CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating

fluorescent lamps. The ballast provides the high voltage needed to ignite the discharge (start the

lamp) and then limits the current when the discharge is established . The lamp does not conduct

electricity until the gas in the lamp is ionized by the high voltage,'after which only a small current is

required to sustain light output. The starting and operating conditions of each type of fluorescent

lamp are specified by the lamp manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute

(ANSI), Electric Lamp Committee, ANSI C78.1. The important specifications for lamp life are the

lamp current, the maximum starting voltage , the filament voltage, and the lamp current crest factor.'

The characteristics of the fluorescent lamp ballast are specified by an ANSI Fluorescent

Ballast Committee , C.82.2 and C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage, ballast. factor2, and

power factor . Other standards groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and

harmonic content as related to specific applications or environments. Ballasts are now available with

total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 10%. Two parameters not specified by ANSI are ballast

efficiency and system (lamp-ballast) efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency

ballasts has a limit on harmonics.

The three types offluorescent lamp ballasts considered in this analysis are magnetic, cathode

cutout, and electronic. The three methods of starting lamps are pre-heat, rapid-start and instant-start.

These names are also applied to those ballasts designed to operate with a particular lamp type. Preheat ballasts are -not used in 4 or 8-foot commercial and industrial applications and are not considered

in the analysis. Instant start magnetic ballasts are not usually found in commercial or industrial lamp

ballast systems and are not considered in the analysis . Cathode cutout ballasts 1a-L one rapid-start

method exclusively. The rapid start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage.

Instant-start lamps do not apply a steady filament voltage and rely upon a higher voltage to initiate

the discharge.

The magnetic ballast is constructed using discrete components . The main components are a

magnetic choke to limit the current, a step-up transformer to obtain the high starting voltage, and two

capacitors, one of which corrects for the low power factor and the other changes the phase voltage

The lamp current crest factor is defined as the peak current divided by the root mean square current.

2 Ballast factor is the measured ability. of a particular ballast to produce light from the lamp it powers.

3 Power factor is defined as the cosine of the angle of phase shift between the voltage and current drawn by an

operating electrical device.

3.1

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

3.1 INTRODUCTION 

M.qr.qi:::l::@l:i:i.l~z 

CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 

A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating 

fluorescent lamps. The ballast providt:s the high voltage needed to ignite the discharge (start the 

lamp) and then limits the current when the discharge is established. The lamp does not conduct 

electricity until the gas in the lamp is ionized by.the high voltage. after which only a small current is 

required to sustain light output. The starting and operating conditions of each type of fluorescent 

lamp are specified by the lamp manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute 

(ANSI). Electric Lamp Committee. ANSI C78.1. The important specifications for lamp life are the 

lamp current. the maximum starting voltage. the filament voltage. and the lamp current crest factor. I 

The characteristics of the fluorescent lamp ballast are specified by an ANSI Fluorescent 

Ballast Committee. C.82.2 and C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage. ballast factor2, and 

power facto~. Other standards groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and 

harmonic content as related to specific applications or environments. Ballasts are now available with 

total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 10%; Two parameters not specified by ANSI are ballast 

efficiency and system (lamp-ballast) efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency 

ballasts has a limit on harmonics. 

The three types offluonscent lamp ballasts considered in this analysis are magnetic. cathode 

cutout. and electronic. The three methods of starting lamps are pre-heat, rapid-start and instant-start. 

These names are also appUed to those ballasts designed to operate with a particular lamp type. Preheat ballasts are·not used in 4 or 8-foot commercial and industrial applications and are not considered 

in the analysis. Instant start magnetic ballasts are not usually found in commercial or industrial lamp 

ballast systems and are not considered in the analysis. Cathode cutout ballasts 11':::' (oe rapid-start 

method exclusively. The rapid start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage. 

Instant-start lamps do not apply a steady filament voltage and rely upon a higher voltage to initiate 

the discharge. 

The magnetic ballast is constructed using discrete components. The main components are a 

magnetic choke to limit the current. a step-up transfonner to obtain the high starting voltage. and two 

capacitors. one of which corrects for the low power factor and the other changes the phase voltage 

ITbe lamp current crest factor is defined as the peak current divided by the root mean square current. 

2 Ballast factor is the measured ability-of a particular ballast to produce light from the lamp it powers. 

3 Power factor is defmed as the cosine of the angle of phase shift between the voltage and current drawn by an 

operating electrical device. . 

3.1 
between the two lamps (when a single ballast operates two lamps). Magnetic ballasts operate at an

input frequency of 60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) at the same 60 Hz frequency.

The electronic ballast (solid state) provides the same function as the magnetic ballast. The

electronic fluorescent lamp ballast is constructed using discrete components with circuit boards to

electrically connect the components. The manufacturing procedures for the electronic ballast are the

same as those employed for other electronic devices. Ferrite cores are used for the high-frequency

output circuits. Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of 60 Hz and operate the lamp(s)

at high frequency above 20,000 Hz. The electronic ballast is more efficient than the energy-efficient

magnetic ballast in transforming the input power to lamp requirements. In addition, the fluorescent

lamp is more efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two

improvements may result in a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast system. Since

electronic ballasts are packaged in the same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be

installed in fixtures designed to be used with core-coil ballasts. Electronic ballasts have an installation

advantage because of their lighter weight.

The cathode cutout ballast uses components similar to the magnetic ballast but adds an

electronic switch to disconnect the ballast's lamp electrode heater after the lamp starts. This ballast

uses less energy than the energy efficient magnetic ballast.

The ANSI C.82.2-1984 standard test procedure for evaluating the performance of a ballast

(1) measures filament voltage, lamp current crest factor, power factor, lamp current, ballast factor,

and starting voltage. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment of 20'C. The

lamp is measured in an open strip fixture such that the minimum lamp wall temperature is between

37 and 40°C.

The ballast efficacy factor (BEF) is a measure of ballast system performance or efficacy. This

factor is not explicitly mentioned in the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and

is defined as:

BEF = Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power

The BEF is defined as the ballast factor in percent divided by the ballast input power in watts.

The- ballast factor (BF) for a specific ballast is the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on the'

specific ballast divided by the light output of the same lamp tested on a. "reference" ballast under

identical environmental conditions. The reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail

in the. applicable ANSI lamp standards.

Lamp types are designated by a series of letters and numbers. The, letter "F" is used to

designate a fluorescent lamp. It is followed by a two digit number that indicates either the nominal

lamp wattage, if the number is "40" or "32", or the lamp length if the number is "96".' These digits

are followed by the letter "T" for tubular, which is followed by a number that is the lamp diameter

3.2

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

between the two lamps (when a single ballast operates two lamps). Magnetic ballasts operate at an 

input frequency of 60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) at the same 60 Hz frequency. 

The electronic ballast (solid state) provides the same function as the magnetic ballast. The 

electronic fluorescent lamp ballast is constructed using discrete components with circuit boards to 

electrically connect the components. The manufacturing procedures for the electronic ballast are the 

same as those employed for other electronic devices. Ferrite cores are used for the high-frequency 

output circuits. Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of 60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) 

at high frequency above 20,000 Hz. The electronic ballast is more efficient than the energy-efficient 

magnetic ballast in transforming the input power to lamp requirements. In addition, the fluorescent 

lamp is more efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two 

improvements may result in a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast system. Since 

electronic ballasts are packaged in the same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be 

installed iIi fixtures designed to be used with core-coil ballasts. Electronic ballasts have an installation 

advantage because of their lighter weight. 

The cathode cutout ballast uses components similar to the magnetic ballast but adds an 

electronic switch to disconnect the ballast's lamp electrode heater after the lamp starts. This ballast 

uses less energy than the energy efficient magnetic ballast. 

The ANSI C.82.2-1984 standard test procedure for evaluating the performance of a ballast 

(1) measures filament voltage, lamp current crest factor, power factor, lamp current, ballast factor, 

and starting voltage. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment of 20°C. The 

lamp is measured in an open strip fixture such that the minimum lamp wall temperature is between I 

37 and 40°C. 

The ballast efficacy factor (BEF) is a measure of ballast system performance or efficacy. This 

factor is not explicitly mentioned in the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and 

is defined as: 

BEF = Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power 

The BEF is defined as the ballast factor in percent divided by the ballast input power in watts. 

The' ballast factor (BF) for a specific ballast is the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on the' 

specific ballast divided by the light output of the same lamp tested on a "reference" ballast under 

identical environmental conditions. The reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail 

in the applicable ANSI lamp standards. 

Lamp types are designated by a series of letters and numbers. The, letter "F" is used to 

designate a fluorescent lamp. It is followed by a two,digit number that indicates either the nominal 

lamp wattage, if the number is "40" or "32", or the lamp length if the number is "96".' These digits 

are followed 'by'the letter "T" for tubular, which is followed by a number that is the lamp diameter 

3.2 
in eighths of an inch, followed by "HO" if the lamp is high output, followed by "/ES" if the lamp is

an energy saver, or "/R.E70" if the lamp is a rare-earth phosphor type with.color rendering index of

70 or greater. An energy saving lamp is a reduced wattage krypton-filled lamp.

'The F40T12 and the F96T12 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts presently

regulated. The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These

efficiency factors apply to all ballasts manufactured on or after January 1, 1990, sold by the

manufacturer on or after April 1, 1990, and incorporated into a luminarie by a luminarie manufacturer

on or after April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at input voltages of both 120 and

277V with an input current frequency of 60 Hz. Although the regulated ballasts can operate reducedwattage or "energy saver" lamps, all BEF tests are made with 40W F40T 12, 75 W F96T 12, or 110W

F96T 12HO lamps. The standards do not apply to dimming ballasts, ballasts designed for use in

ambient temperatures of 0' F or less, or ballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90 and are

designed for use in residential applications.

Table 3.1 Minimum Allowable. Ballast Efficacy Factors

Ballast-Lamp System Voltage Nominal Lamp watts Ballast Efficacy Factor

1 F40T12 120,277 40 1.805

2 F40T12 120 80 1.06

277 80 1.05

2 F96T12 120,277 150 0.570

2 F96T12H0 120, 277 220 0.390

The efficacy of the lamp-ballast system is defined in terms of lumens per watt (lm/W). The

term efficacy is standard nomenclature for efficiency when the input and output have different

dimensions. Efficacy is measured after a lamp has been operated for 100 hours, and is described as

the initial characteristic . The light output is also specified at 40% of lamp life to assess the lumen

depreciation of the lamp.

3.2 PRODUCT CLASSES

In addition to the product classes listed in Table 3.1, other product classes are now important

in the market such as the three and four-lamp F40T 12 ballasts in use with full wattage and energy

saver lamps, and the four-foot T8 lamp ballast system. The classes considered in this analysis appear

in Table 3.2. The nominal 32 watt F32T8 lamp-ballast system is more efficacious than the F40T 12

fluorescent system. The T10 lamps are designed to operate with the 40W F40T12 ballast, so they

do not need a separate product class.

Since the full wattage halophosphor T12 lamps were obsolete under the Energy Policy Act beginning

3.3

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

in eighths of an inch, followed by "HO" if the lamp is high output, followed by "/ES" if the lamp is 

an energy saver, or "/RE70" if the lamp is a rare-earth phosphor type with.color rendering index of 

70 or greater. An energy saving lamp is a reduced wattage krypton-filled lamp. 

'The F40T12 and the F96T12 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts presently 

regulated. -The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These 

efficiency factors apply to all ballasts manufactured on or after January 1, 1990, sold by the 

manufacturer on or after April 1, 1990, and incorporated into a luminarie by a luminarie manufacturer 

. on or after April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at input voltages of both 120 and 

277V with an input current frequency of 60 Hz. Although the regulated ballasts can operate reducedwattage or "energy saver" lamps, all BEF tests are made with 40W F40T12, 75W F96T12, or 110W 

F96T12HO lamps. The standards do not apply to dimming ballasts, ballasts designed for use in 

ambient temperatures of 0 0 F or less, or ballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90 and are 

designed for use in residential applications. 

Table 3.1 Minimum Allowable.Ballast Efficacy Factors 

Ballast-Lamp System Voltage Nominal Lamp watts Ballast Efficacy Factor 

1 F40T12 120,277 40 1.805 

2 F40T12 120 80 1.06 

277 80 1.05 

2 F96T12 120,277 150 0.570 

2F96T12HO 120,277 220 0.390 

The efficacy ofthe lamp-ballast system is defmed in tenns oflumens per watt (lm/W). The 

term efficacy is standard nomenclature for efficiency when the input and output have different 

. dimensions. Efficacy is measured after a lamp has been operated for 100 hours, and is described as 

the ~tial characteristic. The light output is also specified at 40% of lamp life to assess the lumen 

depreciation of the lamp. 

3.2 PRODUCT CLASSES 

In addition to the product classes listed in Table 3.1, other product classes are now important 

in the market such as the three and four-lamp F40TI2 ballasts in use with full wattage and energy 

saver lamps, and the four-foot T8 lamp ballast system. The classes considered in this analysis appear 

in Table 3.2. The nominal 32 watt F32T8 lamp-ballast system is more efficacious than the F40Tl2 

fluorescent system. The TIO lamps are designed to operate with the 40W F40T12 ballast, so they 

do not need a separate product class. 

Since the full wattage halophosphor TI2 lamps were obsolete under the Energy Policy Act beginning 

3.3 
in November 1995, RE70. rare earth phosphor fluorescent lamps with a color rendering index of 70

and "/ES" halophosphor lamps are selected as the lamp options that are used to establish various

ballast product classes and to perform the engineering analysis'.

Table 3.2 Product Classes

1. One-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 40W F40T12/RE70 fluorescent lamp;

2. One-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 40W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamp;

3. Two-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 40W F40T12/RE70 fluorescent lamps;

4. Two-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 40W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps;

5. Two-lamp F96 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 75W F96T12/RE70 fluorescent lamps;

6. Two-lamp F96 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 75W F96T12/ES fluorescent lamps;

7. Two-lamp F96HO ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 110W F96T12H0/RE70 fluorescent lamps.

8. Two-lamp F96HO-ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 110W F96T12HO/ES fluorescent lamps.

9. Three-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 40W F40T12/RE70 fluorescent lamps;

10 Three-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 40W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps;

11 Four-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 40W F40T12/RE70 fluorescent lamps;

12 One-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one F32T8 fluorescent lamp;

13 Two-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two F32T8 fluorescent lamps;

14 Three-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three F32T8 fluorescent lamps; and

15 Four-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate four F32T8 fluorescent lamps.

4For the consumer analysis halophosphor lamps already in use are assumed to persist until they have been

replaced by natural turnover.

3.4

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

in November 1995, RE70 rare earth phosphor fluorescent lamps with a color rendering index of 70 

and "IES" halophosphor lamps are selected as the lamp options that ~re used to establish various 

ballast product classes and to perfonn the engineering analysis4. 

Table 3.2 Product Classes 

1. One-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 40W F40T12iRE70 fluorescent lamp; 

. 2. One-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 40W F40T12IES fluorescent lamp; 

3. Two-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 40W F40T121RE70 fluorescent lamps; 

4. Two-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 40W F40T12IES fluorescent lamps; 

5. Two-lamp F96 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 75W F96T121RE70 fluorescent lamps; 

6. Two-lamp F96 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 75W F96T12IES fluorescent lamps; 

7. Two-lamp F96HO ballast (120, 277V), to operate two HOW F96T12HOlRE70 fluorescent lamps. 

S. Two-lamp F96HO-ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 110W F96T12HOIES fluorescent lamps. 

9. Three-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 40W F40T121RE70 fluorescent lamps; 

10 Three-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 40W F40T12IES fluorescent lamps; 

11 Four-lamp F~O ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 40W F40T121RE70 fluorescent lamps; 

12 One-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one F32TS fluorescent lamp; 

13 Two-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two F32TS fluorescent lamps; 

14 Three-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three F32TS fluorescent lamps; and 

15 Four-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate four F32TS fluorescent lamps. 

4For the consumer analysis halophosphor lamps already in use are assumed to persist witil they have been 

replaced by natural turnover. ' 

3.4 
Three- and four-lamp magnetic and cathode cutout ballasts are not manufactured for F40T12

or F32T8 lamps. Four-lamp F40T12 ballasts are not presently manufactured, although an electronic

rapid start four-lamp ballast has been manufactured in the past. With. magnetic ballasts, three-lamp

fixtures generally use a two-lamp and a one-lamp ballast, or, sometimes the lamps are tandem-wired

so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed throughout the lighting layout. Four-lamp fixtures use

two, two-lamp magnetic ballasts per fixture. These uses of magnetic ballasts are accounted for in the

subsequent chapters on impact analyses but are not used in the engineering calculations in this

chapter. Compact fluorescent ballasts are not included in this analysis.

3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

Table 3.3 lists possible technology options that are more efficacious than the baseline energyefficient magnetic ballast.

Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

1. Cathode Cutout

2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start

3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start

Energy-Efficient Magnetic Ballast (Baseline)

The energy-efficient magnetic (EEM) ballast is one that just meets the minimum allowable BEFs

found in Table 3.1. The EEM ballast employs copper wire and high grade magnetic materials for the

choke and transformer. The EEM ballast could be made even more efficient, but this would result

in an increase in the package size and weight:

Cathode Cutout Ballasts

The cathode cutout or hybrid ballast is a modification of the EEM ballast. It uses an electronic

circuit to remove the filament power after the discharge-has been initiated for rapid-start lamps.

These ballasts start the lamps in the normal manner with a suitable filament power. Operating lamps

without filament power maintains the light output while reducing power by about two watts per lamp.

This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the lamps are operated at full-light

output. There is a significant loss in lamp-life if filament power removal is used with fluorescent

dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generally used with magnetic ballasts. Some

electronic ballast technologies reduce'the cathode voltage during operation, but do not reduce it to

zero.

3.5

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

Tbree- and four-lamp magnetic and cathode cutout ballasts are not manufactured for F40T12 

or F32T8lamps. Four-lamp F40T12 ballasts are not presently manufactured, although an electronic 

rapid start four-lamp ballast has been manufactured in the past. WithJ.l!.agnetic ballasts, three-lamp 

fixtures generally use a two-lamp and a one-lamp ballast, or, sometimes the lamps are tandem-wired 

so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed throughout the lighting layout. Four-lamp fixtures use 

two, two-lamp magnetic ballasts per fixture. These uses of magnetic ballasts are accounted for in the 

subsequent chapters on impact analyses but are not used in the engineering calculations in this 

chapter. Compact fluorescent ballasts are not included in this analysis. 

3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 

Table 3.3 lists possible technology options that are more efficacious than the baseline energy..: 

efficient magnetic ballast. 

Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts 

1. Cathode Cutout 

2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start 

3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start 

Energy-Efficient Magnetic Ballast (Baseline) 

The energy-efficient magnetic (EEM) ballast is one that just meets the minimum allowable BEFs 

found in Table 3.1. The EEM ballast employs copper wire and high grade magnetic materials for the 

choke and transformer. The EEM ballast could be made even more efficient, but this would result 

in an increase in the package size and weight: 

Cathode Cutout Ballasts 

The cathode cutout or hybrid ballast is a modification of the EEM ballast. It uses an electronic 

circuit to remove the filament power after the discharge -has been initiated for rapid-start lamps. 

These ballasts start the lamps in the normal manner with a suitable filament power. Operating lamps 

without filament power maintains the light output while reducmg power by about two watts per lamp. 

This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the lamps are operated at full-light 

output. There is a significant loss in lamp-life if filament power removal is used with fluorescent 

dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generally used with magnetic ballasts. Some 

electronic ballast technologies reduce 'the cathode voltage during operation, but do not reduce it to 

zero. 

3.5 
Some data suggest that lamp life is reduced when cathode cutout ballasts are used(2). For the

life cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 15% reduction in lamp life (relative to EEM) is used for both

T8 and T12 lamps operated with cathode cutout ballasts.

Electronic High Frequency Ballasts

For equivalent light output the electronic ballast consumes about 10 to 30% less energy than

magnetic ballasts based on average power values for magnetic ballasts and median power values for

electronic ballasts. The front end of the electronic ballast is a full-wave rectifier circuit that converts

the 60 Hz AC power into DC power. It is filtered to reduce the modulation. This DC voltage is the

input to an oscillating circuit that converts the DC power to a high frequency of 20 kHz or more.

The anode fall of the lamp is decreased by about ten volts at high frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15%

increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting action (current-limiting) at high frequency requires

smaller components, reducing ballast losses and making the ballast more efficient. Substituting

integrated circuits for discrete components saves an additional 1.5 - 2.0 W. The high-frequency

operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with fluorescent lamps operated with magnetic

ballasts. This may reduce the occurrence of headaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with

fluorescent lighting.

High frequency electromagnetic radiation and carrier line harmonics are produced by electronic

ballasts and are known to interfere with the operation of certain electrical devices. Library proximity

sensors, infrared remote controls, and powerline carrier controls are examples of devices that have

experienced interference problems (3). Equipment manufacturers are aware of this problem and have

solved it for certain specific applications and are working to find solutions for others (4).

A rapid-start electronic ballast provides a filament voltage to the rapid-start lamp that heats the

electrode and allows starting at a low voltage. The instant-start ballast does not provide a filament

voltage, but must provide a higher starting voltage to the instant-start lamp to initiate discharge. This

higher starting voltage degrades the coating on the lamp electrodes and reduces lamp life. For the life

cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, approximately a 25% reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid start)

is used for T8 lamps operated with instant start ballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about

2 watts per lamp during operation of the lamps. For most F40T12lamps, instant start is not viable;

the filament would have to be redesigned. There is at least one F40T12 lamp that can operate as an

instant-start lamp; however, its lifetime is less than the standard T12 lamp lifetime and it is not

included in the analysis.

Electronic ballasts used with F34T12 energy saver lamps may develop starting difficulties that

are caused by the tin oxide coating on the inside of the lamp. Lamps without this coating are

-compatible with electronic ballasts; while such lamps are not presently manufactured, they have been

manufactured in the past.

3.6

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

Some data suggest that lamp life is reduced when cathode cutout ballasts are used(2). For the 

life cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 15% reduction in lamp life (relative to EEM) is used for both 

T8 and T12lamps operated with cathode cutout ballasts. 

Electronic High-Frequency Ballasts 

For equivalent light output the electronic ballast consumes about 10 to 30% less energy than 

magnetic ballasts based on average power values for magnetic ballasts and median power values for 

electronic ballasts. The front end of the electronic ballast is a full-wave rectifier circuit that converts 

the 60 Hz AC power into DC power. It is filtered to reduce the modulation. This DC voltage is the 

input to an oscillating circuit that converts the DC power to a high frequency of 20 kHz or more. 

The anode fall of the lamp is decreased by about ten volts at high frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15% 

increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting action (current-limiting) at high frequency requires 

smaller components, reducing ballast losses and making the ballast more efficient. Substituting 

integrated circuits for discrete components saves an additional 1.5 :- 2.0 W. The high-frequency 

operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with fluorescent lamps operated with magnetic 

ballasts. This may reduce the occurrence of headaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with 

fluorescent lighting. 

High frequency electromagnetic radiation and carner line harmonics are produced by electronic 

ballasts and are known to interfere with .the operation of certain electrical devices. Library proximity 

sensors, infrared remote controls, and powerline carner controls are examples of devices that have 

experienced interference problems (3). Equipment manufacturers are aware of this problem and have 

solved it for certain specific applications and are working to fmd solutions for others (4). 

A rapid-start electronic ballast provides a filament voltage to the rapid-start lamp that heats the 

electrode and allows starting at a low voltage. The instant-start ballast does not provide a filament 

v~lta:ge, but must provide a higher starting voltage to the instant-start lamp to initiate discharge. This 

higher starting voltage degrades the coating on the lamp electrodes and reduces lamp life. For the" life 

cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, approximately a 25% reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid start) 

is used for T8 lamps operated with instant start ballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about 

2 watts pyr lamp during operation of the lamps. For most F40T12 lamps, instant start is not viable; 

the filament would have to be redesigned. There is at least one F40T12 lamp that can operate as an 

instant-start lamp; however, its lifetime is less than the standard T12 lamp lifetime and it is not 

included in the analysis. 

Electronic ballasts used with F34T12 energy saver lamps may develop starting difficulties that 

are caused by the tin oxide coating on the inside of the lamp. Lamps without this coating are 

·compatible with electronic ballasts; while such lamps are not presently manufactured, they have been 

manufactured in the past. 

3.6 
3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA

Table 3.4 lists the ANSI and fixture watts (lamp(s) and ballast) for several types of magnetic

and electronic high-frequency ballasts operating the F40T 12, F96T 12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps.

The data sets used to generate Table 3.4 are reproduced in Appendix A and were obtained from the

National Electrical Manufacturers Association in all but two cases. These two cases are: the fourlamp F40T12 ballast, which is not currently being manufactured, and the cathode cutout ballasts in

the one-lamp F40T12/ES product class. Data for these two cases came from the Seattle Lighting

Design Lab, and the New York State Energy Office, respectively. All of the sources (5), (6), (7)

used the ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in developing the data.

The values in the column labeled "ANSI watts" were obtained from the data set by different

approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic or not, as described below.

For the baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout, the ANSI watts were calculated from the formula:

ANSI watts = BF/ BEF, using the average BEF from the data set and the typical BF value of ballasts

offered for sale. The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T 12, F32T8, F96T 12, and

F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for 1740T12/ES, F96T12/ES and F96T12HO/ES lamps. The cathode

cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for F96T12HO and F96T12HO/ES lamps

and 83% for F40T12 lamps. These average BF values are in good agreement with published values

(8), (9).

For electronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closest to the 50 percentile level (usually the

next highest BEF to that level) was selected from the data set. The measured ANSI watts and

measured BF value for this ballast were then selected from the data set and used in the tables.

The values in the column labeled "Fixture watts" were obtained by making corrections to the

ANSI watts. Independent corrections were applied to ANSI watts for three- and four-lamp ballast

technology options to account for thermal effects on 1) power input and 2) light output caused when

the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. These corrections were not

applied to one- and two-lamp fixtures since the thermal effects are thought to be minimal. In

addition, a power correction was applied to all classes to normalize light output to the baseline.

Since all technology options have to be compared to the baseline within a given product class, each

technology option wattage had to be normalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for

details on applying the correction factors.

Since some technology options are not available for certain product classes, the power values

(ANSI watts and Fixture watts) for those configurations are not found in the table. For those cases

where the energy-efficient magnetic ballast does not exist, the baseline ballast is the electronic rapidstart ballast.

Data presented in Table 3.4 have been adjusted to bring it into agreement with data provided

3.7

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA 

Table 3.4 lists the ANSI and fIxture watts (lamp(s) and ballast) for several types of magnetic 

and electronic high-frequency ballasts operating the F40T12, F96T12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps. 

The data sets used to generate Table 3.4 are reproduced in Appendix A and were obtained from the 

National Electrical Manufacturers Association in all but two cases. These two cases are: the fourlamp F40T12 ballast, which is not currently being manufactured, and the cathode cutout ballasts in 

the one-:lamp F40T12IES product class. Data for these two cases came from the Seattle Lighting 

Design Lab, and the New York State Energy Office, respectively. All of the sources (5), (6), (7) 

used the ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in developing the data. 

The values in the column labeled "ANSI watts" were obtained from the data set by different 

approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic or not, as described below. 

For the baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout, the ANSI watts were calculated from the formula: 

ANSI watts = BF/ BEF, using the average BEF from the data set and the typical BF value of ballasts 

offered for sale. The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and 

F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T12IES, F96T12IES 'and F96T12HOIES lamps. The cathode 

cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T81amps, 88% for F96T12HO and F96T12HOIES lamps 

and 83% for F40T12 lamps. These average BF values are in good agreement with published values 

(8), (9). 

For electronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closest to the 50 percentile level (usually the 

next highest BEF to that level) was selected from the data set. The measured ANSI watts and 

measured BF value for this ballast were then selected from the data set and used in the tables. 

The values in the column labeled "Fixture watts" were obtained by making corrections to the 

ANSI watts. Independent corrections were applied to ANSI watts for three- and four-lamp ballast 

technology options to account for thennal effects on 1) power input and 2) light output caused when 

the lamp/ballast combination is in a fIxture and installed in a plenum. These corrections were not 

applied to one- and two-lamp fIxtures since the thermal effects are thought to be minimal. In 

addition, a power correction was applied to all classes to normalize light output to the baseline. 

Since all technology options have to be compared to the baseline within a given product class, each 

technology option wattage had to be nonnalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for 

details on applying the correction factors. 

Since some technology options are not available for certain product classe~, the power values 

(ANSI watts and Fixture watts) for those confIgurations are not found in the table. For those cases 

where the energy-efficient magnetic ballast does not exist, the baseline ballast is the electronic rapidstart ballast. . . 

Data presented in Table 3.4 have been adjusted to bring it into agreement with data provided 

··3.7 
by NEMA in. its correspondence to LBNL (10). Changes made relative to Table 3.4 of the previous

LBNL draft report(11) are minor (the maximum wattage change being approximately 1%), except

for the 2F96T12 and 21~96T12HO full-wattage product classes where an error in the EEM ballast

factor was found. The EEM ballast factor has been corrected from 88% to 95%. This changed the

ANSI and Fixture watts for the EEM, ballast option and resulted in changes in fixture watts for the

other technology options due to ballast factor normalization.

Table 3.4 ANSI Watts and Fixture Watts for Various Lamp/Ballast Combinations

Ballast Energy Efficient

Magnetic

Cathode Cutout Rapid Start Electronic Instant Start Electronic

Lamp ANSI

watts

Fixture

watts*

ANSI

watts

Fixture

watts*

ANSI

watts

Fixture

watts*

ANSI

watts

Fixture

watts*

1 F40T12 51.1 51.1 42.8 49.0 38.5 40.6 NA NA

1 F40T12/ES 42.3 42.3 36.7 38.9 31.1 32.4 NA NA

2 F40T12 88.9 88.9 72.4 82.9 72.0 79.6 NA NA

2 F40T12/ES 72.4 72.4 62.2 65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA

3 F40T12 NA NA NA NA 106.7 107.8 NA NA

3 F40T 12/ES NA NA NA NA 95.1 93.2 NA NA

4 F40T12 NA NA NA NA 142.9 144.4 NA NA

2 F96T12 161.3 161.3 NA NA NA NA 136.4 145.9

2F96T12/ES 126.1 126.1 NA NA NA NA 113.2 111.3

2 F96T12110 237.5 237.5 209.5 226.2 195.4 218.4 NA NA

2 F96T12H0/ES 200.0 200.0 185.3 185.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA

I F32T8 38.8 38.8 NA NA 29.7 32.8 30.7 32.0

2 F32T8 74.3 74.3 62.9 69.5 '61.3 65.3 59.0 63.3

3 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 94.3 89.6 85.1 85.4

4 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 122.8 116.7 108.2 109.6

Notes:

NA = not available

*The values in the column labeled "Fixture watts" were obtained by making corrections to the ANSI watts. The corrections

applied to the ANSI watts for three and four-lamp ballast technology options are 1) thermal correction factor for power input

and 2) thermal correction factor for light output, required when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in

a plenum, and 3) power correction factor to normalize light output to the baseline. For all other classes, only the power

correction was applied to the ANSI watts, that is, each technology option wattage was normalized to the baseline ballast BF.

Refer to Appendix A for details on applying the correction factors.'

3.8

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

1:>Y NEMA in its correspondence to LBNL (10). Changes made relative to Table 3.4 of the previous 

LBNL.draft report(11) are minor (the maximum wattage change being approximately 1%), except 

for the 2F96T12 and 2F96T12HO full-wattage product classes where an error in the EEM ballast 

mctor was found. The EEM ballast factor has been corrected from 88% to 95%. This changed the 

ANSI and Fixture watts for the EEM. ballast option and resulted in changes in fIxture watts for the 

other technology options due to ballast factor normalization. 

Table 3.4 ANSI Watts and Fixture Watts for Various Lam~/Ballast Combinations 

Ballast Energy Efficient Cathode Cutout Rapid Start Electronic Instant Start Electronic 

Ma~etic 

Lamp ANSI Fixture ANSI Fixture ANSI Fixture ANSI Fixture 

watts watts'" watts watts'" watts watts'" watts watts'" 

1 F40Tl2 51.1 51.1 42.8 49.0 38.5 40.6 NA NA 

1 F40Tl2IES 42.3 42.3 36.7 38.9 31.1 32.4 NA NA 

2 F40Tl2 88.9 88.9 72.4 82.9 72.0 79.6 NA NA 

2 F40Tl2IES 72.4 72.4 62.2 65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA 

3 F40Tl2 , NA NA NA NA 106.7 107.8 NA NA 

3 F40Tl2IES NA NA NA NA 95.1 93.2 NA NA 

4 F40Tl2 NA NA NA NA 142.9 144.4 NA NA 

2 F96Tl2 161.3 161.3 NA NA NA NA 136.4 145.9 

2F96Tl2IES 126.1 126.1 NA NA NA NA 113.2 111.3 

2 F96Tl2HO 237.5 237.5 209.5 226.2 195.4 218.4 NA NA 

2 F96Tl2HOIES 200.0 200.0 185.3 185.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA 

1 F32T8 38.S 38.8 NA NA 29.7 32.8 30.7 32.0 

2 F32T8 74.3 74.3 62.9 69.5 61.3 65.3 59.0 63.3 

3 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 94.3 89.6 85.1 85.4 

4 F32T8 NA NA NA NA ·122:8 116.7 108.2 109.6 

Notes: 

NA = not llvailable 

'" The values in the column labeled ''Fixture watts" were obtained by making corrections to the ANSI watts. The corrections 

applied to the ANSI watts for three and four-lamp ballast technology options are 1) thermal correction factor for power input 

and 2) thermal correction factor for light output, required when the lamplballast combination is in a fixture and installed in . 

a plenum, and 3) power correction factor to normalize light output to the baseline. For all other classes; only the power 

correction was applied to the ANSI wattS, that is, each technology option wattage was normaliZed to the baseline ·ballast BF. 

Refer to Appendix A for details on applying the correction factors .. 

3.8 
3.5 EFFICIENCY ENERGY USE DATA

The values of BEF and fixture watts that appear in the efficiency and energy use tables (Tables

3.5 to 3.19) are derived according to the definitions stated in section 3.4. Energy efficiency levels

are defined in section 3.6. Energy use was computed by multiplying the fixture watts by the annual

lighting hours. The annual lighting hours of operation were derived from a large data set of energy

audits throughout the U.S.(12). Annual interior lighting hours were calculated by lamp type for the

industrial sector and for ten commercial sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant,

lodging, health, assembly, school, college, and warehouse.

To derive commercial sector lighting hours, hours for the separate building types were weighted

using CBECS 1992 national square footages for each building type(13). The weighted averages of

the commercial sector annual lighting hours for the different lamp types are: 3600 hours for

F40Tl2/F32T8: 3600 hours for F96T12; and 4000 hours for F96T12HO. The industrial sector

annual lighting hours for the applicable lamp types are: 4000 hours for F96T 12 and 5000 hours for

F96T 12HO. The commercial sector hours are used for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T 12 product

classes, while the industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO product classes. Sensitivity runs are

also performed using industrial sector hours for F96T 12 and commercial sector hours for F96T 12HO

product classes. Appendix A contains details of the lighting hours calculations.

All of the data in Tables 3.5 through 3.19 have an uncertainty associated with them. There are

two sources of uncertainty in BEF values, measurement error and variability in the manufacturing

process. A series of eight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one

ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamp/ballast

combination. The range in BEF that was calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for

a one-lamp F32 ballast and 1.523 to 1.537 for a two-lamp F32 ballast. These tests indicate that an

absolute measurement error in the BEF of 0.045 for the one-lamp F32 ballast and 0.014 for the twolamp F32 ballast may exist. Data from industry on production runs in excess of one-thousand units

indicate an average production run variation in BEF of ±2 percent.

Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (1-Lamp F40T12)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @ 3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 1.86 51.1 184

l a, lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.94 49.0 176

3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.34 40.6 146

Note:

The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T12/ES,

F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88%for

F96T12HO and F96T12HO/ES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency

Levels.

3.9

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA 

The values ofBEF and fixture watts that appear in the efficiency and energy use tables (Tables 

3.5 to 3.19) are derived according to the definitions stated in section 3.4. Energy efficiency levels 

are defined in section 3.6. Energy use was computed by multiplying the fixture watts by the annual 

lighting hours. The annual lighting hours of operation were derived from a large data set of energy 

audits throughout the U.S.(12). Annual interior lighting hours were calculated by lamp type for the 

industrial sector and for ten commercial sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, 

" lodging, health, assembly, school, college, and warehouse. . 

To derive commercial sector lighting hours, hours for the separate building types were weighted 

using CBECS 1992 national square footages for each building type(13). The weighted averages of 

the commercial sector annual lighting hours for the different lamp types are: 3600 hours for 

F40T12IF32T8: 3600 hours for F96T12; and 4000 hours for F96T12HO. The industrial sector 

annual lighting hours for the applicable lamp types are: 4000 hours for F96T12 and 5000 hours for 

F96T12HO. The commercial sector hours are used for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T12 product 

classes, while the industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO product classes. Sensitivity runs are 

also performed using industrial sector hours for F96T12 and commercial sector hours for F96T12HO 

product classes. Appendix A contains details of the lighting hours calculations. 

All ofthe data in Tables 3.5 through 3.19 have an uncertainty associated with them. There are 

two sources of uncertainty in BEF values, measurement error and variability in the manufacturing 

process. A series of eight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one 

ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamplballast 

combination. The range in BEF that was calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for 

a one-lamp F32 ballast and 1.523 to 1.537 for a two-lamp F32 ballast. These tests indicate that an 

absolute measurement error in the BEF of 0.045 for the" one-lamp F32 ballast and 0.014 for the twolamp F32 ballast may exist. Data from industry on production runs in excess of one-thousand units 

"indicate an average production run variation in BEF of ±2 percent. 

Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (I-Lamp F40T12) 

Energy Efficiency 

Level 

1 a, 1 b,2a,2b 

3,4 

Note: 

Ballast Type 

(Technology Option) 

EE Magnetic " 

Cathode Cutout 

Electronic, Rapid-Start 

BEF 

1.86 

1.94 

2.34 

Fixture Energy Use (kWhlyr) 

watts @3600 hours/yr 

51.1 184 

49.0 176 

40.6 146 

The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40Tl2, F32T8, F96Tl2, and F96Tl2HO lamps, and 88% for F40Tl2lES, 

F96Tl2lES, and F96Tl2HOIES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for 

F96Tl2HO and F96Tl2HOIES lamps and 83% for F40Tl2lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency 

Levels. 

3.9 
Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (1-Lamp F40T12/ES)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 2.08 42.3 152

la,lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 2.26 38.9 140

3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.72 32.4 117

Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F40T12)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 1.07 88.9 320

l a, lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.15 82.9 298

3.4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 1.19 79.6 287

Table 3.8 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F40T12/ES)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 1.22 72.4 261

1 a, lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.34 65.9 237

3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 1.42 62.0 223

Table 3.9 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts ,3600 hours/yr

l a, l b EE Magnetic 0.59 161.3 581

2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Instant-Start 0.65 145.9 525

Note:

The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T12/ES,

F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for

F96T12HO and F96T12HO/ES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency

Levels.

3.10

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

~able 3J; Efficiency ami Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ball~sts (I-Lamp F40T12IES) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

Level (Technology Option) watts @3600hours/yr 

EEMagnetic 2.08 42.3 152 

1 a, 1 b,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 2.26 38.9 140 

3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.72 32.4 117 

Table 3.7 Efficienc;r and Ener~ Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts {2-Lam~ F40T12} 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

Level ~Technology Option~ watts @3600 hoursllr 

EEMagnetic 1.07 88.9 320 

la,lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.15 82.9 298 

3.4 Electronic, RaEid-Start 1.19 79.6 287 

Table 3.8 Efficienc;r and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts {2-Lam~ F40T12IES) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

Level ~Technology Option~ watts @3600 hoursllr 

EEMagnetic 1.22 72.4 261 

la,lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.34 65.9 237 

3,4 Electronic, RaEid-Start 1.42 62.0 223 

Table 3.9 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts {2-Lam~ F96T12) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type 

Level (Technology Option) 

1 a, 1 b EE Magnetic 

2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Instant-Start 

Note: 

BEF 

0.59 

0.65 

Fixture 

watts 

161.3 

145.9 

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

@3600 hours/lr 

581 

525 

The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T121ES, 

F96T12/ES, .and F96T12HOIES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for 

F96T12HO and F96T12HOIES lamps and 83% for F40T12Iamps. Refer to Table' 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency 

Levels. - . . 

3.lO 
Table 3.10 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12/ES)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

l a, l b EE Magnetic 0.70 126.1 454

2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Instant-Start 0.79 111.3 401

Table 3.11 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12HO)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @5000 hours/yr

lb EE Magnetic 0.40 237.5 1188

1 a Cathode Cutout 0.42 226.2 1131

2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.44 218.4. 1092

Table 3.12 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12HO/ES)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @5000 hours/yr

lb EE Magnetic 0.44 200 1000

1 a Cathode Cutout 0.48 185.3 927

2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.50 176.5 883

Table 3.13 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F40T12)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

2a,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.80 107.8 388

Table 3.14 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F40T12/ES)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

Note: .

2a,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.91 93.2 336

The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40Tl2/ES,

F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for F96T12HO

and F96T12HO/ES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency Levels.

Table 3.15 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (4-Lamp F40T12)

3.11

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

Table 3.10 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12IES) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type 

Level (Technology Option) 

1 a, 1 b EE Magnetic 

2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Instant-Start 

BEF 

0.70 

0.79 

Fixture 

watts 

126.1 

111.3 

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

@3600 hours/yr 

454 

401 

Table 3.11 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2;.Lamp F96T12HO) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

Level ~Technology Option} watts @5000 hours/yr 

Ib EEMagnetic 0.40 237.5 1188 

la Cathode Cutout 0.42 226.2 1131 

2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Ra£id-Start 0.44 218.4. 1092 

Table 3.12 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12HOIES) , 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

Level ~Technology Option} watts @5000 hours/~ 

Ib EEMagnetic 0.44 200 1000 

la Cathode Cutout 0.48 185.3 927 

2a,2b,3;4 Electronic, Ra£id-Start 0.50 176.5 883 

Table 3.13 Efficiency and·Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F40T12) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF 

Level (Technology Option) 

2a,3,4 Electronic, Ra£id-Start 0.80 

, 

Fixture 

watts 

107.8 

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

@3600 hours/yr 

388 

Table 3.14 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F40T12IES) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF 

Level (Technology Option) 

2a,3,4 Electronic, Ra£id-Start 0.91 

Note: 

Fixture 

watts 

93.2 

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

@3600 hours/yr 

336 

The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40Tl2, F32T8, F96Tl2, and F96Tl2HO lamps, and 88% for F40Tl2lES, 

F96Tl21ES, and F96Tl2HOIES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8lamps, 88% for F96Tl2HO 

and F96Tl2HOIES lamps and 83% for F40Tl2lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency Levels. 

Table 3.15 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (4-Lamp F40T12) 

3.11 
Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level .(Technology Option) watts 3600 hours/yr

2a,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.61 144.4 520

Table 3.16 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (1-Lamp F32T8)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

l a, l b EE Magnetic 2.45 38.8 140

2a,2b,3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.90 32.8 118

4 Electronic, Instant-Start 2.97 32.0 115

Table 3.17 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F32T8)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) @3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 1.28 74.3 267

1 a, l b Cathode Cutout 1.37 69.5 250

2a,2b,3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 1.46 65.3 235

4 Electronic, Instant-Start 1.50 63.3 228

Table 3.18 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F32T8)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) @3600 hours/yr

3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.99 89.6 323

4 Electronic, Instant-Start 1.04 85.4 307

Table 3.19 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (4-Lamp F32T8)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level (Technology Option) @3600 hours/yr

3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.73 116.7 420

4 Electronic, Instant-Start 0.77 109.6 394

Note:

The typical •EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T12/ES,

F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps., The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for F96T12HO

and F96T12HO/ES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency Levels.

3.12

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF 

Level .(Technology Option) 

2a,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.61 

Fixture 

watts 

144.4 

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

@3600 hours/yr 

520 

Table 3.16 Efficienc~ and Ener2Y Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts {1-Lam~ F32TS) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

Level {Technology Option~ watts @3600 hours/~r 

la,lb EEMagnetic 2.45 38.8 140 

2a,2b,3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.90 32.8 118 

4 Electronic, Instaqt':Start 2.97 32.0 115 

Table 3.17 Efficienc~ and Ener2Y Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts {2-Lam~ F32TS) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

Level {Technology O~tion~ @3600 hours/~r 

EEMagnetic 1.28 74.3 267 

1a,lb Cathode Cutout 1.37 69.5 250 

2a,2b,3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 1.46 65.3 235 

4 Electronic, Instant-Start 1.50 63.3 228 

Table 3.1S Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts {3-Lam~ F32TS) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type 

Level {Technology Option) 

3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 

4 Electronic, Instant-Start 

BEF 

0.99 

1.04 

Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

@3600 hours/yr 

89.6 323 

85.4 307 

Table 3.19 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts {4-Lam~ F32TS) 

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type 

Level {Technology Option) 

3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 

4 Electronic, Instant-Start 

'Note: 

. BEF 

0.73 

0.77 

Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr) 

@3600 hours/yr 

116.7 , 420 

109.6 394 

The typical,EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T121ES, 

F96T121ES, and F96T12HOIES lamps., The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8lamps, 88% for F96T12HO 

and F96T12HOIES lamps and 83% for F40T12Iamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency Levels. 

3.12 
3.6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEVELS

Several energy efficiency levels (shown in Table 3.20) were chosen to show potential energy

savings from fluorescent ballast efficiency improvements. Description of the efficiency level in terms

of its representative technologies is complicated by the fact that each energy-efficient technology is not

available for every product class, as noted in the detailed description below. Nevertheless, the following

generalizations describe the rationale for the levels. The efficiency levels are organized so as to provide

increasing energy savings as the level number increases and where possible, to group like technologies

together, such as cathode cutout or electronic rapid start ballasts. Note that in some classes of ballasts,

some technologies are not available in the market or are not feasible.

In several cases for three and four-lamp ballasts, single magnetic and cathode cutout ballasts that

drive 3 or 4 lamps are not manufactured and are therefore not present in the engineering tables as

technology options. However, there are many 3- and 4-lamp fixtures that use either combinations of

1 or 2-lamp magnetic ballasts or single 3- or 4-lamp electronic ballasts.

The initial energy efficiency levels evaluated in this report (in Tables 3.5 through 3.19) are

numbered I a through 4 and correspond to the following technology options.

1) Level 1 a is Non-Electronic (Cathode Cutout or Energy Efficient Magnetic)

2) Level lb is the same as level la except that the ballast that operates the 2F96T12HO is changed

from a cathode cutout to an energy efficient magnetic ballast.

3) Level 2a is a combination of Cathode Cutout and Electronic Rapid Start

4) Level 2b is the same as level 2a except that for three and four lamp T12 lamps, the efficiency

level remains at cathode cutout rather than changing to electronic rapid start.

5) Level 3 is Electronic Rapid Start

6) Level 4 is Electronic Instant Start

Existing ballast standards cover only energy efficient magnetic (EEM) ballasts for one and two

lamp F40T 12 types, two lamp F96T 12 types and two lamp F96T 12HO types. Fluorescent lamp

standards effective in November 1995 restrict the use of the F40 and F96 full wattage halophosphor

lamps but leave the reduced wattage halophosphor and full wattage rare earth phosphor versions

available. Life-cycle costs, energy savings, and economic impacts were calculated for reduced-wattage

lamp/ballast combinations as well as rare earth full wattage lamp/ballast combinations. The same ballast

is used for standard lamps and reduced wattage lamps.

Note that the F40T12 ballasts that drive three and four lamps have only been available in the

electronic rapid-start technology. Luminaire manufacturers can use combinations of the one and two

lamp•F40T12 ballasts for three and-four lamp fixtures where energy efficient magnetic ballast types are

desired.

The F32T8 ballasts for one, two, three, and four lamps are included as product classes because

this ballast type accounts for a significant percentage of the market. For three and four-lamp ballasts,

single magnetic and cathode cutout ballasts that drive 3 or 4 lamps are not manufactured and are

3.13

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

3.6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEVELS 

Several energy efficiency levels (shQwn in Table 3.20) were chQsen tQ shQW PQtential energy 

savings frQm fluQrescentballast efficiency improvements. DescriptiQn 'Of the efficiency level in terms 

Qfits representative technQIQgies is cQmplicated by the fact that each energy-efficient technQIQgy is nQt 

available fQr every prQduct class, as nQted in the detailed descriptiQn belQw. Nevertheless, the fQllQwing 

generalizatiQns descnbe the ratiQnale fQr the levels. The efficiency levels are 'Organized SQ as tQ provide 

increasing energy savings as the level number increases and where PQssible, tQ grQUP like technolQgies 

tQgether, such as cathode cutQut 'Or electrQnic rapid start ballasts. NQtethat in SQme classes 'Of ballasts, 

SQme technQIQgies are nQt available in the market 'Or are nQt feasible. 

In several cases fQr three and fQur-lamp ballasts, single magnetic and cathQde cutQut ballasts that 

drive 3 'Or 4 lamps are nQt manufactured and are therefQre nQt present in the engineering tables as 

technQIQgy QptiQns. HQwever, there are many 3- and 4-lamp fixtures that use either cQmbinatiQns 'Of 

1 'Or 2-lamp magnetic ballasts 'Or single 3- 'Or 4-lamp electrQnic ballasts. 

The initial energy efficiency levels evaluated in this repQrt (in Tables 3.5 thrQugh 3.19) are 

numbered 1 a thrQugh 4 and cQrresPQnd tQ the fQllQwing technQIQgy QptiQns. 

1) Levella is NQn-ElectrQnic (CathQde CutQut 'Or Energy Efficient Magnetic) 

2) Levellb is the same as level ta except that the ballast that 'Operates the 2F96T12HO is changed 

frQm a cathode cutQut tQ an energy efficient magnetic ballast. 

3) Level 2a is a cQmbination 'Of CathQde CutQut and ElectrQnic Rapid Start 

4) Level 2b is the same as level 2a except that fQr three and fQur hunp T 12 lamps, the efficiency 

level remains at cathQde cutQut rather than changing tQ electrQnic rapid start. 

5) Level 3 is ElectrQnic Rapid Start 

6) Level 4 is ElectrQnic Instant Start 

Existing ballast standards CQver 'Only energy efficient magnetic (EEM) ballasts fQr 'One and twQ 

lamp F40T12 types, tWQ lamp F96T12 types and tWQ lamp F96T12HO types. FluQrescent lamp 

standards effective in NQvember 1995 restrict the use 'Of the F40 and F96 full wattage halQphQsphQr 

lamps but leave the reduced wattage halQphQsphQr and full wattage rare earth phQsphQr versiQns 

available. Life-cycle CQsts, energy savings, and eCQnQmic impacts were calculated fQr reduced-wattage 

lamplballast combinatiQns as well as rare earth full wattage lamp/ballast cQmbinatiQns~ The same ballast 

is used fQr standard lamps and reduced wattage lamps. . 

NQte that the F40T12 ballasts that drive three and fQur lamps have 'Only been available in the 

electrQnic rapid-start technQIQgy. Luminaire manufacturers can use cQmbinatiQns 'Of the 'One and twQ 

lamp·F40T12 ballasts fQr three andJQur lamp fixtures where energy efficient magnetic ballast types are 

desired. 

The F32T8 ballasts fQr 'One, tWQ, three, and fQur lamps are included as prQduct classes because 

this ballast type aCCQunts fQr a significant percentage 'Of the market. FQr three and fQur-lamp ballasts, 

single magnetic and cathQde cutQut ballasts that drive 3 'Or 4 lamps are nQt manufactured and are 

3.13 
therefore not present in the engineering tables as technology options.

Level ]a .

Level 1 a is comprised of non-electronic or cathode cutout ballasts. The cathode cutout ballast

type provides energy savings via a circuit in the ballast which shuts off the cathode heater after, the lamp

is lit. Note that CC ballasts for one lamp F32T8 and two lamp F96T12 systems are not made, and the

EEM ballast is selected for level la. For three and four lamp F40T12 and F32T8 systems, single EEM

and CC ballasts also are not available; for the consumer energy analysis their fixtures contain

combinations of one and two lamp ballast types.

Level ]b

Level lb is the same as level la except that the ballast that operates the 2F96T12HO is changed

from a cathode cutout to an energy efficient magnetic ballast.

Level 2a

Level 2a is comprised of a combination of non-electronic and electronic ballasts. Retaining the

cathode cutout ballasts for the one and two lamp F40T12 systems provides a magnetic ballast for the

replacement market and for use with the reduced wattage energy saver lamps which may have starting

problems with electronic ballasts. Three and four lamp F40T12 systems have electronic ballasts because

only an electronic rapid start (ERS) ballast is available for these lamp types. Combinations of the one

and two lamp CC ballasts could be used for replacement situations. The two lamp F96T 12 ballast is the

electronic instant start (EIS) type and the two lamp F96T 12HO ballast is the ERS type because. those

are the only electronic ballast types available. All of the F32T8 ballasts are ERS types at level 2a;

magnetic ballasts are presently less than 5% of the T8 market. At level 2a, energy efficient magnetic and

cathode cutout ballasts would continue to supply a large percentage (-40-50%) of the total market in

2001.

Level 2b

Level 2b is the same as level 2a except that for three and four lamp T12 lamps, the efficiency

level remains at cathode cutout rather than changing to electronic rapid start.

Level 3

Level 3 is comprised of electronic ballasts, primarily rapid start types. Electronic instant start

ballasts are used for the two lamp F96T 12 type because the ERS ballast type is not available. This

energy efficiency level would convert about 40-50% of the present total market from magnetic to

electronic ballasts in the year 2001.

Level 4

The only difference between level 4 and level 3 is that for T8 lamps, electronic instant start

.ballasts are employed rather than electronic rapid start ballasts. Note that all classes of the F40T12

ballast are electronic rapid start types because the instant start ballast would require a different cathode

in the lamp and such lamps are not generally available. The instant start ballasts are not always preferred

because of reduced lamp life, especially with more frequent switching by occupancy sensors. Reduced

lamp life is accounted for in the life cycle cost and the consumer economic analyses.

3.14

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

therefore not present in the engineering tables as technology options. 

Levella. 

Level 1 a is comprised of non-electronic or cathode cutout ballasts. The cathode cutout ballast 

type provides energy savings via a circuit in the ballast which shuts off the cathode heater after the lamp 

is lit. Note that CC ballasts for one lamp F32T8 and two lamp F96T12 systems are not made, and the 

EEM ballast is selected for level 1a. For three and four lamp F40T12 and F32T8 systems, single EEM 

and CC ballasts also are not available; for the consumer energy analysis their fixtures contain 

combinations of one and two lamp ballast types. 

Levellb 

Level1b is th~ same as level1a except that the ballast that operates the 2F96T12HO is changed 

from a cathode cutout to an energy efficient magnetic ballast. 

Level2a 

Level2a is comprised of a combination of non-electronic and electronic ballasts. Retaining the 

cathode cutout ballasts for the one and two lamp F40T12 systems provides a magnetic ballast for the 

replacement market and for use with the reduced wattage energy saver lamps which may have starting 

problems with electronic ballasts. Three and four lamp F40T12 systems have electronic ballasts because 

only an electronic rapid start (ERS) ballast is available for these lamp types. Combinations of the one 

and two lamp CC ballasts could be used for replacement situations. The two lamp F96T 12 ballast is the 

electronic instant start (EIS) type and the two lamp F96T12HO ballast is the ERS type because those 

are the only electronic ballast types available. All of the F32T8 ballasts are ERS types at level 2a; 

magnetic ballasts are presently less than 5% of the T8 market. At level2a, energy efficient magnetic and 

cathode cutout ballasts would continue to supply a large percentage (-40-50%) of the total market in 

'2001. 

Level2b 

Level 2b is the same as level 2a except that for three and four lamp T 12 lamps, the efficiency 

level remains at cathode cutout rather than changing to electronic rapid start. 

Level 3 

Level 3 is comprised of electronic ballasts, primarily rapid start types. Electronic instant start 

ballasts are used for the two lamp F96T12 type because the ERS ballast type is not available. This 

energy efficiency level would convert about 40-50% of the present total market from magnetic to 

electronic ~allasts in the year 2001. 

Level 4 

The only difference between level 4 and level 3 is that for T8 lamps, electronic instant start 

ballasts are employed rather than electronic rapid start ballasts. Note that 'all classes of the F40T12 

ballast are electronic rapid start types because the instant start ballast would require a different cathode 

in the lamp and 'such lamps are not generally available. The instant start ballasts are not always preferred 

because of reduced lamp life, especially with more frequent switching by occupancy sensors. Reduced 

lamp life is accounted for in the life cycle cost and the consumer economic analyses. 

3.14 
Table 3.20 Comparison of Ballast Alternative Energy Efficiency Levels

Energy Efficiency Level

Ballast Type - Baseline Level la

CC

Level lb

CC

Level 2a

CC & ERS

Level 2b

CC & ERS

Level 3

ERS

Level 4

EIS

1 F40T12 EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS

1 F40Tl2/ES EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS

2 F40T12 EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS

2 F40T 12/ES EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS

3 F40T12 EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS

3 F40Tl2/ES EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS

4 F40T12 EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS

1 F32T8 EEM EEM EEM ERS ERS ERS EIS

2'F32T8 EEM CC CC ERS' ERS ERS EIS

3 F32T8 EEM* EEM* EEM* ERS ERS ERS EIS

4 F32T8 EEM* CC* CC* ERS ERS ERS EIS

2 F96T12 EEM EEM EEM EIS EIS EIS EIS

2 F96T12/ES EEM EEM EEM EIS EIS EIS EIS

2 F96T12HO EEM CC EEM ERS ERS ERS ERS

2 F96T12HO/ES EEM CC EEM ERS ERS ERS ERS

* Combination of one plus two lamp or two plus two lamp ballasts.

3.15

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

Table 3.20 Comparison of Ballast Alternative .Energy Efficiency Levels 

Ener ~ Efficiency Level 

Ballast Type Baseline Levella Levellb Leve12a Level2b Level 3 Level 4 

CC CC CC&ERS CC&ERS ERS EIS 

, 

I'F40T12 EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 

1 F40T12IES EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 

2 F40T12 EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 

2 F40T12IES EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 

3 F40Tl2 EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS 

3 F40T12IES EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS 

4 F40Tl2 EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS 

1 F32T8 EEM EEM EEM ERS ERS ERS EIS 

2F32T8 EEM CC CC ERS' ERS ERS EIS 

3 F32T8 EEM* EEM* EEM* ERS ERS ERS EIS 

4 F32T8 EEM* CC* CC* ERS ERS ERS EIS 

.2 F96Tl2 EEM EEM EEM EIS EIS EIS EIS 

2 F96T12IES EEM EEM EEM EIS EIS EIS EIS 

2 F96T12HO EEM CC EEM ERS ERS ERS ERS .. 

2 F96T12HOIES EEM CC EEM ERS ERS ERS ERS 

* Combination of one plus two lamp or two plus two lamp ballasts. 

3.15 
REFERENCES

1. American National Standards Institute. ANSI C82.2. An American National Standard,

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts - Methods ofMeasurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2., 1984.

2. NEMA 1996. Attachment to Comment #9, Hybrid Ballasts III Life Test-Results and System

Performance Data by Garbowicz D. and Jug B.R., submitted on Proposed Rulemaking'for

Fluorescent Ballasts by Coulson L.A. Rosslyn, VA, July 19, 1996.

3.. Advance Transformer Co. Comments on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts,

Docket No: 0692, pg 13-16, July 18, 1994.

4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7,

1993 and February 2, 1994.

5. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 1995. Public Workshop Comments,

Appendixes A and B. Docket No: 10, Lamp Ballast Workshop, March 31, 1995.

6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of

NYSEO and Peter Biermayer of LBNL.

7. Seattle Lighting Design Lab. 1995. Electronic Ballast List for Full Size Fluorescent Lamps,

pg 10, July 1994.

8. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. "Procedure For Determining Luminaire Efficacy

Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 1, January 1995" National Electrical

Manufacturers Association, 1995.

9. U.S. Department of Energy. Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993. DOE/EE-0008, U.S.

Department of Energy, California Energy Commission, Electric Power Research Institute.

10. NEMA 1996. Letter to Isaac Turiel of LBNL from Lake A. Coulson, Manager Government

Affairs, National Electrical Manufacturers Association. June 6, 1996.

11. U.S. Department of Energy . 1996. Draft Report on Potential Impact of Possible Energy

Efficiency Levels for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts. February 1996.

12. Xenergy Inc. 1995. Extract of XENCAP lighting audit database showing lighting equipment

and lighting hours of operation for over 24,000 buildings nationwide for the years 1990- early

1995

13. U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA) 1994.

Commercial Buildings Characteristics 1992. Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey. DOE/EIA-0246(92). ,

3.16

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

REFERENCES 

1.' American National Standards Institute. ANSI C82.2. An American National Standard, 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts - Methods of Measurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2., 1984. 

2. NEMA 1996. Attachment to Comment #9, Hybrid Ballasts III Life TestResults and System 

Performance Data by Garbowicz D. and Jug B.R., submitted on Proposed Rulemaking'for 

Fluorescent Ballasts by Coulson L.A. Rosslyn, VA, July 19, 1996. 

3. Advance Transformer Co. Comnients on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts, 

Docket No: 0692, pg 13-16, July 18, 1994. 

4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7, 

1993 and February 2, 1994. 

5. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 1995. Public Workshop Comments, 

Appendixes A and B. Docket No: 10, Lamp Ballast Workshop, March 31, 1995. 

6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of 

NYSEO and Peter Biermayer ofLBNL. 

7. Seattle Lighting Design Lab. 1995. Electronic Ballast List for Full Size Fluorescent Lamps, 

pg 10, July 1994. 

8. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. "Procedure For Determining Luminaire Efficacy 

Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 1, January 1995" National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association, 1995. ' 

9. U.S. Department of Energy. Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993. DOEIEE-0008, U.S. 

Department of Energy, California Energy C::ommission, Electric Power Research Institute. 

10. NEMA 1996. Letter to Isaac Turie1 ofLBNL from Lake A. Coulson, Manager Government 

Affairs, National Electrical Manufacturers Association. June 6, 1996. 

II. U.S. Department of Energy. 1996. Draft Report on Potential Impact of Possible Energy 

Efficiency Levelsfor Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts. February 1996. 

12. Xenergy Inc. 1995. Extract ofXENCAP lighting audit database showing lighting equipment 

. and lighting hours of operation for over 24,000 buildings nationwide for the years 199()- early 

1995 

13. U.S. Dep'artment of EnergylEnergy Information Admmistration (DOEIEIA) 1994. 

Commercial Buildings Characteristics 1992: Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption 

Survey. DOEIEIA-0246(92). -

3.16 
D]

1996 Fluorescent Ballast Prices

From Gough & Associates Survey

Magnetic Ballasts (EEM)

1 996

Price

1993

Price

Price

Percent

Change

2-F40T12 $11 .43 $12.44 1 -8%

2-F96 T12 $1 9.90 $20.74 -4%

2-F96T12H0 $32.85 $39.33 -16%

2-F32 T8 $15.58 $16.70 -7%

Cathode Cutout Ballasts

1 996

Price

1993

Price

Price

Percent

Change

Delta Price

New

Delta Price

Old

2-F40T12 $16.33 $18.86 -13% $4.90 $6.42

2-F96T12H0 $37.74 $49.40 -24% $4.89 $10.07

2-F32 T8 $19.24 $21.74 -12% $3.66 $5.04

Electronic Ballasts

1996

Price

2-F40T12

2-F96 T12

2-F96T12H0

2-F32 T8/RS

2-F32 T8/IS

Price

1993 Percent Delta Price Delta Price

Price Change New Old

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

j 

j I 

2-F40T12 

2-F96 T12 

2-F96T12HO 

2-F32 T8 

2-F40T12 

2-F96T12HO 

2-F32 T8 

2-F40T12 

2-F96 T12 

2-F96T12HO 

2-F32 T8/RS 

2-F32 T811S 

1996 Fluorescent Ballast Prices 

From Gough & Associates Survey 

1996 

Price 

Magnetic Ballasts (EEM) 

1993 

Price 

Price 

Percent 

Change 

-8% 

-4% 

-16% 

-7% 

Cathode Cutout Ballasts 

Price 

1996 

Price 

1993 

Price 

Percent Delta Price Delta Price 

Change New Old 

$16.33 $18.86 -13% $4.90 $6.42 t $37.74 I $49.40 -24% $4.89 $10.07 

$19.24 I $21.74 -12% $3.66 $5.04 

Electronic Ballasts 

1996 

Price 

$22.38 

$30.46 

$46.44 

1993 

Price 

$28.94 

$42.13 

$54.67 

$20.13 H29.14 

$18.61 $28.67 

Price 

Percent Delta Price Delta Price 

Change New Old 

-23% $10.95 $16.50 

-28% $10.56 $21.39 

-15% $13.58 $15.34 

-31% $4.55 $12.44 

-35% $3.03 $11.97 
Bk5

Table 4.9A

Engineering/Economic Calculations for

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts with

Two F96 T12/ES Lamps (Industrial Sector)

(All dollar amounts in $1995)

2001 Electricity Cost ($/kWh) 0.048

Annual Lighting Hours 4000

Labor Rates ($1995) $29.35 $50.00

Real Discount Rates 4% 8% 12%

Period (Years) 11.25

Ballast Ballast Annual PV Lamp

Equip + Service Normalized Energy Annual Equip+

Design Labor Cost Life . Fixture Use Elect Payback Labor Cost Total Life Cycle Cost (LCC)

Number Technology Option (at 8%) (years) Watts (kWhtyr) Cost (years) (at 8%) 4% 8% 12%

0 Energy Efficient Magnetic 62.97 11.25 126.1 504 24.21 na 34.36 323 273 236

1 Electronic, Instant Start 84.36 11.25 111.3 445 21.37 7.5 34.36 319 273 240

9612.113.24

Lamp Lamp Ballast

Lamp Lamp Time to Relamp Service PV Lamp Ballast Ballast Time to Ballast

Design Equip Labor Change Life Life Equip + Labor Cost Consumer Labor Change Equip +

Number Technology Uption Cust lost (i116wiz^o) Price Cost (minutes) Labor Cost -) ^••-^-3) ".°! . 9°+-. 12%

0 Energy Efficient Magnetic 5.87 8.32 17.0 11000 2.75 43.63 34.36 27.63 20.74 36.37 55.0 62.97

1 Electronic, Instant Start 5.87 8.32 17.0 11000 2.75 43.63 34.36 27.63 42.13 36.37 55.0 84.36

Page 1

O

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

Table 4.9A 

2001 Electricity Cost ($/kWh) 

Annual Lighting Hours 

Labor Rates ($1995) 

Real Discount Rates 

Period (Years) 

Design 

Number Technology Option 

o Energy Efficient Magnetic 

1 Electronic, Instant Start 

DeSign 

Nuinoer Technolo'gy Optioll 

o Energy Efficient Magnetic 

1 Electronic, Instant Start 

0.048 

4000 

Bk5 

Engineering/Economic Calculations for 

, Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts with 

Two F96 T12/ES Lamps (Industrial Sector) 

(All donar amounts in $1995) 

$29.35 $50.00 

4"10 B% 12% 

11.25 

Ballast Ballast Annual PVLamp 

Equip + Service NormaHzed Energy Annual Equip+ 

Labor Cost Life . Fixture Use Elect Payback Labor Cost 

(at B%) (years) Watts (kWhlyr) Cost (years) (at B%) 

62.97 11.25 126.1 504 24.21 na 34.36 

84.36 11.25 111.3 445 21.37 7.5 34.36 

Lamp Lamp 

Lamp Lamp Time to Relamp Service PV Lamp 

Equip Labor Change Life Life Equip + labor Cost 

Cost Cost (1IIilll.l(.;6) ,,-_ .. _-, 1 •• _ ......... \ \llv~I~J \jW;;;"I.::JI 1%, !!% 

5.87 8.32 17.0 11000 2.75 43.63 34.36 

5.B7 8.32 17.0 11000 2.75 43.63 34.36 

Page 1 

9612.113.24 

Total Life Cycle Cost (LCC) 

4% 8% 12% 

323 273 236 

319 273 240 

Banast 

Ballast Ballast Time to Ballast 

Consumer Labor Change Equip + 

12% PriP9 Cost (minutes) Labor Cost 

27.63 20.74 36.37 55.0 62.97 

27.63 42.13 36.37 55.0 B4.36 
Payback Sensitivity Analysis

Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price

(cents/kWh)

Low Avg Hi S 1 Avg S2 Low Avg Hi

Commercial Sector

-----------------------------

2500

-------

3600

-----------------

8000

------- ------------------- -----

5.5

-------

7.5

---------------

10.5

------

1 F40T12

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 108.3 75.2 33.8 79.7 75.2 71.4 102.5 75.2 53.7

ERS 8.5 5.9 2.7 4.1 5.9 6.6 8.0 5.9 4.2

1 F40T121ES

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 19.7 13.7 6.2 14.5 13.7 13.0 18.7 13.7 9.8

ERS 9.1 6.3 2.8 4.3 6.3 7.1 8.6 6.3 4.5

2 F40T12

EEM - - - - - - - -

CC 8.9 6.2 2.8 6.6 6.2 5.9 8.5 6.2 4.4

ERS 9.5 6.6 3.0 4.6 6.6 7.4 9.0 6.6 4.7

2 F40T121ES

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 7.3 5.1 2.3 5.4 5.1 4.8 7.0 5.1 3.6

ERS 8.5 5.9 2.7 4.1 5.9 6.6 8.0 5.9 4.2

- Baseline has no payback period

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

Payback Sensitivity Analysis 

Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price 

(centsIkWh) 

Low Avg Hi Sl Avg S2 Low Avg Hi 

Commercial Sector 2500 3600 8000 5.5 7.5 10.5 ----------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------

1 F40T12 

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 108.3 75.2 33.8 79.7 75.2 71.4 102.5 75.2 53.7 

ERS 8.5 5.9 2.7 4.1 5.9 6.6 8.0 5.9 4.2 

1 F40T121ES 

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 19.7 13.7 6.2 14.5 13.7 13.0 18.7 13.7 9.8 

ERS 9.1 6.3 2.8 4.3 6.3 7.1 8.6 6.3 4.5 

2 F40T12 

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 8.9 6.2 2.8 6.6 6.2 5.9 8.5 6.2 4.4 

ERS 9.5 6.6 3.0 4.6 6.6 7.4 9.0 6.6 4.7 

2 F40T121ES 

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 7.3 5.1 2.3 5.4 5.1 4.8 7.0 5.1 3.6 

ERS 8.5 5.9 2.7 4.1 5.9 6.6 8.0 °5.

9 4.2 

- Baseline has no payback period 
Payback Sensitivity Analysis

Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price

(cents/kWh)

Low Avg Hi S1 Avg S2 Low Avg Hi

Commercial Sector

-----------------------------

2500

-------

3600

-----------------

8000

------- ----------------- --------

5.5

------

7.5

---------------

10.5

-------

2 F96T12

EEM - - - - - - - - -

EIS 7.5 5.2 2.3 3.5 5.2 6.0 7.1 5.2 3.7

2 F96T12/ES

EEM - - - - - - - - -

EIS 7.8 5.4 2.4 3.6 5.4 6.2 7.4 5.4 3.9

Industrial Sector

-----------------------------

2500

--------

5000

----------------

8000

------- ------ ----------- --------

3.0

------

4.8

---------------

6.5

-------

2 F96T12H0

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 56.4 28.2 17.6 29.0 28.2 26.8 45.1 28.2 20.8

ERS 6.6 3.3 2.1 1.3 3.3 4.3 5.3 3.3 2.4

2 F96T12H0/ES

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 13.0 6.5 4.1 6.7 6.5 6.2 10.4 6.5 4.8

ERS 5.4 2.7 1.7 1.0 2.7 3.5 4.3 2.7 2.0

- Baseline has no payback period

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

Payback Sensitivity Analysis 

Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price 

(cents/kWh) 

Low Avg Hi SI Avg S2 Low Avg Hi 

Commercial Sector 2500 3600 8000 5.5 7.5 10.5 ----------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------- r----------------------------

2 F96TI2 

EEM - - - - - - - - -

EIS 7.5 5.2 2.3 3.5 5.2 6.0 7.1 5.2 3.7 

2 F96TI21ES 

EEM - - - - - - - - -

EIS 7.8 5.4 2.4 3.6 5.4 6.2 7.4 5.4 3.9 

Industrial Sector 2500 5000 8000 3.0 4.8 6.5 ----------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------

2 F96TI2HO 

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 56.4 28.2 17.6 29.0 28.2 26.8 45.1 28.2 20.8 

ERS 6.6 3.3 2.1 1.3 3.3 4.3 5.3 3.3 2.4 

2 F96TI2HOIES 

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 13.0 6.5 4.1 6.7 6.5 6.2 10.4 6.5 4.8 

ERS 5.4 2.7 1.7 1.0 2.7 3.5 4.3 2.7 2.0 

- Baseline has no payback period 
Payback Sensitivity Analysis

Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price

(cents/kWh)

Low Avg Hi S1 Avg S2 Low Avg Hi

Commercial Sector

-----------------------------

2500

-------

3600

-----------------

8000

------- -------------------------

5.5

------

7.5

---------------

10.5

-------

1 F32T8

EEM - - - - - - - - -

ERS 11.1 7.7 3.5 4.3 7.7 9.2 10.5 7.7 5.5

EIS 19.2 13.3 6.0 7.3 13.3 15.9 18.1 13.3 9.5

2 F32T8

EEM - - - - - - - - -

CC 9.8 6.8 3.1 7.2 6.8 6.5 9.3 6.8 4.9

ERS 7.3 5.1 2.3 2.9 5.1 6.0 7.0 5.1 3.6

EIS 9.4 6.5 2.9 3.6 6.5 7.7 8.9 6.5 4.6

3 F32T8

ERS - - - - - - - - -

EIS 3.9 2.7 1.2 2.3 2.7 2.8 3.7 2.7 1.9

4 F32 T8

ERS - - - - - - - - -

EIS imm imm imm imm imm imm imm imm imm

- Baseline has no payback period

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 0DD

Payback Sensitivity Analysis 

Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price 

" (cents/kWh) 

Low Avg Hi SI Avg S2 Low Avg Hi 

Commercial Sector 2500 3600 8000 5.5 7.5 10.5 ----------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------------

1 F32T8 

EEM - - - - - - - - -

ERS 11.1 7.7 3.5 4.3 7.7 9.2 lO.5 7.7 5.5 

EIS 19.2 13.3 6.0 7.3 13.3 15.9 IS.1 13.3 9.5 

2 F32T8 

EEM - _. - - - - - - -

CC 9.S 6.S 3.1 7.2 6.S 6.5 9.3 6.S 4.9 

ERS 7.3 5.1 2.3 2.9 5.1 6.0 7.0 5.1 3.6 

EIS 9.4 6.5 2.9 3.6 6.5 7.7 S.9 6.5 4.6 

3 F32T8 

ERS - - - - - - - - -

EIS 3.9 2.7 l.2 2.3 2.7 2.S 3.7 2.7 1.9 

4F32T8 

ERS - - - - - - - - -

EIS lmm lmm lmm lmm lmm lmm imm lmm lmm 

- Baseline has no payback period