enrichment

Kate Baker, Ph.D.

Tulane National Primate Research Center

Chimpanzees

for nonhuman primates
Chimpanzees

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Chimpanzees

Introduction

Nonhuman primates maintained in captivity have a valuable role in education 

and research. They are also occasionally used in entertainment. The scope of 

these activities can range from large, accredited zoos to small “roadside” exhibits; from national primate research centers to small academic institutions with 

only a few monkeys; and from movie sets to street performers. Attached to these 

uses of primates comes an ethical responsibility to provide the animals with an 

environment that promotes their physical and behavioral health and well-being. Thus, an obligation is entailed that those individuals/institutions caring for 

captive primates should make every effort to ensure adequate veterinary care and 

husbandry are provided, that the animals are housed in appropriate facilities, 

and that as broad a range of species-typical behaviors are able to be expressed by 

the animals as is possible for the captive environment.

This book serves as an introduction to the basic behavior and environmental 

enrichment of several species of nonhuman primates that are more commonly 

used in education, research and entertainment. In many ways, this book is 

meant to be a “how to” manual; it is not intended to be a broad scientific review 

of the primate behavior and enrichment literature. The fundamental premise 

taken throughout each chapter is that for an enrichment program to be effective, there must be a basic understanding of the biology and behavior of the 

primate species. The species addressed in this series are: baboons, capuchins, 

chimpanzees, macaques, marmosets and tamarins, and squirrel monkeys. Each 

species-section can be read as a stand-alone document without need to reference 

the other sections. This then allows the user to distribute the different sections 

to personnel caring for the specific animals. 

Each section is divided into five parts: 1) Background, comprised of the habitat 

of the primate, the physical features of the primate, its psychological and/or

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Chimpanzees

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ii

social behavior, and its mating and reproductive behavior; 2) Social World; 

3) Physical World; 4) Special Cases, describing any age-related considerations 

and concerns associated with individual housing; and 5) Problem Behaviors. 

The content of this series has been provided by members of the Association of 

Primate Veterinarians (APV) and the American Society of Primatologists (ASP) 

who have special expertise in the species addressed. This book is intended to be 

a primer because it is, indeed, an introduction to the subject of environmental 

enrichment for primates housed in a diversity of conditions. A list of references 

and/or other resources (principally on-line) is provided at the end of each chapter that provide additional guidance. The use of scientific references has been 

limited, but should the reader desire more information about a specific subject, 

the links at the end of the sections will provide direction to obtaining additional 

detailed information. Readers are also directed to the National Research Council 

publication, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1996) and 

the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal Welfare Regulations to 

review the regulatory requirements of the Public Health Service and the USDA 

for the provision of environmental enrichment.

The APV and ASP wish to thank the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, in 

particular Ms. Carol Wigglesworth and Dr. Axel Wolff; the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture/Animal Care, in particular Dr. Chester Gipson; and Ms. Dale Feurer, editor, and Ms. Lori Wieder, graphics and layout production, for their assistance with this project. The authors acknowledge the helpful contributions of 

Dr. David J. Shepherdson, Conservation Program Scientist, Metro Washington 

Park Zoo; Ms. April D. Truitt, Director, Primate Rescue Center, Inc.; and Ms. 

Kathleen Conlee, Program Officer, Humane Society of the United States. Special thanks also go to the chapter authors Dr. Christian Abee, Dr. Kate Baker, 

Dr. Linda Brent, Dr. Thomas Butler, Dr. Jeffrey Fite, Dr. Dorothy Fragazy, Dr. 

Jeffrey French and Dr. A. Michele Schuler, and to the reviewers from the American Society of Primatologists and the Association of Primate Veterinarians.

—Kathryn Bayne, M.S., Ph.D., D.V.M., DACLAM, CAAB

Editor, Working Group

This project is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Sylvia Taylor, Veterinary 

Medical Officer, Animal Care, U.S. Department of Agriculture, who 

was a proponent of providing enrichment to nonhuman primates and 

was generous in sharing her knowledge and expertise in this regard. 
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Chimpanzees

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Chimpanzees

Background

Habitat

In the wild, chimpanzees live in large forested areas, but they may also inhabit 

dry savannah and mosaic habitats of grassland-woodland-forest environments, as 

well as montane forests up to 10,000 feet in elevation. They spend much time in 

trees and may scatter widely over their territory rather than traveling around in 

one large group. 

Physical Features

Chimpanzees weigh up to 200 pounds, though the normal average weight for 

an adult female is 130 pounds and for an adult male is 140 pounds. Chimpanzees may grow to a height of 3 - 5 1/2 feet. Adult males generally are larger than 

females. Reaching their adult size by the time they are 14 to 16 years old, these 

animals can live to be 60 years old, with an average life span of 40 to 45 years. 

Chimpanzees are extremely strong and quick. They are omnivores, eating fruits, 

vegetables, insects and other animals at times. 

Behavior

Chimpanzees have many ways of communicating with each other. Facial expressions, calls, and gestures reflect their relationships with other chimpanzees and 

with people. Understanding these methods of communication is essential for 

having a good relationship with them and staying safe in their presence.

 

Chimpanzees make noisy shows of banging, hooting, rocking back and forth, 

and running, hitting or kicking things as they go. This is called a “display” and 

is normal for them. They do this because they are excited or trying to impress. 
Chimpanzees

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Displays are common when chimpanzees meet new chimpanzees or people and 

at the arrival of food. Sometimes chimpanzees will throw feces or spit on people 

during these displays. Reacting to such behavior (e.g., jumping away, yelling at 

the chimpanzee) will only encourage it. Walking away slowly or ignoring this 

behavior will discourage it over time. 

 

It is important to recognize that there is a hierarchical priority among chimpanzees for access to food that must be considered during feeding, foraging activities 

and access to enrichment foraging devices. Chimpanzees may show their lower 

status to another chimpanzee by bowing or grunting.

Chimpanzees make different sounds and expressions depending on what they 

are doing and trying to communicate. They may make a series of small grunts 

as they eat and a call that sounds like “WHA-OOO” as a warning of possible 

danger. If frightened or nervous, they will show their teeth and gums. Alternately, when playful, chimpanzees may show a wide-open mouth with the top teeth 

covered. They also make snorting or panting sounds when they play. Other 

gestures/vocalizations include an “open mouth grimace” (to express fear), squeal 

and pant-hoot (to express excitement).

An angry chimpanzee will press its lips together tightly, a warning to stay out of 

reach. Chimpanzees threaten each other by gesturing forward violently with an 

arm or wrist, as if shooing another away.

 

Friendly contact is extremely important to them. Chimpanzees will spend long 

periods of time grooming each other or simply sitting in contact. Many chimpanzees are very playful as well, tickling, chasing, wrestling, and gnawing on 

each other.

Chimps at play 

(photo by S. Lambeth).
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Chimpanzees

Mating and 

Reproduction

Puberty starts at 

about seven years of 

age. Male chimps 

can breed as young as 

seven to eight years of 

age. Female chimps 

in captivity can get 

pregnant as young 

as nine years of age. 

Because menopause 

is not documented in 

chimpanzees, females 

can remain fertile 

for decades. Females in estrus, which happens every four to six weeks, have 

prominent swelling of the pink genital skin that usually lasts two weeks. When 

in estrus, they may mate many times a day if housed with a male. There is no 

breeding season. Chimpanzee pregnancy lasts 33 to 34 weeks. Newborns cannot 

hold on to their mothers, who need to support them so they can nurse. Infants 

should be able to cling to their mothers without help after a few days. After 

several months, infants may start riding on their mothers’ backs rather than 

abdomens. Infants will nurse until they are about three years old. 

Social World

In the wild, chimpanzees live in large social groups. These groups share a territory and are hostile to other groups. Typically, a wild chimpanzee will know many 

other individuals, visiting with them on a regular basis. While wild chimpanzees 

often spend part of the day alone, they are naturally social animals for whom 

constant solitude is a hardship. 

In captivity, housing chimpanzees in social groups is essential to their quality 

of life. Young animals learn many lessons from the other, older animals in the 

group.

Chimps grooming (photo by K. Baker).

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Chimpanzees

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However, it is not always easy to form and maintain such groups. One must take 

great care in introducing unfamiliar chimpanzees to each other, keeping in mind 

that they are hostile to strangers in the wild. Several steps can be taken to make 

introductions go more smoothly. First, it is a good idea to let chimpanzees see 

but not touch each other for a short amount of time. Long periods of seeing but 

not touching, however, may make them more hostile to each other. Ideally, giving them a day or two of seeing each other should be followed by letting them 

touch each other but not enter each others’ enclosure. This gives them a chance 

to meet each other and establish dominance more safely than suddenly putting 

them together in the same enclosure as complete strangers. 

Some fighting during introductions is not unusual. A few fights, even those that 

cause small wounds, are not necessarily cause for separation. The animals need 

time to establish a hierarchy. It is important to give them time to work this out 

and reconcile after fights, which they often do. However, if fights become more 

frequent or more severe over time, then the individuals may indeed be incompatible.

Tolerance of young animals by adult males (photo by M. Bloomsmith).
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Chimpanzees

Newly-introduced chimpanzees 

should be watched carefully for 

at least a week. It is important 

to keep things quiet and calm 

around them, since they will be 

more likely to attack each other 

when there is noise, commotion or a stranger nearby. If 

several chimpanzees are to be 

introduced into one group, it 

is best to introduce different 

combinations of pairs together 

over several days before putting everyone together. If a male and female are introduced to each other, the introduction will go more smoothly during the time 

of month when the female has a sexual swelling. The riskiest social introductions 

involve males meeting each other, or chimpanzees that were housed alone for 

long periods of time.

Even chimpanzees that know each other well may fight on occasion. Fights 

often look and sound worse than they are. Trying to stop a fight, for example, by 

spraying chimpanzees with water, will do no good and may make things worse. 

Separating them and keeping them alone for a while is also a bad idea. They 

will remember their dispute and may fight even worse once they are reunited. It 

is best to let fights 

take their course 

unless they are likely 

to cause significant 

harm or are lifethreatening. It is 

important to avoid 

unnecessary separations of chimpanzee 

groups, since they 

will often fight 

during reunions. 

Subtle changes in 

body movements 

and posture often 

Social curiosity/learning (photo courtesy of S. Ross).

This enclosure provides multiple objects for enrichment to minimize 

aggression (photo by K. Baker).
Chimpanzees

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signal that an aggressive encounter is about to take place, especially between 

males. The male may exhibit slow swaying movements, raising of hackles and an 

increase in the volume of hooting.

While it would be difficult to eliminate all fighting, it is a good idea to avoid 

giving chimpanzees things to fight over, such as toys and food. Minimizing competition for food can reduce the number of fights. For example, giving a group 

one watermelon is much more likely to cause fighting than scattering pieces of 

watermelon all over the enclosure. Similarly, it is a better idea to give a group of 

chimpanzees several boxes to play with rather than one big piece of cardboard.

In captivity, chimpanzees benefit from social interaction with people (conducted 

safely), particularly when they lack companions of their own species. Many 

captive chimpanzees will want to groom humans, be groomed, or play chase 

or tickle games. While friendly relationships with people can be essential to 

chimpanzees with few or no companions, there are significant, potentially lethal, 

physical risks to people associated with such interactions (e.g., bite wounds, 

scratches, bruising, and possibly the transmission of infectious diseases), and the 

best approach in most circumstances is the provision of another chimpanzee. 

Human-chimpanzee interactions that permit limited contact in a safe manner can be achieved

(photo by K. Baker).
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Chimpanzees

Physical World

In the wild, chimpanzees spend much time in the trees. Thus, in captivity, they 

need climbing structures and comfortable places to sit up high. Fire hose, strong 

chain, cargo nets, perches, and tire swings all can be used for this purpose. If 

rope or chain is used, it should be thick and taut enough to prevent loop-forming and possible strangulation. Structures that provide shade and privacy, such 

as concrete culverts and small lengths of solid fencing, help avoid overheating 

in hot weather. They also give chimpanzees solitude if they want it and help to 

reduce aggression by providing visual barriers. Movable structures such as empty 

plastic barrels are favored resting spots, and chimpanzees can move them to 

where they want to sit. Barrels cut in half are popular “toys” for chimpanzees. 

Enclosures that include an outdoor area will provide the opportunity for chimpanzees to engage in the normal variety of behaviors typical for the species. Letting them choose whether to be inside or outside is important, since it appears 

that chimpanzees like to make some decisions for themselves.

Wild chimpanzees build nests out of branches and leaves. When caged, chimpanzees will benefit greatly from having nesting material such as blankets, straw 

or hay (though these materials may be allergenic), etc. Tree branches may be 

used, although be aware that some common trees, such as fruit trees, magnolia, some oaks, 

and hickory are 

toxic. Care also 

must be taken to 

avoid providing 

branches that are 

long enough for 

chimpanzees to 

use them to escape 

from open-top 

enclosures. In large 

enclosures, entire 

uprooted trees have 

been provided for 

enrichment. An example of a nest built by a chimpanzee in captivity

(photo by K. Baker).

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Chimpanzees

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A food puzzle being used by a chimpanzee (photo by K. Bayne).

One relatively easy way to keep life interesting for chimpanzees is to give them a 

large variety of healthy foods over time. While the basis of the diet (e.g., commercially prepared feed) should be nutritionally complete, fruits and vegetables, 

breakfast cereal, eggs, yogurt and other healthful snacks are good supplements. 

These are best provided as frequent, small feedings, rather than in large quantities once a day. While it is important not to overload chimpanzees on food 

treats, a sprinkling of “snacks” can help to prevent boredom and abnormal behaviors, particularly if the animals have to move around the enclosure to obtain 

the snacks (i.e., work for them). In the wild, chimpanzees rarely go very long 

without eating, regularly snacking on ripe fruits and leaves. Also, the more timeconsuming the food is to find and eat, the better it is for the chimpanzee. Foods 

such as unshucked raw ears of corn and frozen, finely chopped and widely scattered foods help keep chimpanzees occupied. Requiring chimpanzees to climb 

by placing frozen items on wire mesh ceilings or elsewhere presents a challenge 

for them and provides exercise.

Another easy way to enrich the chimpanzee’s environment is to provide large, 

sturdy toys that are sold for children, large dogs and zoo animals. Many vendors 

sell toys at a lower price than at the local pet store. Rotating toys will maintain 

the interest of the animals. Providing climbing structures is especially important.

Chimpanzees like to destroy things. Giving them items they can safely wreck, 

many of which are free or very inexpensive, is a widely used way of entertaining 

them. A cardboard box can be played in, squashed, ripped, chewed, and finally 

used for nesting material. Long sheets of butcher paper are very entertaining 

(butcher paper is easier on drains and easier to clean up than newspaper). An 

empty plastic soda or milk bottle, perhaps containing a small food treat, pro-
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Chimpanzees

vides a good source of entertainment. Such objects, however, must 

be checked frequently and removed 

when they become damaged. Because small objects can lodge in the 

throat or other part of the intestinal 

tract, objects introduced for enrichment purposes must be monitored 

to ensure animal safety.

Chimpanzees are extremely intelligent and will benefit from problemsolving and other mental activities. 

Inexpensive puzzles and projects can 

be made out of materials available 

at a home-improvement store. Even 

something as simple as a piece of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe smeared on the 

inside with peanut butter, along with a stick or narrower piece of pipe to insert 

to get at the food, makes a pleasant diversion for chimpanzees. A PVC pipe 

drilled with a few finger holes and containing a frozen banana is another easy 

idea. Other safe and effective puzzles are described on the internet (see online 

resources listed at the end of the chapter.). Many chimpanzees enjoy finger 

painting or drawing with nontoxic crayons. Finally, training is great stimulation 

for the smart mind of a chimpanzee and is fun for people as well.

Chimpanzees should be housed in an environment that gives them adequate ventilation, shade during hot days, and heat 

during cold days. Providing a fresh flow 

of air is recommended if the temperature 

gets as high as 90° F. They may enjoy 

the flow of water from a sprinkler placed 

outside their enclosure so that part (but 

not all) of their housing area receives 

some cooling. Chimpanzees should 

never be exposed to temperatures below 

50° F. Even at higher temperatures than 

this, they will need supplemental heat. 

A chimpanzee manipulates objects provided for 

enrichment purposes (photo courtesy of S. Ross). As 

always, caution must be exercised to ensure animals 

are not harmed by the enrichment devices.

A hand-held mirror provides enrichment to 

chimpanzees, who are interested in their own 

reflections (photo by K. Baker).
Chimpanzees

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10

Special Cases

Age-related Considerations 

Chimpanzees can live for more than forty years in captivity. During the course 

of their long lifespan, their needs change. Infancy is a critical time behaviorally 

and will determine whether the animal grows up to be behaviorally normal or 

have life-long behavior problems. Infants should remain with their mothers as 

long as possible. In the wild, young chimpanzees need their mothers’ care until 

they are about five years old. Separation from the mother before the age of one 

or two will result in an adult that may have trouble getting along with other 

chimpanzees, show a lot of abnormal behavior, and not cope well with changes 

and stressors. If infants are reared apart from their mothers, exposure to other 

infant chimpanzees is critical. 

At the other end of the lifespan, the needs of chimpanzees change as well. 

Regular health care through a qualified veterinarian, important throughout a 

chimpanzee’s life, is critical in old age. Aged chimpanzees experience many of 

the same problems that old people do, including bone loss, joint problems, and 

undesirable weight changes. Obesity increases the risks of cardiovascular disease and other health problems. Comfortable enclosures with bedding become 

particularly important. Aged chimpanzees can be expected to be less active, but 

their needs for a social life and stimulating environment do not diminish.

Individual Housing 

A chimpanzee that must be individually caged due to health problems, severe 

social problems, the unavailability of social partners, or research reasons will 

require extra care in the form of enrichment and human interaction. While a 

chimpanzee may have to be individually caged, it should not be kept alone in 

a room, unless it is necessary to control the spread of disease. Rather, it should 

have visual and auditory contact with chimpanzees in other cages. 

All the enrichment ideas mentioned above are especially critical for the singly 

caged chimpanzee. Providing a more interesting diet is another way of reducing 

boredom, but the fact that individual chimpanzees tend to be inactive means 

that a lot of attention has to be paid to food quantities and calories to avoid 

obesity. Freezing fruits and vegetables, or scattering low-calorie items in straw 

are ways of increasing feeding time without adding too many calories. Singly 

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11

Chimpanzees

caged chimpanzees will make a lot of use of toys and videotapes or live-feed of 

other chimpanzees (particularly familiar individuals). Very sturdy hand-held 

mirrors also may provide entertainment. Providing new structures or changing 

the installation of structures from time to time (e.g., suspending fire hoses in a 

new position) is another way to vary their environment and induce exploration 

behaviors. Access to the outside benefits all chimpanzees and provides a great 

deal of stimulation to singly caged chimpanzees.

Problem Behaviors

Captive chimpanzees may develop bad habits, including strange behaviors not 

normally seen in the wild. Some of these behaviors are very harmful to the 

animal’s physical health. The most serious problem behavior is self-biting and 

self-wounding, collectively referred to as self-injurious behaviors (SIB). Little 

can be done about this behavior once the chimpanzee is in the habit of hurting 

itself, although there is some evidence with other primate species that pharmacologic intervention may control SIB. Such chimpanzees need intensive veterinary 

care and a strong behavioral management program for life. 

Other behavioral problems that are difficult to eliminate because they develop 

early in life can be reduced by enriching the chimpanzee’s environment. Examples of these abnormal behaviors include rocking, thumb sucking, eye or ear 

poking, hair plucking, or odd and pointless motions or postures. Some of the 

easier abnormal behaviors to eliminate involve strange “eating” habits, such as 

consuming regurgitated food and feces. Increasing the number of small meals 

and providing bedding can help to eliminate such behaviors. Adding climbing 

structures and playthings also can be tried. Positive reinforcement training can 

be used not only to improve the quality of the chimpanzee’s life but to train for 

behaviors that replace the problem behavior.

Some problem behaviors may be due to physical rather than psychological 

causes. A sudden change in behavior or the development of a new abnormal behavior calls for a medical evaluation. For example, diarrhea may be a response to 

psychological stress, in which case changes to the environment might help. On 

the other hand, it could be the result of bacterial or parasitic infection requiring 

treatment.

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Chimpanzees

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12

No one technique for dealing with problem behavior is foolproof. Each chimpanzee is an individual. A chimpanzee should be watched to determine the 

effectiveness of changes made. Several different approaches may need to be tried 

before a behavior problem improves. Some attempts to fix behavior may backfire 

as well, so familiarity with the individuals and ongoing observation is essential. 

For example, one chimpanzee may be unreasonably frightened of something 

new or different, while another will take to it immediately. Chimpanzees 

may adjust to something new gradually or avoid it forever. In some cases, the 

chimpanzee’s immediate reaction is different from its long-term response. Observe the chimpanzee to see if it makes use of the enrichment, and if it reduces 

or eliminates the behavior problem. It is important to keep a record of what 

changes were made and how the chimpanzee responded. 

Safety Issues

Chimpanzees are fast and strong, so great care must be taken when working 

with them. Chimpanzees that want to be groomed or tickled can press their 

backs or shoulders against enclosure mesh or bars for you; there is no need to 

stick your hand in the enclosure and risk getting bitten or grabbed. Indeed, 

some chimpanzees will appear to invite such contact, only to quickly turn and 

try to bite the person. Furthermore, always keep an eye on where their hands are 

and stay away from their mouths.

Chimpanzees can be extremely unpredictable. They are known to trick people 

into coming within grabbing distance by pretending their arms cannot reach 

out as far as they actually can. If agitated, they may lash out at familiar people to 

whom they have never been aggressive before. 

Chimpanzees can certainly hurt people, and people can inadvertently expose the 

animals to harm. For example, chimpanzees can catch the same illnesses humans 

can, so care should be taken not to expose them to people with colds or the flu. 

Anyone working around chimpanzees should have a tuberculin test every six 

months or other documentation of being tuberculin negative (e.g., chest x-rays). 

An excellent way for people to interact more safely with chimpanzees is to utilize 

a training technique known as positive reinforcement, in which a desired behav-

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13

Chimpanzees

ior is linked to something 

the animal likes. People 

can positively reinforce 

chimpanzees by “catching” 

them doing something 

desirable (e.g., sitting 

down, leaning its shoulder against the enclosure 

barrier near you, etc.), 

and praising or treating 

them with a small food 

reward. By using a specific 

word or gesture when the 

chimpanzee performs the 

desired behavior, people 

can eventually use the 

word or gesture to “ask” 

for the behavior. Because such training takes some level of expertise, one should 

be familiar with positive reinforcement training techniques, both in general and 

specific to chimpanzees, before attempting this procedure.

Chimpanzees can be trained to play with or groom each other or to stop stealing 

each others’ food. Many chimpanzees enjoy learning a variety of commands 

(e.g., show me your shoulder, bring me your toy). While it may start as a game 

just to stimulate their minds and have fun, these commands may come in handy 

unexpectedly. For example, it may be possible to command an injured animal 

to present the body part for inspection. It may also form the basis for training 

chimpanzees to cooperate with procedures that would otherwise be very stressful 

for chimpanzees and people alike. 

Like all wild animals, chimpanzees will need to be restrained occasionally for 

clinical care and transport. However, chimpanzees can be trained to cooperate 

with procedures. Training can be used to make procedures such as receiving 

an injection or moving from the home cage to a transfer cage less frightening 

and stressful for the animal. A chimpanzee trained to cooperate with medical 

procedures such as heart rate or temperature measurement may not need to be 

anesthetized for those procedures. 

Through the use of positive reinforcement training, a chimpanzee 

cooperates with receiving an injection (photo by K. Baker).
Chimpanzees

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14

Positive reinforcement training should be employed whenever possible and will 

result in a positive relationship between chimpanzees and their caregivers. Letting chimpanzees know what is needed of them, and giving them a chance to 

cooperate, gives them some control over their lives. Threatening or punishing 

chimpanzees, on the other hand, will encourage them to do unpleasant things to 

people (spitting, throwing feces) and resist their caregivers at every opportunity.

Resources

Brent L (Ed). 1997. The Care and Management of Captive Chimpanzees. American Society 

of Primatologists. 252pp.

Maki S, Bloomsmith M. 1989. Uprooted trees facilitate the psychological well-being 

of captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biol 8:79-87.

Reinhardt V. 1997. The Wisconsin Gnawing Stick. Animal Welfare Information Center 

(AWIC) Newsletter 7(3-4), 11-12.

Chimpanzees in the wild and in captivity: 

http://www.discoverchimpanzees.org/chimps/chimps.php (Jane Goodall Institute Center 

for Primate Studies)

http://www.oaklandzoo.org/atoz/azchimp.html (Oakland Zoo)

http://www.honoluluzoo.org/chimpanzee.htm (Honolulu Zoo)

Enrichment:

http://www.arkanimals.com/ark/e_enrichment_101.html 

http://www.awionline.org 

Training:

http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/jo-6.htm

http://behavior.org/animals/index.cfm?page=http%3A//behavior.org/animals/animals_chimps.cfm

http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/primates/4n4laule.htm

A useful listserv: ask questions and get answers, exchange ideas: 

http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/infoserv/forums/pef/

http://www.primate.wisc.edu/mailman/listinfo/pef

Primate Organizations:

American Society of Primatologists, www.asp.org 

Association of Primate Veterinarians, www.primatevets.org 

International Primatological Society, http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/ips/ 

Common Names of Chimpanzees

Pan troglodytes

P. troglodytes troglodytes: Tschego

P. troglodytes verus: Common or masked chimpanzee

P.troglodytes schweinfurthii: Eastern or Long-haired chimpanzee

Pan paniscus: Pygmy chimpanzee, Bonobo, Lesser chimpanzee

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15

Chimpanzees
This series of booklets on enrichment for nonhuman 

primates was made possible through the cooperation of: 

~ Department of Health and Human Services

~ NIH, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)

~ US Department of Agriculture, Animal Care

~ Association of Primate Veterinarians

~ American Society of Primatologists

For more information, contact OLAW at NIH

tel: (301) 496-7163, e-mail olaw@od.nih.gov

NIH Publication No. 05-5748

Department of Health and Human Services, 2005

enrichment for nonhuman primates