Ecosystem Approach to Recovery

PROGRAM STATUS

~ Small whorled pogonia: Residential and commercial
development has been the primary threat to the
small whorled pogonia. But since the plant's listing,
State and municipal conservation efforts and
significant private landowner contributions have
afforded permanent protection for the largest known
population of this plant. Recovery successes have
allowed it to be reclassified as threatened.

+ Wester prairie fringed orchid: Site protection through
voluntary landowner agreements and other State
efforts to protect and restore this species on State
and private lands have helped to arrest the decline of
this flower and stabilize its populations.

Species: Western prairie fringed orchid
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Stable

MARLIN: BOWLES

Ecosystem Approach to Recovery

Recognizing that listed species that share common
geographic locations may face similar threats, the Service
investigates opportunities to combine conservation
strategies for several listed, proposed, and candidate
species into one recovery plan. A “multi-species” or
“ecosystem” approach can improve the rate, fiscal
efficiency, and effectiveness of recovery actions for listed

20

species, and may eliminate the need to list candidate
species. Examples of recovery plans that address multiple
listed species’ recovery needs include:

~  Maui-Molokai Forest Birds Plan—7 birds in Hawaii;

~ Ash Meadows Recovery Plan—4 fishes, 1 insect, and
7 plants on the border of Nevada and California;

~ California Channel Island Species Plan—4 plants, 2
birds, and 1 reptile in California;

~  Pine-rockland Ecosystem Plan—S plants in south
Florida; and

+ San Marcos River Ecosystem Plan—2 fishes, 1
amphibian, and 1 plant in Texas.

Taking ecosystem integrity into consideration when
planning prelisting, listing, and recovery activities is of
utmost importance in conserving biological diversity.

Relationship of Recovery to Other Sections
of the Act

Coordination among Federal, State, and local agencies,
academic researchers, conservation organizations, private
individuals, and major land users is an essential ingredient
in developing and implementing an effective recovery
program. A summary of sections 6, 7, and 10 of the Act
follows. These sections of the Act play an important role
in the recovery of listed species.

Section 6 (Cooperation with the States)

Section 6 of the Act authorizes the Secretary to enter into
cooperative agreements with States that establish and
maintain an adequate and active program for the
conservation of endangered species. Those States are
provided with financial assistance to support the
development of programs for the conservation of
endangered and threatened species and to monitor the
status of candidate and recovered species. Up to 5
percent of the combined annual amounts of the Federal
Aid in Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration accounts can be
appropriated annually to the Cooperative Endangered
Species Conservation Fund and allocated to the States in
accordance with subsection 6 (d) of the Act. The total
appropriations for FY 1993 and FY 1994 for activities
conducted under section 6 was $6.565 and $9.0 million
respectively. The majority of recent grants have been
used for implementation of recovery actions.



APPENDIX Species Status Summary Mammals

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.

Mammals

Bat, gray ... . E 3 I Y F 3 8
Bat, Hawaiian hoary E 1 U N U 1 9
Bat, Indiana .. E,CH 3 D Y RD 2 8
Bat, lesser (=Sanborn’s) long-nosed ..... wE 2 U Y D 1 8
Bat, little Mariana fruit E 1 E Y F 1 5
Bat, Mariana fruit ..... E 1 D Y F 1 3
Bat, Mexican long-nosed. E 2 U Y F 1 5
Bat, Ozark big-eared wwE 2 Ss Y F 1 3
Bat, Virginia big-eared . E,CH 5 I Y RD(1) 3 9
Bear, grizzly or brown . T 6 s Y RC) 2 3C
Bear, Louisiana black ... wT 4 I N D 1 9
Beaver, Point Arena mountain wo E 1 U N U 1 3
Caribou, woodland . .E 1 D Y RG) 2 3C
Cougar, eastern E 5 E NA F 1 18
Deer, Columbian white-tailed wE 1 I Y R(1) 4 15
Deer, Key.... we 4 D Y RQ) 1 6C
Ferret, black-foote 6 I Y RQ) 1 2
Fox, San Joaquin kit 1 D Y RD 1 3C
Jaguarundi.... 2 U Y F 1 6
Manatee, West Indian (=Florida) 4 D Y R(2) 1 5c
Mouse, Alabama beach 4 I Y F 2 3C
Mouse, Anastasia Island beach . 4 Ss Y F 1 6C
Mouse, Choctawahatchee beach 4 u Y F 1 3c
Mouse, Key Largo cotton... 4 Ss Y D 4 3c
Mouse, Pacific pocket 1 U N U 1 3c
Mouse, Perdido Key beach 4 D Y F 2 3C
Mouse, salt marsh harvest 1 D Y RD 1 2c
Mouse, southeastern beach 4 D Y F 1 9C
Ocelot... 2 D Y F 1 5
Otter, southern sea 1 I Y RD 1 9C
Panther, Florida 4 Ss Y RQ) 1 6C
Prairie dog, Utah ... 6 s Y F 2 14
Pronghorn, Sonoran . 2 U Y F 1 3
Rabbit, Lower Keys marsh 4 D Y F 1 6C
Rat, Fresno kangaroo 1 D N U 1 3C
Rat, giant kangaroo... 1 D N U 2 2c
Rat, Morro Bay kangaroo 1 D Y F 1 6C
Rat, rice (=silver rice) 4 U Y U 1 9C
Rat, Stephens’ kangaroo ... 1 Ss N U 2 2C
Rat, Tipton kangaroo 1 D N U 1 3C
Shrew, Dismal Swamp southeastern . 5 1 Y F 2 9
Squirrel, Carolina northem flying... 4 Ss Y F 2 6c

41



SUMMARY

Recovery of threatened and endangered species is
among the most important tasks delegated to the Fish
and Wildlife Service; it is also one of the most challenging.
The decline of many of these plants and animals that are
at the brink of extinction is usually the result of a long
history of decreasing habitat quality and quantity. By the
time many species are listed, they are critically close to
being lost forever. Rarely, stabilizing the population and/
or the remaining habitat is the most that can be done. In
other instances, the Service and its partners in
conservation are able to arrest and reverse the decline of
species and re-establish them as functional components
of their ecosystems. Recovery is achieved because of the
protections and conservation mechanisms provided by
the Act, and these successes are much celebrated by the
American people. Through the continuation of these
cooperative efforts, many more success stories will be
realized, resulting in continued conservation of our
Nation’s natural heritage.

The greatest challenge is reversing long-term declines
while finding innovative conservation and management
actions that serve to both benefit the species and
accommodate society's other goals, including economic
growth. Fortunately, the Service and its partners have
been largely successful in balancing these two challenges.
In many cases the goals are directly linked, and it is being
learned that achieving one facilitates the other. Sustaining
economic growth in areas suffering chronic environmental
declines is frequently impossible, and we recognize that

without a strong economy, a healthy environment and
the benefits it provides will be lost.

While there are many successes detailed in this report,
much work remains to be done. Ultimately, recovery of
listed species must be coordinated through partnerships
aimed at conservation of the ecosystems upon which.
they depend, and such management actions must be
carried out in the context of ongoing and anticipated
humanuse.

Although it is sometimes pragmatic and necessary to
address specific threats affecting individual species, we
strive to avoid managing our lands and resources with a
focus on one species only. To maintain a single species
focus is to invite an endless progression.of extinction
crises. Rather, by managing at the ecosystem level, broad
environmental gains can be secured and all species
sharing those ecosystems will be benefitted.

The Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies in the
Department of the Interior are exploring ways that
existing authorities may be used to prevent the
degradation of ecosystems, which ultimately leads to
endangered species listings and “last resort” recovery
planning. The Department is committed to increasing its
emphasis on ecosystem management, and will be making
greater efforts to promote the partnerships essential for
accomplishment of the important challenges facing us all.

Species: Blackside dace
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Stable

37



Fishes Species Status Summary APPENDIX

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Dace, Ash Meadows speckled. 1 Ss Y F 2 9
Dace, blackside 4 Ss Y F 1 11
Dace, Clover Valley speckled. 1 U N U 1 9C
Dace, desert 1 Ss N U 1 7c
Dace, Foskett speckled 1 U N U 2 9
Dace, Independence Valley speckled... 1 U N U 1 6C
Dace, Kendall Warm Springs 6 Ss Y F 3 12
Dace, Moapa 1 Ss Y RD 2 1
Darter, amber ........... 4 s Y F 1 5
Darter, bayou... 4 s Y R(1) 1 8C
Darter, bluemask (=jewel).. 4 Ss N U 1 5
Darter, boulder (=Elk River) 4 Ss Y F 1 5
Darter, duskytail 4 D Y F 1 5
Darter, fountain 2 U Y RD) 1 2C
Darter, goldline 4 D N D 1 8
Darter, leopard 2 Ss Y RD(1) 2 11C
Darter, Maryland 5 E Y RQ) 1 5
Darter, Niangua .. 3 U Y F 1 8
Darter, Okaloosa . 4 D Y F 1 11
Darter, relict... 4 s N D 1 5
4 U Y F 1 8
T 4 U Y RQ) 1 11
Darter, watercress T 4 Ss Y R(2) 1 2
Gambusia, Big Bend . .E 2 Ss Y F 2 2
Gambusia, Clear Creek ............. wE 2 Ss Y F 2 2
Gambusia, Pecos E 2 Ss Y F 2 2
Gambusia, San Marcos . E,CH 2 E Y F 1 2c
Goby, tidewater... E 1 D N U 1 7c
Logperch, Conasauga .E,CH 4 s Y F 1 5
Logperch, Roanoke E 5 Ss Y F 1 5C
Madtom, Neosho ... T 6 D Y F 1 11¢
Madtom, pygmy .... ww E 4 U Y F 1 5
Madtom, Scioto .. wiE 3 U NA Exempt 1 5
Madtom, smoky . E,CH 4 Ss Y F 1 5
Madtom, yellowfin . T,CH 4 U Y F 1 11
Minnow, loach ... 2 s Y F 1 4C
Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery 2 U N U 1 2c
Poolfish killifish), Pahrump .. 1 Ss Y F 4 8
Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa 1 Ss Y F 2 9
Pupfish, Comanche Springs 2 D Y F 1 2
Pupfish, desert 2 s Y F 1 5
Pupfish, Devil’s Hole 1 Ss Y R(1) 2 8
Pupfish, Leon Springs 2 Ss Y F 2 2

46



Species: Minnesota trout lily
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Uncertain

VERA WONG

14



Plants Species StatusSummary APPENDIX

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Monkey-flower, Michigan D 9c
Monkshood, northern wild........ RD(1) 8
Munroidendron racemosum (NCN) .. D 2
Mustard, Carter’s .... veseeeeee 2
Mustard, Penland alpine fen ..... 11C
Mustard, slender-petaled. 5C

Myrcia paganii (NCN) .
Naupaka, dwarf ....
Na‘ena‘e (Dubautia herbstobatae)

Na‘ena‘e (Dubautia latifolia) ....

Na‘ena‘e (Dubautia pauciflorula) .

Nehe (Lipochaeta fauriei) .....

Nehe (Lipochaeta kamolensis) ..........

Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla)
Nehe (Lipochaeta micrantha)
Nehe (Lipochaeta tenuifolia)
Nehe (Lipochaeta venosa) ......

Nehe (Lipochaeta waimeaensis)
Neraudia angulata (NCN)
Nioi ....

PHNOM

9
x

Niterwort, Amargosa

Nohoanu (Geranium arboreum) .
Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum,
Oak, Hinckley’s ...
Oha wai (Clermontia lindseyana) ..

4mm

Oha wai (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes)

Oha wai (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis)
Oha wai (Clermontia peleana) ......

Oha wai (Clermontia pyrularia)
Ohe’ohe
Olulu....
Opuhe.... a
Orchid, eastern prairie fringed .

Orchid, western prairie fringed
Oxytheca, Cushenbury
Paintbrush, San Clemente Island Indian
Palma de, Manaca (=manac palm) ..
Palocolorado .
Palo de jazmin

Fw momma UnWnUndaAnNDDANAUNUNNYUNAN ANN DUNN ®

Palo de nigua ....

Palo de Ramon .
Palo de Ros:
Pamakani ...

C#uvvudvn»dxwnncacvdeacacacacacvuacacuvacaqaaccqcaaqcaqqaaqaacaqaqwavcvaca
ee KKK KKK EK KKK ZAZAZAAZAZKAZAZKAZKNKNKKKKA“TMKKKKAZAZAZANK KKK

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PRR RRR RE ROU RP EE ER ER ENE EER eR BEE RR RR RR DR Ww
Om ra BOO tmacCnvTHDTvvTecacacacameacmcvsvTeTVVeVsacyeTVeacacccs

woaunnn

58



Plants Species StatusSummary APPENDIX

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.

Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN) we E 1 U Y D 1 11
Hibiscus, Clay's .. E 1 U Y D 1 2
Higuero de Sierra E 4 Ss Y F 1 5
Holei............... E 1 U N U 1 5
Holly, Cook’s wn E 4 D Y F 1 5
Howellia, water ....ccccccceeeceeeeseeeeeteeeeeee wT 6 U N U 1 7
Hypericum, highlands scrub .........:0.cceseeee E 4 I Y F 3 2
Thi‘thi (Marsilea villosa) ................. .E 1 I Y D 1 8
Hex sintenisii (NCN) E 4 D Y D 1 11
Iliau, dwarf .E 1 U Y D 1 5
Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost........::::eseceieeeeee BE 2 U N U 1 5
Iris, dwarf lake ...... wT 3 Ss N U 1 8
Irisette, white.. LE 4 D Y D 1 8
Ischaemum, hilo .... E 1 U N U 1 8
Ivesia, Ash Meadows 1 Ss Y F 2 8
Jacquemontia, beach 4 Ss N U 1 2
Jewelflower, California ... wE 1 Ss N U 1 2
Joint-vetch, Sensitive .......cecceeseesseeeeeeeeeteeteeees T 5 Ss N D 1 2
Kamakahala ............. .E 1 U Y D 1 11
Kauila E 1 D N U 1 5
Kaul... 1 U Y D 1 5
Kio'ele (Hedyotis coriacea) . 1 U N U 1 2
Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha)..........E 1 U N U 1 9
Ko'oko'olau (Bidens wiebkei) : wE 1 U N U 1 2
Ko'okoa‘ula (=Abutilon, Menzies’) .........00e E 1 I Y D 1 2C
Koki‘o (=hau-hele'ula) ...... E,CH 1 D Y F 1 5
Koki‘o ke‘oke‘o (Hibiscus arnottianus

ssp. immaculatus) . .E 1 U N U 1 3
Kokio, Cooke’s .......... .E 1 Ss N NA 1 5
Kului ...... wE 1 U Y 1 8
Ladies’-tresses, NaVaSOUA ........ cece res eeteeteeeereee B 2 D Y F 1 2
Ladies’-tresses, Ute ........ccccceceteeteeteneeees woT 6 D N U 1 2C
Larkspur, San Clemente Island ..... WE 1 I Y F 3 8
Laukahi kuahiwi . E 1 U N U 1 5
Layia, beach (=Tidytips, beach). uE 1 U N U 1 2
Lead-plant, crenulate . wuE 4 s Y F 2 5C
Leather-flower, Alabama ..........::c cee E 4 Ss Y F 1 2
Leather-flower, Morefield’s .........:::cceeees E 4 D Y F 1 5
Lepanthes eltoroensis (NCN).... E 4 U NA NA 1 5
Leptocereus grantianus (NCN) . E 4 D Y D 1 5C
Liliwai. - we E 1 U N U 1 5
Lily, Minnesota dwarf trout .......... seve wE 3 U Y F 2 8C
Lily, western (Lilium occidentale) ...........:0e E 1 D N U 1 2

56



Plants Species StatusSummary APPENDIX
Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.

Warea, clasping (=wide-leaf) . E 4 D Y F 1 2c
Water-plantain, Kral’s wT 4 Ss Y F 1 5C
Water-willow, Cooley’s ....... iE 4 U Y F 1 8
Watercress, Gambel’s ........... .E 1 D N U 1 2c
Wawae'iole (Huperzia (=Lycopodium) nutans .E 1 U N U 1 5
Wawae'iole (Huperzia (=Lycopodium) mannii) ........E 1 U N U 1 5
Whitlow-wort, papery... .T 4 D Y F 3 8
Wild-rice, Texas E,CH 2 D Y F 1 2C
Wings, pigeon 4 U N U 1 14
Wire-lettuce, Malheur . 1 U Y F 2 2
Wireweed (=Polygonella basiramia) ...... 4 D Y F 3 2
Woolly-star, Hoover's .... 1 I N U 1 2
Woolly-star, Santa Ana River . 1 D N U 1 3C
Wooly-threads, San Joaquin 1 D N U 1 2
Ziziphus, Florida 4 s Y F 2 5

Species: Chisos Mountain hedgehog cactus
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Declining

NPS PHOTO

62

Species: MacFarlane’sfour-o'clock
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

PAULA BROOKS



Plants Species StatusSummary APPENDIX

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Cycladenia, Jones... 6 Ss N U 1 9
Cypress, Santa Cruz ...... 1 s N U 1 2
Daisy, lakeside. 3 Ss Y F 2 6C
Daisy, Maguire . 6 Ss Y D 4 6
Daisy, Parish’s 1 D N U 1 8
Daphnopsis hellerana (NCN)..... 4 D Y F 1 5
Dawn-flower (=bitterweed), Texas prairie . 2 D Y F 1 8C
Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN).. 1 U Y D 1 2
Desert-parsley (=lomatium), Bradshaw’s .... 1 I Y F 1 8
Diablo, pelos del .......... 4 D Y F 1 5C
Diellia falcata (NCN).. 1 U Y D 1 11
Diellia pallida (NCN) . 1 U Y D 1 2
Diellia unisora (NCN)..... 1 U Y D 1 8
Dogweed, ashy 2 D Y F 1 5
Dropwort, Canby’s 4 s Y F 2 5
Elaphoglossum serpens (NCN) 4 D Y D 1 5
Erubia. 4 D Y F 1 2c
Eugenia woodburyana (NON)..... 4 D N U 1 5
Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes 1 Ss Y R(1) 2 9
Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley .. 1 I Y F 2 9
Evening-primrose, San Benito.... 1 U Y D 1 5C
Fern, Alabama streak-sorus . T 4 Ss N U 1 9
Fern, Aleutian shield . E 7 Ss Y F 1 8
Fern, American hart’s-tongut T 4 D Y F 1 9
Fer, Elfin tree .... aE 4 D Y F 1 5
Fiddleneck, large-flowered .. E,CH 1 D Y D 2 5
Fleabane, Zuni (=rhizome) . T 2 Ss Y F 2 8
Four-o’clock, MacFarlane’s .. wE 1 I Y F 2 2
Frankenia, Johnston’s ... wE 2 I Y F 1 5
Fringe-tree, pygmy E 4 I Y F 2 2
Gahnia lanaiensis (NCN) . E 1 U Y D 1 5
Gardenia, Hawaiian (=na‘u) wE 1 Ss Y R(1) 1 2
Geocarpon minimum (NCN)..... wT 4 s Y F 1 13
Gerardia, sandplain E 5 s Y RD(1) 1 5c
Gilia, Monterey E 1 U N U 1 3C
Goetzea, beautiful (matabuey).... we E 4 D Y F 1 5
Goldenrod, Blue Ridge ....... T 4 U Y F 1 8
Goldenrod, Houghton’s .T 3 Ss Y D 1 8
Goldenrod, Short’s .E 4 Ss Y F 2 8
Goldenrod, white-haired .... wT 4 s Y F 1 8
Goldfields, Burke’s ... .E 1 U N U 1 2C
Gooseberry, Miccosukee .T 4 s NA Exempt 1 14
Gouania, Hillebrand’s.. .E,CH 1 Ss Y F 1 8

54



Recovery Successes

PROGRAM STATUS

Species: Bald eagle chicks
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Improving

JIM. CARPENTER.

paw $

Species: Black-footedferret
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

LARRY SHANKS:

24

HCPs currently under development include the Brevard
County HCP in Florida (10,000 acres); HCPs for timber
harvest activities in Georgia (1,000,000 acres), South
Carolina (3,000,000 acres), North Carolina (300,000
acres), Mississippi (500,000 acres), Washington
(3,000,000 acres), and Oregon (300,000 acres);
Washington County HCP in Utah (135,000 acres);
Balcones Canyonlands HCP in Travis County, Texas
(633,000 acres); Kern County HCP in California’s San
Joaquin Valley (1,920,000 acres); several HCPs in
southern California being developed jointly with the
State’s Natural Communities Conservation Planning
(NCCP) Program; and the Clark County HCP in Nevada
(22,500 acres).

Recovery Successes
Examples of Recovery Successes

There have been many successes of the recovery
program, reclassifications, delistings, and significant steps
toward achieving species recovery objectives. Highlights
of a few of these successes are summarized below.

This species formerly nested throughout North America.
Population declines were attributed to habitat loss, illegal
shooting, and the effects of DDT on reproductive
success. In addition to the DDT ban, the eagle benefitted
from nest site protection, aggressive habitat management,
and reintroductions. Many States have successfully
reestablished nesting populations by translocating young
birds from areas with healthy populations into suitable,
unoccupied habitat. Public awareness campaigns and
vigorous law enforcement have helped to reduce illegal
shooting of eagles. Bald eagle numbers in the lower 48
States have increased from approximately 417 nesting
pairs in 1963 to more that 4,000 pairs in 1993. In
addition, there are an estimated 5,000 to 6,000 juvenile
bald eagles in this part of the range. As a result of the
significant progress toward recovery, on July 12, 1994,
the Service proposed to reclassify the bald eagle from
endangered to threatened in all but four States.
Subsequent action reclassified the species as threatened
in all of the lower 48 states.

Black-footed ferret

A long history of prairie dog control programs reduced
populations of the black-footed ferret by reducing the
ferrets’ preferred prey. Once thought to be extinct, black-
footed ferrets were rediscovered in 1981 near Meeteetse,
‘Wyoming. Canine distemper devastated that population
in the late 1980s. A captive propagation program,



Birds Species Status Summary APPENDIX

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula fox ...... 5 I Y R(2) 2 9
Squirrel, Mount Graham red.... 2 D Y F 1 9C
Squirrel, Virginia northern flying 5 I Y F 3 9
Vole, Amargosa ... 1 D Y D 1 6
Vole, Hualapai Mexican 2 U Y F 1
Vole, Florida salt marsh... 4 U N Exempt 1 6
Wolf, gray (two populations listed) ..... 3 I Y R(1) 4 14C
Wolf, Mexican gray ... 2 I Y F 1 3C
Wolf, Northern Rocky Mountain gray .. 6 I Y F 1 3c
4 I Y R(2) 3 5C
Woodrat, Key Largo...... 4 s Y D 1 3C
Birds
Akepa, Hawaii (honeycreeper) ... wE 1 Ss Y F 2 9
Akepa, Maui (honeycreeper) E 1 D Y F 1 6
Akialoa, Kauai (honeycreeper) . E 1 U Y F 1 5
Akiapola‘au (honeycreeper) .. E 1 Ss Y F 2 2
Blackbird, yellow-shouldered ..... .E,CH 4 Ss Y F 1 2C
Bobwhite, masked (quail) E 2 I Y RD(2) 2 6
Broadbill, Guam . E 1 E Y F 1 5
Caracara, Audubon’s crested . wT 4 Ss Y F 1 12
Condor, California . 1 Ss Y RD 2 4C
Coot, Hawaiian (=‘alae-ke‘oke'o) 1 Ss Y RD 3 15
Crane, Mississippi sandhill 4 I Y RG) 1 6C
Crane, whooping ........ 2 I Y R(2) 2 2c
Creeper, Hawaii. wee 1 Ss Y F 2 8
Creeper, Molokai (=Kakawahie) 1 D Y F 1 5
Creeper, Oahu (honeycreeper) 1 U N U 1 5
Crow, Hawaiian (=“alala).... 1 I Y F 1 2
Crow, Mariana .... 1 D Y F 1 2
Crow, white-necked 4 U N NA 1 17
Curlew, Eskimo... 7 U N U 1 5
Duck, Hawaiian (=koloa)..... 1 D Y RQ) 3 2
Duck, Laysan 1 D Y F 3 8
Eagle, bald (two separate listings) . 3 I Y RD 4 14C
Eagle, bald (southwest) ..... 2 s Y F 3 6C
Eider, spectacled .... 7 D N U 1 5
Falcon, American peregrine (western) 1 I Y RD 3 9
Falcon, Arctic peregrine ” 7 I Y F 4 9
Falcon, northern aplomado wE 2 U Y F 1 3
Finch, Laysan (honeycreeper) ... 1 Ss Y F 3 8
Finch, Nihoa (honeycreeper) . 1 Ss Y F 3 8
Gnatcatcher, coastal California 1 D N U 1 3C

42



is a long and complicated journey”
that is leading to an increasing number of
successes, thanks tothe Endangered Spocies Act.

‘The plants and animals you see here were in dectine:
‘Today; they represent individual victories—
fromstabillzed o Increased populations,
‘to achange in their threatened or

endangered status. They are reminders

that wildlife and eivillzation

teenie

does mean



RECOVERY PROGRAM ANALYSES and STATUS Species-by-Species Status Summary

Species: Relict trillium
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Declining

35



PROGRAM STATUS

Section 6

AIL 50 States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam
are under cooperative agreements for animals. All but 11
of these entities are also under cooperative agreements
for plants. States assist the recovery of endangered and
threatened species and in monitoring the status of
recovered species. Reimbursement can be up to 90
percent when two or more States have a common
interest in conservation of one or more species.

These grants provide States with resources to participate
in a wide array of recovery activities that include
population assessments, habitat restoration, propagation,
and reintroductions of listed species. States may also use
section 6 grants to initiate conservation actions before a
species is listed. Stabilization of candidate species and
their habitats can often be accomplished in a more cost
effective manner than through the process of listing,
recovery planning and recovery implementation. A few
examples of these grants are:

+ In Massachusetts, section 6 funds were used by the
Division of Fisheries and Wildlife to support nest
protection and monitoring for the Plymouth redbelly
turtle. These funds were also used to track survival of
released turtles in the wild. The Massachusetts
Division of Fisheries and Wildlife monitors population

Species: Plymouth redbelly turtle
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

status and trends, searches for new occurrences,
evaluates limiting factors, locates and protects nests,
coordinates the headstarting program, reestablishes
new populations, and conducts public information
and education programs. Several of these tasks have

Species: Black-footedferret
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

FWS PHOTO

been conducted in conjunction with researchers at
the Worcester State College and the University of
Massachusetts, as well as the private sector. Through
this cooperation, the population appears to be stable.

Section 6 funds were provided to Wyoming, Montana,
and South Dakota for their participation and
involvement in the release of black-footed ferrets.
The releases in South Dakota and Montana have
been carefully monitored since release. In Montana
there are five or six adults and two litters had at least
four kits. In South Dakota there are three or four
adults and two litters had a total of five kits. Releases
in Wyoming are not planned because the release
area was exposed to plague and the prey base has
virtually disappeared.

In Hawaii, section 6 funds were used to prevent the
extinction of the Hawaiian crow through captive
propagation and nest enhancement in the wild.
Captive propagation was used to enhance the
existing stocks and to increase the inhabited range of
the Hawaiian crow through the release of additional
captive-reared birds. A captive bird propagation
facility has been completed on the island of Hawaii
and although initially focusing on the Hawaiian crow,
this facility will eventually assist with the recovery
efforts for up to 17 endangered Hawaiian forest birds.

21



PROGRAM STATUS

Delisting/Reclassifications

The 1988 amendments to the Act recognized a potential
conflict involving removal of just recovered species from
the protective oversight of the Act. If a newly recovered
species were no longer protected under the Act, the
threats that led to its listing might resume and once again
endanger the species. Section 4 of the Act was amended
by adding a requirement that recovered species be
monitored for at least 5 years after delisting. The Service
cooperates with State agencies and other partners to
accomplish monitoring for those species within State
jurisdiction except in cases where the species are wide-
ranging or migratory beyond State lines. In the event of a
“significant risk to the well being” of any delisted species,
the Secretary must use his emergency authority under
section 4(b)(7) to relist the species.

Delistings and Reclassifications

Delisting (removing species from the List of Endangered
and Threatened Wildlife and Plants) can occur for one of
three reasons: (1) species extinction, (2) species
recovery, or (3) more accurate scientific or commercial
data becomes available. Delisting, resulting from
successful recovery, is the culmination of a process
involving planning recovery objectives, implementation
of objectives, and evaluation and monitoring to ensure
that all objectives have been met. .
Reclassification from endangered to threatened is an
intermediate step in the recovery process and signals
significant success in an endangered species’ recovery.
The 1994 reclassification of the bald eagle represented
over 20 years of coordinated efforts to reverse population
declines, preserve habitat, and address pesticide
contamination problems in the environment.

The Service is considering the species listed in table 2 for
delisting or reclassification. In some cases, status surveys
are underway to determine the appropriateness of these
actions; in other cases, the Service has already determined
appropriateness and is preparing proposals to carry out
delisting or reclassification. While most of these
reclassifications and delistings are a result of recovery
having being achieved, some of these delistings and
reclassifications are a result of taxonomic changes in the
species’ classification (e.g., cuneate bidens, Lloyd’s
hedgehog cactus) or discovery of additional secure
populations (e.g., Maguire daisy). Others are a result of
effective protection measures afforded to the species
under the Act through the recovery process.

Table 2: Species Under Consideration for Delisting
or Reclassification.

American Peregrine Falcon - western
Cui-ui

Eureka Valley plants
Hawaiian hawk

Loch Lomond coyote-thistle
MacFarlane's four-o’clock
Pahrump poolfish

Truckee barberry

Baldeagle

Cape Sable seaside sparrow
Inflated heelsplitter
Magazine Mountain shagreen
Slackwater darter

Robbins cinquefoil

Eskimo curlew

Species: American peregrinefalcon
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

WS PHOTO

27



PROGRAMSTATUS

Section 10(a)(1)(B)

~ Consultation with the Florida Gas Transmission
Company resulted in an agreement upon
construction time-frames that will allow for better
protection for active bald eagle nests, scnib jays, gulf
sturgeon, and gopher tortoises.

Species: Florida scrub jay
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Declining

REED BOWMAN

~ Through consultation, the only known habitat for the
Warton’s cave spider will be protected in central
Texas. Protective measures include: gating the
entrance of the cave; restricting the use of pesticides
and fertilizers; and using native vegetation for
landscaping near the cave.

All Federal agencies play a vital role in the conservation
of listed and candidate species, and the Service makes a
consistent effort to educate other Federal agencies and
emphasizes the importance of the role they play in the
conservation of the Nation’s diverse natural resources.

Section 10(a)(1)(B)
(Habitat Conservation Plans)

Section 10(a)(1)(B) allows the Service to issue permits for
the “take” of federally listed species if the taking will be
incidental to, and not the purpose of, an otherwise lawful
activity. Congress intended that the section 10(a)(1)(B)

process be used to reduce conflicts between listed
species and private development and to provide a
framework that would encourage “creative partnerships”
between the private sector and local, State, and Federal
agencies in the interests of listed species and their habitat.

To obtain an “incidental take permit,” an applicant must
submit a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) that describes
how the applicant will minimize and mitigate the impacts
of the taking and how HCP implementation will be
funded. An HCP allows development activities that
impact threatened or endangered species in return for a
conservation program implemented by the permittee that
offsets those impacts or benefits the species. HCPs vary
greatly in size and complexity, covering anywhere from a
few acres to statewide efforts.

Recovery of listed species is not a direct requirement of
the HCP process but is indirectly involved through the
“no jeopardy” standard required by section 7(a)(2) of

the Act and by the permit issuance criteria found at
section 10(a)(2)(B). Under both these mandates, the
Service must ensure that issuance of an incidental take
permit does not “reduce appreciably the likelihood of the
survival and recovery of the species in the wild.” In other
words, an HCP must not preclude or significantly reduce
the recovery prospects of affected species. Nevertheless,
though not a statutory requirement, many HCPs have a
net positive affect on species recovery, and some
substantially contribute to meeting recovery goals. This is
especially true of HCPs that are range-wide or regional in
scope because they provide long-term assurances of
conservation actions and protection across large habitat
areas. Recovery plans are often used to guide the crafting
of HCPs. Thus, recovery is inherently an important
consideration in any HCP. HCPs can significantly advance
or even achieve recovery objectives.

The Service’s role in the habitat conservation planning
process is to provide technical assistance to the applicant
during the HCP development phase, review the permit
application and HCP, and issue the permit if all
requirements have been satisfied. Examples of recently
completed HCPs include the Simpson Timber Company
HCP for the northern spotted owl in northern California
(1992), the International Paper HCP for the Red Hills
salamander in Alabama (1993), and the Metropolitan
Bakersfield HCP for the San Joaquin kit fox and other
species in California (1994). Each of these HCPs involves
relatively large planning areas (30,000 to 380,000 acres)
and allows economic activities (e.g., timber harvest or
residential development) to proceed in endangered
species habitat. However, each plan also requires that
sufficient habitat be protected, through set-aside or
acquisition, to offset project effects on listed species.

23



Species: Pipingplover
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Declining

36



Recovery Activities

PROGRAM STATUS

Examples of Recovery Activities

The tools available for recovery of listed species are
numerous and may include reintroduction of species into
formerly occupied habitat, land acquisition, captive
propagation, habitat restoration and protection,
population assessments, research, and technical assistance
for landowners and public education. All of these activities
and associated efforts must allow time for an endangered
species to respond biologically to protective efforts
implemented on its behalf. Recovery activities conducted
by the Service and its partners include: defining threats
through research on biological requirements, managing
threats through habitat protection and restoration, and
achieving a stable or upward population trend for an
endangered species.

The following examples illustrate the variety of recovery
efforts conducted by the Service and recovery partners:

the Aleutian Canada goose has benefitted from both
habitat restoration and reintroduction into formerly
occupied habitat;

Species: Aleutian Canada geese

Listed As: Threatened

Population Status: Improving

GEORGEGEE

+ translocation of young bald eagles into formerly
occupied habitat is one factor contributing
significantly to bald eagle recovery;

~ captive propagation has increased the numbers of the
California condor and the red wolf;

~ research on Peter’s Mountain mallow, which revealed.
that the seeds require fire to germinate, has resulted
in controlled burns that have dramatically increased
the species’ numbers;

18

+ education efforts on behalf of the furbish lousewort
have resulted in an enhanced conservation ethic, and
conservation easements are being pursued for its
habitat; and

~ land acquisition and cooperation among the Service,
National Aeronautics Space Administration, the
National Park Service, private conservation
foundations, and the State of Florida has made a
major contribution to the recovery of the Florida
scrub jay.

Cooperation with Others

Although Congress envisioned the Service as the leader in
recovery of listed species, it recognized the role other
Federal agencies, States, and private citizens should play.
Recent examples of enhanced cooperation among
Federal agencies include the January 1994 Memorandum
of Understanding signed by the Service, Bureau of Land
Management, National Park Service, Forest Service, and
National Marine Fisheries Service on behalf of candidates
for listing as threatened or endangered under the Act.

Candidate species conservation may reduce threats so
that listing is no longer necessary, or reduce time and.
resources needed to achieve recovery once a species is
listed. In September 1994, the Service and 13 other
Federal agencies signed a second Memorandum of
Understanding pledging cooperation toward the common
goal of conserving listed species by protecting and
managing their populations and the ecosystems upon
which they depend.

The Federal Native Plant Conservation Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) (established May 25, 1994) has

Species: Red wolf pups
Population Status: Improving

TED SIMONS



Recovery Program 2

Endangered and Threatened Species + 1994

4rU.S. Government Printing Office: 1996—-709-299/20,024



Species: lowa Pleistocene snail
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Uncertain

FWS PHOTO

Species: Hawaiian hawk chick
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Stable

CURT GRIFFIN:

10

Species: Shenandoah salamander
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Declining

. KENNETH DODD, JA.

Species: Mitchell's satyr butterfly
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Uncertain

FWS PHOTO



RECOVERY PROGRAM ANALYSES and STATUS Summary Analyses

Summary of the Current Population Trends of Listed

Species According to Time of Listing

100
80
60
.
20 58% 42% 44% 45% : 22%
Ait |

68-73 74-78 79-83 84-88 89-93

Time of Listing in 5 Year Interval

7 Percent of species stable or improving

| Percent of species declining

Percent of species with an uncertain
population trend

N = Number of species in the 5 year interval
Figure 2

N = 106 N = 86 N = 66 N=224 N= 294

33



Summary Analyses

RECOVERY PROGRAM ANALYSES and STATUS

Summary of the Status of Listed Species

Figure 1 shows the percentage of listed species
represented in the major taxonomic groups as of
September 30, 1994. Map 2 shows the number of listed
species in each State and Trust Territory as of
September 30, 1994.

Figure 2 summarizes the status of 776 species listed as of
1993 through an analysis of the status and trends based
on5 year intervals. This figure shows the percent of

species, divided according to time of listing in 5 year
intervals, that are known to be stable or improving,
declining, or for which the population trend is uncertain.
Stable or improving species are those for which the trend
toward extinction has been halted or reversed in the wild.

Overall, the data on stable or increasing species illustrates
that while recovery of listed species takes time it can be
achieved. Just as the threats to these species accumulated.
through time to result in the precarious status seen for
many species today, recovery also takes time.

Plants
54%

As of September 30, 1994

Figure 1. Distribution of Listed Species by Taxonomic Group

Listed Species

Animal Groups

Animals

46% Reptiles

Fishes
Amphibians

Invertebrates



CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...

INTRODUCTION ....

PROGRAM STATUS ....

Recovery Overview ....

Recovery Policy

Recovery Implementation ...

Examples of Recovery ..

Cooperation with Others

Ecosystem Approach to Recovery ...

Relationship of Recovery to Other Sections of the Act......

Section 6 (Cooperation with the States) ...

Section 7 (Interagency Cooperation) ....

Section 10(a)(1)(B) (Habitat Conservation Plans)

Recovery Successes
Examples of Recovery SUCCESSES .......csssssessessssessessesseeeeeseasenneeneesnenseennennecneentenees 24
Monitoring Recovered Species ....sss.sss:sssssssssssssssssssssnssnssnsennesnnnnnnneseeeeenenatnnnnteseety 26

Delistings and Reclassifications

RECOVERY PROGRAM ANALYSES AND
STATUS OF LISTED SPECIES ...

Recovery Program Analyses ...

Endangered Species Recovery Appropriations ...

Summary of the Status of Listed Species ....

Species-by-Species Status Summary ....

SUMMARY



Species: Ozark big-eared bat
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Stable



PROGRAM STATUS

Cooperation with Others

been signed by nine agencies in three Federal
departments (Department of Defense, Bureau of Land
Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Biological
Service, National Park Service, Office of Surface Mining
Reclamation and Enforcement, Agricultural Research
Service, Forest Service, and Natural Resources
Conservation Service). The MOU’s purpose is to ensure
that native plant species and communities are maintained,
enhanced, restored, or established on public lands, and
that such activities are promoted on private lands. The
MOU established the Federal Native Plant Conservation
Committee to identify priority conservation needs for
native plants and their habitats and coordinate
implementation of programs for addressing those needs.
Currently, 47 non-federal organizations have signed on as
Cooperators to the Committee.

The MOU notes that plants constitute over half of the
listed species in the United States, and that over 200
listed plants occur on Federal lands. As stated in the MOU,
“Careful management of these lands can help maintain
our Nation's plant heritage. Federal agencies also have
the expertise to assist non-Federal land managers in plant
conservation and protection efforts. Innovative
partnerships are needed among public and private
sectors, ..to conserve native plants and their habitats...”
The 56 member and Cooperator agencies and
organizations on the Committee form an ideal national
partnership to promote plant recovery efforts.

This Committee is building partnerships, developing a
strategic plan, coordinating regional and national working
groups to address conservation actions, developing
databases and information exchange networks, and
coordinating education and public outreach opportunities.
The overall goal is to mobilize agencies and organizations
across the Nation into a cohesive force to support local
and national habitat conservation efforts for plants, much
as the Partners in Flight program is doing for neotropical
migratory birds. The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
(on behalf of the Committee) has awarded the Bureau of
Land Management a $100,000 challenge grant to fund
urgent conservation projects to benefit at-risk plant
species and communities. These projects demonstrate the
ability of the partner-ships to deliver on-the-ground
results, including recovery of listed plant species.

The Partners in Flight program, which includes about 90
signatories from Federal and State agencies, non-
governmental organizations, and industry, focusses
attention on high priority species and ecosystems that can
benefit both listed and candidate bird species. Partners in
Flight has directed several projects towards restoring and
managing western riparian habitats. Restoring the habitat

not only benefits the Southwestern willow flycatcher, but
numerous other threatened species as well. Alliances like
these can minimize the need to list species under the Act,
since the threats to their continued existence can be
alleviated before the species status becomes critical.

The Service actively pursues partnerships with other
Federal and State agencies, private organizations, and
individuals. Examples include:

~ Cheat Mountain salamander: Three quarters of the
populations identified as necessary for recovery of
the Cheat Mountain salamander are protected and
managed through the cooperative efforts of the State
of West Virginia, the Service, and the Forest Service.

Species: Cheat Mountain salamander
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Improving

+ Mexican wolf: By the mid-1900s, the Mexican wolf
had been completely eliminated from a portion of its
historic range, the Southeast quadrant of Arizona. In
the 1970s, the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum in.
Tucson received four animals and launched a captive
breeding program. By 1994, there were 92 animals,
comprising 78 in 16 different United States facilities
and 14 in 5 Mexican facilities.

~ Pahrump poolfish: The Pahrump poolfish was listed
as endangered in 1967. The primary threat has been
the loss of springs due to a decline in underground
water table levels. While poolfish no longer only
occur in their historic location, Manse Spring, recovery
efforts by Federal agencies, Nevada’s State agencies,
and university biologists have established secure
populations in three other Nevada springs.

19



THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR

WASHINGTON

FOREWORD

The American landscape has undergone dramatic
changes over the past 300 years. The towering forests
and vast prairies that characterized the landscape found
by the first European settlers are now crisscrossed by
highways and are fragmented by a patchwork of cities
and towns, farms and subdivisions. With the growing
population, the demands for increased agriculture,
industry, and other pursuits accelerate the changes.
During the middle years of the present century, it
became increasingly clear that many of our native species
of plants and animals were being stressed by such
activities; some had been driven to extinction.
Recognizing these trends, Congress took action in 1973
by passing the Endangered Species Act, making the
conservation of endangered and threatened species and
the ecosystems that sustain them a National priority and
instituting public policy to work for their recovery.

Over the two-century period preceding the passage of
the Endangered Species Act, scientists estimate that over
500 species slipped to extinction in the Unites States,
most due to habitat loss. In the 21 years since the
passage of the Endangered Species Act, 909 species have
been determined to be either endangered or threatened,
and, for all but 7, their extinction has been prevented.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been tasked to first

stabilize and then recover these species by securing their
populations, reversing their declines, and bringing them
back to a point where the protections of the Act are no
longer needed.

This 1994 report to Congress chronicles the success of
the Service’s efforts to recover these species. A good case
study, representing the success of the Service’s recovery
efforts is the conservation of the bald eagle, our national
symbol. Based on historical information available, these
birds nested throughout the United States. In 1967, bald
eagle numbers in the lower 48 States had dropped to
approximately 417 nesting pairs. Population declines
were attributed to habitat loss, illegal shooting, and the
effects of DDT (a widely used insecticide) on
reproductive success. In 26 years, the eagle rebounded to
more than 4,000 nesting pairs in 1993. Additionally,
scientists estimate that 5,000 to 6,000 juvenile bald eagles
dwell in the lower 48 States. This success was due to
reintroductions, the banning of DDT, public awareness
campaigns, aggressive law enforcement, and other actions
involving the Service, States, private organizations, and
the cooperation of the American public. Asa result, on
July 12, 1994, the Service proposed to reclassify the bald
eagle from endangered to threatened in all of the lower
48 States.

ee



PROGRAM STATUS

Recovery Successes

founded by the 18 survivors of this population, has been
extremely successful, resulting in a population of over
400 by mid-1992. In the fall of 1991, 49 juvenile ferrets
were released in the Shirley Basin area of southeast
Wyoming as part of a nonessential experimental
population. The release was the result of considerable
landowner cooperation. About 55 percent of the
management area where the ferrets were released is in
private ownership. A similar release was conducted in
north-central Montana and the Conata Basin/Badlands area
of South Dakota in 1994. Releases continue at the Shirley
Basin site in Wyoming, where the Service has confirmed
at least 10 surviving ferrets and 6 young born in the wild
resulting from the release. Releases of captive bred
ferrets will continue in other States as new sites are
identified and releases are coordinated with involved
agencies and landowners.

Greenback cutthroat trout

Originally listed as endangered in 1967, the greenback
cutthroat trout was reclassified as threatened in 1978. This
native trout declined due to the introduction of nonnative
rainbow, brook, and brown trout that out competed or
hybridized with the greenback cutthroat trout in its native
streams. At the time of its original listing, only two small
historic populations were known to exist. Since then, the
Service has restored the species in over 40 lakes and
streams in and around Rocky Mountain National Park and
other areas in Colorado. There is catch and release fishing
for the species in 15 lakes, and a new captive broodstock
is being established by the Colorado Division of Wildlife
for future stocking. The species is nearing its recovery
goals and, with continued reintroduction of the greenback
cutthroat trout into its native streams and continued
control of nonnative trout, the species may be delisted by
the year 2000.

Haleakala Silversword

The Haleakala silversword is found only in a 250-acre
area in the crater and on the outer slopes of Haleakala,
Maui’s largest volcano. Population declines were
attributed to habitat disturbances, detrimental effects from
introduced species, and vandalism. The Maui Chamber of
Commerce felt so strongly about the declining
populations that it petitioned Congress to intervene with
efforts to save the species. As a result, the Haleakala
National Park was established. Although the establishment
of the park eliminated some of the threats, others
continued and the silversword was listed in 1991. Now,
the most dangerous threat to the plant is the loss of the
localized, endemic pollinators. These pollinators are being
threatened by the Argentine ant, a non-native species
that preys on native insects. Biologists are currently
working on an effective control for the ants, but have not

Species: Greenback cutthroat trout
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Improving

WS PHOTO

Species: Haleakalasilversword
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Stable

JOAN CANFIELD

25



Report to Congress

Recovery Program

Endangered and Threatened Species ~ 1994

U.S. Department of the Interior + U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service + Washington, D.C. 20240



Clams Species StatusSummary APPENDIX

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Snail, Bliss Rapids T 1 D Y D 1 8
Snail, Chittenango ovate amber . T 5 D Y RD(1) 1 5
Snail, flat-spired three-toothed (land) 5 Ss Y F 2 5
Snail, lowa Pleistocene . 3 U Y F 2 14
Snail, noonday . T 4 s Y F 1 9
Snail, painted snake coiled forest . 4 U Y F 1 8
Snail, royal (=obese) ..... 4 Ss Y D 1 5
Snail, Snake River physa 1 D Y D 1 5
Snail, Stock Island tree .. T 4 D Y F 1 3
Snail, tulotoma (=Alabama live-bearing) «0.0... E 4 Ss N D 1 5
Snail, Utah valvata ..... 1 Ss Y D 1 5
Snail, Virginia fringed mountain . E 5 s Yy F 1 4
Snails, Oahu tree... E 1 D Y F 1 2
Springsnail, Alamosa E 2 I Y F 1 14
Springsnail, Idaho... WE 1 D Y D 1 5
Springsnail, Socorro... 2 s Y F 1 14
Clams
Acomshell, southem ..... 4 D N D 1 5
Clubshell ... se 5 D Y F 1 11
Clubshell, black (=Curtus’ mussel) 4 D Y F 1 5C
Clubshell, ovate ..... 4 D N D 1 5
Clubshell, southern ..... 4 D N D 1 5
Combshell, southern (=penitent mussel) E 4 D Y F 1 2c
Combshell, upland E 4 D N D 1 5
Fanshell .... E 4 D Y F 1 5
Fatmucket, Arkansa: T 4 U Y F 1 8
Heelsplitter, Carolina . E 4 D N D 1 5
Heelsplitter, inflated T 4 D Y F 1 8c
Kidneyshell, triangular wE 4 D N D 1 5
Moccasinshell, Alabama. T 4 D N D 1 8
Moccasinshell, Coosa E 4 D N D 1 5
Mucket, orange-nacre ............. wT 4 D N D 1 8
Mussel, dwarf wedge .... wE 5 D Y F 1 5
Mussel, ring pink (=golf stick pearly) E 4 D Y F 1 5
Mussel, winged mapleleaf E 3 U Y D 1 2C
Pearlshell, Louisiana wT 4 U Y F 2 8
Pearly mussel, Alabama lamp .............. WE 4 D Y F 1 5
Pearly mussel, Appalachian monkeyface E 4 D Y F 1 5
Pearly mussel, birdwing.......... E 4 D Y F 1 4C
Pearly mussel, cracking... . wE 4 D Y F 1 4
Pearly mussel, Cumberland bean........ E 4 D Y F 1 5c
Pearly mussel, Cumberland monkeyface E 4 D Y F 1 5C
Pearly mussel, Curtis’ ... E 3 D Y F 1 6

48



Results

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

RESULTS

The extraordinary success of the recovery program is
demonstrated by the fact that even with a substantial
increase in the number of species listed over the past
decade, over 41 percent of the 909 species listed as of
September 30, 1994, have been stablized or are
improving. This success is attributed to the efforts of the
Service, other Federal agencies, States, tribal
governments, and private organizations and individuals.
As of September 30, 1994, 893 of the 909 listed species
in the United States were under the jurisdiction of the
Fish and Wildlife Service. The remaining 16 species were
administered by the National Marine Fisheries Service.
Two hundred and eighty-two of the 893 had been listed
for less than 3 years. Additionally, species that had been

intervals. This table shows the percent of species that are
known to be stable or improving, declining, or for which
the population trend is uncertain. Stable or improving
species are those for which the trend toward extinction
has been halted or reversed, in the wild. Overall, the data
on stable or increasing species illustrates that recovery of
endangered species takes time. Just as the threats to
these species accumulated through time to result in the
Precarious status seen for many species today, recovery
willalso require time.

Of all the species listed between 1968 and 1993, only 7,
or less than 1 percent, have been officially recognized as
extinct and subsequently delisted. Preventing the

Year Listed Percent of Species
G Year Intervals) Stable-or Improving
1968-1973 58 % is
1974-1978 4G
1979-1983 44%
1984-1988 5%
1989-1993 22%

Table 1: Summary of Current Populations Trends of Listed Species Based on Time of Listing

: Percent of Species
Percent'of Species: with: Uncertain:
‘Deelinin Population Trends

30% 12%
41% 17%
27%: 29%
39% 16%
34% 44%

listed in the 3 years prior to that date did not yet have
approved recovery plans. Many, however, had plans in
some stage of development.

Of the 893 species, 484 (54 percent) had final approved
recovery plans as of September 30, 1994, while 185 (21
percent) had a plan that was in draft (i.e., Technical or
Agency Draft plans). Of the remaining 224 species
without recovery plans, 159 had been listed for less than
3 years but had recovery plans under development, and
14 species (2 percent) were exempted from plan
development for reasons indicated in this report. The
remaining 51 species were listed longer than 3 years and
did not have approved recovery plans or plans being
developed. The Service has implemented a plan to
eliminate this backlog by the end of FY 1997.

Table 1 summarizes the population status and trends of
776 species federally listed as of 1993 based on 5 year

12

extinction of the remaining 99 percent, which is a major
portion of our Nation’s heritage, is perhaps the biggest
success story of the Act. The Act has also turned the tide
from declining to stable or increasing for many species.
Fifty-eight percent of the 108 species listed between
1968 and 1973 are currently known to be stable or
improving in their native habitats. Of the 294 species
listed between 1989 and 1993, only 22 percent have
recovered to the point that they are stable or increasing.
The fact that almost all listed species remain extant and
that many species are on their way to reaching recovery
goals speaks to the success of the Act as a mechanism for
conserving our Nation’s natural heritage.

For the species in decline or where population trends are
uncertain, the Service and its partners in recovery are
collecting biological information, developing recovery
strategies, and implementing management activities that
will stabilize, halt, or reverse the trends toward extinction.



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Purpose/Background

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PURPOSE

On October 7, 1988, President Reagan signed into law a
bill amending the Endangered Species Act and authorizing
increased appropriations to implement the Act through
fiscal year 1992 (Public Law 100-478/50 CFR 1533()(3)).
One of the major amendments made more specific the
general requirement that the Secretaries of the Interior
and Commerce develop and implement recovery plans.
The amendment further directs the Secretaries to report
every 2 years on the status of efforts to develop and
implement recovery plans for all listed species and on the
status of all species for which recovery plans have been
developed. This report is required by section 4()(3) of
the Act and it is the third Report to Congress on the status
of the recovery program for federally listed endangered
and threatened species under the Secretary of the
Interior's jurisdiction.

The Endangered Species Act, passed by Congress in
1973, established a strong leadership role for the Federal
government in the conservation of species at risk of
extinction. Congress envisioned a network of
international, national, State, and private organizations
working together toward common goals. It was made
clear that the people of the United States were to act
together as a team to conserve not only individual
species, but their habitats as well.

BACKGROUND

Recovery is the cornerstone and ultimate purpose of

the endangered species program. Recovery is the
process by which the decline of an endangered or
threatened species is arrested or reversed, and threats to
its survival are neutralized, so that its long-term survival in
nature can be ensured. The goal of this process is to
restore listed species to a point where they are secure,
self-sustaining components of their ecosystem so as to
allow delisting. The Secretary of the Interior has
delegated responsibility for endangered species recovery
to the Fish and Wildlife Service.

Recovery of threatened and endangered species is a
tremendous challenge; but it can be done and the
successes are much celebrated by the American public.

Recovery must reverse decline that has occurred over the
past two centuries. The habitat base for species at the
time listing under the Act becomes necessary is usually
very limited. Reversing long-term declines and finding
innovative solutions, which conserve the habitat of listed
species, while also accommodating society’s other goals is
another challenge. Many success stories already exist for
many species that are on the road to recovery. Our
success are the results of many years of research,
restoration, protection, and active management, but most
importantly, the key ingredient is almost always many
partners working together to achieve common goals.

The primary objectives of the Service’s recovery
program, while working in close cooperation with our
partners, are to: (1) complete development of recovery
plans within 2.5 years, to the maximum extent possible,
(2) determine tasks necessary to reduce or eliminate the
threats to the highest priority species, (3) apply available
resources to the highest priority recovery tasks, and

(4) reclassify and delist species as appropriate. Recovery
activities include: defining threats through research on
biological requirements, managing threats through habitat
protection and restoration, and achieving a stable or
upward population trend for an endangered species. All
of these activities and associated efforts must allow time
for an endangered species to respond biologically to
protective efforts implemented on its behalf.

The Service recognizes that preventing the extinction of
individual species is impractical when other
interdependent species that are members of the same
ecosystem continue to decline. The Service is directing
increased attention to producing multi-species or
ecosystem recovery plans that address the needs of other
species that are not primary targets of the plan, and will
continue to emphasize conservation of species through a
multi-species or ecosystem approach.

Although the endangered species recovery program is
relatively new with respect to the considerable time
required to reverse a species’ decline, the program has
produced many successes, including reclassifications from
endangered to threatened, delistings, and achieving
significant objectives on the path to recovery. Highlights
of these successes are included in this report.

W



APPENDIX Species Status Summary

Plants

Species: Oba wai
‘sted As: Endangered
"opulation Status: Uncertain

OBY ROHRER

pecies: Bay checkerspot butterfly
sted As: Threatened
‘opulation Status: Declining

AUL OPLER

pecies: Kentucky Caveshrimp
isted As: Endangered
‘opulation Status: Uncertain

4IP_CLARK

Species: Tooth Cave spider
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Uncertain

WYMAN MEINZER

tp

Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Declining

PAT MEHLHOP-

Species: Ouachita rock pocketbook

Species: Gray wolf
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

DAVE MECH



Reptiles Species StatusSummary APPENDIX

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Stork, wood ... .E 4 I Y F 3 6c
Swiftlet, Mariana gray .E 1 Ss Y F 1 9
Tern, Califomia least ... wu E 1 I Y RD 2 3C
Tern, least... cE 3 I Y F 1 3C
"Tern, roseate . ET 5 s YF 1 3
Thrush, large Kauai E 1 D Y F 1 5
Thrush, Molokai (=oloma‘o) wo E 1 D Y F 1 6
Thrush, small Kauai .... bee .E 1 Ss Y F 1 5
Towhee, Inyo California (=brown) . .T,CH 1 Ss N U 1 9C
Vireo, black-capped.... .E 2 D Y F 1 2c
Vireo, least Bell’s ..... «+ E,CH 1 I Y U 2 3C
‘Warbler (wood), Bachman’s .E 4 U NA Exempt 1 5
Warbler (wood), golden-cheeked .E 2 D Y 1 2C
Warbler (wood), Kirtland’s..... we E 3 I Y RQ) 3 2c
Warbler (Old World), nightingale reed ..... we E 1 Ss N U 1 9
White-eye, bridled ... .E 1 E Y F 1 6
‘Woodpecker, ivory-billed .E 4 E NA Exempt 1 18
‘Woodpecker, red-cockaded ww E 4 D Y R(1) 1 8C
Reptiles
Alligator, American... 4 Recovered
Anole, Culebra Island giant 4 U Y F 1 5
Boa, Mona... 4 U Y F 1 3
Boa, Puerto Rican .... 4 Ss Y F 1 14
Boa, Virgin Islands tree 4 U Y F 1 3C
Crocodile, American... 4 s Y R(1) 2 2c
Crocodile, saltwater (=estuarine) . 1 U Y D 1 2c
Gecko, Monito 4 U Y F 1 5
Iguana, Mona ground 4 Ss Y F 2 3
Lizard, blunt-nosed leopard... wE 1 D Y RD 1 2C
Lizard, Coachella Valley fringe-toed 1 D Y F 2 2c
Lizard, Island night 1 I Y F 4 8
Lizard, St. Croix ground 4 U Y F 1 2c
Rattlesnake, New Mexican ridge-nosed. 2 I Y F 1 3
Skink, bluetail (=blue-tailed) mole 4 D Y F 1 9
Skink, sand.. 4 D Y F 1 7
Snake, Atlantic salt marsh ..... 4 D Y F 1 12
Snake, Concho water 2 Ss Y F 1 9C
Snake, eastern indigo 4 D Y F 1 12C
Snake, giant garter ... 1 U N U 1 2C
Snake, San Francisco garter... 1 D Y F 1 3C
Tortoise, desert... 1 D Y F 1 8c
Tortoise, gopher .. 4 D Y F 1 9

44



Summary Analyses

RECOVERY PROGRAM ANALYSES and STATUS

The following definitions of population trend categories
are useful in interpreting the data presented in figure 2:

Improving: species known to be increasing in numbers
and/or whose threats to their continued existence are
lessening in the wild.

Stable: species known to have stable numbers over the
recent past and whose threats have remained relatively
constant or diminished in the wild.

Declining: species known to be decreasing in numbers
and/or whose threats to their continued existence are
increasing in the wild.

Uncertain: species where additional survey work is
required to determine the trend in their status.

Of the 108 species listed between 1968 and 1973, 58
percent are currently known to be stable or improving in
their native habitats. Of the 294 species listed between
1989 and 1993, only 22 percent have recovered to the
point that they are stable or increasing. For the species in
decline or where population trends are uncertain, the
Service and its partners in recovery are collecting
biological information, developing recovery strategies,
and implementing management activities that will
stabilize the species and halt or reverse the trend toward
extinction for many of these species.

The extraordinary success of the recovery program is
demonstrated by the fact that even with a substantial
increase in the number of species listed over the past
decade, over 41 percent of the 909 species listed as of

Species: Houston toad
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Uncertain

ROBERT THOMAS

September 30, 1994, have stablized or are improving.
This success is attributed to the efforts of the Service,
other Federal agencies, States, tribal governments, and
Private individuals and organizations. Their efforts have
similarly managed to hold those species with declining
population trends to an overall average of 35 percent of
total listed species. For some of these species, severely
depressed populations may take a very long time to tum
the comer toward recovery. For others, populations may
have become so depressed or habitat so limited, that full
recovery is not likely. Of all the species listed between
1968 and 1993, only 7, or less than 1 percent, have been
officially recognized as extinct, and subsequently delisted.
Several other species (e.g., Scioto madtom, Bachman’s
warbler) have not been located in a number of years and
may also be extinct. These species will be delisted when
supporting evidence is relatively conclusive. Though
extinct species represent an irreplaceable loss to the
biodiversity of our natural flora and fauna, the fact that
almost 99 percent of listed species remain extant speaks
to the success of the Act as a mechanism for conservation
of species at risk of extinction. The percent of species for
which the population trend is uncertain is indicated in the
figure and, overall, there is an average of only 23 percent
of listed species for which the population trend continues
to be uncertain.

Figure 2 shows that the percent species increased.
noticeably within the past 10 years. The population trend
of a species can remain uncertain for several reasons. In
many cases, these species have not been listed for a
sufficient period of time, and consequently their
populations not monitored long enough, to establish clear
information on population trend. Other species, including
some that have been listed for many years, may have
uncertain status as a result of their rarity, remoteness and/
orinaccessibility of habitat, or significant, unmanageable
threats to the species throughout its entire range. Rare
Hawaiian rainforest birds, oceanic sea turtles, and
subterranean salamanders are examples of species where
inaccessibility of habitat may result in uncertain
population trends. The status of the Houston toad
remains uncertain as a result of its occurrence primarily on
private lands where the Service lacks access to conduct
population surveys. Still other species do not fit clearly
into the population trend categories and their trend is
listed as uncertain by default. As funding permits, the
Service is conducting status surveys to determine the
population trend for species where the trend is uncertain.



APPENDIX Species Status Summary Crustaceans

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.

Pearly mussel, dromedary...... wa E 4 D Y F 1 4c
Pearly mussel, green-blossom .E 4 D Y F 1 6
Pearly mussel, Higgins’ eye .E 3 U Y F 2 2C
Pearly mussel, little-wing .. IS 4 D Y F 1 4
Pearly mussel, orange-footed (pimple b: back)...........E 4 D Y F 1 5
Pearly mussel, pale lilliput . .E 4 D Y F 1 5
Pearly mussel, pink mucket . 4 D Y F 1 5
Pearly mussel, purple cat’s paw «....:::sccessseeesseeeneee E 4 D Y F 1 6
Pearly mussel, tubercled-blossom .E 4 E Y F 1 6
Pearly mussel, turgid-blossom E 4 E Y F 1 5
Pearly mussel, white cat’s paw .E 3 D Y F 1 6c
Pearly mussel, white wartyback .... wE 4 D Y F 1 5
Pearly mussel, yellow-blossom ... .E 4 E Y F 1 6
Pigtoe, flat (=Marshall’s mussel) . B 4 D Y F 1 5
Pigtoe, heavy (=Judge Tait’s mussel) .E 4 D Y F 1 5C
Pigtoe, Cumberland ww E 4 D Y F 1 5
Pigtoe, dark ..... E 4 D N D 1 5
Pigtoe, fine-rayed . .E 4 D Y F 1 5
Pigtoe, TOUGH «...sssssssssssssssestesstssssessssetsesissssseeeesensee E 4 D Y F 1 5
Pigtoe, shiny ...... .E 4 D Y F 1 5
Pigtoe, southem E 4 D N D 1 5
Pocketbook, fat .E 4 I Y R(1) 2 2C
Pocketbook, fine-lined ......cccsscccessssesessseeeesseseneeeeene T 4 D N D 1 8
Pocketbook, speckled .E 4 U Y F 1 5
Riffleshell, northem . 5 D Y F 1 12
Riffleshell, tan ....... 4 D Y F 1 5
Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita

(=Wheeler’s pearly mussel)... LE 2 D Y D 1 4c
Spinymussel, James River (=Virginia) E 5 D Y F 1 5
Spinymussel, Tar River E 4 D Y RQ) 1 5
Stirrupshelll «0.0.0.0... aE 4 D Y F 1 5
Crustaceans
Amphipod, Hay’s Spring.......... cece 5 Ss NA Exempt = 3 5
Crayfish, cave (=Cambarus aculabrum)NCN) seeeseeaee E 4 U N U 1 5
Crayfish, cave (NCN) ..... .E 4 Ss Y F 1 5
Crayfish, Nashville E 4 U Y R(1) 1 11C
Crayfish, Shasta (=placid) .... wu E 1 U N U 1 5
Isopod, Lee County Cave .E 5 Ss N NA 1 8
Isopod, Madison Cave .T 5 Ss N NA 2 4
Isopod, Socorro E 2 s Y F 4 2
Shrimp, Alabama CaVE w.....sssssssessssssessesessssteesivsseeee B 4 D N U 1 5
Shrimp, California freshwater .E 1 U N U 1 8C
Shrimp, Conservancy fairy . 1 U N U 1 8

49



RECOVERY PROGRAM ANALYSES and STATUS Summary Analyses

Listed Species by State/Territory
As of September 30, 1994

(Omits “similarity of appearance" and some extirpated species)

_
Hawaiian ®
Islands 206

Other Pacific Islands 20 . Puerto
°” Rico 66
=- _ Virgin
Islands 14

Map 2: Species listed under “similarity of appearance” and extinct species are not included in the totals identified.

31



LIST OF MAPS
Map 1. Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Office
Boundaries
Map 2. Listed Species by State/Territory as of

September 30, 1994

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1, Distribution of Listed Species by
Taxonomic Group
Figure 2. Summary Analysis of the Status of

Listed Species

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of Current Population
Trends of Listed Species Based on
Time of Listing
Table 2. Species Under Consideration for
Delisting or Reclassification
Table 3. Recovery Program Directives for

FY 1993 and FY 1994

Status of Listed Species Under Fish and Wildlife

Service Jurisdiction

Species: Alamosa springsnail
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

Literature citations should read as follows:
US. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Report to Congress:
Endangered and Threatened Species Recovery Program.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington, D.C. 64 pp.



Section 7

PROGRAM STATUS

Section 7 (Interagency Cooperation)

Congress placed special responsibilities on all Federal
agencies to ensure that the Federal government would
not contribute to the extermination of species. Section
7(a)(1) of the Act clearly identifies the role Federal
agencies play in recovery and directs them to use
existing authorities to promote the conservation of listed
species. These existing authorities include the National
Forest Management Act of 1976 [16 U.S.C.A. 1601-1614],
Multiple-Use Sustained Yield Act [16 U.S.C.A. 528-531],
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972 (i.e., the Clean Water Act) [22 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.],
and the Federal Land Policy and Management

Act [43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.].

Responsibilities under section 7 of the Act fall into two
categories. Under section 7(a)(1), Federal agencies are
directed to use existing authorities to promote the
conservation of listed species. Under section 7(a)(2),
Federal agencies are precluded from authorizing, funding,
or carrying out activities that are likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of a listed species or destroy or
adversely modify its critical habitat. Through consultation
with the Service before initiating projects, the agencies
review their actions to determine whether they could
adversely affect listed species or habitat.

Section 7(a)(2) consultation may be either “informal” or
“formal.” Informal consultation provides an assessment of
a proposed project to determine if formal consultation is
required or if project modifications could be implemented
that reduce or remove adverse impacts to the listed
species. If an agency finds an action “may adversely
affect” a listed species or designated critical habitat,
formal consultation is required. Formal consultation results
ina biological opinion outlining the Service’s assessment
of the proposed activity and its likely impact on the listed
species. The Action agency may proceed with the action
as proposed, provided no incidental take is anticipated. If
incidental take is anticipated, the agency or the applicant
must comply with the reasonable and prudent measures
and implementing terms and conditions in the Service’s
incidental take statement to avoid liability from taking
under the Act.

A General Accounting Office study of the Act and the
implementation of section 7 found that over a 5-year
period (1987-1991) the Service conducted 71,560
informal consultations with Federal agencies to assess the
potential for impacts on listed species and critical habitat.
Of these, 2,000 (or 2.8 percent) required formal
consultation, and only 350 (or 0.5 percent) of those
concluded that the Federal action would be likely to
jeopardize listed species or adversely modify critical
habitat. In all but 23 cases, the Service and Federal action

22

agencies were able to develop alternatives that allowed
the actions to go forward while adequately protecting
listed species or designated critical habitats. The 23
actions that were not undertaken due (in whole or in
Part) to listed species conflicts, represent less than 0.03
percent of all actions reviewed. Thus, over 99.97 percent
of the projects were not “blocked” due to such conflicts.
This success was largely due to informal cooperation
between the Service and the Federal action agencies
early in the planning process, allowing relatively minor
adjustments to projects that decrease or remove any
adverse impacts they may otherwise have on listed
species. The cooperative spirit exhibited by many
Federal agencies has contributed greatly to this record
of success.

In addition to the determination of “jeopardy” or “no-
jeopardy,” the formal consultation process also provides a
vehicle for recommending additional, discretionary
conservation measures to Federal action agencies. Often
drawing on tasks outlined in the implementation
schedules of recovery plans, conservation actions
appropriate to the Federal agency and the specific
Federal action under review can be recommended in
biological opinions. While not required, these actions
provide a means whereby all Federal agencies can fulfill
their section 7(a)(1) obligations to go beyond just
ensuring that their actions do not jeopardize threatened or
endangered species.

There are numerous instances where section 7
consultation has resulted in conservation benefits to listed
and candidate species. For example:

+ Through the consultation process, the Georgia
Department of Transportation and the Coast Guard
found methods to avoid injury and death of manatees
by implementing protection measures on numerous
bridge replacement projects along the coast.

— x

Species: West Indian manatee
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Declining

JIM. KRAUS



APPENDIX Species Status Summary

Plants

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Spineflower, Monterey eT 1 s N U 1 9C
Spineflower, robust... iE 1 D N U 1 9C
Spineflower, slender-horned E 1 U N U 1 1c
Spineflower, Sonoma .... E 1 D N U 1 2
Spiraea, Virginia ..... wT 5 s Y F 1 8
Spurge, deltoid wE 4 D Y F 2 6C
Spurge, Garber’s .. T 4 Ss Y F 2 8
Spurge, telephus T 4 Ss Y F 1 2
Stenogyne bifida (NCN) ww E 1 U N U 1 2
Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) . E 1 U Y D 1 2
Stenogyne, kanehoana . E 1 U Y D 1 2
Stenogyne, narrow-leaved. E 1 Ss Y D 1 2
Sumac, Michaux’s... wE 4 D Y F 1 2
Sunflower, Schweinitz’s. E 4 D Y F 1 5
Sunray, Ash Meadows T,CH 1 s Y F 2 9
Sunshine, Sonoma (=Stickyseed, Baker’s, E 1 D N U 1 5C
Tectaria estremerana (NCN)... wE 4 U Y D 1 8
E 4 5 Y D 1 11
Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN). E 1 D N U 1 5
Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN) ...........+ we E 1 U N U 1 2
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN).....E 1 U Y D 1 2
Tetramolopium remyi (NCN) E 1 U Y D 1 5
Tetramolopium rockii (NCN) .. T 1 U N U 1 14
Thelypteris inabonensis (NCN)...... iE 4 U Y D 1 5
Thelypteris verecunda (NCN) ... .E 4 U Y D 1 5
Thelypteris yaucoensis (NCN) E 4 D Y D 1 5
Thistle, Pitcher’s...... T 3 D Y D 1 8c
Thistle, Sacramento Mountains ..... oT 2 Ss Y F 1 2
Thornmint, San Mateo wwE 1 D N U 1 6C
Torreya, Florida E 4 D Y F 1 5
Townsendia, Last Chance T 6 U Y F 1 5C
Trillium, persistent ..... wE 4 s Y F 2 8
Trillium, relict... E 4 D Y F 1 8
Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs T 6 Ss Y F 2 14
Uhiuhi . E 1 D Y D 1 5
Vernonia proctorii (NCN)..... wa E 4 D Y D 1 5c
Vetch, Hawaiian... E 1 s Y F 1 2c
Viola helenae (NCN) E 1 U Y D 1 8
Viola lanaiensis (NCN) wwE 1 U Y D 1 2
Wahine noho kula (Isodendrion pyrifolium) wa E 1 U N U 1 2
Wallflower, Ben Lomond .. E 1 U N U 1 2C
Wallflower, Contra Costa E,CH 1 Ss Y R(1) 2 6
Wallflower, Menzies’ . EB 1 D N U 1 2C

61



APPENDIX

Daa presented for each listed species includes: (1) the
species’ listing status; (2) lead Region; (3) population
status; (4) whether or not the species has an approved
recovery plan and, if not, whether one will be prepared;
(5) the stage of the recovery plan, and (6) the
percentage of the species’ recovery objective(s) that
have been met. The following information will be useful
when interpreting the data in table 4.

(D Species’ Listing
The listing status is identified as threatened (T) or
endangered (E). If critical habitat (CH) is designated,
it is also listed in the table with the species’ status.

(2) Lead Region
This indicates which Service Region has the lead
responsibility for the species.

(3) Population Status (Pop. Status)
The status of each species is identified as Improving
Q,, Stable (S), Declining (D), or Uncertain (U) as
defined above. Extinct (E) species are those that are
believed to be extinct in the wild.

(4) Recovery Plan (Rec. Plan)
This column indicate whether a recovery plan has
been developed: Y for yes; N for no; and NA for
non-applicable.

(5) Plan Stage
The status of recovery plan development is reported
as indicated below.

F = Final-Approved
R = Revision-Approved (a numeral indicates the
times revised)
D = Draft - published in the Federal Register
U = Under Development, planned or a draft not yet
in Federal Register
RD = Revision-Under Development (a number
indicates times revised)
NA = Not Applicable-Exempt

(6) Recovery Achieved
The percentage of species recovery objective(s)
achieved is indicated with a value of 1 to 4 as
defined below.

1 = 0-25 percent achieved

2 = 26-50 percent achieved
3 = 51-75 percent achieved
4 = 76-100 percent achieved

Recovery Priority as assigned according to species
recovery priority system.

A species is assigned a recovery priority from 1 to 18
according to the degree of threats, recovery potential and
taxonomic distinctness, In addition, a species’ rank may
be elevated by adding a C designation to its numerical
rank to indicate that there is some degree of conflict
between the species’ conservation efforts and economic
development associated with its recovery. Species with a
high priority rank (1, 1C, 2, 2C) are those of most concern
with highest potential for recovery. Species with a low
rank (16, 17, 18) are of lowest concern or have low
recovery potentials.

Species: Boulder darters
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Stable

39



Mammals Species StatusSummary APPENDIX

Species: Concho water snake
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Stable

40



APPENDIX Species Status Summary

Plants

Listed Species

Listed Lead

e

Pop.

Region Status

Rec.
Plan

Plan

Rec.

Rec.

Stage Ach. Prior.

Live-forever, Santa Barbara Island
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)..
Lobelia oahuensis (NCN)
Locoweed, Fassett’s
Loosestrife, rough-leaved
Loulu (Pritchardia affinis)
Loulu (Pritchardia munroi) .
Lousewort, Furbish
Lupine, clover (=Lupine, Point Reyes)

Lupine, scrub we
Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (NCN)
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)
Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN) ...
Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus) .
Makou...

Mallow, Peters Mountain .
Manioc, Walker’s....
Manzanita, Presidio (=Raven’s )
Mariscus fauriei (NCN)....
Maua (Xylosma crenatum) .

Meadowfoam, Butte County
Meadowfoam, Sebastopol
Meadowrue, Cooley’s ..
Milk-vetch, Applegate’s
Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows
Milk-vetch, Cushenbury
Milk-vetch, Heliotrope .
Milk-vetch, Jesup's .
Milk-vetch, Mancos ...
Milk-vetch, Osterhout
Milk-vetch, sentry
Milkpea, Small’s
Milkweed, Meads .....
Milkweed, Welsh’s ....
Mint, Garrett's (=scrub)
Mint, Lakela’s ......
Mint, longspurred...
Mint, San Diego mesa
Mint, Otay Mesa .

Mitracarpus maxwellidae (NCN)
Mitracarpus polycladus (NCN)

ne er ii)

Q
=

g

fe)
=

1

ROR RE BE RRR DAO RN ANUDHE EE RE HEH BE NHHE BeBe eR RE HEB RW

on

DUD CHVOUHMDDVOVFDDODOHwMeCoHMoHTDVDGCeCw*eK Hv GCHTcCacCoevaGwwvacceracea

ZZ 22K KKK ZxXKKKKAZAKATMKAZAKAKXKKAYK AAT KKH ATKAYTMyAKKAYATMAK

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Se nS a ee a a Ci a a a ay

17
7c
5C

5C

5C

2C

2C

2C

2C

57



Species: Black lace cactus
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Declining

28



Plants Species StatusSummary APPENDIX

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.

Remya kauaiensis (NCN) 1 U Y D 1 11
Remya mauiensis (NCN) 1 U N U 1 5
Remya montgomeryi (NCN) 1 U Y D 1 5
Rhododendron, Chapman’s...... 4 D Y F 1 8C
Ridge-cress (=pepper-cress), Barneby, 6 D Y F 1 5c
Rock-cress, McDonald's ..... 1 Ss Y F 3 2
Rock-cress, shale barren ... 5 Ss Y F 2 11
Rollandia crispa (NCN) 1 U N U 1 5
Rosemary, Apalachicola . 4 I Y F 1 8
Rosemary, Cumberlanc 4 U N U 1 8
Rosemary, Etonia ............0s00 4 Ss Y F 1 2c
Rosemary, short-leaved ..... 4 Ss N U 1 8C
Roseroot, Leedy’s 3 Ss Y D 1 9
Rush-pea, slender 2 D Y F 1 2
Sand-verbena, large-fruited 2 D Y F 1 2
Sandalwood, Lanai (=‘iliahi) 1 Ss Y D 1 3
Sandlace............ 4 D N U 2 8
Sandwort, Cumberland 4 U Y D 1 8
Sandwort, marsh ..... 1 D N U 1 5C
Sanicula mariversa (NCN) .... 1 U Y D 1 5
Schiedea apokremnos (NCN) . 1 U Y D 1 8
Schiedea, Diamond Head .... 1 Ss Y F 1 2
Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN) .... 1 U N U 1 2
Schiedea kaalae (NCN) 1 U Y D 1 2
Schiedea lydgatei (NCN) . 1 U N U 1 8
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (NCN) ... 1 U Y D 1 5
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (NCN) ...... 1 U Y D 1 8
Schoepfia arenaria (NCN) 4 D Y F 1 5C
Sedge, Navajo T,CH 2 U Y F 1 8
Serianthus nelsonii [Hyun lagu (Guam),

Trokon guafi (Rota) .......:: E 1 D Y F 1 5
Silene alexandri (NCN) . E 1 U N U 1 2
Silene hawaiiensis (NCN) . T 1 U N U 1 8
Silene lanceolata (NCN).... we E 1 U N U 1 2
Silversword, Haleakala (=‘ahinahina) T 1 s Y D 1 9
Silversword, Ka'u ... E 1 U Y D 1 5
Silversword, Mauna Kea E 1 D Y F 1 6
Skullcap, Florida... wa T 4 Ss Y F 1 2
Skullcap, large-flowered . E 4 Ss Y D 1 8
Snakeroot, scrub-celery E 4 D Y F 2 2
Snowbells, Texas ...... we E 2 I Y F 1 2
Spineflower, Ben Lomond wo E 1 U N U 1 2C
Spineflower, Howell’s..... wE 1 D N U 1 2

60



For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC. 20402-9328
ISBN 0-16-048403-0



APPENDIX Species Status Summary Snails

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.

As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Pupfish, Owens «0... 1 s Y RD 1 5
Pupfish, Warm Springs... 1 Ss Y RC) 2 9
Sculpin, pygmy . 4 s Y F 1 8
Shiner, beautiful .. 2 D Y D 1 2
Shiner, blue...... 4 D Y D 1 8
Shiner, Cahaba 4 D Y F 1 2
Shiner, Cape Fear . 4 Ss Y F 1 5
Shiner, Palezone ... 4 s N U 1 5
Shiner, Pecos bluntnose ..... 2 U Y F 1 3
Silverside, Waccamaw .. 4 Ss Y F 1 8
Smelt, delta . . 1 D N U 1 2c
Spikedace .T,CH 2 Ss Y F 1 4C
Spinedace, Big Spring ...T,CH 1 U Y F 1 12
Spinedace, Little Colorado . .T,CH 2 D Y D 1 2
Spinedace, White River 1 D Y F 1 2C
Springfish, Hiko White River . 1 s N U 1 3C
Springfish, Railroad Valley....... 1 s N D 1 2c
Springfish, White River 1 Ss N U 1 3C
Squawfish, Colorad 6 s Y RQ) 1 2C
Stickleback, unarmored threespine . 1 Ss Y R(1) 1 3
Sturgeon, Gulf 4 U Y D 1 12
Sturgeon, pallid 6 D Y F 1 2c
Sucker, June 6 D N U 1 5C
Sucker, Lost River . 1 D Y F 1 1c
Sucker, Modoc 1 D NA NA 1 5
Sucker, razorback.. 6 D N U 1 5C
Sucker, shortnose 1 D Y F 1 2C
Sucker, Warner .. 1 D Y D 1 2C
Topminnow, Gila ...ccessssssssesssssssssesseesssesesstsnunsenseesee 2 D Y F 2 2
Topminnow, Yaqui .. .E 2 D Y RD() 2
Trout, Apache (Arizona) .T 2 Ss Y RD(2) 2
Trout, Gila... aE 2 Ss Y R(2) 2
Trout, greenback cutthroat .... we 6 I Y RD(2) 3 15
Trout, Lahontan cutthroat .T 1 D Y D 1 9
Trout, Little Kern golden .T,CH 1 Ss NA NA 2 9
Trout, Paiute cutthroat........ wT 1 D Y F 1 9
Woundfin..... wE 6 D Y RD(2) 1 1c
Snails
Ambersnail, Kanab .... wE 6 D N U 1 6C
Limpet, Banbury Springs .. iE 1 S Y D 1
Riversnail, Anthony's .E 4 Ss N U 1
Shagreen, Magazine Mountain T 4 s Y F 1

47



APPENDIX Species Status Summary Amphibians/Fishes

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Turtle, Alabama red-bellied. wE 4 U Y F 1 5
Turtle, flattened musk ... 4 Ss Y F 1 14
Turtle, green sea (2 populations, 2 1 Y RQ) 1 1c
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) soe ve 2 U Y RD(1 1 1c
Turtle, Kemp’s (=Atlantic) ridley sea ... EE 2 I Y RQ) 1 2c
Turtle, leatherback sea 2 U Y RQ) 1 7
Turtle, loggerhead sea 2 U Y RQ) 1 7C
Turtle, Plymouth redbelly (=red-bellied) .... 5 I Y R(2) 2 9
Turtle, ringed map (=sawback) ........... 4 Ss Y F 2 14
Turtle, yellow-blotched map (=sawback) 4 Ss Y F 1 14
Amphibians
Coqui, golden 4 D Y F 1 5c
Salamander, Cheat Mountain 5 I Y F 3 8
Salamander, desert slender .. 1 U Y F 1 8
Salamander, Red Hills ..... 4 Ss Y F 1 7
Salamander, San Marcos .... 2 U Y RD() 1 2C
Salamander, Santa Cruz long-toe: E 1 Ss Y RQ) 1 3
Salamander, Shenandoah 5 D Y F 1 8
Salamander, Texas blind 2 U Y D 1 5
Toad, Houston 2 U Y RD(1) 1 5C
Toad, Puerto Rican crested 4 U Y F 1 2c
Toad, Wyoming WE 6 D Y F 1 3
Fishes
Catfish, Yaqui ............. T,CH 2 D Y D 1 8
Cavefish, Alabama ..... E,CH 4 Ss Y R(2) 1 1
Cavefish, Ozark 4 I Y RQ) 2 8
Chub, bonytail .. 6 D Y RQ) 1 5C
Chub, Borax Lake 1 s Y F 2 5
2 D Y F 1 2
Chub, humpback . 6 s Y R(2) 1 2c
Chub, Hutton tui 1 U N U 2 9
Chub, Mohave tui 1 D Y PF 1 6c
Chub, Oregon. ............ 1 U N U 1 2
Chub, Owens tui 1 s Y RD 1 6c
Chub, Pahranagatroundtail (=bonytail). 1 s Y RD 1 3
Chub, slender............. 4 D Y F 1 11
Chub, Sonora .......... 2 Ss Y F 1 11
Chub, spotfin (=turquoise shiner) 4 U Y F 1 11
6 D Y D 1 3C
2 Ss Y D 1 8
1 I Y R(2) 2 2C
45



PROGRAMSTATUS

Recovery Overview/Policy

PROGRAM STATUS

Recovery Overview

Recovery, the ultimate purpose of the endangered
species program, is the process by which the decline of
an endangered or threatened species is arrested or
reversed, or threats to its survival neutralized so that its
long-term survival in nature can be ensured. The Act calls
for the conservation of threatened and endangered
species and the ecosystems upon which they depend
and, ultimately, the recovery of listed species to levels
where protection under the Act is no longer necessary.
The Secretary of the Interior has delegated responsibility
for endangered and threatened species recovery to the
Service. The primary objectives of the Service’s recovery
program, while working in close cooperation with our
partners, are to: (1) complete development of recovery
plans within 2.5 years, to the maximum extent possible,
(2) determine tasks necessary to reduce or eliminate the
threats to the highest priority species,(3) apply available
resources to the highest priority recovery tasks, and (4)
reclassify and delist species as appropriate.

Section 4(f) of the Act calls for the development and
implementation of recovery plans for species listed as
endangered or threatened unless such plans would not
contribute to their conservation. Recovery plans serve as
blueprints for private, Federal, and State cooperation in
the conservation of threatened and endangered species
and the ecosystems on which they depend. As such, the
plans must identify precise, measurable criteria to
determine objectively when recovery has been achieved.
Recovery planning may be done by the Service or may
utilize the expertise of individuals from other Federal
agencies, State personnel, or private contractors. The
Service reviews outside work and may modify the draft
plan as necessary to ensure consistency among plans,
resolve disputes among recovery team members, and
determine task priorities. Recovery plans must identify,
to the extent possible, management tasks, recommended
research needs, and other actions necessary to reach
recovery plan goals. Recovery plans are reviewed
periodically to determine whether revision of the plan is
warranted. Strategies outlined in recovery plans may be
modified when needed to incorporate new information
and ensure that the species remains on the most
effective path to recovery.

Coordination among Federal, State, and local agencies,
conservation organizations, appropriate experts, and
major land users is a key ingredient for effectively

implementing a recovery program. The recovery
planning process is designed to allow potentially affected
segments of the public to participate in planning and
provide comments to facilitate coordination and plan
acceptance. Importantly, such coordination allows the
special local knowledge of affected communities to be
fully considered. This understanding can serve to reduce
or eliminate human use conflicts with listed species and
their habitats. The Service recognizes that public support
is vital to long-term survival and recovery of threatened
and endangered species and the public is invited to
provide comments on draft recovery plans. All comments
are reviewed, to the extent possible, and addressed in the
final plans.

Not all species have recovery plans. Some, such as the
Little Kern golden trout, have recovery objectives
outlined in State management plans that substitute as a
recovery plan. Other species, such as Bachman’s warbler
and Scioto madtom, have not been sighted in several
years and may be extinct. Recovery plan preparation is
deferred for these species until individuals are found in
the wild.

Recovery Policy

In July 1994, the Service and the National Marine
Fisheries Service issued six joint policies regarding
implementation of the Act (59 FR 34269-34275), four of
which address some aspect of the recovery process. Of
these four policies, the Policy on Recovery Plan
Participation and Implementation Under the
Endangered Species Act reiterates the requirement that
plans be completed within 2.5 years of the species’ listing
date. It further requires that diverse expertise is
represented on recovery teams; representatives of
affected groups and stakeholders have the opportunity to
participate in the planning process; social and economic
impacts of implementing recovery actions be minimized;
and multiple species plans be developed when possible.

The second policy, Policy Regarding the Role of State
Agencies in Endangered Species Act Activities, requires
the Service to solicit State agency expertise and
participation in both the recovery planning and
implementation processes. It also requires that the
expertise and authority of State agencies be used in
developing monitoring programs for recovered and
delisted species.

15



APPENDIX Species Status Summary Plants
Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Panicgrass, Carter's » E,CH 1 Ss Y D 1 9
Pawpaw, beautiful E 4 D Y F 1 2
Pawpaw, four-petal . .E 4 Ss Y F 2 11
Pawpaw, Rugel’s 4 D Y F 1 2
Pennyroyal, Todsen’ 2 I Y F 1 8
Penstemon, blowout...... 6 Ss Y F 2 11C
Peperomia, Wheeler's 4 Ss Y F 1 5
Phacelia, clay .... 6 D Y F 1 5
Phacelia, North Park... 6 U Y F 2 5
Phlox, Texas trailing 2 U Y D 1 3
Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis (NCN) . 1 U Y D 1 3
Phyllostegia mannii (NCN) 1 U N U 1 2
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN) 1 U Y D 1 8
Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN) 1 U Y D 1 5
Pilo (Hedyotis mannii) 1 U U U 1 5
Pink, swamp .. 5 s Y F 1 7c
Pinkroot, gentian .... 4 D N U 1 2
Pitaya, Davis’ green..... 2 D Y F 1 3
Pitcher-plant, Alabama canebrake 4 D Y F 1 6
Pitcher-plant, green .... 4 I Y RD(2) 2 8
Pitcher-plant, mountain sweet... 4 Ss Y F 2 3
Plum, scrub .... 4 D Y F 2 2
Poa siphonoglossa (NCN) .. 1 D Y D 1 2
Po’e (Portulaca sclerocarpa) 1 U “N U 1 2
Pogonia, small-whorled 5 I Y RQ) 3 14
Polygala, Lewton’s 4 D N U 1 8
Polygala, tiny 4 Ss Y F 2 5c
Polystichum calderonense (NCN) 4 D Y D 1 5
4 s Y F 1 8
Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek 2 D Y F 1 5
Poppy-mallow, Texas E 2 D Y F 1 2
Poppy, Sacramento prickh E 2 U Y F 1 3
Potato-bean, Price’s ...... T 4 Ss Y F 1 8
Prairie-clover, leafy . E 4 D Y F 1 5
Prickly-apple, fragrant E 4 D Y F 1 3
Prickly-ash, St. Thomas . wE 4 D Y F 1 2C
Primrose, Maguire T 6 D Y F 2 5C
Quillwort, black-spored .. E 4 s Y F 1 5
Quillwort, Louisiana ... E 4 Ss N U 1 8
Quillwort, mat-forming .... LE 4 s Y F 1 8
Rattleweed, hairy (=wild indigo) E 4 D Y F 1 8
Reed-mustard, Barneby E 6 U Y F 1 5
Reed-mustard, clay .... T 6 U Y F 1 14
59



PROGRAM STATUS Recovery Implementation

Regional Boundaries

Map 1: The Fish and Wildlife Service is comprised of seven Regions anda headquarters in Washington D.C. When the range
of a species crosses Regional boundaries, a lead Region is designated to coordinate rangewide conservation activities.

17



Report to Congress

.ecOvV

Endangered and Threatened Species + 1994

Prepared by
U.S. Department of the Interior + U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Washington, D.C. 20240

For further information contact the Division of Endangered Species (703) 358-2171 or
Internet: R9FWE_DES.BIM@mail.fws.gov or http://www.fws.gov



Species: Mona ground iguana
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Siable

38



Monitoring Recovered Species

PROGRAM STATUS

been successful. A collaborative effort by the National
Park Service and the Service has saved the Haleakala
silversword from extinction.

Whooping Crane

The whooping crane is not believed to have been
numerous prior to the development of the western
United States and Canada. However, hunting, the
conversion of the prairies to agriculture, and other human
disturbances greatly reduced their numbers. More modern
activities, such as dam and powerline construction along
their principal migration route, and dredging in their
principal wintering area, continue to result in deaths of
individual whooping cranes or degrade their essential
habitats. The Service, through whooping crane recovery
partnerships with the Florida Game and Freshwater Fish
Commission, the Canadian Wildlife Service, and the
International Crane Foundation began the recovery
process. Through the Partners for Wildlife program, the

Species: Whooping crane
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

WF KUBICHEK

26

Service has helped restore whooping crane roosting
habitat on the Platte River. This area serves as habitat for
migrating whooping cranes, which prefer to roost in wide
channels free of vegetation and other obstructions.
Agreements have also been signed with the National
Audubon Society and individual private landowners to
clear trees and other vegetation from the channels,
providing open habitat not only for the endangered
whooping crane, but for sandhill cranes, shorebirds, and
other migrating waterfowl as well. A captive propagation
program has also been developed to reintroduce birds to
the wild and now there are now more than 200 birds,
which includes 122 held in captivity. Through these
efforts, the whooping crane population continues to
increase in North America. Several goals of the recovery
plan have been implemented through these cooperative
ventures, and the whooping cranes are closer to being
recovered as a result.

American peregrine falcon

This widespread species occurs throughout much of
North America. Population declines were attributed to
habitat loss, illegal shooting, and the effects of DDT on
reproductive success. The falcon has benefitted greatly
from cooperative recovery efforts, such as the ban on
pesticides (which caused thinning of falcon eggshells and
adult mortality) and from the broad-based public
involvement in the raising of thousands of falcons in
captivity for their eventual reintroduction to the wild.
Populations of the American peregrine falcon in
southwestern Canada, the northern Rocky Mountain
States, and the Pacific coast States were greatly depressed
or extirpated. Over 3400 young American peregrine
falcons were released to promote the species’ recovery.
These releases and many other recovery activities have
helped to stabilize the falcon’s population. The Service
intends to propose removal of the American peregrine
falcon from the list of threatened and endangered wildlife.

These, and many other species, have clearly benefitted
from protection under the Act. With persistence and time,
it is possible to make a u-turn on the road to extinction.

Monitoring Recovered Species

A species is considered “recovered” when the threats that
initially led to a species’ listing are corrected, when
specified recovery goals (in terms of numbers,
distribution, etc.) have been met, and when protection
under the Act is no longer needed. Reaching recovery
requires concerted efforts on the part of Federal and State
authorities, as well as private parties.



Front and Back Cover Photo Credits
Species: Green pitcher-plant
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

WS PHOTO
Species: Cave crayfish
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Stable

KEN SMITH

Species: Redwolf
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving
CHRIS LUCASH

Species: Oregon silverspot butterfly
Listed As: Threatened

Population Status: Declining

PAUL OPLER

Right

Species: Kirtland’swarbler
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: improving

FWS PHOTO



Plants Species StatusSummary APPENDIX

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Beauty, Harper's E 4 I Y F 1 7
Bellflower, Brooksville (=Robin’s) E 4 U Y F 1 8
Bidens, cuneate E 1 NA NA NA NA NA
Birch, Virginia round-leaf. E 5 I Y R(2) 3 8
Bird’s-beak, palmate bracted E 1 I N U 1 2C
Bird’s-beak, saltmarsh E 1 Ss Y F 1 6
Birds-in-a-nest, white . oT 4 U Y F 1 8
Bittercress, small-anthered E 4 D Y F 1 5
Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs T 6 s Y F 1 14
Bladderpod, kodachrome . E 6 s N U 1 14
Bladderpod, lyrate ..... T 4 Ss N U 1 8
Bladderpod, Missouri .... E 3 I Y F 3 8
Bladderpod, San Bernardino Mountains E 1 Ss N U 1 9
Bladderpod, white .. E 2 D Y F 1 8
Blazing-star, Ash Meadows T,CH 1 U Y F 2 8
Blazing-star, Heller's 4 I Y F 2 8
Blazing-star, scrub .... 4 D Y F 2 2
Blue-star, Kearney’s 2 U Y F 1 2
Bluegrass, Hawaiian 1 U Y D 1 2
Bluet, Roan Mountain 4 D Y D 1 6
Bonamia, Florida 4 I Y F 3 8
Boxwood, Vahl’ 4 D Y F 1 5
Broom, San Clemente Island 1 I Y F 4 9
Buckwheat, clay-loving wild...... E,CH 6 U Y F 1 5
Buckwheat, Cushenbury .. 1 Ss N U 1 9
Buckwheat, gypsum wild 2 U Y F 1 8
Buckwheat, scrub ... wT 4 D N U 1 15
Buckwheat, steamboat . 1 D N U 1 3
Bulrush, northeastern (=barbed bristle) 5 I Y F 3 2c
Bush-clover, prairie... a 3 I Y F 2 8
Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island ............:00ee 1 I Y F 3 8
Buttercup, autumn. 6 D Y F 1 6
Butterwort, Godfrey’s 4 Ss Y D 1 14
Button, Mohr’s Barbara . 4 I Y F 1 14
Button-celery, San Diego... eee wE 1 U N U 1 3C
Cactus, Arizona hedgehog E 2 U Y D 1 3
Cactus, Bakersfield. E 1 D N U 1 2
Cactus, black lace .. we E 2 D Y F 1 3
Cactus, Brady pincushion.......... wE 2 U Y F 1 2
Cactus, bunched cory ........00 T 2 D Y F 1 8
Cactus, Chisos Mountain hedgehog . T 2 D Y F 1 9
Cactus, Cochise pincushion..... wT 2 U Y F 1 8
Cactus, Davis’ green pitaya ... wE 2 D Y F 1 3

52



Species-by-Species Status Summary

RECOVERY PROGRAM ANALYSES and STATUS

Species: Knowlton cactus
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Stable

PEGGY OLWELL

Species: Green sea turtle
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

BLAIR WITHERINGTON

Species: Yaqui chub
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Stable

WS PHOTO.

34

Species-by-Species Status Summary

The status of all listed species under the Service’s
jurisdiction (United States and Trust Territories) as of
September 30, 1994, has been summarized in the
Appendix. As of September 30, 1994, 909 species were
listed as endangered or threatened in the United States
and Trust Territories. Of the 909, 893 are under the
jurisdiction of the Fish and Wildlife Service. Of these 893
species, 484 (54 percent) had final approved recovery
plans as of September 30, 1994, and another 185 (21
percent) have approved draft recovery plans. Two
hundred eighty two of these species have been listed for
less than 3 years. For the most part, species listed less
than 3 years do not yet have approved recovery plans.
Most do, however, have plans in some stage of
development. There are 14 species for which the Service
has determined that a recovery plan is not needed.



APPENDIX Species Status Summary Birds

Listed Species Listed Lead Pop. Rec. Plan Rec. Rec.
As Region Status Plan Stage Ach. Prior.
Goose, Aleutian Canada... 7 1 Y R(2) 3 9
Goose, Hawaiian (=nene)..... 1 D Y F 2 2
Hawk, Hawaiian (=io) .. 1 Ss Y F 4 14
Hawk, Puerto Rican broad-winged 4 D N U 1 6
Hawk, Puerto Rican sharp-shinned 4 D N U 1 3
Honeycreeper, crested (='akohekohe) 1 Ss Y F 2 7
Jay, Florida scrub .... 4 D Y F 1 3C
Kingfisher, Guam Micronesian 1 Ss Y F 1 3
Kite, Everglade snail 4 s Y R(4) 1 3C
1 E NA NA 1 5
Megapode, Micronesian (=! 1 U N U 1 8
Millerbird, Nihoa (Old world warbler) .. 1 Ss Y F 3 9
Monarch, Tinian (Old World flycatcher) 1 Ss NA NA 4 14
Moorhen @gallinule), Hawaiian common 1 Ss Y RQ) 3 9
Moorhen @gallinule), Mariana common . 1 Ss Y F 1 9
Murrelet, manbled .. 1 D N U 1 3
Nightjar (=whip-poor-will), Puerto Rico 4 Ss Y F 2 5c
Nukupu'u (honeycreeper) 1 D Y F 1 5
O’o, Kauai (='o'o ‘a‘a)(honeyeater) 1 D Y F 1 4
O'u (honeycreeper) 1 D Y F 1 4
Owl, Mexican spotted 2 U N U 1 9C
Owl, northern spotted 1 D Y D 1 9C
Palila (honeycreeper) 1 s Y RQ) 3 1
Parrot, Puerto Rican ... 4 Ss Y R(1) 1 2
Parrotbill, Maui (honeycreeper) .... wo E 1 Ss Y F 1 1
Pelican, brown ..... E 1 I Y F 4 9
Petrel, Hawaiian dark-rumped E 1 Ss Y F 2 3
Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain... E 4 Ss Y F 1 3C
Plover, piping (3 populations) . ET 3 D Y RD 1 5C
Plover, piping (Atlantic coast) T 5 I Y RD(1) 3 2C
Plover, Western snowy (Pacific coast) . T 1 Ss N U 1 3C
Po‘ouli (honeycreeper)...... E 1 D Y F 1 4
Prairie-chicken, Attwater’s greater .... wu E 2 D Y RQ) 1 3
Rail, California clapper E 1 D Y RD 1 3C
Rail, Guam E 1 Ss Y F 1 2
Rail, light-footed clapper . ww E 1 s Y D 1 2
Rail, Yuma clapper ... wE 2 Ss Y F 3 6
Shearwater, Newell’s Townsend's (=Manx,='a‘o).......T 1 Ss Y F 2 8
Shrike, San Clemente loggerhead .... E 1 D Y F 1 9
Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside .E,CH 4 S Y F 2 12C
Sparrow, Florida grasshopper ..... E 4 D Y F 1 9
Sparrow, San Clemente sage T 1 D Y F 2 9
Stilt, Hawaiian (=ae‘o) ...... E 1 Ss Y R(1) 1 9
43



Analyses and Status
of Listed Species

Recovery Program Analyses total endangered species budget. Species with specific
recovery activities funded as a result of Congressional
Endangered Species Recovery directives, or activities funded as a Service directive, are
Appropriations presented in Table 3. These directives represented 55
percent and 35 percent of the total recovery
Congressional funding authorizations to support the appropriation in FY 1993 and FY 1994, respectively.
Service’s recovery program have increased since the Directives represent a substantial portion of the money
1988 amendments. In FY 1993 and FY 1994, recovery available for implementing recovery and limit the money
represented approximately 31 percent of the Service’s remaining for recovery actions benefitting other species.

Table 3: Recovery Program Directives for
FY 1993 and 1994

Fiscal Year 1993 Fiscal Year 1994

77,000 Kirtland’s warbler
450,000 Grizzly bear
377,000 Peregrine falcon

$ 100,000 Kirtland’s warbler
$

$

$ 848,000 California condor

$

$

$

$

200,000 Grizzly bear
400,000 Peregrine falcon
600,000 California condor
300,000 Sea turtles
300,000 Southern sea otter

265,000 Sea turtles
339,000 Southern sea otter
681,000 Hawaiian birds 500,000 Hawaiian birds
805,000 Rocky Mountain wolf 600,000 Rocky Mountain wolf

(Animal Damage Control included) (Animal Damage Control included)
$ 680,000 Puerto Rican parrot 400,000 ‘Whooping crane
$ 144,000 Cuiui 300,000” Black-footed ferret
$ 340,000 Whoopingcrane 100,000 ‘Florida panther
$ 280,000 Black-footed ferret 500,000 West Indian manatee
$ 74,000 Florida panther 400,000 Aleutian Canada goose
$ 435,000 West Indian manatee 2,000,000 Northem spotted owl
$ 395,000 Aleutian Canada goose 300,000 Desert tortoise
$ 132,000 Bruneau hot springsnail 600,000 Red wolf
$ 2,685,000 Northern spotted owl 624,000 Upper Colorado River fishes
$ 286,000 Desert tortoise 300,000 PacificIslands
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$

anaannunan

665,000 Red wolf 400,000 Mexican grey wolf
624,000 Upper Colorado River fishes 218,000 Steller’s/Spectacled eider
297,000 Hawaiian species 100,000 _—~Piping plover

91,000 Central Valley 450,000 Freshwater molluscs
296,000 Piping Plover 200,000 SanJuan
147,000 SanJuan 350,000 Mexican spotted owl
154,000 Mexican grey wolf 150,000 — Edward’s aquifer
297,000 PacificIslands

30,000 Southeast fishes

PARAREHAEHHEEHBEEEEEH

$10,392,000 TOTAL DIRECTIVES

$11,894,000 TOTAL DIRECTIVES $29,550,000 TOTALFY 1994 RECOVERY
$20,065,000 TOTALFY 1993 RECOVERY APPROPRIATION
APPROPRIATION

29



INTRODUCTION

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.] (Act) is one of the most comprehensive pieces of
environmental legislation ever enacted by Congress.
Fiscal year (FY) 1993 was the 20-year anniversary of the
Act, and coincided with profound Congressional and
public interest in the Act's reauthorization as well as wide-
ranging debate over its purposes, effects, and
accomplishments. The Act calls for the conservation of
threatened and endangered species, and more
importantly, the ecosystems upon which they depend.
The Act established the Federal government as the
national leader in the conservation of species at risk of
extinction. To accomplish the objectives of the Act,
Congress envisioned a network of international, national,
Federal, State, and private organizations working together
toward common goals.

In passing this landmark legislation, Congress specifically
intended to provide a means to conserve the ecosystems
upon which endangered and threatened species depend
and to provide a program for the conservation of these
species, The Act defines “conserve” as the use of “all
methods and procedures which are necessary to bring
any endangered species or threatened species to the
point at which the measures provided pursuant to this Act

are no longer necessary...” The Act further declared that
the policy of Congress is that all Federal departments and
agencies shall seek to conserve endangered and
threatened species, and use their own authorities to
further the purposes of the Act. This policy, in
conjunction with the statutory definition of “conserve,”
makes clear that Congress intended all Federal agencies
to promote the recovery of listed species. The Fish and
Wildlife Service’s (Service) responsibilities under the Act
include: consultation, listing, recovery planning and
implementation, permitting, and prelisting.

This Report to Congress represents an accounting of the
recovery progress for all federally listed endangered and
threatened species under the jurisdiction of the Service
occurring in the United States and Trust Territories as of
September 30, 1994. While some of the species covered
in this report are found in both the United States and
foreign countries, the Service has no authority to
implement recovery programs for species outside United
States jurisdiction and the status of foreign populations is
not discussed in this report. Specifically, this report
contains information on the status of recovery plan
development and overall population status for all listed
species in the United States and a summary of the
success of the recovery program to date.

Species: Woodstork
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

JOHN & KAREN HOLLINGSWORTH

DAVID MPEWEN

13



APPENDIX Species Status Summary

Plants

Listed Species Listed Lead

As

Pop.
Region Status

Rec.

F

Plan Rec. Rec.
Stage Ach. Prior.

Cactus, Key tree
Cactus, Knowlto:
Cactus, Kuenzler hedgeho;
Cactus, Lee pincushion
Cactus, Lloyd’s hedgehog .
Cactus, Lloyd’s Mariposa
Cactus, Mesa Verde ....
Cactus, Nellie cory .......
Cactus, Nichol’s Turk’s head .
Cactus, Peebles Navajo ..
Cactus, Pima pineapple
Cactus, San Rafael...
Cactus, Siler pincushion .
Cactus, Sneed pincushion

Cactus, Tobusch fishhook ..
Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless ..
Cactus, Wright fishhook ..
Calyptranthes thomasiana (NCN) ....
Campion, fringed
Capa, Rosa (=pendula cimarrona)
Cat’s-eye, Terlingua Creek
Catchfly, Perlman’s
Centaury, spring-loving...
Chaff-flower, round-leaved
Chaffseed, American...
Chamaecrista glandulosa var. mirabilis (NCN).........-.-
Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN)........

le}
=

POMP OO

m

Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. kalaeloana (NCN)

Checker-mallow, Nelson’s......
Checker-mallow, pedate....
Chumbo, higo .
Cinquefoil, Robbins’ ..
Cladonia, Florida perforate ....
Cliff-rose, Arizona.....
Clover, running buffalo
Cobana, Negra ......
Coneflower, smooth ....

E

Coneflower, Tennessee purple
Coyote-thistle, Loch Lomond ..

Cranichis ricartii (NCN)
Cress, toad-flax (=shrubby reed-mustard)

moh om Mm

ALE RR RWON RU RE EE Be RNB RP BEND RRR ADNNNNANNNNNNNNNN HS

GDU4*nOwKAOnunn Dun ecuw»ounaegqcyursnsew»nvdGdcCvaCacacuUHND Guus

BEM N 26K 242 24K 6K 26K 4 KK ZZK KK AZKK EK KKK EK KKK

ao on

Exempt

VaOMOGCHrZCCVIAOOBDO BIC CAB HIO AACA HBAS

R(1)

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QBVrEeUUNnnnnEARFonnr8wson Fr otaonnownFuuwn Snaowuwn v

a
@



APPENDIX Species Status Summary

Plants

Listed Species

Pop.

Rec.

Region Status Plan

Plan
Stage

Rec. Rec.
Ach. Prior.

Gouania meyenii (NCN).........
Gouania vitifolia
Gourd, Okeechobee...
Grass, California Orcutt .
Grass, Eureka dune...
Grass, Solano
Grass, Tennessee yellow-eyed

Ground-plum, Guthrie’s
Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks
Gumplant, Ash Meadows...
Ha'iwale (Cyrtandra crenata)
Ha'iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii
Ha‘iwale (Cyrtandra limahuliensis)
Ha‘iwale (Cyrtandra munroi) ..
Ha‘iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha) .

Ha'‘iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) ..
Haha (Cyanea asarifolia) .. a

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii).

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae)
Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii
Haha (Cyanea lobata)...
Haha (Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii,

Haha (Cyanea mannii.
Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi
Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida)......
Haha (Cyanea procera)
Haha (Cyanea shipmanii)

Haha (Cyanea stictophylla)
Haha (Cyanea superba)......
Haha (Cyanea truncata)
Haha (Cyanea undulata)
Haplostachys, narrow-leaved.....
Harebells, Avon Park ....
Harperella............
Hau kuahiwi, Kauai
Heartleaf, dwarf-flowered
Heather, mountain golden

Heau
Hedyotis degeneri (NCN)
Hedyotis parvula (NCN)
Hedyotis st.-johnii (NCN)
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)

Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN) .

Dm tM Hd

fe CS

eqaqqcaqacavuvunacaacvacaacvadcadcacaacacvuaaccqcacacacaauncqcar Der cQCwaad

ZN 22zneKe 22K K 2K KK ZAK K

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le]

vavvuacvumcevumaecvvocvacaacacvacecvcacacecvuaacvveecamrmmwmaermtsstaadcy

Fe CO ey

8

oe

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rN) ”
e8ne

Wu tuUunn wo

55



Recovery Implementation

PROGRAM STATUS

The third policy, Policy for the Ecosystem Approach to
the Endangered Species Act, addresses the need to take a
cooperative approach focusing on groups of species
dependent on the same ecosystem. It directs the Service
to make group listing decisions where possible and to
develop and implement recovery plans for multiple listed
and candidate species. The policy also emphasizes the
importance of integrating Federal, Tribal, State, and
private efforts in cooperative, multi-species efforts under
the Act.

The last policy, Policy for Peer Review in Endangered
Species Act Activities, directs the Service to ensure that all
actions taken under the Act are based on the best
available scientific information. With regard to recovery,
the policy directs that draft recovery plans be submitted
for independent peer review to obtain all available
scientific and commercial information, and to review

Species: Gray bat
Listed As: Endangered
Population Status: Improving

EWS PHOTO.

16

scientific data relating to selection or implementation of
specialized tasks in draft recovery plans.

Recovery Implementation

The Director of the Service has delegated responsibility
for recovery of listed species to the Service’s seven
Regional Directors across the nation. Each listed species is
the responsibility of at least one Region. When the
distribution of a species crosses regional boundaries, the
lead Region coordinates decisions regarding the species
among other appropriate Regions. Regional Directors
determine whether recovery plans are needed, ensure
that recovery plans are developed, appoint recovery
team members, and direct recovery plan implementation.
The boundaries of Service’s Regions and the location of
Regional Offices are illustrated on Map 1.

Species: Mead'smilkweed
Listed As: Threatened
Population Status: Declining

JOHN SCHWEGMAN