Community Community-Scale Air Tox

Scale Air Tox

Monitoring Monitoring –

Sun Valley Neighborhood 

Sun Valley Neighborhood 

General Aviation Airpor

General Aviation Airpor

Philip M. Fine, Ph.D. Philip M. Fine, Ph.D.

Atmospheric Measurements Manage

Atmospheric Measurements Manage

South Coast Air Quality Management Dis

South Coast Air Quality Management Di

U.S. EPA Air Toxics Da U.S. EPA Air Toxics Data Analysis Workshop ta Analysis Workshop - Chi

Chi

October 2 October 2 - 4, 2007 4, 2007
Project Overview Project Overview

• U.S. EPA Community U.S. EPA Community-Scale Air Toxics 

Scale Air Toxics 

Three Components Three Components

1. Monitoring in communities around general 

Monitoring in communities around general 

airports airports

2. Neighborhood scale Neighborhood scale

monitoring in Sun Valley, CA monitoring in Sun Valley, CA

– industrial area interspersed industrial area interspersed

with residences with residences

3. Review of hexavalent Review of hexavalent

chrome data and sources chrome data and sources
General Aviation Airport

General Aviation Airport

Study Objectives Study Objectives

• Characterize air toxics levels in the communit

Characterize air toxics levels in the communit

around GA airports around GA airports

• Compare data to other air toxics studies such 

Compare data to other air toxics studies such 

SCAQMD’s Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Stud

s Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Stud

(MATES

-III)

• Determine potential impact of airport emissio

Determine potential impact of airport emissio

on measured pollutant levels on measured pollutant levels

• Provide baseline data for future studies Provide baseline data for future studies
Advisory Committee o

Advisory Committee o

Stakeholders Stakeholders

• Membership Membership

Airport Management Airport ManagementCommunity Groups Community GroupsCities of Los Angeles and Santa Monica Cities of Los Angeles and Santa Monica (Airport Authorities) (Airport Authorities)Aviation Industry Aviation IndustryState and Federal Congressional State and Federal Congressional Representatives Representatives 

• Role

Provide Initial Input on Specific Issues Provide Initial Input on Specific IssuesComment on Sampling Locations Comment on Sampling LocationsCoordinate Information Outreach Coordinate Information Outreach
Measurements Measurements

• TSP Lead and Hexavalent TSP Lead and Hexavalent 

Chromium Chromium

• PM10 Mass and Carbon PM10 Mass and Carbon• PM2.5 Mass & Components PM2.5 Mass & Components• Continuous Particle Count Continuous Particle Count 

(ultrafine) (ultrafine)

• Volatile Organic Compounds Volatile Organic Compounds 

(3 x 8 hour periods) (3 x 8 hour periods)

• Carbonyls (acetaldehyde, etc.) Carbonyls (acetaldehyde, etc.)• Continuous Carbon Monoxide Continuous Carbon Monoxide
Van Nuys Airport Van Nuys Airport

• Largest Number of General Largest Number of General 

Aviation Operations in the Aviation Operations in the Country Country

VOR Site #2
Lead & CO Monitoring (Site 5-7)

Complete Sampling Array (Site 1, 2, 3, 4) Lead & CO Monitori

Van Nuys Airport Sampling S

Van Nuys Airport Sampling S

Phase I

Pha
Santa Monica Airport Santa Monica Airport

• Runways adjacent Runways adjacent 

to neighborhoods to neighborhoods

• Increased Number Increased Number 

of Private Jet of Private Jet Traffic Traffic 
Santa Monica Airport Sampli

Santa Monica Airport Sampl

Sites

Complete Sampling Array (Site 1, 2, 3, 4, 7) Lead Monitoring& CO 

Ph

Ph
East Tarmac

Site #3

Santa Monica Airport Sampling 

Santa Monica Airport Sampling 
Sampling Schedule Sampling Schedule

• Approximately 12 Approximately 12 

months of sampling months of sampling beginning November beginning November 2005

• Three months at each Three months at each 

airport in two different airport in two different seasons seasons

• Sampling Completed Sampling Completed 

March 2007 March 2007
Key Questions Key Questions

• Can lead found in GA fuel be measur

Can lead found in GA fuel be measur

surrounding communities? surrounding communities?

• What are PM and air toxic levels in What are PM and air toxic levels in 

neighborhoods near GA airports? neighborhoods near GA airports?

• What are the ultrafine particle count What are the ultrafine particle count 

concentrations in the surrounding concentrations in the surrounding communities? communities?

• Are aircraft emissions distinguishabl

Are aircraft emissions distinguishabl

other emissions sources? other emissions sources?
Santa Monica Airport PM2.5 Mass ( Santa Monica Airport PM2.5 Mass (

μg/m

Phase I Phase I 

- Apr 06 

- Jul 06

14.9

15.2

15.8

17.4

Annual Basin Average 18.1
Santa Monica Airport PM2.5 Santa Monica Airport PM2.5 Mass

(

μg/m

Phase II Phase II 

- Oct 06 

- Feb 07

16.2

18.5

16.6

15.1 17.3

Annual Basin Average 18.1
Santa Monica Airport PM2.5 Santa Monica Airport PM2.5 Elemental Carbon Elemental Carbon

Phase II Phase II 

- Oct 06 

- Feb 07

2.6

2.4

1.8

3.5 2.3

Annual Basin Average 2.2
Santa Monica Airport TSP Lead (ng/m Santa Monica Airport TSP Lead (ng/m

3

)

Phase I Phase I 

- Apr 06 

- Jun 06

4.4

3.1

3.9

96.0* 28.6

Annual Basin A

3.3

3.5

Downtown LA – Average 13.1
Santa Monica Airport TSP Lead (ng/m Santa Monica Airport TSP Lead (ng/m

3

)

Phase II Phase II 

- Nov 06 

- Feb 07

8.1

5.5

9.1

77.0* 22.2

Annual Basin A

6.0

7.7

Downtown LA – Average 13.1
Van Nuys Airport TSP Lead (ng/m Van Nuys Airport TSP Lead (ng/m

3

)

Phase I Phase I 

– Nov 05 

- Feb 06

8.4

26.1

17.2

15.1

Annual Basin Average 8.6

10.2

14.5
Santa Monica Airport Benzene (ppb) Santa Monica Airport Benzene (ppb)

Phase I Phase I 

- Apr 06 

- Jul 06 

0.21, 0.21, 0.18

0.34, 0.15, 0.12

0.37, 0.17, 0.18

0.39, 0.27, 0.16 0.42, 0.28, 0.20

Annual Basin Average 0.42

0:00-8:00, 8:00-16:00, 16:00-24:00
Santa Monica Santa Monica 

Continuous Continuous 

Number 

Concentrations Concentrations

July 17, 2006 July 17, 2006

Red numbers Red numbers 

correspond to correspond to 

aircraft take aircraft take-offs 

E. Tarmac 7-17-06

0.E+001.E+062.E+063.E+06

6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 

p/cm3

Ernst 7-17-06

0.E+001.E+062.E+063.E+06

6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 

p/cm3

Richland 7-17-06 

0.E+001.E+052.E+053.E+05

06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 

Time

p/cm3

W. Tarmac 7-17-06

0.E+001.E+052.E+053.E+05

06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 

p/cm3

Note Scale Change
GA Airport Results GA Airport Results

• Lead levels in communities and near Lead levels in communities and near 

runways below federal and state stan

runways below federal and state stan

but elevated at near runway sites but elevated at near runway sites

• Airport influence on PM2.5 concentra

Airport influence on PM2.5 concentra

may not be distinguishable, but appe

may not be distinguishable, but appe

be minor be minor

• Ultrafine particles (measured by num

Ultrafine particles (measured by num

concentration) significantly elevated 

concentration) significantly elevated 

runways during aircraft operations runways during aircraft operations
• More continuous instrumentatio

More continuous instrumentatio

• Mobile sampling platforms Mobile sampling platforms• Coordinate with health studies Coordinate with health studies• Large commercial airports Large commercial airports

Potential Future Air Tox

Monitoring at Airports
Sun Valley Air Quality Sun Valley Air Quality 

Background Background

• Previous Projects Previous Projects

– Landfills Landfills– Chrome Plating Chrome Plating

– Schools Schools

• Current Project Current Project

– Community Community 

Concerns Concerns

– Concurrent with Concurrent with 

MATES III MATES III
MATES III MATES III

• Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study III Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study III

– Level of Toxics in the Basin Level of Toxics in the Basin

– 2 Year Study 2 Year Study– 10 Fixed Sites 10 Fixed Sites

– Microscale Sites Include Fernangeles School Microscale Sites Include Fernangeles School – S

Valley
Measurements Measurements

• Lead, Hexavalent Lead, Hexavalent 

Chromium, and Air Toxic Chromium, and Air Toxic Metals 

• Air Toxic Gases Air Toxic Gases• PM10 Mass and Carbon PM10 Mass and Carbon• Wind Speed and Direction Wind Speed and Direction• One year duration One year duration

– 24 hours samples 24 hours samples– Every 3rd day Every 3rd day

• Locations Locations

– Based on Community Based on Community 

Concerns Concerns
Sampling Locations Sampling Locations

Feb 2006

Burbank
PM10 Mass ( PM10 Mass (

μg/m

3

)

10/28/05 10/28/05 

– 6/25/06 6/25/06

Burbank

28

34

31
PM10 Mass ( PM10 Mass (

μg/m

3

)

8/23/05 8/23/05 

– 6/25/06 6/25/06

Burbank

35

35

34
PM10 Mass ( PM10 Mass (

μg/m

3

)

2/13/06 2/13/06 

– 6/25/06 6/25/06

Burbank

27

31

30
PM10 Mass ( PM10 Mass (

μg/m

3

)

8/23/05 8/23/05 

– 2/7/06

Burbank

40

37

37
Hexavalent Chromium (ng/m Hexavalent Chromium (ng/m

Averages over Various Time Pe

Averages over Various Time Pe

Burbank

0.14

0.13

0.17

0.07

0.50

0.08
LAUSD 

Maintenance 

Plating 

Facility

LA 

Stat

Hexavalent Chromium (ng/m Hexavalent Chromium (ng/m

June, July 2006 June, July 2006

0.17

0.51
Review of Hexavalent Chro

Review of Hexavalent Chro

Sources and Ambient Da

Sources and Ambient Da

• Ambient levels from MATES sites do not show e

Ambient levels from MATES sites do not show 

consistent variability to identify consistent variability to identify 

“hot spots hot spots

”

• Monitoring near fence Monitoring near fence

-line at known sources (m

line at known sources (m

plating) continues at several locations on a 1 plating) continues at several locations on a 1

-in

basis

• Concentrations of 1 ng/m Concentrations of 1 ng/m

3 Cr6

+ or higher consid

or higher consid

significant significant 

• Vast majority of samples show less than 1 ng/m Vast majority of samples show less than 1 ng/m• A few samples per year at active facilities conta

A few samples per year at active facilities conta

than 1 and 4 ng/m than 1 and 4 ng/m

3

• High measured levels followed up with enhance

High measured levels followed up with enhance

testing and inspection activities testing and inspection activities
Example: Chrome Plating Facil

02468

1012141618

Jul-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Dec-04

Feb-05

Mar-05

May-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Oct-05

D05

Date of Sample 

ng/m3 Cr6+