ContaminantCharacterizationofEffluentfromPennsylvaniaBrinePennsylvaniaTreatmentInc.,JosephineFacility:ImplicationsforDisposalofOilandGasl bkl idfilFowacFusromBrneTreatmentPantsEPAHydraulicFracturingStudyTechnicalWorkshop3,FdateanTransportMarch28‐29,2011,EPAPotomacYardsConferenceFacilityConradD.Volz,DrPH,MPH,KyleFerrar,MPH,DrewMichanowicz,MPH,CPH,CharlesChristen,DrPH,MEd,ShannonKearney,MPH,CPH,MattKelso,BSandSamanthaMalone,MPH,CPHDepartmentofEnvironmentalandOccupationalHealthCenterforHealthyEnvironmentsandCommunitieshttp://www.chec.pitt.eduhttp://www.fractracker.orgcdv5@pitt.eduVolz,C.D.etal.,2011http://www.fractracker.orgPennsylvaniaBrineTreatment,JosephineFacilityOffloading[PictureDecemberlocation826°N79 172°W)][PicturetakenbyKyleFerrar,December1,2010,atlocation(40.,.Volz,C.D.etal.,2011ConcentrationsofSelectedImportantContaminantsfromMarcellusShaleFlowbackWaterTotalDissolvedSolids(TDS):161,636mg/L*B i2 950/L*FlowbackWaterBarium:2,950mg/L*Strontium:3,280mg/L*Chloride:95 400mg/L*,*FromBlauch,MFetal,2009,MarcellusShalePost‐Fracl bkhillhliFowacWater‐WeresateSatComngFrom,SPE125740.Volz,C.D.etal.,2011http://www.fractracker.orgVolz,etal.,2011http://www.fractracker.orgPBT‐JosephineFacilityOutfallonBlacklickCreekandKrigingInterpolationofInstreamTDSandSalinityContaminantsofenvironmentalpublichealthimportancethatweredetectedsamplesimportancedetectedinallsamplestakenoverthe24hourperiodContaminantsoverMCL’s,MRL’s,consumtionoffishcriteriapand/oraquaticCMCCCCconcentrations;•barium(Ba)[mean,27.3ppm;maximum,37.0ppm]•bromides(Br)[mean,1068.8ppm;maximum,1100.0ppm]•strontium(Sr)[mean,2983.1ppm,maximum3120.0ppm]b[012i0 013]•enzenemean0.ppm;maxmum.ppm•2butoxyethanol(2‐BE)[mean59ppm;maximum66ppm]DetectedContaminants•ethylbenzene(mean,0.002ppm)•toluene(mean0.025ppm,)•xylenes(mean,0.028ppm)Contaminantconcentrationsofecologicalandsecondarydrinkingwaterimportanceinclude:•chlorides(Cl)[mean625maximum125 000ppm]chlorides117,ppm,maximum125,000•magnesium(Mg)[mean1247.5ppm;maximum1300.0ppm]•manganese(Mn)[mean0.08mg/L;maximum0.15]•totaldissolvedsolids(TDS)[mean186,625ppm;maximum190,000ppm]•sulfate(SO4)[mean560ppm;maximum585ppm],andpH[mean9.58units;maximum10units].BariuminPBT‐JosephineFacilityEffluent[BaMean]=27.30mg/L;σ=6.96[Min.]=20mg/L;[Max.]=37mg/L;MDL;0.002mg/L•[MeanBa]≈14x(MCL)ofBaindrinkingwaterof2ppm40PABrineTreatmentJosephine12/10/2010waterof2ppm.•TheBaATSDRMRL’soralintermediate/chronicexposureare.2mg/kg/day.DerivedMRLsforbariumind i ki6 895 77d3 04( /L/d )3035drinkingare6.89,5.77,and3.04(mg/L/day)foradultmen,adultwomen,andchildren,respectively(renal).[MeanBa]is3.96,4.73,and8.98XthederiveddrinkingwaterMRL’s152025mg/LBariumforintermediateandchronicexposuresforadultmen,women,andchildren,respectively.•TheBaconsumptionconcentrationof“waterandorganism”and“organismalone”is151015ggppm.The[BaMean]isover27timesthesecriteria.•EPABaCMCof21ppmexceeded;EPACCCBais4 1ppm6 66X[MeanBa]0123456783HourIntervalsis4.1ppm,6.66X[MeanBa].Volz,C.D.etal.,2011http://www.fractracker.orgStrontiuminPBT‐JosephineFacilityEffluent[MeanSr=2981mg/Lσ=82.71];[Min.]=2,880mg/L;[Max.]=3,120mg/L;MDL;0.03mg/L•SrATSDRMRLfororalroute,3,150PABrineTreatmentJosephine12/10/2010,intermediateexposureis2mg/kgofbodymass/day(musculoskeletalendpoints).ThederivedSrMRL’sadult3 0003,0503,100men,andwomen,andchildrenare68.87mg/L/day,57.67mg/L/day,and30.45mg/L/day,respectively.2,9002,9503,000mg/LStrontium•[MeanSr]is43.29,51.68and97.90XthederiveddrinkingwaterMRL’sforintermediateexposuresforadultmen,dhildi l2,8002,850women,andchildren,respectively.•The[MeanSr]is29,811and5,962timesthe100ppband500ppbifi il li dbiPA2,750123456783HourIntervalsnotificationlevelsrequiredbyitsPADEPNPDESpermit.Volz,C.D.etal.,2011http://www.fractracker.orgBromideinPBT‐JosephineFacilityEffluent[Mean=1068.75mLσ=26.96[Min.=PABrineTreatmentJosephine]g/ ;]1020mg/L;[Max.]=1100mg/L;MDL;0.016mg/L•Bromidecanbeinvolvedinreactions1 1001,120PABrineTreatmentJosephine12/10/2010betweenchlorineandnaturallyoccurringorganicmatterindrinking‐water,formingbrominatedandmixedchloro‐bromob dhhl h1,0801,100byproducts,suchastrihalomethanesorhalogenatedaceticacids.•Thereisgeneralagreementthatbackgroundbromidelevelsinfreshwater1,0401,060mg/LBromidebackgroundbromidelevelsinfresh‐watersourcesbekeptatabout0.1ppm(Bonacquisti,2006).•[MeanBr]whichis1 068 800ppb;is1,0001,020mg/L[MeanBr],whichis1,068,800ppb;is10,688Xthe100ppblevelatwhichauthoritiesbecomeconcerned.•ReportsfromPSWAandotherSWPA980123456783HourIntervalspauthoritiesindicateupwardtrendsofTHM’s.Volz,C.D.etal.,2011http://www.fractracker.org2‐butoxyethanolinPBT‐JosephineEffluent[Mean2‐BE]=59 0mg/L;σ=4 9;[Min ]=49PAB iTt tJ hi[Mean2‐BE]=59.0mg/L;σ=4.9;[Min.]=49mg/L;[Max.]=66mg/L;MDL;0.63mg/L•2‐BE,glycoleither,anti‐foamingandanti‐70PABrineTreatmentJosephine12/10/20102BE,glycoleither,antifoamingandanticorrosionagentinslickwaterformulations.•ATSDRMRLfororalroute,acuteexposuresis0.4mg/kg/day(hematologicaleffects),[UF=606590];MRLfororalroute,intermediateexposureis0.07mg/kg/day(hepatic)[UF=1000].•ThederivedwaterMRL’sacuteexposurefor55mg/L2‐Butoxyethanoladultmen,adultwomen,andchildrenare13.77,11.53,and6.09(mg/L/day),respectively.•ThederivedMRL’sfor2‐BEindrinkingwaterforintermediateexposureforadultmenadult4550intermediateexposureforadultmen,adultwomen,andchildrenare2.41,2.02,and1.07(mg/L/day),respectively.•[Mean2‐BE]is4 285 12and9 69Xand40123456783HourIntervals[Mean2BE]is4.28,5.12,and9.69Xand24.48,29.21,and55.14XthederivedacuteandintermediateMRL’s,respectively,foradultmalesandfemales,andchildren,respectively.Volz,C.D.etal.,2011ChlorideinPBT‐JosephineFacilityEffluent[MeanCl]=117,625mg/L;σ=3,815;130,000PABrineTreatmentJosephine12/10/2010[Min.]=111,000mg/L;[Max.]=125,000mg/L;MDL;1.5mg/L•[MeanCl]is470.5timestheSMCLfhl dd kf125,000orchloridesindrinkingwaterof250mg/L.•Toprotectaquaticcommunities,theEPACMCforchloridesinsurface115,000120,000mg/LChlorideEPACMCforchloridesinsurfacewateris860mg/L,andtheEPACCCforchloridesinsurfacewateris230mg/L105,000110,000mg/L.•The[MeanCl]was138timestheCMCand511timestheCCC.100,000105,000123456783HourIntervalshttp://www.fractracker.orgVolz,C.D.etal.,2011TotalDissolvedSolids(TDS)inPBT‐JosephineFacilityEffluent•EPASMCLforTDSindrinkingPABrineTreatmentJosephine12/10/2010wateris500mg/L;themeanconcentrationofTDSineffluentwateris373timestheSMCL.187,000.00189,000.00191,000.0012/10/2010•ItshouldbenotedthatneworexpandeddischargesofTDSinPennsylvaniaarelimitedtodi h il00/fS183,000.00185,000.00mg/LTotalDissolvedSolidsdischargingonly500mg/LofTDSasamonthlyaverage.•TheDEPpermitallowsthePBT‐J hildi h179,000.00181,000.00mg/LSolidsJosephineplanttodischargeunlimitedlevelsofchlorideandTDSintoBlacklickCreek,andonlyrequiresmonitoringand175,000.00177,000.00123456783HourIntervalsrequiresmonitoringandreportingofthesedischarges.3HourIntervalshttp://www.fractracker.org•TDS and Cl levels from Kriged Interpolation indicate potential for Golden Algaebloom in Blacklick CreekSt fl d i S t b 2010 h d l f 25 fVolz,C.D.etal.,2011http://www.fractracker.org•StreamflowduringSeptember2010reachedalow of25cfs.Volz,C.D.etal.,2011Volz,C.D.etal.,2011Volz,C.D.etal.,2011Volz,C.D.etal.,2011Volz,C.D.etal.,2011EnvironmentalPublicHealthd iRecommenatons•Operationsatthisplantshouldbehalteduntilallcontaminantsofhumanandaquatichealthconcerninacceptedoilandgasfluidsareknownanditcanbedeterminedthatthetreatmentprocessesusedattheplanteffectivelyremovethesecontaminantsfromthefluidsbeingtreated.•ThePADEPshouldreevaluatethepermitgiventothisoperatorasitclearlyallowsforchloridesandtotaldissolvedsolidstobedischargedatlevelsexceedingaquatichealthcriteria.•Allapproachestotheeffluentdischargeareaandareasonabledistancedownstream(atleast100meters)fromstreamsideandlandsideshouldbepostedwithwarningsigns.Thesesignsshoulddiscourageanyuseofd/hanorcontactwitstreamwater.•Anadvisorytoallanglersshouldbeissuedstatingthatfishtakenfromthisstream,bothupanddownstreammaybecontaminatedinordertodifi hkscouragestaeandconsumption.EnvironmentalPublicHealthd iRecommenatons•StudiestodeterminethelevelsofallpotentialMarcellusShaleflowbackfluidcontaminantsindownstreamwater,sedimentsandporewatershouldbeundertakenimmediately.•ResidentialandotherprivatewellwaterusersdownstreamoftheeffluentoutfallofthePBT‐JosephineFacilityshouldbeadvisedthattheremaybecontaminantsintheirwellwateranddiscouragedfromusingitfordrinking,cookingorbathinguntilsuchwateristestedforcontinuoussafeuse.•MunicipalwaterauthoritiesdownstreamofthisoutfallshouldbenotifiedofthecontaminantsfoundineffluentfromthePBT‐JosephineFacility,ofhibliiM llSh lfl b kfl iddildoterpossecontamnantsnarceusaeowacusanoangaswastewater,andthatthereareothertreatmentfacilitiesandPOTW’sintheBlacklick,Conemaugh,andKiskikiminetasdrainagesthatacceptanddischargeoilandsurfacewaterdischargegaswastefluidsintosurface.EnvironmentalPublicHealthd iRecommenatons•Allmunicipalwaterauthoritiesatreasonabledistancesdownstreamof“brinetreatment”andPOTW’sacceptingMarcellusShaleflowbackfluidsandotheroilandgaswastewaterintheregionextendingeastwardacrossOhio,PennsylvaniaandWestVirginiaandNewYorkshouldbenotifiedofhteseresults.•ThePADEPandotherstateandfederalregulatoryauthoritiesshouldimmediatelyreviewallsurfacewaterdischargepermitsgrantedtobrinef ili i’lb ktreatmentfacilitiesandPOTWsthatacceptMarcellusShaeflowacfluidsandoilandgaswastewater,toensurethat2‐BEconcentrationsbeingdischargedarebelowallapplicablestandards,guidelinesandcriteriainformedresultscriteria.Thisreviewshouldbeinformedbyresultsofthisreportbutshouldbeextendedtoallknowncontaminantsinflowbackandotheroilandgaswastewater.