEE/ACM - 15th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, May, 1988

"Computer Performance Comparisons of DNA Sequences"

E. Chow

International Supercomputer Conference, February, 1989

"The Mark IIIfp Hypercube Concurrent Processor Architecture"

J. Tuazon, J. Peterson, M. Pniel

The Third Conference on Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Applications, January,

1988

78
"Computer-AidedDesignof DependableMissionCriticalSystems"

R. Iyer, B. Randell,J.Dugan,J.Peterson,J.Lala,W. Hiemerdinger

Panel:IEEE- 19thInternationalSymposiumonFault-TolerantComputing,June,1989

"PAWS:-A PerformanceEngineeringTool"

K. Raman,K. Ranai,K. Ong,E. Upchurch

19thModelingandSimulationConference,Pittsburgh,PA, May, 1988

"ConcurrentImageProcessingExecutive"

M. Lee

JPLHighlight, JetPropulsionLaboratory,Pasadena,CA, 1988

"ConcurrentImageProcessing"

M. Lee

FourthConferenceonHypercubeConcurrentComputersandApplications,Monterey,CA,

March,1989

"VBIB DeviceDriverDesign"

M. Lee

FourthConferenceonHypercubeConcurrentComputersandApplications,Monterey,CA,

March,1989

"NeptuneImagingontheHypercube"

M. Lee

TheLeadingEdgeSuperperformanceComputingConference,Pasadena,CA, December

18-19,1989

"On theFeasibilityof aSpaceborneFault-TolerantHypercube"

D.A. Rennels,J.A. Rohr,F.P. mathur,H.H. Luong

Proceedingsof theAIAA ComputersinAerospaceVII Conference,Monterey,CA,

October3-5, 1989

"On theFeasibilityof a Fault-Tolerant Spacebome Parallel Processor (FTSPP)"

D.A. Rennels, J.A. Rohr

JPL Publication D-6718 (JPL internal document) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,

CA, August, 1989

Presentations

"General Purpose Concurrent Processing for Space Applications"

R. Bunker, B. Lewis, R. Rasmussen

Invited presentation, AIAA Conference on Parallel Computation, California State

University at Fullerton, April, 1988

"Electro-Optical Adaptive Switching Network for the Hypercube Computer"

E. Chow, J. Peterson

Invited presentation, SPIE, The International Society for Optical Engineering, January,

1988

"Hyperswitch Network for the Hypercube Computer"

E. Chow, H. Madan, J. Peterson, D. Grunwald, D. Reed

Invited presentation, IEEE/ACM 15th Annual International Symposium on Computer

Architecture, May, 1988

79
"ComputerPerformanceComparisonsof DNA Sequences"

E. Chow

Invited presentation, International Supercomputer Conference, February, 1989

"A High Speed Message-Driven Communication Architecture"

J. Peterson, E. Chow, H. Madan

Invited presentation, The 1988 ACM International Conference on Supercomputing, July,

1988

"Stepping Up to Multiprocessing - Is It Worth the Hassle.'?"

J. Peterson, R. Ferraro, K. Kim, D. Mizell

Invited panel, AIAA Computers in Aerospace VII Conference, October, 1989

"Designing Expert Systems For Modeling Complex Computer Systems"

E. Upchurch, K. Raman, K. Ranai

19th Modeling and Simulation Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 1988

"A Fault Simulation Model for the Mark III Hypercube"

E. Upchurch, E. Chow, J. Peterson, H. Madan

Invited presentation, IEEE International Workshop on Hardware Fault Tolerance in

Multiprocessors, June, 1989

"Parallel Joins on the Mark III Hypercube"

E. Upchurch, K. Cloud, D. Curkendall, A. Loomis, J. Geiselman

4th Conference on Hypercube Concurrent Computers, Monterey, CA, 1989

"Object-Oriented Modeling and Expert Systems"

E. Upchurch

20th Modeling and Simulation Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 1989

"Modeling Internode Communications for Hypercube Architectures"

E. Upchurch, D. Neuse

SCS Summer Simulation Conference, Austin, TX, July, 1989

"Modeling Parallel Relational Database Join Algorithms on the Mark III Hypercube"

E. Upchurch, K. Cloud, D. Curkendall, A. Loomis

20th Modeling and Simulation Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 1989

"A PAWS-Based Fault Simulation Model for the Mark 111Hypercube"

E. Upchurch, E. Chow, J. Peterson, H. Madan

International Workshop On Fault Tolerance in Multiprocessors, Urbana, IL, June, 1989

"Computer-Aided Design of Dependable Mission Critical Systems"

R. Iyer, B. Randell, J. Dugan, J. Peterson, J. Lala, W. Heimerdinger

Invited panel, IEEE 19th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, June,

1989

"Fault-Tolerance in Large Snooping-Cache Multiprocessors"

J.A. Rohr, D.A. Rennels

International Workshop on Hardware Fault-Tolerance in Multiprocessors, Urbana, IL,

June 19-20, 1989

8O
"RayTracingon theHypercube"

J.Goldsmith,J. Salmon

Poster presentation, Third Conference on Hypercube Concurrent Computers and

Applications, Pasadena, CA, January, 1988

"PAWS: A Performance Engineering Tool"

K. Raman, K. Ranai, K. Ong, E. Upchurch

19th Modeling and Simulation Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 1988

"A Universal Concurrent Algorithm for Plasma Particle-in-Cell Simulation Codes"

P. C. Liewer, V. K. Decyk, J. M. Dawson, G. C. Fox

The Third Conference on Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Applications, Pasadena,

CA, January 19-20, 1988

"Plasma Particle Simulations on the Mark III Hypercube"

P. C. Liewer, V. K. Decyk, J. M. Dawson, G. C. Fox

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mathematical Modeling (Pergamon,

1988)

"Application of Hypercube Computers to Plasma Particle-in-Cell Simulation Codes"

P.C. Liewer, V.K. Decyk

Fourth International Conference on Supercomputing, Santa Clara, CA, May, 1989

"Plasma Simulations on the Mark IlI Hypercube"

P. C. Liewer, R. W. Gould, G. C. Fox, V. K. Decyk, J. M. Dawson

Third Conference on Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Applications, 1988

"A Universal Concurrent Algorithm for Plasma Particle-in-Cell Simulation Codes"

P. C. Liewer, V. K. Decyk

Division of Plasma Physics, American Physical Society, Hollywood, FL, November,

1988

"Numerical Algorithms for the Hypercube Concurrent Processor"

J. Patterson, F. Manshadi, R. Calalo, P. Liewer, W. Imbriale, J. Lyons

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mathematical Modeling, Pergamon,

1988

"Electromagnetic Scattering Analysis on a Hypercube Parallel Architecture"

J. E. Patterson, P. C. Liewer, R. H. Calalo, F. Manshadi

High Speed Computing Session of the SPIE Innovative Science and Technology

Symposium, Los Angeles, CA, January 11-12, 1988

"Hypercube Electromagnetic Interactive Analysis Workstation"

J. E. Patterson, T. Cwik

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Workshop on Computer Applications in

Electromagnetic Education, San Jose, CA, June 25, 1988

"Concurrent Processing for Electromagnetics"

J. E. Patterson

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, May, 1989

81
"Computationof ElectromagneticScatteringonaHypercube"

J.E. Patterson,T. Cwik, R. D. Ferraro,W. A. Imbriale,N. Jacobi,P. C. Liewer, T. G.

Lockhart,G. A. Lyzenga

IEEEAntennasandPropagationandURSIJointMeeting,SanJose,CA, June,26-30,

1989

"ConcurrentElectromagneticScatteringAnalysis"

J. Patterson,T. Cwik, R. D. Ferraro,J. Jacobi,P.C. Liewer, T. G. Lockhart,G. A.

Lyzenga,J.W. Parker

AIAA Computersin AerospaceVII ConferenceandExhibit, Monterey,CA, October3-5,

1989

"Hypercubesfor ElectromagneticSolution"

J.Patterson

Northrup,PalosVerdes,CA, October24, 1989

"ElectromagneticInteractiveAnalysisWorkstation"

R. Calalo,T. Cwik, R. D. Ferraro,W. A. Imbriale, N. Jacobi, P.C. Liewer,T. G.

Lockhart,G. A. Lyzenga,S.Mulligan, J.W. Parker,J.E. Patterson

FourthConferenceonHypercubeComputersandApplications,Monterey,CA, March6-8,

1989

"Applicationof theHypercubeParallelProcessorto aLarge-ScaleMethodof Moments

Code"

F. Manshadi,P. C. Liewer,J. Patterson

IEEE 1988AerospaceApplicationsConference,February,1988

"FiniteDifferenceTimeDomainSolutionofElectromagneticScatteringontheHypercube"

R. H. Calalo,J.R. Lyons,W. A. Imbriale

TheThird ConferenceonHypercubeConcurrentComputersandApplications,Pasadena,

CA, January19-20,1988

"HypercubeParallelArchitectureAppliedtoElectromagneticScatteringAnalysis"

R. Calalo,T. Cwik, W. Imbriale,P.Liewer,T. Lockhart,G. Lyzenga,J.Patterson

Third IEEEConferenceonElectromagneticField Computation,Bethesda,MD, December,

1988

"HypercubeParallelArchitectureAppliedtoElectromagneticScatteringAnalysis"

R. Calalo,T. Cwik, W. Imbriale,P.Liewer,T. Lockhart,G. Lyzenga,J.Patterson

FourthConferenceonHypercubeComputersandApplications,Monterey,CA, March,

1989

"A GeneralConcurrentAlgorithmforPlasmaParticle-in-CellSimulationCodes"

V. Decyk,J. Dawson,P.Liewer, G. Fox

FourthConferenceonHypercubeComputersandApplications,Monterey,CA, March,

1989

"A GeneralFrameworkfor ComplexTime-DrivenSimulationsonHypercubes"

D. L. Meier,K. L. Cloud,J.C. Horvath,J.D. Allan, W. H. Hammond,H. A. Maxfield

Proceedingsof 4th ConferenceonHypercube,ConcurrentComputers,andApplications,

Monterey,CA, March,1989

82
"ConcurrentImageProcessing"

M. Lee

FourthConferenceonHypercubeConcurrentComputersandApplications,Monterey,CA,

March,1989

"VBIB DeviceDriverDesign"

M. Lee

FourthConferenceonHypercubeConcurrentComputersandApplications,Monterey,CA,

March,1989

"NeptuneImagingontheHypercube"

M. Lee

TheLeadingEdgeSuperperformanceComputingConference,December,1989

"TheMark IIIfp HypercubeConcurrentProcessorArchitecture"

J.Tuazon,J.Peterson,M. Pniel

Invited presentation, The Third Conference on Hypercube Concurrent Computers and

Applications, January, 1988

"Matrix Solutions to Radiation and Scattering Problems Using A Hypercube Parallel

Processor"

T. Cwik, J. E. Patterson

URSI Meeting, Boulder, CO, January, 1989

"Constructing Matrix Green's Functions for Radiation and Scattering Problems"

T. Cwik, J. E. Patterson, T. G. Lockhart

IEEE Antennas and Propagation and URSI Joint Meeting, San Jose, CA, June 26-30,

1989

"Solution of Large or Time Consuming Problems on the Hypercube Computer"

T. Cwik, J. E. Patterson

IEEE Antennas and Propagation and URSI Joint Meeting, San Jose, CA, June 26-30,

1989

"Parallel Processing and Supercomputer Performance in Computational Electromagnetics"

T. Cwik

National Science Foundation Workshop, Cambridge, MA, July 27, 1989

"Computational Electromagnetics on the Hypercube Parallel Computer"

T. Cwik, R. D. Ferraro, W. A. Imbriale, N. Jacobi, T. G. Lockhart, G. A. Lyzenga, J.

W. Parker, J. E. Patterson

Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS), Cambridge, MA, July 25-26,

1989

"Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing Using the Hypercube Concurrent Architecture"

D. A. Simoni, B. A. Zimmerman, J. E. Patterson, C. Wu, J. C. Peterson

Fourth Conference on Hypercube Computers and Applications, Monterey, CA, March 6-

8, 1989

"Towards a Parallel 3D Finite Element Code for EM Analysis on the Mark III Hypercube"

R. D. Ferraro, G. A. Lyzenga, T. Cwik, P. C. Liewer, J. E. Patterson, N. Jacobi

First General Meeting of the Topical Group on Computational Physics, Boston, MA, June

5-8, 1989

83
"A 2DElectrostaticPICCodefortheMarkIII Hypercube"

R. D. Ferraro,P.C. Liewer,V. K. Decyk

ThirteenthConferenceonNumericalSimulationof Plasmas,SantaFe,NewMexico,

September,1989

"SteppingUp toParallelProcessing:Is it Worth theHassle?"

R. Ferraro

AIAA Computersin AerospaceVII ConferenceandExhibit,Monterey,CA.,October3-5,

1989

"A 2DConcurrentPICCodefor DistributedMemoryParallelComputers"

R. D. Ferraro,P. C. Liewer, V. K. Decyk

Plasma Physics Division, American Physical Society, Anaheim, CA, November 13-17,

1989

"Effect of Exact and Approximate Radiation Boundary Conditions on the Solution of

Scattering Problems by Finite Element Method"

N. Jacobi, T. Cwik

IEEE Antennas and Propagation and URSI Joint Meeting, San Jose, CA, June 26-30,

1989

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Balanced-Load Real-Time Multiprocessor System"

R.D. Rasmussen, R.M. Manning, B.F. Lewis, G.S. Bolotin, R.S. Ward

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17185

"The Mark III Hypercube Ensemble Computers"

J. Peterson, J. Tuazon, D. Lieberman, M. Pniel

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 16772

"The Hyperswitch Network for the Hypercube Computer"

E. Chow, H. Madan, J. Peterson

NASA Tech Brief NPO-16905

84
Neural and Analog Computing

Publications

"Electronic Hardware Implementations of Neural Networks"

A.P. Thakoor, A. Moopenn, J.L. Lamb, S.K. Khanna

Applied Optics 26, 5085 (1987)

"Neural Network Based Feed-Forward High Density Associative Memory"

T. Daud, A. Moopenn, J.L. Lamb, R. Ramesham, A.P. Th',d<oor

IEEE, Proc. International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM-87, 107 (December, 1987)

"Programmable, Synaptic Chips for Electronic Neural Networks"

A. Moopenn, H. Langenbacher, A.P. Thakoor, S.K. Khanna

"Neural Information Processing Systems," Ed. D.Z. Anderson, AIP, NY (1988), p. 564

"A Neural Network for Euclidean Distance Minimization"

A. Moopenn. A.P. Thakoor, T. Duong

IEEE Second International Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. II, 349 (1988)

"Feed-Forward, High Density, Programmable, Read-Only Neural Network Based Memory

System"

T. Daud, A. Moopenn, J.L. Lamb, A.P. Thakoor, S.K. Khanna

SPIE Proc. on High Speed Computing, Vol. 880, 76, 1988

"Design Considerations for Analog Hardware Implementation of Delta Backpropagation"

S. Eberhardt, R. Tawel, A. Moopenn

Proceedings of the Conference on Neural Networks for Computing, Snowbird, UT, April

6-10, 1988

"Neural Networks for Robotic Control"

R. Tawel, S. Eberhardt, A.P. Thakoor

Proceedings of the Conference on Neural Networks for Computing, Snowbird, UT, April

6-10, 1988

"Thin-Film Electrochemical Solid-State Nonvolatile Reprogrammable Resistor for

Electronic Neural Networks"

R. Ramesham, S. Thakoor, T. Daud, A. Moopenn, A.P. Thakoor, S.K. Khanna

Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Plasma Processing, Electrochemical Soc., Atlanta,

GA, May 15-20, 1988

"Considerations for Hardware Implementation of Neural Networks"

S. Eberhardt, A. Moopenn, A. Thakoor

Conference Record of the Twenty-Second Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and

Computers, Vol. II, 649 (1988)

"Neural Solutions to Robotic Tasks and Their Hardware Implementation"

R. Tawel, A.P. Thakoor

Proceedings of the International Neural Network Society, Boston, MA, September 6-10,

1988

85
"ManganeseOxideMicroswitchforElectronicMemoryBasedonNeuralNetworks"

R. Ramesham,T. Daud,A. Moopenn,A.P. Thakoor, S.K. Khanna

J.Vac.Sci. Technol.B7(3),450 (1989)

"Designof Parallel Hardware Neural Network Systems from Custom Analog VLSI

'Building Block' Chips"

S. Eberhardt, T. Duong, A. Thakoor

IJCNN International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. II, pp. 183-190 (1989)

"Does the Neuron 'Learn' Like the Synapse?"

R. Tawel

Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 1989 (Morgan Kaufmann

Publishers, Inc., San Marco)

"Custom VLSI and Thin Film Devices for Electronic Neural Nets"

A. Moopenn, A.P. Thakoor

Proc. IEEE 3rd Annual Parallel Processing Symp., Vol. 1, 1989, pp. 245-256

"Neural Network Hardware Solution to the Inverse Kinematic Problem in Robotics"

R. Tawel and A.P. Thakoor

Proceedings of the IEEE Third Annual Processing Symposium, Fullerton, CA, March 29-

31, 1989

"Digital-Analog-Hybrid Neural Simulator: A Design-Aid for Custom-VLSI Neurochips"

A. Moopenn, A.P. Thakoor, T. Duong

Proc. SPIE Conf. High-Speed Computing, Vol. 1058, 1989, p. 147-157

"A VLSI Analog Synapse 'Building Block' Chip for Hardware Neural Network

Implementations"

S. Eberhardt, T. Duong, A. Thakoor

Proceedings of the Third Annual Parallel Processing Symposium, Vol. I, pp. 257-267

(1989)

"Programmable Synaptic Devices for Electronic Neural Nets"

A. Moopenn, A.P. Thakoor

Proceedings of the IASTED Int'l Conf. on Expert Systems and Neural Networks,

Honolulu, HI, August, 1989

Presentations

"Considerations for Hardware Implementations forNeural Networks"

S. Eberhardt, A. Moopenn, A. Thakoor

Invited presentation, Twenty-second Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and

Computers, Vol. II, 649 (1988)

"Thin-Film Electrochemical Solid-State Nonvolatile Reprogrammable Resistor for

Electronic Neural Networks"

R. Ramesham, S. Thakoor, T. Daud, A. Moopenn, A.P. Thakoor, S.K. Khanna

Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Plasma Processing, Electrochemical Soc., Atlanta,

GA, May 15-20, 1988

86
"NeuralSolutionsto RoboticTasksandTheirHardwareImplementation"

R. Tawel,A. P.Thakoor

Invited presentation, Conference of the International Neural Network Society, Boston,

MA, September 6-10, 1988

"Neural Network Implementations and Application"

A. P. Thakoor

Invited presentation, TRW, Redondo Beach, CA, November, 1988

"Neural Network Architectures for Sensor Fusion"

T. Daud, A. Moopenn, Silvio Eberhardt

2nd National Symposium on Sensors and Sensor Fusion, Orlando, FL, March 27-31,

(1989)

"Application of Feedback Neural Net Hardware to Cross Country Mobility Computation"

N. Bryant, T. Logan, A. Moopenn, N. Ritter, A. Thakoor

Third Tri-Service Data Fusion Symposium, Laurel, MD, May 16-18, 1989

"Electronic Implementations of Neural Networks"

A. P. Thakoor

Invited presentation, AVS-CSMT Open House, JPL, January, 1989

"Electronic Neuroprocessors"

A. P. Thakoor

Invited presentation, Hughes Aircraft Company, Newport Beach, CA, March 1989

"Electronic Neural Networks"

A. P. Thakoor

Invited presentation, SDIO/IST Workshop on Sensor Signal Processing, Arlington, VA,

April, 1989

"Modifiable Synapses for Electronic Neural Networks"

A. P. Thakoor

NSF/ONR-sponsored workshop on Electronic Neural Nets, San Diego, CA, January,

1988

"Electronic Neural Nets and Solid State Devices"

A. P. Thakoor

Invited seminar, University of Pennsylvania, PA, January, 1988

"Electronic Neural Networks Based on Amorphous Silicon"

A. P. Thakoor

Invited paper, March, Meeting of American Physical Society, New Orleans, LA, March,

1988

"Neural Networks for Analog Processing"

A. P. Thakoor

Invited seminar, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, April, 1988

"Adaptive Neurons and Analog Synapses"

A. P. Thakoor

Workshop on Artificial Neural Networks, Livermore, CA, June, 1988

87
"Programmable,VariableResistorwithMemory(Memistor)for ElectronicNeural

Networks"

S.Thakoor,R. Ramesham,T. Daud,A. Moopenn,A.P.Thakoor

AmericanPhysicalSocietyMeeting,NewOrleans,Louisiana,March,1988,Bull. Am.

Phys.Soc. 33,444, (1988)

"ElectronicNeuralNetworkwith OpticallyModulated,VariableStrengthResistiveA-Si:H

Interconnectsfor AnalogComputation"

S.Thakoor,A. Moopenn, A.P.Thakoor

MaterialsResearchSocietyMeeting,Reno,NV, FinalProgram,pp.75,April, 1988

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Electronic Neurocomputer"

A.P. Thakoor, A. Moopenn

NASA Tech Brief, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 12

"Programmable Synaptic Arrays for Electronic Neural Networks"

A.P. Thakoor, J. Lambe

NASA Tech Brief NPO-16674, U. S. Patent No. 4,876,668

"Blanket Gates for Memory Block Addressing"

J. Lambe, A. Moopenn, A.P. Thakoor

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 16682

"Integrated Circuit for Simulation of Neural Network"

A.P. Thakoor, A. Moopenn, S.K. Khanna

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17059

"Electronic Neural Networks for Memory"

J. Lambe, A. Moopenn, A.P. Thakoor

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 16680

"Electronic Neural-Network Simulator"

A. Moopenn, A.P. Thakoor, J. Lambe

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17058, U. S. Patent No. 4,807,168

"Memory Switches Based on Reactively Sputtered MnO2-x Thin Films"

R. Ramesham, A.P. Thakoor, J. Lambe

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17377 (patent pending)

"Solid-State, Programmable, Nonvolatile Reversible, Variable Resistor"

R. Ramesham, S. Thakoor, T. Daud, A.P. Thakoor

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17398, U. S. Patent No. 4,839,700

"Thin Film Implementation of Neural Network Based, High Density Associative Memory"

A. Moopenn, T Daud, A.P. Thakoor

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17405, U. S. Patent No. 4,839,859

"Porous Gate, Field-Effect Transistor with Programmable Analog Memory"

A. Moopenn, A.P. Thakoor, J. Lambe

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17532 (patent pending)

88
"Programmable,Non-volatile,AnalogMemoryBasedonDouble-Stacked-Gate, Field

EffectTransistor"

A. Moopenn,A.P.Thakoor

NASA TechBrief NPO-17627

"High SpeedImageClassificationBasedonParallelReadoutof SignatureVector"

S.Thakoor,A.P. Thakoor

NASA TechBrief NPO-17690

"ProgrammableOnce'QuantizedGreyScale,'Thin Film Synapses for Electronic Neural

Networks"

J.L. Lamb, T. Daud, A.P. Thakoor

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17579

"Analog Hardware for Delta-Backprop Neural Network"

S. Eberhardt

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17564 (patent pending)

"Design of Parallel Hardware Neural Network Systems from Custom Analog VLSI

'Building-Block' Chips"

S. Eberhardt

NPO-17833

"Analog Hardware for Learning Neural Networks"

S. Eberhardt

NPO- 17664

"Dedicated Processor for Solving Global Allocation Problems"

S. Eberhardt and A. Moopenn

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17781

"Dedicated Processor for Finding Lowest-Cost Map Path"

S. Eberhardt

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17716

"Electronic Neural Network to Solve the Traveling Salesman Problem"

A.P. Thakoor and A. Moopenn

NPO- 17807

"Electrically and Optically Addressed, Ferroelectric Non-Volatile Analog Memory Adapted

as Synapses in Neural Networks"

S. Thakoor, A. Moopenn and H.L. Stadler

NPO- 17973

89
Neural and Nonlinear Theory

Publications

"Neural Networks, Orientations of the Hypercube and Algebraic Threshold Functions"

P. Baldi

IEEE Trans. IS-34, pp. 523-530, 1988

"How Sensory Maps Could Enhance Resolution Through Arrangements of Broadly Tuned

Receivers"

P. Baldi (with W. Heiligenberg)

Biological Cybernetics, Vol. 59 (4, 5), pp. 313-318, 1988

"Group Actions and Learning for a Family of Automata"

P. Baldi

Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 36 (2), pp. 1-15, 1988

"Neural Networks, Acyclic Orientations of the Hypercube and Set of Orthogonal Vectors"

P. Baldi

SIAM Journal of Discrete Mathematics, 1 (1), 1988

"Neural Networks and Principal Component Analysis: Learning from Examples without

Local Minima"

P. Baldi (with K. Hornik)

Neural Network, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 53-58, 1988

"Asymptotic Normality of Some Graph Related Statstics"

P. Baldi (with Y. Rinott)

Journal of Applied Probability, Vol. 26, pp. 171-175 (1989)

"On Normal Approximations of Distributions in Terms of Dependency Graphs"

P. Baldi (with Y. Rinott)

Annals of Probability, Vol. 17, 1989

"A Normal Approximation for the Number of l_xxzal Maxima of a Random Function on a

Graph"

P. Baldi (with Y. Rinott and C. Stein)

Probability, Statistics and Mathematics: Papers in Honor of Samuel Karlin, T.W.

Anderson, K.B. Athreya, D.L. Iglehart, Editors, Academic Press (1989)

"Neural Networks and Principal Component Analysis: Landscapes and Algorithms"

P. Baldi

Proceedings of the Conference on Neural Information Processing, Denver, CO, Morgan

Kaufman Publishers, pp. 65-72 (1989)

"Recurrent Backpropagation and the Dynamical Approach to Adaptive Neural

Computation"

F.J. Pineda

Neural Computation, Vol. 1, pp. 161-172 (1989)

90
"TerminalAttractorsforAddressableMemoryin NeuralNetworks"

M. Zak

PhysicsLettersA, Vol. 133,pp. 18-22,1988

"DynamicalResponsetoPulseExcitationsin LargeSpaceStructures"

M. Zak

SpringerSeriesin Comp.Mechanics,LargeSpaceStructuresandControl,1988

"TerminalAttractorsin NeuralNetworks"

M. Zak

NeuralNetworks,Vol. 2, pp. 259-274,1989

"TheLeastConstraintPrinciplefor Learningin Neurodynamics"

M. Zak

PhysicsLettersA, Vol. 135,pp. 25-28,1989

"Non-LipschitzianDynamicsfor NeuralNetModelling"

M. Zak

Appl. Math. Letters,Vol. 2, No. 1,pp. 69-72,1989

"ChaosasaPartof LogicalStructurein Neurodynamics"

M. Zak

Appl. Math. Letters,Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 175-177,1989

"UnsupervisedLearningin NeurodynamicsUsingExample-InteractionApproach"

M. Zak

Appl. Math. Letters,Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 281-286,1989

"SpontaneouslyActivatedSystems in Neurodynamics"

M. Zak

Complex Systems 3, 1989

"Weakly Connected Neural Nets"

M. Zak

Appl. Math. Letters, 1989

"Neural Networks with Creative Dynamics"

M. Zak (with J. Barhen)

Mathematical Modelling '89, 1989

"Analysis of Turbulence in Sheer Flows Using the Stabilization Principle"

M. Zak

Math. and Computer Modelling, 1989

"Hydrodynamics Stability and Frames of Reference"

M. Zak

Math. and Computer Modelling, 1989

"Optical Pseudocolor Image Enhancement with Real-Time Layer Screen Display"

H.K. Liu (with T.H. Chao)

Opt. Engr. 27, pp. 393-398, 1988

91
"InfraredPredetectionDynamicRangeCompressionVia PhotorefractiveCrystals"

H.K. Liu (with L.F. Cheng)

Appl. Opt.27, 1006-1008,1988

"On theProgressof theLiquid CrystalTelevisionSpatialLight Modulator"

H.K. Liu (with T.H. Chao)

OSA 1988Tech.DigestSeries8, pp. 138-141,1988

"Real-TimeOpticalEdgeEnhancementUsingaHughesLiquid CrystalLightValve"

H.K. Liu (with T.H. Chao)

OSA 1988Tech.DigestSeries8, pp.35-37,1988

"Liquid CrystalTelevisionSpatialLight Modulators"

H.K. Liu (with T.H. Chao)

Appl. Opt.,Vol. 28,pp.4772-4780,1989

"RotationalInvariantHolographicTrackingSystem"

H.K. Liu

Proc.SPIE,Vol. 1053,No. 155-158,1989

"OpticalPatternRecognitionandAssociative Memory: An Introduction by the Feature

Editor"

H.K. Liu

Appl. Opt., Vol. 28, pp. 217-219, 1989

"Real-Time Optical Holographic Tracking of Multiple Objects"

H.K. Liu and T.H. Chao

Appl. Opt., Vol. 28, pp. 226-231 1989

"Machine Parts Recognition Using a Trinary Associative Memory"

H.K. Liu (with A.A.S. Awwal and M.A. Karim)

Opt. Engr., Vol. 28, pp. 537-543, 1989

"Optical Pattern Recognition", Vol. 1053

H. K. Liu, Editor

Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)

"Associative Memory: An Optimum Binary Neuron Representation"

H. K. Liu, A. A. S. Awwal, M. A. Karim

Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1053, p. 17, 1989

"Rotational Invariant Holographic Tracking System"

H. K. Liu, J. L. Lamb, et. al.

Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1053, pp. 155-158, 1989

"Inner Layer Retinal Loss in Complicated Migraines"

T. Lawton (with L. Dubois and A. Sadun)

Arch. Ophthalmology, Vol. 106, pp. 1036-1037, 1988

"Improved Word Recognition for Observers with Age-Related Maculopathies Using

Compensation Filters"

T. Lawton

Clinical Vision Sciences, Vol. 3, pp. 125-135, 1988

92
"MonotonicCompensationFiltersOptimizeWordRecognitionfor ObserverswithAgeRelatedMaculopathies"

T. Lawton

In: NoninvasiveAssessmentof theVisualSystemTechnicalDigestSeries,pp. 30-33,

1988

"VelocityDiscriminationon SimpleandComplexBackgroundsPredictedby aGradient

Model"

T. Lawton

Optic News,Vol. 14,p. 208, 1988

"ImprovedReadingSpeedUsingIndividualizedCompensationFiltersfor Observerswith

Lossesin CentralVision"

T. Lawton

In: NoninvassiveAssessmentof theVisualSystem,TechnicalDigestSeries,pp.68-71,

1989

"ImprovedReadingSpeedUsingIndividualizedCompensationFiltersfor Observerswith

Lossesin CentralVision"

T. Lawton

Ophthalmology,Vol. 96,pp. 115-126,1989

"Outputsof PairedGaborFiltersSummedAcrossBackgroundFrameof Reference

PredictsDirectionof Movement"

T. Lawton

IEEETransactionson BiomedicalEngineering,Vol. 36,pp. 130-139,1989

"A Classof ParallelAlgorithmsfor Computationof theManipulatorInertiaMatrix"

A. Fijany,A.K. Bejczy

IEEETrans.RA-5, pp.600-615,1989

"An EfficientAlgorithmfor Computationof theManipulatorInertiaMatrix"

A. Fijany, A.K. Bejczy

J.Rob.Syst.,Vol. 7 (in press1989)

"A Classof ParallelAlgorithms for Computation of the Manipulator Inertia Matrix"

A. Fijany, A. K. Bejczy

IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, pp. 1818-1826, IEEE Press, 1989

"An Efficient Method for Computation of the Manipulator Inertia Matrix"

A. Fijany, A.K. Bejczy

Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, pp. 1366-1373, IEEE Press, 1989

"On the Stability Storage Capacity and Design of Nonlinear Continuous Neural Networks"

J. Barhen (with A. Guez)

IEEE Trans., SMC-18, pp. 80-87, 1989

"Application of Concurrent Neuromorphic Algorithms for Autonomous Robots"

J. Barhen (with W.B. Dress)

Adv. Stud. Inst., F41, pp. 321-333, 1989

"Neural Learning of Constrained Nonlinear Transformations"

J. Barhen (with S. Gulati, M. Zak)

IEEE Computer, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 67-76, 1989

93
"ThePebbleCrunchingModelfor DynamicLoadBalancingin HomogeneousComputation Ensembles"

J. Barhen(with S.Iyengar,S.Gulati)

ComputerJournal,31(1989)

"FastNeuralLearningAlgorithms"

J.Barhen(with S.Gulati)

NeuralComputation,2 (1989)

"Self-OrganizingNeuromorphicArchitecturesfor ManipulatorInverseKinematics"

J.Barhen(with S.Gulati)

Adv. Stud.Inst., F47 (1989)

"ThePebbleCrunchingModelfor Load Balancing in Concurrent Hypercube Ensembles"

S. Gulati, J. Barhen, S. Iyengar

Procs., Third Conference on Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Applications, Vol. 1,

pp. 189-199, Pasadena, CA, 1988

"Smelting Networks for Cooperative Planning in the Presence of Uncertainties"

S. Iyengar, S. Gulati, J. Barhen

Procs. IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, CA[A-IV, pp. 720-732,

Orlando, FL, 1988

"A Comparison Study of Optimization Methods for Bipartite Matching Problems"

M. Goldstein, N. Toomarian, J. Barhen

Procs. IEEE Second International Conference on Neural Networks, pp. II. 267-273, San

Diego, CA, 1988

"Advances in Neural Network Theory with Applications to Multit,_rget Tracking"

J. Barhen

Joint Institute for Defense Analysis, Strategic Defense Initiative Select Panel on Advanced

Concepts, Alexandria, VA, December 13, 1988

"Real-Time Neuromorphic Algorithms for Inverse Kinematics of Redundant Manipulators"

J. Barhen, S. Gulati, M. Zak

SPIE-1002, pp. 686-696, 1989

"Chaotic Relaxation Neurodynamics in Concurrently Asynchronous Neural Networks"

J. Barhen, S. Gulati

IJCNN'89, Vol. 1, pp. 619-626, 1989

"Computational Theory for Learning Nonlinear Mappings"

J. Barhen, S. Gulati

Neural Information Processing System '89, Morgan Kaufman publishers (1989)

"Fast Neural Learning Algorithms Using Networks with Non-Lipschitzian Dynamics"

J. Barhen, M. Tak, S. Gulati

Procs. 2nd Int. Symp. on Neural Networks, pp. 55-68, Paris, France, 1989

"Adjoint Operator Algorithms for Learning in Neural Networks"

J. Barhen, N. Toomarian

Procs. IJCNN '90 (1989)

94
Presentations

"On Properties of Networks of Neuron-Like Elements: Complexity and Capacity"

P. Baldi

IEEE Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Denver, 1988)

"Unsupervised Learning Using Velocity Field Approach"

M. Zak

NIPS Proceedings, Denver, 1989

"Optical Pattern Recognition", Vol. 1053

H. K. Liu, Editor

Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)

"Associative Memory: An Optimum Binary Neuron Representation"

H. K. Liu, A. A. S. Awwal, M. A. Karim

Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1053, pp. 17, 1989

"Rotational Invariant Holographic Tracking System"

H. K. Liu, J. L. Lamb, et. al.

Proc. SPIE, 1053, 155-158, 1989

"Vector-Matrix Multiplication Using Photorefractive GaAs"

H. K. Liu, L. J. Cheng, D. Liu

Proc. of CLEO, Baltimore, MD, May, 1989

"A Class of Parallel Algorithms for Computation of the Manipulator Inertia Matrix"

A. Fijany, A. K. Bejczy

IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, Scottsdale, AZ, May, 1989

"An Efficient Method for Computation of the Manipulator Inertia Matrix"

A. Fijany, A. K. Bejczy

Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, Scottsdale, AZ, May, 1989

"Parallel Algorithms and Architecture for Computation of Manipulator Inverse Dynamics"

A. Fijany, A. K. Bejczy

Proc. of the Fourth Int. Conf. on Advanced Robotics (ICAR), Columbus, OH, June, 1989

"The Pebble Crunching Model for Load Balancing in Concurrent Hypercube Ensembles"

S. Gulati, J. Barhen, S. Iyengar

Procs. Third Conferences on Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Applications, Vol. 1,

pp. 189-199, Pasadena, CA, 1988

"Smelting Networks for Cooperative Planning in the Presence of Uncertainties"

S. Iyengar, S. Gulati, J. Barhen

Proc. IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, CAIA-IV, pp. 720-732,

Orlando, FL, 1988

"A Comparison Study of Optimization Methods for Bipartite Matching Problems"

M. Goldstein, N. Toomarian, J. Barhen

Proc. IEEE Second International Conference on Neural Networks, pp. II. 267-273, San

Diego, CA, 1988

95
"Advancesin NeuralNetworkTheory with Applications to Multitarget Tracking"

J. Barhen

Joint Institute for Defense Analysis, Strategic Defense Initiative Select Panel on Advanced

Concepts, Alexandria, VA, December 13, 1988

"Real-Time Neuromorphic Algorithms for Inverse Kinematics of Redundant Manipulators"

J. Barhen, S. Gulati, M. Zak

SPIE-1002, pp. 686-696, 1989

"Chaotic Relaxation Neurodynamics in Concurrently Asynchronous Neural Networks"

J. Barhen, S. Gulati

IJCNN '89, Vol. 1, pp. 619-626, 1989

"Computational Theory for Learning Nonlinear Mappings"

J. Barhen, S. Gulati

Neural Information Processing System '89, Morgan Kaufman publishers (1989)

"Fast Neural Learning Algorithms Using Networks with Non-Lipschitzian Dynamics"

J. Barhen, M. Tak, S. Gulati

Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Neural Networks, pp. 55-68, Paris, France, 1989

"Adjoint Operator Algorithms for Learning in Neural Networks"

J. Barhen, N. Toomarian

Proc. IJCNN '90 (1989)

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Chaotic Motion of a Two-Link Planar Mechanism"

M. Zak

NASA Tech. Brief NPO- 17387

"Dispersion, Damping and Confinement of Propagating Pulses in Large Space Structures"

M. Zak

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17559

"Non-Lipschitzian Dynamics for Modeling Neural Networks"

M. Zak

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17814

"Characteristic Wave Approach as a Complement to Model Analysis"

M. Zak

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17741

"Hydrodynamic Stability and Frames of References"

M. Zak

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17740

"Determining Sense of Motion in Robotic Vision"

T. Lawton

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17552

96
"ImageEnhancementAid for thePartiallySighted"

T. Lawton

NASA TechBrief NPO-17307

"Efficient JacobianInversionfor theControlof Simple Robot Manipulators"

A. Fijany, A. K. Bejczy

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17544

"Parallel Processing Algorithms for Dynamics of Manipulators"

A. Fijany, A. K. Bejczy

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17718

"An Efficient Method for Computation of the Manipulator Inertia Matrix"

A. Fijany, A. K. Bejczy

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17545

"ARASH-URCS: A Parallel Architecture for Robotics"

A. Fijany, A. K. Bejczy

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17632 (patent pending)

"URRCS: A Highly Parallel Architecture for a Universal Robotic Real-Time Controller

and Simulator"

A. Fijany, A. K. Bejczy

NASA Tech Brief, NPO-17629 (patent pending)

97
Optical Processing

Publications

"Optical Correlators with Fast Updating Speed Using Photorefractive Semiconductor

Materials"

G. Gheen,. L.J. Cheng

Applied Optics, Vol. 27, p. 2756 (1988)

"Matrix-Vector Multiplication in Thin Photorefractive GaAs Crystals"

L.J. Cheng, G. Gheen

Applied Optics, Vol. 27, p. 4236 (1988)

"Photorefractive GaAs as an Optical Processing Medium"

L.J. Cheng, G. Gheen

Technical Digest of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Anaheim, CA, April 25-

29, 1988, p. 328

"Optical Pseudocolor Image Enhancement with Real-Time Large Screen Display"

T.H. Chao, H.K. Liu

Opt. Eng. Vol. 27, pp. 393 (1988)

"Real-Time Optical Edge Enhancement Using a Hughes LCTV"

T.H. Chao, H.K. Liu

Technical Digest of the Conference on Spatial Light Modulation and Applications,

Lake Tahoe, NV, June 15-17, 1988 (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C.) p. 35

"Optical Pseudocolor Image Enhancement with Real-Time Large Screen Display"

T.H. Chao, H.K. Liu

Opt. Eng. Vol. 27, p. 393 (1988)

"High Speed Parallel Optical Processors of Photorefractive Semiconductors"

L.J. Cheng, D.T.H. Liu

Technical Digest of the Topical Conference on Optical Computing, Salt Lake City, UT,

February 28-March 2, 1989, Vol. 9, p. 87

"Hybrid Vision of the Automated Spacecraft Landing"

R. Juday, T.H. Chao

Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1053, p. 131 (1989)

"Real-Time Optical Holographic Tracking of Multiple Objects"

T.H. Chao, H.K. Liu

Appl. Opt. Vol. 28, p. 226 (1989)

"Auto- and Hetero-Associative Memory Using a 2-D Optical Logic Gate"

T.H. Chao

Proc. SHE Vol. 1053, p. 60 (1989)

"Real-Time Optical Holographic Tracking of Multiple Objects"

T.H. Chao, H.K. Liu

Appl. Opt. Vol. 28, p. 226, (1989)
Presentations

"Hybrid Vision of Automated Spacecraft Landing"

R. Juday, T.H. Chao

Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1053, p. 131 (1989)

"Auto- and Hetero-Associative Memory Using a 2-D Optical Logic Gate"

T. H. Chao

"Optical Pattern Recognition," Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 1053, p. 60 (1989)

"Limitations of Opto-Electronic Neural Networks"

J. Yu, D. Psaltis, A.R. Johnston

"Optical Pattern Recognition," Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 1053, p. 40 (1989)

"Optical Versus Electronic Implementations of Neural Networks"

J. Yu, D. Psaltis, D. Brady

Neural Networks for Computing, Snowbird, UT, April, 1989

"Rotational Invariant Holographic Tracking System"

J. Lambe, G. Gheen, T. Chao, A.R. Johnston, H.K. Liu

Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1053, p. 155 (1989)

"Matrix-Vector Operations Using Four-Wave Mixing in GaAs"

L.J. Cheng, G. Gheen, D.T.H. Liu, H.K. Liu

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Baltimore, MD, April 24-28, 1989

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Real-Time Pseudocolor Enhancement of an Image"

T.H. Chao, H.K. Liu

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17139 (patent pending)

"Matrix-Vector Multiplication in Thin Photorefractive Semiconductor Crystals"

L. J. Cheng, G. O. Gheen

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17455

"Optical Processing Using Photorefractive Compound Semiconductors"

L. J. Cheng

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17533

"Optical Signal Using the Photorefractive Effects in Semiconductor Etalons"

L. J. Cheng, A. Partovi, E. M. Garmire

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17460

"Achromatical Optical Correlator"

T. H. Chao, H. K. Liu

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17206

"Optical Processing With Photorefrative Semiconductors"

L. J. Cheng, G. Gheen

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17324

99
"DynamicRangeCompression/Expansionof Light Beamsby PhotorefractiveCrystals"

L.J. Cheng,H.K. Liu

NASA TechBrief NPO-17140,U. S.PatentNo. 4,772,785

"RemotelyControllableReal-TimeOpticalProcessor"

H.K. Liu

NASA Tech Brief NPO-16750,U. S.PatentNo. 4,772,101

"Real-TimeImageDifferenceDetectionUsingaPolarizationRotationSpatialLight

Modulator"

T.H. Chao,H.K. Liu

NASA TechBrief, NPO-17144

100
Data Storage

Publications

"Model for Demagnetization-Induced Noise in Thin-Film Magnetic Recording Media"

R. R. Katti, V. V. Veeravalli, M. H. Kryder, B. V. K. Kumar

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 2150-2158, July, 1988

"Computer Simulation of Gates for Ion-Implanted Devices"

M. Alex, J.C. Wu, M.H. Kryder

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 3114-3116, November, 1988

"Computer Simulated Model of Thermomagnetic Writing"

R. Weng, J.C. Wu, Z.J. Cendes, M.H. Kryder

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 3536-3538, September, 1989

Presentations

"Vertical Bloch Line Memory"

H. L. Stadler

Air Force Space Command SDI Group, Los Angeles Air Force Base, March 24, 1989

"Vertical Bloch Line Memory"

H. L. Stadler

SDI Contractors Meeting, Los Angeles Air Force Base, June 5, 1989

"Results of Spaceflight Data Storage Study"

R. R. Katti

Data Systems Technology Working Group Meeting, NASA Civil Space Technology

Initiative, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, June 15, 1989

"Memory and Magnetic Memory Concepts"

R. R. Katti and H. L. Stadler

JPL/Caltech Workshop for New Organic Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials,

Pasadena, CA, June 19, 1989

"Vertical Bloch Line Memory"

H. L. Stadler

Non-Volatile Memory Conference, Baltimore, MD, August 9, 1989

"Comparison of VBL Memory Architecture"

J. C. Wu and H. L. Stadler

4th Workshop on Vertical Bloch Lines and Micromagnetic Memories, University of

Wuppertal, Wuppertal, West Germany, September 11, 1989

"Noise Models in Magnetic Recording"

R. R. Katti

Electrical Engineering Seminar, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, January 26, 1989

101
"SpaceflightDataStorageTechnology"

H. L. Stadler

Invited presentation, Electrical Engineering Graduate Seminar, Carnegie Mellon

University, Pitttsburgh, PA, November 2, 1989

"Computer Simulation of Gates for Ion-Implanted Devices"

M. Alex, J.C. Wu, M.H. Kryder

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 3114-3116, November, 1988

Patents and New Technology Reports

"High Speed Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory"

J. C. Wu, H. L. Stadler, R. R. Katti

NPO- 17954

"Integrated, Nonvolatile, High Speed, Analog Random Access Memory"

R. R. Katti

NPO- 17998

"Photochromic Recording Process and Media"

R. R. Katti, D. Coulter

NPO- 18010

102
Molecular Computation

Publications

"Electronic Shift Register Memory Based on Molecular Electron Transfer Reactions"

D.N. Beratan, J.J Hopfield, J.N. Onuchic

J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 93, p. 6350 (1989)

"Information Storage at the Molecular Level: the Design of a Molecular Shift Register

Memory"

D. N. Beratan, J. N. Onuchic, J. J. Hopfield

Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 42, p. 468 (1989)

"The Influence of Gap States on the Non-Resonant Second Hyperpolarizabilities of

Conjugated Organic Polymers"

D.N. Beratan

J. of Phys. Chem., Vol. 93, p. 3915 (1989)

Presentations

"A Molecular Shift Register Memory Based on Electron Transfer"

D. N. Beratan

10th Course of the International School of Pure and Applied Biostructure of the Ettore

Majorana Center, Erice, Sicily, Italy, December, 1988

"Design of a True Molecular Electronics Device: The Electron Transfer Shift Register

Memory"

D. N. Beratan

Engineering Foundation Conference on "Molecular Electronics -- Science and Technology"

Keauhou Kona, Hawaii, February, 1989

Patents and New Technology Reports

"Molecular Implementation of a Molecular Shift Register Based on Electron Transfer"

J. N. Onuchic, D. N. Beratan

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17606

"Molecules with Enhanced Electronic Polarizabilities Based on 'Defect'-Like States in

Conjugated Polymers"

D.N. Beratan

NPO- 17633 (patent pending)

"All Optical Photochromic Spatial Light Modulators"

D.N. Beratan, J.W. Perry

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17612

103

Overview

The goals of this program are to develop custom microcircuit technology, also known as

Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) technology, for use in flight and ground

programs. Supporting this effort are activities to investigate the effects of the space

environment, and particularly ionizing radiation, on microcircuits and to develop a space

qualification methodology. Another aspect of the program emphasizes innovative

applications of custom microcircuit technology to image and signal processing and

communications.

1988-1989 Major Technical Achievements

Application Specific Integrated Circuits

Fabricated Direct Memory Access Coprocessor through MOSIS for system

testing. First silicon received in August 1989, tested and found to be 100%

functional. System testing on the Mariner Mark II spacecraft breadboard computer

is underway.

Designed and submitted for fabrication a Silicon Controller chip which will

control 21 gallium arsenide phase shifter chips in a 2-dimensional, 21-element

phased array antenna system.

Demonstrated a floating gate field effect transistor with analog memory in VLSI

using double-poly process (MOSIS), a strong contender as a synapse for electronic

neural networks with on-chip learning capability.

Designed and fabricated a wide spectrum of cascadable, programmable,

CMOS/VLSI synaptic chips with binary to 11-bit resolution, as well as multineuron chips. This has led to transfer of neural net hardware technology to U.S.

industries.

Developed "building blocks" for high speed image processing and pattern

recognition applications. The building blocks consist of:

A fabricated 62x62 thin film, binary, nonvolatile, programmable, high

density synaptic array with a nominal feature size of 2 microns based on

amorphous chromium silicon alloy system.

A designed and fabricated 64-neuron CMOS/VLSI "winner-take-all"

cascadable chip with a winner lockout feature. It selects the best pattern

match in less than 10 microseconds (with an effective search rate of more

than 109 bits/sec for a 64-bit xl000 word memory).

Fabricated and successfully tested player-detector chip for Army-funded

Simulation of Area Weapons Effects (SAWE) program.

Developed VLSI design of a universal noiseless coder for the Image Spectrometer

of Flight Processor (ISFLIP).

Developed VLSI design of systolic tree-search vector quantizer for Eos on-board

SAR processor.

107

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED
Designed two versions of a custom chip for the Big Viterbi Decoder (BVD) and

the Deep Space Network (DSN):

- A standard cell device, produced through United Technologies

Microelectronics Center (UTMC)

- A gate array device, produced through VLSI Technology Inc. (VTI)

Developing flight qualifiable designs for two custom VLSI chips supporting the

MAX multicomputer.

Demonstrated Hyperswitch Adaptive Message Routing VLSI chip with a data

throughput per channel of 400 Mbits/s and adaptive network re.configuration for a

number of random channel failures. The above tests were verified with a laboratory

testbed configuration.

Developing a custom VLSI chip (300,000 transistors) and overall system for the

Human Genome Project. This biological system will have the performance of over

40 Cray-2 supercomputers at 1/1,000 of the cost.

Designed complete VLSI memory chips (with I/O) using Vertical Bloch Line

(VBL) pairs as memory elements, for use with nonvolatile, radiation hard magnetic

garnet technology. Fabrication is proceeding under contract on devices with 10

Mbit/cm 2 and 25 Mbit/cm 2 densities. Test chips have been designed and fabricated

(and are undergoing testing) for evaluating operation of the storage cells (i.e.,

minor loops). Magnetostatic performance simulations were conducted for VBL

output detector and major line gates (i.e., output gates).

Quality Assurance and Space Qualification Methodology

Designed and tested 4k CMOS SRAM to characterize SEU susceptibility of

CMOS process. Performed SEU testing at Berkeley 88-inch cyclotron.

Demonstrated that the LET upset threshold can be adjusted via external offset

voltage to allow bench-level SEU testing using an alpha particle source.

Developed new technique for determining and controlling temperature in multisegment interconnect electromigration test structures under stress.

Designed four chip set to evaluate reliability and defect clustering for 2-

micrometer CMOS p-well Wafer Scale Integration process.

Fabricated set of JPL test chips (including Total Ionizing Dose Chip, Fault Chip

and Reliability Chip) alongside JPL designed Direct Memory Access Coprocessor

chip. These chips are to provide support for flight qualification of the DMAC.

Received "Best Paper" award at 1989 International Conference on Microelectronic

Test Structures. Presented timing sampler results, characterizing signal

propagation delay.

108
Application Specific Integrated Circuits

Publications

"A VLSI Design for Universal Noiseless Coding"

J. Lee, W. Fang, R. Rice

SPIE Proceedings, Los Angeles, CA, January, 1988

"A VLSI Design of a Pipeline Prime Factor DFT over Finite Design"

T. K. Truong, I. S. Hsu, H. C. Shyu, I. S. Reed, H. M. Shao

IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol 37, No. 3, March, 1988

"A Comparison of VLSI Architecture of Finite Multipliers Using Dual, Normal or Standard

Bases"

T. K. Truong, I. S. Reed, L. J. Deutsch

IEEE Trans. on Computers, Vol. 37, No. 3, June 3, 1988

"A VLSI Architecture for Performing Finite Field Arithmetic with Reduced Table Lookup"

I. S. Hsu, T. K. Truong, I. S. Reed, N. Glover

Linear Algebra and Its Applications, Edited by I.F. Blake, Elsevier Science Publishing

Co., Inc., 1988

"A Long Constraint VLSI Viterbi Decoder for the DSN"

J. Statman, G. Zimmerman, F. Pollara, O. Collins

TDA Progress Report 42-95, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, July - September,

1988

"A New VSLI Architecture for a Single-Chip-Type Reed-Solomon Decoder"

I.S. Hsu, T.K. Truong

TDA Progress Report 42-96, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, October -

December, 1988

"On Testing VLSI Chips for the Big Viterbi Decoder"

I. Hsu

TDA Progress Report 42-96, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, October -

December, 1988

"Test Aspects of the JPL Viterbi Decoder"

M. Breuer

TDA Progress Report 42-96, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, October -

December, 1988

"Data Compression for on-board SAR Processor"

C. Chang, W. Fang, J. Curlander

IGARSS'89 Proceedings, Vancouver, Canada, July, 1989

"A VLSI Design of Systolic Tree-Searched Vector Quantizer for Eos On-Board SAR

Processor"

W. Fang, C.Y. Chang, S.Y. Kuo, R.H.Nixon, J.C. Curlander

Government Microcircuit Applications Conference (GOMAC) Proceedings, Kissimmee,

FL, November, 1989

109
Presentations

"Data Compression for On-Board SAR Processor"

C. Chang, W. Fang, J. Curlander

IGARSS'89, Vancouver, Canada, July, 1989

"A VLSI Design of Systolic Tree-Searched Vector Quantizer for Eos On-Board SAR

Processor"

W. Fang, C.Y. Chang, S.Y. Kuo, R.H. Nixon, J.C. Curlander

Government Microcircuit Applications Conference (GOMAC), Kissimmee Florida,

November, 1989

"A VLSI Design for Universal Noiseless Coding"

J. Lee, W. Fang, R. Rice

SPIE, Los Angeles, CA, January, 1988

Patents and New Technology Reports

"A Large Constraint Length High Speed Viterbi Decoder"

O. Collins, S. Dolinar, I. Hsu, E. Olson, F. Pollara, J. Statman, G. Zimmerman

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17639 (patent pending)

"Programmable DMA Controller"

D. Hendry

NASA Tech Brief NPO- 17341 (patent pending)

'.'A VLSI Single Chip (255, 223) Reed-Solomon Encoder with Interleaver"

I.S. Hsu, T.K. Truong, L.J. Deutsch, I.S. Reed

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17280 (patent pending)

"A New VLSI Architecture for the Viterbi Decoder of Large Constraint Length

Convolutional Codes"

I.S. Hsu, T.K. Truong, J. Sun, I.S. Reed

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17310 (patent pending)

"A Comparison of VLSI Architectures for Time and Transformation Domain Decoding of

Reed-Solomon Codes"

I.S. Hsu, T.K. Truong, L.J. Deutsch, E. Satorius, I.S. Reed

NPO-17510

110
Quality Assurance and Space Qualification Methodology

Publications

"A Direct Method for Measuring the Gate Oxide Capacitances of MOSFETs"

R.A. Allen, C.A. Pina, M.G. Buehler

Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures,

February, 1988

"Comparison of Results from Simple Expressions for MOSFET Parameter Extraction"

M.G. Buehler, Y.-S. Lin

Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures,

February, 1988

"CMOS Process Monitor"

M.G. Buehler, L.W. Linholm, V.C. Tyree, et. al.

Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures

February, 1988

"Comb/Serpentine/Cross-Bridge Test Structure for Fabrication Process Evaluation

H.R. Sayah, M.G. Buehler

Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures

February, 1988

"Temperature Control in Wafer-Level Testing of Large Multi-Segment Electromigration

Test Structures"

N. Zamani, Y.-S. Lin

Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures

February, 1988

"Fast and Accurate Wafer-Level Measurement of Temperature Profile in Multi-Segment

Electromigration Test Structures"

M.G. Buehler

Proceedings of 1988 VHSIC/VLSI Qualification, Reliability, and Logistics Workshop

"A CMOS Matrix for Extracting MOSFET Parameters Before and After Irradiation

B.R. Blaes, M.G. Buehler, Y.-S. Lin, K.A. Hicks

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-35 (1988)

"New Flange Correction Formula Applied to lnterfacial Resistance Measurements of Ohmic

Contacts to GaAs"

U. Lieneweg, D.J. Hannaman

IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. 8 (1988)

"Inverter Propagation Delay Measurements using Timing Sampler Circuits

B.R. Blaes, M.G. Buehler

Proc. IEEE Inter. Conf. on Microelectronic Test Structures, Vol 2, No 1, March, 89

"Parameter Distributions for Complex VLSI Circuits"

M.G. Buehler, B.R. Blaes, H.R. Sayah, U. Lieneweg

Proceedings of the Decennial Caltech Conference on VLSI, 20-22 March, 1989

111
"Chip-LevelElectromigrationMeasurementTechniquefor Multi-SegmentedInterconnect

TestStructures"

N. Zamani,J.Dhiman,M.G. Buehler

Proc.SixthInt. IEEEMultilevel InterconnectConference(1989)

"RadiationDependenceof InverterPropagationDelayFromTimingSampler

Measurements"

M.G. Buehler,B.R. Blaes,Y.-S. Lin

acceptedfor publicationin IEEETrans.Nucl.Sci. NS-36,December,1989

Presentations

"A Direct Method for Measuring the Gate Oxide Capacitances of MOSFETs"

R.A. Allen, C.A. Pina, M.G. Buehler

Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures,

February, 1988

"Comparison of Results from Simple Expressions for MOSFET Parameter Extraction"

M.G. Buehler and Y.-S. Lin

1988 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures, February, 1988

"CMOS Process Monitor"

M.G. Buehler, L.W. Linholm, V.C. Tyree, et. al.

1988 Intemational Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures, February, 1988

"Comb/Serpenfine/Cross-Brdge Test Structure for Fabrication Process Evaluation

H.R. Sayah, M.G. Buehler

1988 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures, February, 1988

"Temperature Control in Wafer-Level Testing of Large Multi-Segment Electromigration

Test Structures"

N. Zamani, Y.-S. Lin

1988 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures, February, 1988

"Fast and Accurate Wafer-Level Measurement of Temperature Profile in Multi-Segment

Electromigration Test Structures"

M.G. Buehler

VHSIC/VLSI Qualification, Reliability, and Logistics Workshop, 1988

"Parameter Distributions for Complex VLSI Circuits

M.G. Buehler, B.R. Blaes, H.R. Sayah, U. Lieneweg

Decennial Caltech Conference on VLSI, 20-22 March, 1989

"Parametric Wafer FET and PCM Testing"

M.G. Buehler, D.J. Hannaman

GaAs IC Symposium Short Course on GaAs IC Testing, October, 1989

"Inverter Propagation Delay Measurements using Timing Sampler Circuits

B.R. Blaes, M.G. Buehler

Proc. IEEE Inter. Conf. on Microelectronic Test Structures, Vol 2, No 1, March, 89

112
Patents and New Technology Reports

"Formula Gives Better Contact-Resistance Values"

U. Lieneweg, D.J. Hannaman

NASA Tech Briefs NPO-17096

"Combined Comb Step-Coverage and Cross Bridge Resistor"

H. Sayah, M. G. Buehler

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17393

"Timing Sampler for Delay Measurements"

B. R. Blaes, M. G. Buehler

NASA Tech Brief NPO-16645, U. S. Patent No. 4,688,947

"Measuring Critical Charges for Single Event Upset Phenomena"

B. R. Blaes, M. G. Buehler

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17073

"System Measures Logic-Gate Delays

B. R. Blaes

NASA Tech Brief NPO-16646

113
Algorithms Tailored for ASIC Designs

Publications

"Real-Time Data Compression for Eos-class Missions"

J. Lee, W. Fang, R. Rice

EASCON Proceedings, Washington DC, October, 1987

"A Simplified Procedure for Correcting Both Errors and Erasures of Reed-Solomon Code"

T.K. Truong, W.L. Eastman I.S. Reed, I.S. Hsu

IEEE Proceedings, Vol 135, Pt E, No 6, November, 1988

"Functional Design of Data Compression Algorithms"

C.Y. Chang, J. Bowers, W. Fang

JPL Publication, D-6459 (JPL internal document), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,

CA, June, 1989

"Fourier Analysis and Signal Processing by use of the Mobius Inversion Formula"

I.S. Reed, T.K. Truong, D.W. Tt, fts, M.T. Shih, X. Yin, X. Yu

IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, (to be published) 1989

"Optional High Rate Systematic Convolutional Codes for Rates 3/4, 4/5, 6/7"

J. Sun, T.K. Truong, I.S. Reed, H.E. Huey

IEEE Proceedings, (to be published) 1989

"A Fast Transform Decoding of Nonsystematic Reed-Solomon Codes"

A. Shiozaki, T.K. Truong, K.M. Cheung, I.S. Reed

IEEE Proceedings, Part E, (to be published) 1989

"A Simplified Procedure for Decoding the (23,12) Golay Code"

X.W. Yin, T.K. Truong, I.S. Reed, J.K. Holmes

IEEE Proceedings, Part E, (to be published) 1989

"Wiring Viterbi Decoders (Splitting DeBruijn Graphs)"

O. Collins, Follara, S. Dolinar, J. Statman

TDA Progress Report 42-96, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA

Presentations

"Real-Time Data Compression for Eos-Class Missions"

J. Lee, W. Fang, R. Rice

EASCON Proceedings, Washington DC October, 1987

"VLSI Implementation of GSC Architecture with a New Ripple Carry Adder"

I.S. Reed, B. Sharona, M.T. Shih, J. Bailey, T.K. Truong.

IEEE Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, Port

Chester, New York, October 3-5, I988

"Suppression of Narrowband Interference"

E. Satorius, S. Krishman, X.L. Yu, L.J. Griffiths, I.S. Reed

Twenty-second Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Monterey, CA,

October 31 - November 2, 1988

114
Patents and New Technology Reports

"A Simplified Procedure for Correcting Both Errors and Erasures of Reed-Solomon

Codes"

T.K. Truong, W.L. Eastman, I.S. Reed, I.S. Hsu

NASA Tech Brief NPO-17381

115

CSMT-Caltech Campus Collaboration

(Cumulative List)

T. Phillips

D. Rutledge

G. Fox

P. Messina

J. Hopfield

C. Koch

D. Psaltis

J. D. Baldeschweiler

F. Culick

K. Vahala

D. Goodstein

R. Housely

M. Cross

D. Dougherty

A. Yariv

H. Gray

A. Zewail

R. Grubbs

N. Yeh

J. Pine

L. Hood

Submillimeter Detectors

Submillimeter Antennas

Hypercube Concurrent Computing

Hypercube Concurrent Computing

Neural Networks, Molecular Computation

Neural Networks

Optical Processing

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Robotic Computing

E-Beam Lithography

High Tc Superconductivity

High Tc Superconductivity

High Tc Superconductivity

Optical Switching Materials

Infrared Detectors

Molecular Electronics

Optical Characterization

Nonlinear Optical Materials

High Tc Superconductivity

Micromachined Silicon Biological Probes

Custom VLSI for Genome Sequencing

119

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED
Distinguished Visiting Scientists

(Cumulative List)

Professor Albert W. Overhauser, Department of Physics, Purdue University

- Chaired Professor

- Member NAS

- Buckley Prize Winner (1975)

Professor Hadis Morkoc, Department of Electrical Engineering and Material

Research Laboratory, University of Illinois

- MBE semiconductor devices

Dr. Robert Jaklevic, Principal Research Scientist, Ford Motor Co., Research Staff

- Inventor of Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUID)

- Inventor of Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy

Dr. C. Thomas Elliot, Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, United Kingdom

- Leading international expert on IR technology

- Inventor of the Sprite (Signal Processing in Element) detector

Professor Lester Eastman, Electrical Engineering, Cornell Univeristy

- Fellow of the IEEE

- Member of the U.S. Government Advisory Committee on Electron

Devices

- Member National Academy of Engineering

Professor Max Schultz, Department of Applied Physics, University of Erlangen,

West Germany

- Infrared imaging

- Semiconductor interface characterization and silicon MBE

- MOS physics

Professor John Wilkins, Department of Physics, Cornell University

- Solid state theory of metals, superconductors and semiconductors

Professor O. Engstrom, Department of Solid State Electronics, Chalmers

University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

- Energy properties of solid memory cells

120
ProfessorPieterBalk,Delft Instituteof Technology,Delft, TheNetherlands

- Directorof theDelft Instituteof MicroelectronicsandSubmicron

Technology

- MBEof III-V materialsandSiGe

- MOSphysics

ProfessorFloydHumphrey,Departmentof ElectricalEngineering,Boston

University,Massachusetts

- Magneticmassrandomaccessmemory

- Microsecondopticalstudiesof magneticswitching

- 1988IEEEMagneticsSocietyAchievementAward

ProfessorC.D.W.Wilkinson,DepartmentofElectronicsandElectrical

Engineering,Universityof Glasgow,UnitedKingdom

- Nanometerelectronbeamlithography

Dr. T. Andersson,Departmentof Physics,ChalmersUniversity,Sweden

- MBEof III-V materials

- Interfaceformationinthinfilms

ProfessorN. Farhat, Departmentof ElectricalEngineering,Universityof

Pennsylvania

- Opticalneuralnetworks

- Photonics

ProfessorJamesMayer,Departmentof MaterialsScienceandEngineering,Cornell

University

- FrancisNorwoodBardProfessorof MaterialsScienceandEngineering

- RBS/channelingandion beammodificationof materials

- Interdiffusionandreactionsin thinfilms

ProfessorL. Eric Cross,Departmentof ElectricalEngineering,PennsylvaniaState

University

- FormerDirectorof MaterialsResearchLaboratory

- Ferroelectricthinfilms polysaccharides

Dr. JohnLambe,FordMotor Co.(retired)

- Superconductivity

- Neuralnetworks

ProfessorJamesRosenberg,Departmentof ElectricalEngineering,Brown

University

- GermaniumIR detectors

- High speeddevices

121
Dr. L. CraigDavis,FordMotor Co.

- Theoryof ballisticelectrondevices

- Electronicstructuredevicesof semiconductors

Professor Eric Fossum, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University

- Charge-coupled device design and physics

- MOS physics

Professor Leo Schowalter, Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

- Silicon molecular beam epitaxy

- Ballistic electron emission microscopy

Professor James Lukens, Department of Physics, State University of New York,

Stony Brook

- Superconducting terahertz local oscillator

122
Conferences and Workshops

(Sponsored and/or Hosted by CSMT)

Polymers in Non-linear Integrated Optics (July 24, 1986)

Neural Network Devices and Applications (February 18-19, 1987)

OSA Topical Conference on Machine Vision (March, 1987)

Submillimeter (Terahertz) Receiver Technology (April 7-8, 1987)

CLEO (April 27-May 1, 1987)

Highly Parallel Fault-Tolerant Computers for Space Applications (June 9-10, 1987)

International Conference on Scanning Tunneling Microscopy '87 (July 20-24,

1987)

Congress of the International Commission for Optics (August 24-28, 1987)

Neural Information Processing Systems - Real and Synthetic (November 8-12,

1987)

Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Applications (January 19-21, 1988)

Spatial Light Modulator and Applications (June, 1988)

Microspacecraft for Space Science (July 6-7, 1988)

Solid-State Terahertz Sources Workshop (August, 1988)

American Vacuum Society, Southern California Section (January 1989)

Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Applications (March, 1989)

1989 Space Cryogenics Workshop (July 1989)

Technology Information Meeting - Microelectronics (November 1989)

123

TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE

1. Report No. JJ2. Govemment Accession No.

JPL Publication 90-3 I

4. Title and Subtitle

Center for Space Microelectronics Technology

1988-1989 Technical Report

7. Author(s)

Peggy 01sen

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

JET PROPULSION LABORATORY

California Institute of Technology

4800 Oak Grove Drive

Pasadena, California 91109

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Addre_

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Washington, D.C. 20546

15. Supplementary Notes

3. Reclpient's Catalog No.

5. Report Date

March I, 1990

6. Performing Organization Code

8. Performing Organization Report No.

10. Work Unit No.

I. Contract or Grant No.

NAS 7-918

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

JPL Publication

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

(c/c)B-055-80-08-00-20

16. Abstract

The 1988-1989 Technical Report of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Space

Microelectronics Technology summarizes the technical accomplishments, publicat_,ons,

presentations, and patents of the center during the past two years. The report lists

321 publications, 282 presentations, and 140 new technology reports and patents.

17. Key Wor_ _elecMd by Author_))

Computer Programming and Software

Infrared and Ultraviolet Detection

Optics

Solid-State Physics

19.UnclassifiedSecurlty Cl_slf. _f this repo_) 20. Security Clmsif..__f this page)

18. Distribution Statement

Unclassified -- Unlimited

21. No. of Pages

123