# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 4- 16 59

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Ant ho ny Ly

nn Bear de n

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __

App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t
fo r th e Weste rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i - Sp rin gf ie ld

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Nov em

be r 12 , 20 14

Fil ed : M arch 17 , 20 15

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Befo re BYE, SHEPHERD, an d KELLY, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

__ __ __ __ __ __

KELLY, Cir cu it Ju dg e.

Fo ll owi ng de ni al of hi s m ot io ns to su pp res s, Ant ho ny B eard en en te red a 1

co nd it io na l pl ea of gu il ty to co ns pi racy to m an uf act ur e m ari

juan a pl an ts

, in vi ol at io n

o f 21 U.S.C. §§ 84 6, 84 1( a)(1 ), an d 84 1( b) (1 )(A), an d po ss es si on of a fir ea r m i n

Bea rd en fil ed two se pa rat e m ot io ns : a m ot io n to qu as h se arch warra nt an d to 1

su pp res s ev id en ce an d s ta te m en ts an d a m ot io n t o s up pr es s s ta te m en ts

.fu rth eran ce of a dr ug -tr affi ck in g of fen se , in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( c)(1 )(A).

The di st ric t co ur t fo un d Bea rd en was a c a r eer of fen de r an d se nt en ced hi m to 18 0 2

m on th s’ im

pr is on m en t. Bea rd en ap pe al s th e de ni al of hi s m ot io ns to su pp res s an d hi s

cl as si fic at io n a s a caree r of fen de r. Hav in g juris di ct io n u nd er 2 8 U.S.C. § 12 91 , we

affi rm th e jud gm en t.

I. Ba ck gr ou nd

A m ag is tra te jud ge h e l d a joi nt he ari ng on th e m ot io ns to su pp res s fil ed by 3

Bea rd en an d hi s co -d efen da nt

, Ch arl es Wh i t e

. At th e he ari ng , th e go ve rn m en t

pr es en te d th e te st im on y of of fic ers in vo lv ed in ob ta in in g an d ex ecu ti ng th e se arch

warra nt s. Offi cer Bi ll y Si m ps on an d Dete ct iv e Ken Mi ni ca of th e Po lk Co un ty,

Ark an sa s, Sh eri ff’s Dep art m en t bo th te st ifi ed th at on Mar ch 21

, 20 12

, th ey were

at te m pt in g to lo cat e an ad dr es s in ru r a l Po lk Co un ty as pa rt of an un rel at ed

in ve st ig at io n in to id en ti ty th eft

. The area was sp ars el y po pu la te d an d h e a v i ly

woo de d, m ak in g it di ffi cu lt to se e ho us es fro m th e ro ad

. Una bl e to lo cat e th e ad dr es s,

th e o ffi cers de ci de d t o c on ta ct pe op le at n earb y res id en ces for ass is ta nc e.

The of fic ers lo cat ed a ho us e la te r id en ti fie d as Bea rd en ’s, bu t th ey di d no t en te r

th e pr op ert y be cau se of a c l o s e d g a t e on th e dr iv eway. The of fic ers le ft a bu si ne ss

card at an ot he r res id en ce whe n no on e an swe red th ei r kn oc k. The n, th e of fic ers sa w

an d dr ov e do wn an ot he r dr iv eway th ro ug h a woo de d area

. Bo th of fic ers te st ifi ed th ey

di d no t op en a ga te to acce ss th e p ro pe rty. A t t he en d o f th e dr iv eway was a ho us e,

an d th e dr iv eway lo op ed aro un d th e ho us e. App ro ach in g fro m th e no rth

, th e of fic ers

di d no t se e a do or to th e res id en ce, so th ey co nt in ue d on th e ci rcu la r dr iv e to th e so ut h

The Hon or ab le Bri an C. W im es , Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e W es te rn 2

Dis tri ct of M is so ur i.

The Hon or ab le Ja m es C

. En gl an d, Uni te d St at es Mag is tra te Ju dg e fo r th e 3

W es te rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i.

-2

-si de of th e ho us e, whe re t he y pa rk ed be hi nd a ve hi cl e. On t he so ut h si de , t he y sa w

a do or an d a carp or t. Bo th of fic ers te st ifi ed th ey be li ev ed th is was th e fro nt en tra nc e

of th e h ou se

.

At th is po in t, th e of

fic ers sa w co -d efen da nt W hi te walk in g th ro ug h a fen ced -in

area to ward th em . They al so no ti ced a m et al sh op bu il di ng on th e pr op ert y

. W he n

th ey go t ou t of th ei r car, bo th of fic ers sm el le d a st ro ng od or of “ g r e e n mar i juan a.”

Offi cer Si m

ps on sp ok e wit h W hi te an d sh owe d hi m a pi ct ur e of th e pe rs on th ey were

lo ok in g fo r. W hi te sa id he di d no t kn ow hi s ne ig hb or s bu t kn ew a y ou ng co up le li ve d

on th e ad joi ni ng pa rcel of pr op ert y

. Afte r t a lk in g wit h W hi te

, th e of fic ers le ft th e

pr op ert y ; on th ei r way o u t

, t h e y n o ti ced a su rv ei ll an ce cam era on a po st ne ar th e

dr iv eway. Dete ct iv e Mi ni ca al so no ti ced a su rv ei ll an ce cam era on th e wes t s i d e of

th e sh op bu il di ng

.

Offi cer Si m

ps on an d Dete ct iv e Mi ni ca ret ur ne d to W hi te ’s pr op ert y la te r th at

da y wit h ad di ti on al of

fic ers to in ve st ig at e th e m ari juan a sm el l. Of

f i c e r S im ps on

te st ifi ed th e m ari

juan a sm el l “ was ev en st ro ng er” th an it ha d be en earl ie r in th e da y ;

Dete ct iv e Mi ni ca te st ifi ed th e sm el l was “ ov erwh el m in g.” The of fic ers at te m

pt ed to

m ak e co nt act wit h W hi te

, bu t no on e an swe red at hi s fro nt do or

. The of fic ers de ci de d

to ap pl y fo r a se arch warra nt

. Offi cer Si m ps on , Dete ct iv e Mi ni ca an d COMET Dru g 4

Task Offi cer (TFO) Greg Til le r rem ai ne d at th e pr op ert y t o s e c u re it

. Afte r ab ou t

th irt y m in ut es , th e of

fic ers ob se rv ed a m an on an al l-t erra in ve hi cl e (ATV) who was

ap pr oa ch in g fr om

th e eas t t hr ou gh th e ti m

be r an d fr om

be hi nd an ou tb ui ld in g.

The of fic ers st op pe d th e m an , who id en ti fie d hi m se lf wit h a Mi ss ou ri dr iv in g

pe rm it as Ant ho ny Bea rd en

. TFO Til le r to ld Bea r d e n t h e y were ge tt in g a se arch

warra nt fo r W hi te ’s pr op ert y

. Bea rd en to ld TFO Til le r he ren t e d t h e ad joi ni ng

COMET refe r s to th e Co m bi ne d Ozark s Mu lt iju ris di ct io na l Enfo rcem en t 4

Team

.

-3

-p ro pe rty fro m W hi te an d was ret ur ni ng th e ATV to W hi te

. Bea rd en wor e a la rg e

Bo wie- st y le kn ife on hi s b e lt

. TFO Til le r to ok th e kn ife an d ha nd cu ffed Bea rd en

. TFO Til le r te st ifi ed Bear de n was co op erat iv e. Bear de n th en all owe d TFO Ti ll er t o

se arch hi s po ck et s, whe re TFO Til le r fo un d a p i ece of pa pe r wit h di rect io ns ab ou t

wa t e r an d fert il iz er, “ rel ev an t to th e gr owi ng of so m et hi ng ,” an em pt y ga ll on -s iz ed

zi p- to p ba g, an d a se t of ke y s th at in cl ud ed a ke y to th e m et al ou tb ui ld in g. TFO Til le r

te st ifi ed Bea rd en sm el le d st ro ng ly of m o t h ba ll s. TFO Til le r pl aced Bea rd en in th e

ba ck of a sq ua d car “ un ti l [he] co ul d fig ur e ou t ex act ly wha t [he] wan te d to do wit h

hi m .”

TFO Til le r sp ok e wit h Bea rd en whi le Bea rd en was si tt in g in t h e b a c k o f th e

car. TFO Til le r as ke d hi m if he ha d “ an y th in g il le ga l at hi s res id en ce,” t o w h i c h

Bea rd en res po nd ed th at he ha d “ pe rs on al u s e m ari juan a.” At TFO Ti ll er’s req ue st

, Bea rd en ag reed to al lo w th e of fic ers to se arch hi s pr op ert y

. TFO Til le r an d an ot he r

of fic er dr ov e Bea rd en to hi s dr iv eway, whe re Bea rd en ga ve th em pe rm is si on to op en

th e ga te an d dr iv e up th e dr iv eway. Onc e on Bea rd en ’s pr op ert y , TFO Til le r sm el le d

t h e st ro ng od or of m ot hb al ls

, as well as th e od or of gr een m ari juan a. TFO Ti l l e r

te st ifi ed Bea rd en vo lu nt eere d th at he ha d se en nu m erou s m ari juan a pl an ts in th e m et al

st or ag e sh ed ne ar hi s ho us e an d in th e m et al sh ed ne ar W hi te ’s ho us e. In si de hi s own

ho us e, Bea rd en sh owe d th e of fic ers whe re so m e pe rs on al us e m ari juan a was lo cat ed

in a cl os et , and off

ic ers fou nd ad di ti on al m ari juan a an d m ari

juan a p arap he rn al ia

.

TFO Til le r rel ay ed th e in fo rm at io n ab ou t th e od or of gr een m ari juan a, as well

as Bea rd en ’s st at em en ts ab ou t m ari juan a, to TFO C arp en te r, who ha d le ft to se ek a

se arch warra nt fo r W hi te ’s pr op ert y

. TFO Carp en te r to ld TFO Til le r he wou ld se ek

a se arch warra nt fo r Bea rd en ’s pr op ert y as well

. TFO Til le r th en reci te d to Bea rd en

th e Mi ran da warn in gs an d sp ok e wit h hi m ag ai n ab ou t th e sh ed s. At so m e po in t,

B e a rd en to ld TFO Til le r he was on pr ob at io n. Dur in g th e se arch of Bea rd en ’s

pr op ert y , th e of

fic ers fo un d ov er 80 0 m ari juan a pl an ts in th e sh ed

. Dur in g th e se arch

-4

-of W hi te ’s pr op ert y , th e of fic ers fo un d hu nd red s of m ari juan a pl an ts gr owi ng in th e

sh op bu il di ng

.

Co -d efen da nt W hi te pr es en te d two wit ne ss es at th e su pp res si on he ari ng

. Ch ris

Sp rag ue , a ne ig hb or who li ve d acro ss th e ro ad fro m W hi te , tes ti fie d t ha t Whi te ha d

a ga te on hi s dr iv eway th at “ was cl os ed as al way s” whe n of fic ers arri ve d an d th at th ey

ha d to op en th e ga te to arri ve at W hi te ’s ho us e. Sp rag ue al so te st ifi ed th at a si gn on

t h e ga te read “ No Tres pa ss in g.” Geo rg e Ru sh , a lo ng ti m e fri en d who of te n vi s i t e d

W hi te , a ls o te st ifi ed t h a t Wh i t e ha d a ga te on hi s dr iv eway th at was al way s cl os ed

, th ou gh un lo ck ed , and a si gn th at read “ No Tres pa ss in g, Kee p Ou t.”

Fo llo w ing the ev ide nti ary he ari ng , th e m ag is tra te jud ge reco m m en de d gr an ti ng

Bea rd en ’s m ot io n to su pp res s th e st at em en ts he m ad e be fo re he was Mi ran di zed bu t 5

reco mm en de d de nyin g th e rem ai nd er of W hi te ’s an d Bea rd en ’s m ot io ns

. The

m ag is trate jud ge sp eci fic al ly fo un d th e of fic ers ’ te st im on y was m or e cred ib le th an th e

te st im on y of W hi te ’s wit ne ss es an d fo un d th at th e ga te at th e en d of W hi te ’s dr iv eway

was op en bo th ti m es th e of fic ers dr ov e up W hi te ’s dr iv eway. On Feb ru ary 11

, 20 13

, th e d is tri ct co ur t ad op te d t he m ag is tra te jud ge ’s rep or t an d re co m m en da ti on

. 6

Bea rd en en te red a c on di ti on al gu il ty pl ea to on e co un t of co ns pi racy to

m an uf act ur e 1,0 00 or m or e m ari jua n a p la nt s, in vi ol at io n of 21 U.S.C. §§ 84 6,

84 1( a)(1 ), an d 84 1( b) (1 )(A), an d on e co un t of po ss es si on of fir earm s in fu rth eran ce

of a dr ug tra ffi ck in g crim e, in vi ol at io n o f 18 U.S.C. § 9 24 (c)( 1) (A), pr es erv in g h is

rig ht to ap pe al th e de ni al of hi s m ot io ns to su pp res s. In th e pr es en te nc e rep or t (PSR ),

At th e su pp res si on he ari ng , th e go ve rn m en t c o n c e d ed Bea rd en was no t 5

pr op erl y Mi ran di zed whe n he m ad e so m e of hi s ch al le ng e d s t a t em en ts

. The co ur t

su pp res se d t ho se st at em en ts an d t he go ve rn m en t d oe s n ot ap pe al th at de ci si on

.

The Hon or ab le Ri ch ard E. Dor r, la te a Uni te d St a te s Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e 6

W es te rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i.

-5

-th e pr ob at io n offi cer reco m m en de d Beard en qu al ifi ed as a care er offen de r pu rs ua nt

to Uni te d St at es Sen t en ci ng Gui de li ne (USSG) § 4B 1.1 ba se d on two earl ie r

co nv ic ti on s fo r bu rg la ry of a co m m erci al bu il di ng an d on e earl ie r co nv ic ti on fo r

es cap e. As a care er of

fen de r, Bea rd en face d a Gui de li ne s ran ge of 26 2– 32 7 m on th s’

im pr is on m en t. At se nt en ci ng , Bea rd en arg ue d hi s pr io r co nv ic ti on s fo r bu rg la ry an d

es cap e sh ou ld no t co un t as “ cri m es of vi ol en ce” pu rs ua nt to USSG § 4B 1.2 (a). The

co ur t ov erru le d Bea rd en ’s ob jecti on bu t se n t e nc ed Bea rd en to th e m an da to ry

m in im um se nt en ce of 12 0 m on th s’ im pr is on m en t on th e dr ug co ns pi racy co nv ic ti on

fo ll owe d by th e m an da to ry m in im um co ns ecu ti ve se nt en ce of 60 m on th s’

im pr i s o nm en t on th e fir earm co nv ic ti on , fo r a to ta l te rm of im pr is on m en t of 18 0

m on th s. Be ard en ti m el y

fil ed a no ti ce o f ap pe al

.

II . Disc us si on

On ap pe al fro m th e de ni al of a m ot io n to su pp res s, we r e v i e w t h e di st ric t

co ur t’s fact u a l f

i n d i ng s fo r cl ear erro r an d it s co nc lu si on s of la w de no vo

. Uni te d

St at es v. W oo ds

, 74 7 F.3 d 55 2, 55 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 14 ). Thi s in cl ud es th e fact ua l fin di ng

th at co ns en t to se arch was vo lu nt ary. Uni te d St at es v. Mez a-Go nz al ez, 39 4 F.3 d 58 7,

59 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 05 ). “ W e affi rm un le ss th e d e ni al of th e m ot io n is un su pp or te d by

su bs ta nt ia l ev id en ce, ba se d on an erro ne ou s in te rp ret at io n of th e la w, or , ba se d on th e

en ti re reco rd

, it is cl ear th at a m is ta ke was m ad e.” Uni te d St at es v. Dou gl as , 74 4 F.3 d

10 65 , 10 68 (8t h C ir. 2 01 4) (qu ot at io n o m it te d)

.

Bea rd en as se rts th e d i s t r ic t co ur t erre d in fin di ng th at th e of fic ers la wfu ll y

en te red W hi te ’s pro pe rty an d, th us , in de nyin g hi s m ot io n to su pp res s any ev id en ce

se iz ed fro m W hi te ’s pr op ert y

. The go ve rn m en t ar g u es Bea rd en la ck s st an di ng to

c h a l l en ge th e se arch of W hi te ’s pr op ert y

. “ Fo ur th Am en dm en t rig ht s are pe rs o n a l

an d m ay n o t be vi cari ou sl y as se rte d.” Uni te d St at es v. Ran do lp h, 62 8 F.3 d 10 22

, 10 26 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

. A pe rs on ch al le ng in g th e co ns ti tu ti on al it y

of a se arch m

us t de m on st rat e a reas on a b l e e x p ect at io n of pr iv acy in th e pa rti cu la r

-6

-area to be se arch ed

. Id

. To sh ow he ha d a le gi ti m at e ex pe ct at io n of pr iv acy th at was

vi ol at ed by th e ch al le ng ed se arch an d se iz ur e on W hi te ’s pr o p e r t y, Bea rd en m us t

sh ow “ (1 ) he h i ms e l f as se rte d a su bjec ti ve ex pe ct at io n of pr iv acy in th e pl ace

s e a r c he d or ob

ject se iz ed

, an d (2 ) hi s su bjec ti ve ex pe ct at io n is ob jecti ve l y

reas on ab le .” Dou gl as , 74 4 F .3d at 10 69 (q uo ta ti on om it te d) . “ The fir st qu es ti on is

a q ue st io n o f fac t, t he sec on d i s a q ue st io n o f la w.” Id.

Bea rd en pr es en te d no ev id en ce to sh ow he “ as se rte d a su bjec ti ve ex pe ct at io n

of pr iv acy” in W hi te ’s pr op ert y

. In st ead

, of fic ers te st ifi ed th at whe n th ey qu es ti on ed

W hi te du rin g th ei r vi si t t o th e pr op ert y , he de ni ed kn owi ng Bea rd en pe rs on al ly an d

Bea rd en de sc rib ed Wh i t e o n l y as hi s la nd lo rd

. “ A pe rs on who is ag gr ie ve d by an

il le ga l se arch an d se iz ur e on ly th ro ug h th e intro duc tio n of da m ag in g ev id en ce se cu red

b y a s e a r ch of a th ird pe rs on ’s pr em is es or pr op ert y ha s no t ha d an y of hi s Fo ur th

Am en dm en t rig ht s in fri ng ed .” Rak as v. Ill in oi s, 43 9 U.S. 12 8, 13 4 (1 97 8)

. Bea rd en

po in ts to no th in g in th e reco rd to su pp or t th e co nc l u s i o n t h a t h e he ld a reas on ab le

ex pe ct at io n of pr iv acy in W hi te ’s pr op ert y

. W e ag ree wit h th e m ag is tra te jud ge th at 7

Bea rd en la ck ed st an di ng to c ha ll en ge th e of fic ers ’ en try o nt o W hi te ’s p ro pe rty an d

th e res ul ti ng sei zu re o f ev id en ce fr om th at pro pe rty.

In th e al te rn at iv e, Bea rd en as se rts he ha s st an di ng to ch al le ng e th e of fic ers ’

en try on to W hi te ’s pr op ert y be cau se th e pu rp or te dl y un la wfu l en try le d di rect ly to hi s

own se iz ur e an d in te rro ga ti on an d to th e se arch of hi s own pr op e rty. The di st ric t

co ur t di d no t ru le on th is al te rn at iv e th eo ry of st an di ng

. In st ead

, th e di st ric t co ur t

de ni ed th e m ot io n on th e m eri t s

. Si m il arl y , on ap pe al

, th e go ve rn m en t do es no t

ad dr es s whe th er Bea rd en ha s st an di ng un de r th is al te rn at iv e theo ry an d si m pl y as se rts

The m ag is tra te jud ge fo un d Beard en di d no t m eet hi s b ur de n o f es ta bl is hi ng 7

a reas on ab le ex pe ct at io n of pr iv acy in W hi te ’s pr op ert y

. As no te d in fr a , th e di st ric t

co ur t di d no t ad dr es s th e st an di ng is su e, in st ead co nc lu di ng th at ev en if Bea rd en ha d

st an di ng to arg ue th at of

fic ers il le ga ll y en te red W hi te ’s pr op ert y , th e arg um en t wou ld

fai l b ecau se th ere was no un la wfu l en try on to th e p ro pe rty.

-7

-th e of

fic ers la wfu ll y en te red th e pr op ert y

. Bec au se we ag ree th e o f f i c e r s la wfu ll y

en te red W hi te ’s pr op ert y , an d th us no Fo ur th Am en dm en t vi ol at io n oc cu rred

, we can

res ol ve th is is su e wit ho ut ad dr es si ng Bear de n’s al te rn at iv e th eo ry of s ta nd in g.

Bea rd en in si st s th e of

fic ers twi ce tre sp as se d a n d il le ga ll y en te red W hi te ’s

pr op e r t y t hr ou gh a cl os ed an d se cu red ga te

, whi ch was cl earl y m ark ed “ No

Tres pa ss in g.” He co nt en ds th e co ur t erre d by cred it in g th e te st im on y of th e of fic ers

th at th e ga te was op en rat he r th an th e te st im on y of S pr ag ue an d R

us h wh o t es ti fie d

th at t h e g a t e was al way s cl os ed

. “ [W] he n a tri al jud ge ’s fin di ng is ba se d on hi s

de ci si on to cred it th e te st im on y of on e of two or m or e wit ne ss es , each of who m ha s

to ld a co he ren t an d faci al ly pl au si bl e st or y th at is no t co nt rad ic te d by ex tri ns ic

e v i d e nc e, th at fin di ng , if no t in te rn al ly in co ns is te nt

, can vi rtu al ly ne ve r be cl ea r

erro r.” Mez a-Go nz al ez, 39 4 F.3 d at 59 2 (q uo t i ng And ers on v. Bes se m er Ci ty, 4 70

U.S. 56 4, 5 75 (19 85 )). Here, the m ag is tra te jud ge m ad e a fact ua l fi nd in g, b as ed on

th e of fic ers ’ te st im on y , th at th e ga te was op en an d th e di st ric t co ur t ad op te d th at

fin di ng

. Bea rd en of

fers n o t h i n g to co nv in ce us th at th is fin di ng was cl earl y

erro ne ou s.

Bea rd en ne xt arg ue s th e of fic ers act ed in vi ol at io n of the Fo ur th Am en dm en t

whe n th ey dr ov e up W hi te ’s dr iv eway an d en te red hi s cu rti la ge wit ho ut a warra nt or

a sh o win g of ex ig en t ci rcu m st an ces

. The Fo ur th Am en dm en t pr ot ect s no t on ly

res id en ces ag ai ns t un reas on ab le se arch es an d se iz u r e s , bu t al so th e cu rti la ge

su rro un di ng th e res id en ce. Uni te d St at es v. W el ls

, 64 8 F.3 d 67 1, 67 4– 75 (8 th Ci r.

2 0 1 1 )

. The go ve rn m en t do es no t di sp ut e th at th e of fic ers en te red th e cu rti la g e o f

W hi te ’s ho m e bu t as se rts th e of fic ers ’ e nt ry on to th e cu rti la ge was co ns ti tu ti on al ly

re as ona bl e. “ W he re a le gi ti m at e la w en fo rcem en t ob jecti ve ex is ts

, a warra nt le ss en tr y

in to th e cu rti la ge is no t un reas on ab le un de r th e Fo ur th Am en dm en t, pr ov id ed th at th e

in tru si on up on on e’s pr iv acy is li m it ed .” Uni te d St at es v. W es to n, 44 3 F.3 d 66 1, 66 7
(8 th Cir . 20 06 ).

-8

-W he n th e of fic ers fir st en te red W hi te ’s cu rti la ge , t he y were in ve st ig at in g

cri m in al act iv it y who ll y un rel at ed to W hi te or Bea rd en a n d d r o v e up W hi te ’s

dr iv eway on ly to ob ta in as si st an ce in lo cat in g an ad dr es s. Bo th of fic ers te st ifi ed th ey

be li ev ed th e so ut h si de of th e ho us e, whi ch ha d a do or an d c arp or t, was th e fro nt of

th e ho us e. Bea rd en h a s o f f e red no ev id en ce to su gg es t ot he rwis e. The of fic ers

ap pr oa ch ed th e ho us e du rin g th e da y an d W hi te m et th em in th e dr iv eway be fo re th ey

ha d a ch an ce t o k no ck on th e d oo r. “ ‘[N] o F ou rth Am en dm en t s earc h o ccu rs when

po li ce of fic ers who en te r pr iv at e pr op ert y res tri ct th ei r m ov em en ts to th os e area s

ge ne ral ly m ad e acce ss ib le to vi si to rs —s uc h as dr iv eways, wal k w ay s, or si m il ar

pa ss ag eways.” W el ls

, 64 8 F.3 d at 67 9 (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Ree d, 73 3 F.2 d 49 2,

50 1 (8 th Cir . 19 84 )).

Onc e Offi cer Si m

ps on an d Dete ct iv e Mi ni ca di sc ov ered ev id en ce of cri m in al

act iv it y , bas ed on th e st ro ng od or of m ari juan a, th ey were perm it te d to ret ur n t o t he

pr op ert y fo r a “ le gi ti m at e la w en fo rcem en t ob jecti ve .” Uni te d St at es v. Ro bb in s, 68 2

F.3 d 11 11

, 11 15 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 ) (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

. “ W e ha ve he ld th at po li ce en try

th ro ug h an un lo ck ed ga te on a dr iv eway to ap pr oa ch th e fro nt do or of a res id en ce fo r

a ‘kno ck -an d- ta lk ’ is a reas on ab le , li m it ed in tru si on fo r le gi ti m at e la w en fo rcem en t

ob jecti ve s.” Id

. (ci ti ng W es to n, 44 3 F.3 d at 66 7)

. Und er th es e ci rcu m st an ces , th e

of fic ers pe rm is si bl y re

- e n t e r ed W hi te ’s pr op ert y fo r a le gi ti m at e la w en fo rcem en t

pu rp os e an d ne it he r co ns en t no r ex ig en t ci rcu m st an ces were ne ces sa ry to jus ti fy th e

ret ur n v is it

.

Bea rd en ne xt arg ue s he “ was de ta in ed il le ga ll y an d in te rro ga t e d wit ho ut

Mi ran da [an d t]he offi cers di d no t hav e a reas on ab le

, art ic ul ab le su sp ic io n th at [h e]

was en ga ge d in cri m in al act iv it y to jus ti fy th e cu st od ia l de te nt io n.” The Fo ur th 8

To t h e ex te nt th at Bea rd en is cl ai m in g hi s de te nt io n was il le ga l be cau se i t 8

st em m ed fro m th e of

fic ers ’ il le ga l en try on to W hi te ’s pr op ert y, w e di sa gr ee. As

no te d su pr a , we ag ree wit h th e di st ric t co ur t th at th e of f i c e r ’s en try on to W hi te ’s

pr op ert y was l awfu l.

-9

-Am en dm en t al lo ws la w en fo rcem e n t o ffi cers to “ co nd uc t a br ie f in ve st ig at iv e st op

whe n t he y ha ve reas on ab le

, art ic ul ab le su sp ic io n th at a pe rs on is co m m it ti ng or is

ab ou t to co m

m it a cri m e.” Uni te d St at es v. Hor to n, 61 1 F.3 d 93 6, 94 0 (8 th Ci r.

2 0 1 0)

. “ Thi s st an da rd req ui res th at of fic ers be ab le to po in t to sp eci fic , a rti cu l a b l e

fact s jus ti fy in g th e se iz ur e.” Id

. “ The ex is te nc e of reas on ab le

, art ic ul ab le su sp ic io n

is de te rm in ed by th e to ta li ty of th e ci rcu m st an ces , ta ki ng in to a c c o u nt an of fic er’s

de du ct io ns an d rat io na l in fere nc es res ul ti ng fro m rel ev an t tra in in g an d ex pe rie nc e.”

Id

. (ci ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Arv iz u, 53 4 U.S. 26 6, 27 3– 74 (2 00 2) ). Fu rth erm or e, “ an

of fic er m ay te m

po rari ly de ta in an in di vi du al du rin g a Terry st op ‘to de te rm in e th e

su sp ect ’s id en ti ty or to m ai nt ai n th e st at us qu o whi le ob ta in in g m or e in fo rm at io n.’”

Id

. at 94 1 (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Hern an de z-Her na nd ez, 32 7 F .3d 70 3, 70 6 (8 th

Ci r. 20 03 )).

W he n Bea rd en arri ve d on W hi te ’s pr op ert y , of fic ers were in th e pr oc es s of

req ue st in g a se arch warra nt fo r th e pr op ert y , whi ch th ey be li ev ed was be in g us ed to

cu lt iv at e m ari

juan a. Bea rd en arri ve d fro m th e ba ck of th e p r o p e r ty, whe re of fic ers

su sp ect ed th e m ari

juan a op erat io n was lo cat ed

. B e ard en sm el le d st ro ng ly of m ot h

ba ll s an d ha d a la rg e Bo wie kn ife ha ng in g on hi s be lt

. See Uni te d St at es v. Leg o, 85 5

F.2 d 54 2, 54 5 (8 th Ci r. 19 88 ) (u ph ol di ng jus ti fic at io n fo r co nt in ue d de te nt io n ba se d

on kn ife of

fic er fo un d an d rem ov ed fro m cas e on de fen da nt ’s be lt ). Dur in g a ro ut in e

pa t do wn se arch

, TFO Til le r di sc ov ered a su sp ic io u s no te reg ard in g fert il iz er,

in di cat in g Bea rd en m ig ht be in vo lv ed in th e su sp ect ed gr ow op erat io n. He al so to ld

th e of fic ers th at he was ret ur ni ng a ve hi cl e be lo ng in g to W hi te

, hi s la nd lo rd

, an d th at

he li ve d ne xt do or , whi ch di rect ly co nt rad ic te d W hi te ’s st at em en t to of fic ers th at he

di d no t kn ow hi s ne ig hb or s. Bea rd en do es no t co nt es t th es e fact s on a pp eal

. The

d i s t ric t co ur t pr op erl y co nc lu de d th at th e of fic ers ha d a reas on ab le

, art ic ul a b l e

su sp ic io n th at Bea rd en was in vo lv ed in cri m in al act iv it y , an d hi s de t e n ti on was jus ti fie d.

-1 0-Bea rd en fu rth er co nt es ts th e di st ric t co ur t’s co nc lu si on th at he free ly co ns en te d

to th e se arch of hi s h om e. “ The go ve rn m en t b ears th e bu rd en of pr ov in g vo lu nt ary

co ns en t by a pr ep on de ran ce of th e e v i d e n c e .” Mez a-Go nz al ez, 39 4 F.3 d at 59 2.

Bea rd e n a ss ert s hi s co ns en t was no t vo lu nt ary be cau se it was gi ve n aft er he was

ap pr oa ch ed by th ree arm ed of fic ers , pl aced in cu st od y , an d no t ad vi se d of th e

Mi ran da warn in gs

. W he th er co ns en t was vo lu nt ari ly gi ve n tu r n s o n a va rie ty of

fact or s, in cl ud in g a de fen d a n t ’s ag e, in te ll ig en ce, an d ed uc at io n; whe th er he

co op erat es wit h po li ce; hi s kn owl ed ge of hi s rig ht to refu se co ns en t; an d hi s

fam il ia rit y wit h arre st s an d th e le ga l syste m

. Uni te d St at es v. Esco ba r, 38 9 F.3 d 78 1,

78 5 (8 th Ci r. 2 00 4)

. Als o rel ev an t is th e en vi ro nm en t in whi ch co ns en t was gi ve n

an d whe th er th e p o l i c e th reat en ed

, in ti m id at ed

, pu ni sh ed

, or fal se ly pr om is ed

so m et hi ng to th e de fen da nt ; whe th er th e de fen da nt was in cu st od y or un d e r a r res t

whe n co ns en t was gi ve n an d, if so , ho w lo ng he ha d b e e n d e t a in ed ; an d whe th er

co ns en t oc cu rred in a pu bl ic or se cl ud ed area

. Id .; Uni te d St at es v. Sm it h, 26 0 F.3 d

92 2, 9 24 (8t h C ir. 2 00 1)

.

Adm it te dl y , a few fact s weig h in Bea rd en ’s fav or : H e w a s ha nd cu ffed at th e

ti m e an d had be en fo r at le as t fift een m in ut es , he ha d no t y et be en read th e Mi ran da

warn in gs , an d hi s co ns en t was gi ve n in a se cl ud ed woo de d area

. Bu t h e o f f e rs no

ev id en ce to co un te r th e of fic ers ’ te st im on y th at he was no t th reat en ed

, pu ni sh ed

, in ti m id at ed , or pr om is ed an y th in g fo r hi s co ns en t an d th at he ha d b een co op erat iv e

wit h of fic ers fro m th e fir st co nt act

. In ad di ti on , du rin g th e su pp res si on he ari ng , th e

go ve rn m en t pr es en te d ev id en ce th at Bea rd en ha d fo ur pr io r fel on y co n v i ct io ns ,

su gg es ti ng hi s fam il ia rit y wit h le ga l pr oc ed ur e, th e Mi ran da warn in gs , an d hi s rig ht

to refu se co ns en t. Giv en th e ev id en ce pr es en te d at th e he a r i n g , th e di st ric t co ur t’s

fin di ng th at Bea rd en vo lu nt eere d hi s co ns en t to se arch hi s ho us e was no t cl earl y

erro ne ou s.

-1 1-Fi na ll y , B eard en c o n t e s t s hi s cl as si fic at io n as a care er of fen de r un de r USSG

§ 4B 1.1

. W e rev ie w d e no vo th e cl as si fic at io n of a de fen da nt as a car e e r o f f en de r.

Uni te d St at es v. Bo os e, 73 9 F.3 d 11 85

, 11 86 (8 th Ci r

. 2 0 1 4 ). Bea rd en arg ue s th e

di st ric t co ur t er red in fin di ng hi s t wo p rio r co nv ic ti on s fo r bu rg la ry un de r Mi ss ou ri

la w qu al ifi ed as cri m es of vi ol en ce un de r USSG § 4B 1.2 be cau se th ey bo th in vo lv ed

bu rg la rie s o f co m

m erci al bu il di ng s, ra th er t ha n re si de nc es

.

Bea rd en ack no wled ge s ou r de ci si on s in Uni te d St at es v. Can tre ll

, 53 0 F.3 d 68 4
(8 th Ci r. 20 08 ), an d Uni te d St at es v. Bel l, 44 5 F.3 d 10 86 (8 th Ci r. 20 06 ), in whi ch we

co nc lu de d th at a co nv ic ti on fo r se co nd -d eg ree bu rg la ry in vi ol at io n of Mi ss ou ri la w

qu al ifi ed as a “ cri m e of vi ol en ce” wit hi n th e m ean in g of USSG § 4B 1.2 (a). Bea rd en

as ks us to reco ns id er th os e de ci si on s in li gh t of Beg ay v. Uni te d St at es , 55 3 U.S. 13 7
(2 00 8) , and Desc am

ps v. Un it ed Sta te s, 5 70 U.S. —, 13 3 S . Ct. 2 27 6 (2 01 3)

.

A “ cri m e of v i o l e nc e” in cl ud es “ an y of fen se un de r fed eral or st at e la w,

pu ni sh ab le by im

pr is on m en t for a te rm ex ceed in g on e y ear, th at

. . . is b ur gl ary of a

dwe l l in g

. . . or ot he rwis e in vo lv es co nd uc t th at pr es en ts a se rio us po te nt ia l ris k of

ph y si cal in

jury to an ot he r.” USSG § 4B 1.2 (a). W e ha ve co ns is te nt ly he ld th at “ ‘any

ge ne ric bu rg la ry is a cri m e of vi ol en ce’ fo r pu rp os es of [USSG] § 4B 1.2 (a)( 2) .”

Uni te d St at es v. Easo n, 64 3 F.3 d 62 2, 62 3– 24 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es

v. St y m ie st

, 58 1 F.3 d 75 9, 76 8 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 )). W e ha ve al so pr ev io us ly co nc lu de d

th at “ Beg ay do es no t un de rm in e ou r pr ev io us de ci si on s ho ld in g th at ge ne ric bu rg la ry , in cl ud in g bu rg la ry of a co m m erci al bu il di ng , is a cri m e of vi ol en ce.” Uni te d Stat es

v. Haas

, 62 3 F.3 d 1 2 1 4, 12 20 n.6 (8 th Ci r. 20 10 ) (ci ti ng St y m ie st

, 58 1 F.3 d at

76 8– 69 ).

In Uni te d St at es v. Ols so n, 74 2 F.3 d 85 5, 85 6 (8 th Ci r. 20 1 4 )

, we ex am in ed

Mi ss ou ri’s se co nd -d eg ree bu rg la ry st at ut e in li gh t of Des cam ps

. In Ols so n, w e

co nc lu de d th at “ [b ]ecaus e th e ba si c el em en ts of th e Mi ss ou ri se co nd -d eg ree bu rg la ry

-1 2-s t a t u t e a r e th e sa m e as th os e of th e ge ne ric bu rg la ry of fen se , Ols so n’s pr io r

co nv ic ti on qu al ifi es as a ‘crim e of vi ol en ce’ un de r th e cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch .” Ols so n,

74 2 F .3d at 85 6. It is well -es ta bl is he d in ou r ci rcu it th at on e p an el can no t o ve rru le

an op in io n fil ed by an ot he r pa ne l. W el ls

, 64 8 F.3 d at 67 5. Acco rd in gl y , we co nc lu de

th e di st ric t co ur t co rrec tl y ru le d th at each of Bea rd en ’s pr io r Mi ss ou ri co nv ic ti on s fo r

bu rg la ry was a cri m e o f vi ol en ce, m ak in g B eard en a care er o ffen de r. 9

II I. Co ncl us io n

Fo r t h e r e a s o ns se t fo rth ab ov e, we affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t’s de ni al of

Bea rd en ’s m ot io ns to su pp res s an d u ph ol d h is sen te nc e.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Bea rd en al so co nt es ts th e cl as si fic at io n of hi s es cap e co nv ic ti on as a cri m e of 9

vi ol en ce. Bec au se we co nc lu de th at bo th of hi s pr io r bu rg la ry co nv ic ti on s qu al ify as

pr ed ic at e cri m es of v io le nc e u nd er USSG § 4B 1.2 (a), we d o n ot reac h t hi s i ss ue

.

-1 3-