United States

Department of

Argriculture

Forest Service

Southern Forest

Experiment Station

New Orleans,

Louisiana

Incidence of Damage

and Cull in Puerto Rico’s

Timber Resource, 1980

Resource Bulletin

SO-88

December, 1982

Robert L. Anderson, Richard A. Birdsey, and Patrick J. Barry
FQREWORD

This bulletin reports survey data on agents damaging trees in Puerto Rico’s secondary

forests. Data were collected in 1980 by the Renewable Resources Evaluation Work Unit of

the Southern Forest Experiment Station.

This effort was part of a comprehensive inventory of Puerto Rico’s potential commercial

forest land. The variety of information collected makes possible the publication of reports on

forest resources other than timber, such as this specialized report on timber damage.

The Southern Forest Experiment Station in New Orleans, La. periodically inventories

and evaluates forest resources in Tenn., La., Miss., Ala., Tex., Okla., Ark., and Puerto Rico.

The Southeastern Area, State and Private Forestry, Forest Pest Management headquarters, in Atlanta, Ga. provides training and field support, and helps evaluate the data on

forest insects, diseases, and other damaging agents.

While damage is described here, appropriate measures for preventing damage are not

described. Residents of Puerto Rico needing technical assistance on damaging agents should

contact: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR Department of Natural Resources.

IT C SION S

etric to nglish and English to etric conversions

1 in. = 2.54 cm.

/ha.

a.
neidence of Damage and Cull in P

Resource, 1980

Rico’s Timber

Robert L. Anderson, Richard A. Birdsey, and Patrick J. Barry

INTRODUCTION

During the inventory of Puerto Rico’s secondary

forests in 1980, damage to trees on sample plots in

timberland was noted. Where possible, the principle

type of damage was specified. This bulletin reports

and interprets those observations.

Since plots are visited only once and at any time of

year, it is only possible to keep records on damage

types that remain identifiable in all seasons. On the

basis of these “durable” symptoms and signs, the

damages defined on pages 11 and 12 were recognized.

Prior to the field survey, people from the Southeastern Area, State and Private Forestry, Forest Pest

Management, developed a handbook for identifying

damage types. It should be recognized that the data

reported here were not gathered by people with expertise in entomology or tree pathology. Rather, crew

members are trained and experienced in forest inventory. They received training, pictures of each damage

type, specimen kits, and forms to help them identify

types of damage.

Signs, symptoms, and damage types selected for the

survey were required to be; (1) easily identifiable, (2)

present year-round, and (3) present on trees at least

2.5 centimeters in diameter at breast height.

Therefore, small trees with problems, such as shoot

insects, and trees of all sizes with damage such as

defoliation, are not accounted for in this report.

Many damage types, such as form and cankers, are

easy to identify; others, such as root rot and hardwood

borers, are sometimes difficult to recognize. Consequently, the estimates for easily recognizable and

persistent damage types are more reliable than the

estimates for damage types that are diEcult to

recognize.

method involving a

of trees at sa

three kilometers rt. In Puerto

~-

ground sample locations were visited. The initial

estimates of forest area obtained from the aerial

photographs were adjusted on the basis of the ground

check.

A cluster of 3 variable-radius plots was installed at

each ground sample location. Each sample tree on the

variable-radius plots represented 2.5 square meters of

basal area per hectare. Trees less than 12.5 centimeters in diameter were tallied on fixed-radius

plots around the plot centers. Together, these samples

provided most of the information for the damage incidence and cull.

This sampling procedure was designed to provide

reliable forest area and volume estimates for the

whole island. Accordingly, the errors associated with

uncommon species exceed those for frequently tallied

species.

Only the most significant damage type was recorded for each sample tree. The damage type chosen was

that which would cause the death of the tree, the most

degrade, or the most growth loss. Damaging agents

which are common, but do not seriously affect the tree

may be underestimated with this procedure.

1. All fiel data were edited, compiled, and

tabulated in ew Orleans as part of the regular

survey data processing. Data concerning damage incidence were summarized and sent to Asheville for

further tabulation and analysis.

2. The percent basal area with some type of

damage was calculated by taking the basal area of

the damaged trees and dividing it by the total basal

area for the species.

3. The reent of saplings, poletimber, and

sawtimber maged by tree species was calculated by

totaling the number of amaged trees and dividing it

by the total number of trees in that size class and

species.

total

obert L. Anderson is Supervisory ~atbolog~et,

sheville, N.C. Richard A. Birdsey is

amy is Supervisory EntoInologi8t, Soutb@~eter~ Area, State and Private Forestry,

esearch Forester, So~t~e~~l Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service-USA
INCIDENCE OF DAMAGE

Detailed tables in this report show numbers of

damaged trees by tree species. Tables 1 and 2 provide

some basic inventory estimates of land area and

forest area in various forest classes and stand-size

classes.

Table 3 shows the percent of trees and basal area

damaged by species and tree size class. Overall, about

50 percent of the basal area of trees in Puerto Rico

had some type of damage, with the lowest occurrence

in Roystonea borinquena (lo%), and highest in Ficus

ciirifolia (100%). Most of the damaged trees were

sawtimber size, with poletimber size trees affected to

a lesser degree and saplings the least affected.

However, each species should be examined inTable I.-Area by land classes, Puerto Rico, 1980

Land class Area

Forest

Commercial survey region:

Public

Private

Total

Noncommercial survey region:

Subtropical Dry Forest Zone

Critical watersheds

Other’

Total

Total Forest

Nonforest

Commercial survey region:

Cropland

Pasture

Other’

Total

Noncommercial survey region

Total Nonforest

All land

---hectares---

8,200

122,300

130,500

30,000

74,400

43,800

148,200

278,700

41,500

187,700

76,900

306,100

305,500

611,600

890,300

1 Unproductive soils, alluvial and metropolitan regions, mangroves and swamps, non-contiguous land areas.

* Idle farmland, water, roads and rights of way, urban and ind.ustrial areas.

dividually, since some trees, like Miconia prasina,

have damage-free sawtimber, with the only recorded

damage showing up in the saplings. This size class

distribution of the damage is expected since form

damage was the most common damage type, and the

older the tree the longer it would be susceptible to

damage.

Table 4 presents the incidence of damage by tree

species and size class. Form was the most common

damage type, significantly affecting most of the

species. In most cases, the sawtimber-size trees had

more damage than the smaller size classes. Form

damage can be caused by a variety of factors, such as

wind, insects, cankers, and vines and parasitic plants.

The actual cause of form damage was unidentifiable

because of the time lapse between the damage and

the survey date. Because Puerto Rico is subjected to

frequent storms, the high occurrence of form damage

is not surprising. Other diseases, basal defects, top

breakage, vines, and cankers are significantly less

common than form damage, but make up the bulk of

the remaining damage occurrence. Many of these

damage types, such as top breakage and cankers, may

result in form damage as the tree reponds with crook

or sweep. Therefore, in future surveys many of these

trees will become form-damaged, and a new group of

recently damaged trees will take their places.

Sound and unsound cull are presented by species in

table 5. Seventy-two percent of the cull was sound

cull. This fits with the high occurrence of form

damage, which usually causes deformity, but little

unsound cull. The unsound cull (28% of the cull) is

normally associated with damage types such as basal

defects, branch stubs, and top breakage. An example

of this relationship would be Inga Vera, which has a

high occurrence of form damage (57%) and a relatively high occurrence of branch stubs and other diseases.

The sound and unsound cull for this species is high.

However, Prestoea montana, a common palm, has a

low occurrence of form damage and other defects, except for vines in the sawtimber. The sound and unsound cull volume are also low for this species. The

reader may find it helpful to compare tables 4 and 5

by species to determine further relationships and

their implication for management.

Table 2.-Area of timberland by stand-size class and forest class, Puerto Rico, 1980

Stand-size class

All forest Secondary Abandoned Active Nonstocked

classes forest coffee shade coffee shade areas

Sawtimber

Poletimber

Sapling and seedling

Nonstocked areas

________________________________________-- ________ ____ ---he&res-- _____ ___________________ _____________________________

40,900 15,300 17,800 7,800 I . . . . .

44,700 18,700 16,500 9,500 . . .

33,200 25,200 3,900 4,100 . . . . . I..

11,700 . . . . . .I... . . . . 11,700

All classes 130,500 59,200 38,200 21,400 11,700
Table 3.-Tree damage by specks and tree size class, Puerto Rico timberland, 1980’

Total basal Total no. Trees damaged

Species area damage live trees Saplings Poletimber Sawtimber

Znga vera Willd.

Guarea guio!onia (L.) Sleumer

Cecropia peltata L.

Andira inermis (W. Wright) H.B.K.

Znga fagifolia (L.) Willd.

Eugenia jumbos L.

Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton

Spathodea campanulata Beauv.

Mangifera indica L.

__Citrus sinensis Osbeck

Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook

Dendropanax arboreus CL.) Decne. & Planch.

Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Decne & Planch.

Coffea arabica L.

Ocotea kucoxylon (SW.) Mez

Prestoea montana (R. Grab.) Nichols

Calophyllum calaba L.

Roy&mea borinquena O.F. Cook

Alchornea latifilia S W.

Thouinia striata Radlk.

Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urban

Cyathea arborea CL.) J.E. Smith

Myrcia spkndens (SW.) DC.

Ficus citrifolia Mill.

Cordia sulcata DC.

Clwia rosea Jacq.

Citharexylum fruticosum L.

Terebraria resinosa (Vahl) Sprague

Miconia sp.

Casearia sylvestris Sw.

?sidium guqiava L.

Unidentified species

Tetrazygia elaeagnoides (SW.) DC.

Cordia alliodora (Quiz 8s Pav.) Oken

Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Pair.) DC.

Petitia domingensis Jacq.

Nectandra sintenisii Mes.

Dipho& salicifolia a.1 A.DC.

Cedrela odorata L.

J&ettarda scabra (L.) Vent.

Spondias mombin L.

Micropholis chrysophylloides Pierre

Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC.

Byrsonima coriacea (SW.) lX.

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg

Miconia prasina (SW.) DC.

Pouteria multiflora (A.DC.) Eyma

Montezuma speciossima Sesse & Mot.

Other Species (142)

All Species

’ Totals may not add due to rounding.

percent

72

5 7

31

41

5 4

6 5

3 2

3 7

9 0

6 5

6 9

6 9

2 2

2 7

5 6

6

14

12

5

4 9

18

17

2 9

100

4 5

7 6

5 3

4 6

2 5

3 0

2 0

5 3

2 7

19

4 4

6 3

2 2

4 0

61

12

61

5 3

6 7

55

7 3

16

5 4

8 5

3 8

4 8

thousand _____________________ percent -------_---_-.-------

7,385

12,938

3,731

8,506

3,645

9,605

9,746

6,693

1,057

4,479

607

3,039

2,407

25,425

3,963

946

3,411

241

1,571

3,903

12,224

1,695

5,231

566

2,213

797

1,968

2,908

2,144

8,815

7,656

2,281

3,861

1,542

1,227

1,111

2,030

1,044

445

8,637

449

847

987

355

167

4,686

227

340

68,566

258,747

2 0

16

11

17

2 5

21

11

5

0

2 7

5 0

2 7

12

16

12

. . .

2

‘25

2 4

2 2

15

17

6 7

3 0

0

5

15

2 3

3 2

2 3

18

17

9

0

31

21

0

100

5

14

2 5

8

0

0

18

0

0

18

21

75

4 9

2 9

2 6

11

8 6

4

61

5 4

8 3

9 5

5 3

2 0

*ii3

3

10

0

6 2

7 5

-23

8 6

100

4 8

9 2

100

100

9

-99

2

100

2 5

81

6 5

9

5 8

3 0

. . . .

%J

9 0

5 6

7 5

-32

7 0

5 9

5 3

8 3

77

13

5 0

6 2

9 4

81

4 2

9 3

-ii

100

4 0

. . . .

100

100

2 9

10

4 4

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. GO

5 3

100

9 0

100

4 2

. . . .

. . . .

100

. . . .

16

8 6

100

7 3

* . . .

8 7

4 8

6 6

6 5

7 3

0

77

100

8 2

6 9
Table 4.-Damage incidence by tree species, size class, and damaging agent, Puerto Rico timberland, 1980

Tree size class

Host/damage Saplings Poletimber Sawtimber

,________ _______ ___________ _ _______ -percent____ __-____~~_____-- _____________--.

Inga Vera Willd.

Other insects

Cankers

Branch stubs

Other diseasas

Root rots

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Vines and parasitic plants

People

Other damage

Damage free

1 0 0

0 2 1

0 8 2

5 10 14

1 0 0

0 2 1

0 3 1

9 4 4 5 7

3 0 1

0 2 2

0 1 1

1 3 3

8 0 2 5 17

Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer

Cankers

Branch stubs

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Vines and parasitic plants

Weather

People

Other damage

Damage free

Cecropia peltata L.

Cankers

Other diseases

Other basal defacts

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Vines and parasitic plants

Weather

Other damage

Damage free

Andira inermis H.B.K. Cw. WI

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Vines and parasitic plants

Weather

People

Damage free

Znga fhgifolia (L.) Willd.

Cankers

Other diseases

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Vines and parasitic plants

Weather

People

Damage free

0 3 2

0 0 1

1 1 3

0 0 1

2 0 1

10 3 7 6 3

1 6 0

1 0 1

0 2 2

1 0 2

0 0 1

8 4 5 1 2 3

0

0

0

0

11

0

0

0

8 9

right)

2

0

2

7

3

1

0

2

8 3

0

0

3

19

0

3

0

0

75

6 2

5 0

0 3

3 1

19 4

0 1

7 1

0 1

61 a 7

0 6

0 10

3 12

2 4 13

0 0

4 0

3 6

2 3

6 4 5 0

2

2

4

0

2

0

0

1

8 9

12

7

0

3 5

0

4

4

0

3 8
Table 4.-Damage incidence by tree species, size class, and damaging agent, Puerto Rico timberland, 198~Continued

Host/damage

Eugenia jambos L.

Cankers

Other diseases

Form (damaging)

Suppression 82 stagnation

Weather

Damage free

Z’abebuia heterophylla (D.C.) Britton

Cankers

Other diseases

Form (damaging)

Vines and parasitic plants

People

Other damage

Damage free

Spathodea campanulata Beauv.

Cankers

Branch stubs

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Vines and parasitic plants

Weather

People

Other damage

Damage free

Mangifera indica L.

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Form (damaging)

People

Damage free

Citrus sine&s Oebek.

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Suppression 82 stagnation

People

Damage free

Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook

Other diseases

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Vines and parasitic plants

Weather

People

Other damage

Damage free

Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch.

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

People

Other damage

Damage free

-

Saplings

Tree size class

Poletimber Sawtimber

0 4 0

1 2 9

19 77 8 6

1 0 0

0 5 0

7 9 14 6

1 0 10

1 0 15

7 1 5 6

0 1 0

2 0 0

0 2 0

8 9 9 6 19

0 16 2

0 3 0

0 0 11

0 11 0

0 0 7

3 2 7 15

0 7 0

0 0 2

2 0 0

0 0 5

9 5 3 9 5 8

0 0 8

0 0 1

0 6 4 8 3

0 0 1

100 3 6 7

2 11 . . . .

0 3 . * . .

0 4 . . . .

13 6 5 . . . .

2 0 . . . .

2 0 0 . . . .

6 3 17 . . . .

0 0 12

0 0 2

5 0 6 7 3 9

0 5 8

0 15 0

0 0 2

0 8 7

5 0 5 3 0

0 0 11

0 0 5

0 0 13

2 7 5 0 6 6

0 0 5

0 3 0

7 3 4 7 0
Table L-Damage incidence by tree species, size class, and damaging agent, Puerto Rico timberland, 198~Continued

Tree size class

Host/damage Saplings Poletimber Sawtimber

Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.)Decne & Planch.

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Form (damaging)

Vines and parasitic plants

Damage free

Coffea arabica L.

Other diseases

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Weather

Damage free

Ocotea kucoxylon (SW.) Mez.

Cankers

Other diseases

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Weather

People

Other damage

Damage free

Prestoea montana (R. Grah.) Nichols

Vines and paras$ic plants

Weather

Damage free

Calophyllum calaba L.

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Form (damaging)

Damage free

R o

d

stonea borinquena O.F. Cook

ther diseases

Form (damaging)

Damage free

Alchornea latifolia SW

Branch stubs

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Vines and parasitic plants

Other damage

Damage free

Thouinia striata Radlk.

Other diseases

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Damage free

Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urban

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Vines and parasitic plants

Damage free

0 0 2 3

0 6 0

12 11 17

0 3 0

8 8 80 6 0

1 . . . . . . . .

1 . . . . . . . .

23 . . . . . . . .

1 . . . . . . . .

74 . . . . . . . .

0 6 0

0 4 37

5 5 2 6 3

4 0 0

0 5 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

88 3 3 0

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

0 0 11

0 0 14

2 10 4

9 8 9 0 71

. . .

. . . .

. . . .

0 12 0

0 6 7

0 11 0

0 0 0

17 2 1 15

0 0 2 2

8 12 0

7 5 3 8 5 6

1 0

21 75

2 0

7 6 2 5

3 . . . .

12 . . .

4 . . . .

3 . . . .

7 8 . . . .

0

3

9 7

100

0

0

0 6

0 4

100 9 0

. . . .

. . . .

. . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

6
Table 4.-Damage incidence by tree specks, size class, and damaging agent, Puerta Rico timberland, 198CLContinued

Tree size class

Host/damage

Cyathea arborea (L.) J.E. Smith

Form (damaging)

Damage free

Saplings Poletimber Sawtimber

._____ _____________________________percent ____________________________________

15 2 3

8 5 77

Myrcia spkndens (SW.) DC.

Other diseases

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

People

Other damage

Damage free

Ficus citrifolia Mill.

Form (damaging)

People

Damage free

Cordia sukata D.C.

Cankers

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Weather

People

Damage free

Clusia rosea Jacq.

Branch stubs

Form (damaging)

Other damage

Damage free

Citharexylum fiuticosum L.

Branch stubs

Other diseases

Form (damaging)

Other damage

Damage free

Terebraria resinosa (Vahl.) Sprague

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Form (damaging)

Damage free

Miconia sp.

Other diseases

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Damage free

Casearia sylvestris SW.

Other diseases

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Damage free

Psidium guajava L.

Other insects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Other damage

Damage free

0 21

1 0

14 6 5

1 0

1 0

8 3 14

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

6 7 100 8 2

0 0 18

3 3 0 0

5 0 0

8 0 0

0 13 0

0 0 0

17 31 2 8

0 0 2 6

0 4 0

7 0 5 2 4 7

0 10 0

0 72 100

0 10 0

100 8 0

0

1

4

9:

5

0

9 0

0

0

9 0

0

8 10

4 0 0

0 19 0

1 1 81 100

8 5 0 0

0 0 19

13 9 2 3

10 0 0

77 91 5 8

5 . . . . 1 . . . . 2 5 . . . . 1 . . . 6 8 . . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. * . .

1

1

2 0

1

77

0

0

9 9

0

1

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .
Table 4.-Damage incidence by tree species, size claw, and damaging agent, Puerto Rico timberland, 198~Continued

Tree size class

Host/damage Saplings Poletimber Sawtimber

Unidentifwd species

Other diseases

Branch stubs

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

People

Other damage

Damage free

Tetrezygia elaegnoides (SW.) DC.

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Damage free

Cordia alliodora @is & Pav.) Oken

Other diseases

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Damage free

Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Pair.) DC.

Branch stubs

Form (damaging)

People

Other damage

Damage free

Petitia domingensis Jacq.

Other diseases

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Damage free

Nectandra sintenisii Mez.

Other insects

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Form (damaging)

Other damage

Damage free

Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A.DC.

Form (damaging)

Damage free

Cedrela o&rata L.

Form (damaging)

Damage free

Guettarda scabra CL.) Vent.

Other diseases

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Damage free

Spondias mombin L.

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Vines and parasitic plants

People

Damage free

10 2 0

0 0 8

4 0 0

4 0 5 5

0 0 2 9

0 0 8

8 2 9 8 0

14

3

83

0 16 0

0 0 15

9 9 0

91 7 5 8 5

0

0

0

0

100

0 0 9 5

2 5 6 5 5

6 0 0

6 9 3 5 0

6 0 0

0 9 3 9

0 0 35

9 0 0

6 0 0

7 9 9 1 2 6

0 5 8

100 4 2

100

0

3

1

1

95

0

0

0

14

0

0

8 6

100

0

0

0

7 3

8

0

19

3 0

7 0

. . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. .

. . . .

. . . .

. . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

4 3

0

0

4 3

14

. . . .

. . . .

6 9

21

. . . .

. . .

. . . .

. . . .

3 0

4

18

4

9

2 2

13
Table k-Damage incidence by tree species, size class, and damaging agent, Puerto Rico timberland, 198~Continued

Tree size class

Host/damage Saplings Poletimber Sawtimber

_ __________ ____---_-_ ________ _ ------- perpnt----- ______ ____ ____-_ ___ _____________

Micropholis chrysophylloides Pierre.

Other diseases 0 0 2 2

Branch stubs 0 11 0

Form (damaging) 25 3 5 2 6

Other damage 0 3 3 0

Damage free 7 5 21 5 2

Zanthoxylum martinincense (Lam.) DC.

Other diseases

Branch stubs

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Other damage

Damage free

Ryrsonima coriacea (SW.) DC.

Form (damaging)

Damage free

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg

Other basal defects

Branch stubs

Form (damaging)

Other damage

Damage free

Miconia prasina (SW.) DC.

Cankers

Other diseases

Form (damaging)

Vines and parasitic plants

Damage free

Pouteria multiflora (ADC.) Eyma

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Damage free

Montezuma speciossima Sesse & Moe.

Cankers

Other diseases

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Other damage

Damage free

Other species

Cankers

Branch stubs

Other diseases

Other basal defects

Top breakage

Form (damaging)

Suppression & stagnation

Vines and parasitic plants

Weather

People

Other damage

. Damage free

0

0

0

8

0

9 2

0 5 6 6 5

100 4 4 4 5

0

0

0

0

100

1 . . . .

2 . . . .

12 . . . .

3 . . . .

8 2 . . . .

0 0 3 4

0 3 2 0

0 0 2

0 0 4 1

100 6 8 2 3

0 4 2 0

0 0 2 4

0 0 3 0

0 2 8 3 7

0 0 9

100 3 0 0

0 0 2

0 3 2

1 3 7

0 3 5

1 1 2

12 3 8 2 7

2 0 0

1 3 0

0 2 1

0 1 2 9

1 6 7

8 2 4 1 18

6 6 6

8 0

17 0

51 0

8 0

1 0 3 4

0 9

0 14

75 3 6

0 14

2 6 2 7

0

0

0

0

100

9
Table 5.-Timber volume and sound and unsound cull volume by species for damaged trees, Puerto Rico timberland,

1980

Species

Timber Sound’

volume cull

Unsound

cull

Inga vera Willd. 532.3

Guarea guio!onia CL.) Sleumer 385.2

Cecropia peltata L. 131.6

Andira inermis (W. Wright) H.B.K. 114.7

Znga fagifolia (L..) Willd. 155.3

Eugenia jambos L. 104.5

Tabebuiu heterophylla (DC.) Britton 45.2

Spathodea campanulata Beauv. 69.3

Mangifera indica L. 160.0

Citrus sine&s Osbeck 50.3

Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook 117.5

Dendropanox arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. 88.7

Didymopanaz nwrototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch. 24.5

Coffea arabica L. 0.0

Ocotea kucoxylon (Sw.)Mez 43.8

Prestoea montana (R. Grab.) Nichols 11.5

Calophyllum caluba L . 20.3

Roystonea borinquena O.F. Cook 16.4

Alchornea latifolia SW. 32.5

Thouinia striata Radlk. 5.4

Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urban 0.0

Cyathea arborea CL.) J.E. Smith 3.6

Myrcia spkndens (SW.) DC. 8.4

Ficus citrifolia Mill. 46.4

Cordia sukata DC. 26.1

Clusia rosea Jacq. 52.9

Citharexylum fiuticosum L. 21.4

Terebraria resinosa (Vahl) Sprague 11.8

Miconia sp. 21.0

Casearia sylvestris Sw. 0.0

Psidium gucy’ava L. 1.2

Unidentified species 35.1

Tetrozygia elaeagnoides (SW.) DC. 2.4

Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken 8.8

Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Pair.) DC. 21.6

Petitia domingensti Jacq. 22.7

Nectandra sintenisii Mez. 11.6

Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A.DC. 18.5

Cedrela odorata L. 30.7

Guettarda scabra (L.) Vent. 0.0

Spondias mombin L. 28.3

Micropholis chrysophylloides Pierre 15.3

Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC. 26.3

Byrsonima coriacea (SW.) DC. 31.9

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg 34.0

Miconiu prasina (SW.) DC. 0.0

Pouteria multiflora (A.DC.) Eyma 27.3

Montezuma speciossima Sesae & Moe. 27.5

Other Species (142) 333.0

All Species 2975.7

Thousand cubic meters

108.3

74.1

5.9

20.8

16.0

31.4

4.2

12.3

46.6

9.3

19.7

16.4

4.0

0.0

6.6

0.4

5.6

0.6

5.6

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.9

12.5

3.8

10.7

4.6

1.4

1.2

0.0

1.2

4.1

0.5

1.3

5.2

4.0

0.9

1.0

3.5

0.0

4.6

2.4

11.3

7.3

2.3

0.0

3.0

5.1

69.4

549.9

55.7

10.0

16.9

3.1

12.6

4.5

4.2

7.2

13.6

6.5

5.4

8.4

2.1

0.0

3.9

0.0

0.6

2.5

4.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

6.4

0.9

1.9

0.3

0.7

0.6

0.0

0.0

3.3

0.0

0.9

0.0

2.9

3.0

0.4

0.6

0.0

2.4

1.3

1.8

0.0

2.7

0.0

2.5

3.5

19.1

215.2

1 Sound cull ia included in timber volume.

1 0
DEFINITIONS

Damaging Agents and Their Symptoms

Hardwood Borers.-The initial symptom is a dark

sap spot on the bark surface (often mixed with frass).

Eventually, the coarse boring particles appear in

bark cracks and crevices beneath the point of attack.

Old damage appears as knobby overgrowths or scars

on the bark surface.

Bark Beetles.-If the infestation is well established and some trees still retain their foliage, tunnels or

egg galleries are evident on the inner bark surface

and on the surface of the sapwood. Streaks caused by

blue stain fungi are often also evident on sapwood.

Foliage gradually yellows, then reddens.

Terminal Shoot and Stem Borers.-Fresh attacks

will show boring dust and frass at the entrance holes

located most often at the base of leaf petioles and

buds. White to pinkish globs of resin may appear at

point of attack. Older attacks are seen as terminal

and/or branch dieback, due to larval tunnels within

the terminal and/or branch. Shoots will show yellow,

then red, and finally brown needle color.

Other Insects.-All damage caused by insects not

identified are in separate categories. This includes

hardwood defoliators (e.g., variable oak leaf caterpillars and forest tent caterpillars) and pine defoliators (e.g., redheaded pine sawfly and pine weevils).

Other Diseases.-All damage caused by diseases

not identified are in separate categories; e.g., red

heart of pine, brown spot, and leaf diseases. Trees

showing disease-caused degrade not identified

elsewhere should be coded here.

Root Rots.-Look for groups of dead or windthrown

trees with tufted, thin crowns, which may be

yellowing. Conks (fruiting bodies) of various fungi

may be present on or near base of diseased trees.

Disease is more frequent in trees of reduced vigor,

thinned stands, and in trees with butt or root injury.

Bark beetles often follow.

Cankers.-Affected trees have dead, sunken areas

on the stem, frequently with annual callus ridges

around the dead areas.

Branch Stubs.-Branch holes or stubs greater

than 10 centimeters in diameter on the stem (trees

12.5 cm dbh and larger). Branch holes or stubs

greater than 2.5 centimeters in diameter appear on

stem (trees 2.5 to 12.5 cm dbh).

Basal Defects.-Butt swelling, burls, and low

branch stubs below dbh are symptoms of basal defect.

Conks of decay fungi are often associated with defect.

Fire.-Fire scars are usually at base of stem.

Widespread occurrence in stands is usually on uphill

side on slopes. Signs of charring are generally present

on the stem.

Example of a canker on a young hardwood, Puerto Rico.

Animal.-Branches clipped off or broken, the bark

removed, holes in the stem, tears, and tooth marks in

the wood are all common symptoms of animal

activity.

Weather.-Windthrow, broken tops, broken

branches, and marginal leaf burn are the common

symptoms.

Top Breakage.-Broken stem is greater than four

inches in diameter.

Suppression and Stagnation.-Suppressed and

stagnated trees are characterized by their vigor and

small crown. Suppressed trees are overtopped and

receive indirect sunlight. Stagnated trees have thin

foliage and receive some direct sunlight. Stagnation

is usually associated with poor growing sites or

overstocked stands.

People.-Initials in bark, nails in tree, lantern

burn, bark stripped, calloused roots, wire around

stem, and ax marks are symptoms of people damage.

Logging and Related.-Logging scars on stem will

have callus ridges within 1 to 2 years after wounding.

They are scattered in stands and show no charring.

Limb breakage and/or stem scar near crown will

11
occur from the felling of other trees. Look for skid

trails, stumps, etc.

Form (damaging).-All trees with enough crook or

sweep to result in total tree cull or total loss of

sawtimber value.

ieback.-Tips of the branches die back. Just a few

branches are affected at first, with whole branches

dying in advanced stages. Tree mortality may result.

Dieback is frequently associated with stress caused

by unfavorable environment.

Sucking Insects.-Yellowing, sooty mold and

curling of the foliage are the common results of attack

by sucking insects. There should normally be a scale

aphid, and/or the evidence that the insect had been

there on the affected leaves.

s and Parasitic Plants.-The vines or

P ic plants should be present in such a quantity

that the tree is damaged or will soon be damaged if

problem is not corrected.

ther Damage .-This would be any type of

damage that could not be classified in one of the

above categories.

Severe damage due to a landslide afkr a period of heavy rain,

FOREST SURVEY TERMS

Forest Land Class

Forest Land.-Land at least 10 percent stocked’ by

forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree

cover and not currently developed for nonforest use.

The minimum area for classification of forest land is

one-half hectare, and the minimum width for forest

strips is 35 meters. Unimproved roads and trails,

streams, and clearings in forest areas are classed as

forest if less than 35 meters in width.

Tfmberland.-Forest land that is producing or is

capable of producing crops of industrial wood and not

withdrawn from timber utilization. Forest lands with

higher priority uses, yet not specifically withdrawn

from timber utilization, are excluded from this class

of forest land. Coffee shade is included.

Noncommercial Forest Land.-Forest land

incapable of yielding crops of industrial wood because

of adverse site conditions, forest land withdrawn from

timber utilization through statute or administrative

regulation, or forest land considered to have higher

priority use (except coffee shade).

Nonstocked Land.-Commercial forest land less

than 10 percent stocked1 with growing-stock trees.

This includes areas covered by inhibiting vegetation

(brush, vines, ferns, etc.) classed as forest land.

Secondary Forest Land.-Forest land resulting

from the abandonment of cropland or pasture, and

forest resulting from the regeneration of previously

cutover or disturbed forest land. Abandoned coffee

shade is excluded from this class.

Coffee Shade.-A multi-stored, multi-crop system

used principally for the production of coffee. An upper

story of shade trees is characteristic.

Abandoned Coffee Shade.-Secondary forest

land resulting from the abandonment of coffee

production under shade trees.

cological Life Zone

mean annual rainfall of between 600

millimeters and 1,000 or 1,100 millimeters, and a

mean annual biotemperature between about 18 ’ and

tersheds.-Upland areas with an average slope greater than 60 Percent or rainfall greater

than 2,500 millimeters Per year. These areas require

a continuous protective forest cover. Some timber

removal would be feasible; however, much of the area

is

Soils inca lie of yielding

crops of industrial wood.

--

’ Ten percent of “full” stocking a8 defined for the

survey.
Vines couer the bole of this large hardwood, Puerto Rico.

Alluvial Regions.-River-flood plains with priority

agricultural land use.

Metropolitan Regions.-Regions with primarily

urban or residential use.

Mangrove and Swamp.--Coastal wetlands with

unique characteristics and values requiring special

management considerations.

Nonconti~ous Regions.-Islands and other land

bodies separated from mainland Puerto

Class of Timber

Sawti ize s--Trees 22.5 centimeters

and larger in dbh for softwoo s and 27.5 centimeters

a

ees.-Trees 12.5 to 22.5 centimeters in dbh for softwoods and 12.5 to 27.5 centiers for hardwoods.

apli~gs.-Trees 2.5 to 12.5 centimeters in dbh.

Pqletimber Stands.-Stands with at least 5 square

meters per hectare of basal area in sawtimber-or

poletimber-size trees, and with poletimber basal area

exceeding that of sawtimber basal area.

Sapling-Seedling Stands.-Stands with at least 5

square meters per hectare of basal area, with more

than half of this basal area in saplings or seedlings, or

stands with less than 5 square meters per hectare of

basal area.

olume

Volume of Timber.-Volume of all sound wood

(including sound cull) in the bole and branches of all

live trees 12.5 centimeters and larger in dbh, from

stump to a minimum 10 centimeter diameter outside

bark. The minimum length of any section included is

one meter.

re .-The area in square meters of the

cross-section at breast height of a single tree or o

the trees in a stand, expressed as square meters

hectare.
ANDERSON, ROBERT L., RICHARD A. BIRDSEY, and

PATRICK J. BARRY.

1982. Incidence of damage and cull in Puerto Rico’s timber

resource, 1980, U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Resour. Bull.

SO-88, 13 p. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La.

Presents the incidence of tree damage and cull recorded during

a forest inventory of Puerto Rico. Form damage was most

common.

Additional keywords: forest inventory, tropical forest

resources, insects, disease.