### BASIS STATEMENT FOR CHAPTER 883, DESIGNATION OF THE CHEMICAL CLASS NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHE NOL ETHOXYLATES AS A PRIORITY CHEMICAL

AND

SAFER CHEMICALS PROGRAM SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR THE DESIGNATION AS A PRIORITY CHEMICAL OF



# Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates

Prepared by Andrea Lani Bureau of Remediation and Waste Management Maine Department of Environmental Protection

September 2, 2010PREFACE

In April 2008, the Legislature adopted Public Law Chapter 643, An Act to Protect Children’s Health and the Environment from Toxic Ch emicals in Toys and Children's Products [38 MRSA §§1691 through 1699-B]. The goal of the law as set forth in the Legislat ure’s Declaration of Policy under 38 MRSA §1692 is to reduce the ex posure of children and other vulnerable populations to chemicals of high concern by substitu ting safer alternatives when feasible. To accomplish this goal, the law confers upon the de partment the regulatory power to collect information on chemical use and prohibit the sa le of children’s products containing priority chemicals when safer alternatives are available.

The Board of Environmental Protection adopted re gulations to implement the law in February 2010. Chapter 880, Regulation of Chemical Use in Children’s Products established rulemaking as the process by which the department will desi gnate priority chemicals. The law and rule require that a substance meet certain criteria in order to be designated a Priority Chemical, and that the department provide findi ngs of fact in support of a pr oposed designation. This document serves as the support document providing the find ings of fact required for designation of the chemical class nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylat es as a Priority Chemical, as well as the Basis Statement for the department’s proposed Chapter 883, Designation of the Chemical Class Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxyl ates as a Priority Chemical.NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE........................................................................................................................ ............... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................. .. 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... ....... 4 NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPH ENOL ETHOXYLATES .................................................... 5 Identity ....................................................................................................................... ................. 5 Background..................................................................................................................... ............ 9 Health and Ecological Concerns............................................................................................... 10 Regulatory and Voluntary Inti atives to Reduce Use of and Exposure to Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates........................................................................................................ .. 10 Safer Alternatives............................................................................................................. ......... 11 PREREQUISITES FOR DESIGNATION OF NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES AS A PRIORITY CH EMICAL / FINDINGS OF FACT ............................... 12 Chemicals of High Concern List............................................................................................... 12 Criteria for Designtation ...................................................................................................... ..... 12 PURPOSE OF DESIGNATION................................................................................................... 14 Request for Information........................................................................................................ .... 14 BASIS FOR DEPARTMENT ACTION ...................................................................................... 14 Definition of Children’s Products............................................................................................. 1 4 Need for Information Regarding NP and NPE Use in Children’s Products............................. 14 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... ........ 15NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 4 INTRODUCTION

Through this rulemaking, the Department of Envi ronmental Protection (department) designates the chemical class of nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (N PE) as a Priority Chemical and requests information on use of th is chemical in certain consumer products.

Nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethox ylates are listed on the Chem icals of High Concern list because these chemicals have been identified as endocrine disruptors. Additionally, nonylphenol has been identified as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. NP and NPE are the most widelyused members of the larger alkylphenol a nd alkylphenol ethoxylate family of nonionic surfactants. NP demonstrates es trogenic and endocrine disrupting ch aracteristics and is toxic to aquatic organisms and moderate ly persistent in the envir onment. The metabolites and degradation products of NPE are more toxic than the parent compounds. NP has been detected in human tissues and in household dust, as well as in environmen tal media. The European Union has effectively eliminated use of NP/NPE in most industrial a nd product sectors and Canada has implemented a pollution prevention plan desi gned to drastically re duce use of NP/NPE.

The department is proposing to designate nonylph enol and nonylphenol ethoxyl ates as a priority chemical in accordance with 38 MRSA §1694 and ga ther information on certain specified uses of the chemical.NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 5 NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES

IDENTITY

The chemicals described in this section are those that APERC (the Alkylphenols & Ethoxylates Research Council, an association composed of ma nufacturers, processors, users and raw material suppliers of alkylphenols) consider s commercially relevant. Howe ver, department designation of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates as a priority chemical is not lim ited to the chemical structures or CAS RNs (Chemical Abstract Se rvice Registry Numbers) listed below.

Nonylphenol: Phenol, 4-nonyl-, branched

CAS Registry Number: 84852-15-3

Chemical Formula: C15-H24-O

Structural Formula:

Select Names and Synonyms for phenol, 4-nonyl, branched:

Branched p-nonylphenol C9 branched alkyl phenol EINECS 284-325-5 Nonylphenol Phenol, 4-nonyl-, branched p-Nonylphenol, branched Systematic Name Phenol, 4-nonyl-, branched

Superlist Name Nonylphenol, 4-branched Phenol, 4-nonyl-, branchedNONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 6 Nonylphenol ethoxylates: Polyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether

Select CAS Registry Numbers: a

9016-45-9 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha -(nonylphenyl)- omega -hydroxy26027-38-3 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha -(4-nonylphenyl)- omega -hydroxy37205-87-1 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha -(isononylphenyl)- omega -hydroxy68412-54-4 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha -(nonylphenyl)- omega -hydroxy-, branched

127087-87-0 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha -(4-nonylphenyl)- omega -hydroxy-, branched

Chemical Formula: (C2-H4-O)mult-C15-H24-O

Structural Formula: 1

a The CAS RNs listed for NPE are those that are known to AP ERC to be commercially relevant.NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 7 Select Names and Synonyms:

Names Nonoxynol-3 Nonoxynol-30 Nonoxynol-4 Nonoxynol-44 PEG-13 Nonyl phenyl ether PEG-15 Nonyl phenyl ether PEG-3 Nonyl phenyl ether PEG-30 Nonyl phenyl ether PEG-4 Nonyl phenyl ether PEG-44 Nonyl phenyl ether Polyethylene glycol (13) nonyl phenyl ether Polyethylene glycol (15) nonyl phenyl ether Polyethylene glycol (3) nonyl phenyl ether Polyethylene glycol (30) nonyl phenyl ether Polyethylene glycol (44) nonyl phenyl ether Polyethylene glycol 200 nonyl phenyl ether Polyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether Polyoxyethylene (13) nonyl phenyl ether Polyoxyethylene (15) nonyl phenyl ether Polyoxyethylene (3) nonyl phenyl ether Polyoxyethylene (30) nonyl phenyl ether Polyoxyethylene (4) nonyl phenyl ether Polyoxyethylene (44) nonyl phenyl ether

Synonyms (Nonylphenoxy)polyethylene oxide A 730 A 730 (surfactant) Adekatol NP Adekatol NP 1000 Adekatol NP 1100 Adekatol NP 638 Adekatol NP 650 Adekatol NP 660 Adekatol NP 675 Adekatol NP 683 Adekatol NP 686 Adekatol NP 690 Adekatol NP 700 Adekatol NP 710 Adekatol NP 720 Adekatol NP 760 Adekatol NP 900 Afilan CVH Agral Agral 600 Agral 90 Agral LN Agral Plus Agral R Akyporox NP 105 Akyporox NP 95 Alcosist PN Alfenol Alfenol 10 Alfenol 18 Alfenol 22 Alfenol 28 Alfenol 710 Alfenol 8 Alfenol N 8 Alkasurf NP Alkasurf NP 11 Alkasurf NP 15 Alkasurf NP 8 Antarox 897 Antarox CO Antarox CO 430 Antarox CO 530 Antarox CO 630 Antarox CO 730 Antarox CO 850 Arkopal N-090 Carsonon N-9 Caswell No. 605 Chemax NP series Conco NI-90 Dowfax 9N20 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 079005 Emulgen - 913 Ethoxylated nonylphenol Glycols, polyethylene, monononylphenyl ether HSDB 6825 Igepal CO-630 Lissapol NX Neutronyx 600 Nonoxinolum Nonoxinolum [INN-Latin] Nonyl phenyl polyethylene glycol Nonyl phenyl polyethylene glycol ether Nonylphenol, polyoxyethylene etherNONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 8 Nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol, branched Nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol PEG-9 nonyl phenyl ether Polyethylene glycol 450 nonyl phenyl ether Polyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether Polyoxyethylene (9) nonyl phenyl ether Polyoxyethylene nonylphenol Polyoxyethylene(30) nonylphenyl ether Protachem 630 Rewopol HV-9 Synperonic NX Tergetol NP Tergitol NP-10 Tergitol NPX Tergitol TP-9 (nonionic) Triton N-100 Trycol NP-1alpha-(Nonylphenyl)-omegahydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)alpha-(Nonylphenyl)-omegahydroxypolyoxyethylene omega-Hydroxy-alpha- (nonylphenyl)poly(oxy-1 ,2-ethanediyl) Systematic Name Agral 90 Glycols, polyethylene mono(nonylphenyl) ether (nonionic) Glycols, polyethylene, mono(nonylphenyl) ether Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha- (nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxy- Prevocel #12 Tergitol NP-14 Tergitol NP-27 Tergitol NP-33 (nonionic) Tergitol NP-35 (nonionic) Tergitol NP-40 (nonionic)

Superlist Name Nonyl phenol, ethoxylated Nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha- (nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxy- Polyoxyethylene nonylphenolNONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 9 BACKGROUND

Surfactants are substances that lower the surface tension of water. Structurally, surfactants are made up of a hydrophilic “head” an d a hydrophobic “tail.” This st ructure allows the chemicals to absorb dirt and keep it emulsified in the cleaning solution. Surfactants may have a positivelycharged head (cationic), a nega tively-charged head (anionic ) or no charge (nonionic).

The most widely-used of the nonionic surfactan ts are alkylphenols a nd alkylphenol ethoxylates, with nonylphenol (NP) making up approximate ly 85% of the alkylphenol market and nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) making up more than 80% of the alkylphenol ethoxylate market in North America. 2

NP is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of nonylphe nol ethoxylates and other compounds [i.e., tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite and nonylphenol-formaldehyde condensation resins]. NP is reacted with ethylene oxide to form variety of NPE isomers (compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae) with different chain lengths. The association representing APE manufacturers stat es that commercially available NPE have essentially the same structure and isomeric mi x, due to manufacturers us ing basically the same starting materials and synthesis process. 3

NPE surfactants are used as emulsifiers, wetti ng agents, dispersants, fo am control agents and surface tension agents in commercial and househ old detergents and cleaning products and are used in industrial applications such as paper and textile manuf acture, paints, resins, adhesives and coatings and industrial cleaners. 4 NP may also be used as a plastic additive in modified polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride. 5

One industry website lists at leas t 13 different NPE commercial mixtures and categorizes them into a number of uses: adhesives/sealants, wetting agents and stabilizers; agricultural emulsifiers, wetting agents and dispersants; anti fog and antistat agent fo r plastic films; asphalt emulsions; defoamer; dust control agent for coal and mining operations; emulsifier; household applications; industrial and inst itutional cleaners; leather hi de soaking, tanning and dyeing operations; metalworking fluids; oil field chemicals; paints/coatings and emulsion polymerization; pulp/paper deinki ng, felt cleaning and processing aids; and textile processing. The “household applications” category include s the following product t ypes: all purpose cleaners and degreasers; car wa sh and car care products; laun dry detergents; prewash spot removers; and solid toilet bowl cleaners. 6

The US Department of Human Services House hold Product Database li sts numerous household products containing NP or NPE, including home maintenance products (e.g., concrete cleaner, joint sealant, floor co ating); “inside the home” products (e.g., laundry detergent, floor stripper, spot and stain pre-treatment, tile cleaner); personal care produc ts (e.g., hair color, mousse and conditioner); as well as automotive products and pesticides. Many of the personal care products are listed as “old product,” indicating that NPE may not be used in these products at this time. 7

In the early 2000s, household cleaning products accounted for 15% of the APE market, 8 however, the industry association representing manufacturers of APE indicated in comments to the department that use of NPE in h ousehold cleaning products has decreased. 9NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 10 A background report on the industries that manu facture, import, and/or use NP and NPE completed for Canada in 2000 indicated that the cleaning products sector was responsible for approximately 60% of the total Canadian NP/NPE market, and th at end-users of these products were responsible for about 75% of total NP/N PE releases to the environment in Canada. 10

US EPA Inventory Update Reporting 2006 nonconfid ential data lists five US producers of NP with an aggregate production volume rangi ng from 100 to 500 million pounds. The chemical industry reported that US demand for nonylphenol was 235 million pounds in 1999. 11

HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS Alkylphenols, including NPE and NP have been detected in the natural environment, including ambient air, sewage treatment plant effluent, sediment, soil and surface waters, in wildlife, household dust and human tissues. Nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates are toxic to aquatic organisms, and the breakdown produc ts of nonylphenol ethoxyla tes (NP and shorterchained ethoxylates) are more t oxic and more persistent than their parent chemicals.

NP has been shown to have estrogenic e ffects in a number of aquatic organisms, 12, 13 and in human breast tumor cells and rats. 14 The isomer 4- n -nonylphenol has demonstrated endocrine disrupting effects in four key cell mechanisms in vitro. 15

REGULATORY AND VOLUNTARY INTIATIVES TO REDUCE USE OF AND EXPOSURE TO NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES

US EPA As part of an effort to enhance the agency ’s chemical management plans under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) the US Envi ronmental Protection Agency is currently developing an Action Plan on NP and NPE.

European Union The European Union prohibits the sale or use of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in concentrations greater than 0.1% by weight for the following uses:

 industrial and institutiona l cleaning (except controlle d closed dry cleaning systems where the washing liquid is r ecycled or incinerated and cleaning systems with special treatment where the washing liquid is recycled or incinerate );

 domestic cleaning;

 textiles and leather processing (except processing with no release into waste water and systems with specia l treatment where the process water is pretreated to remove the organic fraction completely prior to biological waste water treatment);NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 11  emulsifier in agricultural teat dips; metal working (except uses in controlled closed systems where th e washing liquid is recycled or incinerated);

 manufacturing of pulp and paper; co smetic products; other personal care products (except spermicides); and

 co-formulations in pesticides and biocides. 16

Canada In 2001, Canada added nonylphenol a nd its ethoxylates to the list of toxic substances under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and in 2004 required implementation of pollution prevention plans for NP and NPE contained in pr oducts, including a 95% re duction in use of NP and NPE by the end of 2010. 17

Voluntary Numerous companies, including chemical manufacturers, produc t formulators, retailers and distributors and institutional us ers, have earned recognition through US EPA’s Safer Detergent Stewardship Initiative (SDSI) by manufacturing or using only “safer” surfactants in their cleaning products. Under the SDSI program, NPE do not meet the definition of “safer surfactant.” 18 In 2006, Wal-Mart announced efforts to encourage product suppliers to find alternatives to three “priority chem icals,” including nonylphenol ethoxylates. 19

ALTERNATIVES

An assessment of alternatives to NP and NPE conducted for Environment Canada found a number of available alternativ e surfactants currently in use and on the market. The report concluded that the most widely-used alternativ es, alcohol ethoxylates (AE), are equivalent in performance to NPE, and in some cases outpe rform NPE in most se ctors including cleaning products, and that AE have a better e nvironmental profile than NPE in that:

 AE are readily and ultimately biodegradable, while NPE are ultimately but not readily biodegradable.

 The biodegradation intermediates of AE are le ss toxic than the parent surfactants while the biodegradation intermediates of NPE are more toxic than the parent surfactants.

 The predicted chronic no-effect value for AE is 110 μ g/L; for NP it is 1 μ g/L. The report suggests that octylphe nol ethoxylates (OPE) are not su itable alternatives to NPE because they exhibit similar toxi cological profile and environmenta l fate characteristics as NPE and because octylphenol (the building block and degradation product of OPE) also shows evidence of estrogenic activity. 20NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 12 PREREQUISITES FOR DESIGNATION OF NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES AS A PRIORITY CH EMICAL / FINDINGS OF FACT

CHEMICALS OF HIGH CONCERN LIST

The chemical class nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates and related substances appears on the Chemicals of High Concern list 21 published by the department because this chemical family has been designated as:

 persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic on the OSPAR (Oslo-Paris Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) li st of Chemicals for Priority Action; and

 an endocrine disruptor on the OSPAR lis t of Chemicals for Priority Action.

Phenol, nonyl- (CAS RN 25154-52-3) appears on the Chem icals of High Concern list because it has been designated as a:

 a persistent, bioaccumulative toxin on the OSPAR list of Chemicals of Concern; and

 a category 1 endocrine disruptor, “evidence of endocrine disrupti on activity” in the European Commission Communication on a Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors; and

Phenol, nonyl-4, branched (CAS RN 84852-15-3) appears on the Chemicals of High Concern list because it has been designated as:

 persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic on th e OSPAR list of Chemicals of Concern.

Nonylphenolethoxylate (CAS RN 9016-45-9) appears on the Chemicals of High Concern list because it has been designated as:

 persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic on th e OSPAR list of Chemicals of Concern.

CRITERIA FOR DESIGNTATION

Biomonitoring. The chemical has been found through biomonitoring to be present in human blood, including umbilical cord blood, breast milk, urine or other bodily tissues or fluids, specifically:

 NP has been detected in the serum of pregna nt women in Canada,22 in the urine of adults in the US,23 in the breast milk of women in Italy,24 and in the adipose tissue of women in Spain.25

Home Environment. The chemical has been found through sampling and analysis to be present in household dust, indoor air, drinking water or elsewhere in the home envi ronment, specifically:

 Researchers sampling indoor air and dust for endocrine disrupting compounds found alkylphenols and ethoxylates among the most abundant compounds detected, withNONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 13 4-nonylphenol (a metabolite) detected in 100% of indoor air samples at high concentrations (90 th percentile) rela tive to other compounds in the study. 26

Ecological Sampling. The chemical has been found through monitoring to be present in fish, wildlife or the natural environment, specifically:

 NPE and their degradation products have been detected in wastewater, ambient air, surface water and sediments. 27 In a study of organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 4-nonylphenol was one of the most frequently-detected compounds. 28

 Researchers sampled a variety of species of fish collected from two major regions in Michigan and found detectable concentrations of NP in 41% of sa mples across all sites and species with a range of 3.3 to 29.1 ng of NP/g. 29

Consumer Products. The chemical is present in a cons umer product used or present in the home, specifically:

 Household detergents, cleaners and degreaser s; personal care products and cosmetics; home maintenance products. 30, 31

HPV. The chemical has been identified as a Hi gh Production Volume chemical by the federal Environmental Protection Agency.

 HPV chemicals are classified as those chemicals produced or imported in the United States in quantities of 1 million pounds or more per year. The US Environmental Protection Agency non-confidential IUR Produc tion Volume Information database for 2006 shows production (manufacture and impor tation) of nonylphenol (CAS RN 84852- 15-3) in the 100-500 million pound range a nd nonylphenol ethoxylates in the 10-50 million pound range (CAS RN 9016-45-9) a nd the 1-10 million pound range (CAS RN 127087-87-0). 32NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 14 PURPOSE OF DESIGNATION

REQUEST FOR INFORMATION The department is designating the chemical class nonylphenol and nonyl phenol ethoxylates a priority chemical for the purpose of requesting information related to the extent to which nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates are used in, and the likelihood that children will be exposed to, the chemical as a result of its presence in, the following consumer products:

 Household and commercial cleaning products,

 Cosmetics and personal care products, and

 Home maintenance products sold, marketed to, or intended for use by consumers.

BASIS FOR DEPARTMENT ACTION

DEFINITION OF CHILDREN’S PRODUCTS The products listed in the department’s request fo r information in the proposed rule meet the definition of “children’s products” under 38 MRSA §1691(7) because household and commercial cleaning products, home maintena nce product and cosmetics and personal care products are products that when used in a hom e or commercial setting frequented by children (e.g., a school or daycare center), they “will likely result in a child’s or fetus’s being exposed” to NP and NPE.

NEED FOR INFORMATION REGAR DING NP AND NPE USE IN CHILDREN’S PRODUCTS Information available to the department indicat es that NP and NPE are used in consumer products intended for household use that will like ly result in children being exposed to the chemical class, however, there is some indica tion that these uses have decreased (household cleaning products) or may have been eliminated (personal care products). The department is requesting information to assess how widely this chemical class is used in consumer products sold in Maine.NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 15 REFERENCES

1 The Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Re search Council. URL: http://www.aperc.org/nonylphenolderivative.htm April 21, 2010.

2 The Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Research Council. URL: http://www.aperc.org/productinfo.htm April 22, 2010.

3 The Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Research Council. URL: http://www.aperc.org/productinfo.htm April 22, 2010.

4 The Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Research Council. URL: http://www.aperc.org/productinfo.htm April 22, 2010.

5 Soto, AM, Justicia H, Waray JW, Sonnenschein C. p- Nonyl-Phenol: An Estrogenic Xenobiotic Released from

“Modified” Polystyrene. Environmental Health Pe rspectives. Vol. 92, pp . 167-173, 1991. URL: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1991/092/92025.PDF May 13, 2010.

6 Dow Surfactants—Nonylph enol ethoxylates reference chart. URL:

http://www.dow.com/PublishedLiteratu re/dh_0035/0901b803800355be.pdf?filepath=surfactants/pdfs/noreg/119- 01494.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc May 5, 2010.

7 US Department of Health and Human Services. Household Products Database. URL:

http://hpd.nlm.nih.gov/index.htm May 5, 2010.

8 Ying Guang-Guo, Williams Brian, Kookana Rai. En vironmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol

ethoxylates—a review. Environment International. Volume 28, Issue 3, July 2002, Pages 215-226. URL (abstract only): http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescr iption.cws_home/326/description#description April 28, 2010.

9 Alkylphenol and Ethoxylates Research Council Comments to the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

on Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates. August 10, 2010.

10 Alternatives to Nonylphenol Ethoxylates: Review of Toxicity, Biodegradation, & Technical-Economic Aspects,

Final Report – 28 May 2002. Prepared for Environment Canada by ToxEcology – Environmental Consulting Ltd. URL: http://www.c2p2online.com/documents/Fin alNPEAlternativesPublicReport.pdf May 6, 2010.

11 Chemical Profile: Nonylphenol. July 9, 2001. Chemical Market Reporter. Volume 260 No. 2. Schnell

Publishing Company. URL: http://www.aperc.org/nonylphenol.pdf April 22, 2010.

12 Servos, M.R. 1999. Review of the aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation of al kylphenols and alkylphenol

polyethoxylates. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 34: 123-177. URL: http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/wqrj/ pdfs/WQRJ_Vol_34_No_1_Art_04.pdf May 7, 2010.

13 Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, PRIORITY SUBSTANCES LIST ASSESSMENT REPORT:

Nonylphenol and its Ethoxylates. Environment Canada, Health Canada. April 2001. URL: http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/contaminants/psl2-lsp2/nonylphenol/nonylphenol-eng.pdf May 10, 2010.

14 Soto, AM, Justicia H, Waray JW, Sonnenschein C. p- Nonyl-Phenol: An Estrogenic Xenobiotic Released from

“Modified” Polystyrene. Environmental Health Pe rspectives. Vol. 92, pp . 167-173, 1991. URL: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1991/092/92025.PDF May 13, 2010.

15 Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Long M, Hofmeister MV, Vinggaard AM, 2007 Endocrine-Disrupting Potential of

Bisphenol A, Bisphenol A Dimethacrylate, 4- n -Nonylphenol, and 4- n -Octylphenol in Vitro : New Data and a Brief Review. Environmental Health Perspectiv es 115(S-1) December 2007. URL: http://ehsehplp03.niehs.nih.gov/ar ticle/fetchArticle.action?articleUR I=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.9368 May 13, 2010.NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 16 16 Commission Regulations (EC) No 552/2009 of 22 June 2009, amending Regulations (EC) No 1907/2006 of the

European Parliament and of the Coun cil on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards Annex XVII. Official Journal of the European Union. 26.6.2009. L 164/7-31. URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:164:0007:0031:EN:PDF April 21, 2010.

17 Notice Requiring the Preparation and Implementation of Pollution Prevention Plans in Respect of Nonylphenol

and its Ethoxylates Contained in Products. Canada G azette Vol. 138, No. 49 — December 4, 2004. URL: http://www.canadagazette .gc.ca/archives/p1/2004/2004-12- 04/html/notice-av is-eng.html#i5 May 6, 2010.

18 Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative (SDSI). US EPA. URL:

http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/formulat/sdsi.htm#champions April 22, 2010.

19 Sustainability Progress to Date, 2007-2008. Wal-Mart. URL:

http://walmartstores.com/sites/sustainabilityreport/2007/environmentSustainableChemicals.html April 22, 2010.

20 20 Alternatives to Nonylphenol Ethoxylates: Review of Toxicity, Biodegradation, & Technical-Economic Aspects,

Final Report – 28 May 2002. Prepared for Environment Canada by ToxEcology – Environmental Consulting Ltd. URL: http://www.c2p2online.com/documents/Fin alNPEAlternativesPublicReport.pdf May 6, 2010.

21 Chemicals of High Concern List. Maine Department of Environmental Protection. URL:

http://www.maine.gov/dep/oc/safechem/highconcern/ March 29, 2010.

22 Gabos S, Zemanek M, Alberta Environment; Cheperdak L, Alberta Centre for Toxicology, University of Calgary;

Kinniburgh D, Provincial Public Health Laboratory, Edmont on; Lee B, University of Alberta; Hrudey S, Le C, Li XF, Mandal R, Martin JW, Schopflocher D. Chemical Biomonitoring in Serum of Pregnant Women in Alberta (2005): Influence of Age, Location and Seasonality, A Fi nal Report. Submitted to Alberta Health and Wellness May 2008. Conducted and Prepared Under Guidance of the Alberta Biomonitoring Co mmittee: Alberta Health and Wellness. URL: http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/Chemical-Biomonitoring-2008.pdf May 7, 2010.

23 Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Caudill SP, Ekong J, et al. 2004 Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A and

4-Nonylphenol in a Human Reference Population. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(4) April 2005. URL: http://ehsehplp03.niehs.nih.gov/ar ticle/fetchArticle.action?articleUR I=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.7534

24 N. Ademolloa, F. Ferraraa, , , M. Deliseb, F. Fabiettib and E. Funaria. Nonylphenol and octylphenol in human

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