19–010 

Calendar No. 453 

112TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! SENATE 2d Session 112–184 

LONG ISLAND SOUND RESTORATION AND 

STEWARDSHIP ACT 

JULY 16, 2012.—Ordered to be printed 

Mrs. BOXER, from the Committee on Environment and Public 

Works, submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany S. 2018] 

[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] 

The Committee on Environment and Public Works, to which was 

referred a bill (S. 2018) to amend and reauthorize certain provisions relating to Long Island Sound restoration and stewardship, 

having considered the same, reports favorably thereon and recommends that the bill do pass. 

GENERAL STATEMENT AND BACKROUND

The Long Island Sound Restoration and Stewardship Act reauthorizes the Long Island Sound Restoration Act (33 U.S.C. 1269) 

and Long Island Sound Stewardship Act (33 U.S.C. 1269 note; Public Law 109–359), including extending the Long Island Sound 

Grants and Long Island Sound Stewardship grants from 2012 until 

2016. 

The authorizations support various projects to restore and preserve the Long Island Sound and its ecosystems including: upgrades to wastewater facilities, wetland protection and restoration, 

non-point source pollution control and abatement projects. 

Long Island Sound, which borders New York and Connecticut, is 

a 1,320 square mile estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. The Long Island 

Sound watershed stretches from Quebec, Canada through Vermont, 

New Hampshire, Massachusetts and parts of Connecticut on its 

northern end, and New York and parts of Connecticut on its western and southern ends. Nearly 9 million people call the Long Island 


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Sound watershed home, with 4 million living along the Sound 

itself. 

In 1985, after decades of evidence of a decline in water quality 

and depleted oxygen levels, Congress created the Long Island 

Sound Study (Study) to identify threats to the Sound’s health and 

engage in planning for remediation. In 1994, the Study released a 

Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (Plan), approved under section 320 of the Clean Water Act—the National Estuary Program—to restore and protect the Sound. The cleanup plan 

includes actions to address hypoxia, reduce toxic substances and 

pathogens, and restore natural habitats. By 1998, the States of 

New York and Connecticut and the EPA adopted the reduction 

plan with a goal of 58.5% nitrogen reduction by 2014. In 2001, the 

Total Maximum Daily Load for the Sound was approved by the 

EPA. In 2006, identifying more opportunities to enhance the health 

of the Sound, Congress passed the Long Island Sound Stewardship 

Act, which targets coastal habitat and ecosystem restoration, public 

access, and land use projects to enhance the health of the natural 

and recreational resources of the Sound. 

S. 2018 was introduced by Senators Gillibrand, Schumer, Lieberman, and Blumenthal on December 16, 2011 to provide continued 

support to the efforts of New York, Connecticut, and various other 

federal, state and local agencies and organizations dedicated to restoring Long Island Sound. 

The bill modifies the Long Island Sound authorization to require 

the Study to engage in increased public education and awareness 

of the health and water quality of the Sound. The bill also includes 

a number of requirements to increase the oversight and accountability of the programs, including biennial reporting requirements 

and an annual budget plan from the President.μ In addition, the 

bill increases coordination among the numerous agencies operating 

in and around the Sound. 

OBJECTIVES OF THE LEGISLATION

The Long Island Sound Restoration and Stewardship Act reauthorizes the Long Island Sound Restoration Act (33 U.S.C. 1269) 

and Long Island Stewardship Act (33 U.S.C. 1269 note; Public Law 

109–359) and adds new reporting requirements and budgeting requirements to increase accountability. 

SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS

Section 1. Short Title 

Section 1 notes that this act may be cited as the ‘‘Long Island 

Sound Restoration and Stewardship Act’’ 

Section 2. Amendments 

Section 2 amends 33 USC Sec. 1269 to direct the Long Island 

Sound Office (Office) to assist the Study with implementation of 

the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (Plan) 

through the assessment of vulnerabilities in the watershed, development and implementation of adaptation strategies to reduce 

vulnerabilities, and identification and assessment of impacts of sea 

level rise on water quality, habitat, and infrastructure in the Long 


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Island Sound. This section also directs the Office to support planning efforts in the Long Island Sound. 

Section 2 directs the Office to assist with public awareness and 

education on ecological health and water quality conditions monitoring the progress toward meeting the identified goals, actions, 

and schedules of the Plan. 

Section 2 changes the federal share for Long Island Sound grants 

from ‘‘50’’ to ‘‘60’’ to mirror the Stewardship grant program. 

Section 2 includes new requirements that the Office submit biennial reports to Congress outlining progress in carrying out the Plan 

and progress to meeting the goals contained in the Plan. The report 

must also include modifications to the Plan, recommendations, priority actions, and outline coordination among various federal agencies and the states. 

Section 2 requires the President to submit an annual crosscut 

budget on Long Island Sound funding. 

Section 2 requires federal agencies to coordinate efforts in the 

Long Island Sound. Agencies that occupy lands in the Long Island 

Sound watershed are required to participate in watershed planning 

efforts, and ensure that management of the agency’s land in the 

watershed is consistent with any requirements set forth in the 

Plan. 

Section 2 also amends the Long Island Sound Stewardship Act 

of 2006 (33 U.S.C. 1269 note; Public Law 109–359) to extend the 

authorization through 2016, and exempts the Advisory Committee 

and any board, committee, or other group established under this 

law from the Federal Advisory Committee Act. 

Section 3. Reauthorization 

Section 3 reauthorizes the Long Island Sound Grants under the 

Long Island Sound Restoration Act at $40 million each year 

through 2016. 

Section 3 also reauthorizes the Long Island Sound Stewardship 

Grants at $25 million each year through 2016. These authorizations maintain the current authorized levels each year for an additional 5 years. 

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Senator Kirsten E. Gillibrand introduced the Long Island Sound 

Restoration and Stewardship Act, which was co-sponsored by Senators Schumer, Lieberman, and Blumenthal, on December 16, 

2011. The bill was received, read twice and referred to the Committee on Environment and Public Works. 

On June 21, 2012, the Full Committee met to consider a number 

of bills including S. 2018. During this meeting, the Committee considered S. 2018 and the bill was ordered to be reported favorably 

by voice vote. 

HEARINGS

In the 111th Congress, on February 24, 2010, the Full Senate 

Committee on Environment and Public Works and the Subcommittee on Water and Wildlife held a joint hearing on legislative 

approaches to protecting Great Water Bodies (i.e., Lake Tahoe, 

Puget Sound, Long Island Sound, Columbia River Basin, and the 


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Great Lakes). The hearing included a discussion of efforts to restore the Long Island Sound. 

ROLLCALL VOTES

The Committee on Environment and Public Works met to consider S. 2018 on June 21, 2012. The bill was ordered to be reported 

favorably by voice vote. 

REGULATORY IMPACT STATEMENT

In compliance with section 11(b) of rule XXVI of the Standing 

Rules of the Senate, the committee finds that S. 2018 does not create any additional regulatory burdens, nor will it cause any adverse impact on the personal privacy of individuals. 

MANDATES ASSESSMENT

In compliance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 

(Public Law 104–4), the committee noted that the Congressional 

Budget Office (CBO) has found, ‘‘S. 2018 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and would impose no costs on state, 

local, or tribal governments.’’ 

JUNE 28, 2012. 

Hon. BARBARA BOXER, 

Chairman, Committee on Environment and Public Works, 

U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. 

DEAR MADAM CHAIRMAN: The Congressional Budget Office has 

prepared the enclosed cost estimate for S. 2018, the Long Island 

Sound Restoration and Stewardship Act. 

If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased 

to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Susanne S. Mehlman. 

Sincerely, 

DOUGLAS W. ELMENDORF. 

Enclosure. 

S. 2018—Long Island Sound Restoration and Stewardship Act 

Summary: S. 2018 would require the Long Island Sound Office 

of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to study the impact 

of climate change on the Long Island Sound watershed and develop 

strategies to increase public education about that area. Assuming 

appropriation of the necessary amounts, CBO estimates that implementing this legislation would cost $254 million over the 2013– 

2017 period. 

This legislation would authorize the appropriation of $40 million 

annually over the 2013–2016 period for EPA to implement the 

Long Island Sound comprehensive conservation and management 

plan. S. 2018 also would authorize the appropriation of $25 million 

annually over that same period for EPA to provide grants to states 

and local governments, nonprofit organizations, and private landowners to procure and enhance sites within the Long Island Sound 

ecosystem, and to cover administrative costs. (Such grants are referred to in the bill as Long Island Sound Stewardship grants.) 


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In addition, this legislation would extend the authority to appropriate funding through 2016 for EPA to operate the Office of the 

Management Conference of the Long Island Sound Study. 

Pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply to S. 2018 because it 

would not affect direct spending or revenues. 

S. 2018 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) 

and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. 

Estimated cost to the Federal Government: The estimated budgetary impact of S. 2018 is shown in the following table. The costs 

of this legislation fall within budget function 300 (natural resources 

and environment). 

By fiscal year, in millions of dollars— 

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013–2017 

CHANGES IN SPENDING SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATION 

Grants to Support Long Island Sound Comprehensive Conservation and 

Management Plan: 

Authorization Level ............................................................................ 40 40 40 40 0 160 

Estimated Outlays ............................................................................. 18 34 40 40 22 154 

Long Island Sound Stewardship Grants: 

Authorization Level ............................................................................ 25 25 25 25 0 100 

Estimated Outlays ............................................................................. 11 21 25 25 14 96 

Office of the Management Conference of the Long Island Sound Study: 

Estimated Authorization Level ........................................................... 1 1 1 1 0 4 

Estimated Outlays ............................................................................. 1 1 1 1 0 4 

Total Changes: 

Estimated Authorization Level ......................................... 66 66 66 66 0 264 

Estimated Outlays ........................................................... 30 56 66 66 36 254 

Basis of estimate: For this estimate, CBO assumes that S. 2018 

will be enacted near the beginning of fiscal year 2013, that the 

specified and necessary amounts will be appropriated in each year 

starting in 2013, and that outlays will follow historical spending 

patterns for the existing programs. In addition, CBO estimates that 

about $4 million would be needed over the next four years to operate the Office of the Management Conference of the Long Island 

Sound Study. 

Pay-as-you-go considerations: None. 

Intergovernmental and private-sector impact: S. 2018 contains no 

intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in UMRA 

and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. 

States would benefit from grants authorized in the bill. Any costs 

to those governments would be incurred voluntarily as a condition 

of federal assistance. 

Estimate prepared by: Federal Costs: Susanne S. Mehlman; Impact on State, Local, and Tribal Governments: Melissa Merrell; Impact on the Private Sector: Amy Petz. 

Estimate approved by: Theresa Gullo, Deputy Assistant Director 

for Budget Analysis. 

CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW

In compliance with section 12 of rule XXVI of the Standing Rules 

of the Senate, changes in existing law made by the bill as reported 

are shown as follows: Existing law proposed to be omitted is enVerDate Mar 15 2010 05:03 Jul 18, 2012 Jkt 019010 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\SR184.XXX SR184

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closed in øblack brackets¿, new matter is printed in italic, existing 

law in which no change is proposed is shown in roman: 

* * * * * * * 

FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 101. (a) The objective of this Act is to restore and maintain 

the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s 

waters. In order to achieve this objective it is hereby declared that, 

consistent with the provisions of this Act— 

(1) * * * 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 119 

SEC. 119. LONG ISLAND SOUND.—(a) The Administrator shall continue the Management Conference of the Long Island Sound Study 

(hereinafter referred to as the ‘‘Conference’’) as established pursuant to section 320 of this Act, and shall establish an office (hereinafter referred to as the ‘‘Office’’) to be located on or near Long Island Sound. 

ø(b) ADMINISTRATION AND STAFFING OF OFFICE.—The Office 

shall¿ 

(b) OFFICE.— (1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Administrator shall— 

(A) continue to carry out the conference study; and 

(B) establish an office, to be located on or near Long Island Sound. 

(2) ADMINISTRATION AND STAFFING.—The Office shall be 

headed by a Director, who shall be detailed by the Administrator, following consultation with the Administrators of EPA 

regions I and II, from among the employees of the Agency who 

are in civil service. The Administrator shall delegate to the Director such authority and detail such additional staff as may 

be necessary to carry out the duties of the Director under this 

section. 

(c) DUTIES OF THE OFFICE.—The Office shall assist the 

øManagement Conference of the Long Island Sound Study¿ conference study in carrying out its goals. Specifically, the Office 

shall— 

(1) assist and support the implementation of the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for Long Island 

Sound developed pursuant to section 320 of this Act, including 

efforts to establish, within the process for granting watershed 

general permits, a system for promoting innovative methodologies and technologies that are cost-effective and consistent 

with the goals of the Plan; 

(2) conduct or commission studies deemed necessary for 

strengthened implementation of the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan including, but not limited to— 

(A) population growth and the adequacy of wastewater 

treatment facilitiesø,¿; 

(B) the use of biological methods for nutrient removal in 

sewage treatment plantsø,¿; 

(C) contaminated sediments, and dredging activitiesø,¿; 


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(D) nonpoint source pollution abatement and land use 

activities in the Long Island Sound watershedø,¿; 

(E) wetland protection and restorationø,¿; 

(F) atmospheric deposition of acidic and other pollutants 

into Long Island Soundø,¿; 

(G) water quality requirements to sustain fish, shellfish, 

and wildlife populations, and the use of indicator species 

to assess environmental qualityø,¿; 

(H) State water quality programs, for their adequacy 

pursuant to implementation of the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Planø, and¿; 

(I) options for long-term financing of wastewater treatment projects and water pollution control programsø.¿; 

(J) the impacts of changing temperatures and sea levels 

on the Long Island Sound watershed, including— 

(i) the identification and assessment of vulnerabilities in the watershed; 

(ii) the development and implementation of adaptation strategies to reduce those vulnerabilities; and 

(iii) the identification and assessment of the impacts 

of sea level rise on water quality, habitat, and infrastructure in Long Island Sound; and 

(K) planning initiatives for Long Island Sound that identify the areas that are most suitable for various types or 

classes of activities in order to reduce conflicts among uses, 

reduce environmental impacts, facilitate compatible uses, or 

preserve critical ecosystem services to meet economic, environmental, security, or social objectives; 

(3) coordinate the grant, research and planning programs authorized under this section; 

ø(4) coordinate activities and implementation responsibilities 

with other Federal agencies which have jurisdiction over Long 

Island Sound and with national and regional marine monitoring and research programs established pursuant to the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act;¿ 

(4) develop and implement strategies to increase public education and awareness with respect to the ecological health and 

water quality conditions of Long Island Sound; 

(5) provide administrative and technical support to the conference study; 

(6) collect and make available to the public (including on the 

Internet) publications, and other forms of information the conference study determines to be appropriate, relating to the environmental quality of Long Island Sound; 

ø(7) not more than two years after the date of the issuance 

of the final Comprehensive Conservation and Management 

Plan for Long Island Sound under section 320 of this Act, and 

biennially thereafter, issue a report to the Congress which—¿ 

(7) monitor the progress made toward meeting the identified 

goals, actions, and schedules of the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan, including through the implementation and support of a monitoring system for the ecological 

health and water quality conditions of Long Island Sound; and 


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(A) summarizes the progress made by the States in implementing the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan; 

(B) summarizes any modifications to the Comprehensive 

Conservation and Management Plan in the twelve-month 

period immediately preceding such report; and 

(C) incorporates specific recommendations concerning 

the implementation of the Comprehensive Conservation 

and Management Plan; and 

* * * * * * * 

(d) GRANTS.—(1) The Administrator is authorized to make grants 

for projects and studies which will help implement the Long Island 

Sound Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan. Special emphasis shall be given to implementation, research and planning, enforcement, and citizen involvement and education. 

(2) State, interstate, and regional water pollution control agencies, and other public or nonprofit private agencies, institutions, 

and organizations held to be eligible for grants pursuant to this 

subsection. 

(3) Citizen involvement and citizen education grants under this 

subsection shall not exceed 95 per centum of the costs of such 

work. All other grants under this subsection shall not exceed ø50 

per centum¿ 60 percent of the research, studies, or work. All grants 

shall be made on the condition that the non-Federal share of such 

costs are provided from non-Federal sources. 

* * * * * * * 

(e) ASSISTANCE TO DISTRESSED COMMUNITIES.— (1) ELIGIBLE COMMUNITIES.—For the purposes of this subsection, a distressed community is any community that meets 

affordability criteria established by the State in which the community is located, if such criteria are developed after public review and comment. 

(2) PRIORITY.—In making assistance available under this section for the upgrading of wastewater treatment facilities, the 

Administrator may give priority to a distressed community. 

(f) REPORT.— 

(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Long Island Sound Restoration and Stewardship 

Act, and biennially thereafter, the Director of the Office, in consultation with the Governor of each Long Island Sound State, 

shall submit to Congress a report that— 

(A) summarizes and assesses the progress made by the 

Office and the Long Island Sound States in implementing 

the Long Island Sound Comprehensive Conservation and 

Management Plan, including an assessment of the progress 

made toward meeting the performance goals and milestones 

contained in the Plan; 

(B) assesses the key ecological attributes that reflect the 

health of the ecosystem of the Long Island Sound watershed; 

(C) describes any substantive modifications to the Long 

Island Sound Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan made during the 2-year period preceding the 

date of submission of the report; 


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(D) provides specific recommendations to improve 

progress in restoring and protecting the Long Island Sound 

watershed, including, as appropriate, proposed modifications to the Long Island Sound Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan; 

(E) identifies priority actions for implementation of the 

Long Island Sound Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for the 2-year period following the date of 

submission of the report; and 

(F) describes the means by which Federal funding and 

actions will be coordinated with the actions of the Long Island Sound States and other entities. 

(2) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—The Administrator shall make the 

report described in paragraph (1) available to the public, including on the Internet. 

(g) ANNUAL BUDGET PLAN.—The President shall submit, together 

with the annual budget of the United States Government submitted 

under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code, information 

regarding each Federal department and agency involved in the protection and restoration of the Long Island Sound watershed, including— 

(1) an interagency crosscut budget that displays for each department and agency— 

(A) the amount obligated during the preceding fiscal year 

for protection and restoration projects and studies relating 

to the watershed; 

(B) the estimated budget for the current fiscal year for 

protection and restoration projects and studies relating to 

the watershed; and 

(C) the proposed budget for succeeding fiscal years for 

protection and restoration projects and studies relating to 

the watershed; and 

(2) a summary of any proposed modifications to the Long Island Sound Comprehensive Conservation and Management 

Plan for the following fiscal year. 

(h) FEDERAL ENTITIES.— (1) COORDINATION.—The Administrator shall coordinate the 

actions of all Federal departments and agencies that impact 

water quality in the Long Island Sound watershed in order to 

improve the water quality and living resources of the watershed. 

(2) METHODS.—In carrying out this section, the Administrator, acting through the Director of the Office, may— 

(A) enter into interagency agreements; and 

(B) make intergovernmental personnel appointments. 

(3) FEDERAL PARTICIPATION IN WATERSHED PLANNING.—A 

Federal department or agency that owns or occupies real property, or carries out activities, within the Long Island Sound watershed shall participate in regional and subwatershed planning, protection, and restoration activities with respect to the 

watershed. 

(4) CONSISTENCY WITH COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN.—To the maximum extent practicable, the 

head of each Federal department and agency that owns or occupies real property, or carries out activities, within the Long IsVerDate Mar 15 2010 05:03 Jul 18, 2012 Jkt 019010 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6603 E:\HR\OC\SR184.XXX SR184

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land Sound watershed shall ensure that the property and all 

activities carried out by the department or agency are consistent 

with the Long Island Sound Comprehensive Conservation and 

Management Plan (including any related subsequent agreements and plans). 

* * * * * * * 

ø(f)¿ (i) AUTHORIZATIONS.—(1) There is authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator for the implementation of this section, 

other than subsection (d), such sums as may be necessary for each 

of the fiscal years 2001 through 2010. 

(2) There is authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator 

for the implementation of subsection (d) not to exceed $40,000,000 

for each of fiscal years 2001 through 2010. 

* * * * * * * 

PUBLIC LAW 109–359

THIS ACT MAY BE CITED AS THE ‘‘LONG ISLAND SOUND STEWARDSHIP

ACT OF 2006’’. 

SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. 

(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— 

(1) * * * 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 8. LONG ISLAND SOUND STEWARDSHIP ADVISORY 

(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established a committee to be 

known as the ‘‘Long Island Sound Stewardship Advisory Committee’’. 

(b) MEMBERSHIP.— 

(1) IN GENERAL.— * * * 

* * * * * * * 

(g) TERMINATION OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE.—The Advisory Committee shall terminate on December 31, ø2011¿ 2016. 

(h) NONAPPLICABILITY OF FACA.—The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to— 

(1) the Advisory Committee; or 

(2) any board, committee, or other group established under 

this Act. 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 9. REPORTS. 

(a) ADMINISTRATOR.—The Administrator shall publish and make 

available to the public on the Internet and in paper form— 

(1) not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this 

Act, a report that— 

(A) * * * 

* * * * * * * 

(b) ADVISORY COMMITTEE.— 

(1) REPORT.—For each of fiscal years 2007 through ø2011¿ 

2016, the Advisory Committee shall submit to the Administrator and the decisionmaking body of the Long Island Sound 

Study Management Conference established under section 320 


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of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1330), an 

annual report that contains— 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 11. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

ø(a) IN GENERAL.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 through 

2011 to carry out this Act, including for— 

ø(1) acquisition of land and interests in land; 

ø(2) development and implementation of site management 

plans; 

ø(3) site enhancements to reduce threats or promote stewardship; and 

ø(4) administrative expenses of the Advisory Committee and 

the Administrator.¿ 

ø(b)¿ (a) USE OF FUNDS.—Amounts made available to the Administrator øunder this section each¿ to carry out this Act for a fiscal 

year shall be used by the Administrator after reviewing the recommendations included in the annual reports of the Advisory Committee under section 9. 

ø(c)¿ (b) AUTHORIZATION OF GIFTS, DEVISES, AND BEQUESTS FOR

SYSTEM.—In furtherance of the purpose of this Act, the Administrator may accept and use any gift, devise, or bequest of real or 

personal property, proceeds there from, or interests therein, to 

carry out this Act. Such acceptance may be subject to the terms of 

any restrictive or affirmative covenant, or condition of servitude, if 

such terms are considered by the Administrator to be in accordance 

with law and compatible with the purpose for which acceptance is 

sought. 

ø(d)¿ (c) LIMITATION ON ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS.—Of the amount 

available each fiscal year to carry out this Act, not more than 8 

percent may be used for administrative costs. 

Æ 


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