# U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Office Commercial Buildings Integration



# A Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings

Date: 2014

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Version: Public Comment Period DraftZEB Definitions Report

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## Table of Contents

Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 2

Background

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 2

Goals

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 2

Methodology

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 2

Acknowledgements

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 3

ZEB Definition Guiding Principles

................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 4

Zero Energy Building Definitions

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 4

Zero Energy Building (ZEB)

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 4

Zero Energy Campus

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 4

Zero Energy Portfolio

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 4

Zero Energy Community

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 4

Nomenclature

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 4

Measurement and Implementation Guidelines

................................ ................................ ............................ 5

Boundaries

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 5

Energy Accounting and Measurements

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 6

Source Energy Calculations

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 7

Us ing “Zero Energy Building”

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 9

Additional Consideration Under Review

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 9

Appendix 1

– Research Materials

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 11

Appendix 2

– Subject Matter Experts

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 13

Appendix 3

– Stakeholder Workshop Participants

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## Introduction
This Report has been prepared by the National Institute of Building Sciences (Institute) for the U.S. Department of Energy

, Building Technologies Office (DOE) . The Report summarizes the process employed and outcomes developed for defining identifying zero energy buildings

. 

### Background
Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB s ) have a tremendous potential to transform the way buildings use energy and there is an increasing number of buildings meeting this goal. P rivate commercial property owners are interested in developing zero energy buildings to meet their corporate goals and some, have already constructed buildings designed to be zero energy

. In response to regulatory mandates, f ederal government agencies and many state and local governments, are beginning to move toward targets for

zero energy buildings

. However, there is little co nsensus on what it means to have a zero energy building : definitions differ from region to region and from one building professional to another.



### Goals

A broadly accepted definition of ZEB boundaries and metrics is foundational to efforts by governments

, utilities, or private entiti es to recognize or incentivize zero energy buildings. A commonly accepted
definition and corresponding methods of measurement for zero energy buildings would also have a significant impact on the development of design strategies for buildings and help spur greater market uptake of such projects.

To be effective and accepted definitions of ZEB s need to include clear and concise language . Metrics
and measureme nt guidelines should be defined to allow verification of the achievement of the key
elements of the definition . The definitions, metrics and guidelines should address how energy consumption is measured and what energy uses and types to include in its deter mination.



### Methodology Creating a broadly agreed up on and supported definition of ZEB should involve participation from the many organizations that have a stake in the outcome. The National Institute of Building Sciences (Institute) , a non

- profit, non

- gove rnmental organization was selected by DOE to accomplish this task.
The Institute was established by the U.S. Congress, to bring together representatives of government, the professions, industry, labor and consumer interests, and regulatory agencies to focu s on the identification and resolution of problems and potential problems that hamper the construction of safe, affordable structures throughout the United States.

The Institute’s High Performance Building Council (HPBC), formed in April 2007 in response to Section 914 of the Energy Policy Act, is leading the process to develop common ly agreed upon definitions for zero energy buildings . The HPBC, with representatives from most of the major standards writing organizations, industry trade associations

, nonpr ofit organizations, and federal government entities involved with the built environment, has representation from all members of the building team from designers to constructors to owners

.

Early in 2014, the Institute

, with funding and support from the DO E Building Technologies Office began, working through the HPBC, to establish a common national ZEB definition. The Institute , with input from DOE, formed the project team identified in the acknowledgements section

. A full list of issues to be
addressed and a draft set of definitions and metrics were developed by the project team during the research phase of the project through surveying existing publications (see Appendix 3 for a list of publications researched) and interviewing subject matter experts (SMEs) (see Appendix 2 for a list ofZEB Definitions Report

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- 26 SME interviewed) working on zero buildings from across the building industry. These findings were presented to the stakeholders (see Appendix 3 for a list of s takeholder organizations ) involved with the creation and advancement of zero energy buildings and who were invited to participate by the HPBC to contribute their perspective and provide their input.

The team studied the basic issue of what to call buildings that are designed an d operated in such a way that energy consumption is reduced to a level that it is balanced by renewable energy production over a typical one

- year period. To make the determination, definitions already in use were reviewed; the opinions of SME and Stakeholders wer e collected; and other DOE programs and goals were considered

. A k ey consideration was feedback received by the DOE Zero Energy Ready Homes program that
concluded the term “net” was confusing to consumers

. The des ire was to have a term that resonated with building owners and that is technically correct. The idea advance d by some that “ net ” is necessary to be accurate in accounting for energy usage was considered

. The conclusion reached was that the
word “net” did n ot add any substantive meaning to the name

, since the definition describes how to account for imported and exported energy. Therefore

, in striving for simplicity and to accentuate the core objective, use of the term “ Zero Energy Building (ZEB) ” is being pr oposed

.
The “ ZEB Definitions and Nomenclature ” that follow are based on the commentary received at the Workshop. These are being provided to the SME s and Stakeholders for review and commentary , prior to being made available for a public comment period. A fter all feedback has been received and reviewed

, the final version will be produced.

The need for additional definitions for related groupings of buildings was identified in the process.
Definitions for “zero energy campuses, ” “zero energy communities ” and “zero energy portfolios ” are all
included here to expand the reach of the ZEB concept

, to provide for the collective generation of renewables and to account for different energy needs of buildings

. The goal is to achieve a commonly agreed upon defin ition of ZEB with supporting Nomenclature and
Guidelines to facilitate their use

, and to set a bar for achieving a ZEB that can be relevant into the future

. The results will be published by the HPBC and made available to government and industry to support the developing demand for zero energy buildings.



### Acknowledgements The Zero Energy Building definitions, nomenclature and guidelines have been developed through the efforts of the following project team members.

Sonia Punjabi U.S. Department of Energy, B uilding Technologies Office
Paul Torcellini National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Richard Diamond Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Roger Grant National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) Ryan Colker National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS)

Kent Peterson P2S Engineering, NIBS Consultant Get Moy AECOM, NIBS High Performance Building Council
Earle Kennett National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS)

The Project Team was greatly assisted by the SMEs , identified in Appendix 2, who were interviewed during the research phase of the project; as well as by the Stakeholder Workshop Participants identified in Appendix 3.ZEB Definitions Report

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## ZEB Definition Guiding Principles

Based on the following guiding principles, a commerc ial zero energy building (ZEB) definition should:

1. C reate a standardized basis for identification of ZEBs for use by industry.

2. B e capable of being measured and verified, and should be rigorous and transparent

. 3. I nfluence the de sign and operation of buildings to substantially reduce building operational energy consumption

. 4. B e clear and easy to understand by the industry and policy makers.

5. Set a long

- term goal and be capable of being in place without change for some time into the
future.



## Zero Energy Building De finition s The base definition of a zero energy building follows. The bold text represents key items that are further addressed with definitions and guidelines.



### Zero Energy Building (ZEB)
An energy

- efficient building where the actual annual source energy consumption is balanced by on

- site renewable energy

.

In addition to the base definition of a ZEB that includes all renewable energy on or adjacent to the building, the need for definitions to accommodate collections of buildings was clearly evident. To m eet this need, the following variations on the base ZEB definition are provided. All Guidelines for the base ZEB apply unless noted otherwise or expanded upon in the Guidelines section that follows.



### Zero Energy Campus
An energy

- efficient campus where the actual annual source energy consumption is balanced by on

- site
renewable energy

. 

### Zero Energy Portfolio
An energy

- efficient portfolio where the combined actual annual source energy consumption is balanced by on

- site renewable energy

. 

### Zero Energy Community

A n energy

- efficient community where the actual annual source energy consumption is balanced by on

site renewable energy

.



## Nomenclature

This nomenclature provides definitions of key terms applied to the Z ero Energy definition s

.
Annual : covering at least one p eriod of 12 consecutive months.

B uilding: a structure wholly or par tially enclosed within exterior walls, or within exterior and party walls, and a roof, affording shelter to persons, animals, or property. [ASHRAE 105

- 2014]

Bui lding energy : energy consumed by a building or at the building site as measured at the site
boundar y . At minimum, this includes heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, indoor and outdoor lighting, plug loads, process energy , and transportation within the bu ilding.ZEB Definitions Report

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- 26 Campus : a site made up of a collection of related building sites owned by a given institution

. Community : a group of building sites that has a particular characteristic in common. For the purpose of zero energy building, the common characteristic i s the desire to share the benefit ( s ) of local renewable

energy production systems.

Delivered energy : any viable type of energy that could be bought or sold for use in the building, including electricity, steam, hot water or chilled water, natural gas, biog as, landfill gas, coal, coke, propane, petroleum and its derivatives , residual fuel oil, alcohol based fuels, wood, biomass, and any
other material consumed as fuel.

E nergy: t he capacity for doing work . Energy takes a number of forms that may be transformed from one into another, such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical, or chemical. Customary measurement units are British thermal units (Btu), Joules (J), or kilowatt

- hours (kWh).

Exported energy : on

- site renewable energy supplied thr ough the site boundary and used outside the site boundary.

On

- site renewable energy : o n

- site renewable energy includes any renewable energy source harnessed within the site boundary that could be used by the building and/or could be exported outside the si te boundary.

Portfolio : a collection of buildings owned by a single organization

.

R enewable energy: e nergy resources that are naturally replenishing but flow

- limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. Renewable energy resources include biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave

a ction, and tidal action. [DOE EIA Glossary]

Site boundary: a fixed b oundary th at includes within it all areas associated with the building (s) (both
inside and outside of the building) where energy is used and produced.

Source energy: delivered energy plus the energy required to extract, convert, and transmit th e energy to the site boundary

.



## Measurement and Implementation Guidelines
The guidelines identify the methodology for establishing boundary condition s , conducting energy

measurement s and achieving ene rgy balance s that support applying the Zero Energy Building, Zero Energy Campus, Zero Energy Portfolio , and Zero Energy Community definitions. The g uidelines address:

• Measurement boundaries for all definitions

• Energy accounting and measurements

• Source energy calculations



### Boundaries

The definitions require the use of a defined site boundary. The site boundary represents a meaningful boundary that is functionally part of the building(s). For a single building on a single property, the site boundary is t ypically the property boundary. The site boundary should include the point of utility
interface. Figure 1 shows the site boundary of site energy and how it forms from building energy , on site renewable energy production, delivered energy and exported ene rgy

.ZEB Definitions Report

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- 26 Figure 1

– Site Boundary of Energy Transfer f or Zero Energy Accounting

The site boundary for a Zero Energy Building (ZEB) could be around the building footprint if the on

- site renewable energy is located within the building footprint. The boundary could be around the building
site if some of the on

- site renewable energy is on

- site but not within the building footprint.

The site boundary for a Zero Energy Campus allows for the building sites on a campus to be aggregated
so that the combined on

- site renewable energy could offset the combined building energy from the buildings on the campus. The site boundary for a Zero Energy Community or Zero Energy Portfolio would allow a group of project sites at different locations to be aggregated so that the combined on

- site renewable energy could offset the combined building energy from the aggregated project sites. Zero Energy Communities can share the benefit of an off

- site shared renewable energy project that pools investments from multiple building owners in a community and provides power benefits in return.

The renewable energy produced on site is taken into account if it reduces the amount of delivered energy needed and and/or is exported if not used in the building(s) i.e.

, on

- site production is not

con sidered as part of delivered energy on site

. 

### Energy Accounting and Measurements A Zero Energy Building is typically a grid

- connected building that is very energy efficient

. The premise is
that zero energy buildings use the electric grid or other systems to transfer any surplus of on

- site renewable energy to other users

.ZEB Definitions Report

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- 26 Energy accounting for a ZEB would include energy used for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, indoor and outdoor lighting, plug loads, process energy , and transportation withi n the building. Vehicle charging energy for transportation inside the building would be include d in the energy accounting. Vehicle charging energy for transportation outside the building would be excluded from the energy accounting. Delivered and export ed energy is measured at the site boundary.

A ZEB balances its energy use so that the energy exported to the grid or other energy network (i.e.

, campus or facility) is equal to or greater than the energy delivered to the building

. A Z EB may only use

on

- site renewable energy in offsetting the delivered energy. On

- site renewable energy is energy produced from renewable energy sources within the site boundary

. Renewable fuels are not included in this term, because they are treated as deli vered energy to the buil ding, i.e. off

- site renewables. Non

renewable energy that is exported from the site boundary is not allowed to offset delivered energy.

Annual balance of zero source energy use typically leads to the situation where significant amo unt of the

on

- site renewable energy generation w ould be exchanged with the grid. Therefore

, a ZEB produces on

site renewable energy when conditions are suitable and uses delivered energy during the rest of the

time.

Del ivered energy to the building includes grid electricity, district heat and cooling, renewable and non

renewable fuels.

On

- site renewable energy production systems may supply building energy , thus reducing the need for the delivered energy to the building, or may be directly exported t o energy networks. This is taken into account in the net delivered energy balance. Zero Energy Campuses, Portfolios and Communities can
combine the on

- site renewable energy among different sites under an aggregated site boundary to
balance the delivered en ergy.

The annual net energy balance can be measured with the use of appropriate energy metering
devices. Energy meters provide the basis for buildings to document the quantity of energy used by the site and the quantity of on

- site renewable energy generat ion. These meters may include utility meters that track purchased energy usage, meters specifically measuring onsite renewable energy generation that is exported, or "net" meters that measure both purchased energy and onsite renewable energy exported and c alculate the difference.



### Source Energy Calculations Most building managers are familiar with site energy , the amount of energy consumed by a building as reflected in utility bills. Site energy may be delivered to a facility in one of two forms: primary and /or secondary energy. Primary energy is the raw fuel that is burned to create heat and electricity, such as natural gas or fuel oil used in on

- site generation. Secondary energy is the energy product (heat or electricity) created from a raw fuel, such as electricity purchased from the grid or heat received from a district steam system. A unit of primary and a unit of secondary energy consumed at the site are not directly comparable because one represents a raw fuel while the other represents a converted fu el. Therefore, to assess the relative efficiencies of buildings with varying proportions of primary and secondary energy consumption, it is necessary to convert these two types of energy into equivalent units of raw fuel consumed to generate that one unit of energy consumed on

- site. To achieve this equivalency, the convention of source energy is utilized

. When primary energy is consumed on site, the conversion to source energy must account for losses that are incurred in the storage, transport

, and deliver y of fuel to the building. When secondary energy is consumed on site, the conversion must account for losses incurred in the production, transmission, and delivery to the site. The factors used to restate primary and secondary energy in terms of the totalZEB Definitions Report

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- 26 equivalent source energy units are called the source

- site energy ratios

. The Zero Energy definition uses national average ratios to accomplish the conversion to source energy because the use of national

average source

- site ratios ensures that no specific b uilding will be credited (or penalized) for the relative efficiency of its energy provider(s).

Source energy is calculated from delivered and exported renewable energy for each energy type using

source

- site energy ratios

. Source

- site energy ratios are app lied to convert each kBtu of energy delivered and exported on site into the total kBtu of e quivalent source energy

. The source

- site energy ratios
utilized are from EPA ENERGY STAR 1 with the single exception of on

- site renewable electricity, which is
the s ame electrical value for delivered and exported energy

. Table 1 summarizes the national average

source

- site energy ratios for various energy types

.

Energy Type ENERGY STAR

Source

- Site Ratio , r

Electricity 3. 14

Natural Gas 1.0 5

Fuel Oil (1,2,4,5,6,Diesel, Kerosene) 1.01

Propane & Liquid Propane 1.01

Steam 1.20

Hot Water 1.2 0

Chilled Water 1.0 0

Wood 1.0

Coal/Coke 1.0

Table 1

– National Average Source

- Site Energy Ratios

Source energy would be calculated using the following formula:

E source = ∑ ( E del

, i r del

, i ) i − ∑ ( E exp , i r exp , i ) i

Where

E del

, i is the delivered energy for energy type i;

E exp , i is the exported on

- site renewable energy for energy type i;

r del

, i is the source

- site energy ratio for the delivered energy type i;

r exp , i is the source

- site energy ratio for the exported energy type i;

1 ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager Technical Reference: Source Energy , EPA, July 2013ZEB Definitions Report

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### Using “Zero Energy Building” The designation Zero Energy Building should be used only for buildings that have demonstrated through
actual annual measurements that the on

- site renewable exported energy is greater than or equal to the
delivered energy through the site boundary. Buildings that have been designed to be zero energy, but have not yet had a full year of operation demonstrat ing that they meet the requirements, are encouraged to identify their intent to be a Zero Energy Building.



### Addi tional Consideration s Under Review

1. The potential value of a definition for a Zero Energy Building that uses Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) to balance actual annual source energy consumption is under consideration. According to the EPA: “A REC represents the property rights to the environmental, social, and other non

- power qualities of renewable electricity generation. A REC, and its associated attributes and benefits, can be sold separately from the underlying physical electricity associated with a renewa ble

- based generation source.”

Multi

- story buildings occupying entire lots, especially those located in urban areas may use off

- site renewable energy or purchase RECs to balance their source energy consumption. For similar reasons, urban ZEB portfolios an d urban ZEB campuses may want to purchase RECs if on

- site renewable generation is limited due to physical constraints. These buildings cannot claim ZEB status as defined in this document, but could possibly be recognized as REC

- Zero Energy Buildings (REC

Z EB). Renewable energy certificates (RECs) may provide large urban buildings with an avenue to address their energy consumption beyond what they could achieve with onsite generation alone.

The project team is still evaluating the possible value of a REC

- ZEB definition and is seeking specific comments on the following draft definition to help determine if it should be incorporated into this
report:
REC

- ZEB: an energy

- efficient building where the actual annual source energy consumption is balanced by on

- site renewable energy production to the maximum extent possible and then
utilizes Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) from certified sources to make up the difference in renewable energy required to achieve a ZEB level. E source = [ ( 200

, 000 kBtu × 3

. 14 ) + ( 60

, 000 kBtu × 1

. 0 ) + ( 100

, 000 × 1

. 05 ) ]

− ( 260

, 000 kBtu × 3

. 14 )

= 793

, 000 kBtu

− 816

, 400 kBtu

= − 23

, 400 kBtu Example Calculation

A building has the following delivered energy types: 200,000 kBtu electricity, 60,000 kBtu chilled water, and 100,000 kBtu natural gas. The on

- site renewable exported energy is 260,000 kBtu electricity from photovoltaics. (Note: The equation is using energy transferred across the site boundary and does not include on

- site renewable energy consumed by the building.)

Using the formula above, the annual source energy balance would be:

Since 

### E source ≤ 0, the building would be a Zero Ene rgy Building.ZEB Definitions Report

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- 26 2. There is interest in the concept of Ze ro Energy Ready (ZER) buildings. Essentially a ZER building is a highly energy efficient building that could conceivably become a ZEB in the future with the addition of renewable energy. While this is an interesting and popular concept, due to the number o f variables involved, a methodology for establishing what constitutes a ZER building was not readily identifiable. Consequently, it has not been defined in this Report. However, comments on the need for a common definition and measurement guidelines for ZE R buildings, to accompany the definition of a ZEB, are welcomed.ZEB Definitions Report

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## Appendix 1

– Research MaterialsZEB Definitions Report

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## Appendix 2

– Subject Matter Experts
The following individuals were interviewed during the research phase of the project and their responses
used to formulate the definitions and supporting materials. Their review and input also contributed to subsequent versions. Organization SME Category

1 Whole Foods Kathy Loftus Commercial

Owner

2 Walmart Stores, Inc. James McClendon, PE Commercial

Owner

3 Integral Group John Andary, PE, LEED AP Design
Consultant 4 David Kaneda, PE, FAIA, LEED AP BD+C

5 Peter Rumsey Peter Rumsey, PE, FASHRAE, CEM, LEED

AP Design
Consultant

6 Architecture Interiors Planning Urban Design Scott Shell, FAIA LEED AP BD+C Design
Consultant

7 Indoor Environments Consultant James Woods, Ph.D., P.E. Design
Consultant

8 US Army Ft. Carson Colorado Hal Alguire Federal

Owner Mark Hunsiker
Joe Wyka

9 U.S. General Services Administration Office of Chief Greening Officer Kevin Powell Federal

Owner

10 Building Design & Construction Rob Cassidy Media

11 Building Green/Green Source/ Environmental Building News Nadav Malin Media

12 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Rick Diamond National Laboratory

13 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Shanti Pless, LEED AP National Laboratory 14 Paul Torcellini

15 National Institute of Building Sciences Ryan Colker, JJD NGO

16 Passive House Institute U.S. Walter Grondzik , PE, LEED AP NGO

17 Daikin Applied/ASHRAE Rick Hermans, PE, HFDP NGO

18 New Buildings Institute Dave Hewitt NGO

Cathy Higgins

19 International Living Futures Institute Brad Liljequist, AICP, LEED AP NGO

20 Architecture2030 Edward Mazria NGO

21 AECOM, Inc. High Performance Building Council Get W. Moy, P.E, LEED AP NGO

22 Green Building Initiative Jerry Yudelson, PE, LEED Fellow NGO

23 Pacific Gas & Electric Peter Turnbull UtilityZEB Definitions Report

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## Appendix 3

– Stakeholder Workshop Participants
The following individuals participated in the Defining Zero Energy Buildings Stakeholders Workshop June 17, 2014 providing their input to the research and resulting draft definitions and nomenclature presented at the Workshop and providing comments on the revised definitions, guidelines and supporting materials after the Workshop.

Name Organization

Brian Castelli Alliance to Save Energy
Harry Misuriello American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy

Pamel Sams American Institute of Architects
Daniel Lapato American Public Gas Association

Tanzina Islam American Public Power Association

Edward Mazria Architecture 2030

Vincent Martinez Architecture 2030
Doug Read ASHRAE

Ron Burton Building Owners and Managers Association International

Paul Bertram Business Council for Sustainable Energy
Bill Updike District of Columbia Department of the Environment

Daniel White District of Columbia Department of the Environment

Steve Rosenstock Edison Electric Institute

Neil Leslie Gas Technology Institute

Jeff Johnson International Facility Management Association
Brad Liljequist International Living Future Institute
Patrick Hughes National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Sandy Fazeli National Association of Sta te Energy Officials
Ryan Colker National Institute of Building Sciences
Roger Grant National Institute of Building Sciences
Henry Green National Institute of Building Sciences

Earle Kennett National Institute of Building Sciences
Get Moy National Institute of Building Sciences

Kent Peterson National Institute of Building Sciences

Paul Torcellini National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Cathy Higgins New Buildings Institute
Carolyn Sarno Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships

Peter Turnbull Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E)
Lawrence Miltenberger PNC Bank Corporation

Scott Williams Target Corporation

Dave Del Rossi TD Bank Corporation
Kristine Kingery U.S. Army

Kristen Thomas U.S. Army
Cody Taylor U.S. Department of Energy
Sonia Punjabi U.S. Department of Energy
Cindy Jacobs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency