In the United States Court of Federal Claims

BID PROTEST

No. 16-1576C

Filed Under Seal: February 2, 2017

Reissued for Publication: February 15, 2017*

LIMCO AIREPAIR, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

THE UNITED STATES,

Defendant,

v.

WALL COLMONOY CORPORATION,

 Defendant-Intervenor.

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Post-Award Bid Protest; Judgment upon 

the Administrative Record, RCFC 52.1; 

Price Realism Analysis; Ex Parte

Communication.

W. Brad English, Counsel of Record, Jon D. Levin, Of Counsel, J. Andrew Watson, III, 

Of Counsel, Brian J. Chapuran, Of Counsel, Maynard, Cooper, & Gale, P.C., Huntsville, AL, 

for plaintiff.

Sarah Choi, Trial Attorney, Scott D. Austin, Assistant Director, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., 

Director, Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, United States 

Department of Justice, Washington, DC, Kurt Eberle, Of Counsel, United States Department of 

the Air Force, Tinker Air Force Base, OK, for defendant.

John R. Tolle, Attorney of Record, W. Todd Whey, Of Counsel, Baker, Cronogue, Tolle 

& Werfel, LLP, McLean, VA, for defendant-intervenor.

 

* This Memorandum Opinion and Order was originally filed under seal on February 2, 2017 (docket entry 

no. 41), pursuant to the Protective Order entered in this action on December 8, 2016 (docket entry no. 13). 

The parties were given an opportunity to advise the Court of their views with respect to what information, 

if any, should be redacted under the terms of the Protective Order. The parties filed a joint status report 

on February 15, 2017, notifying the Court that they do not believe any information should be redacted 

(docket entry no. 43). And so, the Court is reissuing its Memorandum Opinion and Order dated February 

2, 2017 without redactions.
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

GRIGGSBY, Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff, Limco Airepair, Inc. (“Limco”), brought this post-award bid protest matter 

challenging the United States Air Force’s (“Air Force”) decision to award a contract for the 

remanufacture of F-16 heat exchangers to Wall Colmonoy Corporation (“WCC”). Limco has 

moved for judgment upon the administrative record, pursuant to Rule 52.1 of the Rules of the 

United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). The government and WCC have also moved 

for judgment upon the administrative record, pursuant to RCFC 52.1. For the reasons set forth 

below, the Court (1) DENIES Limco’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record; (2) 

GRANTS the government’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record; and (3) 

GRANTS WCC’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

A. Factual Background

In this post-award bid protest matter, Limco challenges the Air Force’s decision to award 

a contract for the remanufacture of F-16 heat exchangers (“Contract”) to WCC. See generally

Am. Compl. Limco asserts that the Air Force (1) failed to perform a price realism analysis of 

WCC’s proposed price, as was required by the Solicitation, and (2) engaged in ex parte

communication with WCC, resulting in an unlevel playing field that prejudiced Limco. See id.; 

Tr. at 7:4-6, 12:17-23.

Limco seeks declaratory and injunctive relief. Pl. Mot. at 19-20. Namely, Limco 

requests that the Court declare the Air Force’s award to WCC arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of 

discretion and contrary to law. Id. at 20. In addition, Limco requests the Court: (1) enjoin the 

Air Force from continuing performance under the Contract; (2) require the Air Force to amend 

 

1 The facts recited in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from plaintiff’s amended complaint 

(“Am. Compl.”); the administrative record (“AR”); plaintiff’s motion for judgment upon the 

administrative record (“Pl. Mot.”); defendant’s cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record 

(“Def. Mot.”); WCC’s cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record (“Int. Mot.”); and the 

transcript from oral argument (“Tr.”). Except where otherwise noted, the facts recited herein are 

undisputed.
3

the Solicitation and to provide the same information regarding performance testing to all 

offerors; and (3) require the Air Force to perform a price realism analysis of WCC’s proposed 

price and make a new award decision. Id.

1. The Small Business Solicitation

The salient facts in this bid protest matter are undisputed. On February 29, 2016, the Air 

Force issued a request for proposals for the remanufacture of F-16 heat exchangers as a small 

business set-aside (the “Small Business Solicitation”). AR at 497-545; Am. Compl. at ¶ 8.

WCC submitted an offer under the Small Business Solicitation, which included a proposed price 

of $17,426.84 per unit. AR at 587-636; Am. Compl. at ¶ 12. After discussions with the Air 

Force, WCC reduced its proposed price to $15,950.54. AR at 644. During a second round of 

discussions for the Small Business Solicitation, WCC indicated that performance testing 

accounted for $1,500 of its proposed price per unit. Id. at 653-54. On June 20, 2016, the Air 

Force canceled the Small Business Solicitation because it deemed all of the offers to be too high. 

Id. at 657-58.

2. The Full And Open Solicitation

On June 21, 2016, the Air Force issued a full and open solicitation for the remanufacture 

of F-16 heat exchangers (the “Solicitation”). AR at 170-220. The Solicitation contemplates 

award to the Lowest Price Technically Acceptable offeror. Id. at 214. With respect to the Air 

Force’s price analysis, the Solicitation provides that:

2.3. Factor 2 –Price

Price proposals will be evaluated for (1) completeness, (2) reasonableness, (3) 

price realism, (4) unbalanced pricing, and (5) Total Evaluated Price. . . .

2.3.2. Price Reasonableness

The proposed prices will be evaluated for reasonableness . . . . Normally, price 

reasonableness is established through adequate price competition, but may also be 

determined through price analysis techniques as described in [Federal Acquisition 

Regulation] 15.404.

2.3.3. Price Realism

Proposed prices will be evaluated for price realism . . . . To evaluate price realism, 

the Government may use one or more of the the [sic] price analysis techniques 

described in [Federal Acquisition Regulation] 15.404. The Government may also 

use other evaluation techniques, as needed. 
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Id. at 219. In this regard, Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) 15.404 provides that:

(b) Price analysis for commercial and non-commercial items.

(2) The Government may use various price analysis techniques and procedures to 

ensure a fair and reasonable price. Examples of such techniques include, but are 

not limited to, the following:

(i) Comparison of proposed prices received in response to the solicitation. 

Normally, adequate price competition establishes a fair and reasonable 

price.

48 C.F.R. § 15.404-1. 

On June 21, 2016, the Air Force’s contracting officer (“Contracting Officer”) notified 

WCC that the Solicitation had been posted. AR at 222-23. In response, WCC asked the 

Contracting Officer whether WCC’s interpretation that performance testing was not required 

under the Solicitation was correct. Id. at 221-22. The Contracting Officer responded that:

The contractor is correct, with the one exception that performance testing may be 

required during an IPE. Performance testing will not be required for 100%.

Id. at 221.

In July 2016, Limco and WCC submitted the only offers in response to the Solicitation. 

Id. at 224-341. Limco’s offer included a proposed price of $13,500.00 per unit, and WCC’s 

offer included a proposed price of $12,974.21 per unit. Id. at 224, 290; Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 27-28.

3. The Air Force’s Evaluation And Award Decision

As part of the source selection process for the Solicitation, the Air Force documented its 

price analyses of offerors’ proposed prices in a Proposal Analysis Report (“PAR”) and a Source 

Selection Decision Document (“SSDD”). AR at 344-51. In the SSDD, the Contracting Officer

outlined how the Air Force evaluated WCC’s and Limco’s offers.2 Id. at 344-45. Specifically, 

the Contracting Officer assessed both proposals under the technical and price evaluation factors. 

Id. at 344-46. The SSDD provides that both offerors were technically acceptable. Id. at 346. 

With respect to price, the Contracting Officer considered Limco’s proposed price and

WCC’s proposed price and deemed both offerors’ proposed prices to be “fair and reasonable and 

 

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In this matter, the Contracting Officer was also the Source Selection Authority. AR at 346.
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balanced based upon competition.” Id. at 345-46. And so, the Contracting Officer determined 

that WCC had the lowest priced technically acceptable offer. Id. at 346. 

In the PAR, the Contracting Officer also evaluated offers under technical and price 

factors. See id. at 347-51. The Contracting Officer deemed both offers technically acceptable. 

Id. at 349-51. 

With regard to the price factor, the Contracting Officer stated that the Air Force ranked 

WCC’s proposed price and Limco’s proposed price in ascending order based upon the Total 

Evaluated Price. Id. at 348. The PAR further provides that: 

[The] final proposed prices were evaluated against the criteria of reasonableness, 

realism, and balance. A price analysis was conducted by comparing proposed 

prices received in response to the solicitation. Per FAR 15.404-1(b)(2)(i), adequate 

price competition establishes a fair and reasonable price.

Id. at 350-51; 48 C.F.R. § 15.404. The Air Force determined WCC had a “fair and 

reasonable” proposed price and that its offer was technically acceptable. AR at 351. And 

so, the agency determined that a contract to WCC “would be awardable.” Id. The Air 

Force also included the SSDD and the PAR in the agency’s request for clearance to 

award the contract to WCC. Id. at 352-65. The Air Force awarded the Contract to WCC

on October 28, 2016. Id. at 366-416.

B. Procedural Background

Limco filed the complaint in this matter on November 28, 2016. See generally Compl. 

On November 30, 2016, WCC filed a motion to intervene. See generally Mot. to Intervene. On 

December 7, 2016, plaintiff filed a motion for a protective order, a motion to seal the complaint, 

and a motion for a preliminary injunction. See Mot. for Protective Order; Mot. to Seal; Pl. Mot. 

for PI. 

On December 7, 2016, the parties participated in an initial telephonic status conference,

during which plaintiff’s counsel stated that Limco would hold its motion for a preliminary 

injunction in abeyance and address the motion during briefing on the merits of the case. See

Scheduling Order, Dec. 7, 2016. On December 7, 2016, the Court issued a Scheduling Order 

granting WCC’s motion to intervene. See id. On December 8, 2016, the Court issued a 

Protective Order. See generally Protective Order. 
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The government filed the administrative record in this matter on December 9, 2016. See

generally AR. On December 13, 2016, plaintiff filed a motion for leave to file a first amended 

complaint, which the Court granted on the same day. See generally Pl. Mot. for Leave to File; 

Order, Dec. 13, 2016. On December 13, 2016, plaintiff filed its first amended complaint. See

Am. Compl. 

On December 16, 2016, plaintiff filed a motion for judgment upon the administrative 

record. See generally Pl. Mot. On December 27, 2016, the government and WCC filed crossmotions for judgment upon the administrative record and responses to plaintiff’s motion for 

judgment upon the administrative record. See generally Def. Mot.; Int. Mot. On January 3, 

2017, Limco filed a response to the cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative record 

filed by the government and WCC, and a reply in support of its motion for judgment upon the 

administrative record. See generally Pl. Reply. On January 9, 2017, the government and WCC 

filed their replies in support of their cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative record. 

See generally Def. Reply; Int. Reply. 

On January 23, 2017, the Court held oral argument on the cross-motions for judgment 

upon the administrative record. See generally Tr., Jan. 23, 2017. During oral argument, the 

Court issued an oral decision denying Limco’s motion for judgment upon the administrative 

record and granting the government’s and WCC’s motions for judgment upon the administrative 

record. The rationale for the Court’s decision is set forth below. 

III. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Bid Protest Jurisdiction

The Tucker Act grants the United States Court of Federal Claims jurisdiction over bid 

protests brought by “an interested party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or 

proposals for a proposed contract or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any 

alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed 

procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1). This Court reviews agency actions in bid protest matters 

under the “arbitrary and capricious” standard. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (adopting the standard 

of review set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act). And so, under the Administrative 

Procedure Act standard, an award may be set aside if “‘(1) the procurement official’s decision 

lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or
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procedure.’” Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004)

(quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 

(Fed. Cir. 2001)). In this regard, the Federal Circuit has explained that:

When a challenge is brought on the first ground, the test is whether the contracting

agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion,

and the disappointed bidder bears a heavy burden of showing that the award 

decision had no rational basis. When a challenge is brought on the second ground, 

the disappointed bidder must show a clear and prejudicial violation of applicable 

statutes or regulations.

Id. at 1351 (internal citations omitted).

In reviewing an agency’s procurement decision, the Court also recognizes that the 

agency’s decision is entitled to a “presumption of regularity.” Citizens to Preserve Overton 

Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 415 (1971), abrogated on other grounds by Califano v. 

Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977) (citations omitted). In addition, the Court should not substitute its 

judgment for that of the agency. Cincom Sys., Inc. v. United States, 37 Fed. Cl. 663, 672 (1997). 

And so, “‘[t]he protestor must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the agency’s

actions were either without a reasonable basis or in violation of applicable procurement law.’” 

Gentex Corp. v. United States, 58 Fed. Cl. 634, 648 (2003) (quoting Info. Tech. & Applications

Corp. v. United States, 51 Fed. Cl. 340, 346 (2001), aff’d, 316 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2003)).

This standard “is highly deferential.” Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States,

216 F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 2000). As long as there is “a reasonable basis for the agency’s 

action, the court should stay its hand even though it might, as an original proposition, have 

reached a different conclusion . . . .” Honeywell, Inc. v. United States, 870 F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. 

Cir. 1989) (citation omitted). But, if “the agency entirely fail[s] to consider an important aspect 

of the problem [or] offer[s] an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence 

before the agency,” then the resulting action lacks a rational basis and, therefore, is defined as 

“arbitrary and capricious.” Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d 

1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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B. Judgment Upon The Administrative Record 

Generally, Rule 52.1 limits this Court’s review of an agency’s procurement decision to 

the administrative record. RCFC 52.1; see Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d

1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[T]he focal point for judicial review should be the administrative 

record already in existence.”). And so, unlike a summary judgment motion brought pursuant to 

Rule 56, “the existence of genuine issues of material fact does not preclude judgment upon the 

administrative record” under Rule 52.1. Tech. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 228, 242 

(2011) (citations omitted); RCFC 56. Rather, the Court’s inquiry is whether, “given all the 

disputed and undisputed facts, a party has met its burden of proof based on the evidence in the 

record.” A&D Fire Prot., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 126, 131 (2006).

C. Injunctive Relief

Lastly, under its bid protest jurisdiction, the Court “may award any relief [it] considers 

proper, including declaratory and injunctive relief . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(2); see also 

Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009). In deciding whether 

to issue a permanent injunction, the Court “considers: (1) whether . . . the plaintiff has succeeded 

upon the merits of the case; (2) whether the plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm if the court 

withholds injunctive relief; (3) whether the balance of hardships to the respective parties favors 

the grant of injunctive relief; and (4) whether it is in the public interest to grant injunctive relief.”

PGBA, LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219, 1228-29 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Amoco Prod. Co. 

v. Vill. of Gambell, Alaska, 480 U.S. 531, 546 n.12 (1987) (“The standard for a preliminary 

injunction is essentially the same as for a permanent injunction with the exception that the 

plaintiff must show a likelihood of success on the merits rather than actual success.”)); see also

Centech Grp., Inc., 554 F.3d at 1037. In this regard, the United States Court of Appeals for the 

Federal Circuit has held that:

No one factor, taken individually, is necessarily dispositive. If a preliminary 

injunction is granted by the trial court, the weakness of the showing regarding one 

factor may be overborne by the strength of the others. If the injunction is denied, 

the absence of an adequate showing with regard to any one factor may be sufficient, 

given the weight or lack of it assigned the other factors, to justify the denial.

FMC Corp. v. United States, 3 F.3d 424, 427 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (citations omitted). 
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A plaintiff who cannot demonstrate actual success upon the merits cannot prevail upon a

motion for permanent injunctive relief. Cf. Nat’l Steel Car, Ltd. v. Canadian Pacific Ry., Ltd., 

357 F.3d 1319, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (finding that a plaintiff who cannot demonstrate likely

success upon the merits cannot prevail upon its motion for preliminary injunctive relief). This 

Court has also found success upon the merits to be “the most important factor for a court to 

consider when deciding whether to issue injunctive relief.” Dellew Corp. v. United States, 108 

Fed. Cl. 357, 369 (2012) (citing Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1312

(Fed. Cir. 2007)). However, while success upon the merits is necessary, it is not sufficient alone 

for a plaintiff to establish that it is entitled to injunctive relief. See Contracting, Consulting, 

Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 334, 353 (2012) ((“Although plaintiff’s entitlement to 

injunctive relief depends on its succeeding on the merits, it is not determinative because the three 

equitable factors must be considered, as well.”) (citations omitted)).

IV. LEGAL ANALYSIS

In its motion for judgment upon the administrative record, Limco asserts that the Air 

Force failed to perform a price realism analysis of WCC’s proposed price, as was required by the 

Solicitation, and that the Air Force engaged in ex parte communication with WCC, resulting in 

an unlevel playing field that prejudiced Limco. See generally Am. Compl.; Pl. Mot. The 

government and WCC counter in their cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative 

record that the Air Force performed an appropriate price realism analysis of WCC’s proposal and 

that the Air Force’s ex parte communication with WCC did not prejudice Limco. See generally

Def. Mot.; Int. Mot.

For the reasons discussed below, the administrative record in this matter shows that the 

Air Force conducted an appropriate price realism analysis of WCC’s proposal and that the Air 

Force’s ex parte communication did not prejudice Limco. And so, the Court denies Limco’s 

motion for judgment upon the administrative record and grants the government’s and WCC’s 

cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative record. 

A. The Air Force Conducted A Price Realism 

Analysis In Accordance With The Solicitation 

The administrative record shows that the Air Force conducted a price realism analysis of 

WCC’s proposed price and that this analysis was in accordance with the terms of the Solicitation 
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and the FAR. See AR at 219, 344-51; 48 C.F.R. § 15.404-1. In determining whether the Air 

Force conducted a proper price realism analysis, the Court affords deference to the Air Force’s 

price realism analysis and recognizes that the extent of an agency’s price realism analysis can 

vary, and generally is within the discretion of the agency. Int’l Outsourcing Servs. v. United 

States, 69 Fed. Cl. 40, 48 (2005) (citing Labat-Anderson, Inc. v. United States, 50 Fed. Cl. 99, 

106 (2001)); FCN, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 335, 375 (2014) ((“Unless the agency 

commits itself to a particular methodology in a solicitation, the nature and extent of a price 

realism analysis, as well as an assessment of potential risk associated with a proposed price, are 

generally within the sound exercise of the agency’s discretion.”) (citations omitted)). Applying 

this legal framework to the matter, the record evidence shows that the Air Force conducted a 

proper price realism analysis here.

The Solicitation contemplates a price realism analysis that utilizes one of the techniques 

described in the FAR. Specifically, the Solicitation states that:

Proposed prices will be evaluated for price realism. To be realistic, the proposed 

price must demonstrate an adequate understanding of the requirement, and must 

ensure the price does not pose a risk to performance.

AR at 219. The Solicitation also provides that, to evaluate price realism, the Air Force could use 

one or more of the price analysis techniques described in FAR 15.404, or “other evaluation 

techniques, as needed.” Id. In this regard, FAR 15.404-1(b)(2) states, in relevant part, that:

The Government may use various price analysis techniques and procedures to 

ensure a fair and reasonable price. Examples of such techniques include, but are 

not limited to . . . Comparison of proposed prices received in response to the 

solicitation. Normally, adequate price competition establishes a fair and reasonable 

price (see 15.403-1(c)(1)(i)).

48 C.F.R. § 15.404-1(b)(2). And so, the plain language of the Solicitation permits the Air Force 

to use any of the techniques set forth in FAR 15.404 to perform the price realism analysis. 

The evidentiary record also demonstrates that the Air Force conducted a price realism 

analysis in accordance with FAR 15.404 and the Solicitation. The PAR describes the steps that 

the Air Force undertook to perform the price realism analysis. Specifically, the PAR provides

that the Air Force ranked WCC’s and Limco’s proposed prices in ascending order based upon

the Total Evaluated Price. AR at 348. The PAR further provides that:
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[F]inal proposed prices were evaluated against the criteria of reasonableness, 

realism, and balance. A price analysis was conducted by comparing proposed 

prices received in response to the solicitation.

Id. at 350. In addition, the PAR provides that “[p]er FAR 15.404-1(b)(2)(i), adequate price 

competition establishes a fair and reasonable price.” Id. at 350-51. 

The SSDD also documents the Air Force’s price realism analysis of WCC’s proposed 

price. The SSDD provides that the Contracting Officer considered Limco’s and WCC’s 

proposed prices and deemed both prices “fair and reasonable and balanced based upon 

competition.” Id. at 344-46. And so, the record evidence demonstrates that the Air Force 

performed a proper price realism analysis by both comparing the prices proposed by the offerors 

in this matter and establishing that there was adequate price competition.

The record evidence also demonstrates that the Air Force documented its price realism 

analysis. As the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held, “[c]ontracting 

officers are not obligated by the [Administrative Procedure Act] to provide written explanations 

for their actions.” Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1337; see also Tr. at 11:9-15. Nonetheless, the 

Contracting Officer documented the Air Force’s price realism analysis in this case. See AR at 

344-53. As discussed above, the administrative record shows that the price realism analysis was 

documented in the agency’s PAR and SSDD and this analysis is also incorporated into the Air 

Force’s request for clearance. Id. And so, the evidentiary record makes clear that the Air Force 

documented its price realism analysis for the Solicitation.

It is also important to note that Limco’s argument that the Court should set aside the Air 

Force’s award decision, because the government did not question the reduction in WCC’s 

proposed price during the Solicitation, is unavailing. At bottom, Limco is asking the Court to 

require the Air Force to perform a price realism analysis that Limco believes is appropriate under 

the circumstances of this case. But, it is not the role of the Court to substitute its own judgment

for the Air Force’s regarding the technique that should be employed to perform the price realism 

analysis. Cincom Sys., Inc., 37 Fed. Cl. at 672 (holding that the Court should not substitute its 

judgment for the agency’s judgment). Rather, the Court affords deference to the Air Force’s 

price realism analysis and looks only to see whether the price realism analysis complies with the 

methodology called for in the Solicitation. Int’l Outsourcing Servs., 69 Fed. Cl. at 47-48. The 
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record evidence makes clear that it does in this case. And so, the Court will not disturb the Air 

Force’s decision regarding the price realism analysis.

In sum, the record evidence demonstrates that the Air Force conducted a price realism 

analysis in accordance with the Solicitation and the FAR, and that such analysis was properly 

documented by the Air Force.

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 And so, the Court must deny this claim.

B. Limco Was Not Prejudiced By The Air 

Force’s Ex Parte Communication With WCC

Limco’s claim that the Air Force’s ex parte communication with WCC resulted in

unequal treatment and an unlevel playing field for Limco is also belied by the administrative 

record. In this regard, there is no dispute the Air Force engaged in an ex parte communication 

with WCC regarding performance testing. See AR at 221-22; Pl. Mot. at 14-17; Def. Mot. at 11, 

21-22; Int. Mot. at 4-5. But, even if this communication was improper, Limco has not 

demonstrated how the communication significantly prejudiced Limco. See generally Pl. Mot.; 

Pl. Reply. 

To demonstrate such prejudice, Limco must show that it would have had a “substantial 

chance” of winning the award but for the ex parte communication. Bannum, Inc. v. United 

States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). In its filings, Limco states that 

it “might have adjusted its price” if the Air Force told Limco that performance testing was not 

required. Pl. Mot. at 16-17; see also Tr. at 13:9-14, 19-20. But, Limco does not state that its 

price was based upon a misunderstanding about the requirement for performance testing. See 

generally Pl. Mot.; Pl. Reply. Given this, Limco has not shown how the Air Force’s 

communication with WCC on this topic impacted Limco’s proposed price. See Pl. Mot.; Pl. 

Reply. And so, Limco has simply not demonstrated that it would have had a “substantial 

chance” of winning the award but for this ex parte communication.

C. Injunctive Relief Is Inappropriate

Given the deficiencies in Limco’s bid protest claims discussed above, Limco also fails to 

demonstrate that it is entitled to the injunctive relief that it seeks in this matter. As discussed 

 

3 Because the Court finds the Air Force conducted a price realism analysis, the Court need not reach the 

issue of prejudice with respect to this issue. 
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above, Limco’s challenge to the price realism analysis for the Solicitation is not supported by the 

record evidence. Limco has also failed to demonstrate how the Air Force’s ex parte

communication with WCC has prejudiced Limco. And so, where, as is the case here, the 

evidence demonstrates that a protestor will not succeed upon the merits of its claims, Limco

cannot prevail upon its claim for injunctive relief. Cf. Altana Pharma AG v. Teva Pharm. USA, 

Inc., 566 F.3d 999, 1005 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc., 

239 F.3d 1343, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2001)) (“Although the factors are not applied mechanically, a 

movant must establish the existence of both of the first two factors to be entitled to a preliminary 

injunction” or a temporary restraining order); Nat’l Steel Car, Ltd., 357 F.3d at 1325 (finding 

that a plaintiff who cannot demonstrate likely success upon the merits cannot prevail upon its 

motion for preliminary injunctive relief). 

V. CONCLUSION

In sum, the record evidence in this post-award bid protest matter shows that the Air Force

conducted a reasonable price realism analysis that was in accordance with the terms of the 

Solicitation and the FAR. AR at 219, 344-51; 48 C.F.R. § 15.404. The record evidence also 

shows that Limco has not demonstrated that it has been prejudiced because of the acknowledged 

ex parte communication between the Air Force and WCC regarding the absence of a requirement 

to conduct performance testing in the Solicitation. 

And so, for the foregoing reasons, the Court:

1. DENIES plaintiff’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record; 

2. GRANTS the government’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record; and

3. GRANTS WCC’s motions for judgment upon the administrative record.

The Clerk shall enter judgment accordingly.

Each party shall bear their own costs.

Some of the information contained in this Memorandum Opinion and Order may be 

considered protected information subject to the Protective Order entered in this matter on 

December 8, 2016. This Memorandum Opinion and Order shall therefore be filed under seal. 

The parties shall review the Memorandum Opinion and Order to determine whether, in their 
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view, any information should be redacted in accordance with the terms of the Protective Order 

prior to publication.

The Court hereby ORDERS the parties to FILE, by February 16, 2017, a joint status 

report identifying the information, if any, that they contend should be redacted, together with an 

explanation of the basis for each proposed redaction.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ Lydia Kay Griggsby 

LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY

Judge