Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 1 of 37

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Amy E. Karozos

Public Defender of Indiana

Lindsay Van Gorkom

Deputy Public Defender

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Theodore E. Rokita

Attorney General of Indiana

J.T. Whitehead

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

James C. Absher,

Appellant-Petitioner,

v.

State of Indiana,

Appellee-Respondent

January 22, 2021

Court of Appeals Case No.

20A-PC-1227

Appeal from the Floyd Circuit 

Court

The Honorable Maria D. Granger, 

Special Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

22C01-1311-PC-12

Crone, Judge.

Case Summary

[1] Following his convictions for Count 1, class A felony child molesting, Count 2, 

class A felony child molesting, and Count 3, class C felony child molesting, 

James C. Absher sought and was denied post-conviction relief (PCR). He now 
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appeals the denial of his PCR petition, arguing that he is entitled to relief 

because his trial and appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance. He

asserts that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in two ways: (1) 

failing to object to an untimely amendment to the charging information that 

added Counts 2 and 3 and (2) failing to object to the prosecutor’s comments 

during closing argument. We agree that Absher’s trial counsel provided 

ineffective assistance by failing to object to the untimely amendment to the 

charging information, and therefore the post-conviction court improperly 

denied relief on this claim. However, we reach the opposite conclusion with 

respect to Absher’s claim regarding his trial counsel’s failure to object to the 

prosecutor’s comments. Absher also asserts that his appellate counsel provided 

ineffective assistance by failing to raise a claim that the evidence was 

insufficient to support his conviction for Count 2. We agree.

1 Accordingly, we 

affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions to vacate the 

convictions and sentences for Counts 2 and 3.

Facts and Procedural History

[2] Absher and Laura Rawlings lived together and were involved in a romantic 

relationship from 1997 until 2001. They had a daughter together, J.L. By May 

of 2004, Absher and Rawlings were separated. Rawlings lived with five-year1 Because of our resolution of these issues, we need not address Absher’s arguments that his appellate counsel 

provided ineffective assistance by failing to competently argue that the untimely amendment to the charging 

information was fundamental error and by failing to raise the issue that his 100-year aggregate sentence was 

inappropriate.
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old J.L. and Rawlings’s two other children in a two-story house. Absher 

sometimes visited the children at the house. On May 26, 2004, Absher came to 

Rawlings’s house to visit and spent the night. Absher, Rawlings, and the 

children slept in the same bedroom, with Absher and Rawlings sleeping on the 

floor, and the children sleeping on the bed. Trial Tr. Vol. 1 at 54.

[3] The following morning, Absher and Rawlings woke up and went downstairs to 

the kitchen. Absher offered to go back upstairs, wake up J.L., and change the 

youngest child’s diaper. After Absher had been gone about fifteen minutes, 

Rawlings decided to go upstairs because she thought it was taking too long to 

change a diaper. Id. at 60-61. When she got upstairs, she looked into the 

bedroom through the open door and saw J.L. lying on her back on the floor 

with her underwear pulled down and her legs apart. Id. at 63. Absher was on 

his knees straddling J.L. Id. at 64. His jeans and underwear were pulled down 

below his knees. Id. at 64-65. His right hand was holding his penis, and his left 

hand was on J.L.’s lower abdomen, with his fingers toward her stomach and his

thumb touching her “vagina area.” Id. at 66. Rawlings yelled at Absher and 

pushed him away. Absher asked her not to call the police and promised it 

would not happen again. Id. at 55. Rawlings said that that was “not good 

enough” and called the police. Id. When the police arrived, Absher fled.

[4] New Albany Police Department Sergeant Sherri Knight interviewed J.L. The 

audiotape of the interview was admitted at trial without objection. J.L. told 

Sergeant Knight that Absher touched the inside of her “coochie[,]” J.L.’s term 

for her sex organ, with his “weenie.” Trial Confidential Ex. Vol. 1 at 51-52; 
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Trial Tr. Vol. 1 at 227-28. J.L. said that when Absher put his weenie in her 

coochie, it “felt bad.” Trial Confidential Ex. Vol. 1 at 52; Trial Tr. Vol. 1 at 

229-30. Sergeant Knight asked J.L. whether Absher’s weenie touched any 

other part of J.L.’s body, and she said no. Trial Confidential Ex. Vol. 1 at 52;

Trial Tr. Vol. 1 at 230. Sergeant Knight also asked J.L. whether any other part 

of Absher’s body touched her coochie, and she said no. Trial Confidential Ex. 

Vol. 1 at 52; Trial Tr. Vol. 1 at 230. Finally, Sergeant Knight asked J.L. if 

anyone else had ever touched her coochie, and she said no. Trial Confidential 

Ex. Vol. 1 at 54; Trial Tr. Vol. 1 at 230. 

[5] After her interview with Sergeant Knight, J.L. was examined by sexual assault 

nurse examiner Kathy Scifres. J.L. explained to Scifres that Absher touched 

her with his weenie two times, pointing to her “genitalia area” to indicate 

where Absher had touched her. Trial Tr. Vol. 1 at 110-11. During Scifres’

examination of J.L., Scifres discovered a three-millimeter vertical abrasion 

“oozing a little bit of fluid” and another horizontal abrasion in the labial area, 

both of which were recent. Id. at 118-19. Scifres took swabs of J.L.’s genitals 

and collected her clothing as evidence.

[6] Police located Absher, and Sergeant Knight interviewed him. His interview 

was recorded and admitted at trial without objection, and a transcription of the 

recording was admitted as Defendant’s Exhibit 4. Absher told Sergeant Knight

that after he woke J.L. up that morning, he tickled her around her belly button 

under her shirt. Trial Confidential. Ex. Vol. 1 at 60. He admitted that he 

touched J.L.’s private area with his hand but claimed that it was unintentional. 
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Id. at 64-65. When Sergeant Knight told him that J.L. said that he touched her 

private area with his penis, Absher stated that he did not remember that 

happening, but he guessed that J.L. was telling the truth. Id. at 65. During a 

portion of their conversation that was not recorded, Absher told Sergeant 

Knight many times that “if [J.L.] said I did it than [sic] I did it[.]” Trial Tr. Vol. 

2 at 279.

[7] On May 28, 2004, the State charged Absher with one count of class A felony 

child molesting, alleging that Absher, “a person of at least twenty-one years of 

age, did perform sexual intercourse with [J.L.], a child under the age of 

fourteen, to wit: 5.” Direct Appeal App. Vol. 1 at 26.

[8] At the initial hearing, the trial court set the omnibus date for July 27, 2004. 

Trial was originally scheduled for August 9, 2004, but following numerous 

continuances, it was rescheduled for June 12, 2006. On June 9, 2006, the State 

filed a motion to amend the charging information to designate the original class 

A felony child molesting count as Count 1 and add two new counts. In Count 

2, the State charged Absher with class A felony child molesting, alleging that he

performed deviate sexual conduct with J.L. by placing his mouth on her sex 

organ. Id. at 114. In Count 3, the State charged Absher with class C felony

child molesting, alleging that he fondled or touched J.L. with the intent to 

arouse or satisfy his sexual desires. Id. Absher did not object to the motion to 

amend. On the same date, the State made a plea offer to Absher. On June 13, 

2006, Absher refused the State’s plea offer, and the trial court granted the 

State’s motion to amend. The trial court also granted Absher’s request for a 
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continuance. Trial commenced on August 15, 2006. On August 18, 2006, the 

jury found Absher guilty as charged. On September 18, 2006, the trial court 

sentenced Absher to an executed term of fifty years each on Counts 1 and 2, to 

be served consecutive to each other, and eight years on Count 3, to be served 

concurrent with Count 1.

[9] Absher brought a direct appeal of his convictions, arguing that the trial court 

erroneously allowed the State to amend its charging information to add Counts 

2 and 3 after the expiration of the time limit set forth in Indiana Code Section 

35-34-1-5. Absher v. State, 866 N.E.2d 350 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (Absher I). In 

summary, the Absher I court held that the trial court erred by granting the State’s 

motion to amend. Id. at 354. However, because Absher’s trial counsel failed to 

preserve the error for appellate review with a timely objection, Absher was 

required to establish fundamental error. Id. at 354-55. The Absher I court 

concluded that Absher failed to provide cogent argument with citation to 

authority to support his legal conclusion that the error was fundamental and 

affirmed his convictions.

2

 Id. at 356.

2 We note that the Absher I court stated briefly that Absher failed to provide cogent argument on the issue of 

ineffective assistance of trial counsel. 866 N.E.2d at 356. If a claim of ineffective assistance is raised on 

direct appeal, “the appellate resolution of the issue acts as res judicata and precludes its relitigation in 

subsequent post-conviction relief proceedings.” Jewell v. State, 887 N.E.2d 939, 941 (Ind. 2008). However, 

Absher did not raise this issue in his direct appeal. Rather, it appears that the State raised the question in its 

appellee’s brief by asserting that Absher’s trial counsel had not provided ineffective assistance. Absher filed a 

reply brief, but it did not address the State’s assertion regarding his trial counsel’s effectiveness. At the postconviction hearing, the State stipulated that Absher’s opportunity to raise ineffective assistance of trial 

counsel had not been foreclosed by Absher’s appellate counsel in the direct appeal. PCR Tr. Vol. 2 at 111-12, 

PCR Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 159. In this appeal, the State does not contend that Absher is barred from 
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[10] In October 2013, Absher, pro se, filed a PCR petition, which, after two 

amendments by counsel, took its final form in December 2017. In June 2018,

Judge J. Terrence Cody held an evidentiary hearing on Absher’s PCR petition, 

at which Absher’s trial counsel William Eastridge and Lisa Glickfield and his 

appellate counsel J. Patrick Biggs testified. In September 2018, the parties filed 

proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. In December 2019, Absher 

filed a request for a ruling. In January 2020, Absher filed a praecipe for 

withdrawal of submission pursuant to Indiana Trial Rules 53.1(E) and 53.2(E). 

In February 2020, the Indiana Supreme Court entered an order withdrawing the 

matter from Judge Cody and appointing Maria D. Granger as special judge. 

On June 3, 2020, Special Judge Granger issued an order denying Absher’s PCR 

petition. This appeal ensued.

Discussion and Decision

[11] “Post-conviction proceedings are civil proceedings in which a defendant may 

present limited collateral challenges to a conviction and sentence.” Gibson v. 

State, 133 N.E.3d 673, 681 (Ind. 2019) (citing Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 

1(1)(b)), cert. denied (2020). “The scope of potential relief is limited to issues 

unknown at trial or unavailable on direct appeal.” Id. A defendant who files a 

petition for post-conviction relief “bears the burden of establishing grounds for 

raising a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Accordingly, we address his claims regarding his trial 

counsel.
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relief by a preponderance of the evidence.” Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5); 

Humphrey v. State, 73 N.E.3d 677, 681 (Ind. 2017). Because the defendant is 

appealing from the denial of post-conviction relief, he is appealing from a 

negative judgment:

Thus, the defendant must establish that the evidence, as a whole, 

unmistakably and unerringly points to a conclusion contrary to 

the post-conviction court’s decision. In other words, the 

defendant must convince this Court that there is no way within 

the law that the court below could have reached the decision it 

did.

Wilkes v. State, 984 N.E.2d 1236, 1240 (Ind. 2013) (citations and quotation 

marks omitted). 

[12] Generally, we review the post-conviction court’s factual findings for clear error, 

neither reweighing the evidence nor judging the credibility of witnesses.

Hinesley v. State, 999 N.E.2d 975, 981 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied (2014). 

Here, the post-conviction court made its ruling on a paper record, and thus we 

are reviewing the same information that was available to the post-conviction

court. In such cases, the appellate court owes no deference to the lower court’s 

findings. See Baysinger v. State, 835 N.E.2d 223, 224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)

(concluding that where trial court ruled on defendant’s petition to file belated 

notice of appeal based on a paper record, appellate court owed no deference to 

lower court’s findings), trans. denied (2006). Therefore, we review the denial of 

Absher’s PCR petition de novo. Id. 
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[13] Absher maintains that he is entitled to post-conviction relief because he was 

denied the right to effective assistance of trial and appellate counsel guaranteed 

by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. See Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984) (“[T]he right to counsel is the right to 

effective assistance of counsel.”) (quoting McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 

771 n.14 (1970)). We evaluate a defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of 

counsel using the two-part test articulated in Strickland. Ward v. State, 969 

N.E.2d 46, 51 (Ind. 2012). Under this test, the defendant must demonstrate (1) 

that counsel’s performance was deficient based on prevailing professional 

norms; and (2) that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Id.

[14] In assessing whether counsel’s performance was deficient, we note that

“[c]ounsel is afforded considerable discretion in choosing strategy and tactics, 

and we will accord that decision deference.” Id. (quoting Pruitt v. State, 903 

N.E.2d 899, 906 (Ind. 2009)). Indeed, there is a strong presumption “that 

counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the 

exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” Weisheit v. State, 109 N.E.3d 

978, 983 (Ind. 2018), cert. denied (2019). A defendant must offer strong and 

convincing evidence to overcome this presumption. Ritchie v. State, 875 N.E.2d 

706, 714 (Ind. 2007). Isolated poor strategy, inexperience, or bad tactics does 

not necessarily constitute ineffective assistance. Hinesley, 999 N.E.2d at 982. 

[15] As for the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, a defendant need only show “a 

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of 

the proceeding would have been different.” Middleton v. State, 72 N.E.3d 891, 
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891 (Ind. 2017) (emphasis and citation omitted). “A reasonable probability is a 

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 891-92 

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “Failure to satisfy either prong will cause 

the claim to fail[, and] most ineffective assistance of counsel claims can be 

resolved by a prejudice inquiry alone.” French v. State, 778 N.E.2d 816, 824 

(Ind. 2002) (citation omitted).

Section 1 – Trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by

failing to object to the State’s motion to amend the charging 

information.

[16] Absher first argues that his trial counsel’s failure to object to the amendment to

the charging information constitutes deficient performance because the 

amendments were clearly prohibited by Indiana Code Section 35-34-1-5(b). He 

further asserts that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to object because had 

trial counsel preserved the issue for appeal, his convictions for the two counts 

added by the amendment would have been reversed on direct appeal pursuant 

to Fajardo v. State, 859 N.E.2d 1201 (Ind. 2007). The State contends that trial 

counsel’s failure to object was a strategic decision based on prevailing

professional norms at the time, and therefore his failure to object cannot be 

considered deficient performance.

[17] To resolve Absher’s claim, we begin by reviewing the text of Section 35-34-1-5, 

which governs amendments to a charging information, two relevant Indiana 

Supreme Court cases, and the resolution of Absher’s direct appeal. Turning 

first to the text of the statute, we observe that when Absher committed his
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offenses, the State moved to amend the charging information, and Absher’s 

case was up on direct appeal, Section 35-34-1-5(a) permitted an amendment to 

the charging information at any time “because of any immaterial defect” and 

listed nine such examples, including “(9) any other defect which does not 

prejudice the substantial rights of the defendant.” (Emphasis added.) Similarly, 

subsection 5(c) permitted, “at any time before, during or after the trial, ... an 

amendment to the indictment or information in respect to any defect, 

imperfection, or omission in form which does not prejudice the substantial rights of 

the defendant.” (Emphasis added.) In contrast, subsection 5(b) provided the 

following time limitations:

(b) The indictment or information may be amended in matters of 

substance or form, and the names of material witnesses may be 

added, by the prosecuting attorney, upon giving written notice to 

the defendant, at any time up to:

(1) thirty (30) days if the defendant is charged with a felony; or

(2) fifteen (15) days if the defendant is charged only with one (1) 

or more misdemeanors;

before the omnibus date.

(Emphasis added.) 

[18] In Haak v. State, 695 N.E.2d 944 (Ind. 1998), our supreme court reviewed 

Haak’s claim that an amendment to the charging information made well after 
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the omnibus date violated Section 35-34-1-5. In so doing, the Haak court 

explained the application of the statute as follows:

Indiana Code § 35-34-1-5 ... broadly distinguishes between

amendments of “immaterial defect” or “form” and amendments 

of “substance.” The former by virtue of subsections (a) and (c) 

may be made at any time if there is no prejudice to the defendant. 

Pursuant to subsection (b), the latter require written notice to the 

defendant of the proposed change and may not occur after 

specified times in advance of the omnibus date. The omnibus 

date here was in 1994 and the amendment was in 1996. Thus, if 

the amendment was of substance, or prejudicial to the defendant 

even if of form, it was impermissible under the statute. 

Id. at 951 (footnote omitted). The Haak court explained the form/substance 

distinction as follows:

If the defense under the original information would be equally 

available after the amendment is made and the accused’s 

evidence would be equally applicable to the information in one 

form as in the other, the amendment is one of form and not of 

substance. An amendment is of substance only if it is essential to 

the making of a valid charge of the crime.

Id. (quoting Sharp v. State, 534 N.E.2d 708, 714 (Ind. 1989), cert. denied (1990)). 

The Haak court concluded that the amendment at issue, which involved the 

deletion of an overt act in furtherance of a conspiracy, was one of form, not 

substance, and was permissible at any time if not prejudicial to Haak. Id. at 

952. The Haak court concluded that the amendment did not prejudice Haak’s 

substantial rights, and thus the trial court did not err in allowing the 

amendment three weeks before trial. Id.
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[19] On January 16, 2007, while Absher’s direct appeal was pending, our supreme 

court handed down Fajardo, 859 N.E.2d 1201, wherein the court reversed 

Fajardo’s conviction due to a violation of Section 35-34-1-5. There, the 

supreme court concluded that the trial court abused its discretion by granting, 

over defense counsel’s objection, the State’s motion to amend the charging 

information to add a count of class A felony child molesting. Id. at 1208. In 

reaching this conclusion, the Fajardo court considered the text of Section 35-34-

1-5 and described its application as follows:

This statutory language ... conditions the permissibility for 

amending a charging information upon whether the amendment 

falls into one of three classifications: (1) amendments correcting 

an immaterial defect, which may be made at any time, and in the 

case of an unenumerated immaterial defect, only if it does not 

prejudice the defendant’s substantial rights; (2) amendments to 

matters of form, for which the statute is inconsistent, subsection (b) 

permitting them only prior to a prescribed period before the 

omnibus date, and subsection (c) permitting them at any time but 

requiring that they do not prejudice the substantial rights of the 

defendant; and (3) amendments to matters of substance, which are 

permitted only if made more than thirty days before the omnibus 

date for felonies, and more than fifteen days in advance for 

misdemeanors

Id. at 1204-05 (citing Haak, 695 N.E.2d at 951). “Therefore,” the Fajardo court 

explained, “the first step in evaluating the permissibility of amending an 

indictment or information is to determine whether the amendment is addressed 

to a matter of substance or one of form or immaterial defect.” Id. at 1207. 
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[20] The Fajardo court then observed that although the distinction between matters 

of substance and those of form was important in determining whether an 

amendment was permissible under Section 35-34-1-5, the manner in which 

Indiana courts had applied the distinction had varied over the years. 

Specifically, the Fajardo court noted that after this version of subsection 5(b) had 

been enacted by the legislature in 1982, “[e]nsuing case law ... ha[d] been 

inconsistent and conflicting, often reflecting the practice and procedure under prior 

statutes, or imprecisely disregarding the subsection 5(b) timeliness requirement 

for amendments to substance in favor of the absence of prejudice requirement 

that subsections 5(a)(9) and 5(c) apply only to amendments of form.” Id. at 

1206 (emphasis added). The Fajardo court identified multiple supreme court 

and appellate court cases that “permitted amendments related to matters of 

substance simply on grounds that the changes did not prejudice the substantial 

rights of the defendant, without regard to whether or not the amendments were 

untimely[,]” and cases that “ha[d] not focused upon whether the challenged 

amendment was one of form or substance, but ha[d] employed components of 

the substance/form test (whether defense equally available and evidence

equally applicable, and whether amendment not essential to making a valid 

charge) to assess whether the defendant’s substantial rights were prejudiced.”3

 

3 Only one of the supreme court cases identified in Fajardo was handed down after Haak, and that case was

Brown v. State, 728 N.E.2d 876 (Ind. 2000), abrogated by Fajardo, 859 N.E.2d 1201. The amendment at issue 

in Brown was sought by the State after the close of its case in chief. In determining whether the amendment 

was permissible, our supreme court relied on Section 35-34-1-5(c) and applied components of the 

substance/form test to conclude that “the availability of Brown’s defense and the applicability of the evidence 
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Id. at 1206-07. The Fajardo court expressly held that the methodology 

employed in those cases did not comply with Section 35-34-1-5. Id. at 1207. 

Significantly, the Fajardo court made clear that subsection 5(b) prohibited “any 

amendment as to matters of substance unless made thirty days before the 

omnibus date for felonies and fifteen days before the omnibus date for 

misdemeanors.” Id. (footnote omitted). Specifically, “as to an amendment 

relating to matters of substance, the statute is clear: the only prerequisite is that 

it must be filed the specified number of days before the omnibus date, pursuant 

to subsection 5(b).” Id. (citing Haak, 695 N.E.2d at 951). 

[21] The Fajardo court next addressed the amendment to Fajardo’s charging 

information and concluded that the addition of an entirely new count of class A 

felony child molesting to an information that originally charged only one count 

of class C felony child molesting was an amendment of substance, which was 

permissible only up to thirty days before the omnibus date. Id. at 1208. 

Because the amendment was sought after the omnibus date, the court 

concluded that it failed to comply with Section 35-34-1-5. Id. Accordingly, the 

Fajardo court held that the “defendant’s objection should have been sustained 

and the amendment denied.” Id. The court vacated Fajardo’s conviction and 

sentence for class A felony child molesting without further examining whether 

he suffered any prejudice caused by the amendment. Id.

under the original information was unaffected by the amendment,” and thus “Brown’s substantial rights were 

not affected.” 728 N.E.2d at 880.
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[22] As previously noted, Fajardo was decided while Absher’s direct appeal was 

pending, and the amendment sought in both cases involved the addition of new 

counts of child molesting. In Absher’s direct appeal, he relied on Fajardo to 

argue that the trial court erroneously permitted the State to amend the charging 

information to add a new count of class A felony child molesting and a new 

count of class C felony child molesting. In addressing his argument, the Absher 

I court concluded that the amendment was one of substance and not form 

because it added two new and separate offenses. 866 N.E.2d at 354. The court 

reasoned that “Absher’s evidence addressed to disputing the original charge 

would not be equally applicable to dispute the specific conduct alleged in the 

separate additional charges sought to be added.” Id. Also, the court added, the 

amendment was “unquestionably essential to making a valid charge of the 

crime.” Id. (quoting Fajardo, 859 N.E.2d at 1208). The Absher I court then 

explained that because the amendment sought to modify the charging 

information as to matters of substance, it was permissible under Section 35-34-

1-5(b) only up to thirty days before the omnibus date. The court then held that 

the amendment, sought almost two years after the omnibus date, was 

prohibited under subsection 5(b), and therefore the trial court should have 

denied the State’s motion to amend. Id.

[23] Although the Absher I court held that the trial court erred, Absher was not 

successful in obtaining reversal of his convictions. The Absher I court noted a 

distinction between Absher’s case and Fajardo’s, namely, that while Fajardo 

had objected to the amendment and preserved the error for appeal, Absher had 
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not. Id. at 354. The Absher I court observed that Fajardo had not addressed the 

manner of appellate review of an alleged violation of Section 35-34-1-5(b) when 

the error had not been preserved. The Absher I court concluded that because 

Absher had not objected to the amendment, he would have to establish 

fundamental error to obtain reversal of the convictions. Id. at 354-55. As for 

whether fundamental error occurred, the court noted that Absher failed “to 

provide even a single cogent argument or citation to authority supporting his 

ultimate conclusions that his trial was unfair.” Id. at 356. The court concluded 

that Absher “failed to successfully invoke the doctrine of fundamental error” by 

failing to provide a cogent argument with citation to authority. Id. As such, the 

court affirmed Absher’s convictions.

[24] “Under [the law of the case] doctrine, the decision of an appellate court 

becomes the law of the case and governs the case throughout all of its 

subsequent stages, as to all questions which were presented and decided, both 

directly and indirectly.” Maciaszek v. State, 113 N.E.3d 788, 791 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2018). Accordingly, under the law of the case doctrine, our resolution of 

Absher’s claim is informed by the Absher I court’s determinations that the 

amendment was a matter of substance that violated Section 35-34-1-5(b), that 

the trial court erred in permitting the amendment, and that Absher failed to 

provide a cogent argument to support his claim of fundamental error.

[25] Notwithstanding that Absher I establishes that the trial court erred by granting 

the motion to amend, the State asserts that trial counsel did not provide 

deficient performance by failing to invoke the reasoning of the not-yet-published 
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Fajardo opinion to object to the amendments, citing Reed v. State, 856 N.E.2d 

1189, 1197 (Ind. 2006). Appellee’s Br. at 19; see Reed, 856 N.E.2d at 1197

(“[C]ounsel cannot be held ineffective for failing to anticipate or effectuate a 

change in existing law[, and] an ineffective assistance claim cannot be based 

upon counsel’s failure to argue legal reasoning of cases not yet decided at the 

time of appeal.”) (citations omitted). Absher contends that trial counsel was 

not required to anticipate or effectuate a change in existing law and that the 

need to object to the untimely amendment should have been apparent to trial 

counsel based on the clear text of the statute and our supreme court’s opinion in

Haak, 695 N.E.2d 944. In support of his contention, Absher points out that the 

Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals has granted habeas corpus relief to Indiana 

defendants who sought and were denied post-conviction relief on the basis of 

their attorneys’ failure to object to the untimely amendments of their charging 

documents, citing Jones v. Zatecky, 917 F.3d 578, 579-80 (7th Cir. 2019) (Jones 

III). 

[26] Jones was charged with battery in 2005 after attacking his partner. Jones v. 

State, 876 N.E.2d 389, 2007 WL 3287457, at *1 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (Jones I), 

trans. denied (2008). Nine days after the omnibus date, the State moved to 

amend the information to add a charge of criminal confinement. Id. at *2. 

Jones’s attorney did not object, and the trial court granted the State’s motion. 

Jones filed a direct appeal, arguing that the trial court erred by allowing the 

amendment in violation of Section 35-34-1-5. Id. Although Section 35-34-1-5

had been amended by the time of Jones’s appeal, the Jones I court explained 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 19 of 37

that because Jones committed his offenses before the legislature amended the 

statute, its review of his claim was based on the prior statute.

4 Id. at *11 n.2. 

The Jones I court agreed with Jones that the trial court had erroneously 

permitted the amendment because the amendment was one of substance that 

was filed after the omnibus date. Id. at *3. However, the Jones I court 

concluded that because Jones’s trial counsel had failed to object to the 

amendment on the same grounds, the issue was waived. Id. at *4. Jones filed 

for post-conviction relief, but his petition was denied. Jones v. State, 46 N.E.3d 

501, 2016 WL 359276, at *2-3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (Jones II), trans. denied.

[27] Jones then filed a pro se habeas corpus petition in federal court. In reviewing 

his petition, the Seventh Circuit stated, 

At the time of David Jones’s arrest and prosecution in 2005, Ind. Code 

§ 35-34-1-5 (1982) identified an “omnibus date” and allowed 

prosecutors to make substantive amendments to pending charges only 

up to 30 days before the omnibus date. Seven years earlier, in a case 

called Haak v. State, 695 N.E.2d 944, 951 (Ind. 1998), the Indiana 

Supreme Court had confirmed the strict nature of this deadline. 

Disregarding this rule, in Jones’s case the state moved nine days after 

the omnibus date to amend the charging instrument to add a new and 

highly consequential charge of criminal confinement. Jones’s attorney 

did not object to this untimely amendment, and Jones was ultimately 

convicted of the confinement charge.

4 The Jones I court did not consider whether the amended version could be applied retroactively. As 

explained more fully below, our courts have applied it retroactively.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 20 of 37

According to the state, there is nothing unique about Jones’s 

case. It tells us that defense attorneys around Indiana routinely 

ignored both the clear text of the statute and the Haak decision 

and allowed prosecutors to make untimely amendments. If that is 

an accurate account, it is hardly reassuring. For a lawyer to fail to 

take advantage of a clear avenue of relief for her client is no less 

concerning because many others made the same error—if 

anything, it is more so.

Jones III, 917 F.3d at 579-80 (footnote omitted). Accordingly, the Seventh 

Circuit concluded that based on the clear language of Section 35-34-1-5 and the 

Indiana Supreme Court’s opinion in Haak,

5 Jones had a strong argument for 

dismissing one of the charges against him, but his trial counsel failed to pursue 

it, and therefore his trial counsel’s performance fell below the constitutional 

minimum. Id. at 581-82. 

[28] As for prejudice to Jones, the Seventh Circuit stated that it was “easy to find a

reasonable probability that counsel’s error prejudiced Jones.” Id. at 583. The 

Seventh Circuit concluded that Jones’s trial counsel’s failure to object to the 

amendment “doomed his appeal” because the Jones I court found that the 

amendment was made in violation of Section 35-34-1-5, and “what killed the 

argument in that court was waiver, not lack of merit.” Id. at 583. 

5 We note that the Fajardo court cited Haak when explaining the statutory language of Section 35-34-1-5. See 

Fajardo, 859 N.E2d at 1205 (citing Haak, 695 N.E.2d at 951). And the Fajardo court cited Haak when it 

stated, “as to an amendment relating to matters of substance, the statute is clear: the only prerequisite is that it 

must be filed the specified number of days before the omnibus date, pursuant to subsection 5(b).” Id. at 1207

(emphasis added) (citing Haak, 695 N.E.2d at 951). 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 21 of 37

[29] The State does not acknowledge Haak or Jones III or respond to Absher’s 

argument based on these cases. Although Jones III is not binding, we find it

persuasive to the resolution of this case because of its striking similarity to the 

facts and procedural history of this case. In both cases, the defendant’s trial 

counsel did not object to the State’s motion to amend, and on direct appeal, the 

defendant’s appellate counsel challenged the trial court’s ruling to grant the 

State’s motion. The direct appeals court in both cases concluded that the 

amendment at issue was one of substance that violated Section 35-34-1-5(b),

and that the trial court erred by granting the amendment. In both cases, the 

appellate court did not reverse the conviction because the error had not been 

preserved for appellate review due to trial counsel’s failure to lodge an 

appropriate objection. 

[30] We conclude that based on the clear language of Section 35-34-1-5 and our 

supreme court’s decision in Haak, Absher’s trial counsel had a firm basis to 

object to the prosecutor’s amendment to add two new counts and that he 

performed deficiently by failing to object to the amendment as one of substance

that was untimely pursuant to Section 35-34-1-5. We further conclude that

there is a reasonable probability that, but for trial counsel’s deficient 

performance, the result of the proceeding would have been different.6

 

6 The post-conviction court found that “Absher was unable to explain to the Court how the late amendment 

was fundamentally unfair” and “failed to show the Court how the performance of trial counsel in failing to 

object to the late amendment prejudiced his substantial rights.” Appealed Order at 4. This was not the 

proper standard to determine whether Absher was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s deficient performance. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 22 of 37

Middleton, 72 N.E.3d at 891-92. Specifically, but for Absher’s trial counsel’s 

failure to object, the Absher I court would have vacated the convictions for the 

counts added by the amendment just as our supreme court did in Fajardo. 

Accordingly, we find both deficient performance and prejudice. 

[31] In reaching this conclusion, we recognize that this case will likely be an outlier.

Our legislature amended Section 35-34-1-5 four months after Fajardo, such that

amendments of substance are permitted any time before trial so long as the 

defendant’s substantial rights are not prejudiced. Ind. Pub. Law 178-2007 § 1

(eff. May 8, 2007). Whether the amended statute had retroactive application 

initially met with differing opinions from this Court, but a number of panels

have now concluded that retroactive application of the new version of the 

statute does not violate the ex post facto provisions of the Indiana and United 

States Constitutions. See Mays v. State, 120 N.E.3d 1070, 1080-81 & n.4 (Ind. 

Ct. App. 2019) (Mays II) (citing cases that applied new version retroactively), 

trans. denied; see also Baker v. State, 922 N.E.2d 723, 728 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), 

aff’d on reh’g 928 N.E.2d 890, trans. granted, vacated in part 948 N.E.2d 1169, 

1173 (Ind. 2011) (summarily affirming retroactive application of Section 35-34-

1-5). In Mays II, another panel of this Court rejected Mays’s argument that his 

appellate counsel was ineffective. 120 N.E.3d at 1083. There, on direct appeal, 

Mays argued that the trial court erroneously granted the State’s motion to 

amend the charging information, but his appellate counsel failed to provide an 

adequate record to permit meaningful appellate review of the claim. Mays v. 

State, No. 49A05-0609-CR-482, 2007 WL 2429254 (Ind. Ct. App. Aug. 29, 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 23 of 37

2007) (Mays I), trans. denied. The Mays II court agreed with Mays’s claim that 

his appellate counsel performed deficiently by failing to provide an adequate 

record. Mays II, 120 N.E.3d at 1080. However, the court concluded that Mays 

was not prejudiced by his appellate counsel’s deficient performance because 

when his direct appeal was decided, Section 35-34-1-5 had already been 

amended, Fajardo was no longer good law, and the Mays I court would have 

applied the new version of the statute had it addressed the issue on the merits. 

Id.

[32] Absher’s case is distinguishable from Mays II. Mays’s direct appeal was decided 

almost four months after the new version of the statute became effective, and 

his claim was not addressed on the merits. In contrast, the Absher I court 

addressed Absher’s claim on the merits, applying Fajardo and the prior version 

of Section 35-34-1-5. The Absher I court held that the amendment was one of 

substance that was prohibited pursuant to Section 35-34-1-5(b), and therefore 

the trial court erroneously permitted the amendment. Due to the determination

of the issues in Absher’s direct appeal, we have no difficulty concluding that 

Absher was prejudiced by trial counsel’s deficient performance.7

7 We observe that the Mays II court discussed Jones III but did not find it persuasive because the Jones III

court observed in a footnote that the new version of the statute did not have retroactive effect, which was 

“not consistent with our Court’s precedent.” 120 N.E.3d at 1083. The Mays II court determined that the new 

version would have been applied in Mays’s direct appeal if the appellate court had addressed the issue on the 

merits. Id. at 1082-83. While the retroactivity of the new version of the statute initially resulted in differing 

opinions from the Court of Appeals, it now appears that Jones III was mistaken on this point. Here, unlike in 

Mays II, the retroactivity of the new version of the statute is not at issue because the Absher I court has already 

held that the amendment violated Section 35-34-1-5 and the trial court erred in granting the motion to 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 24 of 37

[33] Finding both deficient performance and prejudice to Absher, we conclude that 

Absher’s trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to object to the 

amendment to the charging information. Thus, the post-conviction court erred 

by denying Absher relief on this claim. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment 

on this claim and remand with instructions to vacate the convictions and 

sentences for Counts 2 and 3.

Section 2 – Trial counsel did not provide ineffective assistance 

by failing to object to the prosecutor’s comments during 

closing argument.

[34] Absher also asserts that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by 

failing to object to comments made by the prosecutor during rebuttal closing 

argument. Although we have concluded that Absher’s trial counsel provided 

ineffective assistance by failing to object to the amended charging information, 

the resolution of that issue does not affect Absher’s conviction on Count 1. As 

such, Absher’s assertion that his trial counsel was ineffective by failing to object 

to the prosecutor’s comments may have bearing on his claim for relief as to 

Count 1, and therefore we will address it.

[35] The prosecutor’s rebuttal closing argument included the following comments:

Do you know this process is uh, is a strange process for most 

people. I deal with it everyday. But most people don’t. And I can 

remember in opening and voir dire[,] the defense talking about 

amend. Thus, had Absher’s trial counsel objected to the motion to amend, Absher’s convictions, like 

Fajardo’s, would have been reversed. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 25 of 37

that, this is important to [Absher], this is important to him. I 

remember some of the potential jurors say[,] oh I want to make 

sure because I want to be fair to him. And this whole thing from 

May 27th through a time that this officer saw him[,] it has been 

about him[,] that’s the way the system is[,] that’s the way the

process works. Guys want their rights when we want to talk to 

em[. W]e got to get a search warrant if we want to take evidence 

from him. We, we appoint them lawyers, their [sic] given the 

presumption of innocense [sic], there’s a burden of proof[,] and 

we got to prove beyond a reasonable doubt and you’re gonna be 

getting all those rules[,] but I love this moment right now. 

Because that cloak that has been covering him from [sic] two 

years is now stripped away[,] and we see him as he is. And I can 

come up here and tell you it. He’s a child molester. We see it. 

And all those protections that have followed him into that jury 

room will end when you see it also. I was thinking in trying the 

thing about what was my powerful piece of evidence. What 

witness was it, was it the police officer, the PhD., the forensic 

nurse, and I think back to a story. Jesus was with his disciples[,]

and the disciples was asking him Jesus, who’s gonna be the 

greatest in heaven, who, who’s gonna be the one gonna be up 

there the greatest in heaven? One (inaudible) to kings. Jesus 

grabbed the hand of a little child put it in his own[. W]ell I think 

my best guess is the greatest witness that I (inaudible) is that of a 

child. Coz that took a lot of strength and courage. She’s a kid.

And here these cases are very difficult for everybody including 

me. Because I have to take it’s not your normal witness. It’s not 

somebody I can prepare and tell em to watch out for this point, 

they’re kids. And maybe that’s why I get a little emotional about 

these kind of cases. ... I don’t comprehend. And I say I don’t 

comprehend. I don’t comprehend. I can understand how a 

person can steal[.] I don’t condone it but I understand[.] I can 

understand how somebody can break into your house and take

something, I can even understand how some people murder. But 

I can’t comprehend how you could do that to that little girl. I 

can’t comprehend it. I can’t today. And maybe sometimes I’ve 

gotten emotional[. S]ometimes I’ve said something maybe been a 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 26 of 37

little mean and out of touch that’s because I can’t comprehend 

how he could do this. And the laws in this country reflect that. 

And you know what now, I know it’s all about him[,] but I don’t

care about him no more. It ain’t about him. It’s about that little 

[J.L.] That’s what it’s about. In that same passage Jesus was 

talking about whoa [sic] to you who would mistreat one of the 

little ones because if you do you would be better off tying a 

millstone around your neck and jumping into the depths of the 

sea. That’s what he said. We haven’t adopted that law in the

State of Indiana yet. So I don’t feel bad about the passion that’s 

here. You have to, that’s what makes this crime so diabolical. 

They want to make their own rules. You get to molest kids[,] and 

if you don’t molest em hard enough than [sic] you get to argue[,]

oh I only have this little bit of, oh it was just one millimeter. ... 

Those puzzle pieces, they ain’t nothing but a ploy. That’s a 

game. I’m done with the game. Let’s talk about the truth. That

somehow then because he’s such a large man[,] I almost got sick 

hearing that. That oh he would have caused so much more, it, 

it’s sick. ... We are lucky today that we had the evidence to 

present to you. And it still ain’t good enough coz they want to 

make the rules.

Trial Tr. Vol. 2 at 402-05. The prosecutor continued, 

In that same story about Jesus and the children he talks about 

kids and how we have to deal with em. And about we have to 

show deference, we must understand the little ones, we must 

bend down to listen to em we must care for those little ones. But 

he tells us the reason why I’m sure is because they have an angel 

(inaudible). That’s a good explanation of what happened here 

and why I believe that. I think we need a little help here on earth.

Id. at 408. Absher’s trial counsel did not object.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 27 of 37

[36] “In order to prove ineffective assistance of counsel due to the failure to object, a 

defendant must prove that an objection would have been sustained if made and 

that he was prejudiced by the failure.” Kubsch v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1138, 1150 

(Ind. 2010). Absher maintains that an objection would have been sustained on 

grounds that the remarks were calculated to inflame the passions of the jury, 

improperly expressed the prosecutor’s personal beliefs about Absher’s guilt, and 

vouched for J.L.’s credibility, and that the objectionable remarks prejudiced 

him because they caused the jury to focus on improper emotional 

considerations rather than the evidence. The State contends that trial counsel 

reasonably and strategically chose not to object to the remarks and therefore did 

not provide ineffective assistance. We agree with the State.

[37] As noted earlier, counsel’s strategic choices are accorded significant deference, 

and there is a strong presumption that counsel’s strategic decisions were based 

on counsel’s reasonable professional judgment. Ward, 969 N.E.2d at 51; 

Weisheit, 109 N.E.3d at 983. Here, Absher’s trial counsel testified at the PCR 

hearing that he made decisions on whether to object on “a case by case basis[,]” 

and that he remembered that the “jury just absolutely hated our side of the 

room at that point[,]” and that objecting to biblical references before a Floyd 

County jury would not “score any points” and would have “done more harm 

than good.” PCR Tr. Vol. 2 at 28. Absher’s trial counsel was familiar with 

Floyd County juries because he practiced in Floyd County and worked as a 

public defender from 1997 to 2010. Id. at 23-27. Accordingly, we conclude that

Absher has failed to overcome the strong presumption that his trial counsel’s
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 28 of 37

decision not to object was based on counsel’s reasonable professional judgment. 

We conclude that Absher’s trial counsel did not provide ineffective assistance 

by failing to object to the prosecutor’s closing argument. Therefore, the postconviction court did not err by denying relief on this claim.

Section 3 – Appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance 

by failing to raise the issue of insufficient evidence.

[38] Absher claims that his appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance by 

failing to argue on direct appeal that the evidence was insufficient to support 

Count 2. We observe that our resolution in Section 1 results in remand with 

instructions to vacate the convictions and sentences for Counts 2 and 3. 

Because this claim provides a significant independent basis for vacating the 

conviction and sentence for Count 2, we choose to address it.8

 

[39] “The standard for gauging appellate counsel’s performance is the same as that 

for trial counsel.” Weisheit, 109 N.E.3d at 992. The petitioner must show that 

counsel’s performance was deficient in that counsel’s representation fell below 

an objective standard of reasonableness and that but for appellate counsel’s 

deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the 

appeal would have been different. Overstreet v. State, 877 N.E.2d 144, 165 (Ind.

2007). Generally, claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel fall into 

8 The post-conviction court did not specifically address this claim. Instead, the post-conviction court found, 

“no merit to Absher’s fourth assertion that appellate counsel failed to argue insufficiency of the evidence on 

Count II as a reason not to support consecutive sentences.” Appealed Order at 7. That was not Absher’s 

claim.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 29 of 37

three basic categories: “(1) counsel’s actions denied the defendant access to 

appeal; (2) counsel failed to raise issues on direct appeal resulting in waiver of 

those issues; and (3) counsel failed to present issues well.” Massey v. State, 955 

N.E.2d 247, 258 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). Here, Absher’s claim falls within the 

second category. 

To evaluate the performance prong when counsel waived issues 

upon appeal, we apply the following test: (1) whether the 

unraised issues are significant and obvious from the face of the 

record and (2) whether the unraised issues are clearly stronger 

than the raised issues. If the analysis under this test demonstrates 

deficient performance, then we examine whether the issues 

which ... appellate counsel failed to raise, would have been 

clearly more likely to result in reversal or an order for a new trial.

Ineffective assistance is very rarely found in cases where a 

defendant asserts that appellate counsel failed to raise an issue on 

direct appeal. One reason for this is that the decision of what 

issues to raise is one of the most important strategic decisions to 

be made by appellate counsel. 

Reed v. State, 856 N.E.2d 1189, 1196 (Ind. 2006) (citations and quotation marks 

omitted). Appellate courts should be deferential to an appellate counsel’s 

strategic decision to include or exclude issues, “unless such a decision was 

unquestionably unreasonable.” Stevens v. State, 770 N.E.2d 739, 760 (Ind. 2002)

(quoting Bieghler v. State, 690 N.E.2d 188, 194 (Ind. 1997)). We will defer to 

appellate counsel’s decision to exclude an issue unless a defendant shows “from 

the information available in the trial record or otherwise known to appellate 

counsel that appellate counsel failed to present a significant and obvious issue 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 30 of 37

and that this failure cannot be explained by any reasonable strategy.” Id.

(quoting Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 738 N.E.2d 253, 261 (Ind. 2000)).

[40] To resolve Absher’s claim, we must decide whether he has demonstrated that 

appellate counsel’s failure to raise the issue of insufficient evidence to support 

Count 2 was “unquestionably unreasonable” in light of the facts of the case and 

the precedent available when the decision not to raise the issue was made. 

Concepcion v. State, 796 N.E.2d 1256, 1259 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. 

Put another way, has Absher established that his appellate counsel’s 

performance was deficient because counsel failed to present a significant and 

obvious issue for reasons that cannot be explained by any strategic decision? 

Imel v. State, 830 N.E.2d 913, 917-18 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied.

[41] We first address whether a claim of the insufficiency of the evidence supporting 

Count 2 was significant and obvious from the face of the record. In reviewing a 

claim of insufficient evidence, we do not reweigh the evidence or judge the 

credibility of witnesses, and we consider only the evidence that supports the 

judgment and the reasonable inferences arising therefrom. Bailey v. State, 907 

N.E.2d 1003, 1005 (Ind. 2009). The evidence is sufficient where “there is 

substantial evidence of probative value such that a reasonable trier of fact could 

have concluded the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. A

conviction “may not be based upon guess or speculation.” Smith v. State, 256 

Ind. 546, 551, 270 N.E.2d 743, 745 (1971).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 31 of 37

[42] To establish that Absher committed class A felony child molesting as charged in 

Count 2, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he, a 

person at least twenty-one years of age, performed deviate sexual conduct with 

J.L., a child under the age of fourteen, by placing his mouth on her sex organ. 

Direct Appeal App. Vol. 1 at 114; Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3. At trial, the State’s 

witnesses included J.L., Rawlings, Sergeant Knight, and nurse Scifres. Our 

review of the record shows that J.L. did not testify that Absher touched her 

private area with his mouth, nor did she tell Rawlings, Sergeant Knight, or 

nurse Scifres that he did. In fact, when Sergeant Knight asked J.L. during her 

interview whether any part of Absher’s body other than his penis touched her 

private area, she said no. Trial Conf. Ex. Vol. 1 at 52. Rawlings did not testify 

at trial or in her deposition that Absher placed his mouth on J.L.’s vagina.

[43] The State argues that the evidence presented by the State’s forensic expert Dr. 

Michael J. Spence was sufficient evidence for a reasonable trier of fact to 

conclude that Absher placed his mouth on J.L.’s sex organ, citing to Dr. 

Spence’s testimony on pages 155-56 and 170 in the trial transcript. This 

evidence was the only evidence cited during the State’s closing argument in 

support of Count 2. The State directs us to Dr. Spence’s testimony that amylase 

and Absher’s DNA were found on the inside of J.L.’s underwear, and that 

amylase is an enzyme that is found in saliva.

9

 Trial Tr. Vol. 1 at 155-56, 159-

9

 Dr. Spence testified that tests for the presence of blood and seminal fluid on J.L.s’ underwear were 

negative. Trial Tr. Vol. 1 at 157.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 32 of 37

60. The State also notes that Dr. Spence testified that J.L.’s external genital 

swabs testified positive for some amylase. Id. at 159. 

[44] The State ignores the greater part and significance of Dr. Spence’s testimony. 

Dr. Spence testified that the amount of amylase from the external genital swabs 

was “not extremely high but it’s at least an indication that there is some 

amylase there.” Id. at 159-160. He explained that the amylase “may or may 

not be related to saliva ... it might just be from sweat. Skin cells might have a 

little bit ... vaginal secretions might have a little bit of amylase as well.” Id. at 

160; see also id. at 156 (Dr. Spence testifying that “[s]ometimes other body fluids 

have a little bit of amylase in them, sweat, vaginal secretions, and so forth.”). 

We also note that although the external genital swabs were sent for DNA 

testing, no DNA profile was obtained from those swabs. Id. at 171.

[45] Additionally, Dr. Spence specifically testified that there was “some amylase”

detected on two cuttings of J.L.’s underwear, which he said indicated that the 

cuttings came from regions of the underwear that would be good areas to test 

for DNA. Id. at 160, 162. Two additional cuttings were taken from those two 

areas of J.L.’s underwear and were submitted for DNA testing. Dr. Spence 

testified that the DNA testing of those two samples showed a mixture of DNA 

from which neither J.L. nor Absher could be excluded as the source. Id. at 167-

68. Dr. Spence testified that there were alleles in the DNA profile that matched 

Absher’s DNA profile, but he cautioned, “Now this is not an identity match.” 

Id. When the prosecutor asked Dr. Spence whether it was correct that the 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 33 of 37

mixture of DNA consistent with Absher’s and J.L.’s was found in the same 

region of J.L.’s underwear where amylase was found, Dr. Spence responded, 

Yes, and you have to tread carefully because we can be 

absolutely certain that the amylase positivity which is an 

indication of saliva, it’s not a proof of saliva but it’s an indication

of it. You can’t, you can’t make the leap and say that that means that 

the DNA came from saliva. Just means that the two areas are 

consistent with other. From an area where I saw potential saliva 

I saw a DNA profile it looks to be, it could be [J.L.’s]. No 

surprise that’s her underpants. But the additional alleles could have 

come from the amylase we detected or could come from other sources. 

We just know it’s foreign to her.

Id. at 170 (emphases added).

[46] The State asserts that 

it does not matter if amylase can be present in other bodily fluids. 

What matters is that the presence of amylase is evidence of 

saliva, and by logical extension that it was evidence that 

[Absher’s] mouth came into contact with the victim’s vaginal 

region, resulting in the presence of amylase both from the swabs 

of the vagina and inside the victim’s underwear. 

Appellee’s Br. at 29. Given Dr. Spence’s unequivocal testimony that the DNA 

tests and the amylase tests do not mean that the DNA found in the underwear 

came from saliva, we cannot agree that there is any probative evidence that 

Absher’s saliva was found on J.L.’s underwear. At best, Dr. Spence’s evidence 

shows that it was merely within the realm of possibility that the amylase found 

on J.L.’s underwear could have come from saliva, and if there was saliva it 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 34 of 37

could have come from Absher. According to Dr. Spence, one cannot make the 

leap to conclude that the amylase came from Absher’s saliva. In addition to the 

lack of probative evidence that Absher’s mouth touched J.L.’s sex organ, we 

further note that defense counsel moved for a directed verdict and argued to the 

jury that the State failed to present sufficient evidence on Count 2. We 

conclude that a claim of the insufficiency of the evidence supporting Count 2 

was significant and obvious from the face of the record. 

[47] We now address whether the unraised claim was clearly stronger than the issue 

raised by Absher’s appellate counsel. On direct appeal, his appellate counsel 

raised one claim, that the trial court erred in granting the State’s motion to 

amend the charging information. Although Fajardo provided a firm foundation 

for that claim, Absher’s trial counsel had failed to preserve the error for 

appellate review. “The absence of an objection at trial is a proper factor in 

appellate counsel’s decision whether or not to raise an issue.” Harrison v. State, 

707 N.E.2d 767, 787 (Ind. 1999), cert. denied (2000). Absher’s trial counsel’s 

failure to preserve the issue significantly affected the strength of the claim 

because as a result, his appellate counsel was required to demonstrate 

fundamental error, which provides an exceptionally limited avenue of relief. 

See Jewell v. State, 887 N.E.2d 939, 942 (Ind. 2008) (“[F]undamental error is 

extremely narrow and available only when the record reveals a clearly blatant 

violation of basic and elementary principles, where the harm or potential for 

harm cannot be denied, and which violation is so prejudicial to the 

[defendant’s] rights as to make a fair trial impossible.”). Therefore, we 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 35 of 37

conclude that a claim that the evidence was insufficient to support Count 2 was 

clearly stronger than the claim raised. Because the insufficiency of the evidence 

claim was significant and obvious from the face of the record and clearly 

stronger than the issue raised, appellate counsel’s failure to raise it cannot be 

explained by strategic choice, and therefore we conclude that Absher’s appellate 

counsel provided deficient performance.

[48] Finally, we consider prejudice, that is, whether the claim of insufficiency of the 

evidence to support Count 2 would have been clearly more likely to result in 

reversal or a new trial. “While we seldom reverse for insufficient evidence, in 

every case where that issue is raised on appeal we have an affirmative duty to 

make certain that the proof at trial was, in fact, sufficient to support the 

judgment beyond a reasonable doubt.” Bean v. State, 818 N.E.2d 148, 150 (Ind. 

Ct. App. 2004). For the same reason that we conclude that the insufficiency of 

the evidence supporting Count 2 was significant and obvious from the face of 

the record, we conclude that this issue was clearly more likely to result in 

reversal. We need not repeat that analysis in detail. In brief summary, there 

was no witness testimony or direct evidence that Absher placed his mouth on 

J.L.’s sex organ, J.L. denied that any part of Absher’s body other than his penis 

touched her sex organ, and Dr. Spence testified that one cannot conclude that 

the DNA found in the underwear cuttings came from saliva. Given the paucity 

of probative evidence, it is clearly more likely that the court on direct appeal 

would have concluded that the evidence was insufficient to support Count 2 

and would have reversed Absher’s conviction on that count. See Cockrell v. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 36 of 37

State, 743 N.E.2d 799, 803 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (“When a conviction is 

reversed due to insufficient evidence, double jeopardy precludes retrial of the 

overturned conviction.”). Given that we have concluded that Absher’s 

appellate counsel performed deficiently and that his performance was 

prejudicial, appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel. 

Therefore, the post-conviction court erred by denying Absher post-conviction 

relief on this claim.

Conclusion

[49] We conclude that the post-conviction court erred by denying Absher relief on 

his claim that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to object 

to the charging amendment, and therefore we reverse judgment on this claim

and remand with instructions to vacate the convictions and sentences for 

Counts 2 and 3. On the other hand, we find no error in the post-conviction 

court’s rejection of Absher’s claim that his trial counsel provided ineffective 

assistance by failing to object to the prosecutor’s comments during closing 

argument and therefore affirm on this claim.

[50] In addition, we conclude that the post-conviction court erred by denying relief 

on Absher’s claim that his appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance by 

failing to raise the sufficiency of the evidence to support Count 2, and therefore 

we reverse the judgment on this claim. We note that our resolution of this issue 

provides an additional ground for Absher’s conviction and sentence for Count 2 

to be vacated. Based on the foregoing, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and

remand with instructions.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-PC-1227 | January 22, 2021 Page 37 of 37

[51] Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

Najam, J., and Riley, J., concur.