United States 

Departm of ume, and Physica Agricutture 

Forest S-;emice 

Southeastern Forest 

Experiment Station 

Research Paper 

SE-255 

June 1986 

Alexander Clark Ill 

Douglas R. Phillips 

Douglas J. Frederick 
Weight, Volume, and Physical Properties 

of Major Hardwood Species 

in the Pidmont 

Alexander Clark I!!, Wood Scientist 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 

Athens, Georgia 

Douglas R. Phillips, Mensurationist 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Stat ion 

Clemson, South Carolina 

and 

Douglas J. Frederick, Professor 

School sf Forest Resources 

North Carolina State University 

Raleigh, North Carolina 
Contents 

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Field.,......OI.......~~.....~....~.. 2 

Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

Analysis ............ ......... . 4 

Physical Properties of Sample Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

Prediction Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

How to Use Prediction Equations , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

Tables (for hardwood species in the Piedmont) 

1. Mean and range of tree age and measurements, by species and 

treesizeclass,. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 14 

2. Average specific gravity of wood, bark, and wood and bark 

combined, by tree component and size class . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

3. Average moisture content of wood, bark, and wood and bark 

combined, by tree component and size class . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

4. Average proportion of wood and bark green weight in bark, by 

tree component and size class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

5. Average green weight per cubic foot of wood, bark, and wood and 

bark combined, by tree component and sSze class . . . . . . . . . 29 

6. Average green weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood, 

hy tree component and size c! ass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

7. Regression equations 'or estimating green and dry weight of 

above-stump total-tree wood, bark, and fol iage, wood and hark 

combined, and wood a1 one, with d.b.k, as the independent 

variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

8. Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

total-stem wood and bark combined and woof% alone, with d,b.h. as 

the independent variable . . . . a . . . * . . . . . . . . . 40 

9. Regression equatioos for estimating cubic-foot volume of 

above-stump total-tree wood and bark combined and wood alone, 

with d.b.h, as the independent variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

10. Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot volume of 

total-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone, with d.k.h. 

as the independent variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 
Page 

If. 

16, 

as, 

18, 

19, 

Regression equations for estimating yreen and dry weight of 

above-stump total -tree wood, b,rk, and $01 i age, wood and bakk 

combined, and woad alone, with d.b.h, and total height as 

independent variables ...................... 47 

Regression equations for estimating yreen and dry weight oT 

total-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone, with d.b.h, 

and total height as independent variables ............ 51 

Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot volume sf 

above-stump tolal-%ree wood and bask combined and wsQd alone, 

with d,b,h. and total height as independent variables ...... 54 

Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot volume of 

total-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone, with deb.&. 

and total height as independent variables ............ 56 

Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

above-stump total-tree vdosd, bark, a~d foliage, wood and bark 

combined, and wsod alone, with d,h,h. and height to a 4-inch top 

as independent variables ..................... 58 

Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

total-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone, with d,b,h, 

and height to 4-inch top as independent variables ........ 62 

Regression equations for estimating cubic-foot volume sf 

above-stump total-tree wood and bark combined and wood alone, 

with b.b.h, and height to &-inch top as independent variables . . 65 

Regression equations For estimating cubic-foot volume of 

total-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone, with d,b,h, 

and height do 4-inch top as independent variables ........ 67 

Regression equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

above-stump total-tree wood, bark, and $01 iage, wosd and bark 

combined, and wood a1 one, with d,$,h, and saw-log merchantable 

height as independent variables ................. 69 

Regsessfsn equations for estimating green and dry weight of 

saw-log merchantable-stem wood and bask combined and wsod alone, 

with d,b,h, and saw-log merchantable keight as independent 

variables.. .......................... 71 

Regressfon equations for estimating cubic-foot volume of 

above-stump total-tree wosd and bark combined and woad alone, 

with d,b,h, and saw4 og merchantable height as independent 

variables ............................ 73 

Regression equations far est hati ng cubi c-foot vsl ume of 

saw-log merchantable-stem wosd and bark combined and wood alone, 

with d,b,h, and saw-log merchantable height as independent 

variables. ........................... 74 
Page 

23. Regression coefficients for estimating above-stump stem weight 

to a specified d.0.b. top diameter as a proportion of total-stem 

wejght ..a....Ol ..... a.eBbC81i)Be~CeeC 75 

29, Regression coefficignts for estimatifig above-stump stem volume 

to s specified d,o,b, top diameter as a praportisn of total-stem 

volume ,,,,,,,,,,,,0,.,,,,eeCae~B18, 76 

25. Regression coefficients for estimati ny stem weight to a specified 

d.o,h, tap diameter as a propostion of saw-log stem weight . . 77 

26, Regression coefficients for estima%ing stem vulune to a specjfied 

d.o,b, top diameter as a propsrtfon of saw-log stem vof ume . . . 38 
ABSTRACT 

Ideight, vohme, and physical properties of trees 1 t.9 20 

inches (i,h,k, were deterwined for red maple, sweetgum, sycamore, 

yellow-pop1 ar, elm, hickory, chestnut oak, scarlet oak, zoilthern 

red oak, and white e(ik it7 the Fiedr:i.snt of the S~ri-i~tkaeastern 1lniti.d 

States, A "cotai nf 772 trees Here de~tridctively sampled at 16 

1 ocations From Vi ryi ni a to Alabama, Ward hardwoods, soft 

hardwoods, and indi vidual spec1 es eqiiati ons are presented for 

predicting green and dry i.ieicjht and green volume of tile total tree 

above stur~p and its components by using tl.h.h. and total i~eigilt, 

d.h.h, and height to a 4-inch top, d.h.h. and saw-log merci~aritable 

height, and d.h.h. alone. Average specific gravity, moisture 

content, and wei'gk"i:(ler cribi c foot of wood, hark, and wood and 

hark corlhined are i~resenteri far each species by tree size class 

and corliponent. Hark percentage is also presented for each specins 

by tree sine class and cotqponent, 

Keywords: Bioinass, ecjuations , speci f ic gravity, fimistilre content, 

hark percentage, weight per cubic foot, 

Piedmont hardwood forests can contribute sig~~ificanliy to suppl les of sol id 

wood, fi bes, and energy ~ood througi3 improved uti 1 i zatii4.l and forest :rlara:l!jer?erit, 

Few data, nowevei-, existon the ksejght, vuitiwe, and physical propefijes cif "ie 

total tree and its tom+anen%s for hardwood spt?cies of xhss reyiori, 

To meet this need, a southwide study was in-itiated by the i"llort5 Carof ha State 

Hardwood Research fmperacive and the USDA Forest Service, ihe primary oojectives 

OF this study were to deterni ne the anount and d-i stri bution of bioinass 11' even-a;ea 

fully stocked natarc61 stands and i.;o develop eqliations for ~stimating the weight and 

vol ii:w of Forest stands, indl" virsual trees, and Wee corl~poneats, Seconda8-;i objeilti ves 

were to determine the specific gravity, iiioishre content, and energy potential of 

southern hardwoods, and to quantify the distribution of nt~trients (N, P, K, Ca, and 

fig) in individual trees and soils. 

T$iis is pwt uf a wuthwidC? study conducted in three geographic resions--the 

Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains, Piedmont, and mici-South, The data col lected in the 

Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains have been reported in earlier ;sublications (Clark 
,-. - - ~.iapl e (ACPT r!:br~~~ 1- e a sty-aci f'i ua L sycanore -A- - T------ _..p-" - -__---- ,_.- r- j3lataniis - ------- accitie~tiilis L.1, yellow-poplar e tliJi1:ifera L elm species 7--- --------A 

* ___i---------a 7-- ----- (!~lqus -- - s:~p.j, hickory species (Carya -- --spp.) cl~estnut oak , r L scarlet 

oak Ill. cocci nea iluei~ci~h. ) , southern red odk (2. fa1 cata tlichx. I, and white oak ------- a~ba~~-~pled in the Piedmont. These species account for 75 percent of the (2. __.- 

cilr.;met-cia1 hardwood vol ~me io the Piedmont regions, 

Uood and bark specific gravity, misture content, bark content, and green 

rreight per cubic foot are presented for the total tree and its co1;lponents by species 

and tree size classes. Equations are given for estimating tile weight and volume of 

~vood, bark, and foliage, w~od and bark and wood only in the total tree, total stem, 

and tile saw-log coinponent of the stem. Ratio equations are also included for 

estimating total stern and saw-log stem iveight or voliiine to any specified tap 

diarneter outside bark (d.o.h.). 

Procedure 

Sixteen l/l0-acre ci rcular Sicc~ass plots were sampled in mixed, even-aged 

hardwood stands on the Piedinont (fig. 1). Four aye classes (10, 20, 40, and 60 

years) biere sampled on two site types: 

---- Bottor~ land. Flood plain areas of inajnr drainage systems and 

adjacerlt strea~o s~aryi ns, predorbli nantl y sandy loan to si It loan 

surf ace soi l s * 

Land occupy? ng the large upland 

i nterstreain divides, predolni nantly clay to sandy ci ay loan 

surf ace ssi l s, 

Age arid site cvrnbi nations Here rep1 icated twice. Plots for a1 l ages and site 

types rise rai~dor:il y ~ocated irith in representative fui ly stocked stands. Tree data 

col lected on 311 plots except tile 10-year-old plots idere used to develop the species equations and properties data reported here. In addition to the fixed-area 

!;lots a stratified randon sa:npie of three trees per 2-inch class froiii 6- to 20-inches 

diaiaeter at 5reast height (d.i:.h. ') was sargpled at six locatior~s to obtain an even 

distribution of trees across d.b.h. classes for connercial iy important species. 

Figure i shows tiie location of the fixed area and stratified ranciol:~ sample plots. 

D2Ca for dbave-st;;~~;~ total tree and tree corlponerrt weignts and vo-iia.ies were 

coilectxd for trees 1 inch d,h,il, and larger, All trees > 5,0 inches rb,b,f~ on tile 

l/l0-acre i~lots were sampled. At the center of edch piof-a concentric 1/50-acre 

siiiaplot was located on ;.th-ich all trees l,il to 43 inches d,b,h, were sampled, 

rileans and ranges in age and tree dl"r3ensions ~raeasidred are shown in table 1 for 

each species and r3pc-k~ group sai?pleli, Stump height averaged 02 Feet Par trees 1,O 

to 424 inches d,tP.h,, 11,5 feet for trees 5,0 ts 10,9 inches d,b,h,, and 8.4 feet for 

trees > 14.0 inches d,h,h, G"irard forq class of the sawtl'r.rrber-size trees (> -11.0 

inches-d.b.h.) ranged from 66 to 26 and averaged 75 far the soft hardwoods, and 

rartged froin 65 to 91 and averaged 78 for the hard hardwoods, 

Laboratory 

- Sppcj f ic 9i"ayj *,_i L:ZS ~(~1 ~lJ:~~l ti - p 7 r J "-#" -! P ~L-I ~tljre 

content ~455 c~-~;~pijtec op fi$ef:+ry WQ~ ;p:?",f~cy sa :,j] 2s bjgr-e 41-1 a-~r: 61-1 8 ~:icrt~ict 

weight at 215 'OF P~erci-riia;~ .:f bdik i;di i<etlrl:nlii.(i f~o~. dii~~ 4n.i 5d~ei 07 the 

green weight of sa,~j?:e ii4.z;k" - . floisture i-,~i*telrit, sj,eci f%"c $raSa;tg, anci percentase 

ofbark in stern, srancpes, an3 -i;c%;al Zree ;,ere ca:clrlated by eai~igh5ccj d+sr v3'3 ues 

i"n proportion to the vo'!:?llte of the co~aponent they sepresen~e-di, Weighted values f~r 

moi sture content were issed tc; convert cip:qponer;t yx-eerr ~~elyhts to wer:~;ry wei yht , 

By using species diaiqeter inside bark d be') prediction equations developed 

frarn d,o,b, and d,i .be stem disk measurelnenb sand the d,o,b, and height 

neasurernents taken at 4-fso"eainterva1s up "cke ~"eelir of each tree, the volume 046: wood 

I'n the stem to the saw-log, 9-9'nch, 4-incl~, 3-inch, 2-?n?ch, and tip were calculatr?d 

using Sna1 ian's fom~ula. Green weight per cubic foot of stem bark and branch wood 

and bark were calculated from weighted values for specific yravi5;y and msa'sture 

content with the equatien : 

Green weight per cubic foot = C1 

where: 1°K = weighted moisture content lin percent 

SG = weighted specific gravity 

C - 62.4 pounds (weight of water per cubic foot) 

Ctnbic-foot volume sf stern bark and branch wood and bark were corlpmted by 

dividing green component weight by its green weight per cubic foot, f3uRic-foot 

volume of stem wood aad bark coonblined was computed by adding the volume of bark to 

the vol ume of wood, 

Regression equations were developed to predict green and dry wei yht of wood, 

bark, and foliage and green volii.r?e isf wood and bark in the total tree above stump, 

'stem from butt tU kip, and saw-loy stea, Ilrdependent variables were: d-iameter at 

breast height (9) , total kei ght (Th) , saw-Joy nierchantahle height I and height 

to a 4-incb d.o.b. top (H4). 

A logari tkiii~i c transformati on (base 10) was used to cbtai n a re1 ativei y 

honioyeaeous variance, which is ass~ri.med in i-eyrefsion analysis, Two equations were 

developed fur Lke d,b,h,, ri,b,h, and total bmeigh-k;,*arid d,b,Ia, and height .tcr 4-inch 

top--one for trees < Il,O knhhes d,b,h, and one for trees - > 11,0 jnches d,h,h, 

The 11-inch point was not the optimun~ pcint to shift froin one equaticn to the 

other for all species or tree eompcsnents, but it was the most hiesi rabie from a 

practical standdpoint, Hardwood trees .i: il inches in diameter are class-if-ied as 

sapling or poie"i;imber, and trees :, 21 inches are ciassifjieri as saidt-i-ir.rhrar, The 

procedure out1 ined in Draper and hi ti^ (1981) for fitting trio linear equations 

with a known poiot of intersection \,as used to develop the following equations: 

log Y, = a -+ b log X + E 

log Y, = a + b log (112H) + c log (n2/112) t E 

where : Y, = predicted coiilponent weight or voiun~e for trees 

< 11.0 inches d,h,h, 
Y, = predicted corryonent wei yht or vol ufne far trees 

- > 11.0 inches dokoho 

X = D2, RZTh, or D2WY 

H = Th or lf4 

E = experimental error 

a,b,c = regression coefficients 

The full owi ng r:~otfel was used for devel opi ng regressi on equations based on 

d.b.h. and saw-log merchantable hei yht : 

log Y = a + b log X, + c log X, + E (4) 

where: Y = predi ctec! component weight or vol ume 

XI = 1)2 

X2 = flh 

E = experinental error 

a,b,c = regression coefficients 

When logarithmic estimates are converted back to oriyinal units, they are 

biased downward because the anti loyari thm of an estirndted rnodn gives the yeornet ri c 

rather then the arithmetic itlean (Cunia 1964). To adjust for this bias, a 

correction factor was computed and applied to each model by using Baskervil leas 

(1972) procedure. The final equations, incl udiny correct ion factors, were: 

yS = 10 a + b log (112~) + c log (D~/II~) + (SZ~., log, 10)/2 (7) 

Equations (51, (6), and (7) can be simp1 ified to: 

Y = a' (o2)b (Mh)c (8) 

s2y.~ = error mean square from regression analysis 
Comparison of average deviations (actual minus predicted) ky d,b,h. classes and 

the sums of the squared deviations for the single log-log equation and segmented 

log-log equation showed that segmented log-log equations (9) and (10) gave the 

best results for the d.b.h., dabah. and total height, and d.b.h. and height to 

4-i nch top independent variable combi nations (Clark and others 1984). Equat i ons 

(9) and (10) are more complex than a single equation, but the improved accuracy 

justified their use, 

The following exponential ratio equation was used to estimate the proportion 

of predicted total-stem weight or volume Lo a speGified top d.o,b.: 

where: YR = ratio of stem weight or volume to top d.o.b. to 

predicted total stem 

d = specified stem top diameter in inches 

D = tree diameter at breast height in inches 

a,h,c = regression coefficients 

e = base of natural log = 2,71828 

The exponential ratio model shown below was developed to estimate a ratio for 

expanding saw-log stem weight or volume to any d.o.b. top above the saw-log top. 

wilere: Y, = ratio of stem weight oi- volume to top d,o,h, to 

= saw-log r~erchantahlo t~ei ght in feet 

d = specified top diameter in inches 

D = tree dianeter dt breast oei yht in inches 

.78 = constant hsed on average farr~ cldss 

a,h,c = regression coefficients 

e = 2.71828 (base uf natural log) 

Results 

o Trees ---- 

The averaye specific gravity of woad and hark by tree component is shown in 

tab1 e 2 for individual species, soft hardwoods, hard hardwoods, and a1 l trees 

coi'ibi ned. The average* total -tree wood speci f i c gravity of the soft hdrdwood 

species was 0.493 for saplings (1.0 to 4.9 inches debah.), 0.467 for poletimber 
(5.0 to 1C.9 inches d.b*h.), and 0.465 for sawtimber (> 11.0 inches d.b.h.) conpared 

with hard hardwood species, di:ich averaged 0.623 for sap1 i ngs, 0.608 for poletimber, 

an6 0,618 for sawtii,.;bere Ye? l ~~--p&rpl ar had the ls%.res-t average total -tree wood 

specific gravity aad red rmple the i~igkrest for the soft hardwwds group. In the 

hard hard\dosd?; group, elm had the lowest average total -tree wood specific gravity 

and white oak the kl-ighest, 

Specific gravity OF bark was lower than that of the wood For the soft hardwood 

species except red a~aple and sycamore, and for the hard hardwood species except 

scarlet oak and southern red oak (table 2). 

The average it~oisture content of wood and bark by tree ctirlponent and size class 

is shown II table 3 for the species and species groups sai-spled, Total -tree wood 

aoistuire content for the soft hardwoods averaged 97 percent for saplings, 102 

percent for pole%5inber, and 105 percent for sav~tirrrber cornpared w-ith the hard 

harc"rk~nods, wh-irh averaged 70 percent for sapl -ings, 69 percent for pol etiinber!, atia 

71 perces-it fear sawt'rnber. In the soft hhardv~oorfs group, sycamore had the hi yhest 

average total-tree i.~ood nofsture content csmpa~ed with .ed raple, which had the 

lowest. IBI the hard hardwcsads group, hickory had the tovrest total --tree wood 

moi sttire crsntent compared with scarlet oak, which \lad the hjghest, 

Yo"s1-tree averaye bark mistidre content "Fr the soft hardwoods was 137 

percent in sap1 ings, iOe percent in poletimber, and 102 percent in sawtiinber coiapared 

with 102 percent for saplings, 67 percent for poletimber, and 65 percent for sawtimber 

for the hard hardwood species (table 3). 

Table 4 slrows the average proportion of bdrk in the tree, based on grew weight 

of wood and bark, by tree cnrrrponent and size class, for 'the species sampled, The 

percentage of stern weight l'n bark decreased as stem d,k,h, increased, Sycamore had 

a s";ri-ific;ar?tly Tower propoP.tion of its stern weight in bark than any of the other 

species. Ye: Tow-poplar hael -the highest bark percentage of the soft IlilrdkdooiJc; dnd 

!iickcsry arad enestnkat oak iaad the hl"y0.1est for the hard hardwoods, 

The average green weightper cubic foot of wood, bark, and wood and bark 

coinbined, by tree component, for saplings, poletimber, and sawtimber are shown in 

table 5, Recai~se of "the soft I~ardwcaoci and llard hardwstld species group-ing, the 

average range of species yreen weight for cubic foot of wood for the two groups is 

siitiilas--54 to 66 pounds for the soft hardwoods and 57 to 68 pounds for the hard 

hard~dorsds, Ti-rfs 'is caused by the reliitively high moisture content of sweetgum and 

sycamore in the soft hardwods gro~lp and the low rnoisture content sf hickory in the 

hard hardwoods yroip, The average green weight per cubic foot of wood for the soft 

hardwood species was 60 pounds for poletimber and 61 pounds for sawtimber compared 

with 64 pounds for poletimber and 66 potinds for sawtiinber /lard !lardwoods. 

The alderage yreen weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood by tree 

coi~~ponent for sapl i rigs, pol etimber, and sawtimber-si ze trees is shown in tab1 e 6. 

The weight of wood and bark per cubic-foot volume of wood is a useful factor for 

estirnatiny the volurre of wood in a tree or its components when weight of wood and 

bark is known or for estimating yreen weiyht of wood and bark when volume of wood 

is known. The green weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood for the t~td 

tree averaged 71 pounds for polelimber and 70 pounds for sawtimber soft hardwoods 

co~iipared va"i th 79 jiounds for pol etiiqbw and sawt i:qber hard hardwoods, 

The average yreen weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood was highest 

for branches and decreased with increasing stern diameter (table 6). 
Prediction E 

A series of equations was developed to predict total -tree and tree component 

weight and volume for each species, the soft hardwood and hard hardwood groups, 

and a1 1 species combi ned. Equations were developed for predicting the green and 

dry wei yht of wood, bark and foliage, wood and bark combined, and wood alone in the 

above-stump total tree, Stem equations were developed for estimating the green and 

dry wei yht of wood and bark corobined and wood alone for the total stem. Volume 

equations were also developed fur wood and bark combined and wood alone in the 

above-stump total tree and total stem, 

Since tree height is measured to different top limits by various 

organi zati ons , equati ons were devel oped by using di ameter (D) a1 one and in 

combination with total height (Th), height to 4-inch top (H4), and mercl~antable 

height (Ilh) as independent variables. Equation (9) was used to estimate the 

weighL and volume of the total tree and stem for trees 1.0 to 10.9 inches d.h,h., 

and equation (10) was used for trees > 11.0 inches d.h.h. when U alone, D and Th, 

or D and H4 were the independent varizbles. 

Equation (8) was used to estimate weight and volume of the total tree and 

aw-log merchantable stem for trees > 11.0 inches d.b.h. when D and Mh were the 

ndependent variables. Equations based on D and Mh were developed only for 

species sampled sufficiently in the sawtimber diameter classes, Equations were 

developed for the soft hardwoods, hard hardwoods, and all species, and for 

sweetgum, sycamore, yel low-poplar, scarlet oak, southern red oak, and white oak. 

Equation (11) was used to estimate the proportion of total-stem weight or 

vof ume in the stem to any d.o.b, top when stem weight or volume was estimated with 

D, D and Th, or D and H4 as the independent variables. Equation (12) was used to 

estimate a ratio for expanding estimated saw-log merchantable-stem weight or 

volume to any d.o.b. top above the saw-log top when D and Mh were the independent 

vari ab1 es, 

Equations that use D with Th or D with H4 fit the existing total-tree and 

total -stem weight and vo1 ume data we1 1, based on the criteria of mean square error 

and absolute deviation of observed from predicted. Equations that use D and Mh 

fit existing saw-log merchantable-stem weight and vol ume data we1 1. When average 

tree height and stem taper are similar to those of our sample trees, the equations 

with D alone will result in good estimates of the tree weight and volume. When 

average tree height by d.b.h. class is different from the sample trees, however, 

the equations that include a height variable should be applied directly or used to 

develop local weight-volume tables based on D alone, 

Regression coefficients for estimating weight and volume are listed below, by 

independent variable and table number: 

Independent 

variable Vol ume 

D alone tables 7, 8 tables 9, 18 

D and Th tables 11, 12 tables 13, 14 

D and ti4 tables 15, 16 tables. 17, 18 

D and Mh tables 19, 20 tables 21, 22 
In addition to the regression coefficients, tables 7 through 22 contain the 

coefficients of deterinination and standard error (loglo) for each equation. 

Regression coefficients for estimating the proportion of the tdtal-stem 

weight and volume in the stem to a specified dooobo top are given in tables 23 and 

24. Table 23 contains coefficients for estimating ratios for stem green and dry 

weight of wood and bark combined and wood only, and table 24 contains the 

coefficients for stem volume of wood and hark combined and wood alone. Equation 

coefficients for expanding estimated saw-log mrchantable-stem wei yht and volume 

are shown in tables 25 and 26, respectively. 

How to Use Prediction E(plat.ions -------------I- --I- --I-- I------ 

The full owing exarnj~les ill ustrate how to use the equations in tables 7 

through 26 to estirnate the wei yht or volume of the total tree and its cornb~onents. 

This tabrrlatiorl presents the tree dart? needed to estir~ate &eight and volume 

when d.h.h. and Th are tileasured and equations (9) and (10) are used: 

Exainple of trees < 11.0 inches d.b.h. 

D = 10.0 inches 

TI1 = 70 feet 

Exarrlple of trees - > 11.0 inches 

f3 = 14.0 inches 

Th = 90 feet 

To estiinate total-ste~n wood and bark green weight (YSTEMWB) of a soft 

hardwood with these dirvensions, the fa1 lowing equations would be selected from 

table 12 and solved as fol lows: 

Trees < 11.0 inches d.b.h.--use equation (9) 

YSTEMwB = 912 pounds 

Trees - > 11 inches d.b.h.--use equation (10) 

YSTEMWB = a" (D2) (Th) 

= 0.13963 ('42)1.02422 (30)0.95420 

Y ,,,,,, = 2,278 pounds 
The same ilati~erlatical procedt~re shokjn above would be used to solve eq~~ations (9) 

or (10) for any of the tree coit~ponent equations in tables 7 throt~gh 22. 

To estimate the proportion of total-stern green eight of wood and hark in the 

ste:l of a ill-inci~ d.h.h. tree to a 4-inch d.o.h. top ( the following soft 

hardwood ratio regression coefficients woilld be selected from tab1 e 23 and solved 

by using ecjuation (11) as siiown below. The same equation is used for all size 

trees, 

Stem weiyt~t to 4-inch top = (Y ,,,,,,) (Y,) 

Stew wcicjhr; to 4-inch top = 885 pounds 

The procedure shown above can be used to estirnate the proportion of total stetn in 

the sterg to any d.0.b. top by substituting for d in equation (11). 

The following tahrllatinn shows the tree data needed to estimate weights and 

voluii~es when d.b.h. and ilh dre measured and eq~diltion (8) is used. 

D = 14.0 inches d,h,h. 

To use equation (81, i4h rnust be in feet, thus: 

!Ih = 33.1 feet = (2.0 logs) (16.3 ft/log) + (0.5 ft for stump) 

To estiqale the green weight of wood and bark in the saw-log merchantable 

stein (Y,,,,,) of d soft i~ardv~ood tree, by usiny ecjuation (8) the following 

regression coefficients would he selected from table 21) and solved as fol lons: 

The same fiatherlatical procedure shown above would Se used to solve equation (8) 

for any sawtirnber tree component eq!~ation in tables 19 through 22. 
To estii~ate a ratio (Y,) for exf~anciiny estii!:atrd saw-log merchantable-stem 

green weight of wood and bark of the previous tree ti, weiglit to a 4-inch d,o.b. 

top, the following soft hardrrood ratio equation would be selected frorq table 25 

and solved by using equation (12) as shown belog: 

Stelil weiyht to 4-inch top = (Y,,,,,) (Y,) 

Stern wei yhl to 4-inch top = 2,035 pounds 

The tree cnr~ponents predicted by iisiriy the equations providetl can be used to 

calculate additional tree components, For exmple, to estir~ate the weight or 

volume of the crown (branches and topwood) subtract estimated weight of the stem 

to a specified d.o.b. top frorn total-tree weiyht of wood and bark. The weiyht or 

volume of hark alone can also be estimated by subtracting component nei yht or 

volutqe of wood from wood and bark, 

Similar-size trees may vary in weiyht and volume because of differences -ic 

crosdn size, stell taper, (and weight per cuhic foot. Therefore, these eyuaLinns 

should be applied only to trees growing in natural, fully stocked stands with tree 

dimensions and weiyttt per cubic Foot similar to the tree sampled, 
Literature Cited 

Baskervitle, G.L, Use of logarithmic regression in the estimation of plant biomass. Canadian Journal 

of Forest Research 2:49-53; 1972. 

Clark, Alexander, 111; Ruse, H, David; Phillips, Douglas R.; Frederick, Douglas J. Use of segmevted 

toy-log equations to estfmate tree biomass, In: Saucier, Joseph R,, ed. Proceedings of the 1984 

southern forest biomass workshop. Sixth annual meeting of the Southern Forest Eiomass Working 

Group; 1984 June 5-7; Athens, GA. Asheville, K: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1984: 51-57, 

Clark, Alexander, 111; Phil1 ips, Douglas R. ; Frederick, Douglas J. Biomass dl st ri bution and production 

of Coastal Plain hardwood stands. In: Energy from biomass and wastes 7: pr~ceedir~gs of Institute 

of Gas Technology symposium; 1983 January 24-28; Lake Buena Vista, FL; 1983: 101-115, [Available 

from Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL] 

Clark, Alexander, 111; Phil lips, Douglas R.; Frederick, Douglas J. Weight, volume, and phys~ cal properties of 

major hardwood species in the Gulf and Atlantic Coaztal Plains. Res, Pap. SE-250. Asheville, NC: b.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Stat~on ; 1985. 60 pp. 

Cunia, T, Mei yhted least squares method and construction of volume tables. Forest Science 10: 180-191; 1954. 

Draper, W.R,; Smith, H. Applied regression analyses. 2d ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1981, 709 pp. 

Frederick, Douglas J. ; Clark, Alexander, 111; Phillips, Douglas R. Biomass, nutrient and energy 

relationships of Codstdl Plain hardwoods. In: The hardwood resource and its utilization: where are we 

going?: 11th annual hardwood symposium of the Hardwood Research Council ; 1983 May 10-13; High Hampton, 

NC; 1983: 139-147. [Avai 1 able from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest 

Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA] 

Gower, S.T. ; Frederick, D.J. ; Clark, A,, 111. Caloric content estimation and distribution in seven 

bottomland hardwood tree species growing in natural stands in the South. In: Proceedings: fourth 

central hardwood forest conference ; 1982 November 8-10; Lexington , KY: Uni versi ty of Kentucky ; 1983: 

384- 390. 

Messina, M.G. ; Gower, S.T.; Frederick, D.J.; Clark, A, 111; Phillips, D.R. Biomass, nutrient, and energy 

content of southeastern wet1 and hardwood forests. Hardwood Research Cooperative Series No. 2. Raleigh, 

NC: North Carolina State University; 1983: 28 pp. 

I 

I 

I 

j 

1 

i 

i 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Uf ' t PI- " / 

I C V) ' 

t 

2 I 

! 

z 1 .?-- 

0" 

g 1 m I =+,I t 

. r 

5 

", 

wl 

rg 1 

p! / -c I dil I at' 

;3i i 

" I V- I " i 

% I I Tt j 

3 1 

5 1 

4 I 

: i 

I 

t-" i 
88 * cad- I *Acl m ble 
Oec0 19'4-rc) hf-a? 

m m U3 mu3m in d-m 

990. 999 999 

Nd-U3 

WinM U3w4 

cnr-60 wm19 

md-m 

999 

000 

999 

a00 999 

OQO 

+I +I +I +I +i +I +I +I +I 

MOW 

MNO ad-;f0\ 

CVrfM 4 cam 

000 050 m~m 

600 

e U3 d- CON in 

. . 

0 0 

m V)m h 

99 

00 

I f +I +I 

uim 'a w 

5-5 

00 

m 19 

9 I I 0 

I I +I 

m 

PI. 

4 

0 

mN 

COCO 

99 

80 

I ( +I +I 

V) m 

md- d- 

(I. 

00 

h a3 

9 

0 

I I I +I 

d- Ln 

b. 

0 

inm OW 

99 

0 0 

I I +I +I 

mcn 

m m 

45 

0 0 

Ln 

m 

9 i t 0 

I I +I 

I-- 

w 

5 

0 

0 '&3 cum 

98. 

0 0 

I 1 +I +I 

C\I IQ 

d- w N m . . 00 

ad- CUP7 

99 

3C 

1 I+I +I 

io m d- u3 N m 

. . 0 0 

M 

m 

9 I I 

0 

t I +I 

03 

d in 

c 

omin 

winm mr- m cow- *Codm*M 999 

000 

90.9 

000 

999 

000 

+I +I +I +I +I +I +I +I +I 

Ncnh 

mcc M wC*Jm md-m r-. b LD NdO 

90.9 0.99 939 

Nhin 

Cn COW d-hO mod- Lnal.-c 

hmw 

55s 14'? 577 

a".? d- 0 

4 0 It 

004 84 

din A\ 
U3CTtd 

NNN 

90.9 

000 

+I +I +I 

w-3--3- 

575 

a00 

CON 

d w 

d;d; 

if) 

r. UJ 

0 

Lnmm 

Ln 'Lo rc 

d;b,"f, 

000 
mu3 

cum mu3 

0 0 N N 00 

N 

a 0 

m fcf 

C: 

d; 

0 

emo -'wm 0-a 

mw~ 

99"". 

aC;a C,?? 

0'30 

+I +I -8-1 +I +r +I 

C3r--rl 

oo3g: 

am* 

*OM 

d;ll 

30C 

557, 

003 

mam Na4 WflM 

M cn Ol r-. i3Cl ii3 

10w9 emin c*icnd mm'a 

m PP-- Lri e in * * 00 
r a 

42 

s .,-' 

u, 

a 

.- 

i 

cU 

a 

Vf 

- -

0 

C 3 

c a 

L 

't 0 

V1 

vn 

C-- KJ 

U 

(II N 

PV) 

C 

+-, I= 

aJ C 

0 CZ 

E 

U 

G 

w L 

69 

TI 

s 

' ,- 

B 

E 

U 

At 

L 

.L3 m 

-0 

c a 

U 

0 

71 

e 

2d L 

J2 

-'a 

C 0 

'S- O

4-J 1, 

P 

Ls 

pa 

L m 

.,-- 

Ir-- 

*- 

U 

cdZ QI 

* -0 

a 3 ;R c it3 r L 4J 

61 6 ei 3 cJ 0 

I % 

a r 

iV *+J c 

0 

- w E a -c bi 

m .r $--a 

aC-di-- 

NN Ccl ooq * I 

a Mc5 U3 

?C", 

00 

I +I +, 

ma3 CUM 

22 

a0 
P-ad cff-4-w wPcm o".tfr-- 

mc)m m m US* cmrutf 

"9"9V", * I Ut?? 000 000 000 

dm mm cnm 4 d mclr m r. 4rl P. 

fum mru dm dN US* mw 

99 99 0.0. 93. 99 99 99 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 I I I t +I +I +I +I +I +I I +I +I I +I +I 1 +I +I f +I +I Y 

Y 25 A * 0c3 003 L afhf b. 10 ~CO e.14 b (B corn 00,Y LO m 

s 01- we iu ma m or-- m N V) m 73 *# 2 =*we m mm yd 

g: v "9". , '9'9 " "5 8 , '9" 0 00 L 00 T3 00 0 00 t; 8 O0 (B " "" z O0 IU Z 0 a -J 3: m cZ =n m id W 0 P: W u x C 

t; = cl: x 0 C 3 M 3" 3 0 0 24 

N Vt 10 0 u? N 

m m m sf N 

9 9 9 9 

0 

0, 0 0 0 I I I I 

0 

I +I I fl I +I I I +I I I +I I I 

Ot r. 10 " +r, 

r- a, cn d- % d 

m 

I "9 (9 U3 * 0 0 C3 3 3 

o',? "90'. 010: e C) -4- o 

4 0 d- 0 

OBd It' c0-l t 7y 

* 0.4 *,--I 

0Od ' .d 

rl -ILn A! d Ln A( v-4 m A1 
a, 

LT CI 

c 

.F 

V) 

'C dl 

C1 

(1 

V) 

21 

0 

0 

rtr 

Z1 

I 

'4- 0 

tn 

V) - rg 

U 

ar 

N .,-' 

m 

C t= 

4-J C 

CLI C 

0 a 

0 E 

dl 

+.J L 

L? h 

G 

Z= 

.vn 

5 

U 

Y L 

n 5 

21 C 

a 

0 

2 

!? 

Y: L 

0 5 

C 

0 

'4- 

>, 

C, .,-" 

> 

L 'J1 

U 

I,-' 

u- 

.FU 

Qi CL 

a 

a, 23 iu cn .r- C 

l +t aJ C Q 2 0 0 

If I I 

't' 

N C 

0 

- dl E TJ -Ct la .r Q, 

I-- a. 

CJCUO UlLnLC) 

990. 

000 

+I +I +I 

olcrjco 

mma 

752 

000 

CONLC) me* 

999 

000 

+I +! +I 

WdN Wdr. 

pcnm . 000 

r-- m 0 O 

0.0. 

00 

I 8 +I +I 

Nh 

NLC) cn in 

. . 

00 

vn in 

sf d0.3, 

00 

I +I +I 

d 

d N 

vn h in 

. 30 

cn sf 

? 

f I 

0 

I I +I 

0 

r. Ln 

* 

0 

LC) 

sf 

9 

I I 0 

I f +I 

b. 

ICI m 

0 

mm33 

m m cv 

90.9 

300 

+L +I +I 

d-om 

10NuY 

b.".". 

000 

C?? 

do 

II 

004 

0 *d 

d In A1 

ban 

NNN 

0.0.9 

000 

m-3-dr.mm 

999 

300 

+I +I +I 

ohm 

m C) U) 

un cn rn 

. I 

030 

mi00 

cOOoc3 

999 

000 

+! +I +I 

*clue: 

mcuw 

mmcn '.* 

000 

u;. m WCn 

99 

3 0 

I 1+I +I 

h 'a N m cn LC) 

. 00 

cD 0 

coo 

99 

0 0 

I 1 +I +I 

d N w N 

25 

0 0 

m 

cO 

9 

0 

I I 1 +I 

d 

d Ln 

. 

3 

0 

00 

9 

I I 

3 

I I ff 

bN cn 

* 

3 

plmm 

COcCs 

990, 

630 

41 +I +I 

drnN 

ONM "7. "1 1" 

. 000 

?h. 

d- 0 

d 0 11. 

304 

. *d 

d in A1 

d C) 

17'7 

004 0.4 

din A( 
fable 3,--Average misture content of wood, bark, and wood and bark comb-ined, by tree component and size class, 

for hardwood species lin the Piedmont 

__--___ _ __-_- ___-__l_--ll---------- - ---- ----__- - -l-___-~_-~--~--------L_---_______A__~- 

Average and standard deviation 

Tree Stem --I- ----- ---'--&--l;-~-~-'------~~- 

size Total Butt to Butt to 4-inch do Butt to 

cf ass tree 9-4nch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

(in9~%5J-- A - -- - - -- - - ----- - ---- - - - - - - - - -4 -- -- - - - - --- - --- - -- - -- - 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

RED MPLE 

Bark 

Wood and Dark 

Mood 

Bark 

Cont i nued 
Table 3,--fiveraqe moisture content of wood, hark, and wood and hark combined, by tree conjponent and size class, 

For hardwood species irt the Pkedmont--ContS nuc?d 

_____________-__ -_l__--------p- - - ---------------__---_------ - ---- - ---- -- -------- Average and standard deviation ___-__ -A___-p- - ---- ---- ---------- -- - - -- Tree ---- Steirl ----- ---- -..-------------... --- size lot a 1 Butt to 9-'inch to Butt to 4-inch to- Butt to 

rJ ass tree 9-inch top 4-inch top &inch to^ dip Lip Branches 

.L!-E~~%S>)__ ------------------- - ,, -------------------------------- -------- 

Wood and Bark 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

l- 4 112 -?r 8,8 - - - - - - - - 114 r I1,f 112 c 19,l 

5.0-10,9 111 k b0,7 - - - - 111 k "ai,8 IOY I 33,if 112 4. 11-9 Hi? 4. &,6 

- >11.11 1.08 2 8,~ 112 9 IO,~ 100 9 IO,O IUY 2 9-7 98t 9,4 I.IOXIO,O 9-5 

SYCAMORE 

Wood 

Wood and Bark 

YELLOW-POPLAR 

Crlnt i nued 
Table 3,--Average moisture content of wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by tree component and size class, 

for hardwood species in the Piedmont--Continued 

-- -- --- ----------------__------- -- - - - -1- ---- -_------------- 

i ree -------a 

Average and stfiaS_devi a - ion --- -- -- ---- - - ____ --- Stem -------------- ----- --------- --- size Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-inch to Butt to 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

les) ,- -- - ---------------------- -...------ 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

ELM 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

HICKORY 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

Cont i nued 
Table 3.--Averaye misture content of wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by tree component and size class, 

for hardwood species in the Piedmont--Continued 

- -- - ---- --- -------- ----- -- --------- ---- - - Average and standard deviation ----------------- ------- - --------------------------------- Tree -------- - Stem ----------------- size Total Butt to Y-inch to Butt to &inch to Butt to 

class tree %inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

Lin,c_tle_i_I - - - - - --- -- - --._- - -- --- ---- -------- ---- 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

SCARLET OAK 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

SOUTHERN RED OAK 

Wood 

Bark 
Table 3.--Average moisture content of wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by tree component and size class, 

for hardwood species in the Piedmont--Continued 

-------- -- --- -------- A- -%i8 -<fa-dev i at i on ~~__--~--'-'--~------~ 

Tree %E?i--..-.-- 

3-Eh to - ----- ------- size Total Butt to to ?SLtt to 

class tree Y-inch top 4-i nch top 4-inch top tl'p tip Branches 

(inchesf - -- - - --- -------------- ----- ---- 

Wood and Bark 

WHITE OAK 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

ALL SPECIES 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 
Table 4.--Average proportion af wood and bark green weight in bark, by tree component and size class, for 

hardwood species -In the P-iedrnont 

-_~-__--_- _ --__--- ------------------- ----- ---- -----_--- ----- ---- Average and standard deviation - - ----- --...--PA------- -- -- ------- ---- - -- -- - --------- Tree ---We-- %s!.!. - - - - --- - -- - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - --- size Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-Inch to Butt Lo 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top ti P tip Branches 

f inches1 -- - - ----- --- -------------- 

RED MAPLE 

SYCAMORE 

YELLOW-POPLAR 

HARD HARDWOODS 

ELM 

HICKORY 

CHESTNUT OAK 
Table 4.--Average proportion of wood and bark green weight in bark, by tree component and size class, for 

hardwood species in the Piedmont--Continued 

......---- 

-- Average and-&a rd dev i at=------------ 

Tree Stem 

site Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-inch to Butt to 

class tree 9-Inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top t=i p tip Branches 

f inches ) -- -- 

SCARLET OAK 

SOUTHERN RED OAK 

1 ,O- 4.9 24 + 7.6 - - - - - - - - 23 It 8.7 30 t 3.0 

5.0-10.9 20 + 2.0 - - - - 18 t 2.5 22 F 3.2 19 -t 2.1 29 t 4.2 

- rll ,O 18 2 2.3 15 + 2.4 19 + 3.8 16 It 2.7 27 t 2.1 16 F 2.7 25 t 1.9 

WHITE OAK 

ALL SPECIES 
Table 5.--Averaye green weigtlt per cubic foot of wood, hark, and wood and bark combined, by tree component and 

size class, for hardwood species in the Piedmont 

I__ I - _- - - - - --_I_ - -- -- - ----... ....--- --- - ---------- -- - - - - --------- - --- ------ Average and standarddeviation -------------4-------------~ 

Tree 

Total -----IStem -----. - ___-- --- --- size Butt to ~-inch fb Butt to 4-inclt to Butt to 

GI ass tree 9-i nch top 4-inch top &inch top tip dip Branches 

L~A~~ESJ-- -- --- - ----------- ------.---- 

---- ...------..------ Poundser cubic foot - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --- 

SOFT HARDWOODS 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

RED MPLE 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

SWEETGUM 

Wood 

Bark 

Continued 
Table 5,--Average green weight per cubic foot of wood, bask, and wood and bark combined, hy tree component and 

size class, for hardwood species in the Piedmont--Continued 

- ------- -------------- ---"-.---------- ----- -- -------------- Average and standard deviation --- -I__I-I--~- ------------- --4 ----__---------- - Tree --------- -I_-v--- 

Stem ^- 

size Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-'inch to butt to 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-Inch top "ip tip Branches 

fin-qEe2 1 -.---- _. ---- -_L_-l_--_--------_II_-_------_ 

------------------ ------------------_I__ 

Wood and Bark 

SYCAMORE 

Wood and Bark 

YELLOW-POPLAR 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

HARD HARDWOODS 

Wood 

Contl nued 
Table 5,--Average green weight per cubic Foot of wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by tree componeot and 

size class, For hardwood species in the Piedmont--Conti nued 

class 

f r'-nc&s[ - 

tree 9-Tnck top 4-inch top 4-fnch top tip tfp Brawhes 

fc foot - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - +. - - - - -- 

Bark 

Mood and Bark 

ELM 

Bark 

Mood and Bark 

HICKORY 

Wood 

Wood and Bark 
Table 5,--Average green weight per cubic foot of wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, hy tree component and 

s i ze class, for hardwood species in the Piedmont --Cont inued 

-------------- ------- ----- ------ "--. -- Averaue and standard deviation --- d--- .------I-l--_--- ------- ------- -L--._-c--l -_-_-- Tree -------- st%!--P-- ----- size Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-inch to Butt to 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-i nch top tip tip Branches 

~~~~~~~1 - ------- ------------- 

CHESTNUT OAK 

Rark 

Mood and Bark 

SCARLET OAK 

Wood 

Rark 

Wood and Bark 

SOUTHERN RED OAK 

Rark 

Cont i nued 
Table 5,--Average green weight per cubic Foot of wood, hark, and wood and bark combined, by tree component and 

size class, for hardwood species in the Piedmont--Conti nued 

--- -- ---- ---------- -- --- ---- -- - -- - - - -- --- - -- - --- Average and standard deviation -----Ad---- - - - -- --- - ----....--- --....---- Trpp - - Stem ----- -- ------------ ------ size Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to 4-inch to Butt to 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top ti P tip Branches 

j inches) --------- - - --.-- ------------- -- 

Wood and Bark 

WHJTE OAK 

Wood 

Bark 

Wood and Bark 

ALL SPECIES 

Wood 

Bark 

Hood and Bark 
Table 6.--Average green weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood, by tree component and slze class, for 

hardwood species in the Piedmont 

--- ---- -- ------ ------------ - --------- Aver deviation- - - - --------- - --- Tree - Stem -------- 4-inch to I-------- - ----I

size Total Butt to 9-inch to Butt to Butt to 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-inch top tip tip Branches 

Q*!%sJ- - -- - - A- A ------ ---- ----_ 

------------------ r~~bjcf~~t---------------------- --- 

SOFT HARDWOODS 

RED MPLE 

SMEETGUM 

SYCAMORE 

YELLOW-POPLAR 

HARD HARDWOODS 

ELM 

CHESTNUT OAK 

Continued 
Table 6,--Average green weight sf wood and bark per cubic foct of wood, bj tree component and size class, for 

hardwood specdes 1n the Piedmont--Conti nued 

-- ----- - -- -- - -- --- - - ---- -- -- - -- - -- - - - - - ---- -- Average and standard devi ati on --- ----- ---- ------ ------- ----- ----- - - - ---- -- - Tree ----- Stem --- ------------A- --- size Tot a 1 Butt do 9-inch to Outt to &inch to Butt to 

class tree 9-inch top 4-inch top 4-3 nch top ti g tip Branches 

j inches j ----- - ---pp-------p--p4- 

------------------ Pounds per cubic foot - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ----- 

SCARLET OAK 

SOUTHERN RED OAK 

WHITE OAK 

ALL SPECIES 
'=X= dm m 

mu2 mM 

0-0 

4 r-i 

r- 3s 

Tt- F-4 

Eio 

r-. m 

C. *. Nr-f 

dm 

me 

0'1 GI, 

'a ur N W 

0 8 

d $--I 

iP;= dc; hyc, mV: em Dm 5=E Mu2 mrcJ C3N m mn Z P-. +cu mr\l mir; ar- crF-4 cot r-im 

be MSG Dci- am '-4 dSi mCV ad- f--lC\J 

Cr,e miS; 6'3 LC? rt'13 m Lor- +a CCP. WCV 'ma ox* m 3-313 enfi r,O.! 03R Lc-jF-4 cyx In% '43- AM a e 0 C1 0 63 e 9 b .I e 8 0 b 00 85 

(rr-4 S;Cu 54 CYd -ON MiZI MW wC\ci C;PN 
Ma' 33R Calm U7W 

'=f? 'a u3 4 

-* a a a 

Gc3. a2 

Ndtoo 

-Ln 

adWC\: * a 

rid 

?-i PcCN 

MM Cvm 

dP, 

a a 

e-N 

Calm 

mu2 

Lnd- 3' wC\: * a 

dd 

CU d 

r-.c 

r-. 02 

COX 

d4 

a * dr-4 

Lf9m 

Lorn 

Wd 

Ma fie 

a a 

Ln c'.! 

-3'-dO N 

V3 h' me*= 

Ccl nt a a 

4 4 

r-.N cod 

d-m mu2 

MM 

a a 

dt-4 

em 

au3, 

em 

U'O 

017 

dt-4 

Tic3 

Lnr-. t-im 

f--rc-. 

N@d 

6 4 

dr-4 

d3 NDJ law Lf,(;3 CBLh, 93'C. ex3W NW U7N 

d-=3 d d-c r-cm ma Lnw cOm dm ad- e-O b d c3d em d d-N mr-- Nr-- LnUS !---PC P-CF) mm Lnm em e-N fare-- u2m C\:m "f.? y? m3 ZS m3 ma-) a e 5. a a e e c e a o e a 

034 C;fN 4 r)d e-N mCai Mcd C3N Md 
CC 

dd 

p-Id 

e ,Lo NP-3 

'43 rli 

?? 

oa 

m6t 

?"T', 

9e 

m CU 

C>CJ 

d-cn be 

NCcl 5 0 

drf 

b-dMCO 

P-cm 

M 4 

Ycc. 

MN 

C3e-i 

em 

we ma\ 

&f &I 

0 0 

dkd 

ma 

erf- rnb 

ma 

'-?: 

C3N 

er; 

i! 2 

Lm cas 

2 

8 

-3 

E 

3 
1.w 1 is: s riab I *r- c q a: P -GI 

13 3 

'XX? 

eriu3d 

eC:3 

gz e * 

a3 

ex) 

7"". 

33 

is) d 

(C h 

d w X;u= 

02 &$ 

e e 

r4d 

P-da20 

m d 

mLn 

fire * CV d 

P- ?J 

r--m 

Lo3 

"T 

c'.! LY 

e e 

dF-4 

e 

C 

D 

-5 

z 

V" 

g 

d-- 

2 

'I-- 

C3 a 

r-' 

r-i 

V 

'; 

i! 

i-- - 
Dm C=c h:a Or-- a* "k rfm MM ad- d-O Nm 6rN '3cz.P r",if! U3N WCC! OC". Ctt-4 AFII d C3O C$>sX) NLO r".w - LOP- cccc ern r-. t-4 ict- nm e.;s r-r-. corn 2 6C CCZ 99 S13 44 C3C? OC CC3 QQ 3Q 

m 

YY; 

N 

Ln 

2 

a 

m 

4 

d 

CT 

cY 

e 

4 

r-4 

2 

!A7 

Cii 

C'd * 

r-i 

5 

m 

r-i 

MV: 31m C3M 

mC3 ma CV3 CTN SLC d-M 

me a-3- rCI5.r hfX 4 CCZ B e e e 1 e 

4r-4 44 44 

4C3 d;L5 CPN Ti-- 

rf '33 t-4- 'WW mrCG~ ~r,n cnm N& I I 4LO I t bCU LON CON 

MR: 

9. 

a 3 

s e 

44 

9"5 -1-1 t-4 4 dr-t 


cc "C: 

fCjW 

zl on? bL1": 

C rrSl 0 C 

cc 

La 

r^- fi 

- 

2 

I 

3 

(3 

7 Ca 

Sa- 
I 

I Ad' I 

If- $2 .;" L 5; "e c"J pz -1 61 0 0" 

31 f a 
323 em NP-4 NCO am 614 Lor. me CGcO s-+a 

ma 93- WW ma em bN Cf"m -3-4 dcn COX: =3-N r--r-- U~V, 0r3~ aa ee e-c cow TI- r.r- 9; 3. c? c. "*C?, "" 0 * 0 8 * 

oc 33 a 30 30 oa @a c=im 33 oo am 

I r-4.m mm be am ec9 mm mm er- d-a- m4 corn no am Fie om ma mw 

om NU^ N trim end- ~ne CUM T~-N mm d-LC, 0 d.U' -03 GCT) MU3 I I CC3 t I W6, mW d r-r- 4 44 ill4 93 NN qc? 04 . * e * . .* * * . 4 33 4 4 44 ,-id 44 d 44 

Nu7 

44 

c4 

Corn 

?? 

03 
'9) rp) 

NU 

N Cr, S) r-. cu Clu' * Fir4 
L 3x3 G -30 

z 3 ' P 

-%: 

Ex -1- 

X .- CUE 

L 

a +- c 

a 

f-.-r-l 

+r-- 

d-4 

rcqm 

G-: s 

e * r-4r-i 

d-=-+ 

LT P-- 

LC Fern 

?'? 

(22 =: 

ci' c3 

Gr'9 

3- 

to L!? mr-4 . 

C3C: 

2-.4 

T-4- 

d-I--( 2z 

da . dr-4 

h.1,' 9? 

cr-? 3" Af-4 

cfrie * 

3=; 

3L'Z 

C3.N 

'33 (X iw rt 

m CR 0 . c c, 

dm 

M3 

433 

r--II) y'=, 

r-td 

er-- zU'3 

,, N 

'1) P- 

+a . 

39 

x == 

42 22 iw e- m's. L) e 

C1r" 

rd- 

?- CT\ 

ic=3 dm 

9 i"\c 

R3-4 

O. 

c2 a13 
mcn +d- cam r-c.CO mF4 4 m3.I r.m 

a+- em e-o rnd oh me- mw em 2: 43- ma am em br-c. me.' -to WV; 3 3* a* 3* C: 2 * 4 55 C", C YEe CI=d . rC-\ 

e* 56, 90, -3 ZC3 OC3 C3C: C9 C!3 f3,C OG 

-0 

SC;! 

c", c3 mm 

"P.01 

3 3 

rf-r-c. 

r-..19 mx! 

I--% 

Fir-' 

I) * dl4 

Ftrt-L" md 

Ti- -1 min 

39 

. 

scz 

k3 -3 

MGC: 

Cr)M 

? 3e 

-\ 

4 c1s. 

d- M Or-.. 

03 Vr: NN 

CC 

0. 

d d 

3 mu3 

e- in 

mm 

%? 

33 

"a3 T, me 

r--- X 

TJ- 'S mI-4 

a. 

33 

Fj- cr, C) P-- 

92 rc", 

N c\..* C-" c * * 44 
N0.I 

mm 

Mca 

C\Jm 

U3tO 

c* "=, 

aC3 

br- 

-8 0- 

a * 

0C 

02c 4m Osm m* 

m 'a 

a 

GO 

r4e 

d-m Mcn 

9' iD ++ 

a a 

4r-4 

bd 

ma 

cow 

cncr: 

Q.? 

00 

cX: a 

402 

min 

md- a? m a * 

GO 

am 

CVm 

corn 

mm Cvd 

a a 

CO 

c 

i? i? 

C 

24 

23 

ti 

C 

t 

03 

0 

v, 

aC2 

l4d 

44 

9 31 43 inm 

?=? 

a0 

ma 

o",? 

C3 0 

m m 4- 

rf 01 CCcC 

016f CI d3 

rim Wrn 

MY; 

WC', 

dr-4 

e e 

dd 

cud min 

codmcc. 

97 

Of3 

in3 

dr- d-m 

oCa 

as,? 

a0 

d-rn 

MCO 

bC 

NM 

Nd 

a. 

30 

s 

! 2 

am 

m m r.PI 

P-b 

i--. 4 

Nllc 

CX: s-4 

3 4 

a a 

3c3 

ma3 

?"? 

ma 

=zf in -f-- 

cue4 

d-do',? 

ma 

MC 

d-4- 

aL.0 m r-'42 

44 

*a 

44 

MdOU3 

am 

cud- 

?? 

a0 

-3- in 

br. 

cucu 

d-dm1 3\ * 

cc, 

u3dI'-.N 

dr-. 

-TiN4 * * 

30 

C 

0: 

2! z? 

arZ? 

mm 

37r;S 

Nin 

MM 

mm * * 

a0 

dd 

1C;- 

NCC 

w- c.4 

. 

4d 

Nm 

OCO 

em 

N m 43 * 

00 

inin 

wm 

ern 

corn 

cnm *a 

OC! 

dl4 

mu3 

COm 

m N dcu a. 

dd 

3- 

om 

in N 

m N 

99 

'-3 0 

om 

ma, 

r4 cO MCV 

c, 0 * d d 

COrC3M 

d-(X3 

em 

00.Y 

oo 

mcn 

win 

b e0-3- md 

a. 

08 

Nrt U3w 

ma 

in Ln 

al? 

0.3 

mm codmm 

r- Cr, 

NN 

a* 

d r4 

Ndmcn 

(X3M 

?y2 

03 

mg7 min om dm CV cnoJ 

r.3 md- cum am LOCO a* d e4Ln d-m dm CBh mcn 'am MM *am MN r-co mm CO* 44 4ea 44 44 44 "4 

3a 30 d a0 =3c as 

am am Nm r- mLn Gd- Nr-. 

%2! CI"z Nri OCP' d-M COCO 3 333 mN in- LnN e.Cn Lnd- h(71 Mht Nc\r 
ec' rcl w0.d 

E-3- rnN 

cCw 

57 

ma 

mm 

D t? 

Dm 

am 

OC:e icm 

LOP- 

?? 

c.33 

L") M 0-34 

we 

hi C@ 

Cat? 

dV-4 

mu3 

Mu7 

mr-. 

Cr3w 

563, 

615a 

am 

s3e 

tern 

rr3b 

BS1? 

OCS 

am 

I'.-f9 

ma 

084 

r-4 --I 

e rl 

6.0 

Zlf: 

i! i? 

=e= 

V, 

" Pt) 

2i Ln 

5 

0 

Ad 

t) 

* f-- 

9;r 

OJ &! mC3 

mm 

CLIP-. 

V> 'a 

?? 

aC3 

COPmm I0 

zz 

em 

we 

Y'2 

a3 

P-P-3 

mm 

ar%- 

0.2 4 

0 D 

4 t-4 

beam 

mm 

brn 

?=? 

a ~3 

mm tDm 

em 

me 

Y? 

OC 

hdU3-dWCal 

MG 

WF-4 

B I 

ea 

gf 

Q1 

E i? 

CIS0 

x 

8 

ti5 r-- 

L 

rg 

U 

m 
l= ms- ma3 a,"'.SS rn -rc- cgm Yr") caJC11 fin mm 4r-3 f.Jm C")m Cairn Me-? 

e 

c 

0 

i---" 

r6: 

rs 

0 

8 

3 

TS 

c 

rg 

-a 

22 'ra 

w - 

0 

t4 

2 

R3 

.a 

a rn 

5 s 2 

mm 

0 *E 

52 9 

-k! QJ a I22 

:B"I 5 $ 

0x3 

"" .s %- 

o% 

25-J 

.F -5, g -z ;t=: 

2% 

-e5 +J c 

a -a 

c c"Ill 

F2 

me 

m$ 

K41f 

.pz 

-d3 

5 

.r "5 

X 

a=- )s 

L c-z 

42 2 

m-85 SK 

'PI 

-% QJ 

gz 

c 

$2 

e3-I 

if- "5 

g a 33% 

C?i 

f=-G ; 0 

* 52 

2$ r%j 

a= 

5 L 

ca r--.QC9m mr-9 

a2 I9 '3 

I,. 

95 

em 

md- mf-Q q? 

Ft - 3 

-19s 

CJ $43 ar-- 

F- Cc d 3 * b 

3 3 

3c3 

asm 

C"3r-- 

-19 

mzn a e, - dz? 

Qb 

r--3 wP-4 

dg. 

i=: 1 * 

9 3 

w 

rXjm 

I--CV 

d0.J a",";" D 

r" 

-2 -2 

dCt? 

miisi 

mm 

'42 C? pJd 

1 g, 

dt-4 

ax 

a+ 4 

sf---- 

OD 

-a 4s 

3"' 

49 

2 cc P-Cc' 

s-4 i?? 

5'3- 

e 0 

3cr;3 

33m 

lU.2 Cr) 

C3: 3 

cc ,LC hi c-4 0 B 

a3 
CC3 

4d 

dr-l 

em 

Cr3C 

Cr) Cr, 

5 

33 

mo". 

TO: 

5:a 

CVa 

e 'a ECc: 

NM 

~CT- e 

me; 

af"- 

me dco 

tT:O 

C, '?. 4r-I 

Le, 0 

P-I-t 

r-ce 

L.i-34 

44 

e* 

oa 

WCC 

em 

33w 

CL'm 

CT', cn * a 

Qc2 

am 

mcn 

em 

GU; 

fit 3-4 

e 

SO 

ZT 

i! 2 

a 

-Y 

8 

a 

4-J 

.F 

"3 

d mm dr-t Or-. 4r-- r-.a ~BCX~ NTf" dm 

mC3 m min am -0 -3°C 1--(C": +a am L9P- 4f?z em mm mm yaw mM u3m USya i"*"3, -d * 0 ?6: "=:? C,? 0.0, YT". 59 ?C1 

c3.3 3=3 OC acl) OC3 GC3 a0 03 ca 

,--I 0x1 

s9 

C\dc^, ua(9 

9) cn 6. 

08 

mo 

A d- oc) 

(130 bm * * 

OC, 

mi-- 

mu3 

ma 

a .w -,--I 

ee 

mC3 

-- -- jjz Lo# LC,~& 3cr, GG bee: moo art -"S1 

p.3 , LON Mb ==TO bPI Nd 

I ecc CGb mcn COO m0.J -a 4- sg 4s 43 40 40 dd 4I-t I-td 43 

L 

rcf 

7 
Nd' 

em 

rgm 

?"I: 

€20 

mm eu3. 4 ON 

Cr\C Lnri COO b.3- 

dm eC?S N Mu3 

mo r-(9 10m cod) mm mcn . * . . C".? a',? 6.a 0a 3c 00 


*N 

393 

Ti-* 

MS, 

trim l 

0'13 

4-N 

OiC, 

M=I 

4 c" 

;3,? 

dd 

em 

33 ,m \w d 

00 

3.3, 

rl)O 

mm 

rnN 

-cX> 

7-8- 

=?? 

93 

'a M iC, 4- '4303 

Lnm 

Sd 

e e 

dt-4 

033 

e IV c'd 4 

0 Ct 

3.3. 

03 

mw d-d MTC; d-N iR3 Ti-N me mst corn +.a MN 

mx ac3 ma 'crs, wf.o ~,c3 3 cr,~ me ~u3 mr+ 

WCX: e ~r-2 mc eSs, ee rr r-.m m ma cua em ML3 d-cg mC) Min Min er-- dm cost Nd- me 

me8 mm a l e e ?? YC, 5T; Cj-3' e y? yCr\; (r.Cft OSCr, e l 010". 3e3 3C 33 C>d a3 C123 93 C1?O 3O GO 

Inti cur-- N OW .C3)% cud Nu3 d do P-0 me 

OO LnS d 3 dol u3C3 034 30 MN (3Os me em mw NCV ';tN gg m~ em rn~ em d-N 0- SO c9 3O 33 

GC c?cr: 93 

C3 33 DO QO OC= 

OO 

l e 0 e e s 3* "i 3, 3, 3 C* ae "=II Q* a* "3 99 

3s 00 0O OC) a3 09 33 33 03 36) 30 

2 

ref 

3: r;; 

r-- 

CJ -E: >- ref 

I: 
0 

II: . 

"", 

V) 

a 

c 

U 

s . r- 

? 

4 

r-i 

hl 

V) 

i! 

IN 
- ' r- fj 2 

'Yz 

Ca 

tJ * 

a 

-5. 

E-? 

f; 

9.5 

0 

%* 

rc- 2 

QE 

233 

.p 'K 

cu 

3 a, 

1= 

C-" 

$c ' I-' 

-3 v, 6 .g 

U fj i% 

m-u 0 

PS 

'r- t;;e 

E 2 'I- 

@t Mp 

t 

e E 

0 

0% s 

I= 

0 

'I-' 

NW 

c'tM 

dm 

r4 'a 

PI 

-3 . 33 

r- '43 0'- Cn * e 

33 

'orm m dm 

Mt4 

P-I=-. * e 

93 

r.J M mc 

Md 

Md 

nh! h' * l 

Ad 

Lorn 

mm Xnr 

0 

h;: 

, 

r-4 

0. 

93 

r- 

%rs\ 

4 me 

C3 t--r 

-I.- 

l l 

3 3 

h? 3M 3w 

PI N 

XCr2 * e 

Nt4 

c 

i! i?? 

"-7 

iL' 

8 

c; - 31 

L 

rO 

0 

V) 

dd 

ma 

'I) Ln 

OJ CD rc-w 

hr-4 

C= t4 * * 

3c 

r-.;s. 

56, 

30 

PIm 

br'. 

1x2 CJ dl4 

PI- * C 

OC, 

mm 

t4 'A 

'a CP *a t4t-4 

e e 

drd 

r4Cc 

M?.! 

Fn 'LC 

CT U' C% t4 

l e 

C. 8 

rc-rC? 

r-r- 

'fi IS' d4 

bI.- 

e * C 

L-. 0 

t4S 

CLM 

mr- f'" 

%"f, 

Nt4 

5=j 

2 2 

Z: 

r-c 

**i c;f- F-4 a WN 

r-ch e 

t3'3 

d cn '3'01 

03 

+a 

t4d 

e 

dd 

r-i I) 

d-d 

cC C 3Lo 

Md 

e 

33 

4- Ln 4-r-c 

em 

N iZi 

r-cb e 

20 

'Lo in 

'.OM 

W=r, mcP 

dC\? . * r-4d 

iO CJ 

NrX3 

0' '9 

C; 'Lo " 3, 

0 

33 

23 

cX, 

r- 

'a? 

r-4 * 

a 

iV 

C3 

0 

LO 

0.i 

e 

4 

4 

r-2 

4- 

cC 

r-4 

e 

0 

2 eem r-i3 3C:m mc") cob mo ice- er-c mt4 r-n PI^ cow en t4 ;rj-'33 C3M t4r- NN b.m N(9 w ,w(v t--r t4 me min mrlbr- r-rz- PI, e e l l * e e 03,00* \\ r-. r-.W 

a3 33 3c 3e 33 00 

'-0 g V) 

5s 

n+5J=? 

7 a - * 

*- ask 

+a> 
k! 

CU 

w= 

g z 

% 

-z 

CU 'r-- 

tn 

.fr! % ? " gw * 

zfj t a er2 1 Ldrcl 

aa 

-0 w* 

0 

gg, 

i!Z 

ti'= 6-t 

rcl 

s l 

$3 

n 5 

€13. 

3-0 Y5 

9 *5i 

0 

a 

# - -ti 'CO g $3= 

Tr aJ .Fix 

aJ 

.i!! 

$3 g.5 

= v, 5 .% 

U 

SaJ g 53 

mw 

0 

tn 0 r3 

at- 

%; 

Er 3 L 

aJE 

L 

'CO E! 

0 mt a 

.,O T7 

a 0 '0 0 

z-I 

g 2i "P 

in - "t '0- 23 

cn *f 

22% 

10 

I. * 

Sif m aa 

(Caw 

m Y= 

t-- rcl 

22 

60cn 

COtt-t- a0 

. * 

OQ 

a3tmm l 

00 

adMt- Nm 

t-U3 

t- fl 

00 

f-0 

(94 

bM Mm 

MN l 

dd 

oe 

1'2- Ne- mtOC 

l l 

00 

codmt- Ncn 

t-tC 

t-h 

0. 

00 

e-w bm 

4-OC 

me Mcn . l 

40 

TT 

QI 

91 L, 

a CZI 

in 

CU 

-F 

U 

8,. v, 

L, 

0 

Y 

U 

E 

NCcf U3W *d- MM d--3- mcn 4 4 

mm 

LC)& 

coo 

cDm 

t-0 

04 * 

00 

bemm l 

00 

4 eMtd Ln 

MN 

fir".- l 

00 

3CJ 

COteCJ 

hU3 

4 4 

44 

t-N 

cow 

COW 

MM 

Nd l 

QO 

4e 

or, 

d Ln 

MC\f 

t- t- * l 

00 

hco 

00 

Ln t- CON cnd 0 * d d 

s 

aJ 

e L, 

UC3 

t-U3 mm mcn 

mcn mcn mm l l . 0. 

00 00 00 

om WLn LnM 

GC C* Cnol 

Cci4 LnCC CnM 

CM Nt- Ocn mm me l l l l l 

Wd NH HO 
2 rcs$ 

4a a "GI 'ttL 

""9 

mc cob bd- 

*in oo +N mm mcu LnO 

00 m0 ma r--b u?I--- u3'b * . . . * 

om em 

O CnLR Mm mcn 

me- C\:N bb r--r-c 0 . * 

DO a3 

brn 1 I cnb 

U3U3 

+cn 

Cue 

NO 

Wr-- 

mcn 

. . aC5 

M+ C, mu? 

am em U34- WOC? WC? -CO C.lm 

dC3 Cnm Lam r.h Cnm p.iCZ; 

mcn uscn rnM aX, N" a* dm M* N0.l dP- mr-- mr) "07 m.35 FI1r-C P-P- bu) 0. * * . * 5 "-,? ",? V),? 3C) CC aC3 a3 OC BC 3c? 

me- *- 'am 

r--V3 

LOP- * 9 

4 dm k* TI-0 o\C>r3 eacu us+ 

cam ;x>N 03x3 mm m4 mCal .Ism 

c;tm N3 c\?x em l-ie 030 'rnr-- 023 u=a &'r33 ma 5!CC V!a ma 

E.0". '-1y r--!"", iC,? me-", S:G * e 06),U"", dm d NrC) Nd AP-t NF-4 Nd 
L 

2 

a, 

ti r'- 

('3 

T? 

0 

Q 

34 

3 

I= 

rtl 

Tj 

clJ 

c r2 

E 

0 

U 

ii 

rtl 

13 

7;; 

5 

Tj 

0 

0 

3: 

E 

at 

$: 

7 

rtl 

% 

+-, 

rc0 

C, 

-C 

tn 

*I-' 

a, 

3 

c), 

TY 

TI 

LZ 

m 

C 

a, 

i! rj, 

Cn 

I= ' C 

-% 

E 

-l-' 

t;: a, 

L 

e 

Ln 

c 

0 

'I-- 

% 

5 

'I-' 

5 

Ln 

V) 

Pi 

m aJ 

csL 

I 

1 * 

u3 

F-4 

a ? 

D 

a 

c-. 

C=e 31m 

mu3 

5-44 

r-tCI e 

Oc, 

3'1- 

;OM 

-93 

ad- 

?? 

d5-4 

MCh 

*Ln '.a mM 

LO K, M5-4 * * 

30 

cnd- SN TtL3 e-r-4 .I LON 

ad- PC? eCi STY -33 mii3 hM (3'0 'flr--l 

51'9 Tie- mr-4 ' Nd 9 9-33 r--43 C\?N 

CT* LU S5-4 Ush a9 ~3-'A? d C')a di-4 gz 22 ha 3.~3 36 M1'4. N4 dM 

hh 1'4.b h 1'4. WPI. p.- r- hP- P-p.9 

be b b 6 1 b b be @3 8 L 1 

33 "3 03 32 33 z2 33 33 t3C 

%Id- diG Nh hOs Nd db ?LC We 

Ma N13 am U3M eu3 333 ,a,? ACJm +& '3W 33% cis d C?e CSic M -0 rts, 

%3 GL 31CT: ir3-c) PI. 3.7 i-lm dz SC!z 

* r *. . * * :3\, F-4C F-44 t-iCS t-ic 4C3 d dN dri dC2 
e-3 

UPmm 

29 

33 
I'.ct'---. ert Loin ImLn ee e X.m 03a iniJ-3 c"dC".l '43- T; 

NCJ NCIcl bb. rs'fU P-I'.c LOU3 d NN MM -3-d- &t 

MM dr-4 R' Rf c ZT 

. re 

0 

U 

C?cn .rfr--- MP-4 in0 CU3 fC4.r-4 mcn 03-3 m mo w Or-- mm corn T-(m ciist DC 333 Mu3 b.m b.CO 

a- d-e mu9 rfM wm mu3 U3Vf U3'43 LnLn 

89 OC CC 00 00 gg CO 03 00 00 80 

mm mCO mcn c(?m ma cX"m WcS bco PI r. cncn ;51? (T3m' me? ym; crcr . e ??A crl? yo1 Of? YO: Of'? 

CC 33 30 GO cc 00 ao 00 (30 30 a3 

yc) M 

CQN 

-4-4 

MCC, 

r.r0. 

80 

em dm 

wr-4 

Dm 

dN 

0. 

dt-4 

PI M 

PIcn 

mco 

'me 

?\ 

30 

mrc3M 

-0 

Ma 

NN 

. . 

r-4 r-4 

d-00 

mm 

cnN 

Is-Cn 

25 

03 

Neu V,m 

oOa 

corn 

NN 

0 . 4r-4 

'43d 

moo 

t'---.Cn 

3C\! 

br- 

. 

03 

d r-4 

mcn iam 

at-- 

0, " 

a 

r-4 4 

M M 

Nm 

PILO 

00 

"37 

3G 

c-7 r-4 

'42 4 

0 '9 

CF 5-4 

iDPI 5. 

CO 

M0 

CndWr-4 mu? 

dr-4 

1. 

r-4t-l 

4-0 

Mcn 

LOP) 

oa 

0.9 

C3c' 

COrcr)M 

ia4 

cnd 

PI? 

30 

me de 

LOW 

corn 

52 

=a 

N 0.2 

0-1'4. 

me 

r-44 

C?,? 

00 

'3- 

K4-(X? 

4-4 

34 

PI? 

00 

r-r-4 

he 

COO 

crco 

55 

l-id 

ma 

cno tow 

00 

50. 

00 

Or034- eN 

00 

92 

00 

arc- CnIs- mu=, ern MM Ti-c%? r-Ln r-LO 

Wr-4 -4- NoC: Ti-N m4 O em CQcX? rc- r-r- r--I'.. . . . . . . 30 33 00 CO 

Lnm r-44 r-rt d-m WLn LON 

r-cn 0 coo Wr-4 d-M Ln-3 

(3.5 o,? ?=? 

00 80 3a 
-3-e 

mm 

a$3rm 

t--a- 

-4- 

20. 

C3a 

rn a\ 

?? 

QO 

PI- p-.. Lob 

ea 

f--.Cjcr 

r-.- r-.. e 8 

06 

mr-- 

3- 

mCI$ mu3 

P4 4 

c B 

~~ 

ugw 

F-4 K9 m M a0 

Q,? 

00 

1'% 0°CPee, 

hB\ 

rc- r'ce 0 

30 

m f.-. 

r- LSJ mp-I 

CVCaJ 

50, 

8(3 

A 

a"$4 

4 0 

-Q 0 

33 

2 

8 

at 

w 

'i-- 

5 5 

Ch 

go Table 18. --Regression ecluations for estir'iatiny cubic-foot volir me of total-stem wood and hark wm0inzd and wood alone for 

harduiood species in the Piedmont , with d . b . h . arld height to 4-inch top as independent variables- - Continued 

-- -- - --------- ------ --- ------- ------ em.--- ------*--Pep-- 

Species V01u l~le Re$ress sn cc-,efficients ---------- -- Cwfficient Standarvl No, of 

or wood 8 bark Trees < 11.0 is-d Trees --- > 11.0 in d.b.h,T PA--- of error3 trees 

or deter~:~inaticr~ (S , ,) sam pled 

-.- -- ^_-- 

wood --v-l___^l-- only a ' - -- ti a " --- ------ b -- c ----- - --- (y2) -------- --- - 

1Jilit.e oak EJd& f3 k 1) ,03008 0,74210 0.00848 1.00605 0.74210 U,99 0,0348 94 

t 4 oocf 0.0211U 0.76553 0.005t33 1.03378 0.76553 0.99 0.0359 94 

All Species Itfd&l3k 0.03725 0.71359 0.00661 1.01890 U.71359 0 .93 U,OrtGO 591 

l.J ood 0.02650 0,73508 0,00654 1.02694 0,73508 0,529 0,0466 591 

'Trees < 11.0 inches d,k,ti. 

hihere: Y = component volume in cubic feet 

D = tree d .b ,h . in inches 

H4 = tee height to 4-inch top in feet 

a', a", b, c = regression coefficients 
TOTAL-TREE WOOD, BARK, AND FOLIAGE 

Soft Hadwssds 

S \i~ee"ti_r rn 

Sycarnctre 

Ye1 low -poplar 

Ward Hadwads 

Scarlet oak 

South, eci oak 

lilhite oak 

A'tf Species 

Green 

1) rY 

TOTAL-TREE WOOD AND BARK 

Soft Madwosds 

s k~WtLJ u 17 

Syca:ilor-e 

Yeliow+o,lar 

Had Hardwods 

Scarlet oaic 

Green 

ry 
Table 19 , -- Regress-iu equatims For esti~i atf ng green anit dry weigi-it of ~7:hove -stii:-7p total -tree bictocl, hrl 

and foliage, wood and bark coiMined, aria woo4 alone for k-icird~~ooci s,:ecies in the Piedirrorlt, wit+ fi,h,/?

and saw -lo5 rrrerchantab'le heiy kt as independent variables--6ont-ink1ed 

C_l-___l-_^---~l_IIt__L_---_-_-i_-l------LI ----~~~_---&-------- -I^ ---- --a- I- - ----- - -A- -- - - --^ -_---. 

Species lieiybt - Reg ressiarl en coeff~cients -__---- -- -- --- - - -4-- - - - - Coefiicie~lt S"s?ridard ?lo, izl 

or y reen ot erwr "~es 

c geci es or a b c ueter-1 I i natior; Sax sarqplcd 

L? - --,- ci rv ( 12 2) ----------- ---- --- - _, -- - -& - -- - ----- - - -- - -- -- - --- --- --- -- - -- 

Ssutt~, red oa~ Greerr 5,81860 %,17812 G,fl2277 C,9% i) . if49 7 ?: 

T" 1-11 3,45117 1,13?51 0,07355 0,522 11 .I15 10 24 

Mite oak ('a R~Q 1,56640 1 , 38x9 LI . iaq [>fig 0,93 t3,rt5&7 353 

0 CY 1 .[I1472 1. ,361433 O.l"lSiZ63 (1 Q3 (1 e 0584 38 

All Species (; ~eri 4,711314 1 lb46fl 0.0442h *;<A- l1,3755 ?2? 

D ry 3,174b9 1,32898 -0. 1187r24 . 7-4 rt , lOO5 223 

TOTAL-TREE WOOD 

Soft Hadwoods Green 5,33812 l,O3469 11,17425 U*85 0 .:I735 123 

13 YY 2,"ca~gi I ,i)~7~4 n .t1r"1027 61 .85 il.07a2 1-23 

"el'iow-poplar Green 2 e84c155 1,141:37 3,16i122 fj mqz O,fi577 4U 

LI ry 1,85316 1, $fyJpJ 0,03324 ii ,9b 0,11615 41) 

Scarlet ozk pgp~gl 3 .f1760r) 1,29572 t~t~1e75 0,916 ij ,0321 16 .- c 

P r-31 3, 122.39 1,21079 -0,08363 0 ,Qb 0,0376 kG 

It-- v fte oak G reerr 1 .3?")(3 13 % ,38510 ~)g;g? " *q: 14 ,xi57 38 

Dibgi. 0.87'537 1,36221 13 JlP94~ ,9? 0, iJ59C 38 

811 Species Li reen 3,394ti.4 1 *I6792 0,97733 i_i 33 0,3798 229 

Dr3i 2,72403 1,213953 -0,06022 Q,74 0 ,U!?93 221 

idhere: Y = comporient weiyelt iri perr~nris 

U = tree ci ,b ,\I, in inches 

1157 = tree saw-"lg rnerc"nanta5le hei$ht in feet 

a, b ,c - reg ressian coeffl"cic?nts 

2loy,, form 
-P 

3 * - - g .-it f .:.->.**, ' ",\ .: ' ,- -~v ' 'j J 

., i t a t"j: I? ~: > \a -9 -;< ! ;;yr;5:dnt-,$-))e -c$k2;wi n l~p<-~ . a tjn[i !>&r*k ~~~j*~[~j~~e~ d;-yi sJJ(;;Jt;/ i\~~~ fiy &yl+ pit71;>t+ , Ac-t -;,ir-c *\-- IPS 1~ ",;c /-j$l ,-ie5 ei7 njf-jc! 1 

r~iprchdn~~i,l~ i2dri"" J6 : ., 45 ~ili_4ejjpn:~ler?L v;trf dhies 

-_-c-r-----r_---.r.-.r,^--_-s.---_---rr_s-i_-___-_ - .---_-- crsc_r_-gr -&l,-.x-r._._---_ -- - - ;--~ -.---- --------- :,I -.; 5gec ies ,tc r33t i?pt r9ct--ir )3,Jij r% g~~~~~-~?.~~- ,,i,i,ltrii8i cfiefficieqts r d i"fl, .j~ c I FG-. @ ~~,ie~~:~~ 54 j ; &I , iif ---x z' _-- - _I. - 2"- _E. - - - - - l - _- -_ - - -I. 

i) f green of i;rri.)~ 3 trc2~i; 

species or a 5 c deter :~i~?dtii)ift (5 sd:,! $1 (31 

Y TO up d - - -- -_. - - - - - 1- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - .- -- .- - - - 4 -- -- - -- - - -- - - (-3- 1 -----.--a- ---------.--, 

SAW-LOG STEM WOOD AND BARK 

Soft Hardwoods 

S b~ectg L: w 

Sycrg 17 0 re 

'i'ellow -~'i'jl'~ir 

Hiad Hardwoods 

Scdrlet oak 

Soutt1, nzd oak 

Nilite oak 

A1 f SpeGies 

SAW-LOG STEY @OOD 

Soft Hardwoods 

S weetgu 

Sycilin ore 

Yello?ri-poplar 

Had Hadwads 

Green 

0 ry 
-- - - -------.,- -- ----------A*------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- * -- w - a - - Species %?igqt wad- deg r$ssii~n eg:~atio~ coefficients - -- ------------------ Coefficient 5tandarrt Ho a 

or :4ree11 of ermr2 t re6 

5 pet i es or d h G deter7inatio;l (S ) saty i, 

- gj r'y (22) - - -$'?"-a - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- - - - - - - & - -- - - - - - - - -- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - -__ - _____ - - 

Scarlet oak :i re2: I it ,2332 l,l6362 !I 77546 059S 0.0315 26 

3 ty ij ,27.1:32 l , ~li342ii di ,5651)S 1") .37 0, 0340 I6 

Al% Species (; reev (3,47426 159f%Zc46 (?,74"t37(1 0.95 0,0557 22 1 

JV 0,33963 l,rIY751 0,6?;_;t5!3 fi ,811 0.0785 221 

I: Y = col;lporioiae; i~~~itj"~t in p~q/r'i(f~ 

D " tf32 t: *?; * 'In il'lclles 

'lh s;s~~-"!cs3 i:lzrciiani-,dkle height in feet 

d ,ii ,C = ptjrzl;~i3r1 coeLfiilieci&s 
Table 2 1. --Regression equdtions for esti~: atiny cubic-foot voltlme of above-stum p total -tree wood and hark 

combifled and wood alone for hadwood species in the Piedirlont, with d ,b ,h, artd san-log mercktantdhle 

hei yht as independent variables 

-------- - ------- - ----- ------------------------- r------------------ ---- -------- --- ---- Species VolkJ 111 e Keyession -_ - - - egiration - - - - - - coefficients _-- - - - - --- -- Cwffic-ient Standard !do. of 

or \~~ood 8( bark of error2 trees 

species or a k c determination ( S ye x) saw pled 

wood o* - group ---------- ----------- .. ---- --- -------*----- --------.------- (V) ---- --- ------------ - 

TOTAL TREE 

Soft Hardwoais t-Jd& 8k 0.113552 1,05509 0.13692 O .R9 0.0626 23 

Wood 0,09583 1,1)3585 0.14745 O .R8 0.0656 123 

Sycamore IJdhKk 0,78170 0.52890 0,37297 0.87 0,0596 15 

lloocf (1,76002 0,52710 0,36990 0,86 0,0611 15 

Hard Hardwoods WdXIKk 0,05063 1,22643 0,1CfY76 U .89 0.0620 98 

k l ood 0,03736 2.22635 0,14310 0 ,823 0,0640 38 

Scarlet oak \.JrlCr Bk 0 .(I81 153 1.22826 -0,05300 0.99 0.0224 26 

~JOOU LO5943 1.22990 -U.015?8 0.99 0.0204 16 

South. ~cl oak ddXUk 0,10323 1,15006 0.00785 0.95 0.0398 24 

W ootl 0.U7019 1,15638 0.03432 0.95 0.0404 2 4 

\Jhite oak \!Id& I~K 0 .0251U 1.36610 0.08975 0.93 0,0550 38 

\*l ood 0.02019 1.36957 0 -09664 0.93 0.0549 38 

All Species Idd&Bk (1.08168 1 .I5697 0,06573 0 ,813, 0.0654 221 

1.4 ooci 0.06856 1 .13968 0,09215 0.87 0,0668 221 

\(!here: Y = component volrme in cubic feet 

D = tree d .h . h , in inches 

"Ih = sdw-log mercblantable height in feet 

a, b ,c = r"ey ressinn coefficients 
Tab1 e 2i". --Regression equations for estiitl atin9 ci~bic-f!)Ot volt_? f'lte of sdw -109 r'i~~~!ii~~tabIe-~ttli'i ~JOC)~? and 

hark combined and wood alone for hi~rdv~o~l~i species in the Piedmont , d ,b ,"n aarld sa:.~-Ioy merclriantat 

heiy ht as ir~dependerlc varkbles 

---Ap-----d---w--- --------------- - -------.---- -- - -- - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - -- - -- - - - - - a ---- - - - Specjes Volume -- e%ation coef ---- ficie~ts ------------ Geeff-icient StanilaW Nurr her 

or wooti & bark sf errir ""trees 

skjecjes or a b c detere#iination (Sy ,, ) sam pled 

~_31?9 wood ~nk (22) (ii) ---- ----_-- _, -- -- ------ -- --- - --- -- ___- - - -- - u ---- - _- - - _- --- -- - -A- - -_. - - - -- - - -- - - 

SAW-LOG STEM 

SoR Hadwoods Wd&Rk fI,Olit66 11,82387 C?,83274 US 11,0431 121 

ii.j ood 0,01179 0,69346 /3,131166 It ,98 t1,0388 121 

S weety u m tfd&Bk 0,01485 13,79949 0.91861 0,96 0,0434 55 

I.i ood 0 .IJ13(47 0,94055 if ,86088 0,97 0,0424 55 

Sycamore Wd&Bk 0,02732 0,719$93 C1,85SI13 U,99 0,0316 15 

l4 ood 0.02618 0 -72769 0,84192 0,99 0,0329 15 

Yellow-poplar Wd&Rk 0.01022 0,90924 0,87248 0,98 0.0362 40 

ood 0,00871 0,94012 0 ,82258 0.98 &I ,0339 4.0 

Harot Hardwoods Wd&Rk 0,130874 1,04386 0,71872 0,97 0 ,0340 96 

ti ood 0,00631 1.636217 0,74366 0.97 0,0365 96 

Scarlet oak \.id& Rk 0,00519 1.14668 0,72612 0.98 0,0258 16 

Wood 0,00457 1,14295 0,73007 0,98 0,0268 16 

South, red oak Wd&t3k 0.01310 1.01034 0.63959 0-98 0 .[I262 22 

Wood 0.00702 1,04172 0,72127 0 -98 U,0277 22 

White oak Wd&Bk 0,00574 1,07881 0.77957 0 -98 0,027'3 38 

Wood 0,00496 1,09295 0,76519 U -98 0 ,[I293 38 

A11 Species Wd&Kk 0,01076 0,98684 0 ,73947 0 -96 U,0421 217 

Mood 0,00905 U ,98897 0,74695 0.517 0,0398 217 

Where: Y = corrlponent volut~ie in cubic feet 

D = tree d,b,h, in inches 

Mh = saw-log mercllantable height in feet 

a, b ,c = regression coefficients 
Table 23,--Regression coefficients for estimating above-stump stevi wei yht to a 

specified d.o.h, top diarnetilr as a ijrttportiorl of total-stern bveight for hardwood 

species in the P-iiedrqont 

Kegressi on eiluati on and coefficients 1 ---------------------------- ----------------------- - 

Species 

---------------------------------.'.----------------------.------- 

Green ~eight ------- Dry \$eight 

WOOD AND BARK 

Ssf t Hardwoods -3,73265 4,21073 -4,28793 -1,61846 4,16512 -4,21553 

Red !:lap1 e -0,80457 4,37677 -4,10402 -0,76750 4,32891 -4,04315 

Sweet ijur2l -1,88706 4,U9280 -4.20211 .-I. ,70342 4,00522 -u~~78 

fycarlrore -2,31104 4,30579 -4,88413 -2,30869 4,75038 -4,533810 

Vel l ow-pop1 ar -1,72938 3,99726 -4,17198 -1,76210 4,04113 -4,21537 

Ward Hardwoods -2,61988 3,92928 -4,33729 -2,48096 3,90016 

El rn -5,22488 4,41024 -4,91101 -1,85693 4,13785 

Hickory -9,21973 4,97639 -5,02575 -8,75(555 4 .05UI~l 

Chestnut oak -1,26318 4,69218 -4,69208 -1,21241 4,73914 

Scar1 et oak -4,43U19 3,58456 -4.45247 -4,07170 3,53590 

South, red oc?k -2 ,if8555 3.49897 -3.8023% -1,93820 3,47338 

White oak -1,93440 3,91077 -4,20029 -1,91277 3,93041 

A11 Species -2,25900 4,00280 -4,27579 -2,10544 3,941325 

WOOD ONLY 

Soft Hardwoods -1,54304 4,32869 -4,38440 -1,55017 4,23574 

Red maple -0,76381 4,44335 -4,15466 -0,73261 4,36080 

Sweet gum -1,80728 4,20995 -3,30463 -1,651G8 4,08554 

Syearnore -2,25942 4,36204 -'\,32667 -2 846 4.8t3799 

Yell ow-pop1 ar -1,64012 4,11183 -4,26807 -1,71038 4,11441 

Hard Hardwoods -2,62600 4,03635 -3,44620 -2,49497 3,99040 

Elm -5,21153 4,60413 -5,10528 -3,56432 3,53387 

Hickory -9,209S2 -4,13856 -5,09267 -8,629'35 L&,')5j077 

Chestnut oak -1,23573 4,86497 -3,85131 -1 7 4,,37213 

Scarlet oak -4,37632 3,79397 -a ;56jd.49 -4 .ilQ&,!6. 3,6@9r37 

South, red oak -2,16525 3,56959 -3,89161 -2,07374 3,53306 

Mite oak -1,90161 4,0&663 -4,31324 -1,85653 4.1142332 

A1 1 Species -2,21362 4,1113iI -4.3773i3 --LilGGX 13,02166 

d 

'idhere: Y, = stem weight tg to? i.o.o./totai -steu lreiglt r2tio 

d = stem specified top d,o,b, in itches 

D = tree d.b,h, in inches 

a,h,c = re9ressio.i coeff-icierits 

e = 2,71828 (base of log E) 
Toble 24,--Regression coeff icfents for estirqating above-stunlp sten vul ume to a 

specified d.o.h. top diaf~rtcr as a proportion of total-stem volume for hardwood 

species in the Piedmont 

Regression etiuati on and coefficients - ---aa- ----- --- ------------*-.- ------- ------- --------. 

Spec i es 

--- --------------------- ------------------ - iJood and hark -- - - '- - -" I- - - - - -b- - - - - - -- - - - - - - -. - _- - - blood on1 y -- - - - - -- - - - -b- .. .'. - - ---I - - -- 0 - a r, a c -.. ---.- ----- ----- 

Soft Hardwoods -1,65202 4.165lO -4.23243 -1,17097 4.2641.0 -4,18729 

Red !;lap1 e -0.63492 4.07791 -3,74763 -0.7?*033 4,3:3479 -4,07700 

Sweetg yurl -1,7177 l 4,08636 -4,16133 -1.99648 4,18535 -4,116573 

Sycc$r;\ore -2,51136 4,72070 -4,84581 -1,44346 4,87589 -4.76297 

Ye7 9 ow-poi31 ar -1,76181 3,97649 -4,16652 -1,58270 4.11066 -4,25600 

Hard Hardwoods -2,69221 3,89895 -4,32412 -%,5i38U2 3,89439 -4,10976 

E It7 -5,53946 4,23262 -4,74180 -2,34516 4,07233 -4,26508 

ifi c kory -9.21460 4,!34604 -4,39672 -9.06779 4,18420 -5,12879 

Chestnut ~ak -8 4,89309 -4,91657 -1,37476 5,16760 -5,17706 

A4 1 Species -2,21693 3,34d46 -4,22458 -1.sl.il7I.2 4.i12485 -4,10%51 

--- -- ---.-------- ----- .&---- ---- ---- -- -- 

'~lhere: Y, = steil voltme to to^ d.o,h,/totdl -stew volliqt. ratio 

d = stei? specified top d,o,h, in inches 

7 = trze d,b,h, in inches 

d , b ,C = regression coeff; ci err-ts 

e = 2.71d28 [bas9 of l~g E) 
Table 25,--9e9ression ctlefficierits for estirlati ng ste:r~ weiglr~t to a sjleci fied d.o.l). toy 

didr:let;er as a proportinn of saw-lay stel71 weiglit for harciw~od species in the Piedrnont 

Ratio eq~ation and coefficients I -- -- --- ----- - ---- - ----- - -- ---- --------- -- ----- --- ---- --------- 

Speci es 

I---_Y ---I-----1I--- --I-------------I ----- - Green rreiyilt Dry wci ght --- e ----- ---- -- - ----- ---- ------------- -- - --- ----- --- a b c a b c ------- --- -- ---- - - --- --- 

WOOD AND BARK 

Soft Hardwoods 34 .56311 -1,33687 0.34540 36,21735 -1.34421 0,34571 

Sweet y urn 22,04668 -1.20280 U.3843'3 26,47795 -1,24399 0,37862 

Sycarnore 7,67301 -0.86241 0,34220 19.5Cf581 -0.94737 0.33595 

Ye1 1 ow-pop1 ar 39 ,47929 -1.42104 0.35509 53,62409 -1,50445 0.34681 

Hard Hardwoods 22,66546 -1,26307 0,36865 24,38559 -2,28056 (1,37474 

Scarlet oak 31,73326 -1,46549 0,36536 40,61327 -1,53417 t1.38247 

South, red odk. 12,89559 -8 ,07185 t1.34506 15.08843 -11,11120 ~35535 

White oak 27,61815 -1.33589 0,34312 30,11002 -1,35715 0,35120 

A1 7 Species 

Soft Hardwoods 33,62364 -1,35443 0,34231 37,33020 -1,36146 0,34311 

Sweet gum 22.10232 -1.2153 "3 0.38254 26,88392 -1,26047 0,37755 

Sycariio re 3,28473 -0 ,$35(J25 0,34122 1?,05026 -0,93713 0,33558 

Yellow-poplar 39,90690 -L9338G 0,35307 53,66090 -1,51241 0,34454 

Hard Hardwoods 22,47899 -1,26624 u ,36449 22,69238 -1.26472 0,36656 

Scar1 et oak 30,44735 -1,45626 0,36327 29,27276 -1,438%6 0,36488 

Sornti~ , red oak 12.113823 -1 ,07383 0 2342137 13,33679 -1.08426 0,34322 

i,dtlite oak 27,40217 -1,33931 0,33906 27,27263 -1,33482 U,33942 

A1 1 Species 30,20095 -1,33096 0,35330 31,29464 -1,33593 0,35547 

I1dhere : Y, = ratio of ste!:i weight or voluiqe to top d.o.b. saw-log stem 

flh = sa~+-log rqci-chantable height in feet 

d = sten specified top disnpter in inches 

D = tree d,h,h, in inches 

,78 = constant based on tlveraye fornl class 

a,b,c = regression coefficients 

e = 2,71828 (base of log E) 
Table 26.--Resression coefficierits for estiinating stenn voi ul~e to a specified d,o.h. top 

diaileter as a iiroportion of saw-log strnl voiu~ur for nariiwood species in the Piedmont 

Rat i o equat i an and coeff i ci ent s ------a--------------d 

Species 

------_-------- --------i--s--------&-----------w" ------- ---- - -- I 

\4ood and bark --- Mmd orll y Is~~___l~-___I__LI_ -__-__l___^__-l_l__l_l_ - _PI_--_- 

a --_I--- 

b c a b c __---LIP--- _- ---------__--.---.-.=. - ---- - 

Soft Hardwoods 30,25414 -1,30210 8.35021 30,74283 -1.31681 0,34772 

Sweet gum 18,577 SO -1.1549U 0,38851 18,42347 -1 .I6620 0,38709 

Sycamore 7,50334 -0,86564 k1,34171 7,01438 -0.85009 0,33987 

Ye1 1 ow-pop1 ar 32.37729 -1.37255 0.36225 31,35762 -1,37480 0.36010 

Hard Hardwoods 21,59218 -1,25535 0,37171 21.07918 -1,25541 0,36717 

Scar1 et oak 32,87656 -1,48776 0,36335 29.65245 -1,46143 0,36113 

South, red oak 10,39703 -1.917 80 (1.34439 10,16607 -1,02040 0,34157 

kihite oak 23,13415 -1,33679 0,34275 26,38838 -1,33583 0,33833 

A1 1 Species 26,87548 -1,29436 0,36165 26,90075 -1,30344 0.35830 

-- -- ----.-- --- &-we- - ----.----- 

'Mhere: Y, = ratio of stern weisht or volume to top d,o.h. saw-log stelfi 

Mh = saw-log merchantable height in feet 

d = stem specified top diameter in inches 

D = tree d.h.h. in inches 

.7R = constant based on average form class 

a,b,c = regression coefficients 

e = 2,71828 (base of log E) 

*U.S. GOVERENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1986-636-395 Region I;. 
ll' 

w 

F-- 0 

t 

E.1 5 

.,-- 

If- 

& 

L 

e 

> 

.c 

dl 

0: 

.ru 

Q) 

m CI 

r 

.- r 72 WfLvriL 

22 L 0 

T2: -2 r c qj-, my L ""06s -LA #-" 

551) 

E4d FA 

3OITrC. 

--a C3 0 - 

puss L.. - 3