### 2 Table 1. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Brodifacoum

Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

B0000

- 501

- 40 1998 N/R Highly p robable NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a field

area and collected for examination. The stomach contained a large pellet of muskrat hair and bone. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.30 ppm.

I002991

- 001 19 95 N/R Highly probable GA Field Owl (2) Two owls were dead on consecutive days residing near a poultry house. One bird had a small focus of hemorrhage on the lateral aspect of the pectoral muscle. There was extensive hemorrhage into the lungs and surroun ding anterior air sacs. The second bird had extensive hemorrhage surrounding the liver. Analyses of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.85 pm in one bird and 0.75 ppm in the second.

I003080

- 001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a residential area with an injury noted to its right wing and side. Intense subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over all aspects f the wing from the

mid

- homarus to almost the wrist. There was a trace of watery blood i n the heart and large vessels. An analysis of the liver was detected brodifacoum residues of 0.41 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected

I003082

- 001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a

residential area. There was extensive hemorrhage

found between the abdominal wall and the stomach and had the appearance of having occurred over a period of time. The stomach was packed with vole remains. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.53 ppm

.

I003089

- 001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area and delivered to a wildlife pathology unit. A

### 3 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

small amount of blood was present in the hart or large vessels. The stomach contained a grey squirrel mandible. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.46 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I003091

- 001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was first observed in a field hedgerow and reportedly flew into the woods, landed on the ground and died 2

- 3 hours later. A slight subcutaneous edema was noticeable over the breast and abdomen. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.73 ppm. The brain contained 3.1 ppm of the DDT metabo lite

DDE. It was determined the cause of death was due to brodifacoum poisoning. No other anticoagulants detected

I003092

- 001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead near a pond on a farm. The use of brodifacoum (pro duct name HAVOC) was reported around the barns where a rat problem existed. The owl had subcutaneous hemorrhage present over much of the left foot. Almost no blood was found in the heart or major vessels. An analysis of the liver detected

brodifacoum re sidues of 0.64 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I003093

- 001 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found in a residential area. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over the breast, near the right shoulder, and between the knee and hock on the right leg. The

stomach contained the remains of four shrews. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.23 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I003094

- 001 1995 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found in a debilitated

condition at a residential address and died in the care of Volunteers for Wildlife the next day. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues

### 4 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

of 0.76 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I003211

- 001 1995 Registered

use Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead on the grounds of a museum and initially submitted to Volunteers for Wildlife. Marked subcutaneous hemorrhage was found at the right elbow. Lesser hemorrhage was found above the right hock and along the lower right side of the abdomen. An analysis of

the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.6 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I003349

- 001 1995 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A red

- ta iled hawk was found dead and submitted for necropsy. Intense hemorrhage was present in the abdomen, principally within the ventral abdominal fat deposits. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.43 ppm. No other anticoagulants detect ed

I003351

- 033 1995 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Bobcat (1) This report was one included with the Pesticide Investigations Unit record of wildlife incident involving pesticides for the 1994 and 1995

Calendar Years. There was no other narrative

information included in the report about this

incident.

I003391

- 001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Fox (2), Raccoon (1) Two foxes and one raccoon were found dead under

a deck of a residential address. One fox showed hemorrhagic edema over the top right side of the head and lungs. The lungs of the second fox also had hemorrhagic areas. Stomach contents of the foxes had some ingested material of uncertain origin and a few deer hairs. The raccoon had some edema noted on the head and snout, a bruise

over the scapulae in the back, and intermuscular hemorrhage present on the right side of the thorax. Irregular blue

- green granules were found in the stomach of the raccoon. Analyses of the livers

detected brodifacoum residues of .32 and 4.01 in

### 5 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

the foxes, and 1.0 ppm in the raccoon. No other anticoagulants detected

I003400

- 001 1996 N/R Probable NY Field Raven (1) A raven was found dead in a field area. Hemorrhage was resent on the medial aspect of both knees, in the neck muscle, on the skull cap,

and on the left side of the cerebrum. An analysis

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.4 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I003597

- 002 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a State

Forest area. Severe hemor rhage was present in the

fat located between the stomach and abdominal wall. Slight subcutaneous hemorrhage was found around the right hock and also in the lumen of the

intestine at two sites. Brodifacoum residues were

identified in the liver but the num erical amounts were not provided in this incident report.

I003908

- 017 1994 Misuse (accidental) Highly probable NY N/R Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk had been kept in a cage for

rehabilitation and died when an attendant fed to it

a dead rat which had been ki lled from brodifacoum poisoning. No confirmatory resides analysis was provided with the report.

I003908

- 023 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead at a

residential address. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage wa s present along the lower right leg from the knee to the toes, especially around the hock, tarsometatarsus, and the lateral aspect of the tibia. Minor hemorrhages were present over the right breast, within the left pectoral muscle, at the lateral margin o f the right

- eye, and along the lateral aspect of the lower left leg. The alimentary

canal had a trace of small mammal fur and bone

and some dark viscous fluid in the cecae. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.1 ppm. No other anti coagulants detected.

### 6 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I003908

- 024 1994 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead and a liver analysis detected 1.6 ppm brodifacoum residues. The New York Department of Environmental Conservation judged brodifacoum to be the caus e of death.

I003909

- 009 1995 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl died of poisoning by brodifacoum and bromodiolone but no quantitative information was provided in the report.

I003909

- 012 1996 N/R Probable NY N/R Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was determined to have died as a result of consuming a rodent that had been poisoned by brodifacoum. There was no confirmatory reside analysis that was part of the

report.

I004151

- 001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dea d by a hiker. A 0.177 caliber pellet gun projectile was discovered

in a dried accumulation of blood at the base of the three secondary feathers near the left wrist. Minor subcutaneous hemorrhage was present on the left

side of the abdomen at the left kne e and lateral to the posterior pelvis on the left side. A firm ball of small mammal fur was present in the stomach. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.65

ppm.

I004152

- 001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found debilitated at a residential address and died later that evening. The lower right leg showed a hemorrhagic edema. The remains of a vole were present in the stomach. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I004169

- 073 1992 N/R Probable VA Field Goose (1) Two muscovies and three domestic geese were brought to a livestock market. One of the geese was observed flapping its wings just prior to falling dead. The National Wildlife He alth

### 7 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

Research Center determined brodifacoum was responsible for the bird’s death. There was no confirmatory residue analysis provided in the incident report.

I004169

- 083 1993 N/R Highly probable VA Residential Squirrel (1) A man found four dead squirre ls on his property and had one frozen for analysis. The Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory at Michigan State University detected brodifacoum at a significant concentration although the exact concentration was not provided in the incident report.

I0046 66

- 001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Golf Course Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found at a golf course and subsequently passed a large blood clot and died. It was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit for postmortem examination. Pieces of a white mouse

we re found in the upper alimentary canal. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.5 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I004770

- 001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found debilitated at a

resi dential address and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit where it died overnight. Subcutaneous and/or intramuscular hemorrhage was present in the right hind leg, at the left elbow, and the dorsal and right lateral aspects of the neck.

The heart contain ed very pale, watery blood. A analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues although the exact concentrations were not provided in the incident report.

I004771

- 001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) A crow was found in a debilitated s tate at a
residential address and died less than an hour later. Sever hemorrhage was present within the right pectoral muscle and around the right shoulder. The gizzard contained a blue

- green granular material appearing to be anticoagulant pesticide

bait . An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum

### 8 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

residues although the exact concentrations were not provided in the incident report.

I004938

- 001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Field Eagle (1) A Golden Eagle was found dead in a State Park

area. The remain s were later submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The lungs appeared to be very congested and showed areas of hemorrhage.

The stomach contained a small mass of hair resembling that from an opossum or raccoon. An analysis of the liver detected brodifa coum residues at 0.03 ppm.

I004938

- 003 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a wooded area. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present all over the belly, posterior and right lateral aspects of the breast, righ t shoulder, and proximal right wing. The stomach contained one molar tooth from a grey squirrel and traces of hair and bone fragments. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.08 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I004993

- 017 199 6 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Eagle (1) The California Fish and Game listed brodifacoum as the highly probable cause for the death of this eagle. There was biological or biochemical evidence only with no ancillary information. Chemical residue analysis wa s not included with this report.

I005213

- 001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Raccoon (1) A raccoon was found dead in the attic of a residential address. This raccoon was reportedly seen to be alive two days earlier. Subcutaneous

and intramuscula r hemorrhage was found on the left side of the thorax and in both hindlegs. The chambers of the heart were nearly devoid of blood. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.32 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected.

### 9 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I006007

- 001 1997 N/ R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found standing in a

small stream and taken to a rehabilitation center

where it died later t h at day. A large hemorrhage was present in the musculature of the right thigh.

The stomach contained smal l rodent hairs and bones. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.22 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I006306

- 001 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Industrial Raccoon (1) A raccoon was observed sitting and shaking violently near the Occidental Chemical Corporation Headquarters near Niagara Falls, NY. A rat control program is reportedly being

conducted in the area. The animal later died and was submitted for necropsy. The stomach, small intestine, and colon contained a bright blue

m aterial. Analysis of the stomach contents detected brodifacoum although the report did not specify concentrations.

I006306

- 002 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Raccoon (3), Red fox (1), Starling (1) All animals were found dead on a lawn in at a

re sidential address. The carcasses were released to the Wildlife Pathology Unit. All three raccoons had their lungs congested with blood and had plant

matter in their intestinal tracts. The red fox also had blood congested lungs as well as plant matter

an d the remains of a passerine bird in its stomach. The starling had blood congested lungs and insect remains in the gizzard. Livers were sent out for analysis. At the time of the report, only one

raccoon had brodifacoum indentified in the liver at 3.1 pp m.

I006306

- 003 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Chipmunk (1) A chipmunk was found dead at a residence and submitted for necropsy. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present around both eyes and on the top and left side of the head. Smaller

sub cutaneous hemorrhages were found on the legs

### 10 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

and sides. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum resides of 3.5 ppm.

I006306

- 005 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A squirrel carcass was submitted for necropsy. Extensive hemorrhag ing in the right hindquarters was indicated as well as blue green material in the colon. The report did not have any results of a liver analysis yet it was confirmed in the report

that brodifacoum was the cause of death.

I006306

- 007 1994 N/R Highly proba ble NY Residential Squirrel (1) There were no details of a necropsy or liver analysis in the report yet it was determined that

brodifacoum was the cause of death.

I006306

- 008 1994 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) There was no narrative info rmation included in the report regarding the necropsy, yet a liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues of 4.7 ppm.

I006306

- 009 1991 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) The animal was found dead at a residential address and submitted for necropsy. A large amount of bloody fluid was found in the abdomen without any sign of trauma. A few areas of hemorrhage

into the lumen of the small intestine were observed. The lungs showed some areas of congestion. An analysis of the liver detected

brodifacoum residues of 0.7 ppm.

I006306

- 014 1989 N/R Possible NY Residential Owl (1) A great horned owl was submitted for necropsy. There was subcutaneous hemorrhage along the lateral aspect of the left metatarsus. The skeletal muscle and viscera were pale and the spleen was enlarged. An analysis of the liver indicated brodifacoum concentrations of 0.01 ppm.

I006306

- 015 1989 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead at a

residential address and had been observed to be

alive in a tree a few hours earlier. Subcutaneous hemorrhage was resent over the abdomen and near the left shoulder. The lungs were congested with watery blood

- tinged fluid. A analysis of the liver

### 11 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.2 ppm. No other anticoagula nts detected.

I006306

- 025 1996 N/R Probable NY Residential Deer (1) A deer was found dead under a house in a residential neighborhood and submitted for necropsy. A hemorrhagic edema was found on the

left side of the head under the mandible. Small

hemo rrhages were noted above the left knee and over the posterior pelvis. Internally, the spleen was large and the lungs were moderately hemorrhagic. A liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues although the value was not available in the incident report.

I006306

- 031 1994 N/R Probable NY Residential Deer (1) An adult female deer died in a residential area and was submitted for necropsy. Her lungs were congested with blood and hemorrhage was present in the upper alimentary cancel. The rumen was

filled wit h mixed birdseed. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.38 ppm.

I006924

- 001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead in the backyard of a residential address and arrived at a wildlife patholo gy unit for examination. The owl had extensive intra and intramuscular hemorrhage present. A analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.09 ppm. The DDT metabolite DDE was detected at 39.6 ppm, though

the cause of death was determined to be from brodifacoum. No other anticoagulants detected.

I006968

- 001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Skunk (1), Fox (1) A skunk and grey fox were found dead adjacent to

a Toxic Waste Site. The skunk and fox were submitted to a wildlife pathology unit la ter that day. In the skunk, areas of hemorrhage were present in the lungs and in the small intestine. The

stomach contained small mammal fur and small bird feather. In the fox, the lungs were

### 12 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

hemorrhagic and bloody fluid was present in the

thorax. Hemor rhage was also present in the musculature on the left side of the rub cage. The stomach contained a piece of small mammal skin with attached hair. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.3 ppm in the

skunk and 0.02 in the fox. No oth er anticoagulants

detected.

I007107

- 004 1997 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Eagle (1) This incident is one of the incidents reported in a consolidated incident report for the year 1997 by the Pesticide Investigation Unit of the California Department of Fish and Game. One golden eagle was reported dead by brodifacoum poisoning and no other details were reported.

I007107

- 011 1997 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Coyote (1) This incident is one of the incidents reported in a consolidated incident report for the y ear 1997 by the Pesticide Investigation Unit of the California Department of Fish and Game. One coyote was reported dead by brodifacoum poisoning and no other details were reported.

I007107

- 013 1997 N/R Possible CA N/R Coyote (1) This incident is one o f the incidents reported in a consolidated incident report for the year 1997 by the Pesticide Investigation Unit of the California Department of Fish and Game. One coyote was reported dead by brodifacoum poisoning and no other details were reported.

I0 07107

- 014 1997 N/R Possible CA N/R Coyote (1) This report was one included with the Pesticide Investigations Unit record of wildlife incident involving pesticides for the 1997 Calendar Year.

There was no other narrative information included in the report about this incident.

I007165

- 001 1997 Registered

use Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1) A coyote was found next to a creek and had been fitted with a radio collar incorporating mortality indicators for quick retrieval upon death. Free

### 13 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

blood was present in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.054 ppm.

I007165

- 002 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1) A radio collared coyote with mortality indicators for quick retrieval was found dead in a streambed. Free blood was present in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The lungs were congested and oozed blood when cut. An analysis of the liver detected trace residues of brodifacoum although the exact concentrations were not provided in this incident report.

I007165

- 003 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1) A radio collared coyote with mortality indicators for quick retrieval was found dead in thick riparian vegetation. The animal’s home range covered both urban and parkland areas. Massive hematomas were observed on both hind legs. The stomach contained a large ball of hair mixed with small pieces of bone. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.083 ppm.

I007284

- 001 1997 Registered

use Highly probable CA R esidential Fox (2) Two feral foxes were recovered from ma residential address and sent to the Department of Fish and Game Pesticide Investigations Unit for necropsy and tissue analysis. The stomach contents of both animals consisted of feathers, small

amou nts of grain and rodent bones and hair. An analysis of the livers detected brodifacoum residues of 0.05 ppm in one fox and based on the presence of free blood and congested organs in both foxes, brodifacoum was likely the cause of

death.

I007285

- 001 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Mountain Lion (1) A mountain lion was observed at a residential address drinking water from a swimming pool. The animal was observed dead the following day and submitted to an animal hospital. Acute

### 14 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

hemorrhaging was p resent in the lungs and in the stomach. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.52 ppm.

I007286

- 001 1996 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Eagle (1) A golden eagle was found dead and sent to the Department of Fish and Game Wildlife

I nvestigations Laboratory for necropsy. The bird

has numerous subcutaneous hematomas and free blood observed in the mouth. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.13 ppm.

I007599

- 002 1998 N/R Possible GA N/R Owl (2) Two Great Horned O wls were found alive within a two weeks period. Both owls were sick when located and died the next day. The owls were later submitted for necropsy. The first owl had a moderate distention of the pericardial sac with serous fluid mixed with strands of ye llowish,

fibrinous material. The ventriculus contained a pellet of hairs and bone fragments. The second owl had a moderate amount of undigested material later upon analysis proving to be a chicken liver. An analysis of the livers detected brodifacoum

re sidues at 0.226 ppm and 0.099 ppm in the owls.

I007615

- 004 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Coyote (1) To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Zeneca reported that a carcass of a juvenile coyote was found in Augora Hills, CA. An examination by the

Cal ifornia Department of Fish and Game found brodifacoum in the liver tissue at 0.28 ppm.

I007615

- 005 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Golf Course Bobcat (1) To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Zeneca reported

the death of an adult female bobcat that was found

in a stream bed near a golf course. It had been fitted with a radio collar, indicating it had been dead for about 9 days. The stomach contents were very dark red

- brown in color with mats of animal hair. A subsequent analysis by the state’s Fish

and Wildlif e’s Investigations Laboratory indicated

### 15 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

brodifacoum was present in the liver at 0.049 ppm.

I007821

- 001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead with a dead

rat found next to the owl. The owl had hemorrhaging in the mu scles near the left humerus, the left breast, and the bone of the synsacrum. In the lower thoracoabdominal cavity, there was hemorrhaging and a pool of poorly clotted blood. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.12 ppm. No other anticoagulan ts detected.

I007821

- 003 1997 N/R Possible NY Field Eagle (1) A golden eagle was found and submitted to a hospital for care where it died one week later. It was received by a wildlife pathology unit the same day. White lab mice were present in the lower esophagus, proventriculus, and gizzard. Blood tinged serous fluid was present in the pericardium, the lungs were hemorrhagic, and the air sacs were cloudy. Analysis of tissues found 11 ppm of lead in the liver and 0.016 ppm brodifacoum. It was

determin ed lead intoxication was the most likely cause of death with a probable contribution from

brodifacoum.

I008142

- 001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in the woods

behind a house in a residential area and sub mitted to a wildlife pathology unit for analysis. An area of hemorrhage was present at the right tibiotarsal

tarsometatarsal joint. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.56 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I008146

- 001 1998 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned owl was found dead in a field area. Analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm, bromodiolone residues at 0.77 ppm, and warfarin residues at 0.73 ppm. It was determined that higher concent rations of warfarin and bromodialone likely played more of a

### 16 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

part in the eagle’s death but brodifacoum played

some part.

I008152

- 001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found in a residential area

and submitted to a wi ldlife pathology unit. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I008309

- 001 1998 N/R Probable CA Field Owl (1) The California Department of Fish and Game recovered a dead great horned owl that was allegedly due to brodifacoum and diphacinone poisoning. Liver analysis did not find diphacinone residues but detected brodifacoum at 0.6 ppm.

I008851

- 001 1999 N/R Possible NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found debilitated in a on the

side of a road in a residential area and died two days later. Extensive hemorrhage was present in the synsacrum and the left kidney. The hawk had regurgitated a mass of forming pellet that contained rodent parts. Brodifacoum was present

in the liver a 0.69 ppm but there is also clear evidence of severe trauma possibly from being hit by a motor vehicle. Brodifacoum, to some extent,

was an additional cause in the bird’s death

I008852

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (3) Three squirre ls had been observed drinking water and were later found dead in a backyard of a residence. The first squirrel had hemorrhages in the medial aspect of the left elbow, the anterior right thigh, and in the lung. Blue

- green material was present in the mouth , esophagus, and stomach. The second squirrel had hemorrhages in the ventral neck, the left side of the head, the medial and lateral aspect of the right hind leg, and in the left lung. The third squirrel had hemorrhages in the lateral aspect of the lower right hind leg, caudal and medial aspects of the left foreleg, thymus, and lungs. Liver analysis of the three squirrels ranged

### 17 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

from 6.4 to.6.9 ppm brodifacoum. No other anticoagulants detected.

I008900

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1) A Gr eat Horned Owl was found dead in a wooded area and was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The stomach contained bloody fluid but no evidence of blood clots were found. An analysis

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. No other ant icoagulants detected

I008901

- 001 1999 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected for examination. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.23 ppm. An analysis of the brain enzymes detected oxychlordane at 2.5 ppm. It was

determined the chlordane metabolite was the principal factor in the bird’s death but brodifacoum may have played a role.

I008914

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found debilitated and died in transport t o a wildlife pathology unit. An analysis of tissues showed brodifacoum residues at 0.32 ppm and potentially lethal levels of chlordane in the brain. It was likely both contributed to

death.

I009060

- 001 1998 Legal use Highly probable NY Field Eagle (1) A golden eagle was found dead and subsequent tissue analysis detected brodifacoum in the liver at 0.06 ppm, bromodiolone at 0.24 ppm, and 0.17 ppm lead. It was determined that the brodifacoum

and bromodiolone residues were the cause of the

bird’s death

I0 09067

- 001 1999 Misuse (Intentional) Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead in a residential area and the property owner claimed a neighbor was illegally killing small mammals around her residence. Hemorrhage was present in the musculature around the left humerus, and left and right femur. The stomach contained nut meats Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at

### 18 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

3.12 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009068

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squ irrel (1) A grey squirrel was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit after it was found dead in a residential area. The lungs were hemorrhagic as well as the abdominal cavity. The stomach contained what appeared to be chewed tree buds. An analysis of th e liver detected brodifacoum residues at 6.3 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I009069

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Skunk (1) A skunk was reportedly found in the yard of a residence. The skunk did not spray, and seemed to

have limite d movement. The skunk was euthanized at a wildlife pathology unit. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum resides at 1.05 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I009070

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Coyote (1) A dead coyote was found at a res idence wand received by a wildlife pathology unit a day later. The carcass had undergone moderate to severe autolysis. The lungs appeared hemorrhagic. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.93 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I009071

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A squirrel had been found shaking and seemed unable to move on its own. The squirrel later died necropsy showed a large hemorrhage in the wall of the abdominal cavity. The stomach contained finely ground material with a greenish tint from vegetation and nut meats. A rabies test was negative but liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.23 ppm. No other anticoagulants

were detected.

I009099

- 001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Residen tial Crow (2) Two dead crows were found in the yard of a residential area. The crows were later received by a wildlife pathology unit for necropsy. Both crows had hemorrhagic lungs in and the gizzards

### 19 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

contained yellowish

- white granules. Pooled liver

sam ples showed brodifacoum residues of 0.14

ppm.

I009102

- 001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Opossum (1) An opossum was found dead at a residential address and was submitted to the NY Department

of Environmental Conservation for examination.

The stomach contained soil and earthworms. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.24 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009104

- 001 1998 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected

for examinat ion. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.08 ppm and bromodialone residues of 0.27 ppm. It was determined that both anticoagulants played a role

in the bird’s death.

I009107

- 001 1999 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Hor ned Owl was dead in a driveway of a residential address and received by a wildlife pathology unit 4 days later. The stomach contained a forming pellet of small mammal hair. Hemorrhage into soft tissue and plumage was present. Chemical residue analysis s howed the DDT metabolite DDE at high but not lethal levels as well as dieldrin present at 25 % of the lethal levels. Brodifacoum was also present at 0.036 ppm. The primary cause of death was attributed to head trauma but brodifacoum and other pesticides could have played a role. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I009109

- 001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead in a residential

area and arrived in a frozen state to a wildlife pathology unit. Areas of hemorr hage were present around the anus, scrotum, and the hind legs. The stomach contained a black paste appearing to be hemolyzed blood exposed to stomach acid. The

### 20 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

lungs were hemorrhagic. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.88 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009112

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found debilitated at a

residential address and was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit a day later where it subsequently

died. The hawk cast a pellet of fur and bones and among its recent meals were field voles. Severe blood loss signs were noted. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009114

- 001 1999 N/R Highly proba ble NY Field Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead near a partially eaten muskrat carcass. The right foot and pad had a small ulceration and the leg plumage was smeared with dried blood. A puncture wound was present between the eyes and the sinuses. The stomach contained a large pellet of muskrat hair and bone. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.30 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected

I009116

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in an urba n area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 2 weeks

later. There was blood in the mouth and a hemorrhage in the matrix of the skull but no head fractures were present. A large amount of unclotted blood was present in the thoraco

abdominal cavity. The hawk’s stomach contained the hair, bones, and teeth of a common rat. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.23 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009120

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was foun d at a residential address. The bird seemed dehydrated upon

submission to Volunteers for Wildlife and died an hour before arrival. A large area of unclotted

### 21 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

hemorrhage was present surrounding the right humerus and radius ulna area. A liver analysis

dete cted brodifacoum residues at 0.13 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009122

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A female owl was observed at her nest and three weeks later appeared lifeless. The owl was

checked and found to be dead. The nest contained three eggs and four rats, one partially consumed. The owl and eggs were submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. An area of hemorrhage was noted over the sternum and furculae. A liver analysis

showed brodifacoum residues of 0.08. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009124

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A dead long

- eared owl was found in a residential area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 2 weeks later. There was a hemorrhage present in the lungs and around the heart. Portions of a sparrow sized bird were found in the stomach. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.30 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009126

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead and was later submitted to necropsy. There was a large hemorrhage over the ventral crop. A puncture wound was present over the medial aspect of the knee. A liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues of 1.26 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I009127

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was dead on a driveway of a residential address, submitted to Volunteers for Wildlife and received by a wildlife pathology unit

a month later. The stomach contained a leaf, animal tissue, and a tendon. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues of 0.80 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

### 22 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I009267

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead and the bird

was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. A bloody, pasty like material was present around the vent. The stomach contained grayish hairs and a large area of hemorrhage was present in the ventral

thoraco

- abdominal wall. A liver analysis showed

brodifacoum residues at 0.64 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009268

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Fox (1) A grey fox was found dead on the side of a road in

a residential area and arrived at a wildlife pathology unit one day later. The lungs were

hemorrha gic and a large quantity of bloody fluid was present in the thorax. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum resides of 0.35 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009269

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead at a residential address. This was the third dead squirrel found in two days. Fertilizer and insecticides had been used on the lawn recently. The squirrel was later received by a wildlife pathology unit. The heart appeared empty of blood an d the lungs were hemorrhagic. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 2.4 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009594

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead in the backyard of

a resid ence and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit one week later. In the previous couple of months, dead squirrels had been sighted in neighboring yards. Subcutaneous hemorrhaging was present around the left forearm and ribcage. An analysis of the liver d etected brodifacoum residues at 2.4 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I009595

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead at the College of

### 23 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

St. Rose in Albany. And submitted to wildlife pathology the same day. The thorax was filled with unclotted blood. Hemorrhage was present in the throat, under the mandibles, and on the right side of the head. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 2.1 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009649

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was injured in the backyard of a residence. The bird died a day later and was necropsidied. There was no sign of trauma an analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues

at 0.42 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I009713

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead at a residential address and later submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The blood was poorly clotted and had a thic k syrupy appearance. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.31 ppm.

I009714

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead in the backyard of a residence and necropsidied the next day. There was subcutaneous hemorrhage over the ventral abdomen. Extensive hemorrhage was present in the fatty tissue in the thoracoabdominal cavity. Two garter snakes were present in the stomach. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.14 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009716

- 001 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in the driveway of a residential address. The bird was submitted to wildlife pathology units foe concerns

of West Nile Virus. A large hemorrhage was present over the left anterolateral pectoral muscle and lateral aspect of the right tarsometatarsus. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.16 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

### 24 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I009775

- 001 1999 N/ R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) A crow was found dead in a residential area and received by a wildlife pathology unit 2 days later.

There was initial concern of West Nile Virus. There was hemorrhage present into the pericardial

sac and within t he cardiac musculature. Hemorrhage was present in both lungs and around the right lobe of the liver. The test for West Nile was negative. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.67 pm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009967

- 00 1 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Field Weasel (1) A long

- tailed weasel was found in a field area and wasn’t walking normally, possibly having a problem with its front legs. It later died and was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit the same day. There was hemorrhage throughout the lungs and in the abdominal cavity. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009972

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A sharp

- shinned hawk was seen in a warehouse and could not fly out to avoid capture. The bird was found dead 3 days later. It was originally suspected to die from starvation. A small hemorrhage was presenting the superficial muscle of the left sternal region. The stomach contained a

b loody paste. The intestines and kidneys were black with hemorrhage. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.17 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I010002

- 017 1999 N/R Highly probable CA Field Squirrel (8) This incident was part of a 1999 report of the Pesticide Investigations Unit of the Department of Fish and Game in California. Eight fox squirrels

were listed to have died from brodifacoum poisoning although no confirmatory chemical residue analysis was provided in the report.

### 25 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I010002

- 026 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1) This incident was part of a 1999 report of the Pesticide Investigations Unit of the Department of

Fish and Game in California. One Great Horned

Owl was listed to have died from brodifacoum poisoning although no confirmatory chemical residue analysis was provided in the report.

I010002

- 031 1999 N/R Highly probable CA Field Bobcat (1) This incident was part of a 1999 report of the Pesticide Investigations Unit of the Department of

Fish and Game in Ca lifornia. A bobcat was listed to have died from brodifacoum poisoning although no confirmatory chemical residue analysis was provided in the report.

I010137

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a resi dential area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 2 days later over concerns of West Nile virus. No blood was present in the heart and an area of subcutaneous hemorrhage extended from the mid

sternum caudally over the abdomen and laterally

down the left leg. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.94 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I010192

- 001 1999 Registered

use Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (2) Two grey squirrels were found dead at a residential

address. Sci entific Exterminators were using bait station blocks at a nearby deli that were placed outside. The stomachs of both squirrels contained turquoise green material. Liver analyses on both squirrels detected brodifacoum residues of 0.25 and 0.70 ppm. No ot her anticoagulants were

detected.

I010255

- 001 2000 Misuse (intentional) Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (2) Two grey squirrels were found dead in a

residential area and were submitted to a wildlife pathology unit a day later. One squirrel had

hem orrhages present in the ventral throat and medial aspect of the left hind leg. The second

### 26 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

squirrel had small hemorrhages distributed over the shoulders and the lateral aspects of the

abdomen. Brodifacoum residues in the liver were 8.3 and 4.1 ppm.

I0103 82

- 001 1998 Misuse (intentional) Highly probable WI Residential Squirrel (5) Five grey squirrels and 3 eastern chipmunks were found dead at a residence. The three chipmunks were submitted to Wildlife Health for analysis. Hemorrhage of most internal organs was evident, and stomachs were filled with white pasty material. An analysis of the pooled liver samples detected brodifacoum residues although no levels were provided in the report.

I010383

- 001 1997 Misuse (intentional) Highly probable WI Residential Squirrel (2) Two grey squirrels were found dead in a residential area and necropsidied. Evidence of hemorrhaging of most internal organs was present

and there abundant free blood in the abdominal body cavity. There was a bright blue

- green pelleted compo und present in the stomachs of two squirrels. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues although the value of the residues and the chemical reside analysis report was not provided with this incident report.

I010384

- 001 1995 Misuse (intentional) Highl y probable WI Residential Squirrel (2) Two grey squirrels were found dead in a residential area. Large blue waxy squares (resembling many over

- the

- counter type rodenticides) were found in the stomachs of the squirrels. A high quantitative amount of

brodi facoum was detected in the livers but no chemical analysis report was provided in the incident report.

I010385

- 001 1995 Misuse (intentional) Highly Probable WI Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was collected in a residential area where many squir rels have been dying recently, approximately 30 in a seven month span. A plastic dish filled with peanut butter and green pellets was

### 27 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

found close to the dead squirrel indicating an intentional poisoning. Brodifacoum was detected in the peanut butter/pell et mixture at 3 ppm and in the liver of the squirrel at 1.8 ppm. The peanut

butter

- pellet mixture was not placed according to

label directions.

I010386

- 001 1998 N/R Highly probable WI Field Eagle (1) A American Bald Eagle was found alive and taken

to a n animal hospital but died soon after being admitted. While alive, the eagles was observed to regurgitate rotten smelling meat and had difficulty standing or maintaining balance. Internal organs revealed hemorrhage and free blood was apparent in the body cavity. The crop was filled with small mammal muscle tissue, bones, and fur. A liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues although

the value of the residues and the chemical reside analysis report was not provided with this incident

report

I010387

- 00 1 2000 Registered

use Highly probable WI Field Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead near a barn that used rat poison. Upon submission to Wildlife Health, it was found brodifacoum residues were present in the liver although the value of the

residues a nd the chemical reside analysis report was not provided with this incident report

I010387

- 002 2000 N/R Probable WI Field Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead and submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy. An analysis of the

liver detected brodifacou m residues and analysis of brain enzyme activity revealed significant cholinesterase depression. The carbamate insecticide carbofuran was detected in crop content

and liver tissue. The cause of death was determined to be due to the activity of both

chemi cals.

I010388

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found in a field area by a

### 28 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

woman on a hike. It was submitted to Wildlife Health for a diagnostic necropsy. Internal free blood was visible in the lower abdominal region

. The upper intestinal tract was filled with hair, meat, and bones from a small rodent. An analysis

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues although the value of the residues and the chemical reside analysis report was not provided with this

incident report

I010701

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead on a residential

lawn and submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy. Subdural hemorrhage was present at the

base of the skull. There was abundant free b lood in the lower abdominal region. The crop was filled with hair, meat and bones from a small rodent. A liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.003 ppm.

I010701

- 002 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was foun d ill in a residential area and died approximately 15 minutes prior to collection by a wildlife rehabilitator. Necropsy showed no evidence of physical trauma and the crop was filled with an unidentified meat/muscle. A liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm.

I010701

- 003 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead on a residential

lawn and submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy. Physical trauma was evidenced by a massive subdural hemorrhage at t he base of the skull. The crop was filled with hair and meat from a small mammal. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.009 ppm.

I010701

- 004 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (2) A red

- tailed hawk and Cooper’s hawk were found dead within one day of each other on a farm and submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy. The

red

- tailed hawk had massive subdural and brain

### 29 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

hemorrhage present. Crops of both hawks were

filled with unidentified meat/muscle. Liver analysis of the pooled sample of both hawks detected brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm.

I011005

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead hanging upside down in a tree on a residential property and was submitted to a wildlife patho logy unit. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present in the left wing. A small hemorrhage was present in the neck and behind the head on the right side. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.09 ppm. No other anticoagulants

det ected.

I011066

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a park in Manhattan lying face down. The bird was necropsidied four days later. The stomach contained a pellet of small mammal hair and bone. A few hard p ellet like concretions were present in the large intestine contents (4

- 5 mm in diameter, reddish, and fairly homogenous). An analysis of

the live detected brodifacoum residues at 0.24 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011068

- 001 2000 N/R Probabl e NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area and received by the county Health Department the same day for necropsy. Extensive hemorrhaging was present in the soft tissues along the full length of the left humerus. The stomach

contained bile

- stained feathers. An analysis of the live detected brodifacoum residues at 0.08 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011274

- 001 1981 Registered

use Probable DC Zoo Unknown birds (12) The registrant ICI conducted analyses tha t
indentified brodifacoum residues in a dozen birds that allegedly died as a result of eating insects that had presumably fed on TALON bait placed inside

### 30 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

bait boxes. No mention was made of the possibility that the birds had fed on rodents which

would be t he target species of the bait boxes now was there any confirmatory chemical residue analysis included in the incident report.

I011299

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (1) A rd

- tailed hawk was found dead and was

submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy where it was found that brodifacoum residues at 0.04 ppm were present in the liver.

I011299

- 002 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (2) In a one month period of time, eight red

- tailed hawks were found alive but ill when they were

taken to a wildlife rehabilitation center and treated. Eventually, two died and necropsies showed evidence of massive subdural hemorrhage. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues of 0.008

pm.

I011299

- 003 2001 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead and submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy. Analysis showed

there was no internal free blood and brodifacoum residues were at 0.02 ppm in the liver.

I011299

- 004 2001 N/R Highly probable WI Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead and collected for examination. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.11 ppm.

I011299

- 005 2000 N/R Highly probable WI Field Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead and hanging

from a tree limb. It was submitted to Wi ldlife Health where a internal lining hemorrhage was found in the lower intestinal tract. The crop was partially filled with hair, meat, and bones from a

small rodent. Brodifacoum was found to be in the liver at 0.014 ppm.

I011299

- 006 2000 N/R Highly p robable WI Field Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a field area.

It was submitted to Wildlife Health where its internal organs were filled with blood. The crop was partially filled with unidentified meat and

### 31 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

muscle. Brodifacoum was found in t he liver tissue at 0.04 ppm.

I011303

- 001 1987 Legal use Highly probable CO Zoo Various bird species (5) Brodifacoum in the form on TALON WEATHER BLOK was used at a zoo. Two Franklin’s gulls, one laughing gull, one plover, and one unknown

bird were observ ed dead or dying at the site. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.5 ppm and 1.6 pm for the Franklin’s gulls, 1.6 ppm for the laughing gull, 0.8 ppm for the plover, and 0.5 ppm for the unknown bird.

I011429

- 001 2001 N/R Highly pr obable NY Residential Hawk (1) A Cooper’s hawk was found dead in a residential area and necropsied later that day. There was a massive subcutaneous hemorrhage along the left lateral breast musculature and over the right scapula. Liver analysis showed brod ifacoum residues at 0.18 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I011517

- 001 2000 N/R Possible NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area and later received by the Wildlife Pathology

Unit. The hawk's sternum was fract ured and the thoracoabdominal cavity contained a large quantity

of largely unclotted blood. An analysis of the liver

det e cted brodifacoum residues of 0.32 ppm. The ultimate diagnosis was blunt impact trauma but it

was determined that the health of this b ird was severely threatened by brodifacoum.

I011539

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) An American crow was found dead in a residential area and was later received by the Wildlife Pathology Unit. The crow had hemorrhaging along the ri ght atr i al area. The lungs were filled with bloody fluid and the blood in the heart was

po o rly clotted. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.4 ppm.

I011540

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk wa s found dead at the New

### 32 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

York State Department of Environmental

Conservation’s Five Rivers Environmental Education Center and necropsied a day later. The heart chambers were largely devoid of blood and the ventriculus contained a recently ingested short

tai led shrew. Brodifacoum residues of 0.03 ppm were detected in the liver. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I011541

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) An American crow was found dead at Albany

Medical Center and submitted to a Wildlife

P athology Unit the same day. Chemical residue analysis showed brodifacoum at 0.45 pm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011587

- 001 2000 N/R Unlikely NY Residential Hawk (1) A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in a residential

area and submitted to pathology for necropsy the next day. There were hemorrhages in the lungs

and air sacs. The ventriculus contained small mammal hair. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues of 0.21 pm. The test for West Nile Virus was positive and therefore was de termined to be the primary cause of death.

I011588

- 001 2000 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1) A great horned owl was found emaciated weak and had dilated pupils. The owl died the same day and

was submitted to Volunteers for Wildlife. Liver analysis showed 0.37 pm brodifacoum and 0.4 ppm of bromadiolone.

I011589

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) A crow was found dead in a residential area and submitted to pathology a day later. A very large area of subcutaneous hemorrhage was pres ent over the dorsal aspect of a femur. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 1.0 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011590

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) A crow was found dead in a residential area and

received for necropsy the same day. There was

### 33 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

extensive hemorrhaging in the musculature of the right lower leg. Hemorrhaging was also present in the lower left leg. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues of 1.2 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011592

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Field (forest) Owl (1) A great horned owl was found alive in the woods in a weak state. The owl died shortly thereafter and was necropsied a day later. An analysis of the liver showed brodifacoum residues at 0.49 ppm.

No other anticoagulants detected.

I011608

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Owl (1) A dead horned owl was found at Chaparall School in Claremont CA. It was given to the president of the Pomona Valley Audubon Society, Dan Guthrie, who examined t he bird but found no broken bones. Analysis later showed the presence

of brodifacoum.

I011608

- 002 2000 N/R Probable CA Residential Hawk (2) Two Cooper’s hawks were found dead at the Botanic Garden at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, CA. One bird was de termined to be

dead from starvation while the other had suffered a massive hemorrhage.

I011608

- 003 2000 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Owl (1) A great horned owl was found dying at Scripps College in Claremont, CA and later died that night. Necropsy showed that the bird had died of

brodifacoum toxicosis.

I011613

- 001 2001 N/R Possible NY Residential Vulture (1) A turkey vulture was found on the ground standing motionless. It was found dead two days later and picked up to be submitted to pathology. A preliminary diagnosis was made of lead poisoning although liver analysis showed brodifacoum resides of 0.26 ppm. The bird appeared to be weakened by lead intoxication and brodifacoum was thought to contribute to the mortality.

I011614

- 001 2000 N/R Proba ble NY Residential Crow (1) A juvenile American crow was found dead in a

### 34 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

residential area and submitted to pathology. There were massive hemorrhages in both lungs and a hemorrhage in the calvarium. The ventriculus

contained cucumber

- like seeds and flesh. Analysis showed brodifacoum resides at 0.08 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011650

- 001 2000 N/R Possible NY N/R Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected for examination. An analysis of tissues for organochlorine pes ticides in the brain detected oxychlordane at 3.0 ppm, the DDT metabolite DDE at 31 ppm, dieldrin at 3.9 ppm and chlordane at 0.36 ppm. An analysis of the liver also detected brodifacoum residues at 0.05 ppm. It was

determined that brodifacoum contribute d to the

death of the owl.

I011651

- 001 2000 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1) A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected for examination. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.15 ppm and bromodialone at 0.32 ppm.

I011871

- 001 2000 N/R Pos sible NY Residential Owl (1) A screech owl was found at taken for rehabilitation when it was found to fly weakly and have dark droppings. The owl died during rehabilitation and was submitted to pathology. The stomach of the

owl contained white fur from l ab mice. Brodifacoum was present at 0.16 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011872

- 001 2000 N/R Possible NY Residential Raccoon (1) An adult male raccoon was submitted by a park ranger after being found in Manhattan. There was

a massi ve hemorrhage in the thoracic cavity and the lungs were hemorrhagic. Chemical residue analysis showed brodifacoum resides of 0.14 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011873

- 001 2000 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tail ed hawk was found dead and necropsy showed extensive hemorrhaging in the right lower

### 35 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

leg. An analysis of the liver show brodifacoum concentrations at 0.38 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I012054

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirre l (1) A grey squirrel was found dead and sent to pathology where a massive hemorrhage was present over the abdomen. The lungs were also hemorrhagic and unclotted blood was present in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Liver analysis

confirmed brodifaco um residues at 0.35 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I012055

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) A crow was found dead and sent to pathology where severe hemorrhaging over the ventral left abdominal region and extending down the le ft leg. Hemorrhaging was also present in the kidneys and liver analysis showed brodifacoum concentrations at 1.3 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I012056

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) An American crow was found and the carca ss sent to pathology. An area of hemorrhage was present over the right rib cage and the blood was poorly clotted in the heart. An analysis of the liver

showed brodifacoum concentrations to be at 0.52 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I012057

- 001 20 01 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) A crow was found dead and submitted to pathology. A large amount of blood was present in the mouth and the lungs were hemorrhaged. Chemical residue analysis showed brodifacoum in the liver at 0.35 ppm. No ot her anticoagulants

detected

I012398

- 006 2001 N/R Highly probable WI N/R Hawk (11) T comply with 6(a)2 requirements, Syngenta reported the deaths of 11 hawks (Cooper’s and

Red

- tailed) in Appleton, WI. The livers of the hawks were analyzed for OP pesticide s and

brodifacoum. Brodifacoum was detected in all livers at concentrations ranging from 0.019

– 0.12

### 36 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

pm.

I012421

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) An American Crow was found dead and collected for examination. An analysis of the li ver detected brodifacoum residues at 1.5 ppm.

I012428

- 001 2001 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead that was one of eight found in the area during a two month period. There were extensive subcutaneous hemorrhages

arou nd both hind legs. Brodifacoum residues were found to be at 2.64 ppm and no other anticoagulants were detected.

I012429

- 001 2001 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1) A barred owl was found dead with the lungs hemorrhagic. An analysis of the liver showed

brodifac oum residues at 0.04 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I012430

- 001 2001 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1) A great horned owl was found dead along a highway and submitted for pathology. Subcutaneous hemorrhaging was found in the

distal left tibiotarsus. Brodifacoum residues were present in the liver at 0.84 ppm and no other anticoagulants were detected.

I012430

- 001 2001 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1) A great horned owl was found dead along a highway and submitted for pathology. Subcutaneous hemorrhaging was found in the

distal left tibiotarsus. Brodifacoum residues were present in the liver at 0.84 ppm and no other anticoagulants were detected.

I012431

- 001 2001 N/R Probable NY Residential Crow (1) An American crow was found dead in a residential

area a nd received by a pathology unit 10 days later. A massive hemorrhage had occurred in the

thoraco

- abdominal cavity and lungs. The

ventriculus contained small mammal hair.

Brodifacoum residues were found in the liver at 0.07 ppm. No other anticoagulants det ected.

I012440

- 001 2001 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (3) Three grey squirrels were found dead and picked

### 37 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

up by the County Department of Health to be submitted for pathology. All showed subcutaneous hemorrhage and a moderate volume

of unclothed blood. Turquoise

- green ground grain

material was found in the mouth of the first squirrel and the stomach of the third squirrel. Liver residues analysis showed 5.5 ppm brodifacoum in 2 squirrels and 1.03 ppm in the third. No other anticoagulants detected

I012501

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Crow (1) An American Crow was found at a residential property and submitted for pathology. The lungs were hemorrhagic and the liver showed brodifacoum concentrations of 1.9 ppm. No other anticoagulant s detected

I012540

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Field Owl (1) A great Horned Owl was found dead and received by a pathology unit one week later. Hemorrhage was present in the pericardial sac. The liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.24 ppm but high levels of chlordane and DDT metabolites were also located in the brain. The bird may have become weakened due to brodifacoum poisoning and was later affected by the action of chlordane

and DDT.

I012541

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residentia l Crow (1) An adult crow was found dead and was found to have heavy hemorrhaging in the lungs. Chemical residues analysis confirmed brodifacoum concentrations of 0.71 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected

I012660

- 001 2002 N/R Probable NY Re sidential Owl (1) An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead on the east side of Central Park, Manhattan at 72 nd street. A large hemorrhage was present over the

ventrocaudal ventriculus and also in and around the developing ova. The ventriculus contained

seve ral small balls of small mammal hair.

### 38 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

Brodifacoum concentrations were present ay 0.91 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I012662

- 001 1993 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (2) Two gray squirrels were found dead in the front

ya rd of a home with a third at the same location a week and a half later. Lung hemorrhages were found and liver residues analysis showed brodifacoum concentrations of 5.1 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I012816

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Reside ntial Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead (second in a week at same location). The bladder was hemorrhagic, and bloody fluid was present in the thorax. The stomach contained a finely ground brown material. The liver contained 3.45 ppm brodifacou m and no other anticoagulants were detected.

I012944

- 001 2002 Misuse (intentional) Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead and was reported by the person who found it that it was the third dead squirrel in that location for the last two weeks. This might be a pattern of intentional killings. Brodifacoum is used as a mouse and rat poison and sometimes illegally for squirrels. The stomach of the squirrel contained moderate volume of well ground white/tan nutmeats. An an alysis of the liver showed brodifacoum resides of 0.82 ppm.

I012945

- 001 2001 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) A great horned owl was found dead and submitted for pathology. A puncture wound was on one tow

and dried blood was matted on the nearb y plumage. There were several hemorrhages and a trace of watery blood in the heart. Chemical analysis confirmed brodifacoum residues in the liver at 0.82 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I012969

- 001 2001 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1) A red

- taile d hawk that habitually perched in a bridge treated for control of pigeons with Avitrol ®

was found dead. An exam showed the bird was

### 39 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

emaciated and had not consumed anything for some time. No residue analysis to confirm.

I012969

- 005 2001 N/R Highly probab le CA N/R Owl (2), Hawk (1) This incident was reported as part of the California Department of Fish and Game incident reports for 2001 which concerned two great horned owls and one Cooper’s hawk. Brodifacoum was considered to be the cause of death althoug h no confirmatory residue analysis was included in the incident

report.

I012970

- 007 2000 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Coyote (1) This incident was reported as part of the California Department of Fish and Game incident reports in which a coyote was found de ad. The anticoagulants brodifacoum and bromadiolone were considered to be the cause of death although no confirmatory residue analysis was included in the incident report.

I01310

- 010 1995 N/R Probable NY N/R Deer (1) This incident is part of the New York Department

of Environmental Conservation Contaminant Exposure and Effects Database Report from 2002.

A white

- tailed deer was found to have brodifacoum residues of 0.37 ppm and racumin residues at 0.5 ppm in its liver.

I013117

- 001 2002 N/R Highly probabl e NY Residential Crow (1) An American Crow was found in the side yard of the property owner and submitted for pathology. Clotted blood was present in the lumen. The liver contained 1.73 ppm of brodifacoum. No other anticoagulants detected.

I013182

- 001 2 002 Registered

use Highly probable CA Island 10 species of migratory

birds Brodifacoum had been distributed by federal agencies for use on Anacapa Island to kill invasive black rats. An unintended consequence was the secondary poisoning of migratory birds of at least 10 species. There was no confirmatory chemical residue analysis included in the report.

I013182

- 001 2002 Registered Highly probable CA Island 10 species of Brodifacoum had been distributed by federal

### 4 0 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

use migratory

birds agencies for use on Anacapa Island to kill invasive black rats. An unintended consequence was the secondary poisoning of migratory birds of at least 10 species. There was no confirmatory chemical residue analysis included in the report.

I013245

- 001 2001 N/R Possible CA Field Bobcat (1) A bobcat that was part of a radio

- telemetry study being conducted by the National Park Service was

reco v ered in the vicinity of the Santa Monica

Mountains National Recreation Area. Blood was present in the nose and mouth. A sub

- cutaneous hematoma was observed on the upper inside of the left front leg. There was a penetrating hole in the

skull abo v e the foramen magnum that passed into the brain case and significant bruising around the base of the skull. The abdominal cavity contained sig nificant amounts of free blood. The stomach contained remains that were mammalian in origin. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.024 ppm. The ultimate determinatio n was the bobcat was ht by a vehicle although exposure to

brodifacoum was a lso evident.

I013622

- 001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A Cooper’s hawk was found dead and had extensive hemorrhaging over the ventral abdomen and down the left leg. The intestines were stained with blood. Brodifacoum was the only anticoagula nt found which had resides of 0.37 ppm

in the liver.

I013798

- 039 1996 N/R Probable NY N/R Hawk (1) A Red

- Tailed Hawk was identified as having brodifacoum resides of 0.5 ppm in the liver. This incident was reported in the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Apr il, 1999, Vol. 35, No.2.

I013798

- 043 1997 N/R Probable NY N/R Crow (1) A Common Crow was found dead and having 1.34 ppm brodifacoum in the liver. This incident was reported in the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, April,

### 41 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

1999, Vol. 35, No.2.

I013798

- 052 199 7 N/R Probable NY N/R Deer (1) A White

- Tailed Deer was found dead with brodifacoum resides at 0.16 ppm in its liver. This incident was reported in the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, April, 1999, Vol. 35, No.2.

I013810

- 001 1994 N/R Probable NY N/R Deer (1) This incident is part of the New York Department

of Environmental Conservation Contaminant Exposure and Effects Database Report from 2002.

A white

- tailed deer was found to have brodifacoum residues of 0.38 ppm in its liver.

I013810

- 015 1996 N/R Probabl e NY N/R Deer (1) This incident is part of the New York Department

of Environmental Conservation Contaminant Exposure and Effects Database Report from 2002.

A white

- tailed deer was found to have brodifacoum residues of 0.12 ppm in its liver.

I014694

- 001 2000 N/R Probable CA N/R Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead and sent to a pesticide laboratory unit for necropsy and tissue analysis. The liver contained brodifacoum residues at 0.12 ppm

I014717

- 001 2003 N/R Probable GA State Park Hawk (1), Owl (1 ) A red

- tailed hawk was found to be lethargic and was rehydrated with an improved appetite yet died 6 days later. The barn owl was found to be lethargic with fluffed feathers and was found dead upon arrival at a care facility. The crop in the

hawk had a moderate amount of white fur. Extensive hemorrhaging in both birds was found and brodifacoum residues were present in the liver (7 ppb in the hawk and 77 ppb in the owl). There

was no known use of brodifacoum to control rodents in the park.

I014841

- 001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Vulture (1) A black vulture was found dead with hemorrhaging present in the vicinity of the kidneys and in both lungs. The crop contained some unidentified flesh, fat, and bone, and some white

### 42 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

tailed deer hair was noted in the stomach. Chemical analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.13 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I014843

- 001 2002 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Hawk (1) A red

- shouldered hawk was found dead and collected for examination. An analys is of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.23 ppm.

I014843

- 001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- shouldered hawk was found dead with a large volume of semi

- clotted blood present in the body cavity. An analysis showed 0.23 ppm

brod ifacoum present in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I014884

- 001 2002 N/R Possible CA N/R Fox (1) This incident was reported with the California Department of Fish and Game report of incidents for calendar years 2002 and 2003. A San Joaquin

k it fox was analyzed and one was found to have brodifacoum in its system although there is no concentration of residue provided in the report.

I014884

- 002 2002 N/R Possible CA N/R Fox (2) These incidents were reported with the California Department of Fish and Game report of incidents for calendar years 2002 and 2003. Two San Joaquin kit foxes were analyzed and one was found to have brodifacoum in its system although there is no concentration of residue provided in the

report.

I014884

- 012 2002 N/R Probabl e CA N/R Owl (1) This incident was included in the California Department of Fish and Game report of fish and wildlife incidents involving pesticides for calendar years 2002 and 2003. A barn owl was identified as having brodifacoum resides in its system al though no confirmatory residue analysis was provided.

I014886

- 001 2003 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Pigeon (1) A rock pigeon was found dead and collected for examination. There was no confirmatory residue analysis included in the incident report and it was

### 43 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

determined rodenticide poisoning from diphacinone and brodifacoum was the cause of the pigeon’s death.

I014887

- 001 2002 N/R Highly probable CA Residential Owl (1) An adult female Barn Owl was recovered from the yard of a residence in Sacramento by the property
owner. The bird had a mate and had been observed roosting at the residence for a period of time before the recovery. There was a massive subcutaneous hemorrhage on the left ventral portion of the keel. The ventriculus contained a

few unidentif ied mammal hairs. Analysis confirmed brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm in

liver

.

I014891

- 001 2002 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Vulture (1) A black vulture was found dead and collected for examination. An analysis of the liver detected

brodifacoum resid ues ay 0.13 ppm.

I014892

- 001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1) An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in the backyard of a home with hemorrhaging present in the left leg and brodifacoum residues at 0.6 ppm

detected in the liver. The stomach conta ined some unidentified insect fragments and hair. No other anticoagulants detected.

I014894

- 001 2002 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found on the ground at a

residence and turned over to Volunteers for

Wildlife. The bird died the same day it as submitted with hemorrhaging present in the

caudoventral abdomen. The stomach contained a

trace of unidentified hair. Brodifacoum residues were detected at 0.57 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015034

- 001 200 2 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead east of a farm and later submitted for necropsy. Blood was present in the mouth, nares, and lumen of the trachea. Hemorrhaging was present over the right

### 44 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

lateral abdomen and in the lungs. The stomach

contained a small wad of unidentified hair and the

intestine contents were dark colored. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.4 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015035

- 001 2002 N/R Highly Probable NY Field Owl (1 ) An adult female Great Horned Owl was found

dead with brodifacoum residues detected in the liver at 0.44 ppm. There were large areas of subcutaneous hemorrhage present over much of the right leg and smaller areas present along the right ventrolateral nec k and ventral left pectoral muscle. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015048

- 001 2003 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) An adult Eastern Screech Owl was found on the ground, un

- alert, and unable to stand. The bird died the next day with liver concentrations of brodifacoum detected at 0.3 ppm. There was extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage over the left leg and unidentified small mammal hair and bones in the stomach. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015049

- 001 2004 N/R Highly probable NY Resid ential Hawk (1) An adult red

- tailed hawk was found dead with brodifacoum residues detected at 0.5 ppm in the liver. Hemorrhaging found around left hip and lower right leg. The crop contained one freshly ingested short tailed shrew. No other anticoagulan ts detected.

I015050

- 001 2003 N/R Highly probable NY Field Hawk (1) An adult female Cooper’s Hawk was found dead with brodifacoum liver concentrations at 0.28 ppm. Hemorrhaging detected over right medial thigh. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015051

- 001 2002 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1) An adult male great horned owl was observed in a lethargic state three days before its death. There was a small area of hemorrhage in the lower left pectoral muscle. Brodifacoum was detected at 0.026 ppm in t he liver. Internal hemorrhaging

### 45 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

noted and no other anticoagulants detected.

I015090

- 001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Kestrel / Falcon (1) Hemorrhage extended over the ventral breast and down the subcutaneous tissues of the right leg.

The stomach con tained a small amount of sand

like grit. A few of there small granules were present in the small intestine. Brodifacoum residues found at 0.29 ppm in liver of one adult kestrel. No other anticoagulants found in analysis.

I015326

- 005 2001 N/R Probable N Y N/R Squirrel (8) These incidents were from the USGS Report of the

National Wildlife Health Center dated in 2001 that stated 8 grey squirrels were killed by brodifacoum exposure. No confirmatory chemical residue analysis was included with the report.

I015466

- 001 2004 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Owl (1) An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in a

residential area and collected for examination. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.63 ppm.

I015731

- 001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A dead squirrel was found in a residential area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present around the left foreleg and over the dorsal pelvis. The thorax

was filled with unclotted blood. The stomach

contained a small volume of tan

- green material. Analysis of the liver showed brodifacoum residues of 0.81 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015734

- 001 2004 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1) A screech owl was found dead in a barn and a

hem orrhage was noted over the left side of the thorax and lateral aspect of the left thigh. Hemorrhage was also present in the left lung. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.037 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015736

- 001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Crow (1) A crow reportedly fell out of a tree at a residential address and was subsequently euthanized. A necropsy showed blood was In the mouth and poor

### 46 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

clotted blood was present in the body cavity. The lungs were extremely cong ested with blood. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.17 pm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015737

- 001 2003 N/R Possible NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area. Necropsy showed a hem orrhage in both lungs. The stomach contained half of a red

- bellied

snake and some unidentified hair. Chemical residue analysis detected brodifacoum levels at 0.01 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I015738

- 001 2003 N/R Probable NY R esidential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead at a residential address. Necropsy showed a massive subcutaneous hemorrhage over the dorsal and left lateral aspects of the thorax. Chemical residue analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.65 ppm

in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015739

- 001 2003 N/R Possible NY Residential Owl (1) A long

- eared owl was found in a residential area by an urban park ranger in Manhattan. Small areas of subcutaneous hemorrhage were found over the

left d orsal aspect of the synascrum and the right occipital aspect of the skull. Hemorrhaging was also noted in the right lung. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015740

- 001 2003 N/R Pro bable NY Residential Owl (1) An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead at a

residential address. The subcutaneous tissues over the ventral abdomen and left leg were hemorrhagic. The stomach contained a small wad of small mammal hair. An analysis of the liv er detected brodifacoum residues of 0.74 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015741

- 001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead an submitted to Westchester County Department of Health. The

### 47 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

stomach contained hair , bone, and claws of gray squirrel origin. Liver analysis showed detected brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015742

- 001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) The New York State Department of Environmental

Co nservation reported the case of a grey squirrel

that was found dead on a read in a residential area. It died within an hour and was the third squirrel found dead in a 3 week period. The stomach

contained a small volume of brown and white

matter of unknow n origin. Its lungs were filled

with blood and brodifacoum was detected in the liver at 1.95 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I015743

- 001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a residential

area. Extensi ve subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over the scapulae, left breast, ventral abdomen, and along the lower right leg. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.29 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015744

- 001 2003 N/R Probable NY Field Owl (1) An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in a barn in an agricultural area. The stomach contained a dark paste tinged with blood and/or bile. Analysis

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.035 ppm. No other anticoagulants detect ed.

I015962

- 001 2005 N/R Probable NY Residential Fox (1) A juvenile red fox was found dead in a residential area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The lungs were found to be hemorrhagic and the stomach contained hair, soil, maggots, half of a meadow vole, and the tongue from a small cat. Analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum resides of 0.34 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015966

- 001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Screech Owl was found dead in a residential

area. An analysis f the liver detected brodifacoum

### 48 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

residues at 0.63 ppm. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I015983

- 001 2002 N/R Possible NY Residential Hawk (1) A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in a residential area and submitted for necropsy. Hemorrhage wa s present In the sternal musculature, coelomic cavity and in the calvarium. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015989

- 001 2003 N/R Probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A Cooper’s Hawk was foun d dead in the Bronx

Botanical Garden and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The gizzard was empty but contained bloody mucus. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I016044

- 001 2005 N/R Probable NY Residential Opossum (1) An adult opossum was found dead in a residential area and received by a wildlife pathology unit two days later. Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present

over the ventral thorax and abdomen. There was a large amount of bloody fluid in the thorax and the lungs were hemorrhagic. The stomach contained pet kibble and water. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm.

I016047

- 001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Opossum (1) An adult opossum was fo und dead in a residential area. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhagic edema was present over the left ventrolateral aspect of the abdomen. The heart blood was partially clotted and the stomach contained a small amount of opossum hair. Liver analysis detecte d brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I016049

- 001 2002 N/R Probable NY Urban Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead in an urban area and necropsied the same day. Subcutaneous and intermuscular hemorrhages surrou nded the area of the left hip in the tibia, fibula, and the right forearm. The heart blood was partially clotted.

### 49 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

The stomach contents appeared to be well chewed nut meats. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum resides of 1.94 ppm. No other

ant icoagulants detected.

I016051

- 001 2003 N/R Probable NY Residential Rabbit (1), Robin (2) One cottontail rabbit and two juvenile robins were

found dead in a residential area. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was found over the hindquarters of the rab bit. Post

- mortem evaluation of the two robins was complicated by decomposition and maggots. A tentative diagnosis of trauma was made. A liver analysis of the rabbit showed brodifacoum resides of 0.4 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I016052

- 0 01 2005 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was observed flying and building a nest with her mate and was found dead a day later under a tree. Necropsy showed extensive hemorrhage present over the ventral abdomen and

caudal breast. La rge clotted hemorrhages were present on either side of the heart and in the lower portion of the thoraco

- abdominal cavity. The

ventriculus contained a small volume of feathers and bile. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum resides of 0.15 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I016054

- 001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 4 days later. Blood was present in the mouth and the lungs were hemorrhagic. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at .07 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I016055

- 001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area. Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present between the skin and musculature of the right

cranial mid

- tibiotarsus. A small volume of watery

### 50 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

blood was present in the heart. The ventriculus

contained a small wad of hair and bile. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues

of 0.08 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I016066

- 001 2004 Registered

use Highly probable CA Field Mountain lion (2) Two adult mountain lions were found in the Simi Hills area near Los Angeles. These animals were being radio

- tracked by a National Park Survey. They were two of four mountain lions known to be in the area. Necropsy of the animals found severe hemorrhages in the thoracic, pericardial, and abdominal cavities of one of the lions. In one lion,

bromadiolone and brodifacoum were measure d in the liver at 1.27 and 0.57 ppm, respectively. In the second lion, bromadiolone and brodifacoum was measured in the live rat 0.51 and 0.31 ppm, respectively. Park Service officials suspect that the mountain lions ingested the poison by eating

coyotes that had eaten poisoned rodents.

I016097

- 001 2004 N/R Probable NY Residential Owl (1) A Great

- Horned Owl was found dead in a residential area and received for necropsy a month later. Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over

the left ventral abdomen a nd a large volume of blood was present. The ventriculus contained a trace of feathers. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.22 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I016100

- 001 1999

to
2003 N/R Probable CA Residential Fox (27) A stu dy conducted in California from 1999 to 2003 gave results on the prevalence of San Joaquin Kit fox deaths. Kit foxes were trapped with and then equipped with transponders by which their movements and ultimately their carcasses could be traced. Necropsies provided evidence of causes of

deaths and it was found that brodifacoum residues

were found in 27 of the cases.

### 51 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I016103

- 001 1980 Registered

use Probable PA Zoo Various avian species (16) A pest management program began at the Philadelphia Zoo in 1980. B rodifacoum as the product Talon was tested at the Bird House of the zoo. Bait stations were monitored daily to insure Talon was not dragged out of bait stations where it would be available to birds. Within a month, a pair of avocets had died and within t he next few weeks, 14 more birds of various species had died. Chemical analysis showed the presence of

brodifacoum in all of the dead birds

I016645

- 001 2005 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1) An owl was found dead and received by the

California Animal H ealth and Food Safety Laboratory. Extensive focal chronic hemorrhage was present in the left breast muscle and thoracoabdominal cavity. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.01 ppm. No other anticoagulants that were part of the scr een (warfarin, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, diphacinone, and difethialone) were detected.

I017458

- 001 2005 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in a residential area and submitted for necropsy. Hemorrhages in

the muscles and intestines were observed and an analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.16 ppm and bromadiolone residues of 2.1 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I017459

- 001 2005 N/R Highly Probable NY N/R Hawk (1) A broad

- winged haw k was found dead and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit for necropsy. Blood was present in the mouth and esophagus and hemorrhage was present in the

sternal musculature. There was little to no blood in the heart and little in the lungs. The gizzard contained insect fragments and one nematode. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.87 ppm.

### 52 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I017460

- 001 2006 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Crow (1) An American crow was found dead and submitted to the Wildlife Pathology Unit for necrops y. The crow had extensive hemorrhages and the presence of a turquoise colored material in the gizzard and intestines indicating anticoagulant pesticide poisoning. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.47 ppm.

I017522

- 001 2005 N/R H ighly probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A broad

- winged hawk was found dead in a residential area and submitted for necropsy. Hemorrhaging was present and analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 1.02 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I02122 9

- 002 2009 N/R N/R KS Park Raccoon (1) The Department of Wi l dlife and Parks received numerous reports of dead raccoon at a city park.

The raccoon was delivered to the Sout h ea s tern Cooperative Wildlife Dis e ase Study College of Veterinary Medicine (SCWDS) f or postmortem analysis. The intestines of the raccoon were distended with bloody contents. Several areas of hemorrhage were present under the skin and on the surface of many organs. Brodifacoum, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone residues were

detected i n the liver although no residue amounts were provided in the report.

I022935

- 003 2010 N/R Probable CA Military

base Turkey vulture (1) The California National Guard contacted the Department of Fish a n d Game Pesticides Investigations Unit to determined if diaphacinone used in a ground squirrel control program was responsible for the death of a turkey vulture. There was pooled blood in the left wing joint and an analysis of the liver contained 0.30 ppm brodifacoum and 0.50 ppm diaphacinone. It was

determin ed the death of the bird more liely resulted from the brodifacoum than the diaphacinone.

### 53 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I022943

- 001 2011 N/R Probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk collected from Riverside Park, Manhattan was delivered to the Wildlife Pathology Unit. The lungs sh owed some grey

- green discoloration and the liver was sligh t ly pale. There was very little blood in the heart and elsewhere with the exception of a small clot in the jugular vein. The stomach contained the fur, bones, and skull of a Norway rat. An analysi s of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.22 ppm with difethialone and bromadiolone reported in trace

amounts.

I022978

- 001 2010 N/R Probable MA Urban Hawk (1) This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents

o ccurring in central Massachusetts between April

2006 and March 2010. A red

- tailed hawk was

found down in an urban area. The bird was found not standing and died soon after admission to a

wildlife clinic. There was extensive acute pulmonary hemorrhage pr esent as well as bruising of the sternum and paleness of the liver. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.046 ppm.

I022978

- 002 2010 N/R Highly Probable MA Urban Hawk (1) This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a comp ilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central Massachusetts between April

2006 and March 2010. A red

- tailed hawk was

found down in an urban area. The bird was found not standing with extensive subcutaneous intramuscular bruising on both legs and died soon

after admission to a wildlife clinic. There was extensive acute hemorrhage of the adipose tissue and acute intracoelomic hemorrhage. There was bruising of the sternum and the internal organs appeared pale. An analysis of the liver detected

bro difacoum residues of 0.077 ppm.

### 54 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I022978

- 003 2010 N/R Highly probable MA Urban Hawk (1) This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central Massachusetts between April

2006 and March 2010. A r ed

- tailed hawk was observed in an urban area depressed and not moving. It was later presented dead at a wildlife clinic. There was multifocal, severe, acute pulmonary and mesenteric hemorrhaging present as well as extensive intracoelomic hemorrhage and

p aleness of internal organs. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.27 ppm.

I022978

- 004 2010 N/R Highly probable MA Urban Hawk (1) This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents

occurrin g in central Massachusetts between April

2006 and March 2010. A red

- tailed hawk was observed in an urban area depressed and not moving for over 6 hours. There was blood observed around the glottis and extensive bruising was present in the right axillary area, the sternum, within the ventricular serosa, and over the coelom. Also observed was multifocal, marked acute pulmonary and mesenteric hemorrhage. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.15 ppm.

I022978

- 005 2010 N/R Highly proba ble MA Residential Hawk (1) This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central Massachusetts between April

2006 and March 2010. A red

- tailed hawk was

found down in a residential area. The bi rd was depressed, not standing, and bleeding from the glottis and choana. A wound found on the neck had hemorrhaging present and the bird died soon after admission to a wildlife clinic. The pectoral muscle was pale and intracoelomic hemorrhaging

was pres ent. An analysis of the liver detected

### 55 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

brodifacoum residues at 0.21 ppm.

I022978

- 006 2010 N/R Highly Probable MA Field Owl (1) This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central Massachuse tts between April

2006 and March 2010. A barred owl was found dead on a farm along with multiple dead birds of various species. It was presented dead to a wildlife

clinic. There was extensive subcutaneous hemorrhaging present as well as bruising of the sternum and a paleness of the liver. An analysis of

the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16

ppm.

I022978

- 007 2010 N/R Highly Probable MA Residential Owl (1) This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a compilation of brodifacoum inc idents occurring in central Massachusetts between April

2006 and March 2010. A barred owl was found down in a residential area. It died shortly after

admission to a wildlife clinic. There was intracoelomic hemorrhaging present as well as a paleness of t he internal organs and lesions on the liver. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.06 ppm.

I022978

- 008 2010 N/R Probable MA N/R Owl (1) This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents

oc curring in central Massachusetts between April

2006 and March 2010. An eastern screech owl was brought to a clinic after it was observed to fly into a window. Extensive bruising of the pectoral was present upon admission to a wildlife clinic

where it die d soon afterward. There was extensive subcutaneous and pectoral muscle hemorrhage and a paleness of the liver. Marked acute pulmonary hemorrhage and edema was also present. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.14 ppm.

### 56 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I022978

- 0 09 2010 N/R Possible MA Field Owl (1) This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. A great horned owl was observed in the wild perched i n the same tree for two days, depressed and not moving. The bird was later presented dead to a wildlife clinic. There was

extensive subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhage as well as acute, moderate to marked epimyocardial hemorrhage and paleness of in ternal organs. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.012 ppm.

I022968

- 001 2011 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Red

- tailed hawk (1) A dead immature red

- tailed hawk was found in Fort Tryon Park in Manhattan, NY. A clotted hemorrhage was observed in the left optical area of

the left side of the head. There was 1

- 2 ml of clotted hemorrhage found in the ceolomec cavity. Toxicology analysis of liver tissue found brodifacoum at 0.149 ppm. Low concentrations of three other anticoagulant rod enticides were also detected 0.024 ppm difethialone, 0.018 ppm bromadialone, and 0.004 ppm chlorophacinone.)

I023104

- 001 2011 N/R Possible CA Urban Kit fox (1) A San Joaquin Kit Fox carcass was submitted to the Endangered Species Recovery Program from a

h igh school campus. Necropsy was performed and showed no signs of physical trauma. Brodifacoum was found at 0.010 ppm in liver concentrations although the pathologist determined strychnine was the primary cause of death

.

I023104

- 002 2011 N/R Possible CA Urban Kit fox (1) A San Joaquin Kit Fox carcass was submitted to the Endangered Species Recovery Program from a high school campus. Necropsy was performed and showed no signs of physical trauma. Brodifacoum was found at 0.16 ppm and bromodiolone at 0.11 ppm in liver concentrations although the

### 57 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

pathologist determined strychnine was the primary

cause of death

.

I23104

- 003 2011 N/R Possible CA Urban Kit fox (1) A San Joaquin Kit Fox carcass was submitted to
the Endangered Species Recovery Program from a
high school campus. Necropsy was performed and
showed no signs of physical trauma. Brodifacoum
was found at 0.38 ppm and bromodiolone at 0.20
ppm in liver concentrations although the
pathologist determined strychnine was the primary

cause of death

.

I23104

- 0 04 2011 N/R Possible CA Urban Kit fox (1) A San Joaquin Kit Fox carcass was submitted to the Endangered Species Recovery Program from a high school campus. Necropsy was performed and showed no signs of physical trauma. Brodifacoum was found at 0.44 ppm i n liver concentrations although the pathologist determined strychnine was the primary cause of death

.

I023172

- 001 2011 N/R Highly probable CA Urban Barn owl (1) An incapacitated barn owl chick was found on the sidewalk in Antioch, CA. The owl was transpo rted to a wildlife museum and treated antibiotics, fluids, and Vitamin K, but it died the next day. A necropsy found extensive bleeding on the wings and back. Toxicology analysis of liver tissue found brodifacoum at 0.169 ppm and a small amount of diphaci none at 0.002 ppm.

I023151

- 001 2011 N/R Probable CA Urban Cooper’s hawk (1) A Cooper’s hawk was found dead in a pool of blood on a sidewalk in Berkeley, CA. Toxicology testing detected brodifacoum and a trace amount of diphacinone.

I023892

- 001 1999 N/R Probable CA Field Owl (1) An adult great horned owl was recovered from a regional shoreline area in Contra Costa county,

CA. The carcass was delivered to the Pesticide Investigation Unit for necropsy and tissue analysis.

### 58 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

There were no external physical s igns of trauma.

There was no evidence of subcutaneous hemorrhages. The stomach contained crickets but

no mammal remains nor was there blood in the GI tract. The liver analysis showed brodifacoum concentrations at 0.04 ppm and diphacinone

residues at 0.6 ppm.

I023893

- 004 2001 N/R Possible CA N/R Kit fox (1) A kit fox was picked up by the Pesticide Investigations Unit and necropsied. An analysis of the blood, liver, and gastrointestinal content revealed the presence of brodifacoum residues at <0.01 ppm, 0.075 ppm, and <0.01 ppm, respectively.

I023914

- 001 2012 N/R Possible NY Urban Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead by Central Park visitors and was later submitted for necropsy.

There were severe subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhages on the r ight side of the breast and adjoining abdomen. The heart, lungs, kidneys, and brain were pale. Only a scant trace of extremely watery blood was present in the heart. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum (0.039 ppm), bromodiolone (0.416 ppm), an d difethialone (0.016 ppm).

I023914

- 00 3 2012 N/R Probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was submitted by the Urban Park Rangers after being found dead at a Manhattan intersection. The cranial portion of the oviduct was partly coated with clotted h emorrhage. The plumage behind the vent was stained with feces. Internally, there a small amount of clotted hemorrhage in the posterior abdomen. The crop

contained bird tissue as did the stomach. An analysis of the liver detected difethialone (0.127

pp m), bromodiolone (0.068 ppm), diphacinone (0.059 ppm), and brodifacoum (0.046 ppm).

I023914

- 00 4 2012 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was submitted by the Urban

### 59 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

Park Rangers after being found in Riverside Park, Manhattan. Despite the lack of any mechanical trauma, there was extensive hemorrhage around the visceral fat located between the alimentary

canal and the ventral wall of the abdomen. The spleen, liver, and kidneys were pale and the lungs

were somewhat edematous. There was little blood

in the heart. The stomach contained the fur and bones of either a juvenile rat or an adult house mouse. An analysis of the liver detected bromodiolone (0.320 ppm), brodifacoum (0.106 ppm), and difethialone (0.045 ppm).

I024146

- 009 1997 N /R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1) As part of a study, the National park Service has ben radio collaring coyotes, bobcats, and gray fox

in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area that are equipped with mortality

sensors. The carcass of a m ale coyote was picked up September 12, 1997 after the mortality sensor was triggered. Necropsy of the animal revealed small lacerations present on the right hind limb and there was no evidence of broken bones. Large hematomas involving most of the muscul ature were present on all four limbs. Blood from the thoracic cavity, liver tissue, and the contents of the large intestine were collected for analysis to determine if anticoagulant residues were present. Chlorophacinone was detected in the blood at 0.04 ppm, in the intestines at 0.24 ppm, and in the liver at 1.2 ppm.

I24151

- 001 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Red fox (1) A juvenile red fox was captured at a state beach area in Monterey County, CA. The fox appeared to be suffering and was euthanized before b eing submitted to the Pesticide Investigations Unit for necropsy. The fox was determined to be suffering from mange and a chronic bacterial infection.

### 60 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

Subcutaneous hemorrhages were not found. Since the fox was suspected to utilize nearby urban areas

whe re anticoagulants are used for rodent control, liver tissue was sent for analysis. The results of the analysis indicated brodifacoum residues at 0.04

ppm.

I024151

- 002 1999 N/R Highly probable CA Urban Fox squirrel (2) Two carcasses were recovered from a Sacr a mento, CA park l and submitted to the Pesticide Investigations Unit for necropsy. There were no external sings of trauma for either fox. Squirrel A exhibited subcutaneous hemorrhage in the left hip and left hind leg. The lung tissue in both squirrel s was pale indicating blood loss. The GI tract of both squirrels contained free blood. The livers of both squirrels were sent for analysis and indicated brodifacoum residues of 3.1 and 2.4 in Squirrel A and B, respectively.

I024151

- 003 1999 N/R Highly p robable CA Urban Owl (5) Five owls were recovered from Yucaipa, CA in vicinity of large chicken egg production facilities. Hemorrhages and subcutaneous hematomas were observed in all five birds. In the great horned owl, an absence of blood in the major v essels leading to the heart was noted. Barn owl A had blood present in the mouth and a massive hemorrhage observed

in both thoracic and abdominal cavities. Barn owl B had pronounced hemorrhaging on the dorsal side

of the breast bone with the GI tract con taining 5.7 grams of mammal remains. Barn owl C had a large subcutaneous hematoma present near the hip joint with the lungs appearing pale. Barn owl D had a subcutaneous hematoma present on the

ventral side of the carcass at the base of the keel. Signif icant amounts of free blood were present in the thoracic cavity. The great horned owl had

brodifacoum and bromodiolone residues of 0.35

### 61 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

and 0.065 ppm, respectively. Barn Owl A had

brodifacoum and bromodiolone residues of 0.21 and 0.38, respectively. Bar n owls B and C had residues of only brodifacoum and bromodiolone of 0.35 and 0.38, respectively. Finally, barn owl D

had brodifacoum and bromodiolone residues of 0.07 and 0.31 ppm, respectively.

I024151

- 004 1999 N/R Possible CA N/R Bobcat (1) A bobcat sh owed hemorrhage in its lungs, bruising in abdominal and lumbar axial muscles. Analysis

of the liver detected brodifacoum resides of 0.018

ppm.

I024152

- 001 2001 N/R Possible CA N/R Hawk (1) A red tailed hawk had its liver submitted for residue analysis wh ich detected 0.015 ppm

brodifacoum concentrations. No other narrative information was found in the report.

I024152

- 003 2007 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Kit fox (1) A San Joaquin Kit Fox was found dead in the Bakersfield, CA area. The high level residues of brodifacoum (11 ppm) coupled with the extensive hemorrhaging internally made it highly likely that the kit fox died from anticoagulant exposure according to the pathologist.

I024152

- 004 2001 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Coyote (1) The Office of Spill Pre vention and Response of the California State Department of Fish and Game routinely necropsies animals found in the area as part of a wildlife disease project. They found a coyote that had a large amount of unexplained

blood in the abdominal and chest cavi ties. The liver was sent for anticoagulant analysis and was determined that the liver had 1.13 ppb chlorophacinone detected.

I024152

- 008 2010 N/R Possible CA N/R Coyote (1) A coyote was found dead in Madera County, CA and it was suspected that they were intentionally poisoned. It was determined by the investigation that the source of poisoning was hamburger bait

### 62 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

that had been contaminated with either anticoagulants or ethylene glycol. The coyote had no sings of physical trauma present. A liver sample w as sent for analysis. The analysis detected brodifacoum residues of 0.24 ppm but it

was not determined if this was a case of intentional poisoning.

I024152

- 009 2011 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Pig (1) The USDA Wildlife Services in the area reported

two pugs with black streaks in their mammary tissues. The samples were tested for rodenticides. The mammary tissues showed large streaks of black dye

- like material. The sample contained 8.48 ppb diphacinone.

I024154

- 012 2011 N/R Possible CA N/R Owl (1) A g reat horned owl was submitted for necropsy and liver analysis. There was no necropsy information available in the report yet an analysis

of the liver detected brodifacoum concentrations of 0.04 ppm.

I024524

- 001 2012 N/R Probable CA Field Dog (1) An avo cado and orange tree farmer in CA ad hired a pest control company to control rats. The company used brodifacoum for years until the farmer’s golden retriever was found dead with confirmed brodifacoum poisoning. It was detailed in the incident report that over that three year period, other non

- target wildlife was found on the

farm as well.

R000

- 02

- 006 1997 N/R Probable CA N/R Eagle (1) A golden eagle was found dead and it was the judgment of the wildlife pathology that brodifacoum exposure was the cause o f death. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.08 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 007 1998 N/R Possible CA Field Coyote (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A coyote

### 63 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

was tra p ped and euthanized and an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.08 ppm, diphacinone residues at 0.081 ppm, and chlorophacinone residues at 0.43 pm. Pesticides

were not determined to be the cause of death sin ce the animal was euthanized.

R000

- 02

- 012 1998 N/R Possible CA Field Coyote (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A coyote was found dead and an analy sis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 014 1998 N/R Probable CA Field Fox (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A grey

f ox was found dead and an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.03 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 025 1999 N/R Possible CA N/R Eagle (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis B etween 1994

– 2000.” A golden eagle was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 026 1999 N/R Possible CA N/R Eagle (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled

“California Wildlife Subm itted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A golden eagle was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 030 1999 N/R Unlikely CA Field Fox (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A San Joaquin kit fox was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.01 ppm and chlorophacinone residues of 0. 27 ppm. Though the rodenticide concentrations were appreciable, the pathologist’s judgment was that it

### 64 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

was not likely to be the cause of the fox’s death.

R000

- 02

- 033 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1) This incident is among those in a table ent itled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A great horned owl was found dead after which an analysis

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 ppm and bromodialone residues of 0.065 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 033 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A great horned owl was found dead after which an analysis

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 ppm and bromodialone residues of 0.065 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 034 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Betw een 1994

– 2000.” A barn owl was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.21 ppm and bromodialone residues of 0.38 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 035 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1) This incident is among those in a tabl e entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A barn owl was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 036 1999 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A barn owl was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm

and brom odialone residues of 0.31 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 041 1999 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A San Joaquin kit fox was found dead after which an

### 65 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.67 ppm. The pathologist did not make a judgment concerning the certainty but the appreciable concentrations of brodifacoum can be considered a possible cause of death.

R000

- 02

- 04 5 2000 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A coyote was found dead after which an analysis of its liver

detected b rodifacoum residues of 0.08 ppm and bromodialone residues at 0.44 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 046 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A San Joaquin kit was found dead after which an analysis

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.0 ppm. The pathologist report did not specify a degree of certainty for this incident but 1 ppm

brodifacoum could be considered a substantial

concen tration.

R000

- 02

- 047 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A San Joaquin kit was found dead after which an analysis

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.11 ppm. The pathologist report did not specify a degree of certainty for this incident but 0.11 ppm could have possibly played a role in this incident

R000

- 02

- 048 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1) This inc ident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A San Joaquin kit was found dead after which an analysis

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.1 ppm. The pathologi st report did not specify a degree of certainty for this incident but 0.1 ppm

### 66 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

could be a factor in the death of this animal

R000

- 02

- 049 2000 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Owl (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled

“California Wildlife Submitt ed for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A Great Horned owl found dead after which an analysis of

its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.34

ppm.

R000

- 02

- 052 2000 N/R Unlikely CA Field Fox (1) This incident is among those in a t able entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A San Joaquin kit fox was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.13 ppm and bromodialone residues of 0.14

ppm . Though the rodenticide concentrations were appreciable, the pathologist’s judgment was that it was not likely to be the cause of the fox’s death.

R000

- 02

- 055 1989 N/R Unlikely NY N/R Owl (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of

Wil dlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A Great Horned Owl was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.13 ppm and

bromodialone residues of 0.1 ppm. The incident

reviewer determined that brodifacoum was not responsible for the owl’s death.

R000

- 02

- 056 1990 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Sto ne et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm. There was free hemorrhage or bloody fluid in the body cavity. Th e incident reviewer determined that brodifacoum was the probable cause for the squirrel’s death.

### 67 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

R000

- 02

- 057 1990 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By St one et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 4.1 ppm. There was intrauterine hemorrhage present. The incident

reviewer determined that brodifacoum was highly probable for the cause of squirrel’s death.

R000

- 02

- 058 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Field Chipmunk (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al,

in an ar ticle entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A chipmunk was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 3.8 ppm. The incident reviewer determined that brodifacoum was highly probable for the cause of s quirrel’s death.

R000

- 02

- 059 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Field Raccoon (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A racc oon was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.8 ppm. Dyed rodenticide bait was also present in its alimentary canal. The incident reviewer determined that brodifacoum was highly probable for the cause of squir rel’s death.

R000

- 02

- 059 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Field Raccoon (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A raccoon was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.8 ppm. Dyed rodenticide bait was also present in its alimentary canal. The incident reviewer determined that brodifacoum was highly probable for the cause of squirrel’ s death.

### 68 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

R000

- 02

- 060 1992 N/R Highly probable NY Field Raccoon (3) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” Three raccoons were found dead after which an analysis of their livers detected brodifacoum residues of 3.1, 5.3, and 4.6 ppm. All had hemorrhaging present in the lungs.

R000

- 02

- 061 1993 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel were found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.53 ppm and

chlor ophacinone residues of 0.62 ppm. There were inter and intra muscular hemorrhages and free hemorrhage or bloody fluid in the body cavity. All had hemorrhaging present in the lungs.

R000

- 02

- 062 1993 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) This is one o f the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel was found dead after which an analysis of residues detected

brodifacoum at 25.8 ppm in the colon. There was subcutaneous hemorrhages inter and intra muscular hemorrhages and dyed rodenticide bait in the alimentary canal.

R000

- 02

- 063 1997 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of

Wildlife Dis eases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A screech owl was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.34 ppm. There was subcutaneous hemorrhage and a hemorrhage in the lungs. The incident reviewer determined that brodifacoum was probable for the cause of owl’s

### 69 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

death.

R000

- 02

- 064 1997 N/R Possible NY N/R Opossum (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999 ) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” An opossum was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum at 0.18 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 065 1997 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1) This is one of the inci dents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A screech owl was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.80 p pm. There was inter and intra muscular hemorrhaging present.

The incident reviewer determined that brodifacoum was probable for the cause of owl’s

death.

R000

- 02

- 066 1997 N/R Possible NY Field Deer (1) This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal o f Wildlife Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, “Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A white

- tailed deer was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. There was

hemorrha ging in the lungs and subcutaneous

edema. The incident reviewer determined that brodifacoum was probable for the cause of owl’s

death.
A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contr ibuting factor of the effects observed in the

incident.

B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" signifies that not enough informatio n was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.

### 70 Table 2. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Difethialone.

Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

I018414

- 002 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1) A red

- shouldered hawk was found dead in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park after ingesting rats poisoned by difethialone that was used to control rodents in the park.

I018414

- 003 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1) A red

- tail ed hawk was found dead in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park after ingesting rats poisoned by difethialone that was used to control rodents in the park.

I018414

- 004 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was found dead in San

Francisco’s Go lden Gate Park after ingesting rats poisoned by difethialone that was used to control rodents in the park.

I018414

- 005 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Fox (1) A red fox was found dead in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park after ingesting rats poisoned by difet hialone that was used to control rodents in the park.

I020713

- 002 2009 N/R Possible FL Residential Deer (1) A key deer was found dead near a private residence and submitted for necropsy. There was

a moderate amount of dark red to black fluid in

the tho racic cavity. The lungs are dark red and

edematous and the heart was flaccid and dark red

with similar fluid to that seen in the thoracic cavity. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 1.3 ppm and trace

amounts of difethialone. The fi nal diagnosis was brodifacoum and difethialone poisoning.

I023914

- 002 2012 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was reported by Urban Park Rangers to have not been acting right for about a week before it was captured for examination. Blood work showed that the hawk was severely anemic and was subsequently given vitamin K but died the next day. Necropsy showed that some blood stains were present at the medial

### 71 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

aspect of the right elbow. An accumulation of dried blood was present at th e base of the talon on the left hallux. There was slight subcutaneous and inter muscular hemorrhage along the medial aspect of the left thigh and knee. The lungs were pale and congested with water, blood

- tinged fluid. An analysis of the liver detected

d ifethialone at 0.607 ppm.
A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributi ng factor of the effects observed in the

incident. B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appe ars to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.



### Table 3. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Att ributed to Use of Warfarin

Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

CEE

- TV #

61108 1998 N/R Probable NY N/R Cooper’s Hawk (1) Warfarin detected in liver at 0.73 ppm

I003350

- 001 1995 N/R Probable NY R esidential Bald Eagle (1) Warfarin detected in liver at 1.4 ppm. Second year male diagnosed with warfarin intoxication. Gross pathology

- hemorrhage in alimentary canal.

I004169

- 001 1981 Registered Possible VA Agricultural Bobwhite Quail (3) Gross patholog y found lesions in the birds consistent with warfarin poisoning; no analytical data were included in the report.

I006306

- 004 1974 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Vole (numbers not

specified) Between February and March of 1974, large numbers of voles were repor ted dying off on Grand Island, Erie County, NY. The deaths of two lots of voles (numbers not specified in report) were submitted for necropsy. They exhibited skeletal muscle hemorrhages, cardia muscle

### 72 Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

hemorrhages and lung hemorrhages. Since gross path ology was consistent with anticoagulant poisoning, the tissues were submitted for warfarin analysis although no details of the analysis results were provided in the report.

I006306

- 011 1981 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Squirrel (1) A dead gray squirrel was submitted to the Delmar Wildlife Research Laboratory for examination. Numerous hemorrhages had occurred in the

viscera and musculature and warfarin was detected through the toxicological examination.

I006306

- 010 1971 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Squirrel (1) A squirrel liver was submitted for analysis and had warfarin detected at 0.228 ppm. There was no

other narrative information included with the

report.

I006306

- 016 1986 N/R Highly Probable NJ N/R Peregrine Falcon (1) Warfarin detected in the liver at 1.48 ppm

I008146

- 001 1998 Registered

Use Probable NY N/R Great Horned Owl (1) Warfarin detected in liver at 0.73 ppm

I011130

- 001 2000 N/R Probable GA Agricultural Bald Eagle (1) Chemical residues were found in the gut contents,

or bait material and biol ogical or biochemical

evidence

I013810

- 014 1971 N/R Probable NY N/R Squirrel (1)

--

R000

- 02

- 054 1981 N/R Probable NY N/R Squirrel (1) Warfarin detected in the liver at 0.22 ppm. Gross pathology

- pallor of muscle and/or internal organs,

inter

- and intramu scular hemorrhages, hemorrhage and/or serum in pericardial sac.
A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributi ng factor of the effects observed in the

incident. B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional o r unintentional. "N/R" signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.

### 73 Tabl e 4 . Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Diphacinone

Incident ID Year Legality A Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species (Number Affected) Comments

B00640

- 001 1987 N/R Probable CA Residential Fox (1) A San Joaquin kit fox was found dead at a nursery near a university where anticoagulant baits had been applied for ground squirrel control. Unclotted whole blood was present in the abdomen. Several diffuse areas of hemorrhages were present in the lungs. The stomach contained a few grass stems and some sand. The intestines were empty. Diphacinone residues at 0.18 ppm were detected by ELISA.

B000641

- 001 1986 N/R Highly probable CA Field Raccoon (1),

Mountain Lion (1) The California Department of Fish and Game reported this incident where a raccoon and

mountain lion were found dead near a stream.

Pooled free blood was found in the raccoon and in the mountain lion there were pinpoint and streaked hemorrhages in the small intestine and colon. Blood samples were analyzed and the results

showed 55 ppm diphacinone in the raccoon and 45 ppm diphacinone in the mountain lion.

I004768

- 001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Deer (1) A white

– tailed deer had been found dead and submitted to the Wildlife Pathology Unit. The presence of fairly large magg ots in the carcass suggests this deer had been dead for several weeks. An analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues at 0.2 ppm.

I004769

- 001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Deer (1) A white

- tailed deer was found dead in a residential

a rea with hemorrhages appearing like minor bruising and a hemorrhagic subcutaneous edema was found in the vicinity of the left shoulder and adjoining brisket area. The stomach was full of whole corn, vegetation, and water. An analysis of

the liver detecte d diphacinone residues at 0.93

ppm.

### 74 I005353

- 001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1) A squirrel was found in the yard of a resident. Necropsy showed areas of subcutaneous edema and hemorrhage found over the ventral thorax and upper abdo men along with the right foreleg and on the right side of the head. The stomach contents were normal in appearance and odor. An analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues at 2.0

ppm.

I006306

- 013 1998 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Owl (1) A snowy o wl was found dead and an analysis of its liver detected diphacinone residues. There were no residue numbers provided with the report.

I007107

- 007 1997 N/R Possible NY N/R Turkey vulture (1) This incident is one of the incidents reported on

the consolidat ed report for the year 1997 submitted by California Department of Fish and Game. After an analysis the Pesticide Investigation Unit determined the loss of the turkey vulture was due to diphacinone poisoning.

I007107

- 013 1997 N/R Possible CA N/R Coyote (1 ) This report was one included with the Pesticide Investigations Unit record of wildlife incident involving pesticides for the 1997 Calendar Year.

There was no other narrative information included in the report about this incident.

I007107

- 014 1997 N/R H ighly probable CA N/R Coyote This incident is one of the incidents reported in a consolidated incident report for the year 1997 by the California Department of Fish and Game. A coyote mortality was reportedly caused by brodifacoum and diphacinone poisoning as confirmed by the Pesticide Investigations Unit.

I007165

- 003 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1) The carcass of a young coyote was recovered from

the Santa Monica Mountains national Recreation Area in thick riparian vegetation. Massive

hema tomas were observed on both of the hind legs. Free blood was present in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The stomach contained a large ball of hair mixed with small pieces of bone. An analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues at 1.3 ppm. B rodifacoum was also present at 0.083 ppm.

### 75 I007488

- 004 1998 N/R Highly probable VA Residential Squirrel (2) Two grey squirrels were found dead and collected by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland

Fisheries. The stomach and small intestine of the first squirrel contained abundant unclotted blood mixed with a scant amount of tan granular

material. The small intestine for the second squirrel contained a smaller amount of unclotted blood. The thoracic cavities of both squirrels were

filled with uncl otted blood. Liver analysis detected bromadiolone and diphacinone residues in pooled liver samples from both squirrels at 4.94 for bromadiolone and 3.41 ppm for diphacinone.

I009270

- 001 1999 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk was foun d moribund in a residential area. Small fish, appearing to be sardines were in the stomach. The bird was very anemic and lacked blood volume. An analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues at 0.34

ppm.

I0 1 1518

- 001 2000 N/R Possible NY Residen tial Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead in a residential yard. There was a hemorrhage over the right orbit of the eye. The stomach contained a finely ground

material. A small area of subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over the dorsal thorax. Blunt impact trauma was the immediate cause of death, but diphacinone residues detected at 1.02 ppm may have been contributing.

I013810

- 006 1993 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1) This incident is part of the Contaminant Exposure

and Effects

– Terrestrial Verteb rates (CEE

- TV) Database, Version 3.3, October 2002 report. A snowy owl was found dead and its liver showed traces of diphacinone that were suspected as the

cause of death.

I014884

- 018 2003 N/R Possible CA N/R Pigeon (1) The California Department of Fish and Game report of wildlife incidents involving pesticides for calendar years 2002 and 2003 identified an incident with a pigeon having diphacinone and

brodifacoum levels detected in its tissues. No chemical residue values were provided.

### 76 I019839

- 001 2008 N/R Probable GA Residential Squirrel (1) A homeowner reported that approximately eight squirrels have been found dead in her yard and in the adjacent neighbor’s yard. Diphacinone was detected in the liver of the squirrel at 3.6 ppm. Severe, acute, multi focal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular hemorrhaging was present.

I024152

- 009 2010 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Pig (1) The USDA staff contact the Pesticides Investigations Unit about mammary tissue from a pig that had large streaks of a black dye

- like

ma terial. The tissue was sent for analysis and it was confirmed that diphacinone was detected at 0.008 ppm.

R000

- 01

- 001 1999 N/R Unlikely NY Residential Barred owl (1) A barred owl was found dead in a residential area and submitted to the Wildlife Patholog y Unit. The left tarsometarsus was fractured, and no hemorrhage was associated with it. This could have resulted because f a very rapid death due to

severe head trauma. The stomach contained grasshopper legs. A analysis of the liver detected diphacinon e residues at 0.62 ppm.

R000

- 02

- 001 1994 N/R Probable CA Field Kangaroo rat (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled, “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant Residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” A kangaroo rat was found in a mori bund state. An analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues at 3.5 ppm.
A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributi ng factor of the effects observed in the

incident. B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticid e use.

### 77 Table 5 . Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Chlorophacinone

Incident ID Year Legality Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species and

(Number Affected) Comments

B000179

- 001 1981 Registered

use Highly probable WA Field Quail (1) T his incident was reported in an article entitled, “Effects of Pelletized Anticoagulant Rodenticides on California Quail,” in the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 1985, pp391

– 395. A moribund emaciated California quail was found in an

orchard. The rodentici de chlorophacinone was found in the crop, and the gizzard contained a pink mass of paraffin that was selectively accumulated from the paraffinized pellets.

I009063

- 001 1999 N/R Possible NY Urban Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead in Central Par k,

Manhattan and later submitted to the Wildlife Pathology Unit. Several ribs were freshly

fractured and had extensive associated hemorrhage. The stomach contained ground nutmeats. An analysis of the liver detected chlorophacinone residues at 0.44 ppm.

I009111

- 011 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Squirrel (1) A grey squirrel was found dead in Manhattan and arrived at the Wildlife Pathology Unit the same day. A hemorrhage was present in the musculature overlying both scapulae. The right lung was hemor rhagic. The stomach contained ground nutmeats and analysis of the liver detected chlorophacinone residues at 0.47 ppm.

I009118

- 001 1999 N/R Probable NY Urban Squirrel (1) A squirrel was found dead in Central Park, Manhattan. Several large tan necrotic a reas were present in the liver. The stomach contained nutmeats. An analysis of the liver detected chlorophacinone residues at 0.29 ppm.

### 78 I012972

- 001 2002 N/R Probable KS Field Turkey (2) Two wild turkeys were found dead approximately 100 yards from a pr airie dog town that has been baited with poisoned grain two and a half to three weeks prior to submission. The suspected poison was Rozol® pocket gopher poison. The landowner that found the turkeys contacted the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks. Necropsy showed dilated vessels in the crop area and diffuse hemorrhage around the crop. Pebbles and green feed material are present in the ventriculus. The gastrointestinal tract contains blue green grain in the crop. An analysis of the

livers detected chlorophacinone residues of 0.69 and 0.40 ppm.

I013810

- 013 1999 N/R Probable NY Urban Hawk (1) This incident was part of the Contaminant Exposure and Effects

– Terrestrial Vertebrates (CEE

- TV) Database, Version 3.3, October 2002 report. A red

- tailed h awk was found in Manhattan. Necropsy results showed 0.18 ppm

chlor o phacinone residues in the liver.

I020607

- 001 2009 N/R Highly Probable KS Field Badger (1) A dead badger was found on a private property. The liver was tested and chlorophacinone residu es of 4.4 ppm (with a detectable limit of 0.25 ppm) were detected. It was determined the badger died from secondary poisoning, most likely resulting from use of chlorophacinone to control prairie dogs in the area.

I020996

- 001 2009 N/R Possible KS Field Wild Turkey (45) Forty

- five dead wild turkeys that were found dead in and near the small town of Russell Springs, KS. Analyses of 6 of the turkey found phosphene gas in the crop contents, indicating poisoning by zinc phosphide. However, chlorophacinone w as also detected in the crop contents of one of the turkeys, indicating that it may have also contributed to causing the mortality of some of the birds.

### 79 I020996

- 003 2009 N/R Possible KS Field Raccoon (1) A dead raccoon was recovered near Russells Springs, KS. Several areas of hemorrhages were

detected under the skin and on the surface of organs. Chlorophacinone was detected in the liver. The source of chlorophacinone was suspected to

have been the extensive use of Rozol ® in the area for pra ir ie dog contro l.

R000

- 02

- 002 1994 N/R Unlikely CA N/R Turkey (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant Residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” This incident involves a turkey found dead and its

blood was found to contain 5.5 ppm chlorophacinone. The chemical was not detected in the liver and it was the judgment of the pathologist that it was unlikely that chlorophacinone was the cause of death.

R000

- 02

- 003 1995 N/R Probable CA N/R Bobcat (1) This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant Residue Analysis Between 1994

– 2000.” This

incident involves a bobcat found dead and a liver analysis detected chlorophacinone residues of 0.4 and in the pathologist’s judgm ent was the cause of

death

R000

- 02

- 005 1997 N/R Highly Probable CA N/R Coyote (1) No further details were provided in the incident

report. A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributing factor of the effects observed in the

incident. B: Legality describes whether the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintentional. "N/R" signifies that not enough infor mation was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.

### 80 Table 6 . Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Bromethalin

Incident ID Year Legality Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species and

(Number Affected) Comments

I007155

- 060 1996 Reg. Use Probable WI Unk nown Chipmunk Use of Gold Crest Vengeance to control mice reportedly resulted in the mortality of a chipmunk. Evidently the chipmunk was taken to a veterinary

clinic for treatment.

I014717

- 001 2003 Reg. Use Unlikely GA R ural Barn owl (1)

Great horned owl (1)

Red

- tailed hawk (1) A red

- tailed hawk and a barn owl were being held in captivity as part of an education program in a

GA State Park. The hawk was found to be lethargic and incapacitated in its cage. Despite

treatme nt, it died within six days. The barn owl was found in its cage lethargic with fluffed feather, and died before treatment could be given. A half

eaten dead rat was found in the hawk's cage, and

another dead rat was found between the hawk's

and the owl's c ages. Toxicological results showed brodifacoum in the liver of both birds. Two great horned owls later showed similar symptoms as the hawk and barn owl (not perching, pale tongue). They both were treated with vitamin K and recovered. Rats were being co ntrolled at the park using Maki Rat and Mouse Bait (bromadialone), Contract Blox (bromadialone), and Real Kill Rat and Mouse Killer (bromethalin).

I024773

- 001 2012 N/R Highly Probable NY Urban Gray squirrel (2) Two gray squirrels were found dead in the t own of Hicksville on Long Island, New York (Nassau County). Contents of the caeca of both squirrels were a bright turquoise color. Some turquoise

color was also observed in the small intestine of both squirrels and in the stomach of one squirrel.

Toxicolo gy analysis detected the non

anticoagulant rodenticide bromethalin in the caecum contents of one squirrel. Both squirrels were in good flesh. The necropsy of one squirrel observed the lungs were hemorrhagic and the liver was slightly pale. No significant g ross lesions were

### 81 Incident ID Year Legality Certainty B State Land Use Generic Species and

(Number Affected) Comments

observed in the second squirrel.
A: Certainty describes the level of certainty that exposure to the given pesticide was the cause or a significant contributi ng factor of the effects observed in the

incident. B: Legality describes whe ther the pesticide appears to have been used legally according to the label, and if any misuse was intentional or unintention al. "N/R" signifies that not enough information was reported to ascertain the legality of the pesticide use.