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## CNG and LNG: What’s Best for Your Fleet?
A Westport and Clean Energy Webinar

June 20, 2013

## Your Natural Gas Experts

 John Howell

 Senior Director, Marketing

 Westport OnRoad Group 

###  Jim Harger

 Chief Marketing Officer

 Clean Energy Fuels

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## Today’s Discussion Topics

 The case for natural gas as a vehicle fuel

 7 factors to consider in choosing the right fuel

 CNG / LNG comparison



###  Fueling considerations

 Application considerations



###  Payback analysis

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# WHY NATURAL GAS

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## Why Natural Gas?

 More and more fleets 

### across North America are switching to natural gas

 Every day there’s another 

### announcement of companies that have decided to transition



###  Key reason is economics:

 Natural gas is less expensive than diesel or gasoline

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###  To optimize savings, fleets must consider the right factors to make the best decision:

 Type of engine system

 Type of fuel

 Type of fuel storage

## 7 Factors for an Informed Fuel Decision

1. Vehicle Type and 

### Application

 LNG / CNG differences and advantages 

### 2. Duty Cycle

 Range, speed, idle time 

### 3. Combined Weight

 Payload, storage tank weight 

### 4. Hours of Service

 Drive, idle, down time 

### 5. Fuel Cost

 Savings vs. diesel and gasoline 

### 6. Fleet Fueling Needs

 Refueling cycles


### 7. Fueling Infrastructure

 Availability

on your routes

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## CNG / LNG

– the Distinction

 CNG and LNG are simply two different ways natural gas is stored

 There is no such thing as an “LNG engine” or a “CNG 

### engine ”

 It’s not engine type that differentiates LNG and CNG, it’s how the fuel is stored and supplied to the engine

 Both are delivered to the engine as a gas

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## LNG / CNG

– Storage

8  Natural gas in its cryogenic liquid form

 Stored at

- 260F (

- 162 C) at atmospheric pressures  Pressurized natural gas

 S tored at pressures of 3,000 (non

- North America standard) to 3,600 psi (North America standard)

## LNG / CNG

– Energy Density

 Both CNG and LNG are less dense forms of energy 

### than petroleum

- based liquid fuel

 NGVs need to have larger fuel tanks to store the same amount of energy

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Source: US Energy Information Administration

## LNG / CNG

– Energy Density

 Relative to one gallon of diesel:

 LNG = 1.7 DGE

 CNG = 3.8 DGE



###  Energy density is an important factor you 

### need to consider when choosing a natural gas vehicle

10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

One DGE DIESEL CNG

LNG

# FUELING CONSIDERATIONS CNG and LNG

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## CNG Fueling Considerations

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## Compressed Natural Gas

- the Basics

 Good for light, medium, 

### and some heavy duty applications

 <250 miles/day



###  Natural gas delivered by gas company pipeline

 Gas is dried, compressed 

### & stored at 4,500 psi and dispensed to vehicle at 3,600 psi  Dispensed at similar rate 

### to gasoline (5

- 8 gpm)

 Stored in cylinders onboard the vehicle

 Gallon/Gallon for OTR, CNG weighs 4X compared to LNG

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## CNG Time Fill

 CNG provides a “ c omplete fill” because we can 

### dissipate heat over time

 3 to 6 hour fill period



###  Lowest cost installation

 Best value

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## CNG Fast Fill

 High heat gain during fueling

 >20% loss of storage

 Large capital investment

 $ 5 million for 4 lanes dispensing at >10 gpm each

 1⁄2 acre of land

 Plus utility s ervices

 NG supply, 100 psi minimum

 >2MW electrical demand

 2,500+ HP

 $30,000/month demand charge

 >2X compared to LNG

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## CNG Station Reality

 T he majority are not “ t ruck friendly”!

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## LNG Fueling Considerations

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## Liquid Natural Gas

– the Basics

 Heavy

- duty vehicles

 >250 miles/day, 5

- 7 days/week operation



###  Pipeline gas cooled to

- 

### 260 F (liquefaction)

 Adds $0.50 to $0.75/DGE



###  Dispensed at 15+ 

### DGE/minute  Delivered in cryogenic 

### trailer to the LNG station & stored in cryogenic tanks

 OTR transportation can impact price compared to pipeline transport (CNG)

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## LNG Fast Fill Fueling

 Transparent to diesel fueling

 Stations can be expanded without utility constraints

 Store 2X energy/volume as CNG

 Single/Dual LNG cryogenic tank(s)

 Gallon/Gallon for OTR applications with 120+ DGE, LNG weighs 1⁄4 of CNG

 Don’t use it, you lose it

 7 day shelf life

 Higher FET and sometimes SET compared to CNG

 Sales tax (some states)

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# APPLICATIONS CNG / LNG

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## Consider Your Application

 Choosing between LNG and CNG is really about the spectrum

- at either end the choice is relatively fixed

21 CNG LNG

light

- duty automotive & industrial bus & vocational trucks heavy

- haul transport

## Fueling Options Widen in the Middle

22 CNG LNG bus &vocational trucks

 CNG is a good option for:

 Refuse and transit using fast or time fill

 Medium duty applications < 300 miles per fill  Cold LNG is a good option for:

 Long driving range requirements

 8.9L to 12L engines hauling up to 80,000 lbs

## Your Fleet’s D uty Cycle is Important

 Helps you evaluate:

 How much energy your vehicles require

 How often vehicles will need to be refueled



###  Consider:

 Number of hours a vehicle is in use per day

 Number of hours a vehicle is driven per day

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# 5
DAYS LNG NEEDS TO

BE USED WITHIN 5 DAYS TO AVOID TANK VENTING 

###  LNG is an attractive 

### solution if your fleet vehicles are in constant operation 

### and need to be refilled quickly

## Payload and Storage Tank Weight Count

 The weight difference between CNG and LNG is 

### dependent on the amount of fuel being stored

24 LNG CNG

26 Gal. 58 Gal. Diesel

15 Gal.

## Ask Yourself...

 How much tank weight can you afford?

 A Westport LNG tank providing 60 DGE’s of storage capacity weighs 1,100 lbs when full

 CNG tank packages providing 60 DGE of fast fill storage capacity typically weighs 1,600 lbs



###  How much space will the tank require?

 LNG tanks are typically mounted with standard diesel tank brackets

 CNG pressure vessels are typically packaged in steel racks

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## NG Tank(s) 

## Storage Capacity and Weight Impact

LNG Tanks Nominal Size (Gal) Effective

Size (Gal) Effective Diesel

Gallon Equivalents (DGE) Dry

Weight (lbs) Wet

Weight (lbs) Diesel

Weight (lbs) NET Weight

(NG

- Diesel)

119 102 60 495 850 1,025 (175)

150 128 75 620 1,065 1,150 (85)

CNG Tanks Configuration Nominal

Size (DGE) Effective Size

(DGE) Dry

Weight (lbs) Wet

Weight (lbs) Diesel

Weight (lbs) NET Weight

(NG

- Diesel)

2 Tanks

– Rail Mount 82 62 1,200 1,575 1,050 525

Notes: 1. LNG tanks have a vapor space that reduces effective storage volume in converting from nominal to effective. 2. 1.7 gallons of LNG = 1 DGE = 1 gallon of diesel on an equivalent energy basis. 3. CNG tanks have heat of compression during fueling and residual fuel at low pressure in converting from nominal to effective. 4. Diesel Weight includes diesel tank, equivalent amount of diesel fuel + DPF + SCR + Urea Storage with solution. 5. DPF + SCR + Urea Storage with solution is 550 lbs (industry standard).

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## Consider Your Fleet’s Fueling Needs

 Return to base fleets are good candidates for CNG

 You can install infrastructure to fuel at base using fast fill or time fill



###  Time fill is an attractive fueling method that is less costly and complex

 Does not require a storage system

 Compressor is smaller and less expensive

 Attractive option for fleets that are idle overnight, like refuse and school buses



###  Fleets that operate around the clock need a fast fill option

 Public or private

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## Cost of CNG/Gallon is f Station Investment

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## Impact of Hours of Service at the Pump

29 A 42 hour difference per year per truck

# INFRASTRUCTURE Natural Gas Fueling

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## North American Infrastructure

 CNG is more publicly available than LNG



###  CNG stations must be near a pipeline network

 Concentrated in California , New York, Utah, Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas, Colorado



###  LNG can be hauled long distances from the liquefier while remaining economical

 About 150 LNG stations would provide fueling coverage along all of the major interstate trucking routes

 At 300 mile intervals

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# 230
LNG NUMBER OF

PUBLIC STATIONS PLANNED TO OPEN IN 2013

## More CNG / LNG Stations Open Every Month

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# PAYBACK ANALYSIS

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## The Advantage of Natural Gas Prices

April 2013 Overall Average Fuel Prices on Energy

- Equivalent Basis National Average Price:

GGE DGE Per Million Btu Gasoline $ 3.59 $ 4.01 $ 31.13
Diesel $ 3.58 $ 3.99 $ 30.99 CNG $ 2.10 $ 2.34 $ 18.21 LNG $2.18 $2.45 $19.00 Ethanol (E85) $ 4.66 $ 5.20 $ 40.40 Propane $ 3.77 $4.20 $ 32.65 Biodiesel (B20) $ 3.75 $ 4.19 $ 32.52 Biodiesel (B99

- B100) $ 4.23 $ 4.72 $ 36.65

* April 2013 Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report

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## Sample Business Case: CNG

 10 Pick

- up truck order ( Westport WiNGTM Ford F

- 250)

Average life of the truck 5 years Mileage per truck (annual) 30,000 Fuel economy 15 mpg
Incremental cost $9,500*
Gasoline price $3.46/gallon
CNG price $1.29/GGE

Fuel cost savings per truck per year $4,344
Payback 26 months **
Total fuel cost savings over fleet lifecycle $ 217,200

* All pricing to be confirmed with Ford dealer ** Subject to mileage

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## Sample Business Case: LNG

 10 truck order ( Westport 15L and Paccar Class 8 truck)

Average life of the truck 5 years Mileage per truck (annual) 120,000 Fuel economy 6 mpg

Incremental cost with 53 DGE’s (single tank) $65,000*
Diesel price $3.95/gallon
LNG price $2.45/DGE

Fuel cost savings per truck per year $30,000
Payback 2.2

– 2.5 years** Total lifecycle fleet savings $850,000

* All pricing to be confirmed with Paccar dealer ** Subject to duty cycle and displacement

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## Questions?

For more information, please contact:

John Howell Senior Director of Marketing, Westport jhowell@westport.com



### James Harger Chief Marketing Officer jharger@cleanenergyfuels.com

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