2

Table 1. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Brodifacoum

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

B0000-501-40 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a field 

area and collected for examination. The stomach 

contained a large pellet of muskrat hair and bone. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.30 ppm. 

I002991-001 1995 N/R Highly probable GA Field Owl (2)

Two owls were dead on consecutive days residing 

near a poultry house. One bird had a small focus 

of hemorrhage on the lateral aspect of the pectoral 

muscle. There was extensive hemorrhage into the 

lungs and surrounding anterior air sacs. The 

second bird had extensive hemorrhage surrounding 

the liver. Analyses of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.85 pm in one bird and 

0.75 ppm in the second. 

I003080-001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a 

residential area with an injury noted to its right 

wing and side. Intense subcutaneous hemorrhage 

was present over all aspects f the wing from the 

mid-homarus to almost the wrist. There was a 

trace of watery blood in the heart and large vessels. 

An analysis of the liver was detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.41 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected

I003082-001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a 

residential area. There was extensive hemorrhage 

found between the abdominal wall and the 

stomach and had the appearance of having 

occurred over a period of time. The stomach was 

packed with vole remains. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.53 ppm. 

I003089-001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential 

area and delivered to a wildlife pathology unit. A 
3

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

small amount of blood was present in the hart or 

large vessels. The stomach contained a grey 

squirrel mandible. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.46 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected

I003091-001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was first observed in a field 

hedgerow and reportedly flew into the woods, 

landed on the ground and died 2-3 hours later. A 

slight subcutaneous edema was noticeable over the 

breast and abdomen. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.73 ppm. The 

brain contained 3.1 ppm of the DDT metabolite 

DDE. It was determined the cause of death was 

due to brodifacoum poisoning. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I003092-001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead near a pond 

on a farm. The use of brodifacoum (product name 

HAVOC) was reported around the barns where a 

rat problem existed. The owl had subcutaneous 

hemorrhage present over much of the left foot. 

Almost no blood was found in the heart or major 

vessels. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.64 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I003093-001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found in a residential area. 

Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present 

over the breast, near the right shoulder, and 

between the knee and hock on the right leg. The 

stomach contained the remains of four shrews. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.23 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I003094-001 1995 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found in a debilitated 

condition at a residential address and died in the 

care of Volunteers for Wildlife the next day. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 
4

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

of 0.76 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I003211-001 1995 Registered 

use Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead on the grounds 

of a museum and initially submitted to Volunteers 

for Wildlife. Marked subcutaneous hemorrhage 

was found at the right elbow. Lesser hemorrhage 

was found above the right hock and along the 

lower right side of the abdomen. An analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.6 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I003349-001 1995 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and submitted 

for necropsy. Intense hemorrhage was present in 

the abdomen, principally within the ventral 

abdominal fat deposits. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.43 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected

I003351-033 1995 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Bobcat (1)

This report was one included with the Pesticide 

Investigations Unit record of wildlife incident 

involving pesticides for the 1994 and 1995 

Calendar Years. There was no other narrative 

information included in the report about this 

incident.

I003391-001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Fox (2), 

Raccoon (1)

Two foxes and one raccoon were found dead under 

a deck of a residential address. One fox showed 

hemorrhagic edema over the top right side of the 

head and lungs. The lungs of the second fox also 

had hemorrhagic areas. Stomach contents of the 

foxes had some ingested material of uncertain 

origin and a few deer hairs. The raccoon had 

some edema noted on the head and snout, a bruise 

over the scapulae in the back, and intermuscular 

hemorrhage present on the right side of the thorax. 

Irregular blue-green granules were found in the 

stomach of the raccoon. Analyses of the livers 

detected brodifacoum residues of .32 and 4.01 in 
5

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

the foxes, and 1.0 ppm in the raccoon. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I003400-001 1996 N/R Probable NY Field Raven (1)

A raven was found dead in a field area. 

Hemorrhage was resent on the medial aspect of 

both knees, in the neck muscle, on the skull cap, 

and on the left side of the cerebrum. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.4 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I003597-002 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a State 

Forest area. Severe hemorrhage was present in the 

fat located between the stomach and abdominal 

wall. Slight subcutaneous hemorrhage was found 

around the right hock and also in the lumen of the 

intestine at two sites. Brodifacoum residues were 

identified in the liver but the numerical amounts 

were not provided in this incident report. 

I003908-017 1994 Misuse 

(accidental) Highly probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk had been kept in a cage for 

rehabilitation and died when an attendant fed to it 

a dead rat which had been killed from brodifacoum 

poisoning. No confirmatory resides analysis was 

provided with the report.

I003908-023 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead at a 

residential address. Extensive subcutaneous 

hemorrhage was present along the lower right leg 

from the knee to the toes, especially around the 

hock, tarsometatarsus, and the lateral aspect of the 

tibia. Minor hemorrhages were present over the 

right breast, within the left pectoral muscle, at the 

lateral margin of the right-eye, and along the 

lateral aspect of the lower left leg. The alimentary 

canal had a trace of small mammal fur and bone 

and some dark viscous fluid in the cecae. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.1 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.
6

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I003908-024 1994 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and a liver 

analysis detected 1.6 ppm brodifacoum residues. 

The New York Department of Environmental 

Conservation judged brodifacoum to be the cause 

of death.

I003909-009 1995 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl died of poisoning by 

brodifacoum and bromodiolone but no quantitative 

information was provided in the report.

I003909-012 1996 N/R Probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was determined to have died as 

a result of consuming a rodent that had been 

poisoned by brodifacoum. There was no 

confirmatory reside analysis that was part of the 

report.

I004151-001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead by a hiker. A 

0.177 caliber pellet gun projectile was discovered 

in a dried accumulation of blood at the base of the 

three secondary feathers near the left wrist. Minor 

subcutaneous hemorrhage was present on the left 

side of the abdomen at the left knee and lateral to 

the posterior pelvis on the left side. A firm ball of 

small mammal fur was present in the stomach. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.65 

ppm.

I004152-001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found debilitated at a 

residential address and died later that evening. 

The lower right leg showed a hemorrhagic edema. 

The remains of a vole were present in the stomach. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.35 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 

I004169-073 1992 N/R Probable VA Field Goose (1)

Two muscovies and three domestic geese were 

brought to a livestock market. One of the geese 

was observed flapping its wings just prior to 

falling dead. The National Wildlife Health 
7

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

Research Center determined brodifacoum was 

responsible for the bird’s death. There was no 

confirmatory residue analysis provided in the 

incident report. 

I004169-083 1993 N/R Highly probable VA Residential Squirrel (1)

A man found four dead squirrels on his property 

and had one frozen for analysis. The Animal 

Health Diagnostic Laboratory at Michigan State 

University detected brodifacoum at a significant 

concentration although the exact concentration was 

not provided in the incident report. 

I004666-001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Golf Course Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found at a golf course and 

subsequently passed a large blood clot and died. It 

was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit for 

postmortem examination. Pieces of a white mouse 

were found in the upper alimentary canal. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.5 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I004770-001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found debilitated at a 

residential address and submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit where it died overnight. 

Subcutaneous and/or intramuscular hemorrhage 

was present in the right hind leg, at the left elbow, 

and the dorsal and right lateral aspects of the neck. 

The heart contained very pale, watery blood. A 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

although the exact concentrations were not 

provided in the incident report.

I004771-001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found in a debilitated state at a 

residential address and died less than an hour later. 

Sever hemorrhage was present within the right 

pectoral muscle and around the right shoulder. 

The gizzard contained a blue-green granular 

material appearing to be anticoagulant pesticide 

bait. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 
8

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

residues although the exact concentrations were 

not provided in the incident report. 

I004938-001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Field Eagle (1)

A Golden Eagle was found dead in a State Park 

area. The remains were later submitted to a 

wildlife pathology unit. The lungs appeared to be 

very congested and showed areas of hemorrhage. 

The stomach contained a small mass of hair 

resembling that from an opossum or raccoon. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.03 ppm.

I004938-003 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a wooded 

area. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was 

present all over the belly, posterior and right lateral 

aspects of the breast, right shoulder, and proximal 

right wing. The stomach contained one molar 

tooth from a grey squirrel and traces of hair and 

bone fragments. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.08 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I004993-017 1996 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Eagle (1)

The California Fish and Game listed brodifacoum 

as the highly probable cause for the death of this 

eagle. There was biological or biochemical 

evidence only with no ancillary information. 

Chemical residue analysis was not included with 

this report.

I005213-001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Raccoon (1)

A raccoon was found dead in the attic of a 

residential address. This raccoon was reportedly 

seen to be alive two days earlier. Subcutaneous 

and intramuscular hemorrhage was found on the 

left side of the thorax and in both hindlegs. The 

chambers of the heart were nearly devoid of blood. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.32 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.
9

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I006007-001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found standing in a 

small stream and taken to a rehabilitation center 

where it died later that day. A large hemorrhage 

was present in the musculature of the right thigh. 

The stomach contained small rodent hairs and 

bones. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.22 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I006306-001 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Industrial Raccoon (1)

A raccoon was observed sitting and shaking 

violently near the Occidental Chemical 

Corporation Headquarters near Niagara Falls, NY. 

A rat control program is reportedly being 

conducted in the area. The animal later died and 

was submitted for necropsy. The stomach, small 

intestine, and colon contained a bright blue 

material. Analysis of the stomach contents 

detected brodifacoum although the report did not 

specify concentrations.

I006306-002 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Residential

Raccoon (3), 

Red fox (1), 

Starling (1)

All animals were found dead on a lawn in at a 

residential address. The carcasses were released to 

the Wildlife Pathology Unit. All three raccoons 

had their lungs congested with blood and had plant 

matter in their intestinal tracts. The red fox also 

had blood congested lungs as well as plant matter 

and the remains of a passerine bird in its stomach. 

The starling had blood congested lungs and insect 

remains in the gizzard. Livers were sent out for 

analysis. At the time of the report, only one 

raccoon had brodifacoum indentified in the liver at 

3.1 ppm.

I006306-003 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Chipmunk 

(1)

A chipmunk was found dead at a residence and 

submitted for necropsy. Extensive subcutaneous 

hemorrhage was present around both eyes and on 

the top and left side of the head. Smaller 

subcutaneous hemorrhages were found on the legs 
10

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

and sides. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum resides of 3.5 ppm.

I006306-005 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A squirrel carcass was submitted for necropsy. 

Extensive hemorrhaging in the right hindquarters 

was indicated as well as blue green material in the 

colon. The report did not have any results of a 

liver analysis yet it was confirmed in the report 

that brodifacoum was the cause of death.

I006306-007 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

There were no details of a necropsy or liver 

analysis in the report yet it was determined that 

brodifacoum was the cause of death.

I006306-008 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

There was no narrative information included in the 

report regarding the necropsy, yet a liver analysis 

detected brodifacoum residues of 4.7 ppm.

I006306-009 1991 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

The animal was found dead at a residential address 

and submitted for necropsy. A large amount of 

bloody fluid was found in the abdomen without 

any sign of trauma. A few areas of hemorrhage 

into the lumen of the small intestine were 

observed. The lungs showed some areas of 

congestion. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.7 ppm. 

I006306-014 1989 N/R Possible NY Residential Owl (1)

A great horned owl was submitted for necropsy. 

There was subcutaneous hemorrhage along the 

lateral aspect of the left metatarsus. The skeletal 

muscle and viscera were pale and the spleen was 

enlarged. An analysis of the liver indicated 

brodifacoum concentrations of 0.01 ppm.

I006306-015 1989 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead at a 

residential address and had been observed to be 

alive in a tree a few hours earlier. Subcutaneous 

hemorrhage was resent over the abdomen and near 

the left shoulder. The lungs were congested with 

watery blood-tinged fluid. A analysis of the liver 
11

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.2 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I006306-025 1996 N/R Probable NY Residential Deer (1)

A deer was found dead under a house in a 

residential neighborhood and submitted for 

necropsy. A hemorrhagic edema was found on the 

left side of the head under the mandible. Small 

hemorrhages were noted above the left knee and 

over the posterior pelvis. Internally, the spleen 

was large and the lungs were moderately 

hemorrhagic. A liver analysis detected 

brodifacoum residues although the value was not 

available in the incident report.

I006306-031 1994 N/R Probable NY Residential Deer (1)

An adult female deer died in a residential area and 

was submitted for necropsy. Her lungs were 

congested with blood and hemorrhage was present 

in the upper alimentary cancel. The rumen was 

filled with mixed birdseed. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.38 ppm.

I006924-001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in the 

backyard of a residential address and arrived at a 

wildlife pathology unit for examination. The owl 

had extensive intra and intramuscular hemorrhage 

present. A analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.09 ppm. The DDT 

metabolite DDE was detected at 39.6 ppm, though 

the cause of death was determined to be from 

brodifacoum. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I006968-001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Skunk (1), 

Fox (1)

A skunk and grey fox were found dead adjacent to 

a Toxic Waste Site. The skunk and fox were 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit later that 

day. In the skunk, areas of hemorrhage were 

present in the lungs and in the small intestine. The 

stomach contained small mammal fur and small 

bird feather. In the fox, the lungs were 
12

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

hemorrhagic and bloody fluid was present in the 

thorax. Hemorrhage was also present in the 

musculature on the left side of the rub cage. The 

stomach contained a piece of small mammal skin 

with attached hair. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.3 ppm in the 

skunk and 0.02 in the fox. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 

I007107-004 1997 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Eagle (1)

This incident is one of the incidents reported in a 

consolidated incident report for the year 1997 by 

the Pesticide Investigation Unit of the California 

Department of Fish and Game. One golden eagle 

was reported dead by brodifacoum poisoning and 

no other details were reported. 

I007107-011 1997 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Coyote (1)

This incident is one of the incidents reported in a 

consolidated incident report for the year 1997 by 

the Pesticide Investigation Unit of the California 

Department of Fish and Game. One coyote was 

reported dead by brodifacoum poisoning and no 

other details were reported. 

I007107-013 1997 N/R Possible CA N/R Coyote (1)

This incident is one of the incidents reported in a 

consolidated incident report for the year 1997 by 

the Pesticide Investigation Unit of the California 

Department of Fish and Game. One coyote was 

reported dead by brodifacoum poisoning and no 

other details were reported. 

I007107-014 1997 N/R Possible CA N/R Coyote (1)

This report was one included with the Pesticide 

Investigations Unit record of wildlife incident 

involving pesticides for the 1997 Calendar Year. 

There was no other narrative information included 

in the report about this incident.

I007165-001 1997 Registered 

use Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1)

A coyote was found next to a creek and had been 

fitted with a radio collar incorporating mortality 

indicators for quick retrieval upon death. Free 
13

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

blood was present in the thoracic and abdominal 

cavities. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.054 ppm. 

I007165-002 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1)

A radio collared coyote with mortality indicators 

for quick retrieval was found dead in a streambed. 

Free blood was present in the thoracic and 

abdominal cavities. The lungs were congested and 

oozed blood when cut. An analysis of the liver 

detected trace residues of brodifacoum although 

the exact concentrations were not provided in this

incident report. 

I007165-003 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1)

A radio collared coyote with mortality indicators 

for quick retrieval was found dead in thick riparian 

vegetation. The animal’s home range covered both 

urban and parkland areas. Massive hematomas 

were observed on both hind legs. The stomach 

contained a large ball of hair mixed with small 

pieces of bone. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.083 ppm. 

I007284-001 1997 Registered 

use Highly probable CA Residential Fox (2)

Two feral foxes were recovered from ma 

residential address and sent to the Department of 

Fish and Game Pesticide Investigations Unit for 

necropsy and tissue analysis. The stomach contents 

of both animals consisted of feathers, small 

amounts of grain and rodent bones and hair. An 

analysis of the livers detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.05 ppm in one fox and based on the 

presence of free blood and congested organs in 

both foxes, brodifacoum was likely the cause of 

death.

I007285-001 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Mountain 

Lion (1)

A mountain lion was observed at a residential 

address drinking water from a swimming pool. 

The animal was observed dead the following day 

and submitted to an animal hospital. Acute 
14

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

hemorrhaging was present in the lungs and in the 

stomach. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.52 ppm.

I007286-001 1996 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Eagle (1)

A golden eagle was found dead and sent to the 

Department of Fish and Game Wildlife 

Investigations Laboratory for necropsy. The bird 

has numerous subcutaneous hematomas and free 

blood observed in the mouth. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.13 ppm.

I007599-002 1998 N/R Possible GA N/R Owl (2)

Two Great Horned Owls were found alive within a 

two weeks period. Both owls were sick when 

located and died the next day. The owls were later 

submitted for necropsy. The first owl had a 

moderate distention of the pericardial sac with 

serous fluid mixed with strands of yellowish, 

fibrinous material. The ventriculus contained a 

pellet of hairs and bone fragments. The second 

owl had a moderate amount of undigested material 

later upon analysis proving to be a chicken liver. 

An analysis of the livers detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.226 ppm and 0.099 ppm in the owls. 

I007615-004 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Coyote (1)

To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Zeneca reported 

that a carcass of a juvenile coyote was found in 

Augora Hills, CA. An examination by the 

California Department of Fish and Game found 

brodifacoum in the liver tissue at 0.28 ppm.

I007615-005 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Golf Course Bobcat (1)

To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Zeneca reported 

the death of an adult female bobcat that was found 

in a stream bed near a golf course. It had been 

fitted with a radio collar, indicating it had been 

dead for about 9 days. The stomach contents were 

very dark red-brown in color with mats of animal 

hair. A subsequent analysis by the state’s Fish 

and Wildlife’s Investigations Laboratory indicated 
15

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

brodifacoum was present in the liver at 0.049 ppm. 

I007821-001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead with a dead 

rat found next to the owl. The owl had 

hemorrhaging in the muscles near the left humerus, 

the left breast, and the bone of the synsacrum. In 

the lower thoracoabdominal cavity, there was 

hemorrhaging and a pool of poorly clotted blood. 

Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 

0.12 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I007821-003 1997 N/R Possible NY Field Eagle (1)

A golden eagle was found and submitted to a 

hospital for care where it died one week later. It 

was received by a wildlife pathology unit the same 

day. White lab mice were present in the lower

esophagus, proventriculus, and gizzard. Blood 

tinged serous fluid was present in the pericardium, 

the lungs were hemorrhagic, and the air sacs were 

cloudy. Analysis of tissues found 11 ppm of lead 

in the liver and 0.016 ppm brodifacoum. It was 

determined lead intoxication was the most likely 

cause of death with a probable contribution from 

brodifacoum. 

I008142-001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in the woods 

behind a house in a residential area and submitted 

to a wildlife pathology unit for analysis. An area 

of hemorrhage was present at the right tibiotarsaltarsometatarsal joint. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.56 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I008146-001 1998 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned owl was found dead in a field 

area. Analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.03 ppm, bromodiolone residues at 

0.77 ppm, and warfarin residues at 0.73 ppm. It 

was determined that higher concentrations of 

warfarin and bromodialone likely played more of a 
16

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

part in the eagle’s death but brodifacoum played 

some part. 

I008152-001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found in a residential area 

and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.04 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I008309-001 1998 N/R Probable CA Field Owl (1)

The California Department of Fish and Game 

recovered a dead great horned owl that was 

allegedly due to brodifacoum and diphacinone 

poisoning. Liver analysis did not find diphacinone 

residues but detected brodifacoum at 0.6 ppm. 

I008851-001 1999 N/R Possible NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found debilitated in a on the

side of a road in a residential area and died two 

days later. Extensive hemorrhage was present in 

the synsacrum and the left kidney. The hawk had 

regurgitated a mass of forming pellet that 

contained rodent parts. Brodifacoum was present 

in the liver a 0.69 ppm but there is also clear 

evidence of severe trauma possibly from being hit 

by a motor vehicle. Brodifacoum, to some extent, 

was an additional cause in the bird’s death

I008852-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (3)

Three squirrels had been observed drinking water 

and were later found dead in a backyard of a 

residence. The first squirrel had hemorrhages in 

the medial aspect of the left elbow, the anterior 

right thigh, and in the lung. Blue-green material 

was present in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. 

The second squirrel had hemorrhages in the ventral 

neck, the left side of the head, the medial and 

lateral aspect of the right hind leg, and in the left 

lung. The third squirrel had hemorrhages in the 

lateral aspect of the lower right hind leg, caudal 

and medial aspects of the left foreleg, thymus, and 

lungs. Liver analysis of the three squirrels ranged 
17

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

from 6.4 to.6.9 ppm brodifacoum. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I008900-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a wooded 

area and was submitted to a wildlife pathology 

unit. The stomach contained bloody fluid but no 

evidence of blood clots were found. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I008901-001 1999 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected 

for examination. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum at 0.23 ppm. An analysis of the brain 

enzymes detected oxychlordane at 2.5 ppm. It was 

determined the chlordane metabolite was the 

principal factor in the bird’s death but brodifacoum 

may have played a role. 

I008914-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found debilitated and died 

in transport to a wildlife pathology unit. An 

analysis of tissues showed brodifacoum residues at 

0.32 ppm and potentially lethal levels of chlordane 

in the brain. It was likely both contributed to 

death.

I009060-001 1998 Legal use Highly probable NY Field Eagle (1)

A golden eagle was found dead and subsequent 

tissue analysis detected brodifacoum in the liver at 

0.06 ppm, bromodiolone at 0.24 ppm, and 0.17 

ppm lead. It was determined that the brodifacoum 

and bromodiolone residues were the cause of the 

bird’s death

I009067-001 1999 Misuse 

(Intentional) Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in a residential 

area and the property owner claimed a neighbor 

was illegally killing small mammals around her 

residence. Hemorrhage was present in the 

musculature around the left humerus, and left and 

right femur. The stomach contained nut meats 

Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 
18

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

3.12 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I009068-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit after it was found dead in a 

residential area. The lungs were hemorrhagic as 

well as the abdominal cavity. The stomach 

contained what appeared to be chewed tree buds. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 6.3 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I009069-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Skunk (1)

A skunk was reportedly found in the yard of a 

residence. The skunk did not spray, and seemed to 

have limited movement. The skunk was 

euthanized at a wildlife pathology unit. Liver 

analysis detected brodifacoum resides at 1.05 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected

I009070-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Coyote (1)

A dead coyote was found at a residence wand 

received by a wildlife pathology unit a day later. 

The carcass had undergone moderate to severe 

autolysis. The lungs appeared hemorrhagic. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.93 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I009071-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A squirrel had been found shaking and seemed 

unable to move on its own. The squirrel later died 

necropsy showed a large hemorrhage in the wall of 

the abdominal cavity. The stomach contained

finely ground material with a greenish tint from 

vegetation and nut meats. A rabies test was 

negative but liver analysis detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.23 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

were detected. 

I009099-001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (2)

Two dead crows were found in the yard of a 

residential area. The crows were later received by 

a wildlife pathology unit for necropsy. Both crows 

had hemorrhagic lungs in and the gizzards 
19

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

contained yellowish-white granules. Pooled liver 

samples showed brodifacoum residues of 0.14 

ppm. 

I009102-001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Opossum (1)

An opossum was found dead at a residential 

address and was submitted to the NY Department 

of Environmental Conservation for examination. 

The stomach contained soil and earthworms. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.24 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009104-001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected 

for examination. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.08 ppm and 

bromodialone residues of 0.27 ppm. It was 

determined that both anticoagulants played a role 

in the bird’s death.

I009107-001 1999 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was dead in a driveway of a 

residential address and received by a wildlife 

pathology unit 4 days later. The stomach 

contained a forming pellet of small mammal hair. 

Hemorrhage into soft tissue and plumage was 

present. Chemical residue analysis showed the 

DDT metabolite DDE at high but not lethal levels 

as well as dieldrin present at 25 % of the lethal 

levels. Brodifacoum was also present at 0.036 

ppm. The primary cause of death was attributed to 

head trauma but brodifacoum and other pesticides 

could have played a role. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I009109-001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in a residential 

area and arrived in a frozen state to a wildlife 

pathology unit. Areas of hemorrhage were present 

around the anus, scrotum, and the hind legs. The 

stomach contained a black paste appearing to be 

hemolyzed blood exposed to stomach acid. The 
20

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

lungs were hemorrhagic. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.88 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I009112-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found debilitated at a 

residential address and was submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit a day later where it subsequently 

died. The hawk cast a pellet of fur and bones and 

among its recent meals were field voles. Severe 

blood loss signs were noted. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected.

I009114-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead near a 

partially eaten muskrat carcass. The right foot and 

pad had a small ulceration and the leg plumage 

was smeared with dried blood. A puncture wound 

was present between the eyes and the sinuses. The 

stomach contained a large pellet of muskrat hair 

and bone. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.30 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected

I009116-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in an urban area 

and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 2 weeks 

later. There was blood in the mouth and a 

hemorrhage in the matrix of the skull but no head 

fractures were present. A large amount of 

unclotted blood was present in the thoracoabdominal cavity. The hawk’s stomach contained 

the hair, bones, and teeth of a common rat. Liver 

analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.23 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I009120-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found at a residential 

address. The bird seemed dehydrated upon 

submission to Volunteers for Wildlife and died an 

hour before arrival. A large area of unclotted 
21

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

hemorrhage was present surrounding the right 

humerus and radius ulna area. A liver analysis 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.13 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected.

I009122-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A female owl was observed at her nest and three 

weeks later appeared lifeless. The owl was 

checked and found to be dead. The nest contained 

three eggs and four rats, one partially consumed. 

The owl and eggs were submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit. An area of hemorrhage was noted 

over the sternum and furculae. A liver analysis 

showed brodifacoum residues of 0.08. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I009124-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A dead long-eared owl was found in a residential 

area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 2 

weeks later. There was a hemorrhage present in 

the lungs and around the heart. Portions of a 

sparrow sized bird were found in the stomach. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.30 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009126-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and was later 

submitted to necropsy. There was a large 

hemorrhage over the ventral crop. A puncture 

wound was present over the medial aspect of the 

knee. A liver analysis showed brodifacoum 

residues of 1.26 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I009127-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was dead on a driveway of a 

residential address, submitted to Volunteers for 

Wildlife and received by a wildlife pathology unit 

a month later. The stomach contained a leaf, 

animal tissue, and a tendon. Liver analysis 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.80 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected
22

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I009267-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and the bird 

was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. A 

bloody, pasty like material was present around the 

vent. The stomach contained grayish hairs and a 

large area of hemorrhage was present in the ventral 

thoraco-abdominal wall. A liver analysis showed 

brodifacoum residues at 0.64 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I009268-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Fox (1)

A grey fox was found dead on the side of a road in 

a residential area and arrived at a wildlife 

pathology unit one day later. The lungs were 

hemorrhagic and a large quantity of bloody fluid 

was present in the thorax. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum resides of 0.35 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected.

I009269-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead at a residential 

address. This was the third dead squirrel found in 

two days. Fertilizer and insecticides had been used 

on the lawn recently. The squirrel was later 

received by a wildlife pathology unit. The heart 

appeared empty of blood and the lungs were 

hemorrhagic. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 2.4 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I009594-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in the backyard of 

a residence and submitted to a wildlife pathology 

unit one week later. In the previous couple of 

months, dead squirrels had been sighted in 

neighboring yards. Subcutaneous hemorrhaging 

was present around the left forearm and ribcage. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 2.4 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I009595-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead at the College of 
23

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

St. Rose in Albany. And submitted to wildlife 

pathology the same day. The thorax was filled 

with unclotted blood. Hemorrhage was present in 

the throat, under the mandibles, and on the right 

side of the head. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 2.1 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I009649-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was injured in the backyard 

of a residence. The bird died a day later and was 

necropsidied. There was no sign of trauma an 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.42 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I009713-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead at a residential 

address and later submitted to a wildlife pathology 

unit. The blood was poorly clotted and had a thick 

syrupy appearance. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.31 ppm. 

I009714-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in the 

backyard of a residence and necropsidied the next 

day. There was subcutaneous hemorrhage over the 

ventral abdomen. Extensive hemorrhage was 

present in the fatty tissue in the thoracoabdominal 

cavity. Two garter snakes were present in the 

stomach. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.14 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I009716-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in the 

driveway of a residential address. The bird was 

submitted to wildlife pathology units foe concerns 

of West Nile Virus. A large hemorrhage was 

present over the left anterolateral pectoral muscle 

and lateral aspect of the right tarsometatarsus. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.16 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.
24

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I009775-001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found dead in a residential area and 

received by a wildlife pathology unit 2 days later. 

There was initial concern of West Nile Virus. 

There was hemorrhage present into the pericardial 

sac and within the cardiac musculature. 

Hemorrhage was present in both lungs and around 

the right lobe of the liver. The test for West Nile 

was negative. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 1.67 pm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I009967-001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Field Weasel (1)

A long-tailed weasel was found in a field area and 

wasn’t walking normally, possibly having a 

problem with its front legs. It later died and was 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit the same 

day. There was hemorrhage throughout the lungs 

and in the abdominal cavity. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected. 

I009972-001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A sharp-shinned hawk was seen in a warehouse 

and could not fly out to avoid capture. The bird 

was found dead 3 days later. It was originally 

suspected to die from starvation. A small 

hemorrhage was presenting the superficial muscle 

of the left sternal region. The stomach contained a 

bloody paste. The intestines and kidneys were 

black with hemorrhage. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.17 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I010002-017 1999 N/R Highly probable CA Field Squirrel (8)

This incident was part of a 1999 report of the 

Pesticide Investigations Unit of the Department of 

Fish and Game in California. Eight fox squirrels 

were listed to have died from brodifacoum 

poisoning although no confirmatory chemical 

residue analysis was provided in the report. 
25

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I010002-026 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident was part of a 1999 report of the 

Pesticide Investigations Unit of the Department of 

Fish and Game in California. One Great Horned 

Owl was listed to have died from brodifacoum 

poisoning although no confirmatory chemical 

residue analysis was provided in the report. 

I010002-031 1999 N/R Highly probable CA Field Bobcat (1)

This incident was part of a 1999 report of the 

Pesticide Investigations Unit of the Department of 

Fish and Game in California. A bobcat was listed 

to have died from brodifacoum poisoning although 

no confirmatory chemical residue analysis was 

provided in the report. 

I010137-001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential 

area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 2 

days later over concerns of West Nile virus. No 

blood was present in the heart and an area of 

subcutaneous hemorrhage extended from the midsternum caudally over the abdomen and laterally 

down the left leg. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.94 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I010192-001 1999 Registered 

use Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead at a residential 

address. Scientific Exterminators were using bait 

station blocks at a nearby deli that were placed 

outside. The stomachs of both squirrels contained 

turquoise green material. Liver analyses on both 

squirrels detected brodifacoum residues of 0.25 

and 0.70 ppm. No other anticoagulants were 

detected.

I010255-001 2000 Misuse 

(intentional) Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead in a 

residential area and were submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit a day later. One squirrel had 

hemorrhages present in the ventral throat and 

medial aspect of the left hind leg. The second 
26

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

squirrel had small hemorrhages distributed over 

the shoulders and the lateral aspects of the 

abdomen. Brodifacoum residues in the liver were 

8.3 and 4.1 ppm.

I010382-001 1998 Misuse 

(intentional) Highly probable WI Residential Squirrel (5)

Five grey squirrels and 3 eastern chipmunks were 

found dead at a residence. The three chipmunks 

were submitted to Wildlife Health for analysis. 

Hemorrhage of most internal organs was evident, 

and stomachs were filled with white pasty 

material. An analysis of the pooled liver samples 

detected brodifacoum residues although no levels 

were provided in the report. 

I010383-001 1997 Misuse 

(intentional) Highly probable WI Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead in a 

residential area and necropsidied. Evidence of 

hemorrhaging of most internal organs was present 

and there abundant free blood in the abdominal 

body cavity. There was a bright blue-green 

pelleted compound present in the stomachs of two 

squirrels. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum 

residues although the value of the residues and the 

chemical reside analysis report was not provided 

with this incident report. 

I010384-001 1995 Misuse 

(intentional) Highly probable WI Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead in a 

residential area. Large blue waxy squares 

(resembling many over-the-counter type 

rodenticides) were found in the stomachs of the 

squirrels. A high quantitative amount of 

brodifacoum was detected in the livers but no 

chemical analysis report was provided in the 

incident report. 

I010385-001 1995 Misuse 

(intentional) Highly Probable WI Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was collected in a residential area 

where many squirrels have been dying recently, 

approximately 30 in a seven month span. A plastic 

dish filled with peanut butter and green pellets was 
27

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

found close to the dead squirrel indicating an 

intentional poisoning. Brodifacoum was detected 

in the peanut butter/pellet mixture at 3 ppm and in 

the liver of the squirrel at 1.8 ppm. The peanut 

butter-pellet mixture was not placed according to 

label directions. 

I010386-001 1998 N/R Highly probable WI Field Eagle (1)

A American Bald Eagle was found alive and taken 

to an animal hospital but died soon after being 

admitted. While alive, the eagles was observed to 

regurgitate rotten smelling meat and had difficulty 

standing or maintaining balance. Internal organs 

revealed hemorrhage and free blood was apparent 

in the body cavity. The crop was filled with small 

mammal muscle tissue, bones, and fur. A liver 

analysis detected brodifacoum residues although 

the value of the residues and the chemical reside 

analysis report was not provided with this incident 

report

I010387-001 2000 Registered 

use Highly probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead near a barn that 

used rat poison. Upon submission to Wildlife 

Health, it was found brodifacoum residues were 

present in the liver although the value of the 

residues and the chemical reside analysis report 

was not provided with this incident report

I010387-002 2000 N/R Probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and submitted 

to Wildlife Health for necropsy. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues and analysis of 

brain enzyme activity revealed significant 

cholinesterase depression. The carbamate 

insecticide carbofuran was detected in crop content 

and liver tissue. The cause of death was 

determined to be due to the activity of both 

chemicals. 

I010388-001 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (1) A red-tailed hawk was found in a field area by a 
28

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

woman on a hike. It was submitted to Wildlife 

Health for a diagnostic necropsy. Internal free 

blood was visible in the lower abdominal region. 

The upper intestinal tract was filled with hair, 

meat, and bones from a small rodent. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

although the value of the residues and the chemical 

reside analysis report was not provided with this 

incident report

I010701-001 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead on a residential 

lawn and submitted to Wildlife Health for 

necropsy. Subdural hemorrhage was present at the 

base of the skull. There was abundant free blood 

in the lower abdominal region. The crop was filled 

with hair, meat and bones from a small rodent. A 

liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 

0.003 ppm. 

I010701-002 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found ill in a residential 

area and died approximately 15 minutes prior to 

collection by a wildlife rehabilitator. Necropsy 

showed no evidence of physical trauma and the 

crop was filled with an unidentified meat/muscle. 

A liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 

0.02 ppm. 

I010701-003 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead on a residential 

lawn and submitted to Wildlife Health for 

necropsy. Physical trauma was evidenced by a 

massive subdural hemorrhage at the base of the 

skull. The crop was filled with hair and meat from 

a small mammal. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.009 ppm. 

I010701-004 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (2)

A red-tailed hawk and Cooper’s hawk were found 

dead within one day of each other on a farm and 

submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy. The 

red-tailed hawk had massive subdural and brain 
29

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

hemorrhage present. Crops of both hawks were 

filled with unidentified meat/muscle. Liver 

analysis of the pooled sample of both hawks 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm. 

I011005-001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) 

A Great Horned Owl was found dead hanging 

upside down in a tree on a residential property and 

was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. 

Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present 

in the left wing. A small hemorrhage was present 

in the neck and behind the head on the right side. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.09 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I011066-001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a park in 

Manhattan lying face down. The bird was 

necropsidied four days later. The stomach 

contained a pellet of small mammal hair and bone. 

A few hard pellet like concretions were present in 

the large intestine contents (4-5 mm in diameter, 

reddish, and fairly homogenous). An analysis of 

the live detected brodifacoum residues at 0.24 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I011068-001 2000 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential 

area and received by the county Health Department 

the same day for necropsy. Extensive 

hemorrhaging was present in the soft tissues along 

the full length of the left humerus. The stomach 

contained bile-stained feathers. An analysis of the 

live detected brodifacoum residues at 0.08 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected. 

I011274-001 1981 Registered 

use

Probable DC Zoo Unknown 

birds (12)

The registrant ICI conducted analyses that 

indentified brodifacoum residues in a dozen birds 

that allegedly died as a result of eating insects that 

had presumably fed on TALON bait placed inside 
30

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

bait boxes. No mention was made of the 

possibility that the birds had fed on rodents which 

would be the target species of the bait boxes now 

was there any confirmatory chemical residue 

analysis included in the incident report. 

I011299-001 2001 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A rd-tailed hawk was found dead and was 

submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy where it 

was found that brodifacoum residues at 0.04 ppm 

were present in the liver. 

I011299-002 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (2)

In a one month period of time, eight red-tailed 

hawks were found alive but ill when they were 

taken to a wildlife rehabilitation center and treated. 

Eventually, two died and necropsies showed 

evidence of massive subdural hemorrhage. Liver 

analysis showed brodifacoum residues of 0.008 

pm. 

I011299-003 2001 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and submitted 

to Wildlife Health for necropsy. Analysis showed 

there was no internal free blood and brodifacoum 

residues were at 0.02 ppm in the liver. 

I011299-004 2001 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and collected 

for examination. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum at 0.11 ppm. 

I011299-005 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and hanging 

from a tree limb. It was submitted to Wildlife 

Health where a internal lining hemorrhage was 

found in the lower intestinal tract. The crop was 

partially filled with hair, meat, and bones from a 

small rodent. Brodifacoum was found to be in the 

liver at 0.014 ppm. 

I011299-006 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a field area. 

It was submitted to Wildlife Health where its 

internal organs were filled with blood. The crop 

was partially filled with unidentified meat and 
31

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

muscle. Brodifacoum was found in the liver tissue 

at 0.04 ppm.

I011303-001 1987 Legal use Highly probable CO Zoo Various bird 

species (5)

Brodifacoum in the form on TALON WEATHER 

BLOK was used at a zoo. Two Franklin’s gulls, 

one laughing gull, one plover, and one unknown 

bird were observed dead or dying at the site. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 1.5 ppm and 1.6 pm for the Franklin’s gulls, 1.6 

ppm for the laughing gull, 0.8 ppm for the plover, 

and 0.5 ppm for the unknown bird. 

I011429-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s hawk was found dead in a residential 

area and necropsied later that day. There was a 

massive subcutaneous hemorrhage along the left 

lateral breast musculature and over the right 

scapula. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum 

residues at 0.18 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I011517-001 2000 N/R Possible NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential 

area and later received by the Wildlife Pathology 

Unit. The hawk's sternum was fractured and the 

thoracoabdominal cavity contained a large quantity 

of largely unclotted blood. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.32 ppm. The 

ultimate diagnosis was blunt impact trauma but it 

was determined that the health of this bird was 

severely threatened by brodifacoum. 

I011539-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American crow was found dead in a residential 

area and was later received by the Wildlife 

Pathology Unit. The crow had hemorrhaging 

along the right atrial area. The lungs were filled 

with bloody fluid and the blood in the heart was 

poorly clotted. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.4 ppm. 

I011540-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red-tailed hawk was found dead at the New 
32

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

York State Department of Environmental 

Conservation’s Five Rivers Environmental 

Education Center and necropsied a day later. The 

heart chambers were largely devoid of blood and 

the ventriculus contained a recently ingested short 

tailed shrew. Brodifacoum residues of 0.03 ppm 

were detected in the liver. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I011541-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American crow was found dead at Albany 

Medical Center and submitted to a Wildlife 

Pathology Unit the same day. Chemical residue 

analysis showed brodifacoum at 0.45 pm in the 

liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011587-001 2000 N/R Unlikely NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in a residential 

area and submitted to pathology for necropsy the 

next day. There were hemorrhages in the lungs 

and air sacs. The ventriculus contained small 

mammal hair. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum 

residues of 0.21 pm. The test for West Nile Virus 

was positive and therefore was determined to be 

the primary cause of death. 

I011588-001 2000 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found emaciated weak and 

had dilated pupils. The owl died the same day and 

was submitted to Volunteers for Wildlife. Liver 

analysis showed 0.37 pm brodifacoum and 0.4 

ppm of bromadiolone.

I011589-001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found dead in a residential area and 

submitted to pathology a day later. A very large 

area of subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over 

the dorsal aspect of a femur. Liver analysis 

showed brodifacoum residues at 1.0 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I011590-001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) A crow was found dead in a residential area and 

received for necropsy the same day. There was 
33

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

extensive hemorrhaging in the musculature of the 

right lower leg. Hemorrhaging was also present in 

the lower left leg. Liver analysis showed 

brodifacoum residues of 1.2 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I011592-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Field 

(forest) Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found alive in the woods 

in a weak state. The owl died shortly thereafter 

and was necropsied a day later. An analysis of the 

liver showed brodifacoum residues at 0.49 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected. 

I011608-001 2000 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Owl (1)

A dead horned owl was found at Chaparall School 

in Claremont CA. It was given to the president of 

the Pomona Valley Audubon Society, Dan 

Guthrie, who examined the bird but found no 

broken bones. Analysis later showed the presence 

of brodifacoum.

I011608-002 2000 N/R Probable CA Residential Hawk (2)

Two Cooper’s hawks were found dead at the 

Botanic Garden at Harvey Mudd College in 

Claremont, CA. One bird was determined to be 

dead from starvation while the other had suffered a 

massive hemorrhage.

I011608-003 2000 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found dying at Scripps 

College in Claremont, CA and later died that night. 

Necropsy showed that the bird had died of 

brodifacoum toxicosis.

I011613-001 2001 N/R Possible NY Residential Vulture (1)

A turkey vulture was found on the ground standing 

motionless. It was found dead two days later and 

picked up to be submitted to pathology. A

preliminary diagnosis was made of lead poisoning 

although liver analysis showed brodifacoum 

resides of 0.26 ppm. The bird appeared to be 

weakened by lead intoxication and brodifacoum 

was thought to contribute to the mortality.

I011614-001 2000 N/R Probable NY Residential Crow (1) A juvenile American crow was found dead in a 
34

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

residential area and submitted to pathology. There 

were massive hemorrhages in both lungs and a 

hemorrhage in the calvarium. The ventriculus 

contained cucumber-like seeds and flesh. Analysis 

showed brodifacoum resides at 0.08 ppm in the 

liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011650-001 2000 N/R Possible NY N/R Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected 

for examination. An analysis of tissues for 

organochlorine pesticides in the brain detected 

oxychlordane at 3.0 ppm, the DDT metabolite 

DDE at 31 ppm, dieldrin at 3.9 ppm and chlordane 

at 0.36 ppm. An analysis of the liver also detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.05 ppm. It was 

determined that brodifacoum contributed to the 

death of the owl. 

I011651-001 2000 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected 

for examination. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum at 0.15 ppm and bromodialone at 

0.32 ppm. 

I011871-001 2000 N/R Possible NY Residential Owl (1)

A screech owl was found at taken for rehabilitation 

when it was found to fly weakly and have dark 

droppings. The owl died during rehabilitation and 

was submitted to pathology. The stomach of the 

owl contained white fur from lab mice. 

Brodifacoum was present at 0.16 ppm in the liver. 

No other anticoagulants detected.

I011872-001 2000 N/R Possible NY Residential Raccoon (1)

An adult male raccoon was submitted by a park 

ranger after being found in Manhattan. There was 

a massive hemorrhage in the thoracic cavity and 

the lungs were hemorrhagic. Chemical residue 

analysis showed brodifacoum resides of 0.14 ppm 

in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011873-001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red-tailed hawk was found dead and necropsy 

showed extensive hemorrhaging in the right lower 
35

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

leg. An analysis of the liver show brodifacoum 

concentrations at 0.38 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I012054-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead and sent to 

pathology where a massive hemorrhage was 

present over the abdomen. The lungs were also 

hemorrhagic and unclotted blood was present in 

the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Liver analysis 

confirmed brodifacoum residues at 0.35 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected.

I012055-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found dead and sent to pathology 

where severe hemorrhaging over the ventral left 

abdominal region and extending down the left leg. 

Hemorrhaging was also present in the kidneys and 

liver analysis showed brodifacoum concentrations 

at 1.3 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I012056-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American crow was found and the carcass sent 

to pathology. An area of hemorrhage was present 

over the right rib cage and the blood was poorly 

clotted in the heart. An analysis of the liver 

showed brodifacoum concentrations to be at 0.52 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I012057-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found dead and submitted to 

pathology. A large amount of blood was present in 

the mouth and the lungs were hemorrhaged. 

Chemical residue analysis showed brodifacoum in 

the liver at 0.35 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected

I012398-006 2001 N/R Highly probable WI N/R Hawk (11)

T comply with 6(a)2 requirements, Syngenta 

reported the deaths of 11 hawks (Cooper’s and 

Red-tailed) in Appleton, WI. The livers of the 

hawks were analyzed for OP pesticides and 

brodifacoum. Brodifacoum was detected in all 

livers at concentrations ranging from 0.019 – 0.12 
36

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

pm. 

I012421-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American Crow was found dead and collected 

for examination. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 1.5 ppm. 

I012428-001 2001 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead that was one of 

eight found in the area during a two month period. 

There were extensive subcutaneous hemorrhages 

around both hind legs. Brodifacoum residues were 

found to be at 2.64 ppm and no other 

anticoagulants were detected.

I012429-001 2001 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A barred owl was found dead with the lungs 

hemorrhagic. An analysis of the liver showed 

brodifacoum residues at 0.04 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I012430-001 2001 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found dead along a 

highway and submitted for pathology. 

Subcutaneous hemorrhaging was found in the 

distal left tibiotarsus. Brodifacoum residues were 

present in the liver at 0.84 ppm and no other 

anticoagulants were detected.

I012430-001 2001 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found dead along a 

highway and submitted for pathology. 

Subcutaneous hemorrhaging was found in the 

distal left tibiotarsus. Brodifacoum residues were 

present in the liver at 0.84 ppm and no other 

anticoagulants were detected.

I012431-001 2001 N/R Probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American crow was found dead in a residential 

area and received by a pathology unit 10 days 

later. A massive hemorrhage had occurred in the 

thoraco-abdominal cavity and lungs. The 

ventriculus contained small mammal hair. 

Brodifacoum residues were found in the liver at 

0.07 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I012440-001 2001 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (3) Three grey squirrels were found dead and picked 
37

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

up by the County Department of Health to be 

submitted for pathology. All showed 

subcutaneous hemorrhage and a moderate volume 

of unclothed blood. Turquoise-green ground grain 

material was found in the mouth of the first 

squirrel and the stomach of the third squirrel. 

Liver residues analysis showed 5.5 ppm 

brodifacoum in 2 squirrels and 1.03 ppm in the 

third. No other anticoagulants detected

I012501-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American Crow was found at a residential 

property and submitted for pathology. The lungs 

were hemorrhagic and the liver showed 

brodifacoum concentrations of 1.9 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I012540-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1)

A great Horned Owl was found dead and received 

by a pathology unit one week later. Hemorrhage 

was present in the pericardial sac. The liver 

analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.24 ppm

but high levels of chlordane and DDT metabolites 

were also located in the brain. The bird may have 

become weakened due to brodifacoum poisoning 

and was later affected by the action of chlordane 

and DDT.

I012541-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An adult crow was found dead and was found to 

have heavy hemorrhaging in the lungs. Chemical 

residues analysis confirmed brodifacoum 

concentrations of 0.71 ppm in the liver. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I012660-001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead on the 

east side of Central Park, Manhattan at 72nd street. 

A large hemorrhage was present over the 

ventrocaudal ventriculus and also in and around 

the developing ova. The ventriculus contained 

several small balls of small mammal hair. 
38

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

Brodifacoum concentrations were present ay 0.91 

ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I012662-001 1993 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (2)

Two gray squirrels were found dead in the front 

yard of a home with a third at the same location a 

week and a half later. Lung hemorrhages were 

found and liver residues analysis showed 

brodifacoum concentrations of 5.1 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I012816-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead (second in a week 

at same location). The bladder was hemorrhagic, 

and bloody fluid was present in the thorax. The 

stomach contained a finely ground brown material. 

The liver contained 3.45 ppm brodifacoum and no 

other anticoagulants were detected.

I012944-001 2002 Misuse 

(intentional) Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead and was reported 

by the person who found it that it was the third 

dead squirrel in that location for the last two 

weeks. This might be a pattern of intentional 

killings. Brodifacoum is used as a mouse and rat 

poison and sometimes illegally for squirrels. The 

stomach of the squirrel contained moderate volume 

of well ground white/tan nutmeats. An analysis of 

the liver showed brodifacoum resides of 0.82 ppm.

I012945-001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found dead and submitted 

for pathology. A puncture wound was on one tow 

and dried blood was matted on the nearby 

plumage. There were several hemorrhages and a 

trace of watery blood in the heart. Chemical 

analysis confirmed brodifacoum residues in the 

liver at 0.82 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I012969-001 2001 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk that habitually perched in a 

bridge treated for control of pigeons with Avitrol®

was found dead. An exam showed the bird was 
39

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

emaciated and had not consumed anything for 

some time. No residue analysis to confirm.

I012969-005 2001 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (2), 

Hawk (1)

This incident was reported as part of the California 

Department of Fish and Game incident reports for 

2001 which concerned two great horned owls and 

one Cooper’s hawk. Brodifacoum was considered 

to be the cause of death although no confirmatory 

residue analysis was included in the incident 

report.

I012970-007 2000 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Coyote (1)

This incident was reported as part of the California 

Department of Fish and Game incident reports in 

which a coyote was found dead. The 

anticoagulants brodifacoum and bromadiolone 

were considered to be the cause of death although 

no confirmatory residue analysis was included in 

the incident report.

I01310-010 1995 N/R Probable NY N/R Deer (1)

This incident is part of the New York Department 

of Environmental Conservation Contaminant 

Exposure and Effects Database Report from 2002. 

A white-tailed deer was found to have 

brodifacoum residues of 0.37 ppm and racumin 

residues at 0.5 ppm in its liver.

I013117-001 2002 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American Crow was found in the side yard of 

the property owner and submitted for pathology. 

Clotted blood was present in the lumen. The liver 

contained 1.73 ppm of brodifacoum. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I013182-001 2002 Registered 

use Highly probable CA Island

10 species of 

migratory 

birds

Brodifacoum had been distributed by federal 

agencies for use on Anacapa Island to kill invasive 

black rats. An unintended consequence was the 

secondary poisoning of migratory birds of at least 

10 species. There was no confirmatory chemical 

residue analysis included in the report. 

I013182-001 2002 Registered Highly probable CA Island 10 species of Brodifacoum had been distributed by federal 
40

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

use migratory 

birds

agencies for use on Anacapa Island to kill invasive 

black rats. An unintended consequence was the 

secondary poisoning of migratory birds of at least 

10 species. There was no confirmatory chemical 

residue analysis included in the report. 

I013245-001 2001 N/R Possible CA Field Bobcat (1)

A bobcat that was part of a radio-telemetry study 

being conducted by the National Park Service was 

recovered in the vicinity of the Santa Monica 

Mountains National Recreation Area. Blood was 

present in the nose and mouth. A sub-cutaneous

hematoma was observed on the upper inside of the 

left front leg. There was a penetrating hole in the 

skull above the foramen magnum that passed into 

the brain case and significant bruising around the 

base of the skull. The abdominal cavity contained 

significant amounts of free blood. The stomach 

contained remains that were mammalian in origin. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 

0.024 ppm. The ultimate determination was the 

bobcat was ht by a vehicle although exposure to 

brodifacoum was also evident.

I013622-001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s hawk was found dead and had 

extensive hemorrhaging over the ventral abdomen 

and down the left leg. The intestines were stained 

with blood. Brodifacoum was the only 

anticoagulant found which had resides of 0.37 ppm 

in the liver.

I013798-039 1996 N/R Probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A Red-Tailed Hawk was identified as having 

brodifacoum resides of 0.5 ppm in the liver. This 

incident was reported in the Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases, April, 1999, Vol. 35, No.2.

I013798-043 1997 N/R Probable NY N/R Crow (1)

A Common Crow was found dead and having 1.34 

ppm brodifacoum in the liver. This incident was 

reported in the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, April, 
41

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

1999, Vol. 35, No.2.

I013798-052 1997 N/R Probable NY N/R Deer (1)

A White-Tailed Deer was found dead with 

brodifacoum resides at 0.16 ppm in its liver. This 

incident was reported in the Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases, April, 1999, Vol. 35, No.2.

I013810-001 1994 N/R Probable NY N/R Deer (1)

This incident is part of the New York Department 

of Environmental Conservation Contaminant 

Exposure and Effects Database Report from 2002. 

A white-tailed deer was found to have 

brodifacoum residues of 0.38 ppm in its liver.

I013810-015 1996 N/R Probable NY N/R Deer (1)

This incident is part of the New York Department 

of Environmental Conservation Contaminant 

Exposure and Effects Database Report from 2002. 

A white-tailed deer was found to have 

brodifacoum residues of 0.12 ppm in its liver.

I014694-001 2000 N/R Probable CA N/R Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and sent to a 

pesticide laboratory unit for necropsy and tissue 

analysis. The liver contained brodifacoum 

residues at 0.12 ppm

I014717-001 2003 N/R Probable GA State Park Hawk (1), 

Owl (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found to be lethargic and 

was rehydrated with an improved appetite yet died 

6 days later. The barn owl was found to be 

lethargic with fluffed feathers and was found dead 

upon arrival at a care facility. The crop in the 

hawk had a moderate amount of white fur. 

Extensive hemorrhaging in both birds was found 

and brodifacoum residues were present in the liver 

(7 ppb in the hawk and 77 ppb in the owl). There 

was no known use of brodifacoum to control 

rodents in the park.

I014841-001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Vulture (1)

A black vulture was found dead with 

hemorrhaging present in the vicinity of the kidneys 

and in both lungs. The crop contained some 

unidentified flesh, fat, and bone, and some white 
42

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

tailed deer hair was noted in the stomach. 

Chemical analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 

0.13 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I014843-001 2002 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A red-shouldered hawk was found dead and 

collected for examination. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.23 ppm. 

I014843-001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-shouldered hawk was found dead with a 

large volume of semi-clotted blood present in the 

body cavity. An analysis showed 0.23 ppm 

brodifacoum present in the liver. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I014884-001 2002 N/R Possible CA N/R Fox (1)

This incident was reported with the California 

Department of Fish and Game report of incidents 

for calendar years 2002 and 2003. A San Joaquin 

kit fox was analyzed and one was found to have 

brodifacoum in its system although there is no 

concentration of residue provided in the report.

I014884-002 2002 N/R Possible CA N/R Fox (2)

These incidents were reported with the California 

Department of Fish and Game report of incidents 

for calendar years 2002 and 2003. Two San 

Joaquin kit foxes were analyzed and one was 

found to have brodifacoum in its system although 

there is no concentration of residue provided in the 

report.

I014884-012 2002 N/R Probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident was included in the California 

Department of Fish and Game report of fish and 

wildlife incidents involving pesticides for calendar 

years 2002 and 2003. A barn owl was identified as 

having brodifacoum resides in its system although 

no confirmatory residue analysis was provided.

I014886-001 2003 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Pigeon (1)

A rock pigeon was found dead and collected for 

examination. There was no confirmatory residue 

analysis included in the incident report and it was
43

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

determined rodenticide poisoning from 

diphacinone and brodifacoum was the cause of the 

pigeon’s death. 

I014887-001 2002 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Owl (1)

An adult female Barn Owl was recovered from the 

yard of a residence in Sacramento by the property 

owner. The bird had a mate and had been 

observed roosting at the residence for a period of 

time before the recovery. There was a massive 

subcutaneous hemorrhage on the left ventral 

portion of the keel. The ventriculus contained a 

few unidentified mammal hairs. Analysis 

confirmed brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm in

liver. 

I014891-001 2002 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Vulture (1)

A black vulture was found dead and collected for 

examination. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues ay 0.13 ppm. 

I014892-001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in the 

backyard of a home with hemorrhaging present in 

the left leg and brodifacoum residues at 0.6 ppm 

detected in the liver. The stomach contained some 

unidentified insect fragments and hair. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I014894-001 2002 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found on the ground at a 

residence and turned over to Volunteers for 

Wildlife. The bird died the same day it as 

submitted with hemorrhaging present in the 

caudoventral abdomen. The stomach contained a 

trace of unidentified hair. Brodifacoum residues 

were detected at 0.57 ppm in the liver. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I015034-001 2002 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead east of a farm 

and later submitted for necropsy. Blood was 

present in the mouth, nares, and lumen of the 

trachea. Hemorrhaging was present over the right 
44

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

lateral abdomen and in the lungs. The stomach 

contained a small wad of unidentified hair and the 

intestine contents were dark colored. Liver 

analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.4 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015035-001 2002 N/R Highly Probable NY Field Owl (1)

An adult female Great Horned Owl was found 

dead with brodifacoum residues detected in the 

liver at 0.44 ppm. There were large areas of 

subcutaneous hemorrhage present over much of 

the right leg and smaller areas present along the 

right ventrolateral neck and ventral left pectoral 

muscle. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015048-001 2003 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An adult Eastern Screech Owl was found on the 

ground, un-alert, and unable to stand. The bird 

died the next day with liver concentrations of 

brodifacoum detected at 0.3 ppm. There was 

extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage over the left 

leg and unidentified small mammal hair and bones 

in the stomach. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015049-001 2004 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

An adult red-tailed hawk was found dead with 

brodifacoum residues detected at 0.5 ppm in the 

liver. Hemorrhaging found around left hip and 

lower right leg. The crop contained one freshly 

ingested short tailed shrew. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I015050-001 2003 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1)

An adult female Cooper’s Hawk was found dead 

with brodifacoum liver concentrations at 0.28 ppm. 

Hemorrhaging detected over right medial thigh. 

No other anticoagulants detected.

I015051-001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An adult male great horned owl was observed in a 

lethargic state three days before its death. There 

was a small area of hemorrhage in the lower left 

pectoral muscle. Brodifacoum was detected at 

0.026 ppm in the liver. Internal hemorrhaging 
45

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

noted and no other anticoagulants detected.

I015090-001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Kestrel / 

Falcon (1)

Hemorrhage extended over the ventral breast and 

down the subcutaneous tissues of the right leg. 

The stomach contained a small amount of sandlike grit. A few of there small granules were 

present in the small intestine. Brodifacoum 

residues found at 0.29 ppm in liver of one adult 

kestrel. No other anticoagulants found in analysis.

I015326-005 2001 N/R Probable NY N/R Squirrel (8)

These incidents were from the USGS Report of the 

National Wildlife Health Center dated in 2001 that 

stated 8 grey squirrels were killed by brodifacoum 

exposure. No confirmatory chemical residue 

analysis was included with the report. 

I015466-001 2004 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in a 

residential area and collected for examination. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.63 ppm. 

I015731-001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A dead squirrel was found in a residential area and 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. 

Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present around the 

left foreleg and over the dorsal pelvis. The thorax 

was filled with unclotted blood. The stomach 

contained a small volume of tan-green material. 

Analysis of the liver showed brodifacoum residues 

of 0.81 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015734-001 2004 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1) 

A screech owl was found dead in a barn and a 

hemorrhage was noted over the left side of the 

thorax and lateral aspect of the left thigh. 

Hemorrhage was also present in the left lung. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.037 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015736-001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow reportedly fell out of a tree at a residential 

address and was subsequently euthanized. A 

necropsy showed blood was In the mouth and poor 
46

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

clotted blood was present in the body cavity. The 

lungs were extremely congested with blood. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.17 pm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015737-001 2003 N/R Possible NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential 

area. Necropsy showed a hemorrhage in both 

lungs. The stomach contained half of a red-bellied 

snake and some unidentified hair. Chemical 

residue analysis detected brodifacoum levels at 

0.01 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 

I015738-001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead at a residential 

address. Necropsy showed a massive 

subcutaneous hemorrhage over the dorsal and left 

lateral aspects of the thorax. Chemical residue 

analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.65 ppm 

in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015739-001 2003 N/R Possible NY Residential Owl (1)

A long-eared owl was found in a residential area 

by an urban park ranger in Manhattan. Small areas 

of subcutaneous hemorrhage were found over the 

left dorsal aspect of the synascrum and the right 

occipital aspect of the skull. Hemorrhaging was 

also noted in the right lung. Liver analysis showed 

brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm in the liver. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I015740-001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead at a 

residential address. The subcutaneous tissues over 

the ventral abdomen and left leg were 

hemorrhagic. The stomach contained a small wad 

of small mammal hair. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.74 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I015741-001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red-tailed hawk was found dead an submitted to 

Westchester County Department of Health. The 
47

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

stomach contained hair, bone, and claws of gray 

squirrel origin. Liver analysis showed detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I015742-001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

The New York State Department of Environmental 

Conservation reported the case of a grey squirrel 

that was found dead on a read in a residential area. 

It died within an hour and was the third squirrel 

found dead in a 3 week period. The stomach 

contained a small volume of brown and white 

matter of unknown origin. Its lungs were filled 

with blood and brodifacoum was detected in the 

liver at 1.95 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 

I015743-001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential 

area. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was 

present over the scapulae, left breast, ventral 

abdomen, and along the lower right leg. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.29 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015744-001 2003 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in a barn 

in an agricultural area. The stomach contained a 

dark paste tinged with blood and/or bile. Analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.035 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015962-001 2005 N/R Probable NY Residential Fox (1)

A juvenile red fox was found dead in a residential 

area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. 

The lungs were found to be hemorrhagic and the 

stomach contained hair, soil, maggots, half of a 

meadow vole, and the tongue from a small cat. 

Analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum resides 

of 0.34 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015966-001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Screech Owl was found dead in a residential 

area. An analysis f the liver detected brodifacoum 
48

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

residues at 0.63 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 

I015983-001 2002 N/R Possible NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in a residential 

area and submitted for necropsy. Hemorrhage was 

present In the sternal musculature, coelomic cavity 

and in the calvarium. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I015989-001 2003 N/R Probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in the Bronx 

Botanical Garden and submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit. The gizzard was empty but 

contained bloody mucus. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I016044-001 2005 N/R Probable NY Residential Opossum (1)

An adult opossum was found dead in a residential 

area and received by a wildlife pathology unit two 

days later. Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present 

over the ventral thorax and abdomen. There was a 

large amount of bloody fluid in the thorax and the 

lungs were hemorrhagic. The stomach contained 

pet kibble and water. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. 

I016047-001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Opossum (1)

An adult opossum was found dead in a residential 

area. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhagic edema 

was present over the left ventrolateral aspect of the 

abdomen. The heart blood was partially clotted and 

the stomach contained a small amount of opossum 

hair. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.03 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I016049-001 2002 N/R Probable NY Urban Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in an urban area 

and necropsied the same day. Subcutaneous and 

intermuscular hemorrhages surrounded the area of 

the left hip in the tibia, fibula, and the right 

forearm. The heart blood was partially clotted. 
49

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

The stomach contents appeared to be well chewed 

nut meats. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum resides of 1.94 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I016051-001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Rabbit (1), 

Robin (2)

One cottontail rabbit and two juvenile robins were 

found dead in a residential area. Extensive 

subcutaneous hemorrhage was found over the 

hindquarters of the rabbit. Post-mortem evaluation 

of the two robins was complicated by 

decomposition and maggots. A tentative diagnosis 

of trauma was made. A liver analysis of the rabbit 

showed brodifacoum resides of 0.4 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I016052-001 2005 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was observed flying and 

building a nest with her mate and was found dead a 

day later under a tree. Necropsy showed extensive 

hemorrhage present over the ventral abdomen and 

caudal breast. Large clotted hemorrhages were 

present on either side of the heart and in the lower 

portion of the thoraco-abdominal cavity. The 

ventriculus contained a small volume of feathers 

and bile. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum resides of 0.15 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I016054-001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential 

area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 4 

days later. Blood was present in the mouth and the 

lungs were hemorrhagic. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at .07 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I016055-001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential 

area. Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present 

between the skin and musculature of the right 

cranial mid-tibiotarsus. A small volume of watery 
50

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

blood was present in the heart. The ventriculus 

contained a small wad of hair and bile. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.08 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I016066-001 2004 Registered 

use Highly probable CA Field Mountain 

lion (2)

Two adult mountain lions were found in the Simi 

Hills area near Los Angeles. These animals were 

being radio-tracked by a National Park Survey. 

They were two of four mountain lions known to be 

in the area. Necropsy of the animals found severe 

hemorrhages in the thoracic, pericardial, and 

abdominal cavities of one of the lions. In one lion, 

bromadiolone and brodifacoum were measured in 

the liver at 1.27 and 0.57 ppm, respectively. In the 

second lion, bromadiolone and brodifacoum was 

measured in the live rat 0.51 and 0.31 ppm, 

respectively. Park Service officials suspect that 

the mountain lions ingested the poison by eating 

coyotes that had eaten poisoned rodents. 

I016097-001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great-Horned Owl was found dead in a 

residential area and received for necropsy a month 

later. Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over 

the left ventral abdomen and a large volume of 

blood was present. The ventriculus contained a 

trace of feathers. Liver analysis detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.22 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I016100-001

1999 

to 

2003

N/R Probable CA Residential Fox (27)

A study conducted in California from 1999 to 2003 

gave results on the prevalence of San Joaquin Kit 

fox deaths. Kit foxes were trapped with and then 

equipped with transponders by which their 

movements and ultimately their carcasses could be 

traced. Necropsies provided evidence of causes of 

deaths and it was found that brodifacoum residues 

were found in 27 of the cases.
51

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I016103-001 1980 Registered 

use

Probable PA Zoo Various avian 

species (16)

A pest management program began at the 

Philadelphia Zoo in 1980. Brodifacoum as the 

product Talon was tested at the Bird House of the 

zoo. Bait stations were monitored daily to insure 

Talon was not dragged out of bait stations where it 

would be available to birds. Within a month, a 

pair of avocets had died and within the next few 

weeks, 14 more birds of various species had died. 

Chemical analysis showed the presence of 

brodifacoum in all of the dead birds

I016645-001 2005 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1)

An owl was found dead and received by the 

California Animal Health and Food Safety 

Laboratory. Extensive focal chronic hemorrhage 

was present in the left breast muscle and 

thoracoabdominal cavity. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.01 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants that were part of the screen 

(warfarin, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, 

diphacinone, and difethialone) were detected. 

I017458-001 2005 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in a residential 

area and submitted for necropsy. Hemorrhages in 

the muscles and intestines were observed and an 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 1.16 ppm and bromadiolone residues of 2.1 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I017459-001 2005 N/R Highly Probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A broad-winged hawk was found dead and 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit for 

necropsy. Blood was present in the mouth and 

esophagus and hemorrhage was present in the 

sternal musculature. There was little to no blood 

in the heart and little in the lungs. The gizzard 

contained insect fragments and one nematode. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.87 ppm.
52

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I017460-001 2006 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Crow (1)

An American crow was found dead and submitted 

to the Wildlife Pathology Unit for necropsy. The 

crow had extensive hemorrhages and the presence 

of a turquoise colored material in the gizzard and 

intestines indicating anticoagulant pesticide 

poisoning. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.47 ppm.

I017522-001 2005 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A broad-winged hawk was found dead in a 

residential area and submitted for necropsy. 

Hemorrhaging was present and analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum at 1.02 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I021229-002 2009 N/R N/R KS Park Raccoon (1)

The Department of Wildlife and Parks received 

numerous reports of dead raccoon at a city park. 

The raccoon was delivered to the Southeastern 

Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study College of 

Veterinary Medicine (SCWDS) for postmortem 

analysis. The intestines of the raccoon were 

distended with bloody contents. Several areas of 

hemorrhage were present under the skin and on the 

surface of many organs. Brodifacoum, 

chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone residues were 

detected in the liver although no residue amounts 

were provided in the report.

I022935-003 2010 N/R Probable CA Military 

base

Turkey 

vulture (1)

The California National Guard contacted the 

Department of Fish and Game Pesticides 

Investigations Unit to determined if diaphacinone 

used in a ground squirrel control program was 

responsible for the death of a turkey vulture. 

There was pooled blood in the left wing joint and 

an analysis of the liver contained 0.30 ppm 

brodifacoum and 0.50 ppm diaphacinone. It was 

determined the death of the bird more liely resulted 

from the brodifacoum than the diaphacinone.
53

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I022943-001 2011 N/R Probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk collected from Riverside Park, 

Manhattan was delivered to the Wildlife Pathology 

Unit. The lungs showed some grey-green 

discoloration and the liver was slightly pale. There 

was very little blood in the heart and elsewhere 

with the exception of a small clot in the jugular 

vein. The stomach contained the fur, bones, and 

skull of a Norway rat. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum at 0.22 ppm with 

difethialone and bromadiolone reported in trace 

amounts. 

I022978-001 2010 N/R Probable MA Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as 

part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents 

occurring in central Massachusetts between April 

2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed hawk was 

found down in an urban area. The bird was found 

not standing and died soon after admission to a 

wildlife clinic. There was extensive acute 

pulmonary hemorrhage present as well as bruising 

of the sternum and paleness of the liver. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.046 ppm. 

I022978-002 2010 N/R Highly Probable MA Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as 

part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents 

occurring in central Massachusetts between April 

2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed hawk was 

found down in an urban area. The bird was found 

not standing with extensive subcutaneous 

intramuscular bruising on both legs and died soon 

after admission to a wildlife clinic. There was 

extensive acute hemorrhage of the adipose tissue 

and acute intracoelomic hemorrhage. There was 

bruising of the sternum and the internal organs 

appeared pale. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.077 ppm.
54

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I022978-003 2010 N/R Highly probable MA Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as 

part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents 

occurring in central Massachusetts between April 

2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed hawk was 

observed in an urban area depressed and not 

moving. It was later presented dead at a wildlife 

clinic. There was multifocal, severe, acute 

pulmonary and mesenteric hemorrhaging present 

as well as extensive intracoelomic hemorrhage and 

paleness of internal organs. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.27 ppm. 

I022978-004 2010 N/R Highly probable MA Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as 

part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents 

occurring in central Massachusetts between April 

2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed hawk was 

observed in an urban area depressed and not 

moving for over 6 hours. There was blood 

observed around the glottis and extensive bruising 

was present in the right axillary area, the sternum, 

within the ventricular serosa, and over the coelom. 

Also observed was multifocal, marked acute 

pulmonary and mesenteric hemorrhage. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.15 ppm. 

I022978-005 2010 N/R Highly probable MA Residential Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as 

part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents 

occurring in central Massachusetts between April 

2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed hawk was 

found down in a residential area. The bird was 

depressed, not standing, and bleeding from the 

glottis and choana. A wound found on the neck 

had hemorrhaging present and the bird died soon 

after admission to a wildlife clinic. The pectoral 

muscle was pale and intracoelomic hemorrhaging 

was present. An analysis of the liver detected 
55

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

brodifacoum residues at 0.21 ppm. 

I022978-006 2010 N/R Highly Probable MA Field Owl (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as 

part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents 

occurring in central Massachusetts between April 

2006 and March 2010. A barred owl was found 

dead on a farm along with multiple dead birds of 

various species. It was presented dead to a wildlife 

clinic. There was extensive subcutaneous 

hemorrhaging present as well as bruising of the 

sternum and a paleness of the liver. An analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 

ppm. 

I022978-007 2010 N/R Highly Probable MA Residential Owl (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as 

part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents 

occurring in central Massachusetts between April 

2006 and March 2010. A barred owl was found 

down in a residential area. It died shortly after 

admission to a wildlife clinic. There was 

intracoelomic hemorrhaging present as well as a 

paleness of the internal organs and lesions on the 

liver. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.06 ppm.

I022978-008 2010 N/R Probable MA N/R Owl (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as 

part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents 

occurring in central Massachusetts between April 

2006 and March 2010. An eastern screech owl 

was brought to a clinic after it was observed to fly 

into a window. Extensive bruising of the pectoral 

was present upon admission to a wildlife clinic 

where it died soon afterward. There was extensive 

subcutaneous and pectoral muscle hemorrhage and 

a paleness of the liver. Marked acute pulmonary 

hemorrhage and edema was also present. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.14 ppm. 
56

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I022978-009 2010 N/R Possible MA Field Owl (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as 

part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents 

occurring in central Massachusetts between April 

2006 and March 2010. A great horned owl was 

observed in the wild perched in the same tree for 

two days, depressed and not moving. The bird was 

later presented dead to a wildlife clinic. There was 

extensive subcutaneous and intramuscular 

hemorrhage as well as acute, moderate to marked 

epimyocardial hemorrhage and paleness of internal 

organs. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.012 ppm.

I022968-001 2011 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Red-tailed 

hawk (1)

A dead immature red-tailed hawk was found in 

Fort Tryon Park in Manhattan, NY. A clotted 

hemorrhage was observed in the left optical area of 

the left side of the head. There was 1-2 ml of 

clotted hemorrhage found in the ceolomec cavity. 

Toxicology analysis of liver tissue found 

brodifacoum at 0.149 ppm. Low concentrations of 

three other anticoagulant rodenticides were also 

detected 0.024 ppm difethialone, 0.018 ppm 

bromadialone, and 0.004 ppm chlorophacinone.)

I023104-001 2011 N/R Possible CA Urban Kit fox (1)

A San Joaquin Kit Fox carcass was submitted to 

the Endangered Species Recovery Program from a 

high school campus. Necropsy was performed and 

showed no signs of physical trauma. Brodifacoum 

was found at 0.010 ppm in liver concentrations 

although the pathologist determined strychnine 

was the primary cause of death.

I023104-002 2011 N/R Possible CA Urban Kit fox (1)

A San Joaquin Kit Fox carcass was submitted to 

the Endangered Species Recovery Program from a 

high school campus. Necropsy was performed and 

showed no signs of physical trauma. Brodifacoum 

was found at 0.16 ppm and bromodiolone at 0.11 

ppm in liver concentrations although the 
57

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

pathologist determined strychnine was the primary 

cause of death.

I23104-003 2011 N/R Possible CA Urban Kit fox (1)

A San Joaquin Kit Fox carcass was submitted to 

the Endangered Species Recovery Program from a 

high school campus. Necropsy was performed and 

showed no signs of physical trauma. Brodifacoum 

was found at 0.38 ppm and bromodiolone at 0.20 

ppm in liver concentrations although the 

pathologist determined strychnine was the primary 

cause of death.

I23104-004 2011 N/R Possible CA Urban Kit fox (1)

A San Joaquin Kit Fox carcass was submitted to 

the Endangered Species Recovery Program from a 

high school campus. Necropsy was performed and 

showed no signs of physical trauma. Brodifacoum 

was found at 0.44 ppm in liver concentrations 

although the pathologist determined strychnine 

was the primary cause of death.

I023172-001 2011 N/R Highly probable CA Urban Barn owl (1)

An incapacitated barn owl chick was found on the 

sidewalk in Antioch, CA. The owl was transported 

to a wildlife museum and treated antibiotics, 

fluids, and Vitamin K, but it died the next day. A 

necropsy found extensive bleeding on the wings 

and back. Toxicology analysis of liver tissue found 

brodifacoum at 0.169 ppm and a small amount of 

diphacinone at 0.002 ppm.

I023151-001 2011 N/R Probable CA Urban Cooper’s 

hawk (1)

A Cooper’s hawk was found dead in a pool of 

blood on a sidewalk in Berkeley, CA. Toxicology 

testing detected brodifacoum and a trace amount of 

diphacinone.

I023892-001 1999 N/R Probable CA Field Owl (1)

An adult great horned owl was recovered from a 

regional shoreline area in Contra Costa county, 

CA. The carcass was delivered to the Pesticide 

Investigation Unit for necropsy and tissue analysis. 
58

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

There were no external physical signs of trauma. 

There was no evidence of subcutaneous 

hemorrhages. The stomach contained crickets but 

no mammal remains nor was there blood in the GI 

tract. The liver analysis showed brodifacoum 

concentrations at 0.04 ppm and diphacinone 

residues at 0.6 ppm.

I023893-004 2001 N/R Possible CA N/R Kit fox (1)

A kit fox was picked up by the Pesticide 

Investigations Unit and necropsied. An analysis of 

the blood, liver, and gastrointestinal content 

revealed the presence of brodifacoum residues at 

<0.01 ppm, 0.075 ppm, and <0.01 ppm, 

respectively.

I023914-001 2012 N/R Possible NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead by Central Park 

visitors and was later submitted for necropsy. 

There were severe subcutaneous and intramuscular 

hemorrhages on the right side of the breast and 

adjoining abdomen. The heart, lungs, kidneys, and 

brain were pale. Only a scant trace of extremely 

watery blood was present in the heart. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum (0.039 ppm), 

bromodiolone (0.416 ppm), and difethialone 

(0.016 ppm). 

I023914-003 2012 N/R Probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was submitted by the Urban 

Park Rangers after being found dead at a 

Manhattan intersection. The cranial portion of the 

oviduct was partly coated with clotted hemorrhage. 

The plumage behind the vent was stained with 

feces. Internally, there a small amount of clotted 

hemorrhage in the posterior abdomen. The crop 

contained bird tissue as did the stomach. An 

analysis of the liver detected difethialone (0.127 

ppm), bromodiolone (0.068 ppm), diphacinone 

(0.059 ppm), and brodifacoum (0.046 ppm). 

I023914-004 2012 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A red-tailed hawk was submitted by the Urban 
59

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

Park Rangers after being found in Riverside Park, 

Manhattan. Despite the lack of any mechanical 

trauma, there was extensive hemorrhage around 

the visceral fat located between the alimentary 

canal and the ventral wall of the abdomen. The 

spleen, liver, and kidneys were pale and the lungs 

were somewhat edematous. There was little blood 

in the heart. The stomach contained the fur and 

bones of either a juvenile rat or an adult house 

mouse. An analysis of the liver detected 

bromodiolone (0.320 ppm), brodifacoum (0.106 

ppm), and difethialone (0.045 ppm). 

I024146-009 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1)

As part of a study, the National park Service has 

ben radio collaring coyotes, bobcats, and gray fox 

in the Santa Monica Mountains National 

Recreation Area that are equipped with mortality 

sensors. The carcass of a male coyote was picked 

up September 12, 1997 after the mortality sensor 

was triggered. Necropsy of the animal revealed 

small lacerations present on the right hind limb and 

there was no evidence of broken bones. Large 

hematomas involving most of the musculature 

were present on all four limbs. Blood from the 

thoracic cavity, liver tissue, and the contents of the 

large intestine were collected for analysis to 

determine if anticoagulant residues were present. 

Chlorophacinone was detected in the blood at 0.04

ppm, in the intestines at 0.24 ppm, and in the liver 

at 1.2 ppm.

I24151-001 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Red fox (1)

A juvenile red fox was captured at a state beach 

area in Monterey County, CA. The fox appeared 

to be suffering and was euthanized before being 

submitted to the Pesticide Investigations Unit for 

necropsy. The fox was determined to be suffering 

from mange and a chronic bacterial infection. 
60

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

Subcutaneous hemorrhages were not found. Since 

the fox was suspected to utilize nearby urban areas 

where anticoagulants are used for rodent control, 

liver tissue was sent for analysis. The results of 

the analysis indicated brodifacoum residues at 0.04 

ppm.

I024151-002 1999 N/R Highly probable CA Urban Fox squirrel 

(2)

Two carcasses were recovered from a Sacramento, 

CA parkland submitted to the Pesticide 

Investigations Unit for necropsy. There were no 

external sings of trauma for either fox. Squirrel A 

exhibited subcutaneous hemorrhage in the left hip 

and left hind leg. The lung tissue in both squirrels 

was pale indicating blood loss. The GI tract of 

both squirrels contained free blood. The livers of 

both squirrels were sent for analysis and indicated 

brodifacoum residues of 3.1 and 2.4 in Squirrel A 

and B, respectively.

I024151-003 1999 N/R Highly probable CA Urban Owl (5)

Five owls were recovered from Yucaipa, CA in 

vicinity of large chicken egg production facilities. 

Hemorrhages and subcutaneous hematomas were 

observed in all five birds. In the great horned owl, 

an absence of blood in the major vessels leading to 

the heart was noted. Barn owl A had blood present 

in the mouth and a massive hemorrhage observed 

in both thoracic and abdominal cavities. Barn owl 

B had pronounced hemorrhaging on the dorsal side 

of the breast bone with the GI tract containing 5.7 

grams of mammal remains. Barn owl C had a 

large subcutaneous hematoma present near the hip 

joint with the lungs appearing pale. Barn owl D 

had a subcutaneous hematoma present on the 

ventral side of the carcass at the base of the keel. 

Significant amounts of free blood were present in 

the thoracic cavity. The great horned owl had 

brodifacoum and bromodiolone residues of 0.35 
61

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

and 0.065 ppm, respectively. Barn Owl A had 

brodifacoum and bromodiolone residues of 0.21 

and 0.38, respectively. Barn owls B and C had 

residues of only brodifacoum and bromodiolone of 

0.35 and 0.38, respectively. Finally, barn owl D 

had brodifacoum and bromodiolone residues of 

0.07 and 0.31 ppm, respectively.

I024151-004 1999 N/R Possible CA N/R Bobcat (1)

A bobcat showed hemorrhage in its lungs, bruising 

in abdominal and lumbar axial muscles. Analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum resides of 0.018 

ppm.

I024152-001 2001 N/R Possible CA N/R Hawk (1)

A red tailed hawk had its liver submitted for 

residue analysis which detected 0.015 ppm 

brodifacoum concentrations. No other narrative 

information was found in the report.

I024152-003 2007 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Kit fox (1)

A San Joaquin Kit Fox was found dead in the 

Bakersfield, CA area. The high level residues of 

brodifacoum (11 ppm) coupled with the extensive 

hemorrhaging internally made it highly likely that 

the kit fox died from anticoagulant exposure 

according to the pathologist.

I024152-004 2001 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Coyote (1)

The Office of Spill Prevention and Response of the 

California State Department of Fish and Game 

routinely necropsies animals found in the area as 

part of a wildlife disease project. They found a 

coyote that had a large amount of unexplained 

blood in the abdominal and chest cavities. The 

liver was sent for anticoagulant analysis and was 

determined that the liver had 1.13 ppb 

chlorophacinone detected.

I024152-008 2010 N/R Possible CA N/R Coyote (1)

A coyote was found dead in Madera County, CA 

and it was suspected that they were intentionally 

poisoned. It was determined by the investigation 

that the source of poisoning was hamburger bait 
62

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

that had been contaminated with either 

anticoagulants or ethylene glycol. The coyote had 

no sings of physical trauma present. A liver 

sample was sent for analysis. The analysis 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.24 ppm but it 

was not determined if this was a case of intentional 

poisoning. 

I024152-009 2011 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Pig (1)

The USDA Wildlife Services in the area reported 

two pugs with black streaks in their mammary 

tissues. The samples were tested for rodenticides. 

The mammary tissues showed large streaks of 

black dye-like material. The sample contained 

8.48 ppb diphacinone.

I024154-012 2011 N/R Possible CA N/R Owl (1)

A great horned owl was submitted for necropsy 

and liver analysis. There was no necropsy 

information available in the report yet an analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum concentrations of 

0.04 ppm. 

I024524-001 2012 N/R Probable CA Field Dog (1)

An avocado and orange tree farmer in CA ad hired 

a pest control company to control rats. The 

company used brodifacoum for years until the 

farmer’s golden retriever was found dead with 

confirmed brodifacoum poisoning. It was detailed 

in the incident report that over that three year 

period, other non-target wildlife was found on the 

farm as well.

R000-02-006 1997 N/R Probable CA N/R Eagle (1)

A golden eagle was found dead and it was the 

judgment of the wildlife pathology that 

brodifacoum exposure was the cause of death. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.08 ppm.

R000-02-007 1998 N/R Possible CA Field Coyote (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A coyote 
63

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

was trapped and euthanized and an analysis of its 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.08 ppm, 

diphacinone residues at 0.081 ppm, and 

chlorophacinone residues at 0.43 pm. Pesticides 

were not determined to be the cause of death since 

the animal was euthanized. 

R000-02-012 1998 N/R Possible CA Field Coyote (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A coyote 

was found dead and an analysis of its liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm. 

R000-02-014 1998 N/R Probable CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A grey 

fox was found dead and an analysis of its liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.03 ppm. 

R000-02-025 1999 N/R Possible CA N/R Eagle (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A golden 

eagle was found dead after which an analysis of its 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm. 

R000-02-026 1999 N/R Possible CA N/R Eagle (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A golden 

eagle was found dead after which an analysis of its 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm. 

R000-02-030 1999 N/R Unlikely CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A San 

Joaquin kit fox was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.01 ppm and chlorophacinone residues of 0.27 

ppm. Though the rodenticide concentrations were 

appreciable, the pathologist’s judgment was that it 
64

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

was not likely to be the cause of the fox’s death. 

R000-02-033 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A great 

horned owl was found dead after which an analysis 

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 

ppm and bromodialone residues of 0.065 ppm. 

R000-02-033 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A great 

horned owl was found dead after which an analysis 

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 

ppm and bromodialone residues of 0.065 ppm. 

R000-02-034 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A barn 

owl was found dead after which an analysis of its 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.21 ppm 

and bromodialone residues of 0.38 ppm. 

R000-02-035 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A barn 

owl was found dead after which an analysis of its 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 ppm. 

R000-02-036 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A barn 

owl was found dead after which an analysis of its 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm 

and bromodialone residues of 0.31 ppm. 

R000-02-041 1999 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A San 

Joaquin kit fox was found dead after which an 
65

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.67 ppm. The pathologist did not make a 

judgment concerning the certainty but the 

appreciable concentrations of brodifacoum can be 

considered a possible cause of death. 

R000-02-045 2000 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A coyote 

was found dead after which an analysis of its liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.08 ppm and 

bromodialone residues at 0.44 ppm. 

R000-02-046 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A San 

Joaquin kit was found dead after which an analysis 

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.0 

ppm. The pathologist report did not specify a 

degree of certainty for this incident but 1 ppm 

brodifacoum could be considered a substantial 

concentration. 

R000-02-047 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A San 

Joaquin kit was found dead after which an analysis 

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.11 

ppm. The pathologist report did not specify a 

degree of certainty for this incident but 0.11 ppm 

could have possibly played a role in this incident 

R000-02-048 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A San 

Joaquin kit was found dead after which an analysis 

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.1 

ppm. The pathologist report did not specify a 

degree of certainty for this incident but 0.1 ppm 
66

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

could be a factor in the death of this animal 

R000-02-049 2000 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A Great 

Horned owl found dead after which an analysis of 

its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.34 

ppm. 

R000-02-052 2000 N/R Unlikely CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A San 

Joaquin kit fox was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.13 ppm and bromodialone residues of 0.14 

ppm. Though the rodenticide concentrations were 

appreciable, the pathologist’s judgment was that it 

was not likely to be the cause of the fox’s death. 

R000-02-055 1989 N/R Unlikely NY N/R Owl (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A Great Horned Owl was found 

dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.13 ppm and 

bromodialone residues of 0.1 ppm. The incident 

reviewer determined that brodifacoum was not 

responsible for the owl’s death.

R000-02-056 1990 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel was found dead 

after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm. There was free 

hemorrhage or bloody fluid in the body cavity. The 

incident reviewer determined that brodifacoum 

was the probable cause for the squirrel’s death.
67

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

R000-02-057 1990 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel was found dead 

after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 4.1 ppm. There was 

intrauterine hemorrhage present. The incident 

reviewer determined that brodifacoum was highly 

probable for the cause of squirrel’s death.

R000-02-058 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Field Chipmunk 

(1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A chipmunk was found dead 

after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 3.8 ppm. The incident 

reviewer determined that brodifacoum was highly 

probable for the cause of squirrel’s death.

R000-02-059 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Field Raccoon (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A raccoon was found dead after 

which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 1.8 ppm. Dyed rodenticide bait was 

also present in its alimentary canal. The incident 

reviewer determined that brodifacoum was highly 

probable for the cause of squirrel’s death.

R000-02-059 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Field Raccoon (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A raccoon was found dead after 

which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 1.8 ppm. Dyed rodenticide bait was 

also present in its alimentary canal. The incident 

reviewer determined that brodifacoum was highly 

probable for the cause of squirrel’s death.
68

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

R000-02-060 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Field Raccoon (3)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” Three raccoons were found dead 

after which an analysis of their livers detected 

brodifacoum residues of 3.1, 5.3, and 4.6 ppm. All 

had hemorrhaging present in the lungs. 

R000-02-061 1993 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel were found dead 

after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.53 ppm and 

chlorophacinone residues of 0.62 ppm. There 

were inter and intra muscular hemorrhages and 

free hemorrhage or bloody fluid in the body cavity. 

All had hemorrhaging present in the lungs. 

R000-02-062 1993 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel was found dead 

after which an analysis of residues detected 

brodifacoum at 25.8 ppm in the colon. There was 

subcutaneous hemorrhages inter and intra 

muscular hemorrhages and dyed rodenticide bait in 

the alimentary canal. 

R000-02-063 1997 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A screech owl was found dead 

after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.34 ppm. There was 

subcutaneous hemorrhage and a hemorrhage in the 

lungs. The incident reviewer determined that 

brodifacoum was probable for the cause of owl’s 
69

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

death.

R000-02-064 1997 N/R Possible NY N/R Opossum (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” An opossum was found dead 

after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum at 0.18 ppm. 

R000-02-065 1997 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A screech owl was found dead 

after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.80 ppm. There was 

inter and intra muscular hemorrhaging present. 

The incident reviewer determined that 

brodifacoum was probable for the cause of owl’s 

death.

R000-02-066 1997 N/R Possible NY Field Deer (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, 

in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with 

Anticoagulants.” A white-tailed deer was found 

dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. There was 

hemorrhaging in the lungs and subcutaneous 

edema. The incident reviewer determined that 

brodifacoum was probable for the cause of owl’s 

death.

A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributing factor of the effects observed in the 

incident. 

B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" 

signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.
70

Table 2. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Difethialone.

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I018414-002 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1)

A red-shouldered hawk was found dead in San 

Francisco’s Golden Gate Park after ingesting rats 

poisoned by difethialone that was used to control 

rodents in the park. 

I018414-003 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in San 

Francisco’s Golden Gate Park after ingesting rats 

poisoned by difethialone that was used to control 

rodents in the park. 

I018414-004 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in San 

Francisco’s Golden Gate Park after ingesting rats 

poisoned by difethialone that was used to control 

rodents in the park. 

I018414-005 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Fox (1)

A red fox was found dead in San Francisco’s 

Golden Gate Park after ingesting rats poisoned 

by difethialone that was used to control rodents 

in the park. 

I020713-002 2009 N/R Possible FL Residential Deer (1)

A key deer was found dead near a private 

residence and submitted for necropsy. There was 

a moderate amount of dark red to black fluid in 

the thoracic cavity. The lungs are dark red and 

edematous and the heart was flaccid and dark red 

with similar fluid to that seen in the thoracic 

cavity. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 1.3 ppm and trace 

amounts of difethialone. The final diagnosis was 

brodifacoum and difethialone poisoning. 

I023914-002 2012 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was reported by Urban Park 

Rangers to have not been acting right for about a 

week before it was captured for examination. 

Blood work showed that the hawk was severely 

anemic and was subsequently given vitamin K 

but died the next day. Necropsy showed that 

some blood stains were present at the medial 
71

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

aspect of the right elbow. An accumulation of 

dried blood was present at the base of the talon 

on the left hallux. There was slight subcutaneous 

and inter muscular hemorrhage along the medial 

aspect of the left thigh and knee. The lungs were 

pale and congested with water, blood-tinged 

fluid. An analysis of the liver detected 

difethialone at 0.607 ppm. 

A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributing factor of the effects observed in the 

incident. 

B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" 

signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.

Table 3. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Warfarin

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

CEE-TV # 

61108 1998 N/R Probable NY N/R Cooper’s Hawk (1) Warfarin detected in liver at 0.73 ppm

I003350-001 1995 N/R Probable NY Residential Bald Eagle 

(1)

Warfarin detected in liver at 1.4 ppm. Second year 

male diagnosed with warfarin intoxication. Gross 

pathology- hemorrhage in alimentary canal.

I004169-001 1981 Registered Possible VA Agricultural Bobwhite 

Quail (3)

Gross pathology found lesions in the birds 

consistent with warfarin poisoning; no analytical 

data were included in the report.

I006306-004 1974 N/R Highly probable NY N/R

Vole 

(numbers not 

specified)

Between February and March of 1974, large 

numbers of voles were reported dying off on 

Grand Island, Erie County, NY. The deaths of two 

lots of voles (numbers not specified in report) 

were submitted for necropsy. They exhibited 

skeletal muscle hemorrhages, cardia muscle 
72

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

hemorrhages and lung hemorrhages. Since gross 

pathology was consistent with anticoagulant 

poisoning, the tissues were submitted for warfarin 

analysis although no details of the analysis results 

were provided in the report.

I006306-011 1981 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Squirrel (1)

A dead gray squirrel was submitted to the Delmar 

Wildlife Research Laboratory for examination. 

Numerous hemorrhages had occurred in the 

viscera and musculature and warfarin was detected 

through the toxicological examination. 

I006306-010 1971 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Squirrel (1)

A squirrel liver was submitted for analysis and had 

warfarin detected at 0.228 ppm. There was no 

other narrative information included with the 

report.

I006306-016 1986 N/R Highly Probable NJ N/R Peregrine 

Falcon (1) Warfarin detected in the liver at 1.48 ppm

I008146-001 1998 Registered 

Use Probable NY N/R Great Horned Owl (1) Warfarin detected in liver at 0.73 ppm

I011130-001 2000 N/R Probable GA Agricultural Bald Eagle 

(1)

Chemical residues were found in the gut contents, 

or bait material and biological or biochemical 

evidence

I013810-014 1971 N/R Probable NY N/R Squirrel (1) --

R000-02-054 1981 N/R Probable NY N/R Squirrel (1)

Warfarin detected in the liver at 0.22 ppm. Gross 

pathology-pallor of muscle and/or internal organs, 

inter- and intramuscular hemorrhages, hemorrhage 

and/or serum in pericardial sac. 

A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributing factor of the effects observed in the 

incident. 

B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" 

signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.
73

Table 4. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Diphacinone

Incident ID Year LegalityA CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

B00640-001 1987 N/R Probable CA Residential Fox (1)

A San Joaquin kit fox was found dead at a nursery 

near a university where anticoagulant baits had 

been applied for ground squirrel control. 

Unclotted whole blood was present in the 

abdomen. Several diffuse areas of hemorrhages 

were present in the lungs. The stomach contained 

a few grass stems and some sand. The intestines 

were empty. Diphacinone residues at 0.18 ppm 

were detected by ELISA. 

B000641-001 1986 N/R Highly probable CA Field

Raccoon (1), 

Mountain 

Lion (1)

The California Department of Fish and Game 

reported this incident where a raccoon and 

mountain lion were found dead near a stream. 

Pooled free blood was found in the raccoon and in 

the mountain lion there were pinpoint and streaked 

hemorrhages in the small intestine and colon. 

Blood samples were analyzed and the results 

showed 55 ppm diphacinone in the raccoon and 45 

ppm diphacinone in the mountain lion. 

I004768-001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Deer (1)

A white–tailed deer had been found dead and 

submitted to the Wildlife Pathology Unit. The 

presence of fairly large maggots in the carcass 

suggests this deer had been dead for several 

weeks. An analysis of the liver detected 

diphacinone residues at 0.2 ppm. 

I004769-001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Deer (1)

A white-tailed deer was found dead in a residential 

area with hemorrhages appearing like minor 

bruising and a hemorrhagic subcutaneous edema 

was found in the vicinity of the left shoulder and 

adjoining brisket area. The stomach was full of 

whole corn, vegetation, and water. An analysis of 

the liver detected diphacinone residues at 0.93 

ppm. 
74

I005353-001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A squirrel was found in the yard of a resident. 

Necropsy showed areas of subcutaneous edema 

and hemorrhage found over the ventral thorax and 

upper abdomen along with the right foreleg and on 

the right side of the head. The stomach contents 

were normal in appearance and odor. An analysis 

of the liver detected diphacinone residues at 2.0 

ppm.

I006306-013 1998 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A snowy owl was found dead and an analysis of its 

liver detected diphacinone residues. There were 

no residue numbers provided with the report.

I007107-007 1997 N/R Possible NY N/R Turkey 

vulture (1)

This incident is one of the incidents reported on 

the consolidated report for the year 1997 submitted 

by California Department of Fish and Game. 

After an analysis the Pesticide Investigation Unit 

determined the loss of the turkey vulture was due 

to diphacinone poisoning.

I007107-013 1997 N/R Possible CA N/R Coyote (1)

This report was one included with the Pesticide 

Investigations Unit record of wildlife incident 

involving pesticides for the 1997 Calendar Year. 

There was no other narrative information included 

in the report about this incident.

I007107-014 1997 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Coyote

This incident is one of the incidents reported in a 

consolidated incident report for the year 1997 by 

the California Department of Fish and Game. A 

coyote mortality was reportedly caused by 

brodifacoum and diphacinone poisoning as 

confirmed by the Pesticide Investigations Unit. 

I007165-003 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1)

The carcass of a young coyote was recovered from 

the Santa Monica Mountains national Recreation 

Area in thick riparian vegetation. Massive 

hematomas were observed on both of the hind 

legs. Free blood was present in the thoracic and 

abdominal cavities. The stomach contained a large 

ball of hair mixed with small pieces of bone. An 

analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues 

at 1.3 ppm. Brodifacoum was also present at 

0.083 ppm. 
75

I007488-004 1998 N/R Highly probable VA Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead and collected 

by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland 

Fisheries. The stomach and small intestine of the 

first squirrel contained abundant unclotted blood 

mixed with a scant amount of tan granular 

material. The small intestine for the second 

squirrel contained a smaller amount of unclotted 

blood. The thoracic cavities of both squirrels were 

filled with unclotted blood. Liver analysis 

detected bromadiolone and diphacinone residues 

in pooled liver samples from both squirrels at 4.94 

for bromadiolone and 3.41 ppm for diphacinone.

I009270-001 1999 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found moribund in a 

residential area. Small fish, appearing to be 

sardines were in the stomach. The bird was very 

anemic and lacked blood volume. An analysis of 

the liver detected diphacinone residues at 0.34 

ppm. 

I011518-001 2000 N/R Possible NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in a residential 

yard. There was a hemorrhage over the right orbit 

of the eye. The stomach contained a finely ground 

material. A small area of subcutaneous 

hemorrhage was present over the dorsal thorax. 

Blunt impact trauma was the immediate cause of 

death, but diphacinone residues detected at 1.02 

ppm may have been contributing.

I013810-006 1993 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

This incident is part of the Contaminant Exposure 

and Effects – Terrestrial Vertebrates (CEE-TV) 

Database, Version 3.3, October 2002 report. A 

snowy owl was found dead and its liver showed 

traces of diphacinone that were suspected as the 

cause of death.

I014884-018 2003 N/R Possible CA N/R Pigeon (1)

The California Department of Fish and Game 

report of wildlife incidents involving pesticides for 

calendar years 2002 and 2003 identified an 

incident with a pigeon having diphacinone and 

brodifacoum levels detected in its tissues. No 

chemical residue values were provided.
76

I019839-001 2008 N/R Probable GA Residential Squirrel (1)

A homeowner reported that approximately eight 

squirrels have been found dead in her yard and in 

the adjacent neighbor’s yard. Diphacinone was 

detected in the liver of the squirrel at 3.6 ppm. 

Severe, acute, multifocal, subcutaneous, and 

intramuscular hemorrhaging was present. 

I024152-009 2010 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Pig (1)

The USDA staff contact the Pesticides 

Investigations Unit about mammary tissue from a 

pig that had large streaks of a black dye-like 

material. The tissue was sent for analysis and it 

was confirmed that diphacinone was detected at 

0.008 ppm.

R000-01-001 1999 N/R Unlikely NY Residential Barred owl 

(1)

A barred owl was found dead in a residential area 

and submitted to the Wildlife Pathology Unit. The 

left tarsometarsus was fractured, and no 

hemorrhage was associated with it. This could 

have resulted because f a very rapid death due to 

severe head trauma. The stomach contained 

grasshopper legs. A analysis of the liver detected 

diphacinone residues at 0.62 ppm. 

R000-02-001 1994 N/R Probable CA Field Kangaroo rat 

(1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled, 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

Residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” A 

kangaroo rat was found in a moribund state. An 

analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues 

at 3.5 ppm.

A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributing factor of the effects observed in the 

incident. 

B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" 

signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.
77

Table 5. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Chlorophacinone

Incident ID Year Legality CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species and 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

B000179-001 1981 Registered 

use Highly probable WA Field Quail (1)

This incident was reported in an article entitled, 

“Effects of Pelletized Anticoagulant Rodenticides 

on California Quail,” in the Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases, 1985, pp391 – 395. A moribund 

emaciated California quail was found in an 

orchard. The rodenticide chlorophacinone was 

found in the crop, and the gizzard contained a pink 

mass of paraffin that was selectively accumulated 

from the paraffinized pellets. 

I009063-001 1999 N/R Possible NY Urban Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in Central Park, 

Manhattan and later submitted to the Wildlife 

Pathology Unit. Several ribs were freshly 

fractured and had extensive associated 

hemorrhage. The stomach contained ground 

nutmeats. An analysis of the liver detected 

chlorophacinone residues at 0.44 ppm.

I009111-011 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in Manhattan and 

arrived at the Wildlife Pathology Unit the same 

day. A hemorrhage was present in the 

musculature overlying both scapulae. The right 

lung was hemorrhagic. The stomach contained 

ground nutmeats and analysis of the liver detected 

chlorophacinone residues at 0.47 ppm.

I009118-001 1999 N/R Probable NY Urban Squirrel (1)

A squirrel was found dead in Central Park, 

Manhattan. Several large tan necrotic areas were 

present in the liver. The stomach contained 

nutmeats. An analysis of the liver detected 

chlorophacinone residues at 0.29 ppm.
78

I012972-001 2002 N/R Probable KS Field Turkey (2)

Two wild turkeys were found dead approximately 

100 yards from a prairie dog town that has been 

baited with poisoned grain two and a half to three 

weeks prior to submission. The suspected poison 

was Rozol® pocket gopher poison. The 

landowner that found the turkeys contacted the 

Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks. 

Necropsy showed dilated vessels in the crop area 

and diffuse hemorrhage around the crop. Pebbles 

and green feed material are present in the 

ventriculus. The gastrointestinal tract contains 

blue green grain in the crop. An analysis of the 

livers detected chlorophacinone residues of 0.69 

and 0.40 ppm. 

I013810-013 1999 N/R Probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was part of the Contaminant 

Exposure and Effects – Terrestrial Vertebrates 

(CEE-TV) Database, Version 3.3, October 2002 

report. A red-tailed hawk was found in 

Manhattan. Necropsy results showed 0.18 ppm 

chlorophacinone residues in the liver. 

I020607-001 2009 N/R Highly Probable KS Field Badger (1)

A dead badger was found on a private property. 

The liver was tested and chlorophacinone residues 

of 4.4 ppm (with a detectable limit of 0.25 ppm) 

were detected. It was determined the badger died 

from secondary poisoning, most likely resulting 

from use of chlorophacinone to control prairie 

dogs in the area.

I020996-001 2009 N/R Possible KS Field Wild Turkey 

(45)

Forty-five dead wild turkeys that were found dead 

in and near the small town of Russell Springs, KS. 

Analyses of 6 of the turkey found phosphene gas 

in the crop contents, indicating poisoning by zinc 

phosphide. However, chlorophacinone was also 

detected in the crop contents of one of the turkeys, 

indicating that it may have also contributed to 

causing the mortality of some of the birds.
79

I020996-003 2009 N/R Possible KS Field Raccoon (1)

A dead raccoon was recovered near Russells 

Springs, KS. Several areas of hemorrhages were 

detected under the skin and on the surface of 

organs. Chlorophacinone was detected in the liver. 

The source of chlorophacinone was suspected to 

have been the extensive use of Rozol® in the area 

for prairie dog control.

R000-02-002 1994 N/R Unlikely CA N/R Turkey (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

Residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” This 

incident involves a turkey found dead and its 

blood was found to contain 5.5 ppm 

chlorophacinone. The chemical was not detected 

in the liver and it was the judgment of the 

pathologist that it was unlikely that 

chlorophacinone was the cause of death.

R000-02-003 1995 N/R Probable CA N/R Bobcat (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled 

“California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant 

Residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” This 

incident involves a bobcat found dead and a liver 

analysis detected chlorophacinone residues of 0.4 

and in the pathologist’s judgment was the cause of 

death

R000-02-005 1997 N/R Highly Probable CA N/R Coyote (1) No further details were provided in the incident 

report.

A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributing factor of the effects observed in the 

incident. 

B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" 

signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.
80

Table 6. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Bromethalin

Incident ID Year Legality CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species and 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I007155-060 1996 Reg. Use Probable WI Unknown Chipmunk

Use of Gold Crest Vengeance to control mice 

reportedly resulted in the mortality of a chipmunk. 

Evidently the chipmunk was taken to a veterinary 

clinic for treatment. 

I014717-001 2003 Reg. Use Unlikely GA Rural

Barn owl (1)

Great horned 

owl (1)

Red-tailed 

hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk and a barn owl were being held 

in captivity as part of an education program in a 

GA State Park. The hawk was found to be 

lethargic and incapacitated in its cage. Despite 

treatment, it died within six days. The barn owl 

was found in its cage lethargic with fluffed feather, 

and died before treatment could be given. A halfeaten dead rat was found in the hawk's cage, and 

another dead rat was found between the hawk's 

and the owl's cages. Toxicological results showed 

brodifacoum in the liver of both birds. Two great 

horned owls later showed similar symptoms as the 

hawk and barn owl (not perching, pale tongue). 

They both were treated with vitamin K and 

recovered. Rats were being controlled at the park 

using Maki Rat and Mouse Bait (bromadialone), 

Contract Blox (bromadialone), and Real Kill Rat 

and Mouse Killer (bromethalin). 

I024773-001 2012 N/R Highly Probable NY Urban Gray squirrel 

(2)

Two gray squirrels were found dead in the town of 

Hicksville on Long Island, New York (Nassau 

County). Contents of the caeca of both squirrels 

were a bright turquoise color. Some turquoise 

color was also observed in the small intestine of 

both squirrels and in the stomach of one squirrel. 

Toxicology analysis detected the nonanticoagulant rodenticide bromethalin in the 

caecum contents of one squirrel. Both squirrels 

were in good flesh. The necropsy of one squirrel 

observed the lungs were hemorrhagic and the liver 

was slightly pale. No significant gross lesions were 
81

Incident ID Year Legality CertaintyB State Land Use

Generic 

Species and 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

observed in the second squirrel.

A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributing factor of the effects observed in the 

incident. 

B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" 

signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.