J-S31030-17

2017 PA Super 177

IN THE INTEREST OF D.F., A MINOR

APPEAL OF: S.S., NATURAL MOTHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 163 WDA 2017

Appeal from the Order October 6, 2016

In the Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County 

Orphans’ Court Division at No(s): 32-16-0393

BEFORE: PANELLA, J., DUBOW, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

OPINION BY DUBOW, J.: FILED JUNE 07, 2017

S.S. (“Mother”) appeals from the Order entered by the Indiana County 

Court of Common Pleas on October 6, 2016, terminating her parental rights 

with respect to D.F. (d/o/b August 2015) (“the Child”).1 After careful 

review, we affirm.

We have gleaned the following salient facts from the certified record. 

The day after the Child’s birth, hospital staff contacted the Indiana County 

Children and Youth Services due to Mother’s history with CYS and her hostile 

and uncooperative behavior with hospital personnel. When CYS arrived at 

the hospital, Mother admitted to the caseworker that she had used 

prescribed medications against doctor’s recommendations throughout her 

pregnancy. She then refused to submit to a drug screening. A psychiatric 

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1 The Child’s father is deceased.
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evaluation conducted in the hospital revealed that Mother was at high risk 

for drug and alcohol addiction. 

After the hospital discovered THC2in the Child’s umbilical cord, CYS 

obtained a Protective Custody Order. The court granted custody of the Child 

to CYS on August 21, 2015, and CYS placed the Child in a licensed foster 

care home upon discharge from the hospital. 

On September 3, 2015, the court adjudicated the Child dependent, 

with a goal of return to parent.3 See Trial Ct. Op., dated 11/7/16 at 1. The 

court developed a family service plan and ordered Mother to complete a 

parenting assessment, drug and alcohol assessments, and psychological and 

parental capacity evaluations, and to follow all recommendations from the 

service providers.

The court held permanency review hearings on December 10, 2015, 

April 14, 2016, and August 11, 2016. Mother attended the first hearing, but 

did not attend the subsequent hearings. While Mother did complete a 

parenting class, and some drug and alcohol treatment, her overall 

compliance with the Family Service Plan was inconsistent. 

____________________________________________

2 Tetrahydrocannabinol is the active ingredient in marijuana. http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/THC.

3 Mother states in her brief that the goal has always been a concurrent goal 

of reunification and adoption. Mother’s Brief at 7. 
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On August 29, 2016, CYS filed a Petition for Involuntary Termination of 

Parental Rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b).

On October 6, 2016, the day of the hearing on the termination 

petition, Mother’s counsel informed the Orphans’ court that Maternal 

Grandmother had called counsel’s office the day before to request a 

continuance due to Mother’s allergies. Counsel thereafter unsuccessfully 

attempted to contact Mother on a phone number supplied by Maternal 

Grandmother. Counsel further informed the court that Mother had notice of 

the termination hearing, and that she and Mother had discussed the 

upcoming hearing “several times over the course of the last few weeks,” but 

that Mother stopped communicating with counsel and the telephone number 

counsel had for Mother was disconnected as of two days prior to the hearing. 

N.T., 10/6/16, at 6. Counsel further stated that she had again attempted to 

contact Mother from chambers using a phone number supplied by the 

Maternal Grandmother prior to the hearing, but Mother had not responded. 

CYS informed the court that it had sent a car to Mother’s house that 

morning to take her to the termination hearing; however, the driver had 

knocked on the door for 20 minutes, but no one answered. 

The guardian ad litem argued for the denial of counsel’s continuance 

request in light of Mother’s past non-appearances at important 

appointments, visits with the Child, and court hearings. See id. at 8.
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The trial court denied the motion for the continuance “based upon the 

representations made with regard to notice to [Mother.]” The hearing 

proceeded. Id.

CYS presented testimony from, inter alia, an expert witness, 

psychologist Carol Hughes, and CYS caseworker Becky McAfoos. Ms. Hughes 

testified that she had conducted a bonding assessment, and concluded that 

the Child, while responding well to Mother’s affection, has no significant 

attachment to Mother. Ms. Hughes opined that severing the bond with 

Mother would not harm the Child. She further testified that the Child is 

securely attached to his foster/pre-adoptive mother, who provides for his 

emotional, physical, and medical needs.

Caseworker Ms. McAfoos testified that Mother has not been consistent 

with mental health services, drug and alcohol treatment, drug testing, or 

visits with the Child. With respect to Mother’s mental health treatment, the 

court admitted documents showing Mother’s failure to utilize the services 

made available to her as part of her family service plan. Community 

Guidance Center had discharged her for non-compliance, reporting that she 

had continued to use substances while in treatment along with medication 

and refused to follow recommendations. N.T., 10/6/16, at 29. A second 

provider, Family Counseling Center of Armstrong County, reported that 

Mother had failed to appear for all five scheduled appointments. Family 

Psychological Associates, a third provider, reported that Mother completed 

an evaluation with a psychologist, who determined that Mother has bi-polar 
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disorder and cannabis use disorder in early remission. However, Mother 

cancelled all but one session with a therapist. 

With respect to Mother’s drug and alcohol treatment, Ms. McAfoos 

testified that after Mother’s initial in-patient treatment in October 2015 and 

for 90 days thereafter, Mother’s outpatient attendance at programs was 

consistent. Thereafter, her attendance dropped off, and she provided 

diluted urine samples or occasionally refused to provide samples as required 

by the family service plan. One sample tested positive for THC after the 

Child’s placement. See id. at 33-37.

Ms. McAfoos also testified that Mother attended 32 out of 76 scheduled 

visits with the Child. Mother had reported that various physical ailments 

prevented her from attending visits. Ms. McAfoos stated that although 

Mother “had ‘moments of progress,’ ... her periods of consistency never 

lasted more than four weeks.” Trial Ct. Op., dated 11/7/16, at 4; N.T. at 42, 

48. 

Regarding Mother’s bond with the Child, Ms. McAfoos testified that the 

Child interacts with Mother as if Mother were one of Child’s day care 

workers. She stated that the Child is emotionally bonded with the 

foster/pre-adoptive mother. Finally, she testified that Mother “is not able to 

take care of herself, let alone [the Child].” Id.

The Child’s guardian ad litem stated that it would be in the Child’s best 

interest to terminate Mother’s parental rights as the record is “very clear 
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that she has been given ample time and opportunity to try to become a 

better parent ... and she has failed multiple times to do that.” Id. at 54.

The court granted the Petition and terminated Mother’s parental rights 

on October 6, 2016. Mother timely appealed, and filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). 

The trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) Opinion. 

In her brief, Mother raises the following three issues:

A. Whether the trial court committed an abuse of discretion in 

denying Mother’s oral motion for a continuance for medical 

reasons thereby preventing Mother from providing necessary 

testimony?

B. Did the trial court err in its determination that the Indiana 

County Children and Youth Social Service Agency sustained 

its burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence that the 

statutory standards set forth in 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a) had 

been met?

C. Whether the Indiana County Children and Youth Social 

Service Agency did not prove by clear and convincing 

evidence and therefore, the court could not find, that Mother 

is incapable of providing essential parental care, control, or 

subsistence necessary for the Child’s physical and mental 

well-being under 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b)?

Mother’s Brief at 6 (reordered).

In her first issue, Mother asserts that the trial court abused its 

discretion in denying her request for a continuance because, based on 

“medical records produced to legal counsel at a later date following the 

Court’s finding,” Mother had had bronchial pneumonia on the date of the 

hearing. Id. at 25. She further argues that, had she been at the hearing, 
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she would have “provided imperative and weighty evidence” to “negate or 

explain some of the allegations of the Agency.” Id. at 26. 

The matter of granting or denying a continuance is within the 

discretion of the trial court. Commonwealth v. Sandusky, 77 A.3d 663, 

671 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citing Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589 

(1964)); Matter of Adoption of S.B.B., 539 A.2d 883, 884 (Pa. Super. 

1988) (noting that in the absence of Adoption Act provision mandating 

parental attendance at termination hearings, the grant or denial of a 

continuance is within the discretion of the trial court). Appellate courts will 

not disturb a trial court’s determination absent an abuse of discretion. “An 

abuse of discretion is more than just an error in judgment and, on appeal, 

the trial court will not be found to have abused its discretion unless the 

record discloses that the judgment exercised was manifestly unreasonable, 

or the results of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will.” In re J.K., 825 A.2d 

1277, 1280 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citations omitted).

We note initially that neither the Adoption Act nor the cases 

interpreting it require that a parent must be present in order for a court to 

grant a Petition to Terminate Parental Rights. The Act merely requires that 

“[a]t least ten days' notice shall be given to the parent or parents, putative 

father, or parent of a minor parent whose rights are to be terminated, by 

personal service or by registered mail to his or their last known address or 

by such other means as the court may require.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2513(b). See 
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In re K.B., 763 A.2d 436, 440 (Pa. Super. 2000) (finding affidavits of 

service support trial court’s finding that the parents received notice of 

parental rights termination hearing).

Once a court is satisfied that a parent has received notice of the 

hearing, it is then entirely within the trial court’s discretion to make a ruling 

on the continuance request based on the evidence before it. As in all 

matters involving parental rights, the best interests of the child are 

paramount. Accordingly, the exercise of the trial court’s discretion includes 

balancing the evidence submitted in support of the request against other 

relevant factors, such as a parent’s response and participation, or lack 

thereof, in prior proceedings and appointments important to the welfare of 

the child. Most importantly, the trial court is in the best position to factor in 

the impact that further delay will have on the child’s well-being.4

Here, it is undisputed that Mother had actual notice of the date and 

time of the hearing. The Orphans’ Court, which had been involved in this 

case since its inception in August 2015, extensively questioned the attorneys 

at the termination hearing on October 6, 2016, regarding when Mother 

received notice of the hearing, whether Mother was aware of the hearing 

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4 The trial court’s consideration in granting or denying a continuance in a 

parental rights termination proceeding necessarily will include consideration 

of the amount of time that will lapse before it is able to schedule another 

hearing, and the impact that that further delay will have on the child’s 

security and welfare. 
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date, and whether Mother’s own counsel had discussed the date with her. 

Mother’s counsel stated that she had discussed the hearing with Mother 

several times in the few weeks prior to the hearing date, but in the week 

leading up to the hearing, she had been unable to reach her client. It is 

undisputed that Mother had actual notice of the date and time of the 

hearing. Having concluded that Mother had notice of the proceeding, the 

court’s ruling on the continuation request was entirely within its discretion.

On the morning of the termination proceeding, Mother’s counsel had 

no evidence to support her request for a continuance. The hearsay 

statement of the maternal grandmother — that Mother’s allergies prevented 

her from attending the hearing — was not only inadmissible, but also a 

wholly insufficient reason to support a request for a continuance.5 When the 

trial court balanced this evidentiary deficiency with Mother’s refusal to attend 

permanency hearings, her refusal to respond to her counsel’s calls the week 

before the hearing, her failure to respond to counsel’s calls the morning of 

the hearing, and CYS’s efforts to retrieve Mother from her home to drive her 

to the court hearing, the trial court’s denial of the continuance request was 

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5 Mother avers that, because she produced “medical records to legal counsel 

at a later date” after the termination hearing showing that she had had 

bronchial pneumonia on the day of the hearing, “based on the totality of the 

circumstances the trial court abused its discretion” in denying the 

continuance. Appellant’s Brief at 25. The trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in failing to consider evidence that Mother failed to produce when 

her counsel requested a continuance. 
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neither “manifestly unreasonable” nor the result of “partiality, prejudice, bias 

or ill will.” In re J.K., supra at 1280. We, thus, conclude that the trial 

court properly exercised its discretion under the facts of this case.6

In her next issue, Mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence 

supporting the termination of her parental rights under 23 Pa. C.S. § 

2511(a). 

The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases requires 

appellate courts “to accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations 

of the trial court if they are supported by the record.” In re Adoption of 

S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826 (Pa. 2012). “If the factual findings are supported, 

appellate courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law 

or abused its discretion.” Id. We may reverse a decision based on an abuse 

of discretion only upon demonstration of “manifest unreasonableness, 

partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will.” Id. We may not reverse, however, 

merely because the record would support a different result. Id. at 826-827. 

The burden is upon the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that the asserted grounds for seeking the termination of parental 

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6 Mother argues in her brief that if the court granted the request for 

continuance and presumably she appeared at the next hearing date, she 

would have produced “imperative and weighty evidence as to her medical 

issues, prescriptions, and drug and alcohol treatment ... which would have 

likely impacted the trial court’s decision to terminate her parental rights.” 

Appellant’s Brief at 26. This bald assertion has no relevance because the trial 

court is not required to consider evidence that the Mother failed to produce 

when her counsel requested a continuance. 
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rights are valid. In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009). We 

have explained that “[t]he standard of clear and convincing evidence is 

defined as testimony that is so clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to 

enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of 

the truth of the precise facts in issue.” Id. (citations omitted). 

We give great deference to trial courts that often have first-hand 

observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings. In re T.S.M., 71 

A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013). The Orphans’ Court is free to believe all, part, or 

none of the evidence presented and is likewise free to make all credibility 

determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence. In re M.G., 855 A.2d 

68, 73-74 (Pa. Super. 2004). In order to affirm the termination of parental 

rights, this Court need only agree with any one subsection under Section 

2511(a). See In re B.L.W. 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc).

A parent must exercise reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles 

placed in the path of maintaining the parent child relationship: 

Parental duty requires that the parent act affirmatively 

with good faith interest and effort, and not yield to every 

problem, in order to maintain the parent-child relationship 

to the best of his or her ability, even in difficult 

circumstances. A parent must utilize all available 

resources to preserve the parental relationship, and must 

exercise reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles placed 

in the path of maintaining the parent-child relationship. 

In re B.,N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa. Super. 2004).
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Most importantly, “parental rights are not preserved by waiting for a 

more suitable or convenient time to perform one’s parental responsibilities 

while others provide the child with her physical and emotional needs.” Id.

“Where the parent does not exercise reasonable firmness in declining 

to yield to obstacles, his parental rights may be forfeited.” In re A.S., 11 

A.3d 473, 481 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citation omitted). “[A] parent's basic 

constitutional right to the custody and rearing of his or her child is 

converted, upon the failure to fulfill his or her parental duties, to the child's 

right to have proper parenting and fulfillment of his or her potential in a 

permanent, healthy, safe environment. A parent cannot protect his parental 

rights by merely stating that he does not wish to have his rights 

terminated.” In re B.,N.M., supra at 856.

Under Section 2511(a)(2), “the petitioner for involuntary termination 

must prove (1) repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; 

(2) [that] such incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal caused the child to be 

without essential parental care, control or subsistence; and (3) [that] the 

causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be 

remedied.” In re A.S., supra, at 479; 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2).

This Court has defined “parental duties” in general as the obligation to 

provide safety, security and stability for the child affirmatively and 

consistently:

There is no simple or easy definition of parental duties. Parental 

duty is best understood in relation to the needs of a child. A 
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child needs love, protection, guidance, and support. These 

needs, physical and emotional, cannot be met by a merely 

passive interest in the development of the child. Thus, this 

Court has held that the parental obligation is a positive duty 

which requires affirmative performance. This affirmative duty ... 

requires continuing interest in the child and a genuine effort to 

maintain communication and association with the child. Because 

a child needs more than a benefactor, parental duty requires 

that a parent exert himself to take and maintain a place of 

importance in the child’s life. 

In re B., N.M., supra, at 855 (citations and paragraph breaks omitted). 

Significantly, “[t]he pertinent inquiry is not the degree of success a 

parent may have had in reaching the child, but whether, under the 

circumstances, the parent has utilized all available resources to preserve the 

parent-child relationship.” In re Shives, 525 A.2d 801, 803 (Pa. Super. 

1987) (citation omitted).

The trial court addressed Mother’s challenge to the sufficiency of the 

evidence supporting termination as follows:

The testimony and the Exhibits, particularly the Bonding 

Assessment, demonstrate that Natural Mother [ ] has failed to 

perform parental duties, and cannot provide the essential care, 

control, and subsistence to the minor child due to her own daily 

struggles with mental health and substance abuse issues. 

Further, these struggles, which led to the removal and 

placement of the child still exist, and [Mother] has clearly 

demonstrated that her mental health and substance abuse 

issues cannot or will not be remedied. Finally it is clear to this 

Court that “the developmental, physical and emotional needs 

and welfare of the [C]hild would best be served by terminating” 

[Mother’s] parental rights to the [C]hild.

Trial Ct. Op, dated 11/7/16 at 6.
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Our review of the record supports the trial court’s findings and 

conclusions. The Child has lived since birth in August 2015 with the 

foster/pre-adoptive Mother. The trial court has been involved with the 

Child’s case since August 2015, presiding at each dependency proceeding 

and permanency review hearing. Thus, at the time of the termination 

hearing in October 2016, the court was in the best position to review the 

evidence and determine that Mother’s struggles with her physical and mental 

health, including her drug and alcohol problems, have significantly interfered 

with her ability to provide essential care of the Child. Mother has not utilized 

all available resources and has, thus, been unable to remedy her mental 

health and drug problems. She has failed to exert the required resistance to 

the obstacles she arguably puts in her own way, and does not appear likely 

to be able to overcome her obstacles any time soon. She has failed to do 

what has needed to be done to establish a parent-child relationship with the 

Child.

The certified record supports the trial court’s findings of fact and 

conclusions of law. We, thus, conclude that the Orphan’s Court did not 

abuse its discretion in concluding that CYS met its burden of proof with 

respect to Section 2511(a)(2).

We also agree with the Orphans’ Court’s determination that CYS met 

its burden under 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b), and that terminating Mother’s 

parental rights is in the best interest of the Child.
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With respect to Section 2511(b), our analysis shifts focus from 

parental actions in fulfilling parental duties to the effect that terminating the 

parental bond will have on the child. Section 2511(b) “focuses on whether 

termination of parental rights would best serve the developmental, physical, 

and emotional needs and welfare of the child.” In re: Adoption of J.M., 

991 A.2d 321, 324 (Pa. Super. 2010).

In In re C.M.S., 884 A.2d 1284, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2005), this Court 

found that “intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability are 

involved in the inquiry into the needs and welfare of the child.” In addition, 

the Orphans’ Court must also discern the nature and status of the parentchild bond, with utmost attention to the effect on the child of permanently 

severing that bond. Id. 

Most significantly, whether a meaningful bond exists is determined, 

first, by the extent to which a parent provides safety, security, and support 

for the child’s physical and mental needs, on a daily basis. If a meaningful 

bond is found to exist, the analysis hinges on the extent to which the child 

will be harmed by the severance of that bond. Thus, the bond-effect 

analysis necessarily depends on the circumstances of the particular case. In 

re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 763 (Pa. Super. 2008). In cases where there is no 

evidence of meaningful and extensive contact between a parent and a child, 

it is reasonable to infer that no bond exists. Id. at 762-63.
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In the instant case, the trial court had the benefit of a formal bond 

assessment as well as testimony from child welfare professionals. The 

evidence showed that Mother attended fewer than half of her scheduled 

visits with the Child. While Ms. McHugh testified that Mother was 

affectionate with the Child, and the Child responded to Mother’s efforts, the 

evidence showed that Child has a strong bond with the foster/pre-adoptive 

mother with whom the Child has lived since birth such that termination of 

Mother’s parental rights will not negatively impact the Child.

The certified record supports the trial court’s findings of fact and 

credibility determinations. We discern no error of law and conclude that the 

trial court properly exercised its discretion in terminating Mother’s parental 

rights. 

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 6/7/2017