I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc For reasons of economy, this document is pr inted in a limited number. Delegates are kindly asked to bring their copies to mee tings and not to request additional copies. INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

IMO 

# E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
COMMITTEE
57th session Agenda item 2 MEPC 57/2/4 7 September 2007 Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANI SMS IN BALLAST WATER

Basic Approval of Active Substance used by GloEn-Patrol TM

Ballast Water Management System

Submitted by the Republic of Korea

SUMMARY

Executive summary: This document contains non-confidential information for Basic Approval of the Active Substance produced by the
GloEn-Patrol TM Ballast Water Management System in accordance with the Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems
that make use of Active Substa nces (G9) adopt ed by resolution MEPC.126(53)

Action to be taken: Paragraph 6

Related documents: BWM/CONF/36; MEPC 53/24/Add.1; MEPC 56/2/2 and
BWM.2/Circ.10

Introduction

1 Ballast water management systems which make use of Active Substances or Preparations containing one or more Active Substances shall be approved by the Organization under regulation D-3.2 of the BWM Convention.

2 The Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9), adopted by resolution MEPC.126( 53), defines the princi pal aspects to be documented by data or testing (MEPC 53/24/A dd.1, annex 4, paragraph 4.2.1) and some basic principles for risk eval uation (MEPC 53/24/Add.1, annex 4, paragraph 5.3). According to section 6 of the Procedure (G9) , the Organization should evaluate the information provided in the application.

3 According to BWM.2/Circ.10, proposals for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances are to be submitted to Marine Environment Division of the Organization to be reviewed by the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group. In the meantime, a document on the proposal for approval containing all the non-confidential data related to the respective ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substance
needs to be submitted to MEPC 57.MEPC 57/2/4 - 2 -

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 4 The competent authority in the Republic of Korea has verified the application dossier prepared by PANASIA CO., LTD. and believe s it to satisfy the data requirements of the Procedure (G9).

5 The Republic of Korea therefore submits th e non-confidential part of the applicant’s dossier in the annex of this document to the Organization for evaluation according to the Procedure (G9). The complete dossier will be made available to the experts of the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group with the understanding of confid ential treatment.

Action requested of the Committee

6 The Committee is invited to consider the pr oposal for approval and decide as appropriate.

***MEPC 57/2/4

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc ANNEX

PROPOSAL FOR APPROVAL OF
GloEn-Patrol TM BALLAST WATER MA NAGEMENT SYSTEM

1 INTRODUCTION

PANASIA CO., LTD. has developed a modular ball ast water management system that operates in-line during the uptake of ballast water. The first stage is a filter that was specially designed for ballast water applications. It si gnificantly reduces the sediment load from the ballast water and also removes some of the micro-organisms. The filter is installed on the discharge side of the ballast water pumps and is fully automatic in terms of its operation and cleaning without affecting the filtration process, and flushing water is returned into seawater in situ. The UV unit employs high-intensity, medium-pressure ultra violet (MPUV) lamps to destroy living micro-organisms present in the liquid being treated.

During deballasting, the filter unit is by-passed. Th e ballast water is treated again by the UV unit only to destroy any organisms which might ha ve regrown in the tanks during the voyage.

This is suitable for both retro-fitted inst allations and installa tions on new builds. During 2005, 2006, and 2007, many experimental st udies were conducted, on the PANASIA’s GloEn-PatrolTM System to evaluate the biolog ical efficacy on natural plankton seawater communities and laboratory-made algal cultures. The pilot plant is, therefore, designed to treat water as it passes through the sy stem. The flow rate designed fo r the pilot plant is from 50 m 3 /hr up to 250 m 3 /hr (up to 300 m 3 /hr) controlled by a butterfly valve. GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Management System used for the pilot test consiste d of a filter unit, a UV unit, and a Monitoring and Control Panel (called the “Control Panel” hereinafter).

.1 Filtration system as a pre-treatment:

• Flow rate: 250 m3 /hr

• Filtration degree: 50 micron

• Working pressure: 2.5 bar

• Max. working pressure: 10 bar

• Material - Filter housing: SS 316L
- Filter screen: SS 316L - Cleaning mechanism: SS 316L

.2 UV Disinfection system as a main treatment installed with:

• UV Reactor (SS316L, flow rate: 50-65m 3 /hr)

• Medium pressure UV lamps

• UV monitor

• Temperature sensor

• Automatic washing wiper for quartz sleevesMEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 2

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 2 IDENTIFICATION

2.1 Terms and definitions

2.1.1 GloEn-PatrolTM is the commercial name of the Ballast Water Management System developed by “PANASIA CO., LTD.”. This system is composed of filtration modules configured in parallel as a pre-treatment process, follo wed by a UV irradiation pr ocess equipped with a medium pressure ultraviolet (MPUV) lamp as a main treatment process.

2.1.2 “Ballast Water” means the treated seawat er through the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Management System.

2.1.3 “Treated Water” is the seawater tr eated by the GloEn-Pa trolTM Ballast Water Management System.

2.1.4 “Pre-treated Water” is th e seawater treated by only a filtration system which is a pre-treatment part of the GloEn-Patr olTM Ballast Water Management System.

2.1.5 “Ballast Water Discharge” means the ballast water as would be discharged overboard through the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Management System again.

2.1.6 “Active Substance” means a substance or or ganism, including a virus or a fungus that has a general or specific action on or against harmful aquatic micro-organisms and pathogens.
In the GloEn-Patrol TM Ballast Water Management System, the MPUV process produces a “Photon” as the only “Active Substance,” which is completely responsible for inactivating all harmful aquatic micro-organisms and pat hogens present in the ballast water (de Mora et al., 2000; Anderson et al., 2003).

2.1.7 “Preparation” means any commercial fo rmulation containing one or more Active Substances including any additives:

The GloEn-Patrol TM Ballast Water Management System does not intentionally add any “Preparation” besides UV light.

Not applicable.

2.1.8 “Relevant Chemical” means transformation or reaction products that are produced during the treatment process or in th e receiving environment and may be of concern to the aquatic environment and human health when discharged.

The GloEn-Patrol TM Ballast Water Management System re gards only Hydroxyl Radical (•OH) as a “Relevant Chemical”. However, the amount of •OH produced in the system is extremely small (de Mora et al., 2000; Zepp, 1987; Brezoni k and Fulkerson-Brekken, 1998; Vaughan and Blough, 1988).MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX

Page 3

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 2.2 Background for determining the “Active Su bstance” and “Relevant Chemicals” in
the GloEn-Patrol TM Ballast Water Management System.

2.2.1 “Active Substance” (Photon)

2.2.1.1 The GloEn-Patrol TM Ballast Water Management System was designed to disinfect all kind of harmful aquatic micro-organisms and pat hogens present in seawat er. The key method of this system to inactivate harmful aquatic micro- organisms and pathogens is the use of direct photolysis with the MPUV irradiation process. The MPUV lamp used in this system generates photons that have a polychromatic wavele ngth (200~300 nm), which makes it possible
to kill all kinds of marine microbes that ha ve this specifically sensitive wavelength (Giese and Darby, 2000).

2.2.1.2 Since the general definition of “Active Substance” is a substance or organism, including a virus or a fungus that has a general or spec ific action on or ag ainst harmful aquatic micro-organisms and pathogens, “Photon” is defined as the “Active Substance” in the
GloEn-Patrol TM Ballast Water Management System.

2.2.2 Relevant chemical (•OH)

2.2.2.1 Through the sunlight (especially UV light) exposure of natural water, •OH could be formed photochemically by a variety of mechanis ms. The absorption of light by DOM (dissolved organic matter) initially results in the formation of a single excited state species (DOM*) that subsequently decays through a series of phot ophysical and photochemical pathways producing •OH (de Mora et al., 2000):

DOM + hv Æ DOM* ÆÆ •OH

2.2.2.2 Another route of •OH production is the irra diation of nitrate in its long-wavelength absorption band (maximum 302 nm), resulting in •O - production as an intermediate. The produced •O - is rapidly protonated to its conjuga te acid, •OH (Zepp, 1987; Brezonik and Fulkerson-Brekken, 1998; Vaughan and Blough, 1998):

NO 3 - + hv Æ Æ •OH

2.2.2.3 As described above, it can be expected that the MPUV light could generate •OH through the same mechanisms. Th erefore, •OH is defined as the “Relevant Chemical” in the
GloEn-Patrol TM Ballast Water Management System.

2.3 Test strategy of “Treated Water” by “A ctive Substance” and “Relevant Chemical”

2.3.1 Basic Characteristics Testing

During the MPUV process, the characteristics of seawater might be cha nged by attacks of the “Active Substance” and “Relevant Chemical.” To investigate this possibility, the basic characteristics (i.e., Ions, TOC and UV absorbance spectrum, Specific UV Absorbance) of seawater were compared with the “Treated Water” by the MPUV process. No change was
observed. This confirms that th e “Treated Water” is absolutely the same as the “Pre-treated Water.” Therefore, tests on the toxicity of the “Treated Water” are not regarded as mandatory.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 4

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 2.3.2 Other Oxidants Residual Testing

According to the literature, the reactions of •OH with Br - and Cl - lead to the formation of hypochlorous acid/hypochlo rite ion (HOCl/OCl - ) and hypobromous acid/hypobromite ion (HOBr/OBr - ) (Zehavi and Rabani, 1972; Jayson and Parsons, 1973), wh ich are relati vely stable in water. In addition, the combination of •OH or naturally caused reactions (e.g., natural water exposed to sunlight) can produce a rather stable oxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) (Buxton et al., 1988, Cooper et al., 1988; de Mora et al., 2000). To investigate the possibility of their productions, residual concentrations of HOCl/OCl - and HOBr/OBr - in the “Treated Water” were measured using the Total Residual Oxidant (TRO) analysis method (Perrins et al., 2006).

For H 2 O 2 analysis, the fluorometric method was used with the specifically devised H 2 O 2 -analyzer (Lazrus et al., 1985; Oh et al., 2005). HOCl/OCl - and HOBr/OBr - were not detected in the “Treated Water” (see appendix). In the case of H 2 O 2 , a trace of residual H 2 O 2 was detected in the “Treated Water”, but it was very close to th e detection limit (MDL= 10 μg/L), which is not considered to be problematic in the marine aquatic environment.

2.3.3 By-products Formation Testing

The HOCl/OCl - and HOBr/OBr - could react with dissolved organic matters (DOM) in seawater, forming several harmful halogenated organi cs such as Thrihalomethanes (THMs), Haloacetic acid (HAAs), and others (Westerhoff et al., 2004). To investigate the possibility of their production, suspected halogenated organics in the “Treated Water” were measured with proper analytical methods (Standard method 20th, 1999). As a result, none was detected in the Treated Water (see appendix).

As described above, both the “Active Substance” (Photon) and “Relevant Chemical” (•OH) must
be not residual in both of “Ballast Water” a nd “Ballast Water Discharge”, therefore, they don’t affect the marine aquatic environment. Also, th e “Treated Water” must not affect the marine aquatic environment. Therefore, this proposal includes documents a nd references to justify this.

2.4 Abbreviations used in the proposal

BWMS Ballast Water Management System DOC Dissolved organic carbon DOM Dissolved organic matter

HAAs Haloacetic acids

H 2 O 2 Hydrogen peroxide HOBr Hypobromous acid HOCl Hypochlorous acid IMO International Maritime Organization •OH Hydroxyl radical

OBr - Hypobromite ion

OCl - Hypochlorite ion

IUVA International Ultr aviolet Association LPUV Low-pressure ultraviolet MPUV Medium-pressure ultraviolet NOM Natural organic matter SUVA Specific UV absorbance TOC Total organic carbon

TRO Total residual oxidantMEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX

Page 5

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc

THMs Trihalomethanes TSS Total suspended solid USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

UV dose Ultra Violet dose

mJ/cm 2 milli Jule per centimeter square

mW sec/cm 2` milli Watt second per centimeter square

M Mole per litre

M -1 S -1 Per Mole per second ug/L Microgram per litre

2.5 Advantages and validity for use of the MPUV-based GloEn-Patrol TM

2.5.1 Polychromatic wavelength of MPUV lamp

There are two main types of UV inactivation tec hnology mostly in use: lo w-pressure (LP) and medium-pressure (MP). LPUV lamps emit UV lig hts at 254 nm, whereas MPUV lamps could produce UV of a higher intensity and over a broader range of wavelengths than LPUV lamps. The main UV spectra from MPUV that have a damaging effect are UV-C (200-280 nm), UV-B (280-315 nm) and UV-A (315-400 nm), and in some cases it has been known that MPUV is superior to LPUV since the DNA of microbe s has its maximum absorption at both 200 nm
and 265 nm. The GloEn-Patrol TM system uses the MPUV lamp to maximize the disinfection efficiency of seawater (de Mora et al., 2000).

2.5.2 MPUV as a solution of photorepair

Another critical problem of LPUV is photorepai r after exposure to LPUV (Sanz et al., 2007); no significant photorepair has been reported usi ng MPUV. Because the broader wavelengths emitted by MPUV not only damage DNA but also cause dama ge to other molecules, including the repair enzyme. With these concerns in mind, we used the MPUV type in the GloEn-Patrol TM ballast
water treatment system.

2.5.3 MPUV as a solution of organism re-growth

Irradiation with UV light is highly effective and has been used for decades to reduce or eliminate various micro-organisms (Dobbs and Rogerson, 2005). For ballast water, UV light has been successful in the laboratory and on a larger scal e. However, if the improperly “Treated Water” stays in the tank open to air, the water’s fate mu st be considered. So-cal led re-growth has been reported after UV treatments. To solve this problem, the ballast water is treated by the
GloEn-Patrol TM again during deballasting.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 6

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 2.5.4 Guarantees for the MPUV based GloEn-Patrol TM as a clean process for the

ballast water treatment

The summary of specific advantages for the MPUV-based GloEn-Patrol TM is as follows:

• UV is the most environmentally friendly way to reduce the number of viable micro-organisms, without pollu ting the local se awater ecology.

• No biocide chemicals are required.

• No toxic by-products are formed.

• No corrosion problems are found in ballast tanks.

• The process requires little main tenance and is easy to handle.

• The use of medium-pressure lamp technology allows small space requirements.

• It involves minimum operating co sts and maximum operating safety.

Also, internationally recognized associations, International UV Association (IUVA) and the USEPA, guarantee water treatment by UV irradiation as a clean process.

The IUVA describes the UV t echnology as shown below:

Since UV is light, it travels through air and wa ter at the speed of light, and when the UV source is turned off, the UV is gone. There are no residuals, and the water that has been exposed to UV is the same as it was before exposure, and certainly the water is
not radioactive. UV water disinfection units are designed to provide enough of a UV dose so that any pathogenic micro-organisms in the water are rend ered inactive. What happens is that the UV is absorbed by the DNA in micro-organisms; the DNA is damaged so that the organism cannot reproduce. Cells that cannot reproduce cannot cause disease. The good thing about UV is that it does its job while the water is passing through the unit, but after the water has passed through, it has been disinfected, but its water quality has not changed. (Quotation source: http://www.iuva.org/public/faqs.php )

Also, the USEPA regards the UV technology as a clean technology that does not form any specific harmful by-products.

Disinfection using a UV system is well-known as a clean proc ess that does not generate disinfection by-products, according to the rule (Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products Proposed Rule (Stage 2 DBPR)) regulated by the EPA, which addresses risks from microbial pathogens and disinfec tants/disinfection by-pr oducts (D/DBPs). The Stage 2 DBPR focuses on public health protection by limiting exposure to DBPs, specifically total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and five haloacetic acids (HAA5), which can form in water through disinfectants us ed to control microbial pathogens. However, this rule will apply to all community water systems (CWSs) and non-transient non-community water syst ems (NTNCWSs) that add a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet (UV) light or deliver water that has been disinfected by a primary or residual disinfectant other than UV. (Quotation source: http://www.epa.gov/safe water/stage2/index.html )MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX

Page 7

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 2.5.5 As described above, “the Advantages and validity for use of the MPUV based
GloEn-Patrol TM ” clearly indicate that the effect to the marine aquatic environment by the
MPUV-based GloEn-Patrol TM Ballast Water Management Syst em is actually out of concern. But in order to reconfirm the safety of the ballast water discharge treated by the GloEn-Patrol TM system, several tests with ba llast water were performed.

2.6 Test methods

For this proposal, tests with “Pre-treated Water” and “Treated Water” (defined as “Ballast Water”) collected from the pilot plant were performed to find out if there were any changes in the water characteristics between the sa mples. For these tests, all analyses were done according to standard methods (or equivalent).

The pilot plant testing is accredited by 1 KEMTi, 2 KICT and 3 YIEST for chemical analysis of the samples. The data on quality a ssurance are provided in QAPP.

2.7 Alternatives to testing a nd non-submission of data

Both photon and •OH defined, as the “Activ e Substance” and “Relevant Chemicals”, respectively, have non-residual prope rties. Chemical analysis and t oxicological testing with them are impossible.

2.7.1 Active Substance (Photon)

The measurement of photonic energy was carried out with a sensor equipped on the MPUV system. The measured photonic energy was compar ed to data obtained from documents or references explaining the natura lly caused phenomenon in seawater (e.g., sunlight irradiation) and experimental results perf ormed by other UV systems.

2.7.2 Relevant Chemical (•OH)

•OH residual testing of ballast water was conducte d with the ballast wate r treated by the pilot plant. The residual •OH could be indirectly measured by measuring the decay rate or decomposed concentration of the •OH probe compound. In this test, p -chlorobenzoic acid ( p CBA), which rapidly reacts w ith only •OH (rate constant, k = 5×10 9 M -1 s -1 ), was used as a probe compound to detect •OH (Buxton et al., 1988):

p CBA + •OH Æ k OH,pCBA = 5 x 10 9 M -1 s -1

The YIEST has a specific duty in •OH residual testing, employing a sp ecifically designed experimental method based on its accum ulated experience in that field.

1 Korea Environment & Merchandise Testing Institute.

2 Korea Institute of Construction Technology.

3 Onsei Institute of Environmental Science & Technology.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 8

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 3 DATA-SET OF PHOTON AND HYDROXYL RADICAL

3.1 Identification of the Substance or Preparation

The proposal for approval of an “Active Substan ce” or a “Preparation” should include a chemical identification and description of the chemical compone nts even if generated onboard. A chemical identification should be provided for any “Relevant Chemicals.”

3.1.1 Active Substance

3.1.1.1 The MPUV-based GloEn-Patrol TM produces photons as an on ly Active Substance that is available to kill and inactivate micro-organisms. The definition of the “Photon” is a particle of electromagnetic radiation that travels at the sp eed of light, used to explain phenomena that require light to behave as particles rather than as waves. Because the photons are only available upon turning on the MPUV lamp, there must be no re sidual photons in both “Ballast Water” and “Ballast Water Discharge”.

3.1.1.2 The information required by IMO as listed below is not applicable for Photon.

.1 the Trade name (where relevant); .2 the chemical (IUPAC) name; .3 the CAS number; .4 the UN number and proper sh ipping name (where relevant); .5 the Molar mass; .6 the empirical formula; .7 the structural formula; .8 the classification in accordance with the UN GHS system; .9 the purity of the technical material and identification of impurities (chemical name and CAS-numbers, etc.); and .10 the identity of any stabil izers or necessary additives.

3.1.2 Relevant Chemicals

3.1.2.1 The by-product that th e MPUV-based GloEn-Patrol TM system might produce when reacting with ballast water has be en determined to be only •OH.

3.1.2.2 The following information for •OH (hydroxyl radical) deemed to be a “Relevant Chemicals” is as follows (NDRL/NI ST Solution Kinetics Database, 2005):

.1 the Chemical (IUPAC) name; InChI=1/HO/h1H
.2 the CAS number: 3352-57-6 .3 the Molar mass: 17.01 (g/mol) .4 the empirical formula: HO
.5 the structural formula: O* H and .6 the classification in accordance with the GHS systemMEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX

Page 9

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 3.1.3 Other Chemicals

According to Procedure (G9), where the processes might produce by-products not deemed to be “Relevant Chemicals” by the applicant, a justific ation for such a conclusion should be provided.

3.1.3.1 The MPUV-based GloEn-Patrol TM system might produce other chemicals such as
HOCl/OCl - , HOBr/OBr - , THMs, HAAs, other halogenated organics, and H 2 O 2 due to the possibility of •OH production during MPUV irradiation. The in formation on each chemical
defined as “Other Chemical” is as follows:

3.1.3.1.1 HOCl/OCl -

HOCl is a weak acid (pKa = 7.5 at 25 o C), which partially dissociates to OCl - :

HOCl = H + + OCl The ratio of HOCl to OCl - may be calculated from the expression:

log([HOCl]/[OCl - ] = 7.5 – pH

The sum of the three species – Cl 2 , HOCl, and OCl - – is commonly referred to as free available chlorine (FAC), and the concentrations of th e individual species and their sum are usually expressed in units of mg/L as Cl 2 . The species of chlorine present in water will depend on the
total concentration of chlorine, pH, and temper ature (Letterman, 1999).

3.1.3.1.2 HOBr/OBr - ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypobromite )

Hypobromous acid (HOBr) is a weak, unstable acid. It occurs only in solution and has chemical and physical properties that are ve ry similar to those of HOCl.

In aqueous solution, HOBr partially deco mposes into the h ypobromite anion OBr −

and the proton H +

. The salts of HOBr are also calle d HOBr. Just as the acid, these salts are unstable and when evaporated or boiled to dryne ss, they undergo a di sproportionation reac tion, yielding the respective bromate and bromide salts.

3.1.3.1.3 THMs

Trihalomethanes (THM) are a group of four chemicals that are formed along with other disinfection by-products when chlorine or othe r disinfectants used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with natu rally occurring organic and inorganic matter in water. The trihalomethanes are chloroform, br omodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform. The EPA has published the Stage 1 Di sinfectants/Disin fection By-products Rule to regulate total trihalomethanes ( TTHM) at a maximum allowable a nnual average level of 80 parts per billion. This standard replac ed the standard of a maximum allowable annual average level of 100 parts per billion in December 2001 for large surface water public water systems.
The standard became effective for the first time in December 2003 for small surface water and all ground water systems ( http://www.epa.gov/envi ro/html/icr/gloss_dbp.html ).MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 10

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 3.1.3.1.4 HAAs

Haloacetic acids (HAA5) are a grou p of chemicals that are formed along with other disinfection by-products when chlorine or other disinfectant s used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurri ng organic and inorganic matter in water. The regulated haloacetic acids, known as HAA5, are: monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid. The EPA has published the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rule to regulate HAA5 at 60 parts per billion annual averages. This standard became effectiv e for large surface water public water systems in December 2001 and for small surface water and all ground water public water systems in December 2003 ( http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/icr/gloss_dbp.html ).

3.1.3.1.5 H 2 O 2

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) solutions are clear, colourless, and water-like in appearance, and can be mixed with water in any pr oportion. At high concentrations, H 2 O 2 has a slightly pungent or
acidic odor. H 2 O 2 has a molecular weight of 34.02 and is nonflammable at any concentration.
Its Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number is 7722-84-1 ( www.h2o2.com ).

3.1.3.2 But the other chemicals mentioned above were found to be not produced or detected at insignificant level during the GloEn-Patrol TM system (see appendix). Therefore,
the other chemicals do not need to be consider ed in terms of toxici ty in this proposal.

3.2 Data on effects on aquatic plants, inv ertebrates, fish, and other biota, including sensitive and representative micro-organisms

For the “Active Substance”, “Relevant Chemical” and “Treated Water”, data are presented and
discussed either on the basis of toxicological tests or existing toxicological knowledge for each end point listed.

Required data Active
substance (Photon) Relevant
chemicals

(•OH) Treated

Water c

3.2.1 Acute aquatic toxicity Not

necessary

3.2.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity Not

necessary

3.2.3 Endocrine disruption
-

3.2.4 Sediment toxicity Not

necessary

3.2.5 Bioavailability/biomagnific ation/bioconcentration
-

3.2.6 Food web/population effects N.A. a N.A. b

-

- : Not required N.A.: Not applicableMEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 11

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc a. The photon has no chance to be exposed to aquatic plants, invertebrates, fish, and other biota, including sensitive and representative micro-organisms. Therefore, all tests for effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates, fi sh, and other biota, in cluding sensitive and representative micro-organisms are “Not Applicable” due to the non-residual characteristics of the photon

.

b. •OH has a very short in vivo half-life of approx. 10 -9 sec and a high reactivity. This makes •OH a very dangerous compound to the organism. •OH can damage virtually all types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids (mutations), lipids (lipid peroxidation) and amino acids (e.g., conversion of Photo m-Tyrosine and o-Tyrosine) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical ).

However, similar to the photon, it is impossibl e for the “Relevant Chem ical”, •OH, to be exposed to aquatic plants, invertebrates, fi sh, and other biota, including sensitive and representative micro-organi sms due to its short lifetime. The •OH residual testing provides clear evidence (see a ppendix). Therefore, all tests for effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates, fish, and other biota, including sensitive and representative micro-organisms are “Not Applicable” due to the short lifetime

.

c. As described in section 2.5, under the head line “Advantages and validity for Use of the
MPUV-based GloEn-Patrol TM ,” the “Treated Water” does not contain any toxic matter showing the same characteristics as the “Pre-t reated Water”. This fact was confirmed by measuring several halogenated chemicals in the “Treated Water”, which caused harmful effects on marine ecosystems and human h ealth (see appendix). Therefore, it was determined that toxicity testing for “Treated Water” was “Not Necessary”.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 12

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 3.3 Data on mammalian toxicity

Required data Active
substance (Photon) Relevant
chemicals

(•OH) Treated

Water

3.3.1 Acute toxicity

3.3.2 Effects on skin and eye

3.3.3 Repeated-dose toxicity

3.3.4 Chronic toxicity

3.3.5 Developmental and reproductive toxicity

3.3.6 Carcinogenicity

3.3.7 Mutagenicity/genotoxicity

3.3.8 Toxicokinetics N.A. a N.A. b

-

- : not required N.A.: Not applicable

a. Since the photons generated in the MPUV reactor are never exposed on the mammalian,
all tests for effects on mammalian are “Not Applicable”

.

b. •OH disappears from the “Treated Water” as soon as it leaves the MPUV reactor due to its short half-life (see appe ndix). Therefore, all tests for effects on mammalian are “Not Applicable”.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 13

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 3.4 Data on environmental fate and eff ect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Required data Active substance (Photon) Relevant
chemicals

(•OH) Treated Water

3.4.1 Modes of degradation (biotic; abiotic) N.A. N.A. -

3.4.2 Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water partition coefficient N.A. N.A. -

3.4.3 Persistence and identification
of the main metabolites in the
relevant media N.A. Extremely short
half-life a -

3.4.4 Reaction with organic matter N.A. b N.A. c None

3.4.5 Potential physical effects on
wildlife and benthic habitats N.A. N.A. None

3.4.6 Potential residues in seafood N.A. N.A. -

3.4.7 Any known interactive effects None None -

- : not required N.A.: Not applicable

a. The half-life of •OH is close to 10 -9 sec in water.

b. A photon reacts with organics at relatively slow rates, and the reaction rate is dependant on the chemical properties of matter, such as quantum yield, molar extinction coefficient, and photolysis fraction (Bolton, 2001). For th e case of DOC, a significantly high UV dose is required for its reducti on (Buchanan et al., 2004).

c. •OH reacts with organics at extremely high rates ranging 10 8 ~10 10 M -1 s -1 (Buxton et al., 1988). These reactions of •OH with organics ar e possible under the continuously •OH-produced condition, which can be provided by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as ozone/high pH, ozone/H 2 O 2 , UV/H 2 O 2 , ozone/UV, UV/TiO 2 , gamma-ray, sonication, (Photo) Fenton, etc. (Arbon et al ., 1994; Kang and Hoffmann, 1998; Park et al., 2001; Moraes et al., 2004; Ga roma and Gurol, 2005; Oh et al, 2005; Chen et al., 2006). In general, these AOPs can produce high amounts (10 -9 ~10 -11 M) of •OH. So, it should be noted th at the amount of •OH produced from the MPUV irradiation of seawater is signifi cantly low, at most 10 -13 ~10 -15 M, which is not a significant level to affect any change in background or ganics present in seawater.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 14

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 3.5 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and the treated ballast

water

Required data Active substance (Photon) Relevant
chemicals

(•OH) Treated Water

3.5.1 Melting point N.A. - - 3.5.2 Boiling point N.A. - - 3.5.3 Flammability (Flash point) N.A. N.A. - 3.5.4 Density (relative density) N.A. N.A. 1.008 g/mL 3.5.5 Vapour pressure, vapour density N.A. N.A. -

3.5.6 Water solubility/dissociation constant (pKa) N.A. N.A./11.9 a

-

3.5.7 Oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) N.A. 2700 mV b 368.3 mV c

3.5.8 Corrosivity to the materials or equipment of normal ship
construction N.A. N.A. -

3.5.9 Auto-ignition temperature N.A. N.A. - 3.5.10 Explosive properties N.A. N.A. -

3.5.11 Oxidizing properties N.A. Non-selective d

Various routes e -

3.5.12 Surface tension N.A. - - 3.5.13 Viscosity N.A. - - 3.5.14 Thermal stability and identity of relevant breakdown products N.A f

- -

3.5.15 Reactivity towards container
material N.A. N.A. None

3.5.16 pH - - 7.9 3.5.17 Salinity
- - 30.9 ‰ 3.5.18 TOC, DOC, % particulate
material - - 2.3 mg/L, 1.7 mg/L, 0.024%

3.5.19 Other known relevant physical or chemical hazards N.A. N.A. None

- : not required N.A.: Not applicable

a. It is of little importance at the pH values that prevail in biological systems, but it must be mentioned that at high pH the •OH de protonates as the foll owing equilibrium (Weeks and Rabani, 1996; Poskrebyshev et al., 2002):

•OH + OH - ↔ O - • + H 2 O pKa = 11.9MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 15

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc b. •OH shows the highest ORP value compared to the other oxidants summarized in the
table below:

Oxidants ORP (V)

•OH 2.70

Ozone 2.07

H 2 O 2 1.77

KMnO 4 1.67

ClO 2 1.50

HOCl 1.36

c. The ORP value of “Treated Water” is almost the same as that (378.2 mV) of “Pre-treated Water”. The ORP of most tap water in the USA is between 200 and 600 mV ( http://www.ionwaystv.com/phbasics.html ).

d. The hydroxyl radical (•OH) is one of th e most powerful oxidizi ng agents known (E  ̊ = +2.7 V in acid solution) and reacts with most organic compounds at almost
diffusion- controlled rates (Letterman, 1999; Bolton, 2001).

e. The following are possibl e reaction type s (Bolton, 2001):

- Abstraction of a hydrogen atom – usua lly with aliphatic hydrocarbon groups; for example:

CH 3 OH + •OH Æ •CH 2 OH + H 2 O

- Insertion – usually with unsaturated or aromatic hydrocarbon groups; for example:

CHCl=CCl2 (TCE) + •OH Æ •CHCl-C(OH)Cl2

- Electron transfer – usually w ith inorganics; for example:

I- + •OH Æ •I + OH -

- Radical-radical reactions – for example:

HO 2 • + •OH Æ O 2 + H 2 O

- The •OH radical ab sorbs UV weakly ( ε 230 = 530 M-1cm -1 ; ε 260 = 370 M -1 cm -1 ).

f. The applied UV dose in the MPUV system is 300 mJ/cm 2 as a maximum condition. It is too small to break down any dissolved organics . Buchanan et al (2004) reported that more than 10,000 mJ/cm 2 is required for just 5% reduction of DOC. It should be noted that photonated by-products are not produced under the condition of the MPUV radiation in the system.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 16

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 3.6 Analytical methods at environm entally relevant concentrations

3.6.1 All chemical analyses were conducted a ccording to standard methods and performed under supervision by the KEMTi, YIEST, and KICT . All data on quality assurance are provided in each test report. The tests we re performed on the pilot scale system using natural seawater according to the QAPP.

4 USE OF PHOTON AND HYDROXYL RADICALS

4.1 Handling of photon and hydroxyl radicals

The photon and hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) are produced from a sp ecified number of MPUV
lamps which is designed at specified flow rate for specified application. Furthermore, the UV dose is continuously monitored by a sensor equipped on the MPUV reactor and limited on fixed power by control panel. Since the photon and hydroxyl radicals are not residual in ballast water from all relevant tests, the maximum dosage (or maximum allowable discharge concentration) is not exceeded at any time

.

4.2 Procedures and use

Not applicable.

4.3 Hazard documentation and labelling

Not applicable

.

5 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

Not available.

6 RISK CHARACTERIZATION

6.1 Screening for persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity

The half-life of the “Active S ubstance” (photon) and the “Rel evant Chemical” (•OH) is so extremely short (about 10 -9 sec) and the •OH have no residua l property. As referred to the
Criteria for identifica tion of PBT substances (see the Table in section 7.3), the “Active Substance” (photon) and the “Rel event Chemical” (•OH) produced from the GloEn-PatrolTM are not regarded as the PBT subs tance. Therefore, the assessment of PBT does not seem to be necessary.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 17

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 6.2 Evaluation of the treated ballast water

In this proposal, the ultimate purpose of the evalua tion of the treated ballast water was to justify that toxicity testing on “The Treated Water” is not necessary. For that, several experiments were performed as follows (see deta iled description in section 2.3):

.1 Basic characteristics testing .2 Residual oxidants testing .3 By-products formation testing

From the results, it was found that the “Treated Water” is absolu tely same as the “Pre-treated
Water.” HOCl/OCl - and HOBr/OBr - were not detected in the “T reated Water” (see appendix).
In the case of H 2 O 2 , a residual trace of H 2 O 2 was detected in the “Treated Water”, but it was very close to the MDL, which is never problematic in the marine aquatic environment (see appendix ). All suspected by-products were no t detected in the “Treated Wa ter” (see appendix). Because the
fact that the “Treated Wate r” must never affect the ma rine aquatic environment was demonstrated by several experimental tests, it was determined that toxicity testing on the “Treated Water” was not necessary.

Also, the report entitled “Laboratory Guidance and Whole Effluent Toxicity Test Review Criteria” by Washington State Depa rtment of Ecology (June, 2005) st ated that toxicity test for the physical processes such as Filtration and UV radiation can be immunized. The description is
as follows:

Toxicity testing is needed to determine conditions when the potential for the biocide to harm receiving water micro-organisms is unacceptable. Solely physical ballast water treatment methods such as filtration, centr ifugation, ultraviolet irradiation, or oxygen stripping are assumed to not need toxici ty testing (Marshall, 2005).

6.2.1 Determination of holding time

This system is operated only during ballasting and deballasting and does not produce any oxidant to be required for holding. Ther efore, consideration of the holding time of the treated ballast water is not necessary.

6.3 Risk characterization and analysis

Risk associated with “Active Substance” a nd “Relevant Chemicals” was systematically characterized based on theoretical reasoning with supported experimental da ta as shown below:

6.3.1 Reaction with organic matter

“Active Substance” (Photon) and “Relevant Chemi cal” (•OH) can react with organic matters, but it is possible just in the MPUV reactor not in the ballast water and the ballast water discharge due to their non-residual property. Therefore, the eval uation on the reaction w ith organic matter in seawater is not appli cable (see section 3.4).MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 18

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 6.3.2 Characterization of degradation route and rate

•OH could be formed during the UV process. However, the formed •OH is instantaneously scavenged by several specific chem ical reactions with basic com ponents present in seawater as described below (Jayson and Parsons, 1973; Ze havi and Rabani, 1972; Buxton et al., 1988; Hoigne and Bader, 1979):

6.3.3 Calculation of the predicted environmen tal concentration of hydroxyl radicals

The half-life of •OH is close to 10 -9 sec in water. Therefore, although the •OH is formed in the MPUV reactor, all •OH disappear within a second during ballasting or deballasting.

6.3.4 Assessment of potential for bioaccumulation

Not applicable (see description under the sect ion 3.4 “Data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions”).

6.3.5 Effects on aquatic micro-organisms

Not applicable (see description under the section 3.2 “Data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates, fish, and other biota, including sensitive and representative micro-organisms”).

6.3.6 Effects on sediment

Not applicable since this system does not generate any inorganic precipitate.

6.3.7 Comparison of effect assessm ent with discharge toxicity

Not applicable (see description under the sectio n 2.5, headline “Advantages and validity for use
of the MPUV based GloEn-Patrol TM ”).

7 RISK ASSESSMENT

7.1 Risk to safety of ship

.1 increased corrosion:

The GloEn-Patrol TM system does not produce any corrosive by-products, such as TRO and acidic compounds. It should be also noted that the ORP value of
“Treated Water” is almost the same as that (378.2 mV) of “Pre-treated Water”. In addition, the value of TR O was not observed after treatment, which support that
the GloEn-Patrol TM system is free of corrosion risk;

.2 fire and explosion;

.3 storage and handling of the substances;

.4 contact with, or inhalati on of, process products; and

.5 noise.

“Not applicable”MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 19

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 7.2 Risks to human health

There is no risk to human health unless the UV light is directly expose d on the humans in an emergency, which is almost impossible in actual situations. But all operators should follow the manuals provided by the manufacturer.

Health effects in humans

UV Light Protection: The key to effectively reducing UV exposure is to pr operly shield the source and to require that users wear the appropriate personal pr otection. Personal protection that is appropriate includes welder’s masks, goggles, and face shields. EHS can provide information on the appropriate protecti on for the source in use.

In the case of welding operations, the protection needed may also include area-enclosing curtains for the protection of bystanders. In addition, burn protection for the operator is important. Therefore, protection would include gloves, long-sl eeved shirts and, possibl y, a fire-resistant apron.

First Aid: The symptoms of UV overexposure to the sk in are well-known a nd characteristically called sunburn. However, the symptoms of over exposure to the eyes are not widely known. They are as follows:

• a burning and painful se nsation in the eye

• a sensitivity to light

• the sensation of a foreign object in the eye, sometimes described as sand in the eye

• tearing

These symptoms usually develop several hours afte r the overexposure occurred. If an eye or skin injury is suspected, the individual should be examined by a physician.

7.3 Risks to the aquatic environment

According to Criteria for identification of PBT substances, the Active Substance (Photon) and the Relevant Chemical (•OH) produced from this system are not regarded as the PBT substance since
the half-life of the Active Substa nce (Photon) and the Relevant Chem ical (•OH) ) is so extremely short (about 10 -9 sec) and the •OH have no residual prope rty. Therefore, th e assessment of PBT does not seem to be necessary.

Criteria for identification of PBT (Persisten ce, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity) substances

Criterion PBT criteria
Persistence Half-life: > 60 days in marine water, or > 40 days in freshwater * , or > 180 days in marine sediment, or > 120 days in freshwater sediment*

Bioaccumulation BCF > 2,000 or LogPoctanol/water ≥ 3 Toxicity Chronic NOEC < 0.01 mg/l

* For the purpose of marine environmental risk assessment half-life data in freshwater and
freshwater sediment can be overruled by data obtained under marine conditions.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 20

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc 8 ASSESSMENT REPORT

In this proposal, the results of the analyses of the “Treated Water” include the water characteristics as well as chemical properties, co mpared with those of the “Pre-treated Water”. The results showed that all propert ies of the “Treated Water” were almost the same as those of
the “Pre-treated Water”. This indicates that the “Treated Water” has no potential to contain any residual oxidants, including “Active Substance” and ”Relevant Chemicals,” any residual by-products, and any toxicity.

All chemical analyses were conducted according to standard methods and performed under supervision by the KEMIT, YIEST and KICT.

All samples for chemical analysis were obtai ned from the pilot-scale system developed by PANASIA CO., LTD.

All data on quality assurance are provided in eac h test report. The tests were performed on the pilot scale system using natural seawater accordi ng to the QAPP in the confidential documents.

Further testes on full-scale system will be also performed according to the QAPP.

9 CONCLUSIONS

The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Management Sy stem uses the MPUV process to inactivate all Harmful Aquatic Micro-organisms and Pathogens present in seawater.

In this system, Photon and •OH are defined as “Active Substance” and “Relevant Chemical,” respectively. Because they have no residual property, it was not necessary to test their toxicity in the marine aquatic environment.

This UV-based system is guaranteed by internationa lly recognized associations (i.e., the EPA and IUVA) as a clean process, which does not us e any added chemicals and does not produce any toxic matter. Therefore, toxicity testing for the “Treated Water” defined as Ballast Water produced from this system may not be necessary.

In order to confirm and justify this system, th e PANAISA (the applicant) has developed a pilotscale system, and systematic experiments were performed with the “Treated Water” and the
“Pre-treated Water”.

The test strategy is as follows:

• Basic Characteristics Testing: To investigat e any change in the seawater before and after treatment, the basic characteristics (i.e., ions, TOC, UV absorbance scanning, and SUVA) of seawater were comp ared with the “Treated Water”.

• Other Oxidants Residual Testing: To invest igate the possibility of the production of any other oxidants, concentr ations of residual HOCl/OCl - , HOBr/OBr - and H 2 O 2 in
the “Treated Water” were measured.

• By-products Formation Testing: The HOCl/OCl - and HOBr/OBr - could react with DOM in seawater. To investigate the possibility of the production of several harmful halogenated organics such as THMs, HAAs, and others, suspected halogenated organics in the “Treated Water” were measured.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 21

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc The results clearly show that there is no potential of toxicity in the “Treated Water.” Therefore, it
was determined that the GloEn-PatrolTM Balla st Water Management System can certainly produce safe “Ballast Water” in the marine aquatic environment as well as relevant ships and

crews.MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 22

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc REFERENCES

Anderson W.B., Huck P.M., Dixo n D.G. and Mayfield C.I. “E ndotoxin inactivation in water by using medium-pressure UV lamps” Appl. Environ. Microb. 69, 3002-3004 (2003).

Arbon R.E., Mincher B.J. and Knighton W.B. “ γ -Ray destruction of individual PCB congeners in neutral 2-propanol” Envrion. Sci. Technol. 28, 2191-2196 (1994).

Bolton J.R. “Ultraviolet appl ications handbook” Bolton Phot osciences Inc, Canada, 2001, pp 5, 12, 15, 19, 27-28.

Brezonik P.L. and Fulkerson-Brekken J. “Nitrate -induced pholoysis in na tural waters: Controls on concentrations of hydroxyl radical photo-int ermediates by natural scavenging agents”
Envrion. Sci. Technol. 32, 3004-3010 (1998).

Buchanan W., Roddick F. Porter N. and Drikas M. “Enhanced biodegradability of UV and VUV pre-treated natural organic matter” Water Sci. Techol . 4, 103-111 (2004).

Buxton G.V., Greenstock C.L., Helman W.P. and Ross A.B. “Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydr ogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (•OH/•O - ) in aqueous
solution” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 17, 513-886 (1988).

Chen W.R., Sharpless C.M., Linden K.G. and Su ffet I.H. “Treatment of volatile organic
chemicals on the EPA contaminant candi date list using ozonation and the O 3 /H 2 O 2 advanced oxidation process” Envrion. Sci. Technol. 40, 2734-2739 (2006).

Cooper W.J., Zika R.G., Petasne R.G. and Pl ane J.M.C. “Photochemical formation of H 2 O 2 in natural waters exposed to sunlight” Envrion. Sci. Technol. 22, 1156-1160 (1988).

de Mora S., Demers S. and Vernet M. “The eff ects of UV radiation in the marine environment” United States of America by Cambridge Un iversity Press, New York, 2000, pp 104-107, 113, 118, 206-209, 218-219, 229.

Dobbs F.C. and Rogerson A. “Ridding ship ’s ballast water of micro-organisms” Envrion. Sci.
Technol. June 15, 259A-264A (2005).

Garoma T. And Gurol M.D. “Modeling aqueous ozone/UV process using oxalic acid as probe
chemical” Envrion. Sci. Technol. 39, 7964-7969 (2005).

Giese N. and Darby J. “Sensitivi ty of micro-organisms to diffe rent wavelengths of UV light: Implications on modeling of me dium pressure UV systems” Water Res. 34, 4007-4013 (2000).

Hoigne J. and Bader H. “Ozonation of water: ox idation-competition values of different types of
waters used in Switzerland” Ozone Sci. Engineer. 1, 357-371 (1979).

Jayson G.G. and Parsons B.J. “Some simple, highl y reactive, inorganic ch lorine derivatives in aqueous solution” J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1597-1607 (1973).MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 23

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc Kang J.W. and Hoffmann M.R. “Kinetics and Mechan ism of the sonolytic destruction of methyl tert-butyl ether by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of ozone” 32, 3194-3199 (1998).

Lazrus A.L., Kok G.L., Gitlin S.N., Line J.A. an d Mclaren S.E. “Automated fluorometric method for hydrogen peroxide in at mospheric precipitation” Anal. Chem. 57, 917-922 (1985).

Letterman R.D. “Water quality & treatment, A handbook of community water supplies: Chapter 12 Chemical oxidation” Fifth Ed. AWWA, McGraw Hill Inc. 1999.

Marshall R. “Laboratory Guidance and Whole Effluent Toxicity Te st Refiew Criteria”, Washington State Department of Ecology, revised June, 2005.

Oh B.S., Kim K.S., Kang M.G., Oh H.J. and Ka ng J.W. “Kinetic study and optimum control of the ozone/UV process measuring hydrogen peroxide formed in-situ” Ozone Sci. Engineer. 27, 421-430 (2005).

Park H.S., Hwang, T. M., Kang J.W., Choi, H.C., and Oh, H.J ., “Characterization of raw water for the ozone application measuring ozone consumption rate.” Water Res. 35(11), 2607-261$, (2001).

Perrins J.C., Cooper W.J., van Leeuwen J.H. a nd Herwig R.P. “Ozonation of seawater from different locations: Formation and decay of total recidual oxidant—implications for ballast water

treatment” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 52, 1023-1033 (2006).

Poskrebyshev G.A., Neta P. and Huie R.E. “T emperature dependence of the acid dissociadion conctant of the hydroxyl radical” J. Phys. Chem. A . 106, 11488-1149! (2002).

Sanz E.N., Davila I.S., Andrade Balao J.A. a nd Quiroga Alonso J.M. “Modelling of reactivation
after UV disinfection: Effect of UV-C dose on subsequent phot oreactivation and dark repair”

Water Res. 41, 3141-3151 (2007).

Vaughan P.P. and Blough N.V. “Photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical by constituents of
natural waters” Envrion. Sci. Technol. 32, 2947-2953 (1998).

Weeks J.L. and Rabani, J. “The pulse radiolys is of deaerated aqueous carbonate solutions. I. Transient optical spectrum and mechanism II. pK for OH radicals” J. Phys. Chem. 70, 2100-2105 (1996).

Westerhoff P., Chao P. and Mash H. “Reactivity of natural organic matter with aqueous chlorine
and bromine” Water Res. 38, 1502-1513 (2004).

Zehavi D. and Rabani J. “The oxidation of aqueous bromide ions by hydroxyl ra dicals. A pulse radiolytic investigation” J. Phys. Chem. 76, 312-319 (1972).

Zepp R.G. “Nitrate-induced photooxidation of trace organic chemicals in water” Envrion. Sci.
Technol. 21, 443-450 (1987).MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 24

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc Cited Internet addresses

1. http://www.iuva.org/public/faqs.php

2. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/stage2/index.html

3. http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Hypobromite

4. http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/icr/gloss_dbp.html

5. www.h2o2.com

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical

7. http://www.ionwaystv.com/phbasics.html

* * *MEPC 57/2/4

ANNEX Page 25

I:\MEPC\57\2-4.doc APPENDIX

TEST REPORT ON ANALYSIS OF CHEM ICAL SUBSTANCES IN SEAWATER

Following is a summary of the chemical analysis of untreated and treated water. The sampling was supervised by YIEST and analysis was performed by KEMTi and KICT.

Test result

Test Detection limitations Before treatment After treatment

Chloroform 0.0001 mg/L Not detected Not detected

Dibromochloromethane 0.001 mg/L Not detected Not detected

Bromodichloromethane 0.001 mg/L Not detected Not detected

Bromoform 0.001 mg/L Not detected Not detected

Chloroacetic acid 0.0005 mg/L No t detected Not detected

Bromoacetic acid 0.0005 mg/L No t detected Not detected

Dichloroacetic acid 0.0005 mg/L Not detected Not detected

Tricholroacetic acid 0.0005 mg/L Not detected Not detected

Bromochloroacetic acid 0.0005 mg/L Not detected Not detected

Dibromoacetic acid 0.0005 mg/L Not detected Not detected

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.001 mg/L No t detected Not detected

Carbon tetrachloride 0.001 mg/L Not detected Not detected

Tetrachloroethene 0.001 mg/L No t detected Not detected

1,2-Dibromo-3- Chloropropane 0.001 mg/L Not detected Not detected

TOC 0.5 mg/L 2.2 2.4

COD 1 mg/L 6 6

TCE - Not detected Not detected

TOX - 0.07 mg/L 0.03 mg/L

____________