BASIS STATEMENT FOR 

CHAPTER 883, DESIGNATION OF THE CHEMICAL CLASS 

NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES AS A 

PRIORITY CHEMICAL 

AND 

SAFER CHEMICALS PROGRAM SUPPORT DOCUMENT 

FOR THE DESIGNATION AS A PRIORITY CHEMICAL OF 

Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates 

Prepared by Andrea Lani 

Bureau of Remediation and Waste Management 

Maine Department of Environmental Protection 

September 2, 2010
PREFACE 

In April 2008, the Legislature adopted Public Law Chapter 643, An Act to Protect Children’s 

Health and the Environment from Toxic Chemicals in Toys and Children's Products [38 MRSA 

§§1691 through 1699-B]. The goal of the law as set forth in the Legislature’s Declaration of 

Policy under 38 MRSA §1692 is to reduce the exposure of children and other vulnerable 

populations to chemicals of high concern by substituting safer alternatives when feasible. To 

accomplish this goal, the law confers upon the department the regulatory power to collect 

information on chemical use and prohibit the sale of children’s products containing priority 

chemicals when safer alternatives are available. 

The Board of Environmental Protection adopted regulations to implement the law in February 

2010. Chapter 880, Regulation of Chemical Use in Children’s Products established rulemaking 

as the process by which the department will designate priority chemicals. The law and rule 

require that a substance meet certain criteria in order to be designated a Priority Chemical, and 

that the department provide findings of fact in support of a proposed designation. This document 

serves as the support document providing the findings of fact required for designation of the 

chemical class nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates as a Priority Chemical, as well as the 

Basis Statement for the department’s proposed Chapter 883, Designation of the Chemical Class 

Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates as a Priority Chemical. 
NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES SUPPORT DOCUMENT/ 

CHAPTER 883 BASIS STATMENT 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PREFACE....................................................................................................................................... 2 

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................ 3 

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4 

NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES .................................................... 5 

Identity ........................................................................................................................................ 5 

Background................................................................................................................................. 9 

Health and Ecological Concerns............................................................................................... 10

Regulatory and Voluntary Intiatives to Reduce Use of and Exposure to Nonylphenol and 

Nonylphenol Ethoxylates.......................................................................................................... 10 

Safer Alternatives...................................................................................................................... 11 

PREREQUISITES FOR DESIGNATION OF NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL 

ETHOXYLATES AS A PRIORITY CHEMICAL / FINDINGS OF FACT ............................... 12 

Chemicals of High Concern List............................................................................................... 12

Criteria for Designtation ........................................................................................................... 12 

PURPOSE OF DESIGNATION................................................................................................... 14 

Request for Information............................................................................................................ 14 

BASIS FOR DEPARTMENT ACTION ...................................................................................... 14 

Definition of Children’s Products............................................................................................. 14 

Need for Information Regarding NP and NPE Use in Children’s Products............................. 14 

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 15 
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INTRODUCTION 

Through this rulemaking, the Department of Environmental Protection (department) designates 

the chemical class of nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE) as a Priority 

Chemical and requests information on use of this chemical in certain consumer products. 

Nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates are listed on the Chemicals of High Concern list 

because these chemicals have been identified as endocrine disruptors. Additionally, nonylphenol 

has been identified as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. NP and NPE are the most widelyused members of the larger alkylphenol and alkylphenol ethoxylate family of nonionic 

surfactants. NP demonstrates estrogenic and endocrine disrupting characteristics and is toxic to 

aquatic organisms and moderately persistent in the environment. The metabolites and 

degradation products of NPE are more toxic than the parent compounds. NP has been detected 

in human tissues and in household dust, as well as in environmental media. The European Union 

has effectively eliminated use of NP/NPE in most industrial and product sectors and Canada has 

implemented a pollution prevention plan designed to drastically reduce use of NP/NPE. 

The department is proposing to designate nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates as a priority 

chemical in accordance with 38 MRSA §1694 and gather information on certain specified uses 

of the chemical. 
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NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES 

IDENTITY 

The chemicals described in this section are those that APERC (the Alkylphenols & Ethoxylates 

Research Council, an association composed of manufacturers, processors, users and raw material 

suppliers of alkylphenols) considers commercially relevant. However, department designation of 

nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates as a priority chemical is not limited to the chemical 

structures or CAS RNs (Chemical Abstract Service Registry Numbers) listed below. 

Nonylphenol: Phenol, 4-nonyl-, branched 

CAS Registry Number: 84852-15-3 

Chemical Formula: C15-H24-O 

Structural Formula: 

 

Select Names and Synonyms for phenol, 4-nonyl, branched: 

 Branched p-nonylphenol 

 C9 branched alkyl phenol 

 EINECS 284-325-5 

 Nonylphenol 

 Phenol, 4-nonyl-, branched 

 p-Nonylphenol, branched 

Systematic Name 

 Phenol, 4-nonyl-, branched 

Superlist Name 

 Nonylphenol, 4-branched 

 Phenol, 4-nonyl-, branched 
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Nonylphenol ethoxylates: Polyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether

Select CAS Registry Numbers:a

9016-45-9 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-(nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxy26027-38-3 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-(4-nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxy37205-87-1 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-(isononylphenyl)-omega-hydroxy68412-54-4 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-(nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxy-, branched

127087-87-0 Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-(4-nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxy-, branched

Chemical Formula: (C2-H4-O)mult-C15-H24-O 

Structural Formula:1 

 

a

 The CAS RNs listed for NPE are those that are known to APERC to be commercially relevant. 
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Select Names and Synonyms: 

Names 

 Nonoxynol-3 

 Nonoxynol-30 

 Nonoxynol-4 

 Nonoxynol-44 

 PEG-13 Nonyl phenyl ether 

 PEG-15 Nonyl phenyl ether 

 PEG-3 Nonyl phenyl ether 

 PEG-30 Nonyl phenyl ether 

 PEG-4 Nonyl phenyl ether 

 PEG-44 Nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyethylene glycol (13) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyethylene glycol (15) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyethylene glycol (3) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyethylene glycol (30) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyethylene glycol (44) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyethylene glycol 200 nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether 

 Polyoxyethylene (13) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyoxyethylene (15) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyoxyethylene (3) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyoxyethylene (30) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyoxyethylene (4) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyoxyethylene (44) nonyl phenyl ether 

Synonyms 

 (Nonylphenoxy)polyethylene oxide 

 A 730 

 A 730 (surfactant) 

 Adekatol NP 

 Adekatol NP 1000 

 Adekatol NP 1100 

 Adekatol NP 638 

 Adekatol NP 650 

 Adekatol NP 660 

 Adekatol NP 675 

 Adekatol NP 683 

 Adekatol NP 686 

 Adekatol NP 690 

 Adekatol NP 700 

 Adekatol NP 710 

 Adekatol NP 720 

 Adekatol NP 760 

 Adekatol NP 900 

 Afilan CVH 

 Agral 

 Agral 600 

 Agral 90 

 Agral LN 

 Agral Plus 

 Agral R 

 Akyporox NP 105 

 Akyporox NP 95 

 Alcosist PN 

 Alfenol 

 Alfenol 10 

 Alfenol 18 

 Alfenol 22 

 Alfenol 28 

 Alfenol 710 

 Alfenol 8 

 Alfenol N 8 

 Alkasurf NP 

 Alkasurf NP 11 

 Alkasurf NP 15 

 Alkasurf NP 8 

 Antarox 897 

 Antarox CO 

 Antarox CO 430 

 Antarox CO 530 

 Antarox CO 630 

 Antarox CO 730 

 Antarox CO 850 

 Arkopal N-090 

 Carsonon N-9 

 Caswell No. 605 

 Chemax NP series 

 Conco NI-90 

 Dowfax 9N20 

 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 079005 

 Emulgen - 913 

 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 

 Glycols, polyethylene, monononylphenyl 

ether 

 HSDB 6825 

 Igepal CO-630 

 Lissapol NX 

 Neutronyx 600 

 Nonoxinolum 

 Nonoxinolum [INN-Latin] 

 Nonyl phenyl polyethylene glycol 

 Nonyl phenyl polyethylene glycol ether 

 Nonylphenol, polyoxyethylene ether 
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 Nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol, 

branched 

 Nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol 

 PEG-9 nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyethylene glycol 450 nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether 

 Polyoxyethylene (9) nonyl phenyl ether 

 Polyoxyethylene nonylphenol 

 Polyoxyethylene(30) nonylphenyl ether 

 Protachem 630 

 Rewopol HV-9 

 Synperonic NX 

 Tergetol NP 

 Tergitol NP-10 

 Tergitol NPX 

 Tergitol TP-9 (nonionic) 

 Triton N-100 

 Trycol NP-1 

 alpha-(Nonylphenyl)-omegahydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) 

 alpha-(Nonylphenyl)-omegahydroxypolyoxyethylene 

 omega-Hydroxy-alpha-

(nonylphenyl)poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) 

Systematic Name 

 Agral 90 

 Glycols, polyethylene mono(nonylphenyl) 

ether (nonionic) 

 Glycols, polyethylene, mono(nonylphenyl) 

ether 

 Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-

(nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxy- 

 Prevocel #12 

 Tergitol NP-14 

 Tergitol NP-27 

 Tergitol NP-33 (nonionic) 

 Tergitol NP-35 (nonionic) 

 Tergitol NP-40 (nonionic) 

Superlist Name 

 Nonyl phenol, ethoxylated 

 Nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol 

 Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-

(nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxy- 

 Polyoxyethylene nonylphenol 
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BACKGROUND 

Surfactants are substances that lower the surface tension of water. Structurally, surfactants are 

made up of a hydrophilic “head” and a hydrophobic “tail.” This structure allows the chemicals 

to absorb dirt and keep it emulsified in the cleaning solution. Surfactants may have a positivelycharged head (cationic), a negatively-charged head (anionic) or no charge (nonionic). 

The most widely-used of the nonionic surfactants are alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, 

with nonylphenol (NP) making up approximately 85% of the alkylphenol market and 

nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) making up more than 80% of the alkylphenol ethoxylate market 

in North America. 2 

NP is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of nonylphenol ethoxylates and other 

compounds [i.e., tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite and nonylphenol-formaldehyde condensation 

resins]. NP is reacted with ethylene oxide to form variety of NPE isomers (compounds with the 

same molecular formula but different structural formulae) with different chain lengths. The 

association representing APE manufacturers states that commercially available NPE have 

essentially the same structure and isomeric mix, due to manufacturers using basically the same 

starting materials and synthesis process.3

 

NPE surfactants are used as emulsifiers, wetting agents, dispersants, foam control agents and 

surface tension agents in commercial and household detergents and cleaning products and are 

used in industrial applications such as paper and textile manufacture, paints, resins, adhesives 

and coatings and industrial cleaners.4 NP may also be used as a plastic additive in modified 

polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride.5

One industry website lists at least 13 different NPE commercial mixtures and categorizes them 

into a number of uses: adhesives/sealants, wetting agents and stabilizers; agricultural 

emulsifiers, wetting agents and dispersants; antifog and antistat agent for plastic films; asphalt 

emulsions; defoamer; dust control agent for coal and mining operations; emulsifier; household 

applications; industrial and institutional cleaners; leather hide soaking, tanning and dyeing 

operations; metalworking fluids; oil field chemicals; paints/coatings and emulsion 

polymerization; pulp/paper deinking, felt cleaning and processing aids; and textile processing. 

The “household applications” category includes the following product types: all purpose 

cleaners and degreasers; car wash and car care products; laundry detergents; prewash spot 

removers; and solid toilet bowl cleaners.6

The US Department of Human Services Household Product Database lists numerous household 

products containing NP or NPE, including home maintenance products (e.g., concrete cleaner, 

joint sealant, floor coating); “inside the home” products (e.g., laundry detergent, floor stripper, 

spot and stain pre-treatment, tile cleaner); personal care products (e.g., hair color, mousse and 

conditioner); as well as automotive products and pesticides. Many of the personal care products 

are listed as “old product,” indicating that NPE may not be used in these products at this time.7

 

In the early 2000s, household cleaning products accounted for 15% of the APE market,8

however, the industry association representing manufacturers of APE indicated in comments to 

the department that use of NPE in household cleaning products has decreased.9
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A background report on the industries that manufacture, import, and/or use NP and NPE 

completed for Canada in 2000 indicated that the cleaning products sector was responsible for 

approximately 60% of the total Canadian NP/NPE market, and that end-users of these products 

were responsible for about 75% of total NP/NPE releases to the environment in Canada.10 

US EPA Inventory Update Reporting 2006 nonconfidential data lists five US producers of NP 

with an aggregate production volume ranging from 100 to 500 million pounds. The chemical 

industry reported that US demand for nonylphenol was 235 million pounds in 1999.11

HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS 

Alkylphenols, including NPE and NP have been detected in the natural environment, including 

ambient air, sewage treatment plant effluent, sediment, soil and surface waters, in wildlife, 

household dust and human tissues. Nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates are toxic to 

aquatic organisms, and the breakdown products of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP and shorterchained ethoxylates) are more toxic and more persistent than their parent chemicals. 

 

NP has been shown to have estrogenic effects in a number of aquatic organisms,12, 13 and in 

human breast tumor cells and rats.14 The isomer 4-n-nonylphenol has demonstrated endocrine 

disrupting effects in four key cell mechanisms in vitro.15

REGULATORY AND VOLUNTARY INTIATIVES TO REDUCE USE OF AND EXPOSURE TO 

NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES 

US EPA 

As part of an effort to enhance the agency’s chemical management plans under the Toxic 

Substances Control Act (TSCA) the US Environmental Protection Agency is currently 

developing an Action Plan on NP and NPE. 

European Union 

The European Union prohibits the sale or use of nonylphenol and nonylphenol 

ethoxylates in concentrations greater than 0.1% by weight for the following uses: 

 industrial and institutional cleaning (except controlled closed dry cleaning 

systems where the washing liquid is recycled or incinerated and cleaning 

systems with special treatment where the washing liquid is recycled or 

incinerate);

 domestic cleaning; 

 textiles and leather processing (except processing with no release into 

waste water and systems with special treatment where the process water 

is pretreated to remove the organic fraction completely prior to biological 

waste water treatment); 
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 emulsifier in agricultural teat dips; metal working (except uses in 

controlled closed systems where the washing liquid is recycled or 

incinerated); 

 manufacturing of pulp and paper; cosmetic products; other personal care 

products (except spermicides); and 

 co-formulations in pesticides and biocides.16

Canada 

In 2001, Canada added nonylphenol and its ethoxylates to the list of toxic substances under the 

Canadian Environmental Protection Act and in 2004 required implementation of pollution 

prevention plans for NP and NPE contained in products, including a 95% reduction in use of NP 

and NPE by the end of 2010.17

Voluntary 

Numerous companies, including chemical manufacturers, product formulators, retailers and 

distributors and institutional users, have earned recognition through US EPA’s Safer Detergent 

Stewardship Initiative (SDSI) by manufacturing or using only “safer” surfactants in their 

cleaning products. Under the SDSI program, NPE do not meet the definition of “safer 

surfactant.”18 In 2006, Wal-Mart announced efforts to encourage product suppliers to find 

alternatives to three “priority chemicals,” including nonylphenol ethoxylates.19 

ALTERNATIVES 

An assessment of alternatives to NP and NPE conducted for Environment Canada found a 

number of available alternative surfactants currently in use and on the market. The report 

concluded that the most widely-used alternatives, alcohol ethoxylates (AE), are equivalent in 

performance to NPE, and in some cases outperform NPE in most sectors including cleaning 

products, and that AE have a better environmental profile than NPE in that: 

 AE are readily and ultimately biodegradable, while NPE are ultimately but not readily 

biodegradable. 

 The biodegradation intermediates of AE are less toxic than the parent surfactants while 

the biodegradation intermediates of NPE are more toxic than the parent surfactants. 

 The predicted chronic no-effect value for AE is 110μg/L; for NP it is 1μg/L. 

The report suggests that octylphenol ethoxylates (OPE) are not suitable alternatives to NPE 

because they exhibit similar toxicological profile and environmental fate characteristics as NPE 

and because octylphenol (the building block and degradation product of OPE) also shows 

evidence of estrogenic activity.20
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PREREQUISITES FOR DESIGNATION OF NONYLPHENOL AND NONYLPHENOL 

ETHOXYLATES AS A PRIORITY CHEMICAL / FINDINGS OF FACT 

CHEMICALS OF HIGH CONCERN LIST 

The chemical class nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates and related substances appears on 

the Chemicals of High Concern list21 published by the department because this chemical family 

has been designated as: 

 persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic on the OSPAR (Oslo-Paris Convention for the 

Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) list of Chemicals for 

Priority Action; and 

 an endocrine disruptor on the OSPAR list of Chemicals for Priority Action. 

Phenol, nonyl- (CAS RN 25154-52-3) appears on the Chemicals of High Concern list because it 

has been designated as a: 

 a persistent, bioaccumulative toxin on the OSPAR list of Chemicals of Concern; and 

 a category 1 endocrine disruptor, “evidence of endocrine disruption activity” in the 

European Commission Communication on a Community Strategy for Endocrine 

Disruptors; and 

Phenol, nonyl-4, branched (CAS RN 84852-15-3) appears on the Chemicals of High Concern 

list because it has been designated as: 

 persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic on the OSPAR list of Chemicals of Concern. 

Nonylphenolethoxylate (CAS RN 9016-45-9) appears on the Chemicals of High Concern list 

because it has been designated as: 

 persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic on the OSPAR list of Chemicals of Concern. 

CRITERIA FOR DESIGNTATION 

Biomonitoring. The chemical has been found through biomonitoring to be present in human 

blood, including umbilical cord blood, breast milk, urine or other bodily tissues or fluids, 

specifically: 

 NP has been detected in the serum of pregnant women in Canada,22 in the urine of adults 

in the US,23 in the breast milk of women in Italy,24 and in the adipose tissue of women 

in Spain.25 

Home Environment. The chemical has been found through sampling and analysis to be present 

in household dust, indoor air, drinking water or elsewhere in the home environment, specifically: 

 Researchers sampling indoor air and dust for endocrine disrupting compounds found 

alkylphenols and ethoxylates among the most abundant compounds detected, with 
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4-nonylphenol (a metabolite) detected in 100% of indoor air samples at high 

concentrations (90th percentile) relative to other compounds in the study.26

Ecological Sampling. The chemical has been found through monitoring to be present in fish, 

wildlife or the natural environment, specifically: 

 NPE and their degradation products have been detected in wastewater, ambient air, 

surface water and sediments.27 In a study of organic wastewater contaminants in US 

streams, 4-nonylphenol was one of the most frequently-detected compounds.28 

 Researchers sampled a variety of species of fish collected from two major regions in 

Michigan and found detectable concentrations of NP in 41% of samples across all sites 

and species with a range of 3.3 to 29.1 ng of NP/g.29

Consumer Products. The chemical is present in a consumer product used or present in the 

home, specifically: 

 Household detergents, cleaners and degreasers; personal care products and cosmetics; 

home maintenance products. 30, 31

HPV. The chemical has been identified as a High Production Volume chemical by the federal 

Environmental Protection Agency. 

 HPV chemicals are classified as those chemicals produced or imported in the United 

States in quantities of 1 million pounds or more per year. The US Environmental 

Protection Agency non-confidential IUR Production Volume Information database for 

2006 shows production (manufacture and importation) of nonylphenol (CAS RN 84852-

15-3) in the 100-500 million pound range and nonylphenol ethoxylates in the 10-50 

million pound range (CAS RN 9016-45-9) and the 1-10 million pound range (CAS RN 

127087-87-0).32 
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PURPOSE OF DESIGNATION 

REQUEST FOR INFORMATION 

The department is designating the chemical class nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates a 

priority chemical for the purpose of requesting information related to the extent to which 

nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates are used in, and the likelihood that children will be 

exposed to, the chemical as a result of its presence in, the following consumer products: 

 Household and commercial cleaning products, 

 Cosmetics and personal care products, and 

 Home maintenance products sold, marketed to, or intended for use by consumers. 

BASIS FOR DEPARTMENT ACTION 

DEFINITION OF CHILDREN’S PRODUCTS 

The products listed in the department’s request for information in the proposed rule meet the 

definition of “children’s products” under 38 MRSA §1691(7) because household and 

commercial cleaning products, home maintenance product and cosmetics and personal care 

products are products that when used in a home or commercial setting frequented by children 

(e.g., a school or daycare center), they “will likely result in a child’s or fetus’s being exposed” to 

NP and NPE. 

NEED FOR INFORMATION REGARDING NP AND NPE USE IN CHILDREN’S PRODUCTS 

Information available to the department indicates that NP and NPE are used in consumer 

products intended for household use that will likely result in children being exposed to the 

chemical class, however, there is some indication that these uses have decreased (household 

cleaning products) or may have been eliminated (personal care products). The department is 

requesting information to assess how widely this chemical class is used in consumer products 

sold in Maine. 
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REFERENCES 

1

The Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Research Council. URL: http://www.aperc.org/nonylphenolderivative.htm April 21, 

2010. 

2

 The Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Research Council. URL: http://www.aperc.org/productinfo.htm April 22, 2010. 

3

 The Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Research Council. URL: http://www.aperc.org/productinfo.htm April 22, 2010. 

4

 The Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Research Council. URL: http://www.aperc.org/productinfo.htm April 22, 2010. 

5

 Soto, AM, Justicia H, Waray JW, Sonnenschein C. p-Nonyl-Phenol: An Estrogenic Xenobiotic Released from 

“Modified” Polystyrene. Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 92, pp. 167-173, 1991. URL: 

http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1991/092/92025.PDF May 13, 2010. 

6

 Dow Surfactants—Nonylphenol ethoxylates reference chart. URL: 

http://www.dow.com/PublishedLiterature/dh_0035/0901b803800355be.pdf?filepath=surfactants/pdfs/noreg/119-

01494.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc May 5, 2010. 

7

 US Department of Health and Human Services. Household Products Database. URL: 

http://hpd.nlm.nih.gov/index.htm May 5, 2010. 

8

 Ying Guang-Guo, Williams Brian, Kookana Rai. Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol 

ethoxylates—a review. Environment International. Volume 28, Issue 3, July 2002, Pages 215-226. URL 

(abstract only): http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/326/description#description 

April 28, 2010. 

9

 Alkylphenol and Ethoxylates Research Council Comments to the Maine Department of Environmental Protection 

on Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates. August 10, 2010. 

10 Alternatives to Nonylphenol Ethoxylates: Review of Toxicity, Biodegradation, & Technical-Economic Aspects, 

Final Report – 28 May 2002. Prepared for Environment Canada by ToxEcology – Environmental Consulting Ltd. 

URL: http://www.c2p2online.com/documents/FinalNPEAlternativesPublicReport.pdf May 6, 2010. 

11 Chemical Profile: Nonylphenol. July 9, 2001. Chemical Market Reporter. Volume 260 No. 2. Schnell 

Publishing Company. URL: http://www.aperc.org/nonylphenol.pdf April 22, 2010. 

12 Servos, M.R. 1999. Review of the aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation of alkylphenols and alkylphenol 

polyethoxylates. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 34: 123-177. URL: 

http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/wqrj/pdfs/WQRJ_Vol_34_No_1_Art_04.pdf May 7, 2010. 

13Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, PRIORITY SUBSTANCES LIST ASSESSMENT REPORT: 

Nonylphenol and its Ethoxylates. Environment Canada, Health Canada. April 2001. URL: http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/contaminants/psl2-lsp2/nonylphenol/nonylphenol-eng.pdf May 

10, 2010. 

14 Soto, AM, Justicia H, Waray JW, Sonnenschein C. p-Nonyl-Phenol: An Estrogenic Xenobiotic Released from 

“Modified” Polystyrene. Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 92, pp. 167-173, 1991. URL: 

http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1991/092/92025.PDF May 13, 2010. 

15 Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Long M, Hofmeister MV, Vinggaard AM, 2007 Endocrine-Disrupting Potential of 

Bisphenol A, Bisphenol A Dimethacrylate, 4-n-Nonylphenol, and 4-n-Octylphenol in Vitro: New Data and a Brief 

Review. Environmental Health Perspectives 115(S-1) December 2007. URL: 

http://ehsehplp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.9368 

May 13, 2010. 
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16 Commission Regulations (EC) No 552/2009 of 22 June 2009, amending Regulations (EC) No 1907/2006 of the 

European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of 

Chemicals (REACH) as regards Annex XVII. Official Journal of the European Union. 26.6.2009. L 164/7-31. 

URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:164:0007:0031:EN:PDF April 21, 

2010. 

17 Notice Requiring the Preparation and Implementation of Pollution Prevention Plans in Respect of Nonylphenol 

and its Ethoxylates Contained in Products. Canada Gazette Vol. 138, No. 49 — December 4, 2004. URL: 

http://www.canadagazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2004/2004-12-04/html/notice-avis-eng.html#i5 May 6, 2010. 

18 Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative (SDSI). US EPA. URL: 

http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/formulat/sdsi.htm#champions April 22, 2010. 

19 Sustainability Progress to Date, 2007-2008. Wal-Mart. URL: 

http://walmartstores.com/sites/sustainabilityreport/2007/environmentSustainableChemicals.html April 22, 2010. 

20 20 Alternatives to Nonylphenol Ethoxylates: Review of Toxicity, Biodegradation, & Technical-Economic Aspects, 

Final Report – 28 May 2002. Prepared for Environment Canada by ToxEcology – Environmental Consulting Ltd. 

URL: http://www.c2p2online.com/documents/FinalNPEAlternativesPublicReport.pdf May 6, 2010. 

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