Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Th is

re p o rt

is o ne in a se rie s

o f v o lu m e

s

p u blis h

e

d by t h

e U
. S
. En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o t

e

c

t io n A g e nc y (EP A ) t o

p r o v ide in fo rm a

t io n

o f ge ne ra l in t

e

re s

t re ga rdin g envi ro nmental i ssues associ ated w i th speci f i c

i nd u str i al sector s. T h e d o cuments w e r e de v e lo p e d u nde r c o

n

t

ra c

t by A b t A s so c

i a

t

e

s

(C a m bridge , M A ), a nd Bo o

z -A lle n

& Ha m ilt o

n , I nc . (M c L e a

n , V A ). Th is

p u blic a

t io n m a

y be p u r ch ased f r om the Super i ntend e nt of D o cuments, U. S. Gover n

ment Pr i n ti ng Of f

i ce. A l i s ti ng of avai l a bl e Se ctor N ote b ook s a nd d o cume nt numb e r

s i s i ncl ud e d on the f

o

l l o w i ng pa g e . A ll te le phone or de r s

s h ould be dir e c te d to: Super i ntend e nt of D o cuments U
. S. Gove r

n

me nt Pr i n ti ng Of f

i ce Washi ngt o

n , D C 20402 ( 202) 512- 1800 FAX ( 202) 512- 2250 8: 00 a. m. t o

4: 30 p. m. , E S T , M

- F
Us ing the f

o r m pr ovide d a t the e nd of this doc u m e nt, a ll m a

il or de r s

s h ould be d i r e cted to : U
. S. Gove r

n

me nt Pr i n ti ng Of f

i ce P. O
. B o x 371954 Pi t t s

b

u rgh, PA 15250- 7954
C o m p lim e n ta r

y vol umes are avai l a bl e to cer t

ai n g r oups or sub scr i b er s, such as publ i c a

nd a c

a

d e m ic

libra rie s , Fe de ra l, S t a

t

e , lo c

a

l, a nd fo re ign go v e rn m e

n

t s , a nd t h

e m e

dia
. Fo r fu rt h

e

r in fo rm at

io n , and fo r an s

w ers t

o

qu es t i o n

s

p e rt

ain i n g t o t h

ese do c

u m e

n

t s , pl e a

se re f

e

r

to the conta c

t na me s a nd numb e r

s pr ovi d e d w i thi n thi s vol ume . Ele c tr

onic ve r

s

i o ns of a

l l Se ctor N ote b ook s a r e a

v a i l a bl e f

r e e

of cha r

g e a

t the f

o

l l o w i ng we b a ddre s

s : www.epa.gov/oec a

/s ec tor . D i r e ct te chni ca l q u e s

ti ons to the � Feed b a ck � b

u tton a t the b ottom of the w e b

pa g e .

C o ve r

photo gr aph by Ste v

e

De lane y, U. S. E P A
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 S IC Cod e 2

4Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

E P A/ 310- R

- 95- 006



## EPA O f f

i c e

of C omplianc e Sec t

or N o tebook Pr ojec t Profile of the Lumber and Wood Produc ts Industry

S e p tem b e r 1995

O ffic e

o

f C o m p lia nc e O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a

nd C o m p lia nc e

A s s

u ra nc e U
. S
. En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o t

e

c

t io n

A g e nc y 401 M St
. , SW ( M C 2221- A) Washi ngt o

n , D C 20460

S I C C o d e 24 ii S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Se c tor Notebook C o nta c

ts Th e Sec t or Noteb ooks were develop e d b y

th e EP A � s O f f i c

e

o

f Co mpl i a n c e . Q u e s

t i o

n

s r e

l a

t i n

g to the Sec t or Noteb ook Projec t c a

n b e

di rec t ed to: Seth Hemi n w ay , Coor d i n a

tor , Sec t or

Noteb ook P r ojec t U S E P A Offic e

of Comp lian c

e 401 M St
. , SW (2223-A ) Wash i n

g

t on , D C 20460 (202) 564-7017 Qu es ti ons and c o

mm e nts reg a rdi n g

the i n di vi du aldoc u m e nts c

a

n b e

di rec t ed to the a

p p r op ria t e

s p e c

ia

lis t s

lis t e

d be low. Doc u m e nt Num b er I ndustr y E P A / 310-R-95-001. D r y

Clean i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-002. E l ec t r on ic

s an d Comp u t er

In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-003. Wood F u rn i t

u r e an d F i x t u r es In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-004. In or

g a n

i c

Ch emic al In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-005. Ir on an d St eel In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-006. L u mber an d Wood P r od u c t s

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-007. F a bric at

ed M e t a

l P r od u c t s

In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-008. M e t a

l M i n i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-009. M o t o

r V e h

i c

l e A ssembly In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-010. Non ferr o u s M e t a

ls In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-011. Non -F u e l, Non -M et al M i n i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-012. Or g a n

i c

Ch emic al In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-013. P e t r oleu m Refin i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-014. P rin t i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-015. Pu lp an d P a p e r In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-016. Ru bber an d P l ast i c

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-017. St on e, Clay , Glass, an d Con c

r e

t e

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-018. T r an sp or t a

t i on E q u i p men t Clean i n

g

In d
. E P A / 310-R-97-001. A i r T r an sp or t a

t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-002. Gr ou n d T r an sp or t a

t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-003. Wat er

T r an sp or t a

t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-004. M e t a

l Cast in

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-005. P h armac e

u t

ic

als In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-006. P l ast i c

Resin an d M a n

- mad e F iber In d
. E P A / 310-R-97-007. F o ssil F u e l E l ec t ric P o wer Gen e

r a

t i on In d
. E P A / 310-R-97-008. Sh ip bu ild in g

an d Rep a ir

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-009. T e x

t ile In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-010. Sec t or

Not ebook D a t a

Refr esh -1997 E P A / 310-R-98-001. A e r o

sp ac e In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-98-002. A g ri c u lt u r al Ch emic al, P e st

ic

id e, an d Fer t ilizer In d u s t r y E P A / 310-R-98-003. A g ri c u lt u r al Cr op P r od u c t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-98-004. A g ri c u lt u r al L i v e st

oc

k

P r od u c t i on In d
. E P A / 310-R-98-005. Oil an d Gas E x p lor a t i on an d P r od u c t i on In

d u s t r y E P A / 310-R-98-008. L o c a

l Gov e rn

men t Op er at ion s C ontac t Phone (202) Joy c e Ch an d l er 564-7073 S t

e

v e Hoov er 564-7007 B o b M a r

s h a

ll 564-7021 Walt e

r D e Rieu x 564-7067 M a ri a M a lav e 564-7027 Set h

Hemin w ay 564-7017 S c

o

t t T h r o

we 564-7013 Jan e E n g e r t 564-5021 A n t h

on y

Raia 564-6045 Jan e E n g e r t 564-5021 Rob L i sc h

i n

s k

y 564-2628 Walt e

r D e Rieu x 564-7067 T om Rip p 564-7003 Gin g er Got liffe 564-7072 Set h

Hemin w ay 564-7017 M a ri a M a lav e 564-7027 Sc

ot

t T h r o

we 564-7013 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 Jan e E n g e r t 564-5021 E m ily Ch ow 564-7071 Sally Sasn et

t 564-7074 Rafael San c

h

e

z 564-7028 A n t h

on y

Raia 564-6045 B e lin d a B r eid e n

b

ac

h 564-7022 Set h

Hemin w ay 564-7017 A n t h

on y

Raia 564-6045 A my P or t er 564-4149 Gin a

h

M or t en sen (913)551-7864 Gin a

h

M or t en sen (913)551-7864 D a n

Ch ad wic k 564-7054 Joh n

D ombr o wsk i 564-7036
S e p tem b e r 1995 iii S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t *Span i s h t

r an sl at ion s

av ailable.

S I C C o d e 24 iv S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s 

### L UMB E R AND 

### W OOD 

### P R ODUC T S ( S I C 24) T AB LE O F C ONTE NTS Pag e E XHIB IT S I ND E X .................................................................................................................... v i L IST OF A CRONYM S ............................................................................................................ v iii I. I NTROD U CTI O N TO THE S ECTO R N OT E B OOK P ROJE CT ....................................... 1 I
. A. Summar y

of the Sector N oteb ook Pr oj ect ......................................... 1 I
. B. A ddit io na l I n fo rm a

t io n ...................................................................... 2 II. I NT ROD U CT ION T O T H E L U M B E R A N D WOOD P R OD U C T S IND U ST RY ................. 4 I I
. A
. I n t

ro d u c t i o n , Ba c

kg r o u nd , a nd S c o

p e o

f t

h

e

No t

e

bo o

k
.................. 4 I I
. B. C h a

ra c

t

e

riz a t io n

o

f t

h

e

Lu m b e r

a

nd W o

o

d P r o d u c t s

I ndu s t

ry ..... 5 I I
. B.1 I nd u s t

r

y

S i z e a

nd Dis t

ribu t i o n ......................................... 5 I I
. B.2
. Ec o

no m ic

Tre nds
............................................................... 9 III. I N D US TR I AL P ROC E SS D ES CR I P TI O N .................................................................. 1 0 III.A. Indu s t

ria l P ro c

es se s

in t

h

e Lu m b er a nd W o

o

d Indu s t

ry .............. 1 1 III.B. R a w M a t

e

ria l In p u t s

a

nd P o llu t i o n

O u t p u t s .................................. 3 1 III.C
. M a na gem e

n

t o

f C h em ic

a

l s

in W a

s

t

e

s

t

rea m ................................... 3 8 IV. C H E MI CAL R ELEAS E AN D TRA NSF E R P ROF I L E .................................................. 4 0 I V
. A
. E PA T o x

i c Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

f

o

r

the L umb e r

a

nd W ood Pr od ucts I ndu s t

ry ............................................................................................. 4 3 I V
. B
. S ummar y

of Sel e cted C h emi c al s Rel e ased
..................................... 4 8 I V .C
. O t h

e

r

Da t

a

S o u r c e

s ........................................................................... 5 4 I V
. D
. C ompa r

i son of T o x

i c Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

B e tw e e

n

Se l e

cte d I ndu s t

rie s ........................................................................................... 5 5 V. P O LLUTI O N P RE V E NTI O N O PPORT U N IT IE S ....................................................... 5 8

S e p tem b e r 1995 v S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t 

### L UMB E R AND 

### W OOD 

### P R ODUC T S ( S I C 24) T AB LE O F C ONTE NTS ( C ONT ' D ) Pag e VI. S UMMAR Y O F AP P L I C ABLE F E DER AL S T ATUTES AN D R E G ULATI O N S ............... 6 7 V I .A
. G e ne ra l De sc r

ip t i o n

o

f M a jo r S t a

t u t e

s ............................................ 6 7 V I .B. I nd u s t

r

y

S p e c

ific R e q

u ire m e

n

t s ...................................................... 7 8 V I .C
. P e ndin g

a

nd P r o p o se d R e gu la t

o

r

y

R e q

u ire m e

n

t s ........................ 8 3 VII. CO MP LI AN CE AN D EN F O R C EMEN T H IST O RY .................................................... 8 5 V I I
. A
. Lu m b e r

a

nd W o

o

d P r o d u c t s

I ndu s t

ry C o m p lia nc e His t

o

r

y ............................................................................................... 8 9 VI I
. B
. Compa r

i son of E n f

o

r c e

m e

n

t A c ti vi ty B e tw e e

n

Se l e

cte d I nd u str i e

s

............................................................................................................ 9 1 V I I
. C
. R e v i e w o f M a jo r Le g a l A c t i o n

s ....................................................... 9 6 V I I
. C
. 1
. R e v i e w o f M a jo r C a se s .................................................... 9 6 V I I
. C
. 2
. S u p p l e m e

n

t

a

l En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o j e c

t s

(S EP s )
.............. 9 7 VIII. C OM P L IA NCE A C T IVIT IE S A N D I N I TI ATI V ES ...................................................... 9 9 V III.A. S e c

t

o

r -R ela t

ed En v i ro n

m en t

a

l P r o g ra m s

a

nd In it

ia

t i v e s .............. 9 9 V III.B. EP A V o lu n t

a

r

y P r o g ra m s .............................................................. 1 0 0 V III.C
. Tra d e As so c

i a

t io n / Indu s t

ry S p o n

so red Ac t i v i t y ........................ 1 0 4 V III.C
. 1
. En v i ro n

m en t

a

l P r o g ra m s .............................................. 1 0 4 VIII. C
. 2. Summary o f T rad e Asso ci at i o ns .................................. 1 0 5 IX
. C ONT A CT S /A CK N O W LEDG M EN TS /R ES O U R C E M ATER I ALS / B I BLI O G R A P H Y .................................................................................................. 1 1 1

S I C C o d e 24 v i S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s 

### L UMB E R AND 

### W OOD 

### P R ODUC T S 

### (SI C -24) E XHI BI TS I NDE X Pag e Exh i bit 1 I nd u s t

r

y Fac ilit y S i ze Dis t

ribu t i o n

- 1992
.................................................... 6 E x hi b i t 2 Ge og ra phi c D i str i b u ti on of I nd u str y

T ota l N umb e r

of L umb e r

a

nd W ood Fa c

ilit ie

s

p e r S t a

t

e .......................................................................................... 6 E x hi b i t 3 Ge og ra phi c D i str i b u ti on of I nd u str y

B r e a

k d ow n of L umb e r a

nd W o

o

d Fa c

ilit ie

s

by S t a

t

e ......................................................................... 7 Exh i bit 4 L a r

ge s

t U
. S
. Lu m b e r

a

nd W o

o

d P r o d u c t s

Fa c

ilit ie

s by C a p a c

i t

y

(1993)
...................................................................................... 8, 9 Exh i bit 5 Exa m p l e Flo w Dia g ra m fo r a Lu m b e r

P r o d u c t i o n

Fa c

ilit y ...................... 1 2 Ex h

i bit 6 V e ne e

r

Dry e r (Lo n

g i t u din a

l )
...................................................................... 1 7 Ex h

i bit 7 E xa m p le F l o w Dia g ra m o

f V e ne e

r

a

nd P l y w o o

d P r o d u c t i o n ................. 1 9 Ex h

i bit 8 R e c

o

n

s

t i t

u t e

d W o

o

d P a ne l P r o c

e

s

s

F l o w ................................................... 2 1 Ex h

i bit 9 S c h

e

m a

t ic

o

f C o n

v e n

t i o n

a

l Trip le -P a s

s

Dru m Dry e r ............................... 2 2 Ex h

i bit 1 0 S c h

e

m a

t i c

o

f M u lt i-O p e n

in g

Bo a

r d P r e s

s .................................................. 2 4 E x hi b i t 11 E xampl e Fl o w D i agram f o

r a T w o - C y l i nd e r C C A P re s

s

u re -Tre a

t i n g

Fa c

ilit y .......................................................................... 2 9 Ex h

i bit 1 2 Drip P a d wit h

Line r ..................................................................................... 3 0 Ex h

i bit 1 3 P ro c

e

s

s

M a t

e

ria l s

I n p u t s

a

nd P o llu t i o n

O u t p u t s ....................................... 3 2 Ex h

i bit 1 4 S o u rc e

R e du c t io n

a

nd R e c

y c lin g

A c t i v i t i e

s

fo r S I C 2 4
............................. 3 9 Exh i bit 1 5 To p 1 0 TR I R e le

a

s

in g Lu m b e r

a

nd W o

o

d P r o d u c t Fa c

ilit ie

s (S I C 2 4

o

n

ly )
................................................................................................. 4 4 Exh i bit 1 6 To p 1 0 TR I R e le

a

s

in g Lu m b e r

a

nd W o

o

d P r o d u c t Fa c

ilit ie

s .................. 4 4 Exh i bit 1 7 TR I R e p o rt

in g Lu m b e r

a

nd W o

o

d P r o d u c t Fa c

ilit ie

s (S I C 2 4

) by S t a

t

e ........................................................................................... 4 5

S e p tem b e r 1995 v i i S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t 

### L UMB E R AND 

### W OOD 

### P R ODUC T S 

### (SI C -24) E XHI BI TS I NDE X ( C ONT ' D ) Pag e E x hi bi t 18 R e l e

ases f o

r L umb er and Wo o

d Pro d uct s

( S IC 24) i n T R I, by Nu m b e r

o

f Fa c

ilit ie

s ............................................................................... 4 6 E x hi bi t 19 T ransf ers f o

r L umb er and Wo o

d Pro d uct s

( S IC 24) i n T R I, by Nu m b e r

o

f Fa c

ilit ie

s ............................................................................... 4 7 Ex h

i bit 2

0 P o llu t a

n

t R e le

a

se s

(S h o

rt

To n

s / Y e a

r)
........................................................ 5 4 E x hi b i t 21 Summar y

of the 1993 T R I D a ta ................................................................... 5 6 Ex h

i bit 2

2 To x

i c

R e le

a

se I n v e n

t

o

r

y

Da t

a

fo r S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s .............................. 5 7 E x hi b i t 23 F i ve Year E n f

o

rc ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

f

o

r

the Lu m b e r

a

nd W o

o

d I ndu s t

ry ....................................................................... 9 0 E x hi b i t 24 F i ve Year E n f

o

rc ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

f

o

r

Sel e cted I nd u str i es

....................................................................................................................... 9 2 E x hi b i t 25 One Year E n f

o

rc ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

f

o

r

Sel e cted I nd u str i es

....................................................................................................................... 9 3 E x hi b i t 26 F i ve Year I n specti on and E n f

o

r c ement Summar y

b

y S t a

t u t e

fo r S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s ..................................................................... 9 4 E x hi b i t 27 One Year I n specti on and E n f

o

r c ement Summar y

b

y S t a

t u t e

fo r S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s ..................................................................... 9 5 Ex h

i bit 2

8 S u p p l e m e

n

t

a

l En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o j e c

t s ....................................................... 9 8 Exh i bit 2

9 Lu m b e r

a

nd W o

o

d P ro d u c t s

Fa c

ilit ie

s

P a rt

ic

ip a t in g in t

h

e 3

3

/ 5 0

P ro g ra m ............................................................................................ 1 0 1

S I C C o d e 24 v iii S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s 

### L UMB E R AND 

### W OOD 

### P R ODUC T S ( S I C 24) L I S T OF A C R ONYMS AC ZA - A mmoni acal C o pper Zi nc Ar senate A F S - A I R S Fa c

ilit y S u bs ys t

e

m (C A A da t

a

ba se ) A I R S - A e ro m e

t

r

ic

I n fo rm a

t io n

R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

e

m (C A A da t

a

ba se ) BI Fs - Bo ile rs

a

nd I ndu s t

ria l Fu rna c

e

s

(R C R A ) C AA - C l ean Ai r Ac t C AAA - C l ean Ai r Act Amend m ent s

o f 1990 CCA - C h rom a

t

e

d Cop p e r

A r se n

a

te C E R C LA - C o m p re h

e

n

s

i v e En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l R e s

p o n

se , C o m p e n

s

a

t i o n

a

nd Lia bilit y Ac t C E R C LI S - C ER C L A I n fo rm a

t io n

S

y s t

e

m CF Cs - Ch l o r o f

l u o ro ca r

b on s CO - Ca r

b on Monox i d e CW A - Cl e a

n

W a

t

e

r

A c t D& B - Du n a

nd Bra d s t

re e

t M a rke t in g I nde x EP A - U n it

e

d S t a

t

e

s

En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o t

e

c

t io n

A g e nc y FI FR A - Fe de ra l I n se c

t ic

ide , Fu n g ic ide , a nd R o de n

t ic

ide A c t FI NDS - Fa c

ilit y I nde xin g

S

y s t

e

m H A Ps - H azard o us Ai r Po l l u t a

nt s ( C AA) HB - Ha rdbo a

r d I D E A - I n te

g ra t

e

d D a ta

f

o

r

E n f

o

r c e

m e

n

t A n a

l y s i s

( E nf or ce me nt D a ta

b a se ) L D R - L a nd D i sposal Restr i cti o ns ( R CRA ) LV L - L a m ina t

e

d V e ne e

r

Lu m b e r MAC T - Max i mum Achi evabl e C o ntr o l T e chnol o g

y

( C AA) M D I - M e t

h

y le ne dip h e

n

y l Diiso c

ya n

a

t

e M D F - M e diu m de n

s

it

y Fibe rbo a

rd N AAQ S - N a t i o nal Ambi ent Ai r Q u al i t y S t and a rd s (C AA) Na O H - S o diu m Hydro x

ide NC DB - Na t i o na l C o m p lia nc e

Da t

a

ba se (fo r TS C A , FIFR A, EP C R A) N C P - N at i o nal O i l and H azard o us Sub s

t

a

nces Po l l u t i o n

C o nt i n gency Pl an N E S H A P - N a t i o nal E m i ssi o n

St and a rd s f o

r H azard o us Ai r Po l l u t a

nt s N S PS - N e w Sour ce Per f

or mance Stand a r d s ( C A A ) NO x - Nit ro u s O x ide s NP DES - Na t i o na l P o llu t i o n

Disc h

a

r

ge Elim ina t io n

S

y s t

e

m (C W A ) OA R - Of f

i ce of A i r a

nd Ra d i a ti on OPA - Oi l Pol l u ti on A c t O E C A - O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a

nd C o m p lia nc e

As s

u ra nc e OPPT S - Of f

i ce of Pr eventi on, Pesti c i d e s, and T o x

i c Sub s

tances O S B - O rie n

t

e

d S t ra nd Bo a

r d O S W - O ffic e

o

f S o lid W a

s

t

e O S W E R - O ffic e

o

f S o lid W a

s

t

e

a

nd Em e

r

ge nc y R e s

p o n

se
S e p tem b e r 1995 ix S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t 

### L UMB E R AND 

### W OOD 

### P R ODUC T S ( S I C 24) L I S T OF A C R ONYMS ( C ONT ' D ) O W - O ffic e

o

f W a

t

e

r P2 - Pol l u ti on Pr e v e n

ti on PB - P ar ti cl eb oard PCP - P entachl o ro phenol PCS - Per m i t

Compl i a nce Sy stem ( C WA D a tab a se) P F - P h e

no l-Fo rm a

lde h

y de PM - P a r

ti cul a te

Ma tte r RCRA - Re sour ce Con se r

va ti on a

nd Re cove r

y

A c t RCRI S - RCRA I n f

o

r

m a

t i o n

Sy ste m SD WA - Saf e

D r i n ki ng Wat er Act SO x - S u lfu r O x ide s T G N M O T otal Gaseous N o nmethane Or g a ni cs TR I - To xic R e le

a

se In v e n

t

o

r

y TR IS - To xic C h e

m ic

a

l R e le

a

se In v e n

t

o

r

y S y s t

e

m TS C A - To xic S u bs t

a

nc e

s

C o n

t

ro l Ac t U F - U re a

- Fo rm a

lde h

y de U I C - U nde rgro u nd I n je c

t io n

C o n

t

ro l (S DW A ) US T - Unde rgro u nd S t o

ra g e Ta n

k

s

(R C R A) VOC s - Vol a ti l e Or g a ni c C o mpound s

S I C C o d e 24 x S ep tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s


### L UMB E R AND 

### W OOD 

### P R ODUC T S 

### (S I C 24)
I. I NTR ODU C T I ON TO THE S E C TOR N OTE BOOK P RO JE CT I
. A. Sum m a

r

y

of the Sec tor Notebook Pr ojec t En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p o lic ie

s

ba se d u p o n

c

o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e a na l ys is o f a i r, wa t

e

r, a

nd la nd p o llu t i o n a r e a

n

ine v it a

ble a

nd lo gic a

l s u p p l e m e

n

t t

o

t

ra dit io na l si ng l e - m e

d i a a ppr oa che s

to e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l prote cti o n. E n vi r o nme n

ta

l regul a t

o

r

y agenci es are b e gi nni ng t o

emb race co mprehensi v e, mul t i

s

t

a

t u t e

so lu t i o n

s

t o

fa c

ilit y p e rm it

t i n g , e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a nd c o

m p lia nc e a

s

s

u ra nc e , e d u c a

t io n / o u t r e a

c

h , re se a

r c h , a nd re gu la t

o

r

y de v e lo p m e

n

t is

s

u e s . Th e

c e

n

t

ra l c o

nc e

p t s

driv in g t h

e ne w p o lic y dire c

t i o n a r e t h

a

t p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se s

t

o

e a

c

h

e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l m e

diu m (a ir, wa t

e

r, a nd la nd ) a

f

f

e

ct e a

ch othe r , a nd tha t e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l stra te

g i e s

must a c

ti ve l y

i d e nti f y a

nd a ddre s

s

t

h

e

se in t

e

r-re la

t i o n

s

h

ip s by de s

i gn in g p o lic ie

s

fo r t h

e

"wh o

le " fa c

ilit y. O ne wa y t o

a c

h

i e

v e a wh o

l e

fa c

ilit y fo c

u s is t o

de s

i gn e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p o lic ie

s

fo r s i m ila r indu s t

ria l fa c

ilit ie

s . By do in g so , e

n

vi ro nme n

ta

l conce r

ns tha t a r e common to the ma nuf a

ctur i n g

of si mi l a r p ro d u c t s c a

n be a ddre s

se d in a c o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e m a

n

ne r. R e c

o

gn it

io n

o f the ne e

d to d e ve l o p the i nd u str i a

l " se c

tor

- b a se d ” a ppr oa ch w i thi n the E P A Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce l e d to the cr e a

ti on of thi s d o cume nt. T h e Se ctor N ote b ook Pr oj e c

t w a s i n i t

i a

te

d b y

the Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce wit h

in t

h

e

O ffic e

o f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a nd C o m p lia nc e

A s s

u ra nc e

(O EC A ) t o pr ovi d e i t s staf f and manag e r

s

w i th summar y

i n f

o

r

m ati o n f o

r

ei g h teen speci f i c i nd u str i al sector s. A s other E P A of f

i ces, States, the r e gu l a ted communi t y , envi ro nmental g r oups, and the publ i c b e came i n ter e sted i n t

h

is

p ro j e c

t

, t h

e

sc o

p e o f t

h

e

o r

igin a

l p r o j e c

t wa s

e

x

p a nd e d
. Th e a bilit y t o d e si g n compr e hensi v e, common sense envi r o nmental protecti o n measur es fo r s p e c

ific indu s t

rie s

is de p e nd e n

t o n

kno w le dge o f se v e ra l in t

e

r-re la

t

e

d topi cs. F o r the pur p ose s

of thi s proj e c

t, the k e y

e l e

m e

n

ts chose n

f o

r inc l u s io n a re : ge ne ra l indu s t

ry in fo rm a

t io n

(e c

o

no m i c

a

nd ge o

g ra p h ic

); a d e scr i p ti on of i nd u str i a

l pr oce sse s; pol l u ti on outputs; pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on oppor t uni t i e

s; F e d e ra l sta t utor y

a nd re gu l a tor y f ra m e

w or k ; compl i a nce hi stor y ; a nd a d e scr i p ti on of pa r

t

ne r

s

hi ps tha t ha ve b e e

n f

o

r

m ed b e tw een re gu l a tor y

ag enci es, the r e gu l a ted communi t y , and the p u blic
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 1 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Fo r a n

y giv e n

indu s t

ry, e a

c

h

t

o

p ic lis t

e

d a b o v e c

o

u ld a l o ne be t h

e s u bje c

t of a l e ng thy vol ume . H o w e ve r , i n ord e r

to pr od uce a ma na g e a

bl e do c

u m e

n

t

, t h

is

p ro j e c

t fo c

u se s

o n

p r o v idin g s ummar y

i n f

o

r

m ati o n f o

r e

a

ch topi c . T h i s

f

o

r

m a

t provi d e s the r e a

d e r

w i th a sy nopsi s of e a

ch i ssue , a

nd re fe

re nc e

s

wh e

re m o

re in -de p t h

in fo rm a

t io n

is a

v a ila ble
. Te xt

wit h

in each prof i l e w a s re sear ched f r om a var i ety of sour ces, and w a s usual l y c

o

nd e n

se d fro m m o

re de t

a

ile d so u r c e

s

p e rt

a

i n i n g

t

o

s

p e c

ific t o

p ic s . Th is a

pproa ch a l l o w s f o

r

a w i d e cove ra g e of a c

ti vi ti e s

tha t ca n b e f u r t

he r e

x

pl ore d b a se d upon the ci ta ti ons a nd re f

e

r e nce s

l i s te

d a t the e nd of thi s pr of i l e . A s a che c

k

on the i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n i ncl ud e d , e a

ch note b ook w e nt thr o ug h a n

e x

te

r

na l r e vi e w proce ss. T h e

Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce a

ppr e c

i a

te

s the e f

f

o

r

t s of a l l those tha t pa r

t i c

i p a t

e

d i n thi s pr oce ss a nd e

na ble d u s t o

de v e lo p m o

re c o

m p le t

e , a c

c

u ra t

e , a nd u p -t o- da t

e summar i es. Many of those w h o r e vi ew ed thi s noteb ook are l i s ted as c

o

n

t

a

c

t s

in S e c

t io n

I X a

nd m a

y be so u r c e

s o f a ddit io n

a

l in fo rm a

t io n . Th e indiv idu a l s

a nd gro u p s o n

t

h

is

lis t do no t ne c

e

s

s

a

rily c o

nc u r wit h a l l sta t

e

m e

n

ts w i thi n thi s note b ook
. I
. B
. Additiona l I n f o r m a

tion Pr oviding C o m m e nts O E C A ' s O ffic e o f C o m p lia nc e

p l a n

s

t

o

p e rio dic a

lly re v i e w a nd u p da t

e

t

h

e no t

e

bo o

k

s

a nd will m a

ke t

h

e

se u p da t

e

s

a v a ila ble bo t

h

in h a

rd c o

p

y

a nd e

l e

c

troni c a

l l y . I f y o u ha ve a n

y

comme nts on the e x

i s

ti ng note b ook , or i f yo u

wo u ld like t o

p r o v ide a ddit io na l in fo rm a

t io n , p l e a

se se nd a h a

rd copy a nd compute r d i s k to the E P A Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce , Se ctor N o t

e

b o o

k Pro j ect , 401 M St
. , SW ( 2223- A) , Washi ngt o

n , D C 20460. C o m m e

n

t s

c

a

n

a

l so be u p lo a

d e d t o

t

h

e

En v i ro $ e

n $ e

Bu lle t i n Bo a

r d o r t h

e En v i ro $ e

n $ e W o

rld W ide W e

b fo r ge ne ra l a c

c

e

s

s

t o

a ll u se r

s

o f t h

e sy stem. F o l l o w i n str u cti o ns i n A ppend i x A f o

r

accessi ng these d a ta s

y s t

e

m s . O nc e

yo u

h a

v e lo gge d in , p r o c

e

d u r e s

fo r u p lo a

din g t e

xt a re a

v a ila ble fro m t

h

e

o

n -line En v i ro $ e

n $ e

He lp S y s t

e

m . Ada p ting Notebooks to Pa r

tic ula r

Ne e d s T h e

scope of the e x

i s

ti ng note b ook s r e f

l e

c

t a n a ppr ox i m a

t i o n of the re la

t i v e na t i o na l o c

c

u rre nc e

o f fa c

ilit y t y p e s

t

h

a

t o c

c

u r wit h

in e

a

c

h

se c

t

o

r . I n m a

n

y in s

t

a

nc e

s , indu s t

rie s

wit h

in s

p e c

ific ge o

g ra p h ic

re gio n

s

o r

S t a

t

e

s may have uni q ue character i sti cs that ar e not f u l l y captur ed i n these prof i l e s. F o r

thi s re a

son, the Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce e ncoura g e s

Sta t

e

a nd l o cal env i ro nment a

l agenci es and o t

h

er gro u ps t o

suppl ement o r repa ck a g e the i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n i ncl ud e d i n thi s note b ook to i ncl ud e mor e
S I C C o d e 24 2 S ep tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

s

p e c

ific indu s t

ria l a nd re gu la t

o

r

y in fo rm a

t io n

t h

a

t m a

y be a v a ila ble
. A ddit io na lly, in t

e

re s

t

e

d S t a

t

e

s

m a

y wa n

t t

o s u p p l e m e

n

t t h

e "S ummar y

of A p p lic a

ble Fe de ra l S t a

t u t e

s

a nd R e gu la t i o n

s " se c

t io n

wit h S t a

t

e a nd lo c

a

l re qui r ements. Compl i a nce or techni cal assi stance pr ovi d e r

s may al so wa n

t t o de v e lo p t h

e "P o llu t i o n

P r e v e n

t i o n " se c

t io n

in m o

re de t

a

il. P l e a

se conta c

t the a ppropr i a

t

e spe c

i a

l i s t l i s te

d on the ope n

i n g

pa g e of thi s no t

e

bo o

k

if yo u r o ffic e

is in t

e

re s

t

e

d in a s

s

i s

t in g u s in t h

e

fu rt h

e

r de v e lo p m e

n

t o

f t

h

e

in fo rm a

t io n

o

r

p o lic ie

s

a

ddre s

se d wit h

in t

h

is

v o lu m e . I f

y o u a re i n te

re ste d i n a

ssi sti n g

i n the d e ve l o pme n

t of ne w note b ook s f o

r se ctor s not cove re d i n the or i g i n a

l e i g h te

e

n , pl e a

se conta c

t the Of f

i ce of C o mpl i a nce at 202- 564- 2395.

S e p tem b e r 1995 3 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t II. I NTR ODU C T I ON TO THE L U MBE R A ND WOOD P R ODU C T S I NDU S T R Y I I
. A
. I n tr oduc tion, B a c

k gr ound, a nd Sc ope of the Notebook Th is

se c

t io n

p ro v ide s

ba c

kgro u nd in fo rm a

t io n

o n

t h

e

s i z e , ge o

g ra p h ic dis t

r

ibu t io n , e m p l o y m e

n

t

, p r o d u c t i o n , s a

le

s , a nd e c

o

no m ic

c o

ndit io n

o f the l umb e r

a nd w ood pr od ucts indu s t

ry. Th e

t

y p e o f fa c

ilit ie

s

de sc r

ibe d wit h

in t h

e

do c

u m e

n

t a r e a l so de sc r

ibe d in t e

rm s

o f t h

e

i r S t a

nda rd I ndu s t

ria l C l a s

s

i fic a

t i o n (S I C ) c o

de s . A ddit io n

a

lly, t h

is

se c

t io n

c

o

n

t

a

i n s

a l i s t of the l a r

g e s

t compa n

i e

s i n te r

m s of sa l e

s. Th e lu m b e r a nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s

indu s t

ry inc l u d e s

e s

t

a

blis h

m e

n

t s e

n

ga ge d in c u t t i n g t i m b e r

a nd p u lp wo o

d ; sa wm ills , la t

h

m ills , s h

in gle m ills , c o

o

p e ra g e s t

o

c

k m ills (wo o

d e n

c a

s

k

s

o r

t u bs ), p l a n

in g m ills , p l ywo o

d m ills ; a nd e s

t

a

blis h

m e

n

t s

e n

ga ge d in m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fin i s

h

e

d a

r

ti cl e s

ma d e e n

ti re l y

or ma i n l y

of w ood or r e l a

te

d ma te

r

i a

l s such a s re consti tute d w ood pa ne l pr od ucts ma nuf a

cture r

s. T h e ca te

g o r

i z a t i o n cor re spond s to the Stand a r d I nd u str i al Cl assi f i cati on ( S I C ) cod e 24 e

s

ta

bl i s he d b y D e pa r

t

me nt of Comme r c e ' s B u r e a

u

of the Ce nsus to tra c

k the f

l ow of g ood s a nd se r

v i c e

s

w i thi n the e c

onomy . I t shoul d b e note d tha t si l v i c ul tur e ( d e v e l opme nt a nd ca r e of f

o

r e sts) a nd the pr e p a ra t i o n of fo re s

t

e

d a re a

s

fo r lo ggin g

is c o

v e re d by S I C 0 8

(fo re s

t

ry) a nd is no t a

ddre s

se d in t

h

is

indu s t

ry p r o f

ile
. I n t h

is

p ro f

ile , t h

e

indu s t

ry' s p r o c

e

s

se s

a r e div ide d in t

o fo u r ge ne ra l g roups: l o g g i ng ti mb e r ; pr od uci n g

l umb e r ; pa ne l pr od ucts a nd w ood preservi ng. T h e B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus est i mat e

s t h

at

i n 1992, empl o y ment i n these pr i nci pal categ o r

i es total e d appr ox i m atel y 306, 700 ( S ee E x hi bi t 1 fo r fa c

ilit y e m p l o y m e

n

t s i z e dis t

r

ibu t io n

)
. Th is

do e

s

no t inc l u d e t h

e a

ddit io na l e m p l o y m e

n

t ge ne ra t

e

d by t h

e

wo o

d c o

n

t

a

i ne r, s t

ru c t u r e wo o

d m e

m b e r , wo o

d kit c

h

e

n c a

bine t

, a nd wo o

d bu ildin g/ m o

bile h o

m e

se c

t

o

r

s . Shi p ment s i ncreased l e ss t h

an o ne percent i n 1993, t o

an est i mat e

d $78. 1 billio n . S a wm ills and p l an in g m ills (S IC 242) ac c

o

u n t

e

d fo r $24. 8 billio n ( 31 percent ) o f i nd u st ry shi p ment s i n 1993. L o ggi ng ( S IC 241) ad d e d an addit io na l $15. 6 billio n

(17. 8 p e rc en t )
. Th e De p a rt

m e

n

t o f C o m m e

rc e

p r o v ide s

t h

e

fo llo win g

t h

re e

- digit bre a

ko u t fo r lu m b e r

a

nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s

indu s t

rie s

in S I C 2 4

: SIC 241

- L o ggi ng S I C 2 4

2

- S a w m ills a

nd P l a n

in g M ills S I C 2 4

3

- M illwo r

k, V e ne e

r , P l ywo o

d , a nd S t ru c t u ra l W o

o

d Me mb e r

s SIC 244

- W o

o

d C o nt ai ners
S I C C o d e 24 4 S ep tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S I C 2 4

5

- W o

o

d Bu ildin gs a

nd M o b ile Ho m e

s SI C 2 4

9

- M i sce l l a ne ous W ood Pr od ucts. T h e mai n end use market f o

r t h

e i nd u st ry' s pro d uct s

i s t h

e new constr ucti on a nd re mod e l i n g

se ctor s. T h i s prof i l e cove r

s

l o g g i ng , sa w n l umb e r

pr od ucti on, pa ne l pr od ucts i ncl ud i n g

ve ne e

r

a nd pl y w ood ma nuf a

cture a nd r e consti tute d w ood p a ne l m a

n

u fa c

t u re (wh i c

h

inc l u d e s

p a rt

ic

le

bo a

r d (P B), h a

rdbo a

r d (HB), m e

diu m de n

s

it

y fibe rbo a

rd (M DF), a nd o r

ie

n

t

e

d s t

ra nd bo a

r d(O S B)), engi neered l umb er, and wo o

d preserv i ng. E a ch o f t h

ese are d i scussed i n gre a

t

e

r de t

a

il la t

e

r in t h

e p r o f

ile
. Th is

p r o f

ile do e

s

no t a ddre s

s pr od ucti on pr oce sse s, pol l u ti on outputs, or r e gu l a tor y i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n f o

r the fo llo win g t h

re e

- digit indu s t

rie s

c o

n

t

a

i ne d in S I C 2 4

: W o

o

d C o n

t

a

i ne rs (S IC 244), Wo o

d Bu ildin gs and M o b ile Ho m e

s

(S IC 245), and so m e

areas o

f M i scel l a neo u s Wo o

d Pro d uct s

( S IC 249)
. I I
. B
. C h a r

a

c

te r i z a tion of the Lum be r a

nd W ood Pr oduc ts

I ndustr y T h e

d i scussi on of the cha ra c

te

r

i z a t i o n of the l umb e r a nd w ood pr od ucts indu s t

ry is div ide d in t

o t h

e

fo llo win g

t o

p ic s : indu s t

ry s i z e a nd ge o

g ra p h ic dis t

r

ibu t io n ; ide n

t ific a

t io n

o f t

h

e

la rge s

t U
. S
. fa c

ilit ie

s

in t

h

e indu s t

ry by c a

p a c

i t

y ; a nd indu s t

ry e c

o

no m ic

t

r e nds
. II. B
. 1. Ind u st ry Si ze and D i st ri b u t i o n V a ria t io n

in fa c

ilit y c o

u n t s

o c

c

u r a c

ro s

s

da t

a

so u r c e

s

du e t

o

m a

n

y fa c

t

o

r

s , inc l u din g re p o rt

in g a nd de fin i t

i o n

diffe re nc e

s . Th is

do c

u m e

n

t do e

s no t a

tte mpt to re conci l e the se d i f f

e

r e nce s , b u t ra the r

r e por t s the d a ta

a s

the y are mai n t

a

i ned b y

each so urce. Ge ogr aphic Dis t r

i but i on Most of the w ood pr od ucts i nd u str y

i s conce n

tra t

e

d i n the Pa ci f i c N o rt

hw est and t h

e So ut heast
. H o w e ver, co ncent rat i o ns are al so f o

und a

c

ro s

s

t

h

e

M idwe s

t

, t h

e

No rt

h

e

a

s

t

, a nd in A p p a la

c

h

ia

(S e e Exh i bit s 2 a nd 3

)
. A ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y 1 / 3 of the U
. S. i s f

o

r e ste d
. Of thi s f

o

r e ste d a r e a

, tw ot

h

irds (480 m illio n ac res ) c o

n

t

ain at leas t 20 c u bic feet o f c o

m m e

rc ially u sable wo o

d p e r year p e r ac re, t h

e t h

res h

o

ld fo r det e

rm in in g wh et

h

e

r t i m b e r

la

nd c o

u ld be c o

m m e

rc ia

lly p r o d u c t i v e . Th e

a r e a

e a

s

t o f t h

e M i s s

i s

s

i p p i s t ill c o

n

t

a

i n s

a s i gn ific a

n

t a m o

u n t o f fo re s

t

e

d a c

re a

g e ; 1 5 5 m illio n

ac res are in t

h

e No rt

h

e

rn S t at

es and 195 m illio n

ac res are in t

h

e S o u t h
. Abo u t 130 m illio n

ac res o f fo res t

ed land is in Wes t

ern S t at

es .
S e p tem b e r 1995 5 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Exh i bit 4 illu s t

ra t

e

s t h

e la rge s

t lu m b e r

a

nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s

fa c

ilit ie

s

in t

h

e U
. S. b y

capaci ty .

S I C C o d e 24 6 S ep tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Ex hibit 1 I ndus tr

y Fac ility Size Distr ibution - 1992 Ty p e o

f F a c

ility F a c

ilities with 1 to 19 em p l o y ees F a c

ilities with 20 to 99 em p l o y ees F a c

ilities with 100 or more em p l o y ees To tal SIC 2411 - L o g

g

i n

g 12, 283 691 36 13, 010 SIC 2421 - L u mber 4, 400 1, 283 321 6, 004 SICs 2435 &2436 - Har d wood , Softwood Plyw o o d , Veneer 147 208 164 519
SIC 2491 - Wood P r es er v i n g 307 168 11 486 SIC 2493 - R e con s

ti tu te d W ood Pr o d uc t s 108 80 100 288

Sour c e : B a s e d

on 1992 B u r e a u of t

h

e C e ns

us

D a ta

. Ex hibit 2 Ge ogr a

phic Distr ibution of I ndustr y T o ta l Num b e r of Lum be r a

nd W ood Pr oduc ts

Fa c

ilities pe r Sta te *

1,782

2,110

2,671 66

292 158 553 457

101

311

143
1,179

68
41 HI AK 33

65

92

131

145 572

174

634

842

678 964 1,543 831 483 566 691 1,042 1,071

876 436 1,199 1,858 897 1,522

1,368 1,428 1,137 732 372 274

4 39 344

242 69 443

Total=33,987

So

ur

c e : B a sed o n

1987 B urea u o f the Census D a t a

. 1992 B urea u o f the Census D a t a

o

n S t

at

e b

r e akd ow n

w a

s n

o

t av ailab le

at t

h

e t

ime of p u

b

lic

at

ion
. *N o t e: E x h

i bi t rep resent s all in d

u

s t r i e

s w i t

h

i n S I C 2 4

.

S e p tem b e r 1995 7 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Ex hibit 3 Ge ogr a

phic Distr ibution of I ndustr y B r e a kdown of Lum be r a

nd W ood Fa c

ilities by Sta te Ty p e o

f F a c

ility Nu m b er o

f F a c

ilities P e r S tate L o g

g

i n

g A L -957, A K -37, A R -403, CA -525, F L -346, GA -796, ID -321, K Y-95, L A -413, M E -439, M I -341, M N -176, M S -531, M T

- 312, NH-130, NH-130, NY-209, NC-677, OH

- 128, OR-1, 293, P A -257, SC-559, T N -128, T X-297, V A -444, WA -597, WV -185, WI-384 Sawmills an d Plan n

i n

g

M ills A L -212, A Z-17, A R -218, CA -278, CO-48, CT -34, F L -94, GA -216, ID -100, IL -75, IN-155, K Y-185, L A -104, M E -141, M D -58, M A -89, M I -219, M N -96, M S -213, M O-237, M T -68, NH-83, NM -27, NY-231, NC-554, OH-172, OK -50, OR-309, P A -448, SC-126, SD -17, T N -345, T X-116, U T -26, V T -78, V A -370, WA -381, WV -188, WI-206, WY-28 M illwo o d , Plywo o d a

n

d S t ru ctu r a l Me m

b

e

r

s A L -158, A Z-146, A R -85, CA -1, 145, CO-140, CT -122, F L -661, GA -260, ID -66, IL -224, IN-213, IA -54, K S -70, K Y-78, L A -77, M E -31, M D -86, M A -172, M I -192, M N -165, M S -73, M O-144, M T -30, NE -47, NV -42, NH-47, NJ-165, NM -62, NY-378, NC-294, OH-225, OK -49, OR-298, P

A -315, RI-28, SC-105, SD -21, T N -153, T X-412, U T -82, V T -30, V A -185, WA -273, WV -26, WI-206 Wood Con t ain e

r

s A L -56, A R -39, CA -204, F L -37, GA -69, IL -13, IN-103, K Y-71, M I -144, M N -36, M S -39, M O-85, NJ-46, NY-82, NC-80, OH-172, OR-26, P A -155, SC-38, TN -87, T X-85, V A -54, WA -30, WI-83 Wo o d B u ild in gs

an d M o bile H omes A L -46, A Z-20, CA -87, CO-11, D E -2, F L -68, GA -53, ID -13, IL -25, IN-55, K S -12, M E -12, M D -13, M A -18, M I -34, M N -20, M S -12, M O-21, NE -7, NH-20, NY-27, NC-51, OH-36, OR-23, P A -72, T N -32, T X-74, V A -31, WA -18, WI-34 Mi sc el l a n

e

ou s Wood Pr o d uc t s A L -113, A R -84, CA -432, F L -161, GA -128, ID -43, IL -147, IN-96, IA -27, K Y-46, L A -58, M E -91, M D -36, M A -93, M I -141, M N -79, M S -96, M O-102, NH-72, NJ-71, NM -16, NY-210, NC-202, OH-143, OK -26, OR-159, P

A -181, SC-68, T N -88, T X-195, V T -115, WA -123, WV -36, WI-119 Sour c e : B a s e d

on 1987 B u r e a u of t

h

e C e ns

us

D a ta

. *

* 1992 B u r e a u of C e ns

us

D a ta

on State b

r e akdow n w a s not avai l a b

l e

at

t

h

e t

i m

e of

pu blic a t io

n

.

S I C C o d e 24 8 S ep tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Ex hibit 4 L a r

g est U. S
. L u m b e r an d Wood P r od u c ts

Fac ilities b y C a p a c

ity (1993)
Lumbe r Pr oduc t i o n 1. W e y e

r h

ae

u s e r C o . 2

. Georg i a-Pa c i f

i c

C orp . 3
. Loui si a n

a- Pa c i fi c C orp . 4

. Si e r r a P a c i f

i c

I n

du s t r i e

s 5. I n te

r n

atio n

a

l P a p e

r C o . 6

. Boi s e C a sc

a

d e

C orp . 7
. Pop e &Ta l b

ot

Inc
. 8. M a cM illan B l o e d e

l L t d
. 9

. W T

D I n d u s t r i es

I n

c. 1 0

. S i mp son Ti mbe r C o . Sof t w ood Pl yw ood 1. G eo r g

ia- P acif ic C o r p . 2. W illam e tte

I n

d u s t r i e

s I n

c. 3
. Boi s e C a sc

a

d e

C orp . 4

. Loui si a n

a- Pa c i fi c C orp. 5
. Rose b

urg F ore st

Produc t s C o . 6

. We y e

rha e use r C o . 7
. C h a

m

p i on Int e rna t i o

na

l 8

. Int e rna t i o

na

l Pa p e

r C o . 9. S t im

s o

n

L u m b

e r C o . 1 0

. S t one F ore st

Indust ri e

s Inc
.

Pa

rtic le bo a r d 1. G eo r g

ia- P acif ic C o r p . 2. W illam e tte

I n

d u s t r i e

s I n

c. 3
. W e y e

r h

a

e us er C o . 4. L o u i s i an a- P a cif

i c C o r p . 5. Te m

p le

- I n l an d F o r e s t Produc t s C orp . 6

. Rose b

urg F ore st

Produc t s C o . 7
. M a soni t e C orp . 8

. Al l e g

h

en

y

Pa r t i c

l e

b

o a

r d C o r p . 9

. Boi s e C a sc

a

d e

C orp . 10. T i m

b

e r P r o d u c t s C o . S of t w ood V e ne e r 1
. S co t c h

P l y w o o d C o . o f Alab am a 2

. S t o

ne

F ore st

Indust ri e

s Inc
. 3
. F re re

s Lumb e r C o . Inc
. 4

. Su n St u d s I n

c. 5
. P lu m C r ee

k

M a n

u f

a

ctu r in

g , L
. P
. 6

. H unt Pl y w ood C o . Inc
. 7
. Oma k

Wood Produc t s , Inc
. 8. R o s e

b

u r

g

F o r e s t P r o d u c ts 9

. G r een Ven eer I n

c. 1 0

. WTD Indu st ri e

s Inc
. O S B / Waf er

boar d 1
. L o u is ian a- P acif ic C o r p . 2. P o tlatch C o r p . 3
. G eorg i a-Pa c i f

i c

C orp . 4

. W e y e

r h

a

e u se r C o . 5
. J
. M
. H u b e r C orp . 6

. N orb ord Indust ri e

s 7
. Roy O. M a rt

i n

Lumb e r C o . Inc
. 8

. I nt e r na

t i ona l Pa p e

r C o . 9

. L an gd ale F o r e s t P r o d u c t s C o .

M e d ium

- de ns ity F i be rbo a rd 1
. W illam e tte

I n

d u s t r i e

s I n

c. 2. L o u i s i an a- P a cif

i c C o r p . 3
. M ed i t e C o r p . 4

. M as o n

it

e C o r p . 5
. Pl um C r eek M a n

u fa c t uri n g , L
. P. 6

. G eorg i a-Pa c i f

i c

C orp . 7
. S i e rra-Pi n e , Lt d. 8

. W ey er h

a

eus e r C o . 9

. N orb ord Indust ri e

s 10. B a s s e

t t I n

d u s t r i e

s S o

u

r c e : A m eri c a

n

F o rest & P a per A ssoc i at

i o

n

, Wood Te c h

n

o l o

gy' s 1994- 95 N o rt

h A m eri c a

n

F a c t b

ook
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 9 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Ex hibit 4 (c ont' d) L a r

g est U. S
. L u m b e r an d Wood P r od u c ts

Fac ilities b y C a p a c

ity (1993)
H a r dboa r d
1. G eo r g

ia- P acif ic C o r p . 2

. M a soni t e C orp . 3. W e y e

r h

ae

u s e r C o . 4. W o o d F i b e r I n

d u s t r i e

s I n

c. 5
. Loui si a n

a- Pa c i fi c C orp . 6

. S t i m

son Lumb e r C o . 7
. Ev a n

i t

e F i b e r C orp . 8

. D ee F ore st

Produc t s Inc
.
La m i na te d V e ne e r L u mb e r, I-jo is ts 1. L o u i s i an a- P a cif

i c C o r p . 2. W illam e tte

I n

d u s t r i e

s I n

c. 3. G eo r g

ia- P acif ic C o r p . 4. Tect o

n

L a m

i n

a t e s 5. S o u t

h

C o as t L u m b

e r C o . P a r a

l l e l , La m i na te d St r a

nd Lum be r 1
. T r u s

J

o

is

t M a cM illian
Glu la m B e a ms 1. W illam e tte

I n

d u s t r i e

s I n

c. 2

. A nt hony F ore st

Produc t s C o .
Pa ne l b oa r d 1
. Ge org i a-Pa c i f

i c

C orp .
C o mp o s ite P a n e ls
1
. O r e go

n

S t

r a

n

d B oar d C o .

S o

u

r c e : A m eri c a

n

F o rest & P a per A ssoc i at

i o

n

, Wood Te c h

n

o l o

gy' s 1994- 95 N o rt

h A m eri c a

n

F a c t b

ook
. I I
. B.2
. Ec o

no m ic

Tre nds Th e

lu m b e r

a nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s

indu s t

ry is h e

a

v ily de p e nd e n

t u p o n t h

e h

e

a

l t

h

o f t h

e

U
. S
. re s

ide n

t ia

l c o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n

a nd h o

u se h

o

ld fu rn it

u r e indu s t

rie s . Lu m b e r

a

nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s

h

ip m e

n

t s

inc r e a

se d le s

s

t

h

a

n

o ne percent i n 1993 and t h

i s l o w l e vel o f gro w t h

i s expect ed t o

co nt i n ue i n 1994. D o mest i c

w o o

d pro d uct s

shi p ment s o v er t h

e next f

i ve years are e

x

pe cte d to re ma i n consta nt. Si nce t h

e mi d

- 1980' s, t i mb er harvest s

f r o m publ i c l y - o w ned l a nd s have de c

line d by m o

re t h

a

n

5 0

p e rc e

n

t

. Th e de c

line is du e t o ne w la nd m a

na ge m e

n

t p o lic ie

s

by t h

e

Fe de ra l go v e rn m e

n

t t

h

a

t h a

v e re du c e

d t h

e amount of l a nd avai l a bl e f o

r

har v esti ng . A ccord i n g to the H a r d w ood Pl y w ood a nd Ve ne e

r

A ssoci a t i o n, the r e ha s be e

n

a s u bs t

a

n

t ia

l de c

line in t

h

e

u se o f h a

rdwo o

d p l ywo o

d p r e f

in is

h

e

d wa ll p a ne lin g du e t o

s h

ift s

in c o

n

s

u m e

r p r e f

e

r e nc e , a de c

line in

S I C C o d e 24 10 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s promoti on and ad ver t i s

i n g b y

maj o r

manuf a

cturer s, chang e s i n the cost of p l ywo o

d p a ne lin g re la

t

e

d t o

gyp s u m wa llbo a

rd, a nd t h

e p u blic ' s c o

nc e

r

n a

b o u t re a

l o r

p e rc e

i v e d fo rm a

lde h

y de re le

a

se s

fro m wa ll p a ne lin g. W i t

h re spe c

t to re consti tute d w ood pa ne l prod ucts shi p me nts of PB , OSB , a nd M D F a r e a ll inc re a

s

i n g

ra p idly. U
. S
. s h

ip m e

n

t s o f M D F we re a t re c

o

rd l e

vel s i n 1993. T h e engi neered l umb er sect o

r

o f t h

e i nd u st ry ( r eco n

st

i t

ut ed wo o

d sub s

ti tutes f o

r

saw n l umb er ) , i s cur r e ntl y seei ng a ra pi d r i se i n pr od ucti on. T h e pr od ucti on of g l ul a m b e a

m s a nd l a mi na te

d ve ne e

r lu m b e r

(LV L ), t w o t

y p e s

o f e

n

gine e

r e d lu m b e r , is inc r e a

s

i n g

ra p idly a nd t

h

i s i ncreased gro w t h

i s expect ed t o

co nt i n ue. B y

2003, t h

e N o rt

h A m e

r

ic

a

n o u t p u t o f LV L is e

x

p e c

t

e

d t o

re a

c

h

9 8

m illio n

ft 3

(t h

e

Am e

r

ic

a

n P l ywood As soc i at io n ' s p r od u c t

i o n

es t

i m a

t

e

fo r LV L in 1995 is 33 m illio n ft

3

).

S e p tem b e r 1995 11 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t III. I N D UST R I AL P R O C ESS D E S CRIP T I O N Th is se c

t io n de sc r

ibe s t h

e m a jo r indu s t

ria l p r o c

e

s

se s

wit h

in t

h

e

lu m b e r a

nd wo o

d p ro d u c t s

indu s t

ry, inc l u din g t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l s

a nd e q

u i p m e

n

t used , and t h

e pro c

esses empl o y ed
. T h e sect i o n i s d e si gned f o

r t h

o

se in t

e

re s

t

e

d in ga in in g a ge ne ra l u nde rs

t

a

ndin g o f t h

e indu s t

ry, a nd fo r those i n te

re ste d i n the i n te

r - r e l a

ti onshi p b e tw e e

n

the i nd u str i a

l pr oce s

s a

nd t h

e

t

o

p ic s

de sc r

ibe d in s

u bse q

u e n

t se c

t io n

s

o f t h

is p r o f

ile

-- p o llu t a

n

t outputs, pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on oppor t uni t i e

s, a nd F e d e ra l r e gu l a ti ons. Th is

se c

t io n

do e

s

no t a t t

e

m p t t o re p lic a

t

e p u blis h

e

d e n

gine e

r

in g in fo rm a

t io n

t

h

a

t is a

v a ila ble fo r t h

is

indu s t

ry. R e fe

r t o S e c

t io n I X fo r a lis t o

f ref e

rence d o cument s t h

at

are avai l a bl e. Th is

se c

t io n

s p e c

ific a

lly c o

n

t

a

i n s

a de sc r

ip t i o n

o f c o

m m o

n

l y u se d prod ucti on pr ocesses, associ ated ra w mater i al s, the b y - p r o d u cts pr od uced o

r

re le

a

se d , a nd t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l s

e

i t

h

e

r

re c

y c l e

d o r

t

ra n

s

f

e

rre d o ff-s it

e . Th is disc u s s

i o n , c o

u p le d wit h

sc h

e

m a

t ic

dra w in gs o f t

h

e

ide n

t ifie d p r o c

e

s

se s , pr ovi d e a conci se d e scr i p ti on of w h e

r e w a ste s

ma y

b e prod uce d i n the p ro c

e

s

s . Th is se c

t io n

a l so de sc r

ibe s

t

h

e

p o t

e

n

t ia

l fa t

e

(a ir, wa t

e

r, la nd ) o f t

h

ese wast e pro d uct s . III. A
. I ndustr ia l Pr oc es s es in the Lum be r a

nd W ood I ndustr y T h i s secti o n d e scr i b es the maj o r

pr ocesses used b y

the l umb er and w ood p ro d u c t s

indu s t

ry. I t is div ide d in t

o

t

h

e

fo llo win g

se c

t io n

s : lo ggin g , sa wn lu m b e r , p a ne lin g (inc lu din g v e ne e

r

a

nd p l ywo o

d a nd re c

o

n

s

t i t

u t e

d wo o

d panel pro d uct s

) , engi neered l umb er, and wo o

d preserv i ng. I n f

o

r

m a

t i o n f o

r

the se d e scr i p ti ons w a s ob ta i ne d f r om a va r

i e

t y of sour ce s inc l u din g Ch aract eri zat i o

n

of Man u

f act u

ri n g

P r ocesses, E m i ssi on s, an d P o l l u t

i on P reven t

i on O p t

i on s f o

r t h

e Com p

osi t e Wood I n du st

ry ( M art i n and N o rt

hei m , 1995) , F o rest P r od u

c

t

s

an d

Wood S c i e

n

c

e

( H aygreen and B o wyer, 1989) , and Gu i d

e to P o l l u t

i on P rev en t

i on : Wood P reserv i n g I n d

u

st

ry (U.S
. E P A, 1993)
.

S I C C o d e 24 12 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Ex hibit 5 Ex a

m ple Flow Dia gr a

m For a

Lum be r Pr oduc tion Fa c

ility

To Customer To Customer To Customer

To Customer

To Customer

To Customer To Customer SAW (SAWMILL) ROUGH LUMBER

SILO PM

SORTER/ STACKER CO1 (CYCLONE) WOOD WASTE WOOD WASTE

ROUGH LUMBER SILO BO1 (BOILER) STEAM

KO2 (DRY KILN) KO1 (DIRECT FIRED

DRY KLIN) CO, VOC, NOX, SOX, PM

DRIED LUMBER CO, VOC, NOX, SOX, PM

SHAVINGS CO2 (CYCLONE) PM

FUGITIVE EMISSIONS PM (PLANER MILL) UNTREATED PLANED LUMBER PLANED LUMBER

CO4 (CYCLONE) PM PURCHASED

LUMBER

SANDERDUST TRW BLOCKS

CH1 (CHIPPER) CHIPS CO3 (CYCLONE) FUGITIVE EMISSIONS PURCHASED LUMBER

TRT (TREATMENT PLANT)

TREATED LUMBER RMN (REMANUFACTORING)

FUGITIVE EMISSIONS

Sour c e : Sout he

r n

Lum b

e r Manuf ac

t u

r i ng A s s o

c i at

i o

n, 1995. L o ggi ng T i mb er har v esti ng may b e accompl i s hed b y

ei ther manual or mechani c al me a

n

s. H o w e ve r , the tra d i t i o na l me thod s of ha nd sa w i ng or a x use a r e

S e p tem b e r 1995 13 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t al most never used
. Chai n saw s pow e r e d b y

g a sol i ne eng i nes or l a r

g e fe

llin g m a

c

h

ine s a re c u rre n

t ly u se d t o

c u t do wn s t

a

ndin g t r e e

s . Th e fe

llin g m a

c

h

ine s u se h y dra u lic a

lly-a c

t iv a t

e

d s h

e

a

rs

t

h

a

t c

u t t

h

e

t

r e e

a t it s b a se a nd tra n

spor t i t to a col l e cti o n poi n t. T h e

l o gs a r e tra n

spor te

d b y motor i z e d ca bl e or b y tra c

tor to l a r

g e r

col l e cti o n a r e a

s f o

r

tra n

spor ta

ti on ( u sua l l y b

y

motor tr uck s

or w a te

r

) to the sa w m ill. Sawn Lumbe r S a wn lu m b e r

is so ft

wo o

d o r

h a

rdwo o

d t r

im m e

d a t a s a

wm ill a nd d e sti ned f o

r a f u tur e use such as constr ucti on, i nd u str i al , or f u r n

i t

ure pr od ucts. Most of the comme r c i a

l l y i m por t

a

n

t sof t w ood spe c

i e

s such a s Souther n

Yel l o w Pi ne, Wester n Pi nes, Wester n H e ml ock , Spr u ce, and D o ug l a s F i r g row i n the South or W e

st. Sof t w ood b o a

r d s a r e use d pr i m ar i l y f

o

r

f

rami n g

l i g ht constr ucti on such as homes, school s, chur ches, a

nd fa rm bu ildin gs . Ha rdwo o

d s p e c

ie

s

s u c h

a s

M a p l e a nd O a k, a r e gro w n a nd p ro c

e

s

se d m a

in ly in t

h

e

Ea s

t

e

r

n

p o rt

io n

o f t

h

e

U
. S
. a nd a r e u se d fo r flo o

r

in g, fu rn it

u r e , a nd c ra t in g. Exh i bit 5 illu s t

ra t

e

s t h

e lu m b e r

p r o d u c t i o n

p r o c

e

s

s . Lo gs a

r e de liv e r e d t o sa wm ills fro m t

h

e

fo re s

t a nd s t

o

r e d in p o nd s o r

o n

la nd
. M o s

t wo o

d is store d on l a nd
. L o gs a r e some ti me s stor e d a t i n te

r

m e

d i a te

poi n ts be t w e e

n t h

e fo re s

t a nd t h

e s a

wm ill. I f s

t

o

r e d o n

la nd , t h

e

lo gs a

r e u s u a lly spra y e d w i th w a te

r

to k e e

p

the m moi s t a nd pr e v e n

t cra c

ki ng . T h e

ra w lo gs a

re de ba rke d a nd t h

e

n

c

u t in t

o

c

a

n

t s

(p a r

t i a

lly c u t lu m b e r

), wh ic

h a r e t

r

im m e

d in t

o ra w lu m b e r . A s t

h

e

lo gs a r e de ba rke d , ba rk is u se d a s

h o

g f

u el f o

r b o i l e r

s or sol d as mul ch. Shavi n gs , saw d ust, and chi p s can al so be u se d a t p a p e r m ills a nd re c

o

n

s

t i t

u t e

d wo o

d p a ne l m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g pl ant s . T h e

ca nts a re cut to spe c

i f

i c

l e ng ths or f

i ni she d f u r t

he r d e pe nd i n g on the fina l de s

t ina t io n

o

f t

h

e

lu m b e r

p r o d u c t

. M o s

t lu m b e r is drie d t o a s p e c

ific m o

is

t u re c o

n

t

e

n

t (c o

ndit io ne d) t h

ro u g h a i r o r

kiln dryin g . A i r dryin g , wh ic

h e n

t

a

ils s t ic

ke rin g (s p a c

i n g

) a nd s t

a

c

kin g

t

h

e

c u t lu m b e r

in o p e n s

t

o

ra g e a re a

s , u s u a lly re q

u ire s se v e ra l m o

n

t

h

s

t

o

a

fe w ye a

r

s . K iln dryin g is

m o

re t

i m e

e ffic i e

n

t be c

a

u se it u se s c o

n

t

ro lle d a i r flo w wit h

in a v e n

t

e

d cl ose d cha m b e r to q u i c kl y d r y the l umb e r

to a spe c

i f

i e

d moi s tur e conte n

t. W h

e

t

h

e

r lu m b e r

is a i r- o r

kiln -drie d de p e nd s u p o n

v a ria ble s

s

u c h

a s t h

e m o

is

t u re c

o

n

t

e

n

t o

f t

h

e

s

p e c

ie

s

a

nd t h

e

h u m idit y o f t

h

e

re gio n . S a wm ills fre q

u e n

t ly p e rfo r

m s u rfa c

e

p r o t

e

c

t io n

o p e ra t io n

s

t o

p r o t

e

c

t l umb e r

a g a i nst sa psta i n i n g

tha t ma y

occur d u r i ng te mpora r

y stora g e . Sa psta i n s d o not a tta ck the str u ctura l compone n

ts of the w ood b u t d o a

ffe c

t t h

e s u rfa c

e , c o

lo rin g

it wit h

da rk blu e o r

bla c

k s t

a

i n s . Th is

S I C C o d e 24 14 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s d i scol o ra ti on i s of te

n ob j e cti o na bl e to the b u

y e r a nd ma y d e cr e a

se the va l u e of the w ood a nd i t s a cce pta nce of f

i ni she s . S u rfa c

e

p ro t

e

c

t io n

is t

y p i c a

lly c o

nd u c t

e

d a t m ills t h

a

t p r o c

e

s

s h a

rdwo o

d s ; how e ver , sof t w ood s cut f o

r

ex por t may al so b e sur f

ace pr otected
. Pl ants ty pi ca l l y tr e a

t the i r

l umb e r

w i th sur f

a

c

e

pr ote cta n

ts onl y d u r i ng humi d months, d e pe nd i n g

on the r e g i on of the countr y

i n w h i c

h the y

ope ra t

e . W o

o

d t h

a

t is kiln -drie d is no t no rm a

lly s u rfa c

e

- p r o t

e

c

t

e

d
. A ll gre e

n w ood to b e e x

por t

e

d i s pr ote cte d
. T h e

most popul a r

sur f

a

c

e

pr ote cta n

t c

u rren t ly u sed by ap p r o x

im at

ely 85% o f all m a jo r U. S
. m ills wh o

t

r eat lu m b e r

is a so lu t i o n

c o

m p o se d o f 3

- io do-z -p ro p

y n y l bu t y l c a

rba m a

t

e (I P B C ) , dide c

y l dim e

t

h

y l a m m o

n

i u m c h

lo ride (DDA C ) , a nd ine r

t in gre die n

t s . Th e

so lu t i o n

is dilu t e

d wit h

wa t

e

r t o

a

ra t i o

o f 3 5

- 1 fo r s p ra y b o x appl i c at

i o n and 100- 1 f o

r d i p t

a

nk appl i c at

i o ns. Th re e

m a jo r p r o c

e

s

se s

a

r e u se d by sa wm ills t

o

a

p p l y s u rfa c

e p r o t

e

c

t

a

n

t t o w ood : the d i p pr oce ss, the spra y

pr oce ss, a nd the g r e e

n

cha i n pr oce ss. Typ i c a

lly t h

e

sa wm ill will u se o n

ly o ne p r o c

e

s

s

t o

s u rfa c

e

p r o t

e

c

t ; how e ve r , some pl a n

ts use a comb i n a

t i o n of proce sse s to prote ct l umb e r

a

t diffe re n

t lo c

a

t i o n

s

t

h

ro u g h o

u t a m ill. Dip p i n g

is a ba t

c

h p r o c

e

s

s ; gre e

n chai n and spra y

operati o ns ar e conti n uous processes. T h e process used i n f

l ue nce s

the a m ount of contro l a pl a n

t ha s ove r

the w a ste i t g e ne ra te

s d u r i ng the sur f

a

c

e

pr ote cti o n pr oce ss. D i p ope ra t i o ns of f

e

r

the b e st oppor t uni t y

to contr o l d r i ppa g e si nce a n o

w ne r o r

o p e ra t

o

r

h a

s

t

h

e

a b ilit y t o

ke e

p t h

e

wo o

d o v e r

t

h

e

t

a

n

k

u n t il it s

t

o

p s drip p i n g . Dip p i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

c a

n le a

d t o u nc o

n

t

ro lle d drip p a ge wh e

n m ills do no t a

llo w t h

e

t

r e a

t

e

d lo a

d s t

o

s

t

o

p

drip p i n g

be fo re t

h

e

ne xt lo a

d is dip p e d. Lu m b e r

is dip p e d in h o

riz o n

t

a

l bu ndle s , a nd a s a re s

u lt , l i q ui d i s of te

n tra ppe d b e tw e e

n

pi e c

e

s

of w ood
. W h

e

n

f

o

r

kl i f ts re move the l umb e r , l a r

g e q u a n

ti ti e s of pr ote cta n

t ca n d r i p f

r om the w ood onto the gro u nd if t h

e

lu m b e r

is t

i p p e d. U n like dip p i n g , t h

e

s

p ra y o p e ra t io n

is a c o

n

t in u o u s p r o c

e

s

s . I ndiv idu a l pi eces o f l umb er are f e

d end

- t o - end b y

chai n, ro l l e r, o r

co nv eyo r b e l t t

h

ro u g h a s p ray bo x. Th e s p ray bo x is o f t

e

n

equ i pped wit h

flexible b r ushe s or cur t

a

i ns a t b oth e nd s to i sol a t

e

the f o

r

mul a t i o n spra y a nd m i n i m i z e drip p a ge . A drip p a n

is u s u a lly inc o

rp o ra t

e

d in t

o

t

h

e de s

i gn o f the spra y

b o x

a

l l o w i ng f

o

r

mul a t i o n to r e tur n

to the w o r

k

ta nk
. Green- c hai n syst ems represent ano t

h

er t y pe o f co nt i n uo us o p erat i o n. T h e green- c hai n i s so- named b e cause chai ns d rag f r esh cut ( o r " g reen" ) l umb er thr o ug h a ta nk of pr ote cta n

t f o

r

mul a t i o n a nd b a ck out a g a i n f o

r sor t i n g a

nd gra din g. A dip v a t c o

n

t

a

i n i n g a n

t i -s t

a

in fo rm u l a t io n is t y p i c a

lly

S e p tem b e r 1995 15 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t l o ca te

d a t the he a

d of the g r e e

n

cha i n a nd the w ood f a

l l s i n to thi s va t fro m t

h

e

c u t t i n g

o p e ra t io n

s . S o m e

s

y s t

e

m s

u t iliz e wh e

e

l s

o r ro lle rs ju s t a

b ove the f

o

r

mul a t i o n sur f

a

c

e

to f o

r c e

the w ood pi e c

e

s i n to the sol u ti on. A s the w ood i s d ra w n f r om the va t a nd a l ong the g r e e

n cha i n, e x ce ss f

o

r

mul a t i o n i s re l e

a

se d f r om the w ood onto the r e tur n d r i p pa n. Gre e

n cha i n ope ra t i o ns a r e ty pi ca l l y the l e a

s

t contro l l a bl e w i th r e spe c

t to drip p a ge . P ane l P r oduc t s T h i s

secti o n d e scr i b es tw o cl asses of panel prod ucts: ( 1 ) hard w ood veneer , sof t w ood ve ne e

r , a nd pl y w ood ; a nd ( 2 ) r e consti tute d w ood pr od ucts. Ha r

d wood V e ne e r a

nd Sof twood V e ne e r a

nd Plywood Ve ne e

r i s a thi n she e

t of w ood pe e

l e

d or sl i c e

d f r om bl ock s

of l umb e r c

a

lle d flit c

h

e

s o r

lo gs . V e ne e

r

is glu e d t o

g e t

h

e

r t o

fo rm p l ywo o

d
. Ha rdwo o

d fo u nd in t h

e W e

s

t

e

r

n a nd S o u t h

e

rn U
. S
. is ge ne ra lly u se d t o ma nuf a

cture ha rd w ood pl y w ood
. Sof t w ood l o gs f

r om the N o r

t

hw e s

t a nd E a ste r

n U
. S. a re use d to ma k e sof t w ood pl y w ood
. Sof t w ood pl y w ood i s pr i m a

r

i l y use d f o

r

constr ucti on. Sof t w ood ve ne e

r

a nd pl y w ood i s t y p i c a

lly u se d fo r s t

ru c t u ra l a nd indu s t

ria l a p p lic a

t io n

s

a nd re p r e se n

t s ove r

9 0

pe rc e

n

t, b y

vol ume , of U
. S. pr od ucti on. H a r d w ood ve ne e

r a nd p l ywo o

d is u se d t y p i c a

lly fo r de c

o

ra t i v e a p p lic a

t io n

s a nd fo r m a

kin g in t

e

rio r p a ne lin g, c o

m p o ne n

t s

fo r fu rn it

u r e a nd c a

bine t s , a nd s p e c

ia

lt

y pro d uct s . T h ere are sev e ral o t

h

er i m po rt

ant d i f f

e

rences b e t w een sof t w ood pl y w ood a nd ha r d w ood pl y w ood : sof t w ood pl y w ood i s general l y mad e w i t h rel a t i vel y t

h

i c

k f a

ces ( 1 / 10” and t h

i c

ker) and w i t h e

x

te

r

i or or i n te

r

m e

d i a te

g l ue ( f o

r

pr ote cte d constr ucti on a nd i nd u str i a

l u se s wh e

re m o

de ra t

e

de la

ys in p r o v idin g p r o t

e

c

t io n

m i gh t be e

x

p e c

t

e

d o r c

o

ndit io n

s

o f h i gh h u m idit y a nd wa t

e

r le a

k a g e m a

y e x

is

t )
. Ha rdwo o

d pl yw o o

d i s mad e w i t h

f

a

ce veneers general l y 1/ 32” and t h

i nner. B e cause of i t s na tur e a

nd the use of d e cora ti ve thi n f a

ce ve ne e

r

s, the g l ue s use d f o

r ha rd w ood pl y w ood te nd to b e col o r

l e

ss or l i g ht i n col o r so a s not to d i scol o r the sur f

a

c

e

s

i f the a d he si ve bl e e

d s i n to a nd thr o ug h the thi n fa c

e

s . W h

ile m o

s

t h a

rdwo o

d p l ywo o

d is a ll v e ne e

r , so m e

is m a

de wit h p a rt

ic

le

bo a

rd a nd m e

diu m de n

s

it

y fibe rbo a

rd c o

re . T h e

g e ne ra l pr oce sse s f o

r

ma k i ng sof t w ood a nd ha r d w ood pl y w ood a r e t

h

e

sa m e : lo g de ba rkin g, lo g s t

e

a

m i n g

a nd o r so a

k in g, v e ne e

r c u t t i n g , veneer d r y i ng , veneer pr eparati o n, g l ue appl i c ati o n, pr essi ng , panel t

r

im m i n g , a nd p a ne l sa ndin g. Th e

se ba s

i c

p r o c

e

s

se s

a r e illu s t

ra t

e

d in Exh i bit 7
. Ne v e rt

h

e

le

s

s , t h

e

r e a

r e diffe re nc e

s

in de t

a

ils in t h

e

se so ft

wo o

d a

nd ha rd w ood pl y w ood pr oce sse s. B e ca use of i t s g r e a

te

r

vol ume , thi s
S I C C o d e 24 16 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

se c

t io n

p r im a

r

ily de sc r

ibe s

so ft

wo o

d v e ne e

r

a

nd p l ywo o

d m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g. Ho we v e r, it is no t

e

d wh e

r e de t

a

ils o f t h

e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g p r o c

e

s

s a r e sub s

ta nti a l l y d i f f

e

re nt f o

r

ha r d w ood pl y w ood
. Most sof t w ood pl y w ood pl a n

ts a l so pr od uce ve ne e

r . Most ha r d w ood pl y w ood pl a n

ts purc ha se compone n

ts f o

r

ma k i ng pl y w ood f r om outsi d e so u rc e

s . Lo gs re c

e

iv e d a t t

h

e

p l a n

t a r e de ba rke d a nd c u t in t

o le n

g

t

h

s a

ppr opr i a

t

e f o

r

the pl a n

t's pr oce ssi ng e q

ui pme n

t. A l most a l l ha r d w ood a

nd ma ny sof t w ood bl ock s

a r e he a

t

e

d pr i o r to cutti ng or pe e

l i n g the v e neer t o

so f t

en t h

e wo o

d
. T h e cut l o gs are heat ed b y st eami ng, so aki n g i n hot w a te

r , spra y i ng w i th hot w a te

r , or comb i n a

t i o ns of the se me thod s. Th e

h e

a

t in g t i m e

re q

u ire d de p e nd s o n

t

h

e

dia m e

t

e

r o f t

h

e lo g, s p e c

ific grav i t y, mo i s

t u re co nt ent , and t h

e t e

mperat ure need ed t o pro p erl y peel tha t pa r

t i c

ul a r

spe c

i e

s of w ood
. Th e m a jo r m e

t

h

o

d s fo r p r o d u c in g v e ne e

r

a r e s lic in g a nd p e e

lin g. Th e ma j o r

i ty of ve ne e

r

i s pr od uce d b y

pe e

l i n g

( r ota r

y

cutti ng ) on a ve ne e

r l a

the i n to she e

t s of uni f or m thi c k ne ss. Sl i c i n g i s use d to pr od uce h

a

rdwo o

d de c

o

ra t i v e v e ne e

r

s

fro m a flit c

h

ge ne ra lly in t h

ic

kne s

se s

o f 1/ 24” and t h

i nner, and i s sel d o m used w i t h

so f t w o o

d
. In ei t h

er case, t h

e w ood i s f o

rc ed und e r a pr essur e b a r

that sl i g htl y compr e sses the w ood as i t

hi ts the cutti ng e d g e of a k n i f

e . On a r ota r

y l a the , the bl ock , or l o g se cti o n, conti n uousl y rota te

s a g a i nst the k n i f

e

a nd the pre ssur e b a r a nd peel s a sheet o f v e neer f r o m t

h

e heat ed bl o c

k. T h e veneer i s peel ed at a rat e

o f 300 t o

800 l i neal f eet / m i n . A seri es o f 1 2 0

- f

oot l o ng tra y s i s use d i n ma ny sof t w ood pl y w ood pl a n

ts to g e ntl y hand l e t h

ese l o ng sheet s o f wo o

d as t h

ey are peel ed f r o m t

h

e chuck. In so ft

wo o

d m ills a nd so m e

h a

rdwo o

d m ills , h i gh-s p e e

d c lip p e rs aut o

m at

i c

al l y cho p

t

h

e veneer ri b b o ns t o

usabl e w i d t hs at speed s o f 1500 line a

l fe e

t

/ m in
. I n h a

rdwo o

d m ills , c lip p i n g

m a

y be do ne m a

n

u a lly t o ob tai n the max i mum amount of cl ear mater i al f r om the f l i t ch. A f t

e

r t h

e v e ne e

r is p e e

l e

d a nd c lip p e d, it m u s t be drie d. Two t

y p e s

o f drye rs a re u se d in so ft

wo o

d v e ne e

r

m ills : ro lle r re s

i s

t

a

n

t drye rs , h e

a

t

e

d by fo rc ed air; and p l at en dryers , h e

at

ed by s t

eam . In o lder ro ller dryers , a

l so s t ill wide ly u se d fo r h a

rdwo o

d v e ne e

r , a i r is c i rc u l a t

e

d t h

ro u g h a z o ne pa ra l l e l to the ve ne e

r

( se e

E x hi bi t 6 )
. Most pl a n

ts b u i l t i n r e ce nt ye a

r

s

u se je t drye rs

(a lso c

a

lle d im p i n g e m e

n

t drye rs

) t h

a

t dire c

t a

c

u rre n

t o

f ai r, at a vel o ci t y

o f 2, 000 t o

4, 000 f eet / m i n . , t h

ro ugh smal l t u b e s o n t h

e surf ace o f t

h

e v e neer. Veneer d r yers may b e heat ed i nd i r ect l y wi t h

st eam, generat e

d b y

a se p a ra t

e

bo ile r, wh ic

h

is c

i rc u l a t

e

d t h

ro u g h in t

e

rna l c o

ils in c o

n

t

a

c

t wit h

S e p tem b e r 1995 17 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t dryer air. Dryers m a

y also be h e

at

ed direc t l y by t h

e c o

m b

u s t i o n gase s o f a ga s - o r

wo o

d -fire d bu rne r . Th e

ga s -fire d bu rne r

is lo c

a

t

e

d in s

ide t

h

e d r y e r , w h e

r e a

s comb usti on g a se s f r om a w ood

- f i r e d b u r ne r

a r e mi x e d wit h

re c

i rc u l a t in g drye r a i r in a ble nd bo x o u t s

ide t h

e drye r a nd t h

e

n tra n

spor te

d i n to the d r y e r . Ve ne e

r

d r y e r

s

te nd to re l e

a

se or g a ni c a e

r o sol s , g a se ous or g a ni c compound s, a nd sma l l a m ounts of w ood f i b e r

i n to the at

mo sphere.
Ex hibit 6 Ve ne e r Dr ye r (Longitudina l)

So urc e: B a s i c

P ly wo o

d

P r o

c

essi ng . F rom the d r y e r , the she e

t s of ve ne e

r

tra v e l to a g l ue a ppl i c a

t i o n sta t i o n. N a rro w pi eces o f hard wo o

d v e neers are o f t

e

n jo i ned wi t h

an ad hesi v e a

nd /or str i ng to ma x

i mi z e r e cove r

y . I n the g l ui ng proce ss, a l so k now n a s la

yu p , a d h e

s

i v e is a p p lie d t o t h

e

indiv idu a l s h

e

e

t s

o f v e ne e

r

wh ic

h

a r e la

t

e

r a s

se m ble d in t

o

p l ywo o

d
. V a rio u s a d h e

s

i v e a p p lic a

t io n

s

y s t

e

m s

a r e used i ncl ud i n g hard r o l l s , spong e r o l l s , cur t

ai n coater s, spra y e r

s , and f

o

am ex tr

ud er s. T h e most common appl i c ati o n f o

r

sof t w ood pl y w ood i s an ai r o r

ai rl ess spray syst em, w h i c

h general l y uses a f i xed

- head a

ppl i c a

tor ca pa bl e of a 1 0

- f

oot w i d e spra y

a t a noz z l e pr e ssur e of 3 0

0 p o u nds p e r sq u a re inc h

(p s i ). R o lle r a p p lic a

t io n

s

a

r e m o

s

t c

o

m m o

n

in t

h

e ma nuf a

cture of ha rd w ood pl y w ood
. Wi th spra y sy stems, contr o l of g l ue spr e ad s i s achi eved b y

ad j u sti n g

the v e neer co nv eyo r

speed , o r

b

y

changi ng t h

e si ze o f t

h

e spray no zzl e o r

i f

i c

e. W a

s

t

e

s

ge ne ra t

e

d in t

h

e

la yu p p r o c

e

s

s inc l u d e a d h e

s

i v e wa s

t

e (t yp ic a

lly o

v e r

s

p ra y), a nd o ff-s p e c

p l ywo o

d
.
S I C C o d e 24 18 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

T h e

phe nol

- f o

r

m a

l d e hy d e ( P F) ty pi ca l i n sof t w ood pl y w ood m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g a nd u r e a

-fo rm a

lde h

y de (U F) a d h e

s

i o n

s

t

y p i c a

lly u se d in ha rd w ood pl y w ood a r e ma d e f

r om r e si ns sy nthe si z e d i n re g i ona l pl a n

ts a

nd s h

ip p e d t o

indiv idu a l p l ywo o

d m ills
. A t t h

e m ills , t h

e re s

i n s a r e c

o

m b ine d wit h e x

t

e

nd e r

s , fille rs , c a

t

a

lys t s , a nd c a

u s t i c

t o

m a

ke a glu e m i xt u re . Th e

a ddit io n

o f t

h

e

se in gre die n

t s

m o

difie s

t

h

e

v i sc o

s

i t

y

o f t h

e a

d h e

s

i v e a nd a llo ws it t

o

be c

o

m p a t ible wit h

t

h

e

glu e a

p p lic a

t io n

m e

t

h

o

d (c

u r t

a

in , ro ll, s p ra y, fo a

m ); a llo ws fo r be t t

e

r a d h e

s

i v e dis t

r

ibu t io n ; i ncr eases the cure ra te; and l o w e r

s

cost. Fo llo win g

t h

e

a p p lic a

t io n

o f glu e , t h

e

p a ne ls

m u s t be p r e s

se d. Th e pur p ose of the pre ss i s to b r i n g

the ve ne e

r

s i n to cl ose conta c

t so tha t the g l ue l a y e r

i s ve r

y

thi n . A t thi s poi n t, r e si n i s he a

t

e

d to the te mpe ra t ur e re q

u i re d f o

r

the g l ue to b o nd
. Most pl y w ood pl a n

ts pr e p r e ss the pa ne l s i n a col d press at l o w e r

pr essur e pr i o r

to f i nal pr essi ng i n the hot pr ess. T h i s

al l o ws t h

e wet ad hesi v e t

o

" t ack" t h

e v e neers t o

g et her, permi t s easi er l o a

d i n g of the hot- pr e ss, a nd pre v e n

ts shi f ti ng of the ve ne e

r

s d u r i ng lo a

din g. P re s

s

i n g

is u s u a lly p e rfo r

m e

d in m u l t i o p e n

in g p r e s

se s , wh ic

h ca n pr od uce 2 0 to 4 0

4

x 8

- f

oot pa ne l s

i n e

a

ch tw o to se ve n mi nute pre ssi ng cy cl e. One of the g o a

l s of the pr e ssi ng pr oce ss i s to use e noug h pr e ssur e to b r i n g the ve ne e

r

sur f

a

c

e

s

tog e t

he r

w i thout ove r compr e ssi ng the w ood
. L e ss pr e ssur e i s re q

u i re d i f the l a the ha s cut smooth ve ne e

r of a uni f or m thi c k ness. A f ter pressi ng , stati o nar y

ci r c ul ar saw s tr i m up to one i nch f r om each si d e of the pre sse d pl y w ood to pr od uce sq ua r e - e

d g e d she e

t s. A ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y 2

0 pe rc e

n

t of a nnua l sof t w ood pl y w ood prod ucti on i s the n

sa nd e d
. Ove r 9

0 pe rc e

n

t of the ha r d w ood pl y w ood pr od ucti on i s sa nd e d
. A s she e

t s move thro ug h e ncl ose d a u toma t i c

sa nd e r

s, pne uma ti c col l e ctor s a b ove a

nd be lo

w t h

e

p l ywo o

d c o

n

t in u o u s ly re m o

v e t

h

e

sa nd e r du s t

. S a wdu s t in t

r

im m i n g o p e ra t io n

s is a l so re m o

v e d by p ne u m a

t i c

c o

lle c

t

o

r

s . Th e pl y w ood tr i m a nd sa w d ust a r e b u r ne d a s

f

u e l or sol d to r e consti tute d p a ne l p l a n

t s . Exh i bit 7

illu s t

ra t

e

s

t

h

e

v e ne e

r

a

nd p l ywo o

d m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g process.

S e p tem b e r 1995 19 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

Ex hibit 7 Flow Diagr am of Veneer and Plywood Pr oduc tionLOG STORAGE(LOG POND,COLD DECK,OR BOTH)LOGDEBARKINGLOGSTEAMINGVENEERLATHEVENEERDRYERVENEERPREPARATIONGLUELINEPRESSINGSANDINGANDCUTTINGGLUELINEGASESSOLIDSLIQUIDSLIQUID WASTEOVERFLOW FROMLOG POND"GREEN END"STEAMCONDENSATEDRYER WASHAND DELUGEWATEREXHAUSTGASESGLUE RESIN WATERNaOH EXTENDERSGLUE WASHWATERRECYCLEAIREMISSIONSTRIM ANDSANDERDUSTUNUSABLEVENEER ANDTRIMMINGSBARKSOLID WASTE IS BURNED IN BOILER,CHIPPED FOR REFUSE, OR SOLDGLUELEGEND

S o

u

r c e : E s timatin g

C h emic al R e leases from P ressw ood an d

La min ated Wood P r od

u

c ts Man u

f ac

tu

rin g

, U. S
. E P A , Offic e of P e

s t i c

i d

e s and To xi c Sub s tanc e s , Mar c h

1988. Note: Man y

v

e n

eer an d

p

l y

w

ood p

l an ts are d r y

.

S I C C o d e 24 20 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s R e c o nstitute d W ood Pr oduc ts Re consti tute d w ood pr od ucts, such a s

pa r

t i c

l e

b o a

r d ( P B) , me d i u m de n

s

it

y fibe rbo a

rd (M DF), h a

rdbo a

r d (HB), a nd o r

ie

n

t

e

d s t

ra nd bo a

r d ( O SB) , i s compose d of f

u r n

i s

h, or ra w w ood , tha t i s combi ne d w i th r e si ns a

nd o t

h

e

r a ddit iv e s a nd fo rm e

d in t

o

a m a

t

, wh ic

h

is t

h

e

n

p r e s

se d in t

o

a bo a

rd. Th e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g p r o c

e

s

se s o f t

h

e

se bo a

r ds diffe r, a s

do t

h

e

ra w mat e

ri al s used
. Fo r exampl e, t h

e f u rni s h ( raw mat e

ri al s) used f o

r p a rt

ic

le

bo a

rd c o

n

s

is

t s

o f fine ly gro u nd wo o

d p a rt

ic

le

s

o f v a rio u s s i z e s , wh ile O S B is m a

n

u fa c

t u r e d u s in g s p e c

ia

lly-p re p a re d s t

ra nd s o f wo o

d
. I n ge ne ra l, t h

e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g p r o c

e

s

se s

in v o lv e wo o

d s i z e re du c t io n fo llo we d by dryin g

(e xc e

p t fo r we t p r o c

e

s

s

bo a

r ds ), a d h e

s

i v e a

p p lic a

t io n , pressi ng at el ev at ed t e

mperat ures. B e cause t h

ese pro d uct s are b a sed o n u se o f a ll p a rt

s

o f t h

e

s a

wn lo g, v e ry lit t l e so lid wa s

t

e is ge ne ra t

e

d. I n stead , ai r emi ssi ons f r om d r y e r

s

and pr esses tend to b e the pr i nci pal e

n

vi ro nme n

ta

l conce r

n ste mmi ng f

r om the pr od ucti on of the se pr od ucts. E x hi b i t 8 compa re s

the proce ss f l ow s f o

r

some r e consti tute d w ood pr od uct manuf a

ctur i n g

pr ocesses. Pa r

tic leboa r

d (PB )

P a rt

ic

le

bo a

rd is a p a ne l p r o d u c t m a

de fro m wo o

d p a rt

ic

le

s

o f v a rio u s si zes that are b o nd ed tog ether w i th a sy ntheti c r e si n such as ur eaf

o

r

m a

l d e hy d e ( U F)
. T h e

ra w ma te

r

i a

l s, or " f ur ni sh, " tha t a r e use d to manuf a

ct

ure PB can b e ei t h

er green o r

d r y wo o

d resi d u es. Green resi d u es i ncl ud e pl aner shav i n gs f r o m green l umb er, and green sawd ust . Dry p ro c

e

s

s re s

idu e s inc l u d e s h

a

v in gs fro m p l a n

in g kiln -drie d lu m b e r , sa w d ust, sa nd e rd u st a nd pl y w ood tr i m . T h e

w ood r e si d u e s

a r e g r ound in t

o p a rt

ic

le

s o f v a ryin g s i z e s

u s in g fla k e r

s , m e

c

h

a

n

ic

a

l re fine rs , a nd h

a

m m e

rm ills
. Th e

m a

t

e

ria l m a

y be sc r e e

ne d p r io r t o

re fin i n g . Th e

fu rn is

h

is drie d t o

a lo w m o

is

t u re c o

n

t

e

n

t (t wo t o s i x p e rc e

n

t ) t o a

llo w fo r m o

is

t u re t h

a

t will be ga ine d by t h

e

a ddin g o f re s

i n s

a nd o t

h

e

r a

ddit iv e s

du rin g

"ble ndin g." Fu rn is

h

e

s

a r e ge ne ra lly no wa rm e

r t h

a

n 100• F w h en bl end e d t o

avo i d precuri n g and t h

e d r yi ng o u t o f t

h

e resi n. Most d r y e r

s

cur re ntl y i n ope ra t i o n i n PB a nd othe r

r e consti tute d w ood panel manuf a

ctur i n g pl ants use l a r

g e vol umes of ai r to convey mater i al of va r

i e

d si z e thro ug h one or mor e pa sse s w i thi n the d r y e r . Rota ti ng d r um d r y e r

s r e q

u i r i n g one to thr e e

pa sse s of the f

u r n

i s

h a r e most common. T h e use o f t r

i p l e - p ass d r yers pred o m i n at

es i n t

h

e Uni t ed S t at

es ( see E x hi bi t 9)
. D r yer t e

mperat ures may b e as hi gh as 1100 - 1200• F w i t h a w e t f u rni s h. H o w e ver, d r y pl aner shavi n gs requi r e t h

at

d r yer t e

mperat ures b e no hi gher t h

an 500• F b e cause t h

e i g ni t i o n

po i n t

S e p tem b e r 1995 21 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Ex hibit 8 R e c o nstitute d W ood Pa ne l Pr oc es s Flow

WOOD REDUCTION

PB Wood residues are ground into fine particles of varying sizes OSB Logs are debarked and cut into strands Fiberboards Wood residues are heated in a steam cooker and mechanically separated into fibers

DRYER

DRY FORMING

PRESSING WET FORMING (Binder Applied) OSB Logs are debarked and cut into strands

MDF Hardboard Dry Hardboard Wet & Wet/Dry

Hardboard Wet Hardboard Wet/Dry

OVEN

PRESSING

Hardboard Wet/Dry BINDER APPLICATION (for MDF)

BINDER APPLICATION (for OSB and PB)

S o

u

r c e : C h arac terization of Man u

f ac

tu

rin g

P r oc

esses, E mission s, an d

P o llu tion P rev en

tion - Op tion s f o

r the C o m

p

osi te Wood In du

stry ; Marti n an d N o rthei m , R esearc h T r i a

n

g

l e

In sti t u

te C e n

ter f o

r E n vi r o

nm e n

ta

l A n al ys i s

, 1995.

S I C C o d e 24 22 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

o

f d r y w o o

d i s 446• F. D r y mat e

ri al i s t h

e pred o m i n ant f u rni s h i n p a rt

ic

le

bo a

rd. M a n

y

drye rs

a r e dire c

t l y h e

a

t

e

d by dry fu e l s u s p e n

s

i o n b

u rners. O t h

ers are heat ed b y

b u rni n g o i l o r

nat u ral gas. Ex hibit 9 Sc he m a

tic of a

T r iple Pa s s Dr um Dr ye r
MATERIAL INLET MATERIAL EXIT Hot Gases

From Burner
S o

u

r c e : C h arac terization of Man u

f ac

tu

rin g

P r oc

esses, E mission s, an d

P o llu tion P rev en

tion - Op tion s f o

r the C o m

p

osi te Wood In du

stry ; Marti n an d N o rthei m , R esearc h T r i a

n

g

l e

In sti t u

te C e n

ter f o

r E n vi r o

nm e n

ta

l A n al ys i s

, 1995. D i re ct- f i re d rotar y

d r um d r y e r

s

r e l e

ase emi ssi ons such as w ood d u st, comb usti on prod ucts, f l y

a s

h, a nd or g a ni c compound s e v a p ora t

e

d f r om t

h

e e x

t

ra c

t

a

ble p o rt

io n

o f t

h

e

wo o

d
. S t e

a

m- h e

a

t

e

d a nd n a

t u ra l ga s -fille d drye rs

will h a

v e no fly a s

h
. A i r cl assi f i er s, w h i c

h separa te par t i c

l e

s b y

sur f

ace area and w e i g ht, may b e used al o ne o r

i n co njunct i o n wi t h

screeni n g equi pment . Ai r cl assi f i ers p e rfo r

m be s

t if t h

e

fe e

d is lim it

e

d t o

p a rt

ic

le

s wit h u n ifo r

m widt h

s a nd l e

ng ths. T h e cl assi f i er can then ef f

i ci entl y separa te par t i c

l e

s of d i f f

e

r e nt t

h

ic

kne s

se s

du e t o

t h

e

we igh t diffe re nc e

a m o

n

g p a rt

ic

le

s o f a

p p ro x

im a

t

e

l y e q

u a l s u rfa c

e a r e a

. U nde s

i re d m a

t

e

ria l is u s u a lly u se d a s f

u el f o

r t h

e d r yer b u rner. T h e screened part i c

l e

s are st o

r ed i n d r y bi ns unt i l t h

ey are co nv eyed t o

t

h

e bl end e r. Ai r cl assi f i ers hav e l i m i t

ed use i n the i nd u str y . Screeni n g

sy stems ar e ty pi cal l y used to separa te f i ne f r om co arse mat e

ri al
. Th e

fu rn is

h

is t

h

e

n

ble nde d wit h

a s

y n t

h

e

t i c a d h e

s

i v e s , wa x, a nd o t

h

e

r a

ddit iv e s dis t

r

ibu t e

d v i a s p ra y no z z l e s , s i m p le t

u be s , o r

a

t

o

m iz e r

s . R e s

i n m a

y be a dde d a s

re c

e

iv e d (u s u a lly a n

a q

u e o

u s so lu t i o n

); m i xe d wit h wa t

e

r, wa x e m u l s i o n , c a

t

a

lys t

, o r

o t

h

e

r

a ddit iv e s . W a

x e s a r e a dde d t o im p a rt wa t

e

r re p e lle nc y a nd dim e

n

s

i o n

a

l s t

a

b ilit y t o

t h

e

bo a

r ds u p o n w e tti ng . P a rt

ic

le

s fo r P B a re m i xe d wit h

t h

e

a ddit iv e in s h

o

r

t re t

e

n

t io n

t i m e ble nde rs in t h

ro u g h wh ic

h

t

h

e

fu rn is

h

p a s

se s

in se c

o

nd s . Th e

ble nde rs

S e p tem b e r 1995 23 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

c

o

n

s

is

t o f a s m a

ll h o

riz o n

t

a

l dru m wit h

h i gh-s p e e

d , h i gh s

h

e

a

r im p e lle rs a

nd glu e in je c

t io n

t

u be s . A s t

h

e

fu rn is

h

e

n

t

e

rs

t

h

e

dru m , re s

i n is in je c

t

e

d , a

nd t h

e

im p e lle rs

h u rl t h

e

fu rn is

h

a

t h i gh s

p e e

d s t

o

m i x it wit h

t

h

e

re s

i n . Th e fu rn is

h a nd re s

i n m i xt u r e is t h

e

n

fo rm e

d in t

o

m a

t s

u s in g a dry pr oce ss. T h i s pr oce d ur e use s

a i r

or a

me cha n

i c

a

l sy ste m to d i s tr

i b ute the fu rn is

h

o n

t

o

a

m o

v i n g

c

a

u l (t ra y), be lt

, o r sc r e e

n . P a rt

ic

le

bo a

r d m a

t s a r e o

f t

e

n fo rm e

d o f la ye rs

o f diffe re n

t s

i z e d p a rt

ic

le

s , wit h

t

h

e

la rge r

p a rt

ic

le

s i n the core , a nd the f

i ne r

pa r

t i c

l e

s on the outsi d e of the b o a

r d
. T h e

ma ts a re hot pre sse d to i ncr e a

se the i r

d e nsi t y

a

nd to cur e the r e si n. Most pl a n

ts use mul ti ope n

i n g

pl a t

e

n

pr e sse s, w h i c

h ty pi ca l l y ha ve 1 4 to 1 8 ope n

i n gs ( se e E x hi b i t 1 0 )
. T h e

l a st te n y e a

r

s ha s se e

n

the i n tr od ucti on o

f t h

e c o

n

t in u o u s p re s

s . Th o

u gh m o

re p o p u la r in Eu ro p e , t h

e

c

o

n

t in u o u s p re s

s is c

u rre n

t ly be in g u se d in t

w o P Bp l a n

t s

in t

h

e

U n it

e

d S t a

t

e

s . S t e

a

m gene rat e

d by a bo iler t h

at

bu rn s

p l an t res idu als ru n s t h

ro u g h a p l at en pa ssa g e w a y

to provi d e the he a

t i n most hot pr e sse s. H ot oi l a nd hot w a te

r

ca n a l so b e use d to he a

t the pl a t

e

n

s. P r im a

r

y fin i s

h

in g s t

e

p s fo r a ll re c

o

n

s

t i t

u t e

d wo o

d p a ne ls

inc l u d e c

o

o

lin g or hot sta c

k i ng , g ra d i n g , tr i mmi ng /cutti ng , a nd sa nd i n g . Cool i n g i s i m po rt

ant f o

r UF- resi n - c ured b o ard s si nce t h

e resi n d e grad es at hi gh temperatur es af ter cur i ng . B o ar d s b o nd ed usi n g

PF re si ns may b e hots

t

a

c

ke d t o

p ro v ide a ddit io na l c u rin g

t i m e . S e c

o

nd a r

y fin i s

h

in g s t

e

p s inc l u d e fillin g, p a in t i n g , la m i na t i n g , a nd e d ge fin i s

h

in g. Th e

v a s

t ma j o r

i ty of re consti tute d pa ne l ma nuf a

ctur e r

s d o not a ppl y se cond a r

y f

i ni shes t o

t

h

ei r panel s ; panel s are f i ni shed pri m ari l y b y end

- users such as cab i net and f u r n

i t

ur e manuf a

ctur er s. Panel s ar e al so f i ni shed b y l a

mi na tor s w h o the n

se l l the f i ni she d pa ne l s

to f u r n

i t

ure a nd ca b i ne t manuf a

cturer s.

S I C C o d e 24 24 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Ex hibit 1 0 Sc he m a

tic of a

M u lti-Ope n ing B o a r

d Pr es s

S o

u

r c e : C h arac terization of Man u

f ac

tu

rin g

P r oc

esses, E mission s, an d

P o llu tion P rev en

tion - Op tion s f o

r the C o m

p

osi te Wood In du

stry ; Marti n an d N o rthei m , R esearc h T r i a

n

g

l e

In sti t u

te C e n

ter f o

r E n vi r o

nm e n

ta

l A n al ys i s

, 1995.

S e p tem b e r 1995 25 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t M e d ium De ns ity Fibe r b oa r

d (M DF) T h e

use s

f

o

r

thi s ty pe of composi t e

w ood pr od uct a r e si mi l a r to those of PB
. T h e

f

u r n

i s

h use d to ma nuf a

ctur e MD F consi s ts of the sa me ty pe of green o r

d r y wo o

d resi d u es used t o

manuf a

ct

ure PB and hard b o ard
. Fibe rs

a nd fibe r bu nd e l s

a r e ge ne ra t

e

d by firs t s

t

e

a

m- h e

a

t in g t h

e

wo o

d , the n pa ssi ng i t thr o ug h a r e f

i ne r . D u r i ng thi s ste p

the w ood cha n

g e s b oth c

h

e

m ic

a

lly a nd p h ys ic

a

lly; be c

o

m i n g

le s

s

s

u sc e

p t ible t

o

t

h

e

in flu e nc e

s

o f m o

is

t u re a nd le s

s brit t l e a s

t

h

e

lign i n in t

h

e

wo o

d so ft

e

n

s . Th is

se m i

p l a s

t i c

wo o

d is t

h

e

n

"ru bbe d" a p a r

t in t

o fibe rs a nd fibe r bu ndle s in a re fine r in s

t

e

a

d o f be in g m e

c

h

a

n

ic

a

lly "bro ke n " a p a r

t a s

in t h

e

P B manuf a

ctur i n g

process. Th e

fu rn is

h

is drie d t o

a

v e ry lo w m o

is

t u re c

o

n

t

e

n

t t

o

a llo w fo r m o

is

t u re t

o be ga ine d by t h

e

a ddit io n

o f re s

i n s

a nd o t

h

e

r

a ddit iv e s . M o s

t M D F fu rn is

h

is drie d in t

u be drye rs . T h e

bl e nd i n g

proce ss f o

r

MD F d i f f

e

r

s

f

r om tha t of PB i n tha t i t ty pi ca l l y o

c

c

u rs befo re dryin g . Aft e

r refin i n g , t h

e fibers are disc h

arged t h

ro u g h a va l v e k now n a s

the bl ow va l v e i n to the bl ow l i ne , a l a r

g e r conti n uous cha m b e r

w h e

re the U F re si ns a r e mi x e d w i th the w ood f i b e r . I n the blo w line , t h

e fibe rs a r e s p ra ye d wit h a re s

i n wh ic

h

is in je c

t

e

d fro m a

line l o ca te

d e i the r

i mme d i a te

l y

a f te

r

the bl ow va l v e or a n

y

w he r e a l ong the blo w line . M a t

e

ria l is drie d t o

a n a c

c

e

p t a

ble m o

is

t u re c o

n

t

e

n

t in a fla s

h t u be drye r a t lo w t e

m p e ra t u r e s

a

f t

e

r t h

e

blo w line . I f t

h

e

ble ndin g is do ne m e

c

h

a

n

ic

a

lly, a s

in P B , it is do ne a

f t

e

r t h

e

fla s

h

t

u be drye r. M D F is fo rm e

d u s in g a dry p r o c

e

s

s

wh ic

h

u se s

a i r t o

dis t

r

ibu t e

t h

e f

u r n

i s

h i n a

ra nd om or i e

nta t i o n onto a movi ng ca ul ( t ra y

) , b e l t

, or scr e e

n . T h e mat s are t h

en pressed usi n g a mul t i

- o peni ng pl at en press o r

a c

o

n

t in u o u s p re s

s

is c u rre n

t ly u se d in t

h

re e

M D F p l a n

t s in t h

e U n it

e

d S t at

es. T h e b o ard s are t h

en co o

l ed and f i ni shed l i k e o t

h

er reco nst i t

u t e

d w ood pa ne l s . Ha r

dboa r

d Ha rdbo a

rd is a h i gh e

r -de n

s

i t

y v e rs

io n o f M D F. I t is t

y p i c a

lly u se d fo r s

idin g, fu rn it

u re dra w e r

b ottoms, d u st stops, s lidin g do o

r

s , a nd c a

bine t d oor s a nd tops. T h e

r e a r e thr e e

ty pe s of ha r d b o a

r d : w e t, w e t/d r y , a nd d r y

process hard b o ar d , each cl assi f i ed b y

thei r manuf a

ctur i n g pr ocesses. T h e f u rni s h used t o

manuf a

ct

ure hard b o ard co nsi s t s

o f t

h

e same green o r d r y proce ss w ood r e si d u e s

use d to ma nuf a

ctur e PB a nd MD F
. T h e c

o

o

k e d se m i -p la s

t ic

fu rn is

h

is "ru bbe d" a p a r

t in t

o

fibe r bu ndle s

a s

in t

h

e

S I C C o d e 24 26 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s M D F pro c

ess. T h e f i b e rs are al l t h

e same si ze, t h

eref o

r e, t h

ey need no screeni n g . I n the ma nuf a

cture of w e t, a nd w e t/d r y

pr oce ss ha r d b o a

r d , the f u r n

i s

h i s not d r i e

d b e ca use the f o

r

m i n g

pr oce ss use s

w a te

r . W e

t a nd w e t/d r y pr oce ss ha rd b o a

rd ma ts a r e f

o

r

m e

d usi n g

a w e t pr oce ss i n w h i c

h f i b e r

s a

re m i xe d wit h wa t

e

r a nd P h e

no l Fo rm a

lde h

y de a d h e

s

i v e a nd t h

e

n me te

re d onto a w i re scr e e

n . W a

t

e

r

i s d ra i ne d a w a y

w i th the a i d of sucti o n a ppl i e d to the und e r

s

i d e of the w i r e . T h e

f

i b e r

ma t, a l ong w i th t

h

e suppo rt

i n g wi re, i s mo v e d t o

a prepress where excess wat e

r i s sq u e e

z e d o u t . W e

t

/ d ry p r o c

e

s

s

h a

rdbo a

r d is drie d in a n

o v e n be fo re be in g h o

t p re s

se d. I n t h

e m a

n

u fa c

t u re o f dry p r o c

e

s

s

h a

rdbo a

r d, t h

e

fu rn is

h

is drie d u s in g d r y e r

s

ty pi ca l of the r e consti tute d w ood pa ne l i nd u str y . A s w i th MD F , t

h

e

h a

rdbo a

rd fibe rs

a r e disc h

a

r

ge d t h

ro u g h a

blo w v a lv e in t

o a blo w line af

t

e

r ref i ni ng. D r y pro c

ess hard b o ard mat s

are f o

rmed usi n g a pro c

ess s

i m ila r t o

t h

a

t o f M D F a nd P B in wh ic

h

a i r is u se d t o

dis t

r

ibu t e t h

e f

u r n

i s

h i n a

ra nd om or i e

nta t i o n onto a movi ng ca ul ( t ra y

) , b e l t

, or scr e e

n . A l l r e consti tute d w ood pa ne l s a r e hot pr e sse d to i ncr e a

se the i r

d e nsi t y a

nd to cure the re si n. Or ie nte d Str a

ndboa r

d Th e

fu rn is

h

u se d t o

m a

n

u fa c

t u r e O S B is s p e c

ia

lly fla k e d fro m ro und w ood
. L o gs e n

te

r

i ng OSB pl a n

ts ma y

b e e

i the r

tre e

l e ng th or cut to 100 i nch l e ngt h

s b y

a sl asher saw
. T h e l o gs are t h

en d e b a rked and sent t

o a st rand er w h i c

h sl i c es t h

em i n t

o st rand s appro x

i m at

el y 0. 028 i nch t h

i c

k. T h e

stra nd s a re the n

conve y e d to a stora g e bi n to a w a i t pr oce ssi ng t

h

ro u g h t

h

e

drye rs . (No t

e : S o m e

o lde r m ills c u t t

h

e lo gs in t

o 3 3 inc h bl ock s

b e f

o

re se nd i n g

the m to the stra nd e r . ) Th e s t

ra nd s a re drie d t o

a lo w m o

is

t u re c o

n

t

e

n

t t

o

a llo w fo r m o

is

t u re ga ine d by a ddin g re s

i n s

a nd o t

h

e

r

a ddit iv e s . Th e

s t

ra nd s a r e t h

e

n ble nde d wit h a ddit iv e s in lo n

g

re t

e

n

t io n

t i m e

ble nde rs

in wh ic

h

t h

e fu rn is

h p a s

se s t h

ro u g h in se v e ral m i n u t e

s . Th e blenders are v e ry large ro t

a

t i n g

dru m s

(se v e ra l fe e

t in dia m e

t

e

r a nd m a

n

y

fe e

t in le n

g

t

h

) t h

a

t a r e ti l t e

d on the i r

a x e s . A s the stra nd s a r e f e

d i n to the d r ums, the y

a r e s

p ra ye d wit h

e i t

h

e

r

P F o r

M D I (M e t

h

y le ne dip h e

n

y l diiso c

ya na t

e

) re s

i n a

nd e i the r l i q ui d or e mul si f i e

d pa ra f

f

i n w a x . T h e

tumbl i n g

a c

ti on of the stra nd s thro ug h the d r ums a l l o w s the stra nd s to mi x thor oug h l y w i th the res i n and wax.

S e p tem b e r 1995 27 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t O S B is fo rm e

d by a dry p r o c

e

s

s , wh ic

h

u se s

a i r t o

dis t

r

ibu t e

t

h

e fu rn is

h
. O S B is p ro d u c e

d by de libe ra t

e m e

c

h

a

n

ic

a

l lin in g-u p o f t

h

e

s

t

ra nd s . I n t

h

e m e

c

h

a

n

ic

a

l o r

ie

n

t

a

t io n

p r o c

e

s

se s , m a

t s

a r e p r o d u c e

d by dro p p i n g lo n

g s

l e

nde r fla k e s be t w e e

n p a ra lle l p l a t

e

s

o r

dis ks o n

t

o

a m o

v i n g

c

a

u l (t ra y), b e l t

, o r

screen. T h e b o ard s are t h

en ho t pressed and f i ni shed
. E n gi n eered L u m

b

er Se ve ra l composi t e

w ood pr od ucts, i n te

nd e d a s

sub s

ti tute s f o

r

l umb e r

a s w e l l as other str u ctural mater i al s, are now on the mar k et. Para l l e l stra nd l umb e r , ma d e f

rom l o ng stra nd s of ve ne e

r , i s e

x

tr

ud e d w i th PF r e si n i n to v a rio u s c ro s

s

se c

t io n

s

a nd widt h

s . P a ra lle l la m i n a

t

e

d v e ne e

r , o r l a

mi nat e

d v e neer l umb er ( L VL ) , i s co nst r

uct e

d o f v e neers t h

at

are b o nd ed tog e t

he r

w i th phe nol

- f o

r

m a

l d e hy d e ( P F ) a d he si ve re si n to f o

r

m a l a

mi na te . T h e ve ne e

r

s a r e l a y e r e d w i th the w ood g ra i n a l ong the l o ng a

x

i s

of the b e a

m . L a mi na te

d ve ne e

r

l umb e r

i s ma nuf a

cture d to ty pi ca l l umb er si zes ( 2 x 4, 2 x 6, et c. )
. T h e l e ngt h

o f t

h

e b e ams t h

at

can b e m a

n

u fa c

t u re d is v a rie d u s in g e nd jo in t s

o r fin g e r jo in t s . A no t

h

e

r a

p p lic a

t io n o f LV L is in t h

e c o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n

o f wo o

d "I " jo is

t s

(a s

m a

ll be a

m tha t re se mbl e s the l e tte r

" I " )
. L V L i s use d to constr uct the top a nd b ottom ( f

l a

n

g e s) of the j o i s

t a nd OSB or pl y w ood i s use d to constr uct the ce nte r (we b). Gl ul am b e ams are al so emergi ng as a sub s

t i t

u t e

f

o

r l umb er. Gl ul am i s s

h

o

r

t fo r glu e d-la m i n a

t

e

d s t

ru c t u ra l t i m b e r

– la rge be a

m s fa bric a

t

e

d by bo ndin g la ye rs o f s p e c

ia

lly-se l e

c

t

e

d lu m b e r

wit h

R e so rc ino l o r R e so rc ino l / P F a d h e

s

i v e s

a nd t i m b e r . End a nd e d ge jo in t i n g p e rm it pr od ucti on of l o ng e r a nd w i d e r

str u ctura l w ood me mb e r

s tha n

a r e avai l a bl e natura l l y . Gl ul am ti mb er s ar e used w i th str u ctural w ood panel s f

o

r

ma ny ty pe s of he a

v

y

ti mb e r

constr ucti on. Most of the e n

g i ne e

r e d l umb e r

pr od ucts a r e use d a s

sub s

ti tute s f o

r s

t

ru c t u ra l so ft

wo o

d lu m b e r

o f la rge s i z e s a nd in a p p lic a

t io n

s wh e

r e u n ifo r

m s t

re n

g

t

h

is e s

se n

t ia

l. I -be a

m s , h o

we v e r, a r e findin g wide a

p p lic a

t io n , wit h

e x

t

e

n

s

iv e u se a s

flo o

r

jo is

t s

a nd be a

m s fo r v a rio u s st

ruct ures. T h ere are sev e ral ad v a nt ages o f co mpo s

i t

e l umb er when compa re d w i th sa w n sof t w ood l umb e r . F i r s

t, the se pr od ucts a l l o w pr od ucti on of l a r

g e si z e s of l umb e r

f r om sma l l , l o w - g ra d e l o gs . No rm a

lly, re la

t i v e ly la rge a nd h i gh-gra de sa wlo gs a r e ne e

d e d fo r pr od ucti on of l umb e r

of thi s si z e . Se cond , composi t e l umb e r compa r e s a

d v a n

t

a

g e o

u s ly t o

so lid sa wn lu m b e r

in t e

rm s

o f bo t

h

u n ifo r

m i t

y

o f q

u a lit y a nd s t

ra igh t

ne s

s . W h

ile t

h

e

q u a lit y o f lu m b e r

is de t

e

rm ine d t o

a g re a

t e x

te

nt b y

the ra w ma te

r

i a

l , the q u a l i t y

of the r e consti tute d pr od uct

S I C C o d e 24 28 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s is de p e nd e n

t u p o n t h

e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g p r o c

e

s

s . I t is like l y, h o

we v e r, t h

a

t u se o

f c

o

m p o s

it

e

lu m b e r

will inc r e a

se in t

h

e

fu t u re . Wood P r eser vi ng W ood i s tre a

te

d w i th pr e se r

va ti ve s to pr ote ct i t f r om me cha n

i c

a

l , p h ys ic

a

l , a nd c h

e

m ic

a

l in flu e nc e

s . P r e se r

v e d wo o

d is u se d p r im a

r

ily in t

h

e

c

o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n , ra ilro a

d, a nd u t ilit ie

s indu s t

rie s t o p r e v e n

t r otti ng w h e

n wo o

d is e x

p o se d t o da m p so il, s t

a

ndin g wa t

e

r, o r

ra in , a nd a s

p r o t

e

c

t io n again s

t t e

rm it

es and m a

rine bo rers . Th e m o

s

t c o

m m o

n p r eserv a t i v e s i ncl ud e w a ter

- b o r

ne i nor g a ni cs l i k e chr o mated copper ar senate ( CCA ) and ammo ni acal co pper zi nc arsenat e

(A C Z A) , and o i l

- b o rne o r

gani cs l i k e pentachl or ophenol ( P C P ) and cr eosote. Genera l l y , w a ter

- b o r

ne i nor g a ni c sol u ti ons consti tute a ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y

7 8

pe r c e

n

t of a l l pr e se r

va ti ve s use d , w h i l e oi l

- b o r

ne creosote and PCP compr i se 15 per c ent and 6 per c ent, res p ec t i v e ly. C re o

so t

e , P C P , a nd ino r

ga n

i c

wo o

d p r e se r

v a t i v e s

a r e a ll a p p lie d u s in g si mi l a r

proce sse s. Mor e tha n

9 0

pe r c e

n

t of the w ood pr e se r

va ti on i n the U
. S. i s pe r

f

or me d usi n g

pr e ssur e tr e a

tme n

t proce sse s. E x hi bi t 1 0 illu s t

ra t

e

s a t w o- c y linde r p r e s

s

u re t

r e a

t

m e

n

t p r o c

e

s

s

fo r C C A
. A lim it

e

d q

u a n

ti ty of w ood i s pre se r

ve d usi n g

non- pr e ssur e tr e a

tme n

t proce sse s i n w h i c

h the pre se r

va ti ve i s a l l o w e d to d i f f

u se i n to the w ood
. T h i s

pr oce s

s i s use d w i th some oi l

- b o r

ne pr e se r

va ti ve s, b u t not w i th w a te

r

b or ne i nor g a ni cs. T h e penet rat i o n requi r ed t o

ad equat e

l y

preserv e wo o

d can b e achi ev ed o

n

ly if t h

e wo o

d h a

s

be e

n

c o

ndit io ne d p r o p e r

ly; t h

a

t is , if t h

e

m o

is

t u re conte n

t of the f re s

hl y - cut w ood i s r e d u ce d to a poi n t w h e

r e the pre se r

va ti ve ca n pe ne tra t

e

a

nd b e r e ta i ne d b y

the w ood
. W ood i s usua l l y c

o

ndit io ne d in t h

e

o p e n

a i r o r

c o

ndit io ne d in t h

e c y linde r (re t

o

r

t ) in whi c h t h

e pressure t r eat m ent i s perf o

r

med
. T h e sawn l umb er i s someti mes i nci sed to i ncr ease preser vati ve penetrati o n. Open ai r d r y i ng i s

ty pi ca l l y use d to pr e p a r e l a r

g e stock f o

r

tre a

tme n

t w i th oi l

- b o r

ne pr e se r

va ti ve s. Othe r

me thod s f o

r

cond i t i o ni ng w ood pr i o r

to tr e a

tme n

t wi t h o i l

- b o rne preserv a t i v e s i ncl ud e st eami ng, heat i n g, and v a po r d r yi ng. K iln dryin g

is u se d p r im a

r

ily fo r wa t

e

r-bo rne t r e a

t

m e

n

t

. C o ndit io n

i n g is a majo r so urce o f wast ewat er i n t

h

e wo o

d preserv i ng i nd u st ry. A f te

r the moi s ture conte n

t of the w ood ha s b e e

n

r e d u ce d , the w ood i s preserv e d usi n g ei t h

er no n- pressure o r

pressure met h

o

d s. N o n- pressure pr ocesses i ncl ud e b r ushi ng , spra y i ng , d i ppi ng , soaki n g , and ther mal pro c

esses. T h ese pro c

esses i n v o l v e t h

e repeat ed use o f preserv a t i v e i n a tre a

tme n

t ta nk w i th f r e s

h pr e se r

va ti ve sol u ti on a d d e d to r e pl a c

e
S e p tem b e r 1995 29 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t consumpti ve l o ss. T h e

conti n ua l r e use of pr e se r

va ti ve l e a

d s to the accumul ati o n of w ood chi p s, sand , stones, and other d e b r i s contami nated w i th var i ous hazard o us consti tuents i n the b ottom of the tr eati ng tank s. T h i s

contami nated d e b r i s

i s a maj o r

sour ce of process w a ste f o

r nonpressure processes.

S I C C o d e 24 30 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Ex hibit 1 1 Ex a

m ple Flow Dia gr a

m For a

T w o-C y linde r C C A Pr es s u r e -T r e a ting Fa c

ility

Preservative

Solution 50% CCA Concentrate Storage Tank Wood Stock

CCA Retort

CCA Retort CCA Work

Tank

CCA Work

Tank Effluent Water Tank II Freshly Treated Wood Preservative Drip Recovery PAD Effluent Water Tank I

1 1 To Retorts

CCA Treated Wood

1 1 F In-Process Preservative Drip Recovery Preservative

Solution

1 - F

- Solid Waste Managed in Containers (including Sawdust, Dirt, and Road Grime) for Subsequent Off-Site Disposal Filter S o

u

r c e : T i tl e III, S e c t i o

n

313 R e l e

ase R e porti n g G u i d

an

c e ; Offic e o f P estic id

es a n

d

To x

i c

S u b

sta n

c es; M a r c h 1983.
T h e

re a r e tw o b a si c ty pe s of pr e ssur e tr e a

tme n

t pr oce sse s, d i s ti ngui she d b

y

the sequence i n w h i c

h vacuum and pr essur e are appl i e d
. T h ese are "e

m p t y -c e

ll" a nd "fu ll-c e

ll" o r

"m o

difie d fu ll c e

ll" p r o c

e

s

se s . Th e

t

e

rm s "e

m p t y " a nd "fu ll" a r e m e

a

s

u r e s

o f t

h

e le v e l o f p r e se r

v a t i v e re t

a

ine d by the w ood ce l l s . "Em p t y-c e

ll" p ro c

e

s

se s

o b

t

a

in re la

t i v e ly de e

p p e ne t

ra t io n wit h lim it

e

d a

b

sor p ti on of pr e se r

va ti ve . I n the Re upi n g

e m pty

- ce l l pr oce ss, a i r pr e ssur e i s a ppl i e d to the w ood a s pr e se r

va ti ve i s pumpe d i n to the t

re a

t i n g

c

y linde r. O nc e

t

h

e

de s

i re d le v e l o f re t

e

n

t io n h a

s be e

n a c

h

i e

v e d , t

h

e unused preserv a t i v e i s d rai ned o f

f and t h

e excess preserv a t i v e i s vacuum pumped aw ay f

r om the w ood
. T h e pr ocess i s the same i n the Lo wry e m p t y-c e

ll p ro c

e

s

s , e x c e

p t no in it

ia

l p r e s

s

u re is a p p lie d. I n bo t

h pr oce sse s, a i r compre sse d i n the w ood d r i v e s

out pa r

t of the pr e se r

va ti ve abso rbed du rin g

t

h

e p r es s

u re p e rio d wh en p r es s

u re is released.

S e p tem b e r 1995 31 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Th e se c

o

nd m e

t

h

o

d , kno w a s

t

h

e

"fu ll-c e

ll" (Be t

h

e

l) p r o c

e

s

s , re s

u lt s

in hi g h e

r

re te

nti o n of pr e se r

va ti ve b u t l i m i t

e

d pe ne tra t i o n compa r e d to the e

m p t y-c e

ll p r o c

e

s

s . Th e

fu ll-c e

ll o r

m o

difie d fu ll c e

ll p r o c

e

d u r e s

a

r e u se d w i th b oth oi l

- and w a ter

- b o r

ne preser vati ves. A vacuum i s cr eated i n the tre a

ti ng cy l i nd e r a nd pr e se r

va ti ve i s pumpe d i n w i thout b r e a

k i ng the vacuum. Once f u l l , hy d r ostati c or pneumati c pr essur e i s appl i e d unti l the wo o

d will re t

a

in no m o

re p r e se r

v a t i v e . A fin a

l v a c

uum may then b e a

ppl i e d to re move e x ce ss pr e se r

va ti ve , w h i c

h i s r e tur ne d to the w o r

k

ta nk fo r re u se . Th e t re a

t

e

d wo o

d is re m o

v e d fro m t

h

e

c

y linde r a nd p l a c

e

d o n a

drip p a d wh e

r e it re m a

in s

u n t il drip p i n g

h a

s c e

a

se d (se e Exh i bit 1 2 )
. Pr e se r

va ti ve sol u ti on, w a shd o w n w a te

r , a nd ra i n w a te

r

a r e col l e cte d on the d r i p pa d a nd ma i n ta i ne d i n the pr oce ss. A t w a te

r

b or ne pl a n

ts, the se m a

t

e

ria l s a re t ra n

s

f

e

rre d t o a dilu t i o n

wa t

e

r t a

n

k

wh e

r e t

h

e

y

a r e ble nde d wit h a ddit io na l c o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e t o

m a

ke fre s

h

t

r e a

t i n g

so lu t i o n . A t o il-bo rne pl a n

ts, the se ma te

r

i a

l s a r e pr oce sse d to re cove r

pre se r

va ti ve a nd usa bl e proce ss w a te

r . E x ce ss w a ste w a te

r

i s tr e a

te

d e i the r

on- s i t

e

i n a wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r

t re a

t

m e

n

t u n it

o r

o ff-s it

e

a t a p u blic ly o w ne d t r e a

t

m e

n

t wo rks
. Ex hibit 1 2 Dr ip Pa d with Line r Rail System for Wood Treating Cylinder Trams

Drainage Liner Sand Granular Fill 

### Concrete

So ur

c e : U
. S. EPA
.

S I C C o d e 24 32 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s III. B. R a wM a te r i a l I nputs a

nd Pollution Outputs E x hi b i t 1 3 pr ovi d e s a n ove r

vi e w of the ma te

r

i a

l i n puts a nd pol l u ti on outputs f o

r d i f f

e

re nt pr oce sse s i n the l umb e r

a nd w ood pr od ucts indu s t

ry. L o ggi ng Wi t h t h

e except i o n o f co ncerns f o

r speci e s and eco s

yst e

m preserv a t i o n , har v esti ng practi ces have mi ni mal envi r o nmental i m pacts. H a r

v esti ng practi ces of ten cause d i schar g e s of mater i al s i n to sur r o und i n g

w a ter s , t

h

re a

t

e

n

in g wa t

e

r q u a lit y s t

a

nda rds
. Th e Fe de ra l W a

t

e

r P r o t

e

c

t io n C o n

t

ro l A c t re gu la t

e

s

t

h

e

se disc h

a

r

ge s . I n a ddit io n , ro a

d c o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n

fo r access to ti mb er ar eas i s of concer n, d u e to i m pacts on sur r o und i n g e

c

osy s te

ms.

S e p tem b e r 1995 33 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t
Ex hibit 1 3 Pr oc es s M a te r ia ls

I nputs a

nd Pollution Outputs Pr o c ess Mater ial I nput Air Em ission s P r o c ess Waste Other Waste L o g

g

i n

g T r ees, d i esel, g a solin e P M -10, V O Cs, CO, NOx N o t applic able Was t e

wo o d par t ic

les Sawin g Wood log s , d i esel, g a solin e P M -10, V O Cs, CO, NOx N o t applic able Was t e

wo o d par t ic

les Su r fac e P r otec ti on Wood , 3-Iod o-2-P r o p

y n yl B u t y l Car b

amat e (IP B C), Di de cy l Di me th

y l A mmon i u m C h lori d e ( DDAC ) I P BC , DDAC , e t h

y l alc oh o

l, p e t r oleu m na pht h

a D ripped form u l at ion mix e d wit h

r a in

wat e

r an d fac ilit y was h d o wn wat e

r Sawd u s t , wood c h

i p s, san d , di rt, ston e

s , tar, emulsi fied or p o ly meri zed o

ils P ly w ood an d Ven eer Ven eer , ph enolform ald e h

y d e r e sin s , u r eaform ald e h

y d e r e sin s , melamin e

-form ald e h

y d e re

si n s , sodi u m h

y droxi d e , ammon i u m su lfat e, ac id s, ammon i a P M -10, V O Cs, CO, CO 2 , N O x, form ald e h

y d e , p h en ol , wood d u st, c

on d en s a

ble hyd r o c a

r

b

ons , t e

rp en es , met h

an ol, ac

et

ic

ac id , et h

a

n

o

l, fu rf u r al N o t applic able Was t e

wo o d par t ic

les , ad h e

siv e re

si du e s

R e con s

ti tu te d Wood Pr o d uc t s Wood p a rti c l e

s, stran d s, f i b

e

r, sa me re si n s

a

s p ly w ood an d ven eer , met h

ylen ed iph e

n

y l d i i s o c ya na t e

r e si ns P M -10, V O Cs, CO, CO 2 , N O x, form ald e h

y d e , p h en ol , wood d u st, c

on d en s a

ble hyd r o c a

r

b

ons , t e

rp en es , met h

an ol, ac

et

ic

ac id , et h

a

n

o

l, fu rf u r al N o t applic able Was t e

wo o d par t ic

les , ad h e

siv e re

si du e s

Wood P r es er v i n g W o o d , pe nt

a

c

hl or o p he no l , cre o

sote , b o

ra

te

s, ammon i u m c

ompou n d s , inor ga nic f

orm ula t ions o

f ch ro

m

i u m , co p p e r, a n

d a

r

se

n

i c, ca rri e r o

i l s Pe nt

a

c

hl or o p he no l , po lyc y c lic

or gan i c

s , c

r eos o t e , ammon i a, bo iler emis si on s , air

born e ar sen i c

s , VO C s D ripped form u l at ion mix e d wit h

r a in

wat e

r an d fac ilit y was h d o wn wat e

r , kiln con d e n

sa

te , con t a

c

t c

o o lin g wat e

r Bottom se

di me n

t s

l ud ges , pr o c es

s r e

sid u als

Sawn Lumbe r Most of the r e si d u a l w ood f r om sa w n l umb e r

pr od ucti on i s re use d a s mul ch, pul p , a nd f u r n

i s

h f o

r some ty pe s of r e consti tute d w ood pa ne l s ; some i s b u r ne d to pr od uce ste a

m or e l e

c

tr

i c

i t

y . Stud i e s ci te d b y

the West ern Wo o

d Pro d uct s

Asso ci at i o n i nd i c at

e t h

at

appro x

i m at

el y 70 p e rc e

n

t o f a sa wn lo g is u t iliz e d fo r lu m b e r a nd o t

h

e

r p a rt

s a r e u se d fo r

S I C C o d e 24 34 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

co- p ro d u cts. Some of the smal l r e si d u al s ar e g a ther ed w i th pneumati c sy stems f o

r comb i nati o n w i th l a r

g er amounts d e sti ned f o

r

use i n other pr od ucts. W h

i l e the r e i s vi r t ua l l y no w a ste f r om the ma nuf a

ctur i n g pr oce ss b e ca use a l l pa r

t s of the l o g

a r e use d f o

r

one pr od uct or a nothe r , w o o

d resi d u al s are hi gh i n o r

gani c mat t

e

r and can t h

reat en aqui f ers i f im p ro p e r

ly h a

ndle d. A ma j o r e m i ssi on of conce r

n f r om w ood b o i l e r

s

i s pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

ma tte r ( P M) , a l thoug h othe r

pol l u ta nts, pa r

t i c

ul a r

l y

CO a nd or g a ni c compound s, m a

y be e

m it

t

e

d in s

i gn ific a

n

t q u a n

t i t

i e

s u nde r p o o

r o p e ra t in g c o

ndit io n

s . B o i l e r

s

tha t b u r n

w ood w a ste pr od uce : f l y

a s

h, ca r

b on monox i d e , a nd vol a ti l e or g a ni c compound s ( V OCs)
. N e w b o i l e r

s must meet new sour ce p e rfo r

m a

nc e

s t

a

nda rds (NS P S ) fo r a i r p o llu t a

n

t s . I n a ddit io n , m ills a r e potenti a l sour ces of tox i c

mang anese ai r emi ssi ons. T

w o ty pe s of pr i m a

r

y

w a ste str e a

m s a r e ty pi ca l l y g e ne ra te

d d u r i ng the sur f

a

c

e

pr ote cti o n pha se of sa w n l umb e r

pr od ucti on ope ra t i o ns: pr oce s

s re si d u al s and d r i ppag e . Second ar y

w a ste stre ams i ncl ud e spent f

o

rmul at i o ns and w a st

ew at ers. T

y pi cal process r e si d u al s f r om sur f

ace protecti o n ar e tank sl ud g e s that accumul ate i n the d i p tank and /or mi x tank as a r e sul t of conti n uous re use of the prote cta n

t. Some pl a n

ts use spra y

sy ste m s tha t g e ne ra te

a s

l u d ge wh e

n

re c

o

v e re d fo rm u l a t io n

is filt e

r e d
. P e rio dic a

lly, t h

e accumul ated sl ud g e must b e r e moved , and i s ty pi cal l y pl aced on saw d ust or w ood chi p pi l e s on- s i t

e . T h e

ul ti ma te

d e sti n a

t i o n of the sl ud g e i s d e pe nd e n

t upon the ma na g e me nt of the sa w d ust pi l e s. Pl a n

ts ha ve re p o rt

e

d bu rn in g sa wdu s t o n -s it

e

o r

s

h

ip p i n g

it o ff-s it

e

fo r u se a s bo ile r f

eed f o

r energy reco v e ry. Depend i n g upo n

t

h

e part i c

l e

si ze, so me wo o

d c

h

ip s m a

y be s

h

ip p e d t o

a

p u lp o r

p a p e r m ill. Some pl a n

ts g e ne ra te

l i ttl e or no ta nk sl ud g e a s

a

r e sul t of ce r

t

a

i n pr oce s

s v a ria t io n

s . Dip t a

n

k

o p e ra t io n

s

so m e

t i m e

s

u t iliz e a n

in t

e

rna l c i rc u l a t io n sy ste m to e nha nce mi x i ng a nd promote pe ne tra t i o n i n to the pa ck e d bu ndle s . Th e

a

g it a

t io n

do e

s

no t a

llo w a n

y p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

s

t

o

se t t l e , a nd wh e

n t

h

e

bu ndle s

a

re re m o

v e d, so m e

o f t

h

e

s

u s p e nde d so lids a

r e a

l so re m o

v e d. Green- c hai n o p erat i o ns so met i mes use a syst em o f ro l l e rs t h

at

are part i a

l l y sub m erged i n t

o

t

h

e d i p t

a

nk. T h ese ro l l e rs f o

rce t h

e pi eces o f l umb e r

und e r

the sur f

a

c

e

of the f

o

r

mul a t i o n to e n

sur e thor oug h cove ra g e o

f t h

e expo sed surf aces. Fo rci n g t h

e l umb er d eeper i n t

o t h

e t a

nk phy s i c

a

l l y d ra gs the l umb e r thr o ug h a n

y sl ud g e tha t ha s se ttl e d i n the ta nk a

nd thi s sl ud g e l e a

v e s

the ta nk w i th the tr e a

te

d l umb e r .

S e p tem b e r 1995 35 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t A nother w a stestream r e sul t s f r om the excess f o

r

mul ati o n d r i ppag e f

r om f

reshl y surf ace pro t

e

ct

ed l umb er. In t h

e ab sence o f a d r i p pad , excess d r i ppa g e ca n f a

l l on the g r ound w h e

n

the w ood i s tra n

spor te

d f r om the d i p t a

nk o r

green chai n t o

st acki ng and packagi n g areas. Spray ope ra t i o ns te nd to r e sul t i n l e ss e x ce ss f o

r

mul a t i o n on the w ood tha n e

i t

h

e

r

t

h

e

dip p i n g

o r

gre e

n -c h

a

in o p e ra t io n

s . S o m e p l a n

t s u t iliz e s i m p le re cover y sy stems to mi ni mi ze the l o ss of f

o

r

mul ati o n. F o r

exampl e, pack d i p ope ra t i o ns hol d the w ood ove r

the d i p ta nk a t a n

a n

g l e to col l e ct excess f o

r

mul ati o n pr i o r to transf er

to storag e. Gr een chai n and spra y o

p e ra t io n

s m a

y u t iliz e a c o

lle c

t io n

p a n

u nde r t h

e

c o

n

v e y o r

t o

c o

lle c

t f

o

rmul at i o n as t h

e f reshl y t r eat e

d l umb er runs al o n

g t h

e green chai n. P ane l P r oduc t s I n m ills wh e

re c

h

ip s o r

o t

h

e

r

fu rn is

h is ge ne ra t

e

d o n -s it

e , o p e ra t io n

s s u c h a

s de ba rkin g, sa ndin g, c h

ip p i n g , grindin g, a nd fibe r se p a ra t i o n

ge ne ra t

e PM e m i ssi ons i n the f

o

r

m of sa w d ust a nd w ood pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

ma tte r . T h e f

o

l l o w i ng d i scussi on of pol l u ti on outputs f r om pa ne l pr od ucti on i s not div ide d a l o n

g p ro d u c t line s . I n s

t

e

a

d, du e t o s i m ila rit i e

s in m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g p ro c

e

s

s , t h

is

se c

t io n

de sc r

ibe s

p o llu t i o n

o u t p u t s

du rin g

t

h

e

dryin g a nd pressi ng stag es, w h er e most emi ssi ons occur . Dr ye r s Or g a ni c aero sol s and g a seous or g a ni c compound s, al ong w i th a smal l a

m ount of w ood f i b e r

a r e f o

und i n the e m i ssi ons f r om ve ne e

r i m pi ng e m e

n

t d r y e r

s . A mi x t ure of or g a ni c compound s i s d r i v e n

f

r om the g re e

n

w ood ve ne e

r

a s

i t s w a te

r

conte n

t i s conve r

te

d to ste a

m i n the d r y i ng process. A e r o sol s b e g i n to f o

r

m as the g a seous emi ssi ons ar e co o

l ed b e l o

w 302• F. T h ese aero so l s

f

o

rm vi si bl e emi ssi o n

s cal l e d bl ue haze. E m i ssi ons f rom the r ota ti ng d r um w ood chi p d r y e r

s

use d i n re consti tute d w ood pa ne l pl a n

ts a r e compose d of w ood d u st, cond e n

sa bl e hy d roca r

b o ns, f l y

a s

h, or g a ni c compound s e v a p ora t

e

d f r om the e

x

tra c

ta

bl e por t i o n of the w ood , a nd ma y i ncl ud e pr od ucts of comb usti on such as CO, CO 2 , a nd NO x if dire c

t

-fire d u n it

s

a r e u se d
. Th e

o r

ga n

i c p o rt

io n o f indu s t

ry e m is

s

i o n

s

inc l u d e s

t

e

rp e ne s , re s

i n a

nd fa t t y

a

c

ids , a nd comb usti on a nd py ro l y si s pr od ucts such a s

me tha nol , a c

e

t i c

a

c

i d , e t

ha nol , fo rm a

lde h

y de , a nd fu rfu ra l
. Th e

c o

nd e n

sa ble h y dro c

a

r

bo n

s a nd a por t i o n of the VOCs l e a

v e the d r y e r

sta c

k

a s

va por b u t cond e n

se a t nor m a

l a t

mosphe r

i c te mpe ra t ur e s

to f o

r

m l i q ui d pa r

t i c

l e

s tha t cr e a

te the bl ue ha z e . B oth the VOCs a nd the l i q ui d or g a ni c mi st a r e comb usti on

S I C C o d e 24 36 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s prod ucts a nd compound s e v a p ora t

e

d f r om the w ood
. Qua n

ti ti e s

e m i tte d are d e pend ent o n

wo o

d speci e s, d r yer t e

mperat ure, and f u el used
. One si g n i f

i c

a

n

t ca use of bl ue ha z e i s ove r

l o a

d i n g

a

d r y e r

b y

a

tte mpti ng to re move too much moi s tur e w i thi n a g i ve n ti me . Ove r

l o a

d i n g r e sul t s i n the i n trod ucti on of g r e e

n ma te

r

i a

l to a hi g h

- t e

m pe ra tur e f l a

m e

or g a s stre am causi n g a ther mal shock that r e sul t s i n a ra pi d and ex cessi ve v o la

t iliz in g o f h y dro c

a

r

bo n

s

t

h

a

t c o

nd e n

se u p o n

re le

a

se t

o

a m bie n

t a i r, causi n g t h

e charact e

ri st i c

bl ue haze. A nothe r

f

a

ctor a f

f

e

cti n g

the composi t i o n of the e

f

f

l ue nt f r om rota r

y

d r um d r yers i s i n l e

t d r yer t e

mperat ures. A st ud y co nd uct e

d i n 1986 b y

T h e Nat i o nal C o u nc il o f t

h

e P a p e r Indu s t

ry fo r Air and S t ream Im p r o v em en t (NC A S I ) wit h

da t

a

fro m fiv e diffe re n

t m ills u s in g ro t

a

ry dru m drye rs co ncl u d e d t h

at at i n l e

t gas t e

mperat ures great e

r t h

an 600• F, t h

e emi ssi o n ra te

of the tota l cond e n

sa bl e por t i o n of tota l g a se ous nonme t

ha ne or g a ni cs ( T G N MO) i ncre a

se d a s

a f

u ncti on of te mpe ra t ur e . T h e

re por t concl u d e d tha t the conce n

tra t i o n of f o

r

m a

l d e hy d e i n the d r y e r

e x

ha ust w a s a l so dire c

t l y re la

t

e

d t o

drye r in le

t t

e

m p e ra t u r e . T h e ty pe of w ood spe c

i e

s b u r ne d a l so a f

f

e

cts the composi t i o n of the e

fflu e n

t fro m ro t

a

ry dru m drye rs . A se c

o

nd NC A S I s t u d y c o

nc lu de d t h

a

t hi g h T G N MO e m i ssi on ra te

s f r om the d r y e r

s

occur r e d w h e

n the w ood speci e s processed had hi g h tur p enti ne contents, such as Souther n

Pi ne. I n a separa te stud y on f o

r

m al d e hy d e emi ssi ons, N C A S I show ed that d r y e r

s pr oce ssi ng ha rd w ood or a mi x t ur e of ha r d w ood a nd sof t w ood spe c

i e

s h

a

d a m o

de ra t

e

t

o

dra m a

t ic

inc r e a

se in fo rm a

lde h

y de e m is

s

i o n

s

a t drye r i n l e

t gas t e

mperat ures great e

r t h

an 800• F, b u t d r yers pro c

essi ng o n

l y so ft

wo o

d s p e c

ie

s h a

d o n

ly a s ligh t inc r e a

se in fo rm a

lde h

y de e m is

s

i o n

s wi t h

i ncreasi ng t e

mperat ures. P r esses E m i ssi ons f rom b o a

rd pr e sse s a r e d e pe nd e n

t upon the ty pe of r e si n use d to bi nd the w ood f u r n

i s

h tog e t

he r . E m i ssi ons f r om hot pr e sse s consi s t pr i m ar i l y of cond ensabl e or g a ni cs. When the pr ess opens, vapor s that m a

y inc l u d e re s

i n in gre die n

t s

s u c h

a s

fo rm a

lde h

y de , p h e

no l , M D I , a nd othe r

or g a ni c compound s a r e r e l e

a

se d to the a

t

mosphe r e thr o ug h ve nts i n the r oof a b ove the pr e ss. F o r

m a

l d e hy d e e m i tte d thr o ug h pr e ss ve nts du rin g

p re s

s

i n g

a nd bo a

r d c o

o

lin g o p e ra t io n

s

is de p e nd e n

t u p o n t h

e a

m o

u n t o f e xc e

s

s fo rm a

lde h

y de in t

h

e

re s

i n a s

we ll a s

p r e s

s

t

e

m p e ra t u r e and cy cl e ti me.

S e p tem b e r 1995 37 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Mol e ra ti os a re use d to me a

s

ur e the numb e r

of mol e s of one compound to ano t

h

er i n an ad hesi v e . Fo r exampl e, t h

e F: U ( f o

rmal d e hyd e t o urea) mol e ra ti o me a

s

ure s

the numb e r

of mol e s of f

o

r

m a

l d e hy d e to the numb e r o

f m o

le

s

o f u r e a

in t

h

e

p r inc i p a l a d h e

s

i v e u se d fo r P Ba nd M D F. Th e na ture of the prod uct a nd the pr oce ss d i c ta

te

s the mol e ra ti o of r e si n use d
. Th e

ra t i o

dire c

t l y im p a c

t s

t

h

e

u l t i m a

t

e

s

t

re n

g

t

h

t

h

e

re s

i n will p r o d u c e in the b o a

rd , i
. e . , ce r

t

a

i n pr od ucts r e q

u i r e hi g h e

r

mol e ra ti o r e si ns to a tta i n a

n a d e q

ua te

l e ve l of b o nd str e ng th. T h e

hi g h e

r

the mol e ra ti o, the hi g h e

r t

h

e

bo a

rd e m is

s

i o n

s

o f fo rm a

lde h

y de
. Th u s lo we rin g

t

h

e

F:U m o

le ra t i o is

o ne wa y o f lo we rin g

p r e s

s

a nd bo a

r d e m is

s

i o n

s o f fo rm a

lde h

y de
. H o w e ve r , mol e ra ti o i s onl y one of se ve ra l va r

i a

bl e s tha t ca n e f

f

e

ct fo rm a

lde h

y de e m is

s

i o n

s . O t h

e

r v a ria ble s inc l u d e a p p lic a

t io n ra t

e

s , pr oce ss ra te

s, a nd the na tur e of the spe c

i f

i c

r e si n f o

r

m a

t i o ns. High e

r p re s

s

t e

m p e ra t u r e s

ge ne ra lly re s

u lt in h i gh e

r

fo rm a

lde h

y de emi ssi ons. I n an N C A S I stud y , emi ssi ons of f

o

r

m al d e hy d e and phenol fro m P F re s

i n s (u se d m a

in ly fo r O S B) a nd s t

ru c t u ra l p l ywo o

d we re no t f

o

und to b e re l a

te

d to a n

y

ope ra t i n g

pr oce d ur e s , b u t w e r e a f

f

e

cte d b y d i f f

e

re nt re si n composi t i o ns. T h e ty pes of re si ns used can ef f

e

ct the a

m ount of e m i ssi ons. T h e

r e w a s l i ttl e i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n on e m i ssi ons f r om the cur i ng of MD I re si ns ( u se d f o

r

OSB a

l ong w i th PF r e si ns)
. Wood P r eser vi ng T h e chemi c al s used i n t

h

e wo o

d preserv i ng pro c

ess and t h

e d r i p pad s use d to col l e ct pre se r

va ti ve d r i ppa g e a f te

r

tr e a

tme n

t of w ood ha ve b e e

n the sub j e c

t of consi d e ra bl e r e gu l a tor y a c

ti on. E P A ha s i ssue d f i na l re gu l a ti ons r e g a r d i n g w ood pr eser vi ng w a stew ater , pr ocess r e si d u al s, preserv a t i v e d r i ppage, and spent preserv a t i v e s f r o m wo o

d preserv i ng p ro c

e

s

se s a t fa c

ilit ie

s t h

a

t u se c h

lo ro p h e

no lic fo rm u l a t io n

s , c r e o

so t

e f

o

r

mul ati o ns, and i nor g a ni c pr eser vati ves contai ni ng ar seni c or chro mi um. T h ere are si x E P A- cl assi f i ed hazard o us w a st

es f r o m w o o

d preservi ng o

p erat i o ns. T h ese are: U051, d i scard ed unused creo so t

e , F027, d i scard ed unused pentachl or ophenol

- f o

r

mul ati o n; K001, b ottom sed i m ent sl ud g e f

rom the tre a

tme n

t of w a ste w a t

e

r

s f r om w ood pr e se r

vi ng pr oce sse s tha t use creo so t

e

o r

PC P; F032, w a st

ew at ers, pro c

ess resi d u al s, preservat i ve d r i ppa g e , a nd spe n

t f o

r

mul a t i o ns f r om w ood pr e se r

vi ng pr oce sse s g e ne ra te

d a t pl a n

ts tha t cur r e ntl y use or ha ve pr e v i o usl y use d chl o ro pheno l i c f o

rmul at i o ns; F034, w a st

ew at ers, pro c

ess resi d u al s, preserv a t i v e d r i ppage, and spent f o

rmul at i o ns f r o m wo o

d preserv i ng pro c

esses generat e

d at pl ant s

t

h

at

use creo so t

e

f

o

rmul at i o ns; and F035, w a stew ater s, pr ocess r e si d u al s, pr eser vati ve d r i ppag e , and spent
S I C C o d e 24 38 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s f

o

r

mul a t i o ns f rom w ood pr e se r

vi ng pr oce sse s g e ne ra te

d a t pl a n

ts tha t use i nor g a ni c preser vati ves contai ni ng ar seni c or chro mi um. Drip s a nd s p ills du rin g

t h

e

o ilbo r

ne p r e se r

v a t i v e p r o c

e

s

s

m a

y o c

c

u r du rin g

c h

e

m ic

a

l de liv e r

y, c h

e

m ic

a

l s t

o

ra g e a nd m i xin g , fre s

h

l y-t r e a

t

e

d w ood stora g e on b a re g r ound ( i f RCRA gu i d e l i ne s a r e not f o

l l o w e d ) , a nd d r y - tr e a

te

d w ood stora g e on g r ound
. A e r o sol s a nd va por s

ma y

b e rel e ased t o

amb i ent ai r d u ri ng chemi c al st o

rage and mi xi ng, so l u t i o n st

o

rage, and d u ri ng pressure t r eat m ent ( o nce t h

e cyl i nd e r i s o p ened )
. S l ud ges resul t i f f

i l t ers are used pri o r t o

so l u t i o n

reuse f r o m wast ewat er t

re a

t

m e

n

t

, a nd fro m t

h

e

c

o

lle c

t io n

s

u m p s a

t t

h

e

fa c

ilit y. Du rin g

t

h

e

ino r

ga n

i c

t

r e a

t

m e

n

t p r o c

e

s

s , a ddit io n

a

l v a p o rs s u c h a s a r

se n

i c

, ma y

b e re l e

a

se d to a m b i e n

t a i r

d u r i ng the pr e ssur e tr e a

ti ng pr oce ss, such as f rom the process tank or w o r

k

vent d u r i ng the i n i t

i a

l vacuum stag e, the f

l ood i n g vi a vacuum, pr essur e r e l i e f and bl ow b a ck , and the f i nal vacuum. Aer o sol s and vapor may al so b e r e l e

ased f r om the cy l i nd e r d oor a

re a

d u r i ng pr e ssure tr e a

ti ng a

nd d oor ope n

i n g . W o

o

d p re se r

v i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s

ge ne ra t

e

wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r

du rin g

t

h

e c o

ndit io n

i n g of the w ood pr i o r

to i t s tr e a

tme n

t a nd a s

a r e sul t of the cond e n

sa ti on re m o

v e d fro m t

h

e

t

re a

t

m e

n

t c

y linde r. R a in wa t

e

r, s p ills c

o

lle c

t

e

d fro m t h

e a

re a a ro u nd t h

e

t

re a

t

m e

n

t c

y linde r, a nd drip p a d wa s

h

do wn wa t

e

r a l so contr i b u te to w a stew ater vol ume. T y pi cal ai r emi ssi ons sources ar e v o la

t iliz a t io n

o

f o

r

ga n

i c

c

h

e

m ic

a

l s

du rin g

wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r

e

v a p o ra t io n , v a p o rs re le

a

se d fro m t h

e t r e a

t i n g

c y linde r du rin g

u n lo a

din g a nd c h

a

r

gin g operati o ns, and emi ssi ons f r om the vacuum vent d u r i ng the treati ng cy cl e. A f te

r

b oth pre ssur e a nd non- pr e ssur e tre a

tme n

t, some una b

sor b e d pr e se r

va ti ve f o

r

mul a t i o n a d he r e s to the tre a

te

d w ood sur f

a

c

e . Ev e n

t u a lly, t h

is

liq u id drip s fro m t h

e

wo o

d o r

is wa s

h

e

d o ff by preci p i t at

i o n. If t

h

e wo o

d has b een pressure t r eat e

d , excess preserv a t i v e will a l so e x

u d e s l o

w ly fro m t h

e

wo o

d a s

it gra d u a lly re t u rn s

t o a

t

m o

s

p h e

ric p r e s

s

u re . Th is

is kno w n a s "kic kba c

k." C u rre n

t re gu la t i o n

s s

p e c

ify t h

a

t a ll wo o

d m u s t be drip -fre e

p r io r t o

t

ra n

s

f

e

r

fro m a

drip p a d t

o

a s t

o

rage yard. Also , s t

o

rage-yard drippage res u lt in g fro m "kic kbac k" must b e cl e a

ne d up w i thi n 7 2

hour s of the occur r e nce . Pr e se r

va ti ve f

o

r

mul ati o n may conti n ue to ex ud e f r om pressur e and non- pr essure t

re a

t

e

d wo o

d fo r lo n

g

p e rio d s , e v e n

a

f t

e

r t h

e

wo o

d is s

h

ip p e d o ff-s it

e

a

nd in s

t

a

lle d fo r it s in t

e

nd e d e nd u se . (S e e

Exh i bit 1 1 fo r sc h

e

m a

t ic

o f wo o

d preserv i ng pro c

ess and wast e generat i o n

)

S e p tem b e r 1995 39 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t III. C
. M a n a g e m e n t o f C h e m i c

a

l s i n W a

stest re a m Th e P o llu t i o n P rev en t i o n

Ac t o f 1990 (EP A ) requ ires fac ilit ies t

o

rep o rt in fo rm a

t io n

a b o u t t

h

e

m a

n

a

ge m e

n

t o f TR I c h

e

m ic

a

l s

in wa s

t

e a nd e ffo rt

s ma d e to e l i m i na t

e or r e d u ce those q u a n

ti ti e s . T h e

se d a ta

ha ve b e e

n c

o

lle c

t

e

d a n

n

u a lly in S e c

t io n 8 o f t

h

e

TR I re p o rt

in g Fo rm R
. be gin n

i n g w i th the 1991 re por t i n g

y e ar . T h e d a ta summar i zed b e l o

w cover the y e ar s 1992- 1995 and i s meant t o pro v i d e a b a si c und e rst a

nd i n g o f t

h

e quant i t

i es of w a ste ha nd l e d b y

the i nd u str y , the me thod s ty pi ca l l y use d to ma na g e thi s w a ste , a nd r e ce nt tr e nd s i n the se me thod s. T R I w a ste ma na g e me nt da t

a

c a

n

be u se d t o

a s

se s

s

t

r e nds in so u r c e

re du c t io n

wit h

in indiv idu a l indu s t

rie s a nd fa c

ilit ie

s , a nd fo r s p e c

ific TR I c h

e

m ic

a

l s . Th is

in fo rm a

t io n coul d the n

b e use d a s

a tool i n i d e nti f y i ng oppor t uni t i e

s f o

r pol l u ti on preventi on and compl i a nce assi stance acti vi ti es. Whi l e t h

e quant i t

i es repo rt

ed f o

r 1992 and 1993 are est i mat e

s o f quant i t

i es al read y managed , t h

e quant i t

i es repo rt

ed f o

r 1994 and 1995 are proj e c

ti ons onl y . T h e

E P A r e q

u i r e s

the se pr oj e c

ti ons to e ncoura g e fa c

ilit ie

s

t o

c o

n

s

ide r fu t u re wa s

t

e

ge ne ra t i o n

a nd so u r c e

re du c t io n o f those q u a n

ti ti e s

a s

w e l l a s

move me nt up the w a ste ma na g e me nt h

i e

ra rc h

y. Fu t u re -ye a

r e s

t i m a

t

e

s

a r e no t c o

m m i t

m e

n

t s t h

a

t fa c

ilit ie

s rep o rt

in g u nder TR I are requ ired t o

m eet . E x hi b i t 1 4 show s tha t the l umb e r

a nd w ood pr od ucts i nd u str y

ma na g e d a

b o u t 6 9

m illio n

p o u nds o f p r o d u c t i o n -re l a

t

e

d wa s

t

e

( tota l q u a n

ti ty of T R I chemi c al s i n t

h

e w a st

e f r o m ro ut i ne pro d uct i o n

o p erat i o ns) i n 1993 ( c

ol umn B)
. Col umn C re ve a

l s tha t of thi s pr od ucti on- r e l a

t

e

d w a ste , 1 7 p e rc e

n

t wa s

e i t

h

e

r

t ra n

s

f

e

rre d o ff-s it

e

o r

re le

a

se d t o t h

e e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

. C o lu m n

C is c

a

lc

u l a t

e

d by div idin g t h

e tota l T R I tra n

sf

e

r

s a nd r e l e

a

se s b y the tota l q u a n

ti ty of pr od ucti on- r e l a

t

e

d w a ste . I n othe r

w o r d s, a b out 8 4 pe rc e

n

t of the i nd u str y 's T R I w a ste s

w e r e ma na g e d on- s i t

e

thr o ug h re cy cl i n g , ener g

y

re cover y , or tr eatment as show n i n col umns D , E and F , re s

p e c

t i v e ly. Th e m a jo rit y

o f wa s

t

e

t

h

a

t is re le

a

se d o r

t

ra n

s

f

e

rre d o ff-s it

e c

a

n

be div ide d in t

o

p o rt

io n

s

t h

a

t a r e re c

y c l e

d o ff-s it

e , re c

o

v e re d fo r e

ne r

gy o ff-s it

e , o r

t r e a

t

e

d o ff-s it

e

a s

s h

o

w n in c o

lu m n

s

G , H, a nd I, re spe c

ti ve l y . T h e re ma i n i n g por t i o n of the pr od ucti on- r e l a

t

e

d w a ste s ( 13. 2 percent ) , sho w n i n co l umn J , i s ei t h

er rel e ased t o

t

h

e env i ro nment t

h

ro u g h dire c

t disc h

a

r

ge s

t

o

a i r, la nd , wa t

e

r, a nd u nde rgro u nd in je c

t io n , o

r

it is dis p o se d o ff-s it

e . Fro m t

h

e

ye a

r

ly da t

a

p r e se n

t

e

d be lo

w it is a p p a re n

t t

h

a

t t

h

e

p o rt

io n o f T R I w a stes r e por t

ed as re cy cl ed on- s i t

e has i ncr eased and the por t i o ns tre a

te

d or ma na g e d thr o ug h e ne r

g

y

r e cove r

y

on- s i t

e

ha ve d e cre a

se d b e t w een 1992 and 1995 ( p ro j e ct

ed )
.
S I C C o d e 24 40 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

Ex hibit 1 4 Sour c

e

R e duc tion a nd R e c y c ling A c tivity f o r SI C 2 4 A B C D E F G J Pr

oduc t i o n R e la te d Waste % R e port e

d as R e leased On -S ite Off-S ite R e ma in in g R e l eases Y ear Volu me (1 0 6 lb s . )* and T

ransf erred % R e cy cle d % E ne r gy Rec o

ver y % Tr

ea

ted % R e cy cle d % E n e

r gy Rec o

ver y % Tr

ea

ted an d Dis p o s a

l 1992 33 45% 55. 17% 0. 10% 11. 02% 0. 06% 1. 84% 2. 12% 29. 69% 1993 69 17% 78. 30% 0. 05% 5. 90% 0. 07% 1. 36% 1. 09% 13. 23% 1994 66 — 79. 59% 0. 07% 5. 32% 0. 08% 0. 86% 0. 59% 13. 50% 1995 63 — 79. 15% 0. 03% 5. 63% 0. 09% 0. 74% 0. 62% 13. 72% I H

S e p tem b e r 1995 41 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t IV
. C HE MI C A L R ELEASE AN D T RA N S FE R P RO FIL E Th is se c

t io n is de s

i gne d t o

p r o v ide ba c

kgro u nd in fo rm a

t io n

o n

t h

e p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se s t h

a

t a r e re p o rt

e

d by t h

is

indu s t

ry. Th e

be s

t so u r c e

o f c

o

m p a ra t iv e p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se in fo rm a

t io n

is t

h

e

To xic R e le

a

se I n v e n

t

o

r

y Sy stem ( T R I )
. Pur s

uant to the E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y R i gh t

- t

o- K no w A c t

, TR I inc l u d e s

se lf-re p o r

t

e

d fa c

ilit y re le

a

se a

nd t ra n

s

f

e

r dat a fo r o v er 600 t o

x

ic

c h

em ic

als
. Fac ilit ies wit h

in S I C C o des 20-39 ( m anuf act u ri ng i nd u st ri es) t h

at

have mo re t h

an 10 empl o y ees, and t h

at are abo v e weigh t

-base d rep o rt

in g t h

res h

o

lds are requ ired t o

rep o rt

TR I o

n -s it

e re le

a

se s a nd o ff-s it

e

t

ra n

s

f

e

r

s . Th e

in fo rm a

t io n

p r e se n

t

e

d wit h

in t

h

e sect o

r no t

e

b o o

k

s i s d e ri ved f r o m t

h

e mo st

recent l y

avai l a bl e ( 1993) T R I repo rt

i n g year ( w hi ch t h

en i ncl ud ed 316 chemi c al s) , and f o

cuses pri m ari l y o n

t

h

e o n - s i t

e rel e ases repo rt

ed b y

each sect o

r . B e cause T R I re q

u i re s

consi s te

nt r e por t i n g

r e g a r d l e ss of se ctor , i t i s a n e x ce l l e nt tool f o

r dra w in g c o

m p a r

iso n

s

a

c

ro s

s

indu s t

rie s . A l thoug h thi s se ctor note b ook d o e

s not pr e se n

t hi stor i c

a

l i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n re ga rdin g TR I c h

e

m ic

a

l re le

a

se s o v e r t i m e , p l e a

se no t

e

t

h

a

t in ge ne ra l, t

o

x

i c

chemi c al rel e ases have b een d e cl i n i n g. In f a

ct

, acco rd i n g t o t h

e 1993 T o x

i c Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

D a ta

B ook , r e por t

e

d r e l e

a

se s

d r oppe d b y

4 2

. 7

% b e t w een 1988 and 1993. Al t h

o

u gh o n - s i t

e rel e ases have d e creased , t h

e tota l a m ount of re por t

e

d tox i c

w a ste ha s not d e cl i ne d b e ca use the a m ount o

f t o

x

ic

c h

e

m ic

a

l s

t ra n

s

f

e

rre d o ff-s it

e

h a

s

inc r e a

se d. Tra n

s

f

e

r

s

h a

v e inc rease d fro m 3. 7 billio n

p o u nds in 1991 t o

4. 7 billio n

p o u nds in 1993. Be t t

e

r m a

na ge m e

n

t p ra c

t i c

e

s

h a

v e le d t o

inc r e a

se s

in o ff-s it

e

t

ra n

s

f

e

r

s o f t

o

x

ic

c

h

e

m ic

a

l s

fo r re c

y c lin g. M o r e de t

a

ile d in fo rm a

t io n

c

a

n

be o b

t

a

ine d f

rom E P A ' s a nnua l T o x

i cs Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y Publ i c D a ta Re l e

a

se b ook ( w hi ch i s avai l a bl e t h

ro ugh t h

e E P C R A H o t l i ne at 1- 800- 535- 0202) , o r d i re c

tl y f rom the T o x

i c Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

Sy ste m d a ta

b a se ( f o

r

use r suppo rt

cal l 202- 260- 1531)
. W h

e

re v e r

possi bl e , the se ctor note b ook s pr e se n

t T R I d a ta

a s the pr i m a

r

y indic a

t

o

r

o f c h

e

m ic

a

l re le

a

se wit h

in e a

c

h

indu s t

ria l c a

t

e

go ry. TR I da t

a pr ovi d e the ty pe , a m ount, a nd me d i a r e ce ptor of e a

ch che m i c

a

l r e l e

a

se d or tra n

sf

e

r

re d
. W h

e

n

othe r

source s of pol l u ta nt re l e

a

se d a ta ha ve b e e

n ob ta i ne d , the se d a ta

ha ve b e e

n

i ncl ud e d to a u g m e

n

t the T R I i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n. TR I Da t

a

Lim it

a

t io n

s Th e re a

d e r s h

o

u ld ke e

p

in m i nd t h

e

fo llo win g

lim it

a

t io n

s

re ga rdin g TR I da t

a

. W i t

h

in so m e se c

t

o

r

s , t h

e

m a jo rit y

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

a r e no t s

u bje c

t t

o

TR I re p o rt

in g be c

a

u se t h

e

y a r e no t c o

n

s

ide re d m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

rie s , o r b e cause t h

ey are b e l o

w T R I repo rt

i n g t h

resho l d s . E xampl es are t h

e
S I C C o d e 24 42 S e p tem b e r 1995-- Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s mi ni ng , d r y

cl e a

ni ng , pr i n ti ng , a nd tra n

spor ta

ti on e q

ui pme n

t cl e a

ni ng sector s. F o r

these sector s, r e l e

ase i n f

o

r

m ati o n f r om other sour ces has b een inc l u d e d
. T h e read er sho u l d al so b e aw are t h

at

T R I " p o u nd s rel e ased " d a t

a pr e se n

te

d w i thi n the note b ook s i s not e q

ui va l e

nt to a " r i s

k " ra nk i n g

f

o

r e

a

c

h

indu s t

ry. W e

igh t in g e a

c

h

p o u nd o f re le

a

se e

q

u a lly do e

s

no t fa c

t

o

r in t

h

e

re la

t i v e t

o

x

ic

it

y o f e

a

c

h

c

h

e

m ic

a

l t h

a

t is re le

a

se d
. Th e A g e nc y is in t h

e pr oce ss of d e ve l o pi ng a n a ppr oa ch to a ssi g n tox i c

ol og i c a

l w e i g hti n gs to each chemi c al rel e ased so t

h

at

o ne can d i f f

e

rent i a

t

e

b e t w een po l l u t a

nt s wit h

s

i gn ific a

n

t diffe re nc e

s

in t

o

x

ic

it

y. A s a p r e lim ina r

y indic a

t

o

r

o f t

h

e e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l im p a c

t o f t h

e

indu s t

ry' s m o

s

t c o

m m o

n

l y re le

a

se d chemi c al s, the noteb ook b r i e

f

l y

summar i zes the tox i c

ol og i c al pr oper ti es of t

h

e

t

o

p

fiv e c

h

e

m ic

a

l s

(by we igh t ) re p o rt

e

d by e a

c

h

indu s t

ry. De f i nitions As s o c i a

te d W ith Se c tion I V Da ta

T a bles Genera l D e f

i ni ti ons

S I C Co d e - - the Stand a r d I nd u str i al Cl assi f i cati on ( S I C ) i s a stati s ti cal c

l a

s

s

i fic a

t i o n

s

t

a

nda rd u se d fo r a ll e s

t

a

blis h

m e

n

t

-ba se d Fe de ra l e c

o

no m ic s

t

a

t is

t i c

s . Th e S I C c o

de s

fa c

ilit a

t

e

c o

m p a r

iso n

s

be t w e e

n

fa c

ilit y a nd indu s t

ry da t

a

. T R I Fa c

ilities a re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t h a

v e 1 0 o r

m o

re fu llt i me empl o y ees and are ab o v e est a

bl i s hed chemi c al t h

ro ughput t

h

re s

h

o

lds
. M a n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

a r e de fine d a s

fa c

ilit ie

s

in S t a

nda rd I ndu s t

ria l C l a s

s

i fic a

t i o n

p r im a

r

y c o

de s

2 0

- 3 9

. Fa c

ilit ie

s m u s t s u bm it e

s

t i m a

t

e

s

fo r a ll c h

e

m ic

a

l s

t

h

a

t a

r e o

n

t

h

e

EP A ' s de fine d lis t a nd a r e a b o v e thr o ug hput thre shol d s . Da t

a

Ta ble C o lu m n

He a

din g De fin i t

i o n

s Th e fo llo win g

de fin i t

i o n

s

a r e ba se d u p o n

s

t

a

nda rd de fin i t

i o n

s

de v e lo p e d by EP A’s To xic R e le

a

se In v e n

t

o

r

y P r o g ra m . Th e

c a

t

e

go rie s

be lo

w represent t

h

e po ssi bl e po l l u t a

nt d e st

i nat i o ns t h

at

can b e repo rt

ed
. R ELEA SES - - a re a n

on- s i t

e

d i scha r

g e of a tox i c

che m i c

a

l to the envi ro nment. T h i s

i ncl ud es emi ssi ons to the ai r , d i schar g e s to b o d i e s of wa t

e

r, re le

a

se s

a t t

h

e

fa c

ilit y t o

la nd , a s

we ll a s

c o

n

t

a

i ne d dis p o sa l in t

o u nde rgro u nd in je c

t io n

we lls
. R e le a s es to Air (Point a nd Fugitive Air Em is s i ons ) - - Incl ud e al l ai r emi ssi ons f rom i nd u str y

acti vi ty . Poi n t emi ssi ons occur thro ug h conf i ned

S e p tem b e r 1995 43 S I C C o d e 24- -

-- Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t ai r stre ams as f o

und i n stack s , d u cts, or pi pes. F u g i ti ve emi ssi ons i ncl ud e l o sses f rom equi pment l e ak s, or evaporati v e l o sses f r om i m pound m ents, s

p ills , o r

le a

k

s . Rel eases to Wat er ( S u r f

a

ce Water D i sch ar ges)

- encompass any r e l e

ases g o i n g d i re c

tl y to str e a

m s, r i ve r

s , l a k e s, oce a

ns, or othe r

b o d i e s of w a te

r . A n y

e s

ti ma te

s f o

r

stor mw a t

e

r

r u nof f a nd non- poi n t l o sse s must a l so b e inc l u d e d
. Rel eases t o

L a n d -- inc l u d e s

dis p o sa l o f wa s

t

e

t

o

o n -s it

e

la nd fills , wa s

t

e t

h

a

t is la nd t re a

t

e

d o r

inc o

rp o ra t

e

d in t

o

so il, s u rfa c

e

im p o u ndm e

n

t s , s

p ills , le a

k

s , o r

wa s

t

e

p ile s . Th e

se a c

t i v i t i e

s

m u s t o c

c

u r wit h

in t h

e fa c

ilit y' s bo u nda rie s

fo r inc l u s io n

in t

h

is

c

a

t

e

go ry. U nde r g r o und I n je c tion -- is a c o

n

t

a

i ne d re le

a

se o f a flu id in t

o a sub s

ur f

a

ce w e l l f o

r

the pur p ose of w a ste d i s posal
. T R A N SFER S -- is a

t

ra n

s

f

e

r

o f t

o

x

ic

c

h

e

m ic

a

l s

in wa s

t

e

s

t

o

a

fa c

ilit y t h

a

t is ge o

g ra p h ic

a

lly o r p h ys ic

a

lly se p a ra t

e

fro m t

h

e

fa c

ilit y re p o rt

in g u nde r T R I. T h e quant i t

i es repo rt

ed represent a mo v e ment o f t

h

e chemi c al away fro m t h

e re p o rt

in g fa c

ilit y. Exc e

p t fo r o ff-s it

e

t

ra n

s

f

e

r

s

fo r dis p o s

a

l, t h

e

se q

u a n

ti ti e s d o not ne ce ssa r

i l y r e pre se n

t e n

tr

y

of the che m i c

a

l i n to the env i ro nment . Tran sfers t o

P O TWs ar e w a stew ater s transf er r e d thr o ug h pi pes or se w e r

s

to a publ i c l y

ow ne d tr e a

tme n

ts w o r

k

s ( P OT W )
. T r e a

tme n

t a nd c

h

e

m ic

a

l re m o

v a l de p e nd o n

t h

e

c h

e

m ic

a

l ' s na t u re a nd t r e a

t

m e

n

t me thod s use d
. Che m i c

a

l s not tr e a

te

d or d e str o y e d b y the POT W a r e ge ne ra lly re le

a

se d t o

s

u rfa c

e

wa t

e

rs

o

r

la nd fille d wit h

in t

h

e

s

l u d ge . Tran sfers t o

Recy cl i n g -- a r e se n

t o ff-s it

e

fo r t h

e

p u rp o se s

o f re ge ne ra t i n g o

r

re c

o

v e rin g

s t ill v a lu a ble m a

t

e

ria l s . O nc e

t

h

e

se c h

e

m ic

a

l s

h a

v e be e

n re c

y c l e

d , t h

e

y m a

y be re t u rne d t o

t h

e

o r

igin a

t in g fa c

ilit y o r

so ld c

o

m m e

rc ia

lly. T r ans f er s

to Ener gy R e c over y

-- a r e wa s

t

e

s

c o

m b

u s t

e

d o ff-s it

e

in i nd u st ri al f u rnaces f o

r energy reco v e ry. T r eat m ent o f a chemi c al b y i nci ne ra ti on i s not consi d e r e d to b e e

ne r

g

y

r e cove r

y . T r an sf er s to T r eat m e n t a r e wa s

t

e

s

m o

v e d o ff-s it

e

fo r e i t

h

e

r ne u t ra liz a t io n , inc i ne ra t i o n , bio l o g ic a

l de s

t

ru c t io n , o r

p h ys ic

a

l se p a ra t i o n . I n some cases, the chemi c al s ar e not d e str o y e d b u t pr epar ed f o

r f u r t

her w a ste manag e ment.

S I C C o d e 24 44 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Tran sfers t o

D i s p o sal -- a r e wa s

t

e

s

t

a

ke n

t

o

a no t

h

e

r

fa c

ilit y fo r dis p o s

a

l ge ne ra lly a s

a

re le

a

se t

o

la nd o r

a

s

a

n

in je c

t io n

u nde rgro u nd.
I V .A
. EPA T o x

i c

R e le a s e I n ve ntor y f o r the Lum be r a

nd W ood Pr oduc ts

I ndustr y TR I R e le

a

se a

m o

u n t s

lis t

e

d be lo

w a r e no t a

s

so c

i a

t

e

d wit h no n - c o

m p lia nc e wit h e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l la ws . Th e

se fa c

ilit ie

s

a p p e a

r

ba se d o n

se lf-re p o r

t

e

d d a ta

sub m i tte d to the T o x

i c Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

pr og ra m. Th e TR I da t

a

ba se c o

n

t

a

i n s a de t

a

ile d c o

m p ila t i o n

o f se lf-re p o r

t

e

d, fa c

ilitys

p e c

ific c h

e

m ic

a

l re le

a

se s . Th e

t

o

p

re p o rt

in g fa c

ilit ie

s

fo r t h

is

se c

t

o

r

a r e lis t

e

d be lo

w. Fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t h a

v e re p o rt

e

d o n

ly

t

h

e

S I C c o

de s

c o

v e re d u nde r t h

is no t

e

bo o

k

a p p e a

r

in Exh i bit 1 5
. Exh i bit 1 6 c

o

n

t

a

i n s

a ddit io n

a

l fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t h a

v e re p o rt

e

d t h

e

S I C c o

de c o

v e re d wit h

in t h

is re p o rt

, a nd one or more SI C cod e s tha t a r e not w i thi n the scope of thi s note b ook
. Th e

re f

o

re , Exh i bit 1 6 inc l u d e s

fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t c o

nd u c t m u l t i p l e o p e ra t io n

s
— some tha t a re und e r the scope of thi s note b ook , a nd some tha t a r e not. O p erat io n

s in Exh i bit 16 inc l u d e: 2621 - p a p e r m ills , 2611 - p u lpm ills , 2631 - p a p e r m ills , and 2812 - indu s t

rial ino r

gan i c c h

em ic

als
. C u rren t ly, t

h

e

fa c

ilit y-le v e l da t

a

do no t a llo w p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se s

t

o

be bro k e n a p a r

t b

y

i nd u str i al pr ocess. Exh i bit s 1 7

- 1 9 illu s t

ra t

e

t

h

e

TR I re le

a

se s

a nd t ra n

s

f

e

r

s

fo r t h

e

lu m b e r

a nd w ood prod ucts i nd u str y

( S I C 2 4

)
. F o r

the i nd u str y

a s

a w h ol e , VOCs ( s

uch a s f o

r

m a

l d e hy d e , x y l e ne , tol ue ne , a nd me tha nol ) compr i se the l a

r

g e s

t numb e r

of T R I r e l e

a

se s . A l a r

g e a m ount of VOC r e l e

a

se s , b oth f

u g i ti ve a nd poi n t sour ce e m i ssi ons, r e sul t i n pa r

t f r om the e x

te

nsi v e use o

f glu e s

a nd re s

i n s

in t

h

is

indu s t

ry. V O C s a r e p r im a

r

ily re le

a

se d du rin g the d r y i ng a nd pr e ssi ng pha se s

of most w ood pa ne l pr od uct manuf a

ctur i n g

pr ocesses. VOC emi ssi ons are al so associ ated w i th sol v e n

ts use d to coa t ca b i ne ts, d e cora ti ve pa ne l s , a nd toy s.

S e p tem b e r 1995 45 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Ex hibit 1 5 T o p 1 0 T R I R e le a s ing Lum be r a

nd W ood Pr oduc t Fa c

ilities (SI C 2 4

only) R a n k To tal TR I R eleas es in Po unds F a c

ility Name C ity S tate

1 638, 622 M e rillat In d
. In c

. M o u n t Jac k

s on V A 2 386, 994 C ompon en t C on c

ept s

In c

. T h omas v ille NC 3 383, 100 Ch ild Cr aft In c

. Co. In c

. Salem I N 4 341, 200 A f c

o

In d
. In c

. Hollan d M I 5 261, 000 D e c

o

lam In c

. Or an g e bu r g SC 6 241, 010 A b t Co. In c

. Roarin g

Riv e r N C 7 234, 697 Wey e rh

aeu s er P a r t ic

leboar d M ill A d e l G A 8 199, 000 J. H. B a x

t er

&Co. W eed CA 9 197, 800 Geor g

i a-P ac ific Cor p . M on t ic

ello Pan e

lbo ar d M on t ic

ello GA 10 179, 000 Nor t h

wood P a n

e

lboar d Co. S olway M N Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993.
Ex hibit 1 6 T o p 1 0 T R I R e le a s ing Lum be r a

nd W ood Pr oduc t Fa c

ilities S I C C o d es To tal TR I R eleas es in Po unds F a c

ility Name C ity S tate
2621, 2611, 2812, 2421 1, 273, 125 Wey e rh

aeu s er Co. L on g

v iew W A 2621, 2421, 2436 1, 187, 356 M a c

M illian B l oed e l In c

. P i n e

Hill A L 2611, 2621, 2631, 2421 1, 059, 615 P o t l at c

h

Corp . Pu lp & P a p e rb

o a rd G r o u p Le w i ston I D 2631, 2436, 2499 768, 369 Wey e rh

aeu s er Co. Con t ain e

r

b

oar d P a c

k

ag in

g Di v . Sp ri n g

field O R
2426 638, 622 M e rillat In d
. In c

. M o u n t Jac k

s on V A 2493 386, 994 C ompon en t C on c

ept s

In c

. T h omas v ille NC 2435 383, 100 Ch ild Cr aft In c

. Co. In c

. Salem I N 2493 341, 200 A F CO In d
. In c

. Hollan d NH 2439 261, 000 D e c

o

lam, In c

. Or an g e bu r g SC 2493 241, 010 A b t Co. In c

. Roarin g

Riv e r N C Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993. N o t e: B e i n

g

i n c l ud ed

o

n

t

h

ese l i s t s d

o

es no t m e a

n

t

h

a

t t

h

e rel ea se i s a

sso c

i a

t ed

wi t h

no n- c o

m

p

lian c

e w i t

h e n

v

ir

on me n

t al law s

.

S I C C o d e 24 46 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

Ex hibit 1 7 T R I R e por ting Lum be r a

nd W ood Pr oduc t Fa c

ilities (SI C 2 4

) by Sta te S tate Nu m b er o

f F a c

ilities S tate Nu m b er o

f F a c

ilities A L 43 ND 1 A R 18 NH 1 AZ 2 N J 4 CA 19 NM 1 CO 3 N V 1 CT 1 N Y 6 F L 19 OH 8 GA 35 OK 3 HI 4 O R 2 4 ID 3 P A 1 9 IL 9 P R 3 IN 11 RI 1 KY 8 S C 2 0 L A 17 SD 2 MA 3 T N 1 2 MD 6 T X 2 7 ME 4 U T 1 M I 13 V A 24 M N 12 V T 1 MO 6 W A 1 0 M S 28 WI 18 MT 2 W V 5 NC 31 WY 2 Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993.

S e p tem b e r 1995 47 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

S I C C o d e 24 48 S e p tem b e r 1995 Ex hibit 1 8 R e le a s es f

o r Lum be r a

nd W ood Pr oduc ts

(SI C 2 4

) in T R I , by Num b e r of Fa c

ilities (R e l e a s es r

e por te d in pounds /ye a r

)
Ch e m i c a l Na m e # /Fa c ilitie s Re p o r t i n g Ch e m i c a l F u gi t i ve Ai r Po in t A i r W a t e r Di sc h a r g e s U n d ergrou n d I n

j ect i o n La n d Di sp o s a l To ta l Re l e a s e s A v erage Re l e a s e s

pe r Fa c ility A r s e ni c C o m pounds 225 392 387 1661 0 5 2445 11 C h r o m i um C o m pounds 223 397 392 2043 0 0 2832 13 C opper C o m pounds 222 397 397 2098 0 5 2897 13 For m al dehyde 69 318332 1832467 3500 0 1333 2155632 31241 C r eos o t e 68 377646 641954 8016 0 943 1028559 15126 A r s e ni c 6 6 270 260 1451 0 5 1986 30 C opper 6 5 265 260 1192 0 250 1967 30 C h r o m i um 63 255 245 1779 0 0 2279 36 Pent achl o r ophenol 36 5605 4206 2531 0 255 12597 350 Sul f ur i c A c i d 25 10 48151 10 0 0 48171 1927 A m m oni a 2 4 361205 264070 78011 0 7460 710746 29614 Met hyl enebi s ( P henyl i s ocyanat e ) 24 658 9857 0 0 0 10515 438 Phenol 18 20855 210255 2850 0 5 233965 12998 M e t h anol 14 130145 554849 0 0 8 685002 48929 T o l u ene 1 4 215435 715331 0 0 0 930766 66483 X y l e ne ( M i x ed I s om er s ) 12 52437 1005851 0 0 0 1058288 88191 A cet one 10 205915 180720 0 0 0 386635 38664 M e t hyl E t hyl K e t one 9 8469 481703 0 0 0 490172 54464 Phos phor i c A c i d 9 0 20 0 0 0 2 0 2 H ydr ochl or i c A c i d 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M e t hyl I s obut yl K e t one 8 70864 121782 0 0 0 192646 24081 Z i nc C o m pounds 5 0 0 255 0 5 260 52 A m m oni um Sul f at e ( S ol ut i on) 4 0 5 0 5 1 G l ycol E t her s 4 34600 65400 0 0 0 100000 25000 N

- B u t y l A l cohol 4 3199 89582 0 0 0 92781 23195 N a pht hal e ne 4 10529 4852 0 0 1 15382 3846 A n t h r acene 3 2000 0 0 0 1 2001 667 D i benzof ur an 3 850 0 0 0 1 851 284 E t hyl benzene 2 1300 64644 0 0 0 65944 32972 E t hyl ene G l ycol 2 1000 52900 0 0 0 53900 26950 N i t r i c A c i d 2 0 1173 0 0 0 1173 587 Q u i nol i n e 2 272 0 0 0 1 273 137 A m m oni um N i t r at e ( S ol ut i on) 1 0 0 0 0 0 A n t i m ony C o m pounds 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B u ty l B e n z y l P h th a l a t e 1 5 5 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 C h l o r i n e 1 5 0 1 0 0 5 1 5 D i ( 2

- E t hyl hexyl ) Pht h al at e 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D i but yl Pht h al at e 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D i chl o r o m e t h ane 1 37000 0 0 0 37000 37000 M e t hyl M e t h acr yl at e 1 250 0 0 0 0 250 250 St yr ene 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T e t r achl o r o et hyl ene 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 T o l u ene- 2, 4- D i i s ocyanat e 1 6 8 36529 0 0 0 36597 36597 Z i nc ( F um e O r D u s t ) 1 5 5 5 0 0 1 5 1 5 To t a l s 491 1, 860, 637 6, 388, 247 105, 417 0 10, 278 8, 364, 579 17, 036 Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993. 0 0

0 0

0 1Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

S e p tem b e r 1995 49 S I C C o d e 24 Ex hibit 1 9 T r a

n s f e r s

f

o r Lum be r a

nd W ood Pr oduc t (SI C 2 4

) in T R I , by Num b e r of Fa c

ilities (T r a

ns f e r s

r

e por te d in pounds /ye a r

)
Ch e m i c a l Na m e # Fa c ilitie s Re p o r t i n g Ch e m i c a l PO TW D i s h arges D i s p o s a l R ecycl i n g T reat m en t E n ergy R ecovery To ta l T r an s f ers A v erage T r an s f ers pe r Fa c ility A r s e ni c C o mpounds 225 0 90677 11192 101869 453 C h r o mi um C o mpounds 223 0 82702 9494 92446 415 C opper C o mpounds 222 0 77164 9123 86287 389 F o r m al dehyde 69 120 1304 750 195 2369 34 C r e os ot e 6 8 11502 1296906 18667 446558 636818 2410451 35448 A r s e ni c 6 6 1 6 81038 11910 92964 1409 C opper 6 5 3 5 54935 8090 63060 970 C h r o mi um 63 7 99933 16200 116390 1847 P e nt achl o r ophenol 36 1125 34860 1010 68963 40981 146939 4082 S u lfu r ic A c id 2 5 0 0 0 A mmoni a 2 4 72250 1775 74025 3084 M e t hyl enebi s ( P henyl i s ocyanat e ) 24 600 511 1300 2411 100 P h enol 18 750 15 500 1100 2365 131 M e t h anol 14 598 2550 4700 5800 13648 975 T o l u ene 1 4 0 4300 4800 17700 43400 70200 5014 X y l e ne ( M i x ed I s omer s ) 12 5 16333 1750 78619 96707 8059 A cet one 10 0 9242 9242 924 M e t hyl E t hyl K e t one 9 0 1700 1800 25990 29490 3277 P hos phor i c A c i d 9 250 250 28 H ydr ochl or i c A c i d 8 0 0 0 M e t hyl I s obut yl K e t one 8 0 109577 109577 13697 Z i n c C o mpounds 5 0 1505 250 1755 351 A mmoni um S u l f at e ( S ol ut i on) 4 0 0 0 G l ycol E t h er s 4 3060 4500 7560 1890 N

- B u t y l A l cohol 4 0 750 250 9447 10447 2612 N a pht hal e ne 4 0 751 751 188 A n t h r acene 3 0 255 255 85 D i benzof ur an 3 0 751 751 250 E t hyl benzene 2 0 1737 3420 5157 2579 E t hyl ene G l ycol 2 0 0 0 N itric A c id 2 0 0 0 Q u i nol i n e 2 0 251 251 126 A mmoni um N i t r at e ( S ol ut i on) 1 0 0 0 A n t i m ony C o mpounds 1 0 0 0 Bu ty l Be n z y l P h th a l a t e 1 0 0 0 Ch lo rin e 1 0 0 0 D i ( 2

- E t hyl hexyl ) P h th al at e 1 0 0 0 D i but yl P h t h al at e 1 0 0 0 D i chl o r o met h ane 1 0 750 750 750 M e t hyl M e t h acr yl at e 1 300 300 300 S t yr ene 1 0 250 250 250 T e t r achl o r o et hyl ene 1 0 0 0 T o l u ene- 2, 4- D i i s ocyanat e 1 0 0 0 Z i n c (F u m e Or Du st ) 1 5 5 1 0 1 0 T o t a l s 491 90, 623 1, 831, 880 50, 297 606, 888 968, 739 3, 548, 927 7, 228 Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993.Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t I V
. B
. S u m m a

r

y

of S e l e cted Ch em i c

al s Rel eased Th e

fo llo win g

is a s y no p s is

o f c u rre n

t sc i e

n

t i fic t o

x

ic

it

y a nd fa t

e in fo rm a

t io n

fo r t h

e

t

o

p c h

e

m ic

a

l s

(by we igh t ) t h

a

t fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in t h

is sect o

r

sel f

- repo r

t

e

d as rel e ased t o

t

h

e envi ro nment b a sed upo n

1993 T R I da t

a

. Be c

a

u se t h

is se c

t io n

is ba se d u p o n

se lf-re p o r

t

e

d re le

a

se da t

a

, it do e

s not a tte mpt to pr ovi d e i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n on ma na g e me nt pra c

ti ce s e m pl oy e d b

y the se ctor to re d u ce the r e l e

a

se of the se che m i c

a

l s. I n f

o

r

m a

t i o n re ga rdin g p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se re du c t io n

s

o v e r

t

i m e m a

y be a v a ila ble fro m E P A' s T R I and 33/ 50 pro g rams, o r

d i r ect l y f r o m t h

e i nd u st ri al t rad e a

s

so c

i a

t io n

s

t

h

a

t a re lis t

e

d in S e c

t io n

I X o f t

h

is

do c

u m e

n

t

. S i nc e t h

e

se d e scr i p ti ons are cur sor y , pl ease consul t the sources r e f

e

r e nced b e l o

w f o

r

a m o

re de t

a

ile d de sc r

ip t i o n o f bo t

h

t

h

e

c

h

e

m ic

a

l s

de sc r

ibe d in t

h

is

se c

t io n , and t h

e chemi c al s t h

at

appear o n

t

h

e f u l l l i s t o f T R I chemi c al s appeari n g in S e c

t io n

I V .A
. Th e brie f de sc r

ip t i o n

s

p r o v ide d be lo

w we re t

a

ke n

fro m t

h

e 1993 T o xic s R e le

a

s

e

Inve nto r

y P u blic Da ta

R e le

a

s

e ( E PA, 1994) , t h

e H azard o us Sub s

ta nce s

D a ta

B a nk ( H SD B) , a nd the I n te

g ra t

e

d Ri sk I n f

o

r

m a

t i o n Sy stem ( I RI S) , b oth accessed vi a T O XN E T 1
. T h e i n f

o

r

m ati o n contai ned b e l o

w i s b a sed upon ex posur e assumpti ons that have b een cond ucted usi n g

stand a r d sci enti f i c pr oced ur es. T h e ef f

e

cts l i s ted b e l o

w must b e ta k e n i n conte x

t of the se e x

posur e a ssumpti ons tha t a r e mor e f u l l y e

x

p l a i ne d wit h

in t

h

e

fu ll c h

e

m ic

a

l p r o f

ile s

in HS DB.

1 T OXNE T is a c o

mp u t er

sy st

em r u n by t

h

e Nat i on al L ibr ar y

of M e d i c i n

e

t

h

at

in c

l u d es a n u mber of to

xi co l o

g

i ca l da ta

b

a

se

s m a

n

a

g e d b y

EP A, N a ti on a

l Ca n

c

e

r I n sti t u t

e , a n

d th e

N a ti on a

l I n sti t u t

e

f

or Oc c

u p a t i on al Safet y

an d Healt h
. F o r mor e in form at

ion on T OXNE T , c on t ac

t t

h

e T OXNE T h

e

lp

lin e at 1- 800-231-3766. D a t a

bases in c

l u d ed in T OXNE T ar e: CCRIS (Ch e

mic a

l Car c in

og en esis Resear c h In

form at

ion Sy st

em), D A RT (D ev elop men t al an d Rep r od u c t i v e T o x

i c

i t

y

D a t a

base), D B IR (D ir ec t or

y

of B i o t e

c

hno l o

gy I n f orm a

t i on R e s o

ur c e

s

) , E M I C B A C K ( E nv i r on me nt

a

l M u t a

ge n I n f orm a

t i on C e nt

e

r B a c

k

file), GE NE -T OX (Gen et

ic

T o x

i c

o

log y

) , HSD B (Hazar d o u s Su bst a

n

c

es D a t a

B a n

k

), IRIS (In t eg r a

t e

d Risk In form at

ion Sy st

em), RT E C S (Reg ist r y

of T o x

i c

E ffec t s of Ch emic al Su bst a

n

c

es), an d T R I (T ox ic Ch emic al Release In v e n

t or

y

)
. HSD B c

on t ain s

c

h

emic al-sp e c

i fic in form at

ion on man u fac t u r i n

g

an d u s e, ch e

m

i c

a

l a n

d p h y

si c a

l p r o p e r ti e s , sa f e

ty

a

n

d h a

n

d l i n g , to xi ci ty a

n

d b i ome di ca l e f f e

cts, p h a

rm a

co

l o

g

y , en v i r on men t a

l fat e an d ex p o su r e p o t e

n

t ial, ex p o su r e st an d a r d s an d r e g

u l at ion s , mon i t

or

i n

g

an d an aly sis met h

od s, an d ad d i t i on al r e fer e n

c

es.

S I C C o d e 24 50 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s T h e

top T R I re l e

a

se s

f

o

r

the l umb e r

a nd w ood pr od ucts i nd u str y ( S I C 2 4

) as who l e i ncl ud e: A c e

tone Ammoni a Cre o

sote Fo rm a

lde h

y de Me tha nol Me thy l e t

hy l k e tone Me thy l i sob uty l k e tone Phenol To lu e ne X

y le ne s

(m ixe d iso m e

r

s

)
. Acet on e To xic i t

y . A c e

tone i s i r r

i ta ti ng to the e

y e s , nose , a nd thro a

t

. Sy mptoms of e

x

posure to l a r

g e q u a n

ti ti e s

of a c

e

tone ma y i ncl ud e he a

d a c

he , unstead i ness, conf usi o n, l a ssi tud e , d r ow si ness, vomi ti ng , and r e spi rator y d e pressi on. Re a

c

ti ons of a c

e

tone ( se e

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l f a

te

) i n the l o w e r

a t

mosphe r e contr i b u te to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of g r ound

- l e v e l oz one . Oz one ( a ma j o r component of ur b a n smog ) can af f

e

ct the re spi rator y

sy stem, especi al l y i n se n

s

it

iv e indiv idu a l s

s

u c h

a

s

a

s

t

h

m a

t i c

s

o

r

a

lle rgy s u ffe re rs . C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t o

s u gge s

t t h

a

t t h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

. En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Fa t

e . I f re le

a

se d in t

o

wa t

e

r, a c

e

t

o

ne will be de gra d e d by m i c

ro o

r

ga n

i s

m s

o r

will e v a p o ra t

e

in t

o

t

h

e a t

m o

s

p h e

re . De gra d a t io n by m i c

ro o

r

ga n

i s

m s

will be t

h

e

p r im a

r

y re m o

v a l m e

c

h

a

n

is

m . A c e

tone i s hi g h l y vol a ti l e , a nd once i t r e a

c

he s the tr oposphe r e ( l ow e r a

t

m o

s

p h e

re ), it will re a

c

t wit h

o t

h

e

r

ga se s , c o

n

t

ribu t i n g

t

o

t

h

e

fo rm a

t io n of g round

- l e v e l oz one a nd othe r

a i r

pol l u ta nts. E P A i s r e e

v a l ua ti ng a

c

e

tone ' s re a

c

ti vi ty i n the l o w e r

a t

mosphe r e to d e te

r

m i ne w h e

t

he r

thi s c

o

n

t

ribu t i o n

is s

i gn ific a

n

t

. Phy s i c

al Proper ti es . A c e

t

o

ne is a v o la

t ile a nd fla m m a

ble o r

ga n

i c chemi c al
. Note : Ac e

tone was r e

m

ove d fr om t h

e

lis t of T R I c h

e

mic als on J une 16, 1995 ( 6 0 FR 31643) and will not be r

e

p

or

te

d for 1994 or s

u

bs e

q

ue nt ye ar

s

.
S e p tem b e r 1995 51 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

A mmo n i a T o x

i ci ty . A nhy d rous a mmoni a i s i r r

i ta ti ng to the ski n , e y e s , nose , thro a

t

, and upper re spi rator y

sy stem. Ec o

l o g ic a

lly, a m m o

n

i a

is a so u r c e

o f n i t

r o g e n

(a n

e s

se n

t ia

l e l e

m e

n

t fo r a

q

u a t i c pl a n

t g row th) , a nd ma y

the r e f

or e contr i b u te to e u trophi ca ti on of s

t

a

ndin g o r

s l o

w -m o

v in g s u rfa c

e

wa t

e

r, p a rt

ic

u l a r

ly in n i t

r o g e n -lim it

e

d wa t

e

rs

s u c h

a s

t

h

e

C h e

s

a

p e a

ke Ba y. I n a ddit io n , a q

u e o

u s a m m o

n

i a is mod e ra te

l y

tox i c

to a q

u a t i c

or g a ni sms. C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t o

s u gge s

t t h

a

t t h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

. En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Fa t

e . A m m o

n

i a

c o

m b ine s

wit h

s u lfa t

e

io n

s

in t h

e a

t

m o

s

p h e

re a nd is wa s

h

e

d o u t by ra in fa ll, re s

u lt in g in ra p id re t u rn o f ammo ni a t o

t

h

e so i l and surf ace w a t

e

rs. A mmoni a i s a

ce ntra l compound i n the e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l cy cl i n g of ni tr og e n . A m m o

n

i a

in la ke s , riv e rs , a nd s t

re a

m s

is c

o

n

v e r

t

e

d t o

n i t

ra t

e . Phy s i c

al Proper ti es . Am m o

n

i a is a c o

rro s

i v e and se v e rely irrit a

t i n g

gas w i th a pung e n

t od or . For m a

ldehyde T o x

i ci ty . I n g e sti o n of f o

r

m a

l d e hy d e l e a

d s to d a ma g e to the mucous me mb ra ne s of mouth, thr o a

t

, a nd i n te

sti n a

l tra c

t; se ve r e pa i n , vomi ti ng , a

nd d i a r

r

h

e

a

re sul t . I nha l a

ti on of l o w conce n

tra t i o ns ca n l e a

d to i r r

i ta ti on of the e y e s , nose , a nd r e spi ra tor y

tra c

t. I nha l a

ti on of hi g h conce n

tra t i o ns of f

o

r

m a

l d e hy d e ca use s

se ve r e d a ma g e to the r e spi ra tor y

sy ste m a nd to the he a

r

t, a nd ma y

e

v e n

l e a

d to d e a

t

h. Othe r

sy mptoms f r om e x

posur e to fo rm a

lde h

y de inc l u d e : h e

a

d a c

h

e , we a

k ne s

s , ra p id h e

a

r

t b e a

t

, s y m p t o

m s

o

f shock , g a stro enter i ti s, centra l ner v ous sy stem d e pr essi on, ver t i g o, stupor , re du c e

d bo dy t e

m p e ra t u r e , a nd c o

m a

. R e p e a

t

e

d c o

n

t

a

c

t wit h

s k in p ro m o

t

e

s

a

lle rgic re a

c

t i o n

s , de rm a

t it

is , irrit a

t i o n , a nd h a

rde n

in g. C o n

t

a

c

t wi t h eyes causes i n juri es rangi n g f r o m mi no r, t ransi ent i n jury t o p e rm a

ne n

t blindne s

s , de p e ndin g o n

t h

e

c o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

o f t h

e fo rm a

lde h

y de so lu t i o n . I n a ddit io n , m e

n

s

t

r

u a l diso r de rs a nd se c

o

nd a r

y s

t

e

r

ilit y h a

v e be e

n

re p o rt

e

d in wo m e

n

e

x

p o se d t o

fo rm a

lde h

y de
.

S I C C o d e 24 52 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Fo rm a

lde h

y de is a

p r o b a ble h u m a

n

c

a

rc ino g e n v i a bo t

h in h

a

la

t i o n a nd o ra l e x

p o s

u re , ba se d o n

lim it

e

d e v ide nc e

in h u m a

n

s

a nd s

u ffic i e

n

t e

v ide nc e

in a

n

im a

l s . E n vi ro nme n

ta

l F a te . Most f o

r

m a

l d e hy d e i s r e l e

a

se d to the e n

vi r o nme n

t a

s a ga s , a nd is ra p idly bro k e n

do wn by s u n ligh t a nd re a

c

t i o n

s

wit h a

t

m o

s

p h e

ric io n

s . I t s in it

ia

l o x

ida t i o n

p r o d u c t

, fo rm ic

a c

id, is a c

o

m p o ne n

t o f a c

id ra in
. Th e

re s

t o f t

h

e

a t

m o

s

p h e

ric fo rm a

lde h

y de is re move d vi a d r y d e posi ti on, ra i n or d i ssol u ti on i n to sur f

a

c

e

w a te

r

s . Bio de gra d a t io n

o f fo rm a

lde h

y de in wa t

e

r t a

ke s p l a c

e in a fe w da ys . V o la

t iliz a t io n o f fo rm a

lde h

y de dis so lv e d in wa t

e

r is lo w. B i o accumul ati o n of f

o

r

m al d e hy d e d o es not occur . W h

e

n

re le

a

se d o n

t

o

t

h

e

so il, a q

u e o

u s so lu t i o n

s c o

n

t

a

i n i n g fo rm a

lde h

y de will le a

c

h

t

h

ro u g h t

h

e

so il. W h

ile fo rm a

lde h

y de is bio d e g ra da ble u nde r bo t

h a e

ro bic a nd a na e

ro bic c

o

ndit io n

s , it s

fa t

e

in so il a nd gro u nd wa t

e

r is unk now n. A l t h

o

u gh fo rm a

lde h

y de is fo u nd in re m o

t

e

a r e a

s , it is p r o b a bly no t tra n

spor te

d the re , b u t ra the r i s l i k e l y

a r e sul t of the l o ca l g e ne ra ti on of fo rm a

lde h

y de fro m lo n

g e r -liv e d p r e c

u r so rs

wh ic

h

h a

v e be e

n

t

ra n

s

p o r

t

e

d t

h

ere. M e t

ha nol To xic i t

y . M e t

h

a

no l is re a

dily a b

so rbe d fro m t h

e ga s

t

ro in t

e

s

t in a

l t ra c

t a nd the re spi ra tor y tra c

t, a nd i s tox i c

to huma ns i n mod e ra te

to hi g h d o se s. I n t

h

e bo dy, m e

t

h

a

no l is c o

n

v e r

t

e

d in t

o

fo rm a

lde h

y de a nd fo rm ic

a c

id. Me tha nol i s e x cre t

e

d a s f o

r

m i c a c

i d
. Ob se r

v e d tox i c

e f

f

e

cts a t hi g h d o se le

v e ls

ge ne ra lly inc l u d e c e

n

t

ra l ne rv o u s s y s t

e

m da m a

ge a nd blindne s

s . L o ng
- t e

r

m e x

posure to hi g h l e ve l s

of me tha nol vi a i nha l a

ti on ca use l i v e r a

nd blo o

d da m a

ge in a

n

im a

l s . E c ol og i c a

l l y , me tha nol i s e x

pe cte d to ha ve l o w tox i c

i t

y

to a q

u a t i c or g a ni sms. Conce n

tra t i o ns l e tha l to ha l f

the or g a ni sms of a te st po pul a t i o n are expect ed t o exceed 1 mg met h

ano l per l i t er wat e

r. Methanol i s not l i k el y to per s

i s

t i n w a ter or to b i oaccumul ate i n aquati c or g a ni sms. C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t o

s u gge s

t t h

a

t t h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

. En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Fa t

e . Liq u id m e

t

h

a

no l is like l y t o e v a p o ra t

e wh e

n le ft e

x

pose d
. Me tha nol r e a

c

ts i n a i r

to pr od uce f o

r

m a

l d e hy d e w h i c

h

S e p tem b e r 1995 53 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t
contr i b u te s to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of a i r

pol l u ta nts. I n the a t

mosphe r e i t ca n re a

c

t w i th othe r

a t

mosphe r

i c che m i c

a

l s or b e w a she d out b y ra i n . M e t

h

a

no l is re a

dily de gra d e d by m i c

r o o

r

ga n

i s

m s in so ils a nd s u rfa c

e wa t

e

rs . Phy s i c

al Proper ti es . Me tha nol i s hi g h l y

f

l a

mma bl e . M e t

hyl Ethyl K e tone T o x

i ci ty . B re a

thi n g

mod e ra te

a m ounts of me thy l e t

hy l k e tone ( M E K ) f o

r shor t per i od s of ti me can cause ad ver se ef f

e

cts on the ner v ous sy stem ra ng i n g f rom head aches, d i zzi ness, nausea, and numb ness i n the f i ng er s a

nd toe s to unconsci ousne ss. I t s va por s

a r e i r r

i ta ti ng to the sk i n , e y e s , no se, and t h

ro at and can d a mage t h

e eyes. R e peat ed expo sure t o m o

de ra t

e

t

o

h i gh a

m o

u n t s

m a

y c a

u se liv e r

a

nd kidne y

e

ffe c

t s . C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . N o a g r e e

m e

n

t e x

i s

ts ove r

the ca r c i nog e n

i c

i t

y

of ME K. One source b e l i e ves ME K i s a possi bl e car c i nog en i n humans b a sed on lim it

e

d a n

im a

l e v ide nc e . O t h

e

r

so u r c e

s

be lie v e t

h

a

t t

h

e

r e is in s

u ffic i e

n

t ev i d e nce t o

make any st at

ement s

ab o u t po ssi bl e carci no g eni c i t

y. E n vi ro nme n

ta

l F a te . Most of the ME K r e l e

a

se d to the e n

vi r o nme n

t w i l l e

nd up i n the a t

mosphe r e . ME K ca n contr i b u te to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of a i r p o llu t a

n

t s

in t h

e

lo we r a t

m o

s

p h e

re . I t c a

n

be de gra d e d by m i c

ro o

r

ga n

i s

m s

liv in g in wa t

e

r a nd so il. Phy s i c

al Proper ti es . M e t

h

yl e t

h

y l ke t

o

ne is a

fla m m a

ble liq u id. T o l u en e T o x

i ci ty . I nha l a

ti on or i n g e sti o n of tol ue ne ca n ca use he a

d a c

he s, conf usi o n, w e ak ness, and memor y

l o ss. T o l u ene may al so af f

e

ct the w a y t

h

e

kidne y s a

nd liv e r

fu nc t i o n . Re a

c

ti ons of tol ue ne ( se e

e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l f a

te

) i n the a t

mosphe r e contr i b u te to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of oz one i n the l o w e r

a t

mosphe r e . Oz one ca n a f

f

e

ct the re s

p ira t

o

r

y s y s t

e

m , e s

p e c

i a

lly in se n

s

it

iv e indiv idu a l s

s

u c h

a s

a s

t

h

m a

o r allergy s u fferers
. Some stud i e s have show n that unb o r

n

ani m al s w e r e har m ed w h en hi g h l e

ve l s

of tol ue ne w e re i nha l e

d b y

the i r mothe r

s, a l thoug h the sa me e f

f

e

cts w e re not se e

n w h e

n

the mothe r

s w e r e f e

d l a r

g e q u a n

ti ti e s

of tol ue ne . No t

e

t

h

a

t t

h

e

se re s

u lt s

m a

y re fle c

t s

i m ila r diffic u lt ie

s

in h u m a

n

s .

S I C C o d e 24 54 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t o

s u gge s

t t h

a

t t h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

. E n vi ro nme n

ta

l F a te . T h e

ma j o r

i ty of r e l e

a

se s

of tol ue ne to l a nd a nd w a te

r will e v a p o ra t

e . To lu e ne m a

y a l so be de gra d e d by m i c

r o o

r

ga n

i s

m s . O nc e v o la

t i z e d, t o

l u e ne in t h

e

lo we r a t

m o

s

p h e

re will re a

c

t wit h o t

h

e

r a

t

mosphe r

i c compone n

ts contr i b u ti ng to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of g r ound

- l e v e l oz one a

nd othe r

a

i r

pol l u ta nts. Phy s i c

al Proper ti es . To lu e ne is a

v o la

t ile o

r

ga n

i c

c

h

e

m ic

a

l
. X

y le ne (M ix e d I s om e r s

) To xic i t

y . X y le ne s a r e ra p idly a b

so rbe d in t

o

t

h

e

bo dy a f t

e

r in h

a

la

t i o n , i n g e sti o n, or ski n conta c

t. Shor t- te r

m e x

posur e of huma ns to hi g h l e ve l s of x

y l e ne s

ca n ca use i r r

i ta ti on of the ski n , e y e s , nose , a nd thro a

t

, d i f f

i cul t y in bre a

t

h

in g, im p a ire d lu n g

fu nc t i o n , im p a ire d m e

m o

ry, a nd p o s

s

i ble c

h

a

n

ge s in t h

e liv e r a nd kidne y s . Bo t

h

s

h

o

r

t

- a nd lo n

g -t e

r

m e

x

p o s

u re t

o hi g h concentrati o ns can cause ef f

e

cts such as head aches, d i zzi ness, c

o

n

f

u s io n , a nd la c

k

o f m u sc l e

c o

o

r dina t io n . R e a

c

t i o n

s

o f xyle ne s

(se e e

n

vi ro nme n

ta

l f a

te

) i n the a t

mosphe r e contr i b u te to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of oz one i n the l o w e r

a t

mosphe r e . Oz one ca n a f

f

e

ct the r e spi ra tor y sy ste m , e

s

p e c

i a

lly in se n

s

it

iv e indiv idu a l s

s

u c h

a

s

a

s

t

h

m a

o

r

a

lle rgy s u ffe re rs . C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t o

s u gge s

t t h

a

t t h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

. E n vi ro nme n

ta

l F a te . T h e ma j o r

i ty of r e l e

a

se s

to l a nd a nd w a te

r

w i l l qui c kl y evapo rat e, al t h

o

u gh so me d e grad at i o n b y

mi cro o

r

gani sms w i l l occur . X

y le ne s a re m o

de ra t

e

ly m o

bile in so ils a nd m a

y le a

c

h

in t

o

gro u nd wa t

e

r, where t h

ey may persi s t f

o

r sev e ral years. X

y le ne s a re v o la

t ile o r

ga n

i c

c h

e

m ic

a

l s . A s s u c h , xyle ne s

in t

h

e

lo we r a

t

m o

s

p h e

re will re a

c

t wit h

o

t

h

e

r

a

t

m o

s

p h e

ric c

o

m p o ne n

t s , c o

n

t

ribu t i n g t o the f

o

r

m a

t i o n of g round

- l e v e l oz one a

nd othe r

a

i r

pol l u ta nts.

S e p tem b e r 1995 55 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

I V .C
. Othe r Da ta

Sour c

es Th e A e ro m e

t

r

ic I n fo rm a

t io n R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

e

m (A I R S ) c o

n

t

a

i n s

a wide ra n

g e o f in fo rm a

t io n

re la

t

e

d t o

s t

a

t io n

a

ry so u r c e

s o f a i r p o llu t i o n , i ncl ud i n g the e m i ssi ons of a numb e r

of a i r

pol l u ta nts w h i c

h ma y

b e of c

o

nc e

r

n

wit h

in a p a rt

ic

u l a r

indu s t

ry. W i t

h t h

e e x c e

p t io n o f v o la

t ile or g a ni c compound s ( V OCs) , the r e i s l i ttl e ove r

l a

p w i th the T R I che m i c

a

l s re por t

ed ab ove. E x hi b i t 20 summar i zes annual r e l e

ases of car b on m o

no xide (C O ) , n i t

ro g e n

dio xide (NO 2 ) , pa r

t i c

ul a t

e ma tte r

of 1 0 mi cr ons or l e ss ( P M1 0 ) , tota l pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

s

( P T

) , sul f ur d i o x

i d e ( S O 2 ), a nd v o la

t ile or g a ni c compound s ( V OCs)
. Ex hibit 2 0 Polluta nt R e le a s es (Shor t T o ns /Y e a r

s

) Indust r y CO NO 2 PM 10 PT S O 2 VO C U
. S
. T o t a l 97, 208, 000 23, 402, 000 45, 489, 000 7, 836, 000 21, 888, 000 23, 312, 000 M etal M i ning 5, 391 28, 583 39, 359 140, 052 84, 222 1, 283 N onmetal M i ning 4, 525 28, 804 59, 305 167, 948 24, 129 1, 736 Lu mb e r an d Wood Pro d u c t s 123, 756 42, 658 14, 135 63, 761 9, 149 41, 423 W ood F urni t ure a n d F i xt ure s 2, 069 2, 981 2, 165 3, 178 1, 606 59, 426 P u l p a nd P a pe r 624, 291 394, 448 35, 579 113, 571 341, 002 96, 875 P r i n t i n g 8 , 463 4, 915 399 1, 031 1, 728 101, 537 Inorganic Chemicals 166, 147 108, 575 4, 107 39, 082 182, 189 52, 091 O rganic Chemicals 146, 947 236, 826 26, 493 44, 860 132, 459 201, 888 P e t rol e u m Re fi ni ng 419, 311 380, 641 18, 787 36, 877 648, 153 309, 058 Rubbe r a nd M i s c . P l a s t i c P roduc t s 2, 090 11, 914 2, 407 5, 355 29, 364 140, 741 S t o n e , C lay , G las s , an d Conc re t e 58, 043 338, 482 74, 623 171, 853 339, 216 30, 262 Iron and S teel 1, 518, 642 138, 985 42, 368 83, 017 238, 268 82, 292 N onferrous M etals 448, 758 55, 658 20, 074 22, 490 373, 007 27, 375 F a bricated M etals 3, 851 16, 424 1, 185 3, 136 4, 019 102, 186 Electronics 367 1, 129 207 293 453 4, 854 M o tor V e hicles , Bodies , Pa r t s, a n d Ac c e sso r i e s 35, 303 23, 725 2, 406 12, 853 25, 462 101, 275 D r y C lean in g 1 0 1 1 7 9 3 2 8 1 5 2 7 , 3 1 0 Sour c e U
. S. EPA O f f

i ce of A i r and R adi at i on, A I R S D a t abas e, M ay 1995.

S I C C o d e 24 56 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s I V .D. C om pa r

i s o n of T o x

i c

R e le a s e I n ve ntor y B e twe e n Se le c te d I ndustr ies Th e

fo llo win g

in fo rm a

t io n

is p r e se n

t

e

d a s

a c o

m p a r

iso n o f p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se a nd t ra n

s

f

e

r da t

a a c

ro s

s indu s t

ria l c a

t

e

go rie s . I t is p r o v ide d t o g i ve a

g e ne ra l se nse a

s

to the r e l a

ti ve sca l e

of r e l e

a

se s a nd tra n

sf

e

r

s w i thi n e

a

ch se ctor prof i l e d und e r

thi s pr oj e c

t. Pl e a

se note tha t the f o

l l o w i ng t

a

bl e d o es no t co nt ai n rel e ases and t ransf ers f o

r i nd u st ri al cat e

go ri es t h

at a

re not i ncl ud e d i n thi s pr oj e c

t, a nd thus ca nnot b e use d to d ra w concl u si ons re g a rd i n g

the tota l r e l e

a

se a nd tra n

sf

e

r a m ounts tha t a r e re p o rt

e

d t o

TR I
. S i m ila r in fo rm a

t io n

is a v a ila ble wit h

in t h

e a n

n

u a l TR I P u blic Da t

a

R e le

a

se bo o

k
. E x hi b i t 21 i s a g raphi cal r e presentati on of a summar y

of the 1993 T R I d a ta f

o

r

the L umb e r

a nd W ood Prod ucts I nd u str y

a nd the othe r

se ctor s pr of i l e d i n se pa ra te

note b ook s. T h e

b a r

g ra p h pr e se n

ts the tota l T R I re l e

a

se s

a nd tota l tra n

sf

e

r

s on the l e f t a x

i s

a nd the tr i a

ng l e poi n ts show t

h

e a v e ra g e re le

a

se s p e r fa c

ilit y o n

t

h

e

righ t a x

is
. I ndu s t

ry se c

t

o

r

s

a r e pr e se n

te

d i n the ord e r of i ncr e a

si ng tota l T R I r e l e

a

se s . T h e

g ra p h i s b a se d o

n

t

h

e

da t

a

s h

o

w n in Exh i bit 2 2

a nd is m e

a

n

t t

o

fa c

ilit a

t

e c o

m p a r

iso n

s b e tw e e

n

the r e l a

ti ve a m ounts of r e l e

a

se s , tra n

sf

e

r

s, a nd r e l e

a

se s pe r fa c

ilit y bo t

h

wit h

in a nd be t w e e

n

t

h

e

se se c

t

o

r

s . Th e

re a

d e r s h

o

u ld no t

e , h

o

we v e r, t h

a

t diffe re nc e

s

in t

h

e

p r o p o r

t i o n o f fa c

ilit ie

s c a

p t u r e d by TR I e

x

i s

t b e tw e e

n

i nd u str y

se ctor s. T h i s

ca n b e a

f

a

ctor of poor SI C ma tchi ng a

nd re la

t i v e diffe re nc e

s

in t

h

e

n u m b e r

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

re p o rt

in g t o

TR I fro m the va r

i ous se ctor s. I n the ca se of L umb e r

a nd W ood Pr od ucts I nd u str y , t

h

e 1993 TR I dat a

p r esen t

e

d h e

re c o

v e rs 491 fac ilit ies
. Th ese fac ilit ies l i s t

e

d SIC 24 L umb er and Wo o

d Pro d uct s

as a pri m ary SIC co d e .

S e p tem b e r 1995 57 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

Ex hibit 2 1 - B a r

Gr a

p h

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700Total Pounds (millions)

0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000Average Releases per Facility (lbs.)

36 24 32 27 25 2911 34 371 331 30 286 26 281 333, 334 Total Releases Total Transfers Avg. Releases/Facility
SI C Ra ng e I ndus t r y Se c tor SI C Ra ng e I ndus t r y Se c tor SI C Ra ng e I ndus t r y Se c tor 36 E l ect r o n ic E q uipm ent and Com p one n

t s 2911 Pet r ol eum R e f i ning 286 Organic Chem ical Mf g. 24 L u mb er andWo o d Pro d uct s 34 Fabricat e

dMet a

ls 26 Pulp andPaper 32 St o ne, Clay, andCo ncret e 371 Mo t o r V e hicles, B o d i es, Part s, and A ccesso ries 281 I n o r

ganic Chem ic al Mf g. 27 Print i ng 331 Iro n andSt eel 333, 334 N o nf erro us Met a

ls 25 Wo o dFurnit ure and Fix t ures 30 R u bber andMisc. Plast i cs

S I C C o d e 24 58 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

Ex hibit 2 2 T o x

i c

R e le a s e I n ve ntor y Da ta

f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies R e leas es T r an s f er

s T o t al I ndus tr y Se c t o r SI C Ra

n g e # T R I F ac ilitie s T o tal R e leas es (10

6 po unds ) Av er ag e R e leas esp e r

F a

c ility (po

unds ) 1993 T o tal (10 6 po

unds ) Av er ag e T r

an s f er

sp e r F a

c ility (po unds ) R e leas es+ T r

an s f er

s (10

6 po

unds ) Av er ag e R e leas e+ T r

an s f er

sp e r F ac ility (po

unds ) S t

o n e , Cl ay , an d C o ncr et

e 32 634 26. 6 41, 895 2. 2 3 , 500 28. 2 46, 000
Lu mb e r a

n d W ood Pr

o d u c t s 24 491 8. 4 17, 036 3. 5 7 , 228 11. 9 24, 000
Fu r n

i t

u r

e a

n d Fi xt u r

e s 25 313 42. 2 134, 883 4. 2 13, 455 46. 4 148, 000
Pr

i n

t i n

g 2711- 2789 318 36. 5 115, 000 10. 2 732, 000 46. 7 147, 000
E l ect r o ni cs/ C o m p ute

r s 36 406 6. 7 16, 520 47. 1 115, 917 53. 7 133, 000
R u bber a

n d M i s c. Pl as t i c

s 30 1, 579 118. 4 74, 986 45. 0 28, 537 163. 4 104, 000
M o t o r

Vehi cl e, Bodi e s , P a r t s a

n d A cces s o r

i es 371 609 79. 3 130, 158 145. 5 238, 938 224. 8 369, 000

Pu l p an d p a p e

r 2611- 2631 309 169. 7 549, 000 48. 4 157, 080 218. 1 706, 000
Inor g a

ni c C hem
. Mf

g . 2812- 2819 555 179. 6 324, 000 70. 0 126, 000 249. 7 450, 000
P e

trole um R e

f i ni ng 2911 156 64. 3 412, 000 417. 5 2 , 676, 000 481. 9 3 , 088, 000
F a

b r i c

at

e d M e t a l s 34 2, 363 72. 0 30, 476 195. 7 82, 802 267. 7 123, 000 I r

o n

an d S t e e l 3312- 3313 3321- 3325 381 85. 8 225, 000 609. 5 1 , 600, 000 695. 3 1 , 825, 000

N o n f e rro

us

Me ta

ls 333, 334 208 182. 5 877, 269 98. 2 472, 335 280. 7 1 , 349, 000 Or

g a

ni c C hem i c a l Mf

g . 2861- 2869 417 151. 6 364, 000 286. 7 688, 000 438. 4 1 , 052, 000
Me

ta

l Min in

g 1 0 I n d us try

s

e c t o r

n o

t s

u b

j e

c t to

T R I re po rtin g N o nm et a lM i n i n

g 1 4 I nd u s t r y s

ect

or

not s

u bject t

o TR I r e p o r t i ng D r

y Cl e a n

i n

g 7215, 7216, 7218 I n d u s try

s

e c t o r

n o

t s

u b

j e

c t to

T R I re po rtin g
Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993.

S e p tem b e r 1995 59 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t V. P O LLUT I O N P R E V E NTI ON O P P O RT U N IT IE S T h e b e st w a y to re d u ce pol l u ti on i s to pr e v e n

t i t i n the f

i r

s

t pl a c

e . Some compa n

i e

s ha ve cre a

ti ve l y

i m pl e m e

n

te

d pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on te chni q u e s that i m pr ove ef f

i ci ency and i ncr ease pr of i t

s w h i l e at the same ti me mi ni mi zi ng envi ro nmental i m pacts. T h i s

can b e d o ne i n many w a y s such a

s

re d u ci ng ma te

r

i a

l i n puts, r e - e

ng i ne e

r

i n g

pr oce sse s to r e use b y pr od ucts, i m provi n g

ma na g e me nt pra c

ti ce s, a nd e m pl oy i n g

sub s

ti tuti on o

f t

o

x

ic

c

h

e

m ic

a

l s . S o m e

s

m a

lle r fa c

ilit ie

s

a r e a ble t

o

a c

t u a lly ge t be lo

w re gu la t

o

r

y t h

re s

h

o

lds ju s t by re du c i n g

p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se s

t h

ro u g h a

g g re ssi ve pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on pol i c i e

s. I n or d e r

to e ncoura g e the se a

ppr oa che s , thi s se cti o n pr ovi d e s b oth g e ne ra l a

nd compa n

y - spe c

i f

i c d e scr i p ti ons of some pol l u ti on pre v e n

ti on a d va nce s tha t ha ve b e e

n

i m pl e m e

n

te

d w i thi n the l umb e r

a nd w ood pr od ucts indu s t

ry. W h

ile t h

e

lis t is no t e x

h

a

u s t i v e , it do e

s

p r o v ide c o

re in fo rm a

t io n t h

a

t c a

n be u se d a s

t

h

e

s

t

a

r

t i n g

p o in t fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

in t

e

re s

t

e

d i n b e g i nni ng the i r

ow n pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on pr oj e c

ts. W h

e

n

possi bl e , thi s se cti o n provi d e s i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n f r om r e a

l a c

ti vi ti e s

tha t ca n, or a r e b e i n g i m pl emented b y

thi s sector - - i ncl ud i n g

a d i scussi on of associ ated costs, ti me f rames, and ex pected ra tes of r e tur n . T h i s

secti o n provi d e s summar y i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n f rom a c

ti vi ti e s

tha t ma y

b e , or a r e b e i n g i m pl e m e

n

te

d b y thi s se c

t

o

r . W h

e

n

p o s

s

i ble , in fo rm a

t io n

is p r o v ide d t h

a

t giv e s

t

h

e c o

n

t

e

x

t in whi c h t h

e t e

chni ques can b e ef f

e

ct

i v el y used
. Pl ease no t

e

t h

at

t h

e a

c

t i v i t i e

s de sc r

ibe d in t h

is

se c

t io n

do no t ne c

e

s

sa rily a p p l y t o

a ll fa c

ilit ie

s t

h

a

t fa ll wit h

in t

h

is

se c

t

o

r . Fa c

ilit y-s p e c

ific c o

ndit io n

s m u s t be c a

re fu lly consi d e re d w h e

n

pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on opti ons a r e e v a l ua te

d , a nd the f u l l i m pa cts of the cha n

g e must e xa m i ne how e a

ch opti on a f

f

e

cts, a i r , l a nd , a

nd wa t

e

r p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se s . S u r

f

a ce Pro t ecti o n Se ve ra l a l te r

na t i v e ma nuf a

ctur i n g

me thod s a r e pa r

t of the i nd u str y ’ s pol l u ti on pre v e n

ti on e f

f

o

r

t s. One common a l te r

n

a

t i v e i s to r e pl a c

e che m i c

a

l tre a

tme n

t w i th a nothe r

ty pe of tr e a

tme n

t to a c

hi e v e sur f

a

c

e pro t

e

ct

i o n. Fo r exampl e, t h

e need f o

r surf ace t r eat m ent wo ul d b e d e cr e a

se d i f e f

f

o

r

t s w e r e ma d e to d r y

the w ood to r e d u ce w a te

r conte n

t ( h i g h w a te

r

conte n

t l e a

d s to sa psta i n )
. D u e to e c

onomi e s of sca l e , thi s o

p t i o n

m a

y no t be e

c

o

no m ic

a

lly v i a ble fo r a s

m a

lle r m ill. A nothe r

pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on opti on i s the use of hi g h ve l o ci ty spra y sy stems that g e nera te f e

w e r

pr ocess r e si d u al s and l e ss d r i ppag e . H o w e ve r , a sma l l pr od ucti on vol ume ma y

not f a

vor thi s opti on si nce

S I C C o d e 24 60 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s spra y

sy stems r e qui r e a l a r

g er f

l ow of w ood thr o ug h the sy stems to b e e

c

o

no m ic

a

lly o r

t

e

c

h

n

i c

a

lly fe a

s

ible
. Othe r

pol l u ti on pre v e n

ti on stra te

g i e s

re l a

ti ng to sur f

a

c

e

pr ote cti o n inc l u d e : 1 ) lo c

a

l a nd ge ne ra l v e n

t ila t i o n

wit h

in t

h

e

c

u t t i n g

p r o c

e

s

s

a

r e a

t

o re d u ce d u st w h i c

h w o ul d accumul ate on w ood ; 2) bl ow i n g

w ood w i th ai r to f u r t

he r

re d u ce sa w d ust on w ood pr i o r

to sur f

a

c

e

pr ote cti o n; a nd 3 ) the use of d ra i na g e col l e cti o n d e vi ce s on r oof tops to k e e

p

ra i n w a te

r

a w a y f

rom process w a stes. F o r

w a stes that cannot b e r e d u ced at the sour ce, g e nera tor s may consi d e r

used sur f

ace protectant r e cy cl i n g

as the nex t b e st opti on. P ane l P r oduc t s A i r e m i ssi ons f rom pa ne l ma nuf a

ctur i n g

a r e si g n i f

i c

a

n

tl y g r e a

te

r

tha n re le

a

se s t o

wa t

e

r o r

la nd . Th e

fo llo win g

in fo rm a

t io n

o n

p o llu t i o n pr e v e n

ti on opti ons f o

r

the w ood pa ne l pr od ucts i nd u str y ( i ncl u d i n g ve ne e

r /pl y w ood a nd r e consti tute d w ood pr od ucts) i s f

r om Ma r

t i n a nd N o r

t

hei m 's summar y . Alt e

rnat iv e Fiber S o u rc e

s One pol l u ti on pre v e n

ti on oppor t uni t y

f

o

r

the re consti tute d w ood pa ne l i nd u str y

i s to search f o

r

al ter n

ati v e sour ces of w ood f i b e r . T h i s can b e do ne in t w o wa ys : u t iliz in g re c

y c l e

d wo o

d wa s

t

e

a nd u s in g e x

is

t i n g agri cul t ural f i b e rs. I nc re a

s

i n g p r ic

e

s fo r ra w wo o

d fu rn is

h

h a

v e le d so m e

firm s

t

o

de v e lo p pr og ra ms to re cy cl e w ood w a ste i n to chi p s f o

r

PB pr od ucti on. T h e

se f

i r

m s col l e ct constr ucti on si te d e b r i s , d i scar d ed househol d i t ems, crates, a

nd u se d p a lle t s

fo r e v e n

t u a l u se a s

P B fu rn is

h
. Be yo nd findin g so u r c e

s , a

n

ide a

l fibe r re c

y c lin g p r o g ra m inc l u d e s

e

x

t

e

n

s

iv e t

ra i n i n g

a nd re se a

r c h on w h at mater i al s ar e sui t abl e , car e f

u l qual i t y

contr o l of the r e cy cl ed ma te

r

i a

l s, a nd cl e a

ni ng ma te

r

i a

l s to r e move f o

r e i g n ma tte r . T h e

r e a r e m a

n

y h u rdle s t o p ro p e r

ly c l e

a

n

i n g t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l be c

a

u se it is diffic u lt t

o pr oce ss d i f f

e

re nt ki nd s of ma te

r

i a

l a nd ma i n ta i n a

q u a l i t y

pr od uct. A second al ter nati v e sour ce f o

r

f

i b e r

i s ag r i cul t ural f i b e r , w h i c

h can come f

r om tw o sour ces: ag r i cul t ural cr ops g r ow n ex pr essl y f

o

r

f

i b e r

( e . g . , k e naf a

nd b a g a sse ) a nd re si d u e s

of cr ops g r ow n f o

r

othe r

pur p ose s

( e . g . , cor n sta l k s /cob s a nd cotton sta l k s

)
. Cur r e ntl y , tw o pl a n

ts a r e b e i n g

b u i l t i n the U
. S
. t h

a

t will u se a g ric u lt u ra l fibe r t o m a

n

u fa c

t u r e c o

m p o s

it

e p a ne ls
. I n t

e

rm s

o f p o t

e

n

t ia

l a v a ila bilit y, t h

e

a m o

u n t o f re s

idu a l fibe r ge ne ra t

e

d by U. S
. agri cul t ure f a

r exceed s present and f u t u re f i b e r requi r ement s

f o

r
S e p tem b e r 1995 61 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

c

o

m p o s

it

e

p a ne l m a

n

u fa c

t u r e . Th e

fe a

s

ibilit y o f s u c h a s u bs t i t

u t i o n , how e ver , d e pend s on many f a

ctor s such as pr od uct qual i t y , cost, and c

u rren t u ses o

f agric u lt u r e res idu es . A l t e r

nat ive A dhe s i ve s Othe r pol l u ti on pre v e n

ti on opti ons i n the pa ne l prod ucts i nd u str y

i n vol v e a

d he si ve sub s

ti tuti on. T h i s

i n vol v e s

r e pl a c

i n g

e x

i s

ti ng a d he si ve s w i th l e

ss t o

x

i c

f o

rmul at i o ns. T h ere are a numb er o f i nno v a t i v e ad hesi v e o

p t i o n

s

c

u rre n

t ly a v a ila ble fo r u se in t

h

e

p a ne l p r o d u c t s

indu s t

ry. MD I Sub s

ti tuti on B a sed o n

pri c e al o ne, t h

ere seems t o

b e l i t t l e i ncent i v e f o

r manuf a

ct

urers to sw i t ch f rom PF or U F to MD I a d he si ve s. H o w e ve r , si nce the e a

r

l y 8 0

' s, one thi rd of the OSB i nd u str y

ha s sw i t che d f r om PF to MD I a d he si ve s. Acco rd i n g t o t h

ei r manuf a

ct

urers, t h

ere are sev e ral env i ro nment a

l ad vantag es to usi n g

these ad hesi ves. B e cause MD I ad hesi ves ar e capabl e of

b o nd i n g

w ood f l a

k e s

w i th a hi g h e

r moi s tur e conte n

t, l e ss d r y e r e ne r

g

y is

re q

u ire d t o

dry fla k e s

s

u it a

ble fo r M D I bo ndin g. O t h

e

r a d v a n

t

a

g e s t o usi n g MD I ad hesi ves ar e l o w e r

press temperatures and shor ter pr ess cy cl es, b oth of w h i c

h may l e ad to r e d u ced pr ess emi ssi ons. H o w e ver , the re a re othe r

conce r

ns w i th r e spe c

t to the use of MD I a d he si ve s. Some compa n

i e

s a re oppose d to MD I sub s

ti tuti on f o

r r e a

sons such a s w o r

k e r t

o

x

ic

s e x

p o s

u re , p o t

e

n

t ia

l a c

u t e

im p a c

t s

o f p o s

s

i ble s p ills , a nd i nconsi s te

ncy w i th tox i c

use re d u cti o n ob j e cti v e s . Ma nuf a

ctur e r

s of MD I sta t

e tha t sa f

e

e x

posur e l e ve l s

a r e ob ta i na bl e thr o ug h g ood e n

g i ne e

r

i n g c

o

n

t

ro ls

wh ic

h

inc l u d e m a

kin g

s u re t

h

a

t ble nde rs a r e we ll se a

l e

d , a nd t

h

a

t t

h

e

ble ndin g a nd fo rm in g a r e a

s

a

r e we ll v e n

t ila t

e

d. H i g h Moi sture A d hesi ves S

w it c

h

in g t o

a n

a d h e

s

i v e t h

a

t is c a

p a ble o f bo ndin g a h i gh m o

is

t u re f

u r n

i s

h e l i m i na t

e

s the ne e

d to d r y

w ood to a l o w moi s tur e conte n

t. D r y e r energy and t e

mperat ure can b e red u ced b e cause l e ss wat e

r must b e re moved f rom the w ood
. Pr ess temperatur e can al so b e l o w e r e d si nce h

e

a

t t ra n

s

f

e

r

is m o

re e ffic i e

n

t in h i gh m o

is

t u re fu rn is

h , re du c i n g

V O C emi ssi ons. T h e

g l ui ng of hi g h moi s tur e conte n

t w ood ha s b e come a n e s

ta

bl i s he d pra c

ti ce i n pl y w ood ma nuf a

ctur e . Ma ny OSB pl a n

ts a r e sw i t chi n g to hi g h m o

is

t u re bo ndin g a d h e

s

i v e s wit h

t

h

e

p r im a

r

y go a

l s

o f re du c i n g

drye r emi ssi ons and possi bl y r e d u ci ng w ood d r y i ng costs. E f f

o

r

t s have b een m a

de t

o

im p ro v e p h e

no lic re s

i n t

e

c

h

no lo gy t o

a

llo w be t t

e

r bo ndin g in t h

e
S I C C o d e 24 62 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s p re se nc e

o f wa t

e

r. Th e

p r im a

r

y inc e

n

t iv e fo r bo ndin g h i gh m o

is

t u re veneer i s a re d u cti o n i n ad hesi ve consumpti on. In the Souther n pl y w ood indu s t

ry; wh e

re dryo u t is a p r o ble m , a dra m a

t ic

re du c t io n

in a d h e

s

i v e use has b een achi ev ed b y

gl ui ng hi gh mo i s

t u re v e neer. Na t u ra lly-de r

iv e d A d h e

s

i v e s S p u rre d by ra p id p r ic

e

inc r e a

se s

o f p e t

r o l e

u m- de riv e d c h

e

m ic

a

l s

in ad hesi ves such as PF and U F , chemi c al mater i al suppl i e r

s , f o

r e st prod ucts c

o

m p a n

ie

s , a nd wo o

d a d h e

s

i v e/ b inde r s u p p lie rs

a r e e

x

p e ndin g re se a

r c h and d e vel o pment f u nd s to sear ch f o

r

r e new a bl e ra w mater i al sources. Sub s

ti tute s coul d r e pl a c

e

e n

ti r e l y , or a t l e a

s

t pa r

t i a

l l y , pe tr ol e um- d e r

i ve d chemi c al s now used i n the manuf a

cture of w ood ad hesi ves. N a tura l l y de riv e d a d h e

s

i v e s

a r e inc l u d e d in t

h

is

p r o f

ile a s a p o llu t i o n p r e v e n

t i o n oppor t uni t y b e ca use of the pote nti a l to use r e ne w a bl e r e sour ce s, w h i c

h i n many cases are b y - p r o d u cts of other processes. Fu rfu r yl Alc o

h

o

l R e s

i n s R e si ns manuf a

ct

ured f r o m f u rf uryl al co ho l are b e i n g eval uat e

d as an a

l te r

na t i v e l o w - VOC b i nd e r

to sub s

ti tute f

o

r

PF r e si ns. U n l i k e PF r e si ns, f

u rf uryl al co ho l resi ns are st o

r ed st abl e at amb i ent t

e

mperat ures, w i t h

o

u t re frige ra t io n . A s de liv e r e d , fu rfu r yl a l c

o

h

o

l re s

i n c o

n

t

a

i n s

v e ry lo w a

m ounts of vol a ti l e compone n

ts. U p on cur i ng , i t r e d u ce s 8 0 to 9 0 pe r c e

n

t of total VOC emi ssi ons, and r e d u ces H azar d o us Ai r Pol l u tants ( H APs) b y the same amount. T h e f u r f

ur y l al cohol sy stem of f

e

r

s

the same r e l a

ti ve speed of cur e as the PF r e si n sy stems. Fu rfu r yl alc o

h

o

l res i n is c u rren t ly in t h

e exp e rim e

n

t

al s t

age o f de v e lo p m e

n

t

. Th e

indu s t

ry h a

s

s

h

o

w n lit t l e

in t

e

re s

t in t

h

e

re s

i n be c

a

u se of i t s hi g h cost; w h i c

h i s tw i c e that of a PF r e si n. H o w e ver , cost anal y ses pe r

f

or me d f o

r

the i n sul a ti on i nd u str y

show tha t usi n g

the r e si n to me e

t f

u tur e H A P stand a rd s i s cheaper than purc hasi ng and operati n g

contr o l d e vi ces such as scr ub b e r

s . T h e same i s l i k el y tr ue f o

r

the w ood pr od ucts indu s t

ry. L i g ni n Ad hesi ves L i g ni n i s a n a roma t i c

pol y me r

tha t ma k e s up one of the thr e e

ma j o r compone n

ts of w ood ( c e

l l u l o se a nd he mi ce l l u l o se a r e the othe r

s)
. T h e a

b

u nda nc e

o f lign i n a s

a wa s

t

e

p r o d u c t in p u lp m ills h a

s m a

de it a d e si ra bl e ra w ma te

r

i a

l a l te r

n

a

t i v e to nonre ne w a bl e pe tr ol e um- d e r

i ve d che m i c

a

l s i n the pr od ucti on of w ood a d he si ve s.

S e p tem b e r 1995 63 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t U n t il re c

e

n

t ly, no m o

re t h

a

n

2 0 t o 3 0 p e rc e

n

t o f lign i n c o

u ld be sub s

ti tute d i n to PF r e si ns b e ca use cur e ti me s i ncre a

se d a s

the a m ount of lign i n inc re a

se d. A no t

h

e

r

dra w ba c

k

is t

h

a

t lign i n a d h e

s

i v e s

h a

v e lo w cr oss- l i n k i ng and str e ng th. H o w e ver , a new appr oach has r e centl y b een d e ve l o pe d tha t ca n sub s

ti tute l a r

g e a m ounts of k ra f t l i g ni n f o

r

PF ad hesi ves w h i l e actual l y i ncr easi ng cure speed and b o ar d str e ng th. Cur re ntl y , W e

stva co i s the onl y compa n

y

i n the U
. S. tha t ope ra t

e

s

a c

o

m m e

rc ia

l lign i n e x

t

ra c

t i o n

fa c

ilit y. Th e

c a

p i t a

l c o

s

t o f a ne w c

o

m m e

rc ia

l lign i n e

x

t

ra c

t i o n

fa c

ilit y c o

m p a r e d t o

t

h

e

c

a

p i t a

l c o

s

t o f a ne w phe nol pl a n

t i s e s

ti ma te

d to b e a l most e q

ua l pe r pound of pr od uct p ro d u c e

d
. Ho we v e r, be c

a

u se t h

e se llin g p r ic

e

o f lign i n is o n

ly $ 0

. 3

2

- 0
. 3

4

, c

o

m p a re d t o t h

e se llin g p r ic

e

o f p h e

no l wh ic

h

is $
. 4

5

/ so lid p o u nd a nd ris i n g , t h

e

re is m o

re o f a

n

e

c

o

no m ic

inc e

n

t iv e t

o

bu ild a ne w p h e

no l p l a n

t t

h

a

n

a

lign i n e

x

t

ra c

t i o n

fa c

ilit y. Po l y vi nyl acet at

e ( P VA) Th e

re h a

v e be e

n

so m e

m ill t r

ia

ls

a nd so m e

s

m a

ll q u a n

t i t

i e

s o f h a

rdwo o

d p l ywo o

d m a

de wit h

c r o s

s - lin ke d p o lyv i n y l a c

e

t

a

t

e

(P V A ) a d h e

s

i v e s . B l e nd s of PVA and U F ar e al so someti mes used i n the manuf a

ctur e of h

a

rdwo o

d p l ywo o

d
. C r o s

s - lin ke d P V A s a

r e ligh t in c

o

lo r, a r e c o

m p a t ible w i th the ha r d w ood pl y w ood ma nuf a

ctur i n g pr oce ss, a nd d o n't r e q

u i r e a

ddit io na l e q

u i p m e

n

t

. C o nc e

r

n

s

h a

v e be e

n

e

x

p r e s

se d a b o u t t h

e p o t

e

n

t ia

l of ai r b or ne re l e

ase of vi ny l monomer s . PVA ad hesi ves are consi d e ra bl y hi g h er

i n cost than U F ad hesi ves. Al t e r

nat i v e Manuf act u r

i ng P r ocesses Veneer and Pl y w ood A d hesi ve Red u cti o n I n the sof t w ood pl y w ood i nd u str y , a common w a ste g e ne ra te

d b y the ty pi cal spra y - l i ne l a y u p sy stem i s over - s pray . A mor e ef f

i ci ent w a y of a

p p l y i n g a d h e

s

i v e t o v e ne e

r i s b y f o

a

m e x

t

r

u s i o n , a p r o c

e

s

s i n w h i c

h f

o

amed ad hesi v e i s f

o

rced und e r pressure t o

t

h

e ext r

usi o n head
. T h i s pr oce ss b e tte r

conce n

tra t

e

s

the g l ue stre a

m onto the ve ne e

r , r e sul t i n g i n l e

ss w a sted ad hesi ve and l e ss chance of ad hesi ve d r y o ut b e f

o

r e pressi ng . I n ter m s of economi cs, the comb i nati o n of l e ss w a ste and l o w e r

spr e ad ra te

s w h e

n

usi n g

f

o

a

m e x

tr

ud e r

s ca n a d d up to sa vi ngs i n the 2 0 to 3 1 pe rc e

n

t ra ng e , d e pe nd i n g

on the ty pe of e

q

ui pme n

t use d
. A nothe r

pol l u ti on pre v e n

ti on opti on i n the sof t w ood pl y w ood i nd u str y i s the va r

i a

bl e a ppl i c a

t i o n ra te

stra te

g

y

(

V A R S)
. T h e

a m ount of a d he si ve requi red t o

b o nd v e neer v a ri es wi t h

mo i s

t u re co nt ent . Fo r exampl e, hi gh

S I C C o d e 24 64 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

m o

is

t u re v e ne e

r re q

u ire s

le s

s

glu e t h

a

n

lo w m o

is

t u re v e ne e

r

be c

a

u se the re i s l e ss mi g ra t i o n of w a te

r

f

r om the g l ue i n to the ve ne e

r . A l thoug h t

h

e

m o

is

t u re c o

n

t

e

n

t o f v e ne e

r

v a rie s

a t a t

y p i c a

l p l ywo o

d m ill, glu e is a

ppl i e d a t a consta nt ra te

to pr e v e n

t d r y o ut of l o w moi s tur e ve ne e

r . A 1992 st ud y b y

Faust and B o rd ers o u t l i ned i n Fo rest Pro d uct s

J o

urnal , i n ve sti g a t

e

d the use of the g l ue a ppl i c a

t i o n ra te w i th r e spe c

t to i m pr ove d bo nd q u a lit y a nd re du c e

d re s

i n c o

n

s

u m p t i o n . Th e

v a ria ble a p p lic a

t io n ra te

stra te

g

y

(

V A R S) the y

d e ve l o pe d a d

j u ste d the g l ue spr e a

d ra te f o

r e

a

c

h

indiv idu a l p l ywo o

d p a ne l a c

c

o

rdin g t o

it s m o

is

t u re c o

n

t

e

n

t

. P ro c

e

s

s - se n

s

in g a nd c o

n

t

ro l t e

c

h

no lo gy h a

s

be e

n

de v e lo p e d fo r t h

e p ra c

t i c

a

l a p p lic a

t io n

o f V A R S
. S e n

so r

t

e

c

h

no lo gy is c u rre n

t ly a v a ila ble f

o

r o n - l i ne ad just ment and measurement o f v e neer mo i s

t u re co nt ent and t

e

m p e ra t u re . I n a ddit io n

t o

c o

m p e n

sa t i n g

fo r p r o ble m bo ndin g cond i t i o ns tha t occur une x

pe cte d l y d u r i ng pr od ucti on, the g r e a

te

st b e ne f

i t of VA RS f r om a pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on sta nd p oi nt i s a re d u cti o n i n ad hesi ve consumpti on and , consequentl y a r e d u cti o n i n pl ant emi ssi ons. Alt e

rn at

iv e Dryers T h ere are o t

h

er pro c

ess mo d i f i c

at

i o ns t h

at

may b e i m pl ement e

d t o red u ce e

m i ssi ons w h i l e d r y i ng g r e e

n

f u r n

i s

h f o

r

r e consti tute d w ood pa ne l manuf a

cture. Resear cher s ar e cur r e ntl y i n vesti g ati n g

the use of a

l te r

na t i v e d r y i ng me thod s f o

r

ra w w ood f u r n

i s

h. R o t

a

ry dru m drye rs

a r e u se d in t

h

e

O S B indu s t

ry. Th e

se a r e t y p i c a

lly c

h

a

ra c

t

e

riz e d by h i gh-t e

m p e ra t u re dryin g

a i r, a ggre s

s

i v e h a

ndlin g o f stra nd s, a nd shor t pr od uct- r e te

nti o n ti me s. T h e

a d ve r

se a f

f

e

cts of the se character i sti cs i ncl ud e VOC emi ssi ons and stra nd d e g rad ati o n. Resear ch has show n that l o w - temperatur e d r y i ng r e d u ces VOC emi ssi ons. Ho we v e r, t h

is

re q

u ire s

t

h

a

t t

h

e

fu rn is

h

be re t

a

ine d in t

h

e

drye r fo r a lo n

g e r p e rio d o f t i m e

wh ic

h

is diffic u lt t

o

a

c

h

i e

v e in a

ro t

a

ry drye r. I t h a

s b een f o

und that convey or b e l t

d r y e r

s

g e nera te l e ss VOC emi ssi ons than ro t

a

ry d r yers. T e mperat ures o f l e ss t h

an 400°F and very l o w vo l umes o f ex haust g a ses are possi bl e w i th convey or d r y e r

s , r e sul t i n g

i n l o w e

m is

s

i o n le v e ls o f V O C , wh ile v i rt u a lly e lim in a

t in g s t

ra nd da m a

ge wit h

in t

h

e

dry e r. C o n

v e y o r

dry e rs

c

a

n

a

l so be u se d t o

dry P B fu rn is

h
. Th e t h

re e

p a s

s

h i gh v e lo c

i t

y

(3 P H V ) ro t

a

ry dru m drye r is a m a jo r b re a

k

t

hr oug h i n r ota r

y

d r um d r y i ng te chnol o g

y tha t ha s the pote nti a l to re du c e V O C e m is

s

i o n

s

s i gn ific a

n

t l y (se e

Exh i bit 9 )
. Th e

3 P HV is a rota ti ng cy l i nd r i c

a

l d r um consi s ti ng of thr e e , conce n

tr

i c

, i n te

r

l ock i ng cy l i nd e r

s . H ot g a se s e n

te

r

the oute r

m ost cy l i nd e r

w i th the w ood chi p s a

nd p ro g re s

s

t

h

ro u g h t

h

e

in t

e

rm e

dia t

e

a nd t h

e

n

t

h

e in ne r dru m s h

e

lls in a

se r

p e n

ti ne f

l ow pa th. T h i s

f

l ow pa th d i r e c

ti on i s the opposi te of tha t i n
S e p tem b e r 1995 65 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t
t

h

e c o

n

v en t i o nal t h

ree-p a s

s

dryer. Th is

rev e rse air flo w m a

y redu c e V O C emi ssi ons. I n t

h

e

firs t p a s

s , t h

e

3 P HV drye r a llo ws s m a

lle r, drie d p a rt

ic

le

s

t

o

p a s

s thr o ug h the sl ow e r movi ng ma ss of l a r

g e r , w e tte r

pa r

t i c

l e

s i n a n

a r e a bo u nde d by t h

e o u t e

r a nd in t

e

rm e

dia t

e

dru m c y linde rs . Th is

a r e a

is much l a r

g e r

tha n

the a r e a

of the i nne r

d r um of conve n

ti ona l tr i p l e pa ss drye rs . A s t

h

e

la rge r

p a rt

ic

le

s

a r e drie d, t h

e

y

will "c a

t

c

h

u p " wit h t h

e s

m a

lle r fa s

t

e

r

m o

v i n g

p a rt

ic

le

s

in a n

a r e a bo u nde d by t h

e in t

e

rm e

dia t

e (se c

o

nd p a s

s

) dru m c y linde r. He re , a i rflo w v e lo c

i t

i e

s be c

o

m e h i gh e

noug h to conve y

the e

n

ti r e ma ss of pa r

t i c

l e

s out of the d r y i ng por t i o n of t

h

e

dru m a

nd in t

o

t

h

e

in ne r (t h

i rd p a s

s

) dru m c

y linde r wh e

r e t h

e

y will be conve y e d out of the d r y e r . T h i s

a c

ti on pr e v e n

ts the pr od uct f r om reachi ng t e

mperat ures i n excess o f t h

e wet b u l b t e

mperat ure, t h

us re d u ci ng car b on monox i d e and hy d r ocar b o n emi ssi ons associ ated w i th py ro l y si s a nd comb usti on of the w ood chi p s. Wood P r eser vi ng Wat er- b o rne preserv a t i v e s pro d uce l e ss wast e t h

an o i l

- b o rne preserv a t i v e s b e cause pro c

ess wast ewat er i s reused rat h

er t h

an disc h

a

r

ge d. I n a ddit io n , we ll de s

i gne d t r e a

t

m e

n

t p l a n

t s , go o

d t r e a

t

m e

n

t pract i ces, ef f

e

ct

i v e ho usekeepi n g, and empl o y ee t rai ni ng al so hel p red u ce w a ste at the source. W e

ll de s

i gne d t re a

t

m e

n

t p l a n

t s

m a

y h a

v e e nc l o se d t r e a

t

m e

n

t bu ildin gs , c

o

v e re d drip p a ds wit h

line r

s , a u t o

m a

t ic

lu m b e r

h a

ndlin g s y s t

e

m s , c

e

n

t

ra liz e d t a

n

k

fa rm s

wit h

s

p ill c o

n

t

a

i n m e

n

t

, a nd a i r v e n

t ila t i o n s y s t

e

m s . T h e R C R A st and a rd s i n 40 C F R 264 and 265 requi r e t h

at

d r i p pad s must co nt ai n d r i ppage, b e f r ee o f cracks and gaps, and b e cl eaned and i n spected
. Pl ants can al so b e d e si g ned to mi ni mi ze mi st or d r opl e t e

m i ssi ons f rom cy l i nd e r

s

a nd w o r

k

ta nk s thr o ug h the use of a i r

e

x cha n

g e s

y s t

e

m s

a

nd c y linde r a nd t a

n

k

v e n

t in g. T re a

tme n

t pra c

ti ce s a r e a

l so i m por t

a

n

t f o

r

pr e v e n

ti ng pol l u ti on. E n sur i ng t

h

a

t wo o

d s t

o

c

k is c

l e

a

n

p r io r t o

t

r e a

t

m e

n

t will p r e v e n

t dirt , s a

wdu s t

, a nd other d e b r i s

f rom accumul ati n g

i n the treatment sy stem. T o pr event de bris bu ildu p , wo o

d c a

n

be c o

v e re d du rin g

s h

ip m e

n

t a nd/ o r

p o werwashed when necessary b e f

o

re i t ent e

rs t h

e t r eat m ent pl ant . S t ri p pumps m a

y be in s

t

a

lle d t o

c

o

n

t in u o u s ly re t u rn re s

idu a l c h

e

m ic

a

l so lu t i o n

s

t

o

t

h

e wo rk t a

n

k , re s

u lt in g in le s

s

drip p i n g

wh e

n

t

h

e

c

y linde r do o

r

s

a

r e o p e ne d
. I f

t

re a

t i n g

c

y linde rs

a r e t

ilt e

d s ligh t ly a w a y

fro m t

h

e drip p a d, t h

e

r e is a

l so le s

s

s

p illa ge wh e

n

o

p e n

in g t h

e

c

y linde r do o

r

s .

S I C C o d e 24 66 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Ho u se k e e

p in g is a n

in t

e

gra l p a rt

o f wa s

t

e m i n i m i z a t io n e ffo rt

s . A l l t

a

n

k

s , m i xin g

s y s t

e

m s , t r e a

t i n g

c y linde rs , drip p a ds , a nd s p ill c

o

n

t

a

i n m e

n

t s s h

o

u ld be in s

p e c

t

e

d re gu la rly fo r le a

k

s . Drip p a ds a nd col l e cti o n areas shoul d b e k e pt cl ean. Storag e y a r d s shoul d b e i n spected da ily, a nd a n

y drip p a ge de t

e

c

t

e

d s h

o

u ld be c

l e

a

ne d u p wit h

in 2

4

h o

u r s . S e v e ral o t

h

er preserv a t i v e s hav e b een pro p o sed as al t e

rnat i v es t o tra d i t i o na l pre se r

va ti ve s. F o r

e

xa m pl e , w ood ca n b e tr e a

te

d w i th b o ra te

s usi n g

b oth pressure and non- pr essur e pr ocesses. H o w e ver , b e cause they a

re hi g h l y susce pti bl e to l e a

c

hi ng , b o ra te

s ca nnot b e use d to pre se r

ve wo o

d t h

a

t will be in c o

n

t

a

c

t wit h

t

h

e

gro u nd o r e x

p o se d t o t h

e we a

t

h

e

r (e .g ., de c

k in g

)
. Ammo ni acal co pper/ quart e

rnary ammo ni um ( A C Q ) i s ano t

h

er pro p o sed a

l te r

na t i v e . I n i t

i a

l a b ove - g r ound f i e

l d te st d a ta show tha t A C Q i s e

f

f

e

cti v e f o

r sof t w ood a nd ha r d w ood pr ote cti o n. Othe r

a l te r

n

a

t i v e preserv a t i v e s may i ncl ud e co pper- 8- qui no l i no l at e ( C u 8 ) , copper napht h

anat e, zi nc napht h

anat e, quart e

rnary N H 4 compound s ( Q A C ) , and zi nc sul f at

e. Tre a

t

m e

n

t p ro c

e

s

se s

m a

y v a ry in t

h

e

i r a b ilit y t o

m i n i m i z e wa s

t

e . Fo r exampl e, t h

e empt y- cel l pro c

ess uses l e ss carri er o i l t h

an t h

e f u l l

- cel l p ro c

e

s

s fo r o il-bo rne p r e se r

v a t i v e s . Th e

m o

difie d fu ll-c e

ll t r e a

t

m e

n

t re d u ce s the upta k e of tr e a

ti ng sol u ti on a nd mi ni mi z e s the a m ount of d r i ppi ng f o

r wat e

r- b o rne preserv a t i v e s. P o llut i on P r e

v e n

t i on C a s e St udie s Re consti tute d W ood Prod ucts B

y

l a t

e

1995, C a nFi b re ho pes t o

st art up i t s f i rst pl ant t o pro d uce M D F usi n g 100 percent po st

- c

o

n

sumer w a st

e and PF ad hesi ves. T h e pl ant ( t he firs t o f it s

kind in No rt

h

A m e

r

ic

a

) will be lo c

a

t

e

d ne a

r To ro n

t

o , O n t

a

rio
. A p p ro x

im a

t

e

l y 1
. 2 m illio n

ft 3

p e r ye a

r

o f s t

ru c t u ra l M D F will be prod uced f rom re cy cl ed ur b a n w a ste such as w a ste w ood , car d b o ar d , drin k c o

n

t

a

i ne rs , ne ws p a p e r, e t

c

. Th e

p l a n

t will h a

v e t w o s i gn ific a

n

t c o

s

t a

d va nta g e s

ove r

conve n

ti ona l MD F pl a n

ts: ( 1 ) the costs of post- c onsume r w a ste i s cur re ntl y neg a ti ve, and ( 2 ) savi ngs i n f r ei g h t costs d u e to the pl a n

t's l o ca ti on ne a

r

a

n

ur b a n si te ( m ost e x

i s

ti ng MD F pl a n

ts a r e re mote l y lo c

a

t

e

d a nd t h

e c o

s

t o f h a

u lin g wo o

d wa s

t

e

ba c

k

t

o

t

h

e

se m ills is h i gh ). Th e

ne t m ill c o

s

t fo r t h

e

p r o c

e

s

s

u se d by t h

e

firm ' s To ro n

t

o

p l a n

t is es t i m a

t

e

d t o

be $183/ m illio n

sq u a re feet (M S F ) v e rs

u s $228/ M S F fo r a c

o

n

v e n

t i o na l p l a n

t

. Th e

c

o

m p a n

y p l a n

s

t

o

bu ild a tota l of ni ne pl a n

ts i n

S e p tem b e r 1995 67 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t No rt

h

A m e

r

ic

a : s i x in t

h

e

U
. S
. a nd t h

re e

in C a n

a

da
. A ll p l a n

t s

will u se 100 percent po st

- c

o

n

sumer w a st

e and PF ad hesi ves. Wo o

d Preserv i ng P e rry Bu ilde rs , I nc . e m p l o y s 2 0

p e o

p le a t it s

He nd e r

so n

p r e s

s

u re wo o

d p re se r

v i n g

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit y. P e rry Bu ilde rs

re c

o

gn iz e s

t

h

a

t e a

c

h wo o

d t re a

t

e

r h a

s

a n

im p o rt

a

n

t re s

p o n

s

i bilit y in p r o p e r

ly h a

ndlin g a nd dis p o s

i n g o f t h

e wa s

t

e

s it p r o d u c e

s

a nd is c o

m m i t

t

e

d t o

m e

e

t in g t h

is chal l e nge. Perry uses a wat e

r- b o rne chemi c al preserv a t i v e ; chro mat e

d coppe r a r

se na te , to tr e a

t l umb e r , pl y w ood , ti mb e r

s, a nd othe r

w ood pro d uct s f o

r d e cks, f e

nces, and o t

h

er o u t d o o

r

uses. H azard o us w a st

e re sul t s f rom conta c

t of sa w d ust, w ood chi p s, a nd d i r t w i th the preservat i ve. It has successf ul l y mi ni mi zed i t s hazard o us w a st

e g e ne ra ti on b y 8 0 pe r c e

n

t i n tw o y e a

r

s w i th the i m pl e m e

n

ta

ti on of a l o w c

o

s

t was t

e m i n i m i zat io n

p r o g ram . In 1987, P e rry Bu ilders gene rat e

d 15 d r ums o f hazard o us w a st

e w i t h

a d i s po sal co st

o f $2, 380. B y 1989 Perry Bu ilders redu c e

d it s

dis p o sa l c o

s

t t

o

$310 by gene rat i n g

o

n

ly t w o dru m s . T h i s red u ct i o n was achi ev ed b y

changi ng b o t

h

equi pment and pro c

esses t

o a c

h

i e

v e a fu lly in t

e

gra t

e

d c l o se d s y s t

e

m in wh ic

h

t h

e

a p p lic a

t io n , re ce i p t, tra n

sf

e

r , a nd stora g e of the pr e se r

va ti on ta k e s pl a c

e i n a conta i ne d area. T h e

g o a

l i s to a ppl y the pr e se r

va ti ve to the w ood w h i l e mi ni mi z i ng the lo s

s

o f t h

e

p re se r

v a t i v e a s

a wa s

t

e . By h o

ldin g t h

e

lu m b e r

in t h

e t

re a

t

m e

n

t c h

a

m be r lo n

g e r

t o

a llo w drip p a ge , a nd by u s in g a v a c

u u m pump to f u r t

he r

d r y

the l umb e r , the tre a

tme n

t sol u ti on r e ma i n s i n the cha m b e r a nd d o e

s

not come i n to conta c

t w i th scra p

ma te

r

i a

l a nd d i r t. A s a

n i nce nti v e to e m pl oy e e

s to a ssur e a d e q

ua te

d r y i ng ti me , ma na g e me nt i n sti t ute d pa y b a se d on hour l y

w a g e s ra the r

tha n

a n

a m ount of l umb e r tre a

te

d
. A r oof ove r

the a r e a

housi n g

the tr e a

te

d l umb e r

pr e v e n

ts r u nof f du rin g

ra in fa ll. P e rry Bu ilde rs

e

s

t i m a

t

e

s

t

h

a

t t

h

e

c

o

s

t o f t

h

e v a c

uum pump, the r oof , and t

h

e

inc re a

se d dryin g

t

i m e

will be re c

o

v e re d in fiv e ye a

r

s

t

h

ro u g h re du c e

d dis p o sa l c o

s

t s . Th e

r e is a l so a no t

h

e

r

e c

o

no m ic be ne fit

- s

i nc e t h

e drie r l umb e r

w e i g hs l e ss, mor e f

oota g e of l umb e r

ca n b e shi ppe d on e a

ch tr uck , thereb y

r e d u ci ng f

rei g h t costs.

S I C C o d e 24 68 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s VI
. S UM M A R Y O F F E D E R AL ST AT UT ES AN D R E G ULAT I O N S
T h i s

secti o n d i scusses the F e d e ra l statutes and r e gu l a ti ons that may appl y to thi s se ctor . T h e

pur p ose of thi s se cti o n i s to hi g h l i g ht, a nd b r i e

f

l y de sc r

ibe t

h

e

a

p p lic a

ble Fe de ra l re q

u ire m e

n

t s , a nd t o p r o v ide c i t

a

t i o n

s fo r m o

re de t

a

ile d in fo rm a

t io n . Th e

t

h

re e

fo llo win g

se c

t io n

s

a

r e inc l u d e d
. • S ecti on VI. A contai ns a g e nera l over vi ew of maj o r

statutes • S e c

ti on VI
. B conta i ns a l i s t of r e gu l a ti ons spe c

i f

i c

to thi s i nd u str y • S e c

ti on VI
. C conta i ns a l i s t of pe nd i n g

a

nd pr opose d r e gu l a ti ons Th e

de sc r

ip t i o n

s

wit h

in S e c

t io n

V I a r e in t

e

nd e d so le

ly fo r ge ne ra l i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n. D e pe nd i n g upon the na tur e or scope of the a c

ti vi ti e s

a t a p a rt

ic

u l a r

fa c

ilit y, t h

e

se s

ummar i es may or may not necessar i l y d e scr i b e a

ll a p p lic a

ble e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l re q

u ire m e

n

t s . M o r e o

v e r, t h

e

y

do no t consti tute f o

r

m a

l i n te

r

p r e ta

ti ons or cl a r

i f

i c

a

t i o ns of the sta t ute s

a nd regu lat i o n

s . Fo r fu rt h

e

r in fo rm at

io n , readers s

h

o

u ld c o

n

s

u l t t

h

e C o de o f Fe de ra l R e gu la t i o n

s

a nd o t

h

e

r

s t

a

t

e

o r

lo c

a

l re gu la t

o

r

y a g e nc i e

s . EP A Ho t line c

o

n

t

a

c

t s

a

re a

l so p r o v ide d fo r e a

c

h

m a jo r s t

a

t u t e . VI
. A
. G en er al D escr i p t i o n of Maj or S t at

u tes R es o ur c

e

C o ns e r va tion A nd R e c ove r y

A c t T h e Resource Conser vati on A nd Recover y

A c t ( R CRA ) o f 1976 w h i c

h a

m e

nde d t h

e

S o lid W a

s

t

e

Dis p o sa l A c t

, a ddre s

se s so lid (S u b t i t

l e D) a nd hazard o us ( S ub t i t

l e C ) w a st

e management act i vi t i es. T h e H azard o us and S o lid Was t

e

Am endm en t s

(HS W A) o f 1984 s t

ren g

t

h

ened R C R A’s was t

e m a

na ge m e

n

t p ro v is io n

s

a nd a dde d S u bt it

le I , wh ic

h go v e rn s und e r

g ro und stora g e ta nk s ( U STs)
. Re gu l a ti ons promul g a te

d pur s

ua nt to Sub t i t

l e

C of RCRA ( 4 0

CF R Pa r

t s 260- 299) est a

bl i s h a “crad l e - t

o - grave” syst em go verni n g hazard o us w a st

e f

ro m t

h

e po i n t o f generat i o n

t

o

d i s po sal
. R C R A hazard o us w a st

es i ncl ud e t

h

e s p e c

ific m a

t

e

ria l s

lis t

e

d in t h

e

re gu la t i o n

s

(c o

m m e

rc ia

l c h

e

m ic

a

l pro d uct s , d e si gnat ed w i t h t h

e co d e " P " o r

" U " ; hazard o us w a st

es f r o m speci f i c

i nd u st ri es/ so u rces, d e si gnat ed w i t h

t

h

e co d e " K " ; o r

hazard o us w a stes f rom non- speci f i c

sources, d e si g n ated w i th the cod e " F " ) or m a

t

e

rials wh ic

h

exh i bit a h azardo u s was t

e c h

arac t

e

ris t ic

(ign it

abilit y, cor ro si vi ty , r e a

c

ti vi ty , or tox i c

i t

y

a

nd d e si g n a

t

e

d w i th the cod e " D " )
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 69 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t R e gul a t

e

d ent i t

i es t h

at

generat e

hazard o us w a st

e are sub j ect t o

w a st

e accumul ati o n, mani f e

sti n g , and r e cord k eepi n g

stand a r d s. F a c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t t

reat , st o

re, o r d i s po se o f hazard o us w a st

e must o b

t

a

i n a permi t , ei t h

er f

rom E P A or f

rom a Sta t

e

a

g e ncy w h i c

h E P A ha s a u thor i z e d to i m pl e m e

n

t t

h

e

p e rm it

t i n g

p ro g ra m . S u bt it

le

C p e rm it

s

c o

n

t

a

i n ge ne ra l fa c

ilit y stand a rd s such as conti n g e ncy pl ans, emer g e ncy pr oced ur es, re c

o

rdke e

p in g a nd re p o rt

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s , fina nc ia

l a s

s

u ra nc e mechani s ms, and uni t

- s

peci f i c stand a r d s. RCRA al so contai ns pr ovi s i o ns ( 40 C F R Part 264 Sub p art S and §264. 10) f o

r co nd uct i ng co rrect i v e act i o n

s w h i c

h go vern t h

e cl eanup o f rel e ases o f hazard o us w a st

e o r

co nst i t

u ent s fro m so lid wa s

t

e

m a

na ge m e

n

t u n it

s

a

t R C R A -re gu l a t

e

d fa c

ilit ie

s . Al t h

o

u gh R C R A i s a Fed e ral st at

ut e, many S t at

es i m pl ement t h

e R C R A p ro g ra m . C u rre n

t ly, EP A h a

s

de le

ga t

e

d it s

a u t h

o

r

it

y t o

im p l e m e

n

t va r

i ous pr ovi s i o ns of RCRA to 4 6

of the 5

0

Sta t

e

s . Most RCRA re q

u i re m e

n

ts a r e not i nd u str y

spe c

i f

i c

b u t a ppl y to a n

y co mpany t h

at

t

ranspo r

t s , t r eat s , st o

r es, o r

d i s po ses o f hazard o us w a st

e. Here are so m e

im p o rt

an t R C R A regu lat o

r

y requ irem en t s :

• I d e n t i f

i c

at

i o n of S o l i d an d H azar d o u s Wastes ( 40 C F R Part 261) l a

y s out the pr oce d ur e e

v e r

y

g e ne ra tor shoul d f o

l l o w to d e te

r

m i ne w h et

her t h

e mat e

ri al creat e

d i s co nsi d e red a hazard o us w a st

e, so lid wa s

t

e , o r

is e

x e m p t e

d fro m re gu la t i o n . • S t a

n d a r

d s f o r G e n e r a

to r s

of H azar d o u s Waste ( 40 C F R Part 262) es t

a

blis h

e

s

t

h

e res p o n

s

i bilit ies o

f h azardo u s was t

e gene rat o

r

s inc l u din g o b

t

a

in in g a n

I D n u m b e r , p r e p a r

in g a m a

n

i fe s

t

, e n

s

u rin g p ro p e r

p a c

k a g in g a nd la be lin g, m e

e

t in g s t

a

nda rds fo r wa s

t

e accumul ati o n uni t s, and r e cor d k eepi n g

and r e por t i n g re qui rements. Genera tor s can accumul ate hazar d o us w a ste f o

r

up t

o

90 d a ys ( o r 180 d a ys d e pend i n g o n

t

h

e amo u nt o f w a st

e g e ne ra te

d ) w i thout ob ta i n i n g

a

pe r

m i t

. • L a nd Dis pos a l R est r

i c

tions (LDR s ) a r e re gu la t i o n

s

p r o h

ibit in g t h

e d i s po sal o f hazard o us w a st

e o n

l a nd w i t h

o

u t pri o r t r eat m ent . Und e r t h

e L D R s ( 40 C F R 268) , mat e

ri al s must meet l a nd d i s po sal re str i cti o n ( L D R ) tr e a

tme n

t sta nd a r d s pr i o r

to pl a c

e

m e

n

t i n a R C R A la nd dis p o s

a

l u n it

(la ndfill, la nd t r e a

t

m e

n

t u n it

, wa s

t

e

p ile , or sur f

a

c

e

i m pound m e

n

t)
. W a

s

te

s sub j e c

t to the L D Rs i ncl ud e so lv e n

t s , e l e

c

t

r o p la t i n g

wa s

t

e

s , h e

a

v

y m e

t

a

ls , a nd a c

ids
. Ge ne ra tor s of w a ste sub j e c

t to the L D Rs must provi d e noti f i ca ti on o

f s

u c h

t

o

t

h

e

de s

i gn a

t

e

d TS D fa c

ilit y t o

e

n

s

u re p r o p e r

t

r e a

t

m e

n

t p r io r t o

dis p o s

a

l.

S I C C o d e 24 70 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

• U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t Sta nda r

d s ( 40 C F R Part 279) i m po se ma na g e me nt r e q

u i r e m e

n

ts a f

f

e

cti n g

the stora g e , tra n

spor ta

ti on, bu rn in g, p ro c

e

s

s

i n g , a nd re -re f

in in g o f t

h

e

u se d o il. Fo r p a rt

ie

s tha t me re l y

g e ne ra te

use d oi l , r e gu l a ti ons e s

ta

bl i s h stora g e s

t

a

nda rds
. Fo r a p a rt

y c o

n

s

ide re d a u se d o il m a

rke t

e

r

(o ne wh o ge ne ra t

e

s

a

nd se lls o

ff-s p e c

i fic a

t i o n

u se d o il dire c

t l y t o

a

u se d o i l bu rne r

), a ddit io n

a

l t ra c

kin g

a

nd p a p e rwo r

k re q

u ire m e

n

t s

m u s t be sati sf i e

d
. • T a nks a

nd C o nta i ne r s used t o

st o

r e hazard o us w a st

e w i t h

a hi gh v o la

t ile o

r

ga n

i c

c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

m u s t m e

e

t e

m is

s

i o n

s

t

a

nda rds u nde r R C R A
. R e gul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part 264- 265, Subp art C C ) requi r e g e ne ra tor s to te st the w a ste to d e te

r

m i ne the conce n

tra t i o n of the w a ste, to sati sf y

tank and contai ner emi ssi ons stand a r d s, and to i n spe c

t a nd moni tor r e gu l a te

d uni t s. T h e

se r e gu l a ti ons a ppl y to a l l fa c

ilit ie

s

wh o

s

t

o

r e s

u c h

wa s

t

e , inc l u din g ge ne ra t

o

r

s

o

p e ra t in g und e r

the 90- d a y

accumul ati o n r u l e . • U nde r g r o und Stor a

g e T a nks ( U STs) contai ni ng petr ol eum and hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce are regul a t

e

d und e r Sub t i t

l e

I o f R C R A
. Sub t i t

l e

I regul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part 280) co nt ai n t a

nk d e si gn and re le

a

se de t

e

c

t io n

re q

u ire m e

n

t s , a s

we ll a s

fina nc ia

l re s

p o n

s

i bilit y and cor re cti v e acti on stand a r d s f o

r

U S Ts . T h e U S T pr og ra m al so establ i s hes i ncreasi ng l y str i ng ent stand a r d s, i ncl ud i n g

upg rad e requi rement s

f

o

r exi s t i ng t a

nks, t h

at

must b e met b

y

1998.

• B oile r s

a

nd I ndustr ia l Fur n a c

es (BIFs ) t h

a

t u se o

r

bu rn fu e l co nt ai ni ng hazard o us w a st

e must co mpl y w i t h

st ri ct d e si gn and o

p erat i n g st and a rd s. B I F regul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part 266, Subp art H ) a

ddre s

s

u n it

de s

i gn , p r o v ide p e rfo r

m a

nc e

s

t

a

nda rds , re q

u ire e

m i ssi ons moni tor i n g , a nd re str i ct the ty pe of w a ste tha t ma y

b e bu rne d
. E P A ' s RCRA /Supe r

f und/UST Ho tline , a t (800) 424-9346, resp on d

s

to q

u

est i o

n

s an d d i st ri bu tes g u

i d

an ce reg ard i n g al lRCRA reg u

l at i o

n

s

. T h e RCRA H o t

l i n e ope r

a

te

s

we e

k

days fr om 8: 30 a. m. to 7: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l holidays
. C o m p r e he ns ive Envir onm e nta l R es p ons e , C o m p e n s a tion, And Lia b ility Ac t T h e C o mprehensi v e E n v i ro nment a

l R e spo n

se, C o mpensat i o n , and Liabilit y Ac t (C ER C L A), a 1980 law c o

m m o

n

l y kno w n as S u p e rfu nd, a

u thor i z e s E P A to r e spond to re l e

a

se s , or thre a

t

e

ne d re l e

a

se s , of hazard o us sub s

t

a

nces t h

at

may end a nger publ i c heal t h , w e l f

are, o r t h

e envi ro nment. CE RCL A al so enabl e s E P A to f o

r c e par t i e

s r e sponsi bl e f o

r e

n

vi ro nme n

ta

l conta m i n a

t i o n to cl e a

n i t up or to re i m b

u r se the Supe r

f

und f

o

r re sponse costs i ncur r e d b y

E P A
. T h e Super f

und A m end m ents and

S e p tem b e r 1995 71 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t R e aut h

o

r

i zat i o n Act ( S AR A) o f 1986 revi sed vari o u s sect i o ns o f C E R C L A , e

x

te

nd e d the ta x

i ng a u thor i t

y

f o

r

the Supe r

f

und , a nd cre a

te

d a f r e e

s

t

and i n g l a w, S A R A Ti t l e III, al so kno w n as t

h

e E m ergenc y P l anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act ( E PC RA)
. Th e

C E R C LA h azar d o u s su b st a

n c e r e l ease r e p o r t

i n g r e gu l a t

i o n s (4 0 C F R P a rt 302) direc t t h

e p e rso n

in c h

arge o f a fac ilit y t o

rep o rt

t

o

t

h

e N a ti ona l Re sponse Ce nte r

( N RC) a n

y

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l r e l e

a

se of a hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce w h i c

h exceed s a repo rt

abl e quant i t

y . R e po rt

abl e quant i t

i es are d e f

i ned and l i s t

e

d i n 40 C F R § 302. 4. A rel e ase repo rt may tr

i g g e r

a

re sponse b y

E P A , or b y

one or mor e F e d e ra l or Sta t

e e m e

r

g e ncy re sponse a

u thor i t

i e

s. EP A im p l e m e

n

t s h azar d o u s su b st a

n c e r esp on ses accor d i n g

to pro c

ed ures o u t l i ned i n t h

e N a t i o n

al O i l and H azard o us Sub s

t

a

nces Po l l u t i o n

C o nt i n gency Pl an ( N C P ) ( 40 C F R Part 300)
. T h e N C P i ncl ud es pr ovi s i o ns f o

r

pe r

m a

ne n

t cl e a

nups, k now n a s

r e me d i a l a c

ti ons, a nd othe r c

l e

a

n

u p s re fe

rre d t o

a

s

"re m o

v a l s . " EP A ge ne ra lly t a

ke s re m e

dia l a c

t i o n

s onl y a t si te s on the N a ti ona l Pr i o r

i ti e s

L i s t ( N PL ) , w h i c

h cur r e ntl y i ncl ud es appro x

i m at

el y 1300 si t e

s. B o t

h

E P A and st at

es can act at o t

h

er si tes; how e ver , E P A pr ovi d e s r e sponsi bl e par t i e

s the oppor t uni t y to cond uct re moval and r e med i a l acti ons and encourag es communi t y i n vol v e m e

n

t thro ug hout the Supe r

f

und r e sponse pr oce ss. E P A ' s RCRA /Supe r

f und/UST Ho tline , a t (800) 424-9346, a n

s

w

ers q u

est i o

n

s an d

ref eren ces g u

i d

an ce p ert ai n i n g

to t

h

e S u p

erf u

n

d

p r

og ram . T h e CE RCL A Hot line ope r

a

te

s

we e

k

days fr om 8: 30 a. m. to 7: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. Em e r ge nc y Pla nning A nd C o m m unity R i ght-T o-K n ow A c t T h e Superf und Amend m ent s

and R e aut h

o

r

i zat i o n Act ( S AR A) o f 1986 cr eated the E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act (E P C R A , al so kno w n as S A R A Ti t l e III), a s t

at

u t e d e s

i gned t o

i m pro v e communi t y

access to i n f

o

r

m ati o n ab out chemi c al hazar d s and to f a

c

ilit a

t

e t

h

e d e v e l o pment o f chemi c al emergency respo n

se pl ans b y

S t at

e and l o cal go v e rnment s. E P C R A requi r ed t h

e est a

bl i s hment o f S t at

e emergency re sponse commi ssi ons ( S E R Cs) , r e sponsi bl e f o

r

coord i n ati n g

cer t

ai n emergency respo n

se act i v i t i es and f o

r appo i n t i ng l o cal emergency pl anni ng commi ttees ( L E P C s )
. E P C R A and t h

e E P C R A regul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part s 350- 372) est a

bl i s h f o

ur t y p e s

o f re p o rt

in g o bliga t io n

s

fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

wh ic

h

s t

o

r e o r m a

na ge s

p e c

ifie d c h

e

m ic

a

l s :
S I C C o d e 24 72 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

• E P CRA §302 re q

u ire s

fa c

ilit ie

s

t

o

no t i fy t h

e

S E R C a nd LEP C o f t

h

e presence o f any " e xt remel y hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce" ( t he l i s t o f such sub s

t

a

nces i s i n 40 C F R Part 355, Append i c es A and B) i f i t has such sub s

tance i n ex cess of the sub s

tance's thre shol d pl anni ng q

u a n

t i t

y , a nd dire c

t s

t

h

e

fa c

ilit y t o

a

p p o in t a

n

e

m e

r

ge nc y re s

p o n

se coor d i na tor . • E P CRA §304 re q

u ire s

t

h

e

fa c

ilit y t o

no t i fy t h

e

S E R C a nd t h

e

LEP C i n t

h

e ev ent o f a rel e ase exceed i n g t h

e repo rt

abl e quant i t

y

o f a C E R C L A hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce o r

an E P C R A ext r emel y hazard o us sub s

tance.

• E P CRA §§311 an d 312 requ ire a fac ilit y at wh ic

h

a h azardo u s che m i c

a

l , a s

d e f

i ne d b y

the Occupa ti ona l Sa f

e

ty a

nd H e a

l th A c t, i s p re se n

t in a

n

a

m o

u n t e

x c e

e

din g a s

p e c

ifie d t h

re s

h

o

ld t o

s

u bm it

t

o t

h

e

S E R C , LEP C , a nd lo c

a

l fire de p a rt

m e

n

t m a

t

e

ria l sa fe

t y

da t

a sheet s ( M SD Ss) o r

l i s t s

o f M S D S s and hazard o us chemi c al in v e n

t

o

r

y fo rm s

(a lso kno w n a

s

Tie r

I a nd II fo rm s

)
. Th is in fo rm a

t io n

h e

lp s t

h

e

lo c

a

l go v e rn m e

n

t re s

p o nd in t

h

e

e

v e n

t o

f a s

p ill o r

re le

a

se o

f t

h

e

c

h

e

m ic

a

l
. • E P CRA §313 re q

u ire s

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

inc l u d e d in S I C co d e s 20 t h

ro ugh 39, w h i c

h have t e

n o r

mo re empl o y ees, and wh ic

h

m a

n

u fa c

t u r e , p r o c

e

s

s , o r

u se s

p e c

ifie d c h

e

m ic

a

l s

in a

m o

u n t s g re a

te

r

tha n

thr e shol d q u a n

ti ti e s , to sub m i t

a

n

a

nnua l tox i c c

h

em ic

al release rep o rt

. Th is

rep o rt

, c o

m m o

n

l y kno w n as t

h

e Fo rm R, cove r

s

re l e

a

se s

a

nd tra n

sf

e

r

s of tox i c

che m i c

a

l s to va r

i ous fa c

ilit ie

s

a

nd e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l m e

dia , a nd a llo ws EP A t o

c

o

m p ile t

h

e na ti ona l T o x

i c Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

(

T R I ) d a ta

b a se . A ll in fo rm a

t io n

s u bm it

t

e

d p u rs u a n

t t o

EP C R A re gu la t i o n

s is p u blic ly accessi bl e, unl e ss protected b y

a trad e secret cl ai m. E P A ' s E P CRA H o t

l i n e, at ( 800) 535- 0202, an swers qu est i o

n

s an d di st ri bu te

s g

u

id

a

n

c

e

r e

g

a

r

d

i ng th e

e m

e

r

g

e

n

c

y

p l a

nning a n

d c o

mmunity r i g

h

t-to -k

no w r

e

g

ulat ions
. T h e

E P C R A Hot line ope r

a

te

s

we e

k

days fr om 8: 30 a. m. to 7: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. Cl ean Water Act

Th e

p r im a

r

y o b

je c

t iv e o f t h

e

Fe de ra l W a

t

e

r P o llu t i o n C o n

t

ro l A c t

, commonl y re f

e

r

re d to a s

the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r

A c t ( C W A ) , i s to r e stor e a nd ma i n ta i n the che m i c

a

l , phy s i c

a

l , a nd b i ol og i c a

l i n te

g r i t

y

of the na ti on's s

u rfa c

e

wa t

e

rs . P o llu t a

n

t s

re gu la t

e

d u nde r t h

e

C W A inc l u d e "p rio r

it

y" p o llu t a

n

t s , inc l u din g v a rio u s t o

x

ic

p o llu t a

n

t s ; "c o

n

v e n

t io n

a

l" p o llu t a

n

t s ,
S e p tem b e r 1995 73 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t such as bi ochemi cal oxygen d e mand ( B OD ) , total suspend e d so lids (TS S ) , fe

c

a

l c o

lifo r

m , o il a nd gre a

se , a nd p H ; a nd "no n -c o

n

v e n

t io na l" p o llu t a

n

t s , inc l u din g a n

y p o llu t a

n

t no t ide n

t ifie d a s

e

i t

h

e

r

c

o

n

v e n

t i o na l o r

p r io rit y . Th e C W A re gu la t

e

s

bo t

h

dire c

t a nd indire c

t disc h

a

r

ge s . Th e Na tiona l Polluta nt Dis c h a r

ge Elim ina tion Syste m (NPDES) pro g ram ( C WA §402) contro l s

d i rect d i schar g e s i n to navi g a bl e w a ter s . D i r e ct d i schar g e s or " p oi nt source" d i schar g e s ar e f r om sour ces such as pi pes and sew e r

s . N P DE S permi t s, i ssued b y

ei t h

er E P A o r

an aut h

o

r

i z ed S t at

e ( E PA has pre se n

tl y a u thor i z e d f o

r

t y Sta t

e

s

to a d mi ni ste r

the N P D E S pr og ra m) , contai n i nd u str y - s peci f i c, technol o g

y - b a sed and /or w a ter qual i t y - b a sed lim it

s , a nd e s

t

a

blis h

p o llu t a

n

t m o

n

i t

o

r

in g a nd re p o rt

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s . A fa c

ilit y t h

a

t in t

e

nd s t

o

disc h

a

r

ge in t

o

t

h

e n a

t i o n ' s wa t

e

rs m u s t o b

t

a

in a p e rm it p r io r t o in it

ia

t i n g it s disc h

a

r

ge . A p e rm it

a p p lic a

n

t m u s t p r o v ide q

u a n

ti ta ti ve a na l y t i c

a

l d a ta

i d e nti f y i ng the ty pe s of pol l u ta nts pr e se n

t i n t

h

e fa c

ilit y' s e fflu e n

t

. Th e

p e rm it

will t h

e

n

se t fo rt

h

t

h

e

c o

ndit io n

s

a nd e

fflu e n

t lim it

a

t io n

s

u nde r wh ic

h

a

fa c

ilit y m a

y m a

ke a

disc h

a

r

ge . A NP DES p e rm it

m a

y a l so inc l u d e disc h

a

r

ge lim it

s ba se d o n Fe de ra l o r Sta t

e w a te

r q u a l i t y cr i t

e

r

i a or sta nd a r d s, tha t w e r e d e si g ne d to pr ote ct d e si gnat ed uses o f surf ace w a t

e

rs, such as suppo rt

i n g aquat i c l i f e o r re c

re a

t i o n . Th e

se s

t

a

nda rds , u n like t

h

e

t

e

c

h

no lo gic a

l s t

a

nda rds , ge ne ra lly do no t t

a

ke in t

o

a c

c

o

u n t t

e

c

h

no lo gic a

l fe a

s

ibilit y o r

c o

s

t s . W a

t

e

r

q u a lit y c

r

it

e

r

ia a nd s t

a

nda rds v a ry fro m S t a

t

e

t

o

S t a

t

e , a nd s i t

e

t

o

s

i t

e , de p e ndin g on the use cl a ssi f i ca ti on of the re ce i v i n g

b o d y of w a te

r . Most Sta t

e

s fo llo w EP A gu ide line s

wh ic

h

p r o p o se a q

u a t ic life a nd h u m a

n h e

a

l t

h cri t eri a f

o

r many o f t

h

e 126 pri o ri t y

po l l u t a

nt s. S tor m Water D i sch ar ges In 1987 t h

e C W A w a s amend e d t o

requi r e E P A t o est a

bl i s h a pro g ram t o a

ddre s

s sto rm w a te r d i sch a r

g es . I n r e sponse , E P A pr omul g a te

d the N P D E S stor m w a te

r

pe r

m i t

a ppl i c a

t i o n r e gu l a ti ons. Stor m w a te

r d i schar g e associ ated w i th i nd u str i al acti vi ty means the d i schar g e f r om a

n

y c o

n

v e y a nc e

wh ic

h

is u se d fo r c o

lle c

t in g a nd c o

n

v e y in g s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r a

nd wh ic

h

is dire c

t l y re la

t

e

d t o

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g, p r o c

e

s

s

i n g o r ra w m a

t

e

ri al s s t

o

rage areas at an i nd u s t

ri al pl an t (40 C F R 122. 26(b)(14)). Th e

se re gu la t i o n

s

re q

u ire t

h

a

t fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

t

h

e

fo llo win g

s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r d i schar g e s appl y f o

r a N P D E S per m i t : ( 1 ) a d i schar g e associ ated w i th indu s t

ria l a c

t i v i t y ; (2 ) a disc h

a

r

ge fro m a la rge o r

m e

diu m m u n ic

ip a l stor m se w e r

sy ste m ; or ( 3 ) a d i scha r

g e w h i c

h E P A or the Sta t

e d e te

r

m i ne s to contr i b u te to a vi ol a t i o n of a w a te

r

q u a l i t y

sta nd a r d or i s a si g n i f

i c

a

n

t contr i b u tor of pol l u ta nts to w a te

r

s

of the U n i t

e

d Sta t

e

s .

S I C C o d e 24 74 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s T h e

te r

m " s tor m w a te

r

d i scha r

g e a ssoci a t

e

d w i th i nd u str i a

l a c

ti vi ty " me a

n

s a stor m w a te

r

d i scha r

g e f

r om one of 1 1 ca te

g o r

i e

s of i nd u str i a

l act i vi t y

d e f

i ned at 40 C F R 122. 26. Si x o f t

h

e cat e

go ri es are d e f

i ned b y SIC c

o

de s wh ile t

h

e

o t

h

e

r

fiv e a

r e ide n

t ifie d t h

ro u g h n a

rra t i v e de sc r

ip t i o n

s

o f t

h

e re gu la t

e

d indu s t

ria l a c

t i v i t y . I f t

h

e

p r im a

r

y S I C c o

de o f t

h

e

fa c

ilit y is o

ne o f t

h

o

se ide n

t ifie d in t

h

e

re gu la t i o n

s , t h

e fa c

ilit y is s u bje c

t t o t h

e s

t

o

r

m wa t

e

r p e rm it

a p p lic a

t io n

re q

u ire m e

n

t s . I f a n

y a c

t i v i t y

a t a fa c

ilit y i s

cove re d b y

one of the f

i ve na r

ra ti ve ca te

g o r

i e

s , stor m w a te

r d i scha r

g e s f

rom those a r e a

s w h e

r e the a c

ti vi ti e s

occur a r e sub j e c

t to stor m w a te

r disc h

a

r

ge p e rm it

a

p p lic a

t io n

re q

u ire m e

n

t s . Th o

se fa c

ilit ie

s / a c

t i v i t i e

s

t

h

a

t a

r e s

u bje c

t t

o

s

t

o

r

m wa t

e

r disc h

a

r

ge p e rm it a

p p lic a

t io n re q

u ire m e

n

t s a r e ide n

t ifie d be lo

w. To de t

e

rm ine wh e

t

h

e

r a p a rt

ic

u l a r fa c

ilit y fa lls wit h

in o ne o f t h

e

se c a

t

e

go rie s , t h

e

re gu la t i o n s

h

o

u ld be c

o

n

s

u l t e

d. C a tegor y i : Fa c

ilit ie

s s u bje c

t t o

s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r e fflu e n

t gu ide line s , ne w sour ce per f

or mance stand a r d s, or tox i c

pol l u tant ef f

l uent stand a r d s. C a tegor y ii: Fa c

ilit ie

s c l a

s

s

i fie d a s S I C 2 4

- lu m b e r

a nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s (e

xc e

p t wo o

d kit c

h

e

n

c

a

bine t s

); S I C 2 6

- p a p e r a nd a llie d p r o d u c t s

(e xc e

p t p a p e rbo a

rd c o

n

t

a

i ne rs a nd p r o d u c t s

); S I C 2 8

- c

h

e

m ic

a

l s

a nd a llie d pr od ucts ( e x c e

p t d r ugs a nd pa i n ts) ; SI C 2 9

- pe tr ol e um r e f

i ni ng ; a nd SI C 311- l e at

her t a

nni ng and f i ni shi n g. C a te gor y iii: Fa c

ilit ie

s c l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 1 0

- m e

t

a

l m i n i n g ; S I C 1 2

- c

o

a

l m i n i n g ; S I C 1 3

- o il a nd ga s

e x

t

ra c

t i o n ; a nd S I C 1 4

- no n

m e

t

a

llic m i ne ra l mi ni ng . C a tegor y iv: Hazardo u s was t

e t r eat m en t

, s t

o

rage, o r

dis p o sa l fac ilit ies
. C a tegor y v: La nd fills , la nd a p p lic a

t io n

s i t

e

s , a nd o p e n

du m p s t h

a

t re c

e

iv e o

r

h a

v e re c

e

iv e d indu s t

ria l wa s

t

e

s . C a tegor y vi: Fac ilit ies c l as s

i fied as S I C 5015-u sed m otor ve hi cl e pa r

t s; and S I C 5093-au t o

m o

t i v e sc rap and was t

e m a

t

e

rial rec y c lin g fac ilit ies
. C a tegor y vii: S t e

a

m e

l e

c

t

r

ic

p o we r ge ne ra t i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s . C a te gor y viii: Fa c

ilit ie

s

c l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 4 0

- ra ilro a

d t ra n

s

p o r

t

a

t i o n ; S I C 4 1

- l o ca l pa sse ng e r tra n

spor ta

ti on; SI C 4 2

- tr uck i ng a nd w a r e housi n g ( e

xcept publ i c w a reho usi n g and st o

rage) ; SIC 43- U. S. Po st

al Servi c e; SIC 44- w a t

e

r t ranspo r

t

a

t i o n ; SIC 45- t ranspo r

t

a

t i o n

b y

ai r; and SIC 5171- pe trol e um b u l k stora g e sta t i o ns a nd te r

m i n a

l s.
S e p tem b e r 1995 75 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

C a tegor y ix: Se w a g e tr e a

tme n

t w o r

k

s. C a tegor y x: Constr ucti on a c

ti vi ti e s

e x ce pt ope ra t i o ns tha t r e sul t i n the d i s tur b a nce of l e ss tha n

f

i ve a

c

r e s of tota l l a nd a r e a

. C a tegor y xi: Fa c

ilit ie

s

c

l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 2 0

-fo o

d a nd kind re d p r o d u c t s ; S I C 2 1

- t o

b a c

c

o p ro d u c t s ; S I C 2 2

- t

e

xt ile m ill p r o d u c t s ; S I C 2 3

- a

p p a re l re la

t

e

d pro d uct s ; SIC 2434- w o o

d ki t c

hen cab i net s

manuf a

ct

uri n g; SIC 25- f

u rni t ure and f i xt ures; SIC 265- paperb o a

rd co nt ai ners and b o xes; SIC 267- conver ted paper and paper b oar d pr od ucts; SIC 27- pr i n ti ng, publ i s hi ng, and allied indu s t

ries ; S I C 283-dru gs ; S I C 285-p a in t s , v a rn is

h

e

s , lac q

u e r, e

na m e

l s , a nd a llie d p r o d u c t s ; S I C 3 0

- ru bbe r a nd p l a s

t i c

s ; S I C 3 1

- le a

t

h

e

r and l e at

her pro d uct s

( e xcept l e at

her and t a

nni ng and f i ni shi n g) ; SIC 323- g l a ss prod ucts; SI C 3 4

- f

a

b r i c

a

t

e

d me ta

l pr od ucts ( e x c e

p t f a

b r i c

a

t

e

d s

t

ru c t u ra l m e

t

a

l); S I C 3 5

- indu s t

ria l a nd c o

m m e

rc ia

l m a

c

h

ine r

y a nd co mput er equi pment ; S I C 36- el ect r o n

i c

and o t

h

er el ect r

i c

al equi pment a

nd compone n

ts; SI C 3 7

- tra n

spor ta

ti on e q

ui pme n

t ( e x c e

p t shi p a nd b o a

t bu ildin g a nd re p a irin g); S I C 3 8

- m e

a

s

u r in g, a na l yz in g, a nd c o

n

t

ro llin g i n str uments; SI C 39- mi scel l a neous manuf a

ctur i n g

i nd u str i es; and SI C 4221- 4225- publ i c w a reho usi n g and st o

rage. P r et r

eat m e n t P r ogr am A nothe r

ty pe of d i scha r

g e tha t i s r e gu l a te

d b y

the CW A i s one tha t g o e

s to a publ i c l y - o w ne d tr e a

tme n

t w o r

k

s ( P OT W s

)
. T h e na ti ona l p r et r

eat m e n t p r ogr am (C WA §307(b)) c o

n

t

ro l s

t

h

e i nd i r ec t d i sc h

arge o f p o llu t a

n

t s

t o

P O TW s

by "indu s t

ria l u se r

s . " Fa c

ilit ie

s re gu la t

e

d u nde r §307(b) m u s t m eet c e

rt

ai n pret reat m e

n

t s t

and a rd s . Th e go al o f t h

e pre t

re a

t

me nt prog ra m i s to pr ote ct muni c i p a l w a ste w a t

e

r

tr e a

tme n

t pl a n

ts f

ro m d a mage t h

at

may o ccur w h en hazard o us, t o

x

i c

, o r o t

h

er w a st

es are d i scha r

g e d i n to a se w e r

sy ste m a nd to pr ote ct the q u a l i t y

of sl ud g e g e ne ra te

d b y

the se pl a n

ts. D i scha r

g e s to a POT W a

r e r e gu l a te

d pr i m a

r

i l y b

y

the POT W i t se l f

, ra the r

tha n

the Sta t

e

or E P A
. EP A h a

s de v e lo p e d t e

c

h

no lo gy-ba se d s t

a

nda rds fo r indu s t

ria l u se r

s

o f POT W s. D i f f

e

re nt stand a r d s appl y to ex i s

ti ng and new sources w i thi n e

a

c

h

c a

t

e

go ry. "C a t

e

g o r

ic

a

l" p r e t

re a

t

m e

n

t s t

a

nda rds a p p lic a

ble t o

a n indu s t

ry o n

a na t i o n

wide ba s

i s

a r e de v e lo p e d by EP A
. I n a ddit io n , a

no t

h

e

r

kind o f p re t

re a

t

m e

n

t s t

a

nda rd, "lo c

a

l lim it

s , " a r e de v e lo p e d by the POT W i n ord e r

to a ssi st the POT W i n a c

hi e v i n g

the e f

f

l ue nt lim it

a

t io n

s

in it s

NP DES p e rm it

.

S I C C o d e 24 76 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Re g a rd l e ss of w h e

t

he r

a Sta t

e

i s a u thor i z e d to i m pl e m e

n

t e i the r

the NP DES o r

t

h

e

p re t

re a

t

m e

n

t p r o g ra m , if it de v e lo p s it s

o w n p r o g ra m , it m a

y en fo rc e requ irem en t s

m o

re s t

rin g en t t

h

an Federal s t

andards
. E P A ’s Offic e

of Wate r

, at ( 202) 260- 5700, will dir e

c

t c a

ll ers w i t

h

q

u

est i o

n

s

ab ou t the C W A to the a ppr o

p

r

i a

te

E P A o ffic e

. E P A a l s

o ma inta ins a biblio gr a

phic da ta

ba s

e

o f Offic e

o f W a

te

r

public a

t

io

ns whic h c a

n be a c

c

essed t h

rou g

h

t h

e Grou n

d

Wat er an d D r i n ki n g

Water resou r

ce cen ter, at ( 202) 260- 7786. Sa f

e

Dr inking W a

t

e r A c t T h e S a f

e Dri n ki ng Wat er Act ( S DWA) mand at es t h

at

E P A est a

bl i s h re gu l a ti ons to pr ote ct huma n he a

l th f r om conta m i na n

ts i n d r i n ki ng w a te

r . Th e

la w a u t h

o

r

iz e s

EP A t o

de v e lo p n a

t i o na l drin kin g

wa t

e

r s t

a

nda rds a

nd to cr e a

te a j o i n t F e d e ra l

- Sta t

e

sy ste m to e n

sur e compl i a nce w i th the se stand a rd s. T h e SD WA al so d i r ects E P A to pr otect und e r

g r o und sour ces o

f drin kin g

wa t

e

r t h

ro u g h t

h

e

c

o

n

t

ro l o f u nde rgro u nd in je c

t io n

o f liq u i d wa s

t

es . EP A h a

s de v e lo p e d p r im a

r

y a nd se c

o

nd a r

y drin kin g

wa t

e

r s t

a

nda rds u nde r it s

S D W A a u t h

o

r

it

y. EP A a nd a u t h

o

r

iz e d S t a

t

e

s e n

fo rc e t h

e p r im a

r

y drin kin g

wa t

e

r s t

a

nda rds , wh ic

h

a r e , c o

n

t

a

m ina n

t

- s

p e c

ific c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

lim it

s

t

h

a

t a p p l y t o

c

e

rt

a

i n p u blic drin kin g

wa t

e

r s u p p lie s . Pr i m ar y

d r i n k i ng w a ter stand a r d s consi s t of max i mum contami nant l e vel go a

l s

(M C L G s ), wh ic

h

a r e no n - e n

fo rc e

a

ble h e

a

l t

h-ba se d go a

l s , a nd max i mum contami nant l e vel s ( M C L s) , w h i c

h ar e enf o

r c eabl e l i m i t

s set as c

l o se t

o

M C LG s a

s

p o s

s

i ble , c o

n

s

ide rin g

c

o

s

t a

nd fe a

s

ibilit y o f a

t t

a

in m e

n

t

. T h e SD WA U nde r g r o und I n je c tion C o ntr o l (U I C ) p r o g ram (40 C F R P a rt

s 144- 148) i s a permi t pro g ram w h i c

h pro t

e

ct

s und e rgro und so urces o f drin kin g wa t

e

r by re gu la t i n g

fiv e c

l a

s

se s

o f in je c

t io n

we lls
. U I C p e rm it

s inc l u d e de s

i gn , o p e ra t in g, in s

p e c

t i o n , a nd m o

n

i t

o

r

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s . Wel l s used t o

i n j e ct

hazard o us w a st

es must al so co mpl y w i t h

R C R A c

o

rre c

t iv e a c

t i o n

s t

a

nda rds in o r de r t o

be gra n

t

e

d a R C R A p e rm it

, a nd m u s t m e

e

t a p p lic a

ble R C R A la nd dis p o sa l re s

t

ric t io n

s

s t

a

nda rds
. Th e U I C p e rm it

p ro g ra m is p r im a

r

ily S t a

t

e

- e

n

fo rc e

d , s i nc e

EP A h a

s a

u thor i z e d a l l b u t a f

e

w Sta t

e

s

to a d mi ni ste r

the pr og ra m. Th e

S D W A a l so p r o v ide s

fo r a Fe de ra lly-im p le m e

n

t

e

d S o le S o u r c e A q u i fe r p ro g ra m , wh ic

h

p r o h

ibit s

Fe de ra l fu nd s fro m be in g e x

p e nd e d o n pr oj e c

ts tha t ma y conta m i n a

t

e the sol e or pr i nci pa l sour ce of d r i n ki ng wa t

e

r fo r a giv e n

a re a

, a nd fo r a S t a

t

e

- im p l e m e

n

t

e

d W e

llh e

a

d P r o t

e

c

t io n p ro g ra m , de s

i gne d t o

p r o t

e

c

t drin kin g

wa t

e

r we lls a nd drin kin g

wa t

e

r recharge areas.

S e p tem b e r 1995 77 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

E P A ’ s S a f e D r i n ki n g

Water H o t

l i n e, at ( 800) 426- 4791, an swers qu est i o

n

s

an d d

i st ri b u

tes g u

i d

an ce p ert ai n i n g

to S D WA st an d

a

rd s. T h e H o t

l i n e op erates f r

om 9: 00 a. m. t h

r

o

ugh 5: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l holidays
. T o x

i c

Substa nc es C o ntr o l A c t T h e T o x

i c Sub s

ta nce s

Contr o l A c t ( T S CA ) g ra n

te

d E P A a u thor i t

y

to cre a

te a re gu l a tor y f ra m e

w or k to col l e ct d a ta

on che m i c

a

l s i n or d e r

to e v a l ua te , assess, mi ti g a te, and contr o l r i sk s w h i c

h may b e posed b y thei r manuf a

cture, processi ng , and use. T S CA pr ovi d e s a var i ety of contr o l me thod s to pre v e n

t che m i c

a

l s f r om posi ng unr e a

sona bl e r

i sk
. T S C A st and a rd s may appl y at any po i n t d u ri ng a chemi c al ’s l i f e cycl e. U nde r TS C A § 5 , EP A h a

s

e s

t

a

blis h

e

d a n

in v e n

t

o

r

y o f c h

e

m ic

a

l sub s

ta nce s . I f a che m i c

a

l i s not a l r e a

d y on the i n ve ntor y , a nd ha s not be e

n e x c l u d e d by TS C A , a p r e m a

n

u f a

c

t u re no t i c

e

(P M N ) m u s t be sub m i tte d to E P A pr i o r

to ma nuf a

ctur e or i m por t

. T h e

PMN must ide n

t ify t h

e

c h

e

m ic

a

l a nd p r o v ide a v a ila ble in fo rm a

t io n

o n

h e

a

l t

h

a nd e

n

vi ro nme n

ta

l e f

f

e

cts. I f a v a i l a bl e d a ta

a r e not suf f

i ci e n

t to e v a l ua te

the c

h

e

m ic

a

l ' s e ffe c

t s , EP A c a

n

im p o se re s

t

ric t io n

s p e ndin g t h

e de v e lo p m e

n

t o

f in fo rm a

t io n

o n

it s

h e

a

l t

h

a nd e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l e ffe c

t s . EP A c a

n a l so re str i ct si g n i f

i c

ant new uses of chemi c al s b a sed upon f a

ctor s such as the pr oj e c

te

d vol ume a

nd use of the che m i c

a

l
. U nde r TS C A § 6 , EP A c a

n

ba n

t h

e

m a

n

u fa c

t u r e o r

dis t

r

ibu t io n

in c

o

m m e

rc e , lim it

t

h

e

u se , re q

u ire la be lin g, o r p l a c

e o t

h

e

r re s

t

ric t io n

s o n chemi c al s that pose unre asonabl e r i sk s. A m ong the chemi c al s E P A re gu l a te

s und e r

§ 6 a u thor i t

y

a r e a s

b e stos, chl o r o f

l uor o ca r

b ons ( C F C s) , a

nd p o lyc h

lo rina t

e

d bip h e

n

yls (P C B s )
. E P A ’s T S C A As s

i s

t

anc e

I n for m

at

ion Se r

v

ic

e

, at ( 202) 554- 1404, ans w

e

r

s q

u

est i o

n

s an d d i st ri b u

tes g u

i d

an ce p ert ai n i n g

to T o x

i c S u b

st

an ces Con t

rol A c t st

an d

a

rd s. T h e S erv i c

e op erates f r

om 8 : 3

0

a. m . t h

rou g

h

4 : 3

0

p . m . , E S T , e

x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. Clean Air Ac t T h e C l ean Ai r Act ( C AA) and i t s amend m ent s , i ncl ud i n g t h

e C l ean Ai r Act Amend m ent s ( C AAA) o f 1990, are d e si gned t o

“pro t

e

ct

and enhance the na ti on's a i r

re source s so a s

to pr omote the publ i c he a

l th a nd w e l f

a

re a

nd the pr od ucti ve ca pa ci ty of the popul a ti on. ” T h e

CA A consi s ts of si x se cti o ns, k now n a s

T i tl e s , w h i c

h d i r e c

t E P A to e s

ta

bl i s h na ti ona l st

and a rd s f o

r amb i ent ai r qual i t y and f o

r E P A and t h

e St at

es t o

S I C C o d e 24 78 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s i m pl ement , mai n t

a

i n , and enf o

rce t h

ese st and a rd s t h

ro ugh a v a ri et y o f m e

c

h

an is

m s . Under t h

e C AAA, m a

n

y

fac ilit ies will be requ ired t o

o b

t

a

in permi t s f o

r t h

e f i rst t

i me. S t at

e and l o cal go v e rnment s o v ersee, manage, and enfo rc e many o f t h

e requi r ement s

o f t

h

e C AAA. C AA regul a t i o n

s appear at 40 C F R Part s 50- 99. Pur s

ua nt to T i tl e I of the CA A , E P A ha s e s

ta

bl i s he d na ti ona l a m b i e n

t a i r q

u a lit y s t

a

nda rds (NA A Q S s ) t o

lim it

le v e ls o f "c rit e

ria p o llu t a

n

t s , " inc l u din g c a

rbo n

m o

no xide , le a

d , n i t

r o g e n

dio xide , p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

m a

t t

e

r, o

z o ne , a nd s u lfu r dio xide
. G e o

g ra p h ic

a r e a

s

t

h

a

t m e

e

t NA A Q S s fo r a g i ve n pol l u ta nt a re cl a ssi f i e

d a s

a tta i n me nt a r e a

s; those tha t d o not me e

t N AAQ Ss are cl assi f i ed as no n- at t

a

i n ment areas. Und e r §110 o f t

h

e C AA, e

a

ch Sta t

e

must d e ve l o p a Sta t

e

I m pl e m e

n

ta

ti on Pl a n

( S I P ) to i d e nti f y so u rc e

s o f a i r p o llu t i o n a nd t o

de t

e

rm ine wh a

t re du c t io n

s

a r e re q

u ire d t o m e

e

t Fe de ra l a i r q u a lit y s t

a

nda rds
. T i tl e I a l so a u thor i z e s

E P A to e s

ta

bl i s h N e w Sour ce Pe r

f

or ma nce S t a

nda rds (NS P S s ), wh ic

h

a r e na t i o n

a

lly u n ifo r

m e m is

s

i o n

s

t

a

nda rds fo r ne w s t

a

t io na ry so u r c e

s

fa llin g wit h

in p a rt

ic

u l a r

indu s t

ria l c a

t

e

go rie s . N S PSs a re b a se d on the pol l u ti on contr o l te chnol o g

y

a v a i l a bl e to tha t categ o r

y of i nd u str i al sour ce b u t al l o w the af f

e

cted i nd u str i es the fle x

ibilit y t o

de v i se a

c

o

s

t

-e

ffe c

t iv e m e

a

n

s

o

f re du c i n g

e

m is

s

i o n

s . U nde r Tit l e

I , EP A e s

t

a

blis h

e

s

a nd e n

fo rc e

s Na t i o n

a

l Em is

s

i o n S t a

nda rds f

o

r H azard o us Ai r Po l l u t a

nt s ( N E S H A Ps) , nat i o nal l y uni f o

r

m st and a rd s o

r

ien t

ed t o

w ards c o

n

t

ro llin g p a rt

ic

u l ar h azardo u s air p o llu t a

n

t s

(HAP s )
. Ti t l e III o f t

h

e C AAA fu rt her d i r ec t

e

d E P A t o

d e v e l o p a l i s t o f so u r c e

s t h

at emi t any o f 189 H A Ps, and t o

d e vel o p regul a t i o n

s f o

r t h

ese cat e

go ri es o f so urces. T o d a t

e

E P A has l i s t

e

d 174 cat e

go ri es and d e vel o ped a sched ul e f

o

r

the establ i s hment of emi ssi on stand a r d s. T h e emi ssi on stand a r d s w i l l be de v e lo p e d fo r bo t

h

ne w a nd e x

is

t i n g

so u r c e

s

ba se d o n

"m a

x

im u m a

c

h

i e

v a ble c o

n

t

ro l t e

c

h

no lo gy" (M A C T). Th e

M A C T is de fine d a s

t

h

e contro l technol o g

y

achi evi n g

the max i mum d e g r ee of r e d u cti o n i n the e

m i ssi on of the H A Ps, ta k i ng i n to a ccount cost a nd othe r

f

a

ctor s. T i tl e I I of the CA A per t

ai ns to mobi l e sour ces, such as car s , tr uck s , b u ses, a

nd p l a ne s . R e fo rm u l a t

e

d ga so line , a u t o

m o

bile p o llu t i o n

c

o

n

t

ro l de v i c e

s , and vapo r reco very no zzl es o n

gas pumps are a f e

w o f t

h

e mechani s ms E P A uses to re gu l a te mob i l e ai r emi ssi on sources. Tit l e

I V e s

t

a

blis h

e

s

a s u lfu r dio xide e m is

s

i o n

s p r o g ra m de s

i gne d t o re du c e

t

h

e

fo rm a

t io n

o f a c

id ra in
. R e du c t io n o f s u lfu r dio xide re le

a

se s will be o b

t

a

ine d by gra n

t i n g

t o

c e

rt

a

i n so u r c e

s

lim it

e

d e m is

s

i o n

s

S e p tem b e r 1995 79 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t allo wanc es , wh ic

h , begin n

i n g

in 1995, will be se t belo w p r ev io u s lev e ls o f s

u lfu r dio xide re le

a

se s . T i t l e V o f t h

e C AAA o f 1990 creat e

d a permi t pro g ram f o

r al l " m ajo r sour ces" ( a nd cer t

ai n other sour ces) re gu l a ted und e r

the CA A
. One p u rp o se o f t

h

e

o p e ra t in g p e rm it

is t

o

inc l u d e in a

s

i n g le do c

u m e

n

t a ll a i r e

m is

s

i o n

s re q

u ire m e

n

t s

t h

a

t a p p l y t o

a giv e n

fa c

ilit y. S t a

t

e

s

a r e de v e lo p i n g

t h

e

p e rm it

p r o g ra m s

in a c

c

o

rda nc e wit h gu ida nc e a nd re gu l a ti ons f rom E P A
. Once a Sta t

e

prog ra m i s a ppr ove d b y

E P A , p e rm it

s

will be is s

u e d a nd m o

n

i t

o

r e d by t h

a

t S t a

t

e . T i tl e VI i s i n te

nd e d to pr ote ct stra tosphe r

i c

oz one b y

pha s

i n g

out the manuf a

ct

ure o f o z o ne- d e pl et i n g chemi c al s and rest ri ct t h

ei r use and d i s tr

i b uti o n. Pr od ucti on of Cl a ss I sub s

ta nce s , i ncl ud i n g

1 5 k i nd s of c

h

lo ro flu o ro c

a

rbo n

s (C FC s ) , will be p h ased o u t en t i rely by t h

e year 2000, wh ile c e

rt

a

i n h y dro c

h

l o r o f

lu o r o c

a

r

bo n

s

(HC F C s ) will be p h a

se d o u t by 2030. E P A ' s C o nt r

o

l T e c

h

nology C e nte r

, at ( 919) 541- 0800, pr ovide s ge ne r

a

l assi st an ce an d i n f o

rm at

i o

n on CA A st an d

a

rd s. T h e S t rat o

sp h

eri c O zon e I n for m

at

ion Hot line , at ( 800) 296- 1996, pr ovide s

ge ne r

a

l infor m

at

ion about reg u

l at i o

n

s

p

r

om u

l g

a

te

d

u n

d

er T i t l e V I of t

h

e CA A , an d E P A ' s E P CRA H o t

l i n e, at ( 800) 535- 0202, an swers qu est i o

n

s

abou t acci den t

alrel ease preven t

i on u n

d

er C AA §112( r )
. I n addit i on, t h

e

T e c

h

nology T r ans f e

r Ne t w

or

k B u lle t

i n B oar d S y stem ( m odem access ( 919) 541- 5742) ) i n cl u d

es recen t CAA ru l es, E P A guidanc e

doc u

me nt s

, and update s

of E P A ac t

i vit i e

s

. V I .B
. I ndustr y Spe c i f

i c

R e quir e m e nts C l ean Ai r Ac t (C AA) Und e r t h

e C l ean Ai r Ac t

, P M 10 , ( p a r

ti cul a te

ma tte r

w i th a n

a e

r o d y na mi c d i a me te

r

of 1 0 mi crons or l e ss) a nd vol a ti l e or g a ni c compound s ( V OCs) a

re re gu l a te

d to e n

sur e a tta i n me nt w i th the N a ti ona l A m b i e n

t A i r Qua l i t y S t andards fo r P M 10 a nd g r ound l e ve l oz one ( V OCs contr i b u te to the f

o

r

m a

t i o n of g round l e ve l oz one )
. W ood pr od ucts ha ve the pote nti a l to emi t PM 10 and VO C s i n si gni f i c

ant quant i t

i es. As requi red b y §110 o f t h

e C AA, St at

e Impl ement a

t i o n

Pl ans ( S IPs) must be de v e lo p e d t o

ide n

t ify so u r c e

s

o f a i r p o llu t i o n

a nd de t

e

rm ine wh a

t re du c t io n

s a re re q

u ire d t o

m e

e

t Fe de ra l s t

a

nda rds
. A n im p o rt

a

n

t c

o

m p lia nc e

c o

m p o ne n

t o f t h

e

se S I P s a r e ge ne ric o p a c

it

y lim it

s , wh ic

h d i c ta

te

tha t no sta c

k

sha l l ha ve e

m i ssi ons a b ove a ce r

t

a

i n pe r c e

n

t opa c

i t

y .
S I C C o d e 24 80 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s W i thi n the w ood prod ucts i nd u str y , the se r e gu l a ti ons a ppl y to hog f u e l bo ile rs

a

nd v e ne e

r

drye rs . Th e

s

t

a

nda rd lim it

fo r e m is

s

i o n

s

o f a

ll kind s is 2

0

pe rc e

n

t opa c

i t

y , me a

n

i n g

tha t onl y 8 0

pe r c e

n

t of l i g ht i s a bl e to pa ss thr o ug h the pl ume . H o w e ve r , some Sta t

e

s

provi d e e x ce pti o ns to the o

p a c

it

y lim it

s

fo r c e

rt

a

i n indu s t

rie s

o r

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g p r o c

e

s

se s d e pend i n g

on the state's SI P. A l so writ t

e

n in t

o e a

c

h S I P a r e p r o v is io n

s

t

h

a

t re q

u ire a ll ne w s t

a

t io na ry source s constr ucte d i n a N a ti ona l A m b i e n

t A i r Qua l i t y

Sta nd a r d s ( N A A Q ) a tta i n me nt a r e a a nd tha t ha ve the pote nti a l to e m i t

a b ove a s

p e c

ifie d t o

n

na ge p e r ye a

r

t o

in s

t

a

ll be s

t a v a ila ble c o

n

t

ro l t e

c

h

no lo gy (BA C T). I n a ddit io n , t h

e

se fa c

ilit ie

s

ne e

d t o

o b

t

a

in a P r e v e n

t i o n

o f Si gni f i c

ant D e t

e

ri o rat i o n ( P SD ) permi t ( 40 C F R 52. 21)
. S t andards o f P e rfo r

m a

nc e fo r Fo s

s

il Fu el Fired S t eam G e ne rat i n g Un it

s ( 40 C F R 60. 40, subp art D ) , appl y t o

any f o

ssi l f u el

- f i red and w o o

d resi d u e f

i re d ste a

m g e ne ra ti ng uni t tha t comme nce s

constr ucti on mod i f i c

a

t i o n or reco nst r

uct i o n

af t

e

r August 17, 1971, and t h

at

has a heat i n put capaci t y d e ri ved f ro m f

o

ssi l f u el s o f great e

r t h

an 73 megaw a t t s

( 250 mm B T U/ hr)
. U n like s

u bp a r

t s

Db a nd Dc , de sc r

ip t i o n

s

o

f wh ic

h

fo llo w, t h

e c o

n

t

ribu t i o n o

f h e

a

t fro m wo o

d fu e l s

is no t c o

n

s

ide re d in de t

e

rm in in g t h

e

h e

a

t in p u t capaci ty si nce i t i s not a f o

ssi l f u el
. T h e r e gu l a ti on ad d r esses emi ssi on sta nd a rd s, compl i a nce a nd pe r

f

or ma nce te st me thod s, moni tor i n g re q

u ire m e

n

t s

(inc lu din g c o

n

t in u o u s o p a c

it

y m o

n

i t

o

r

in g s y s t

e

m s

) , a nd re p o rt

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s

fo r p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

m a

t t

e

r, n i t

r o g e n o x

ide s , a nd s u lfu r dio xide
. S t a

nda rds o f P e rfo r

m a

nc e

fo r I ndu s t

ria l -C o m m e

rc ia

l-I n s

t it

u t io na l S t e

a

m Generat i ng Uni t s ( 40 C F R 60. 40b , sub p art D b ) , appl y t o any st eam g e ne ra ti ng uni t tha t comme nce s

constr ucti on, mod i f i c

a

t i o n, or reco nst r

uct i o n

af t

e

r J u ne 19, 1984 and t h

at has a heat i n put ( h eat d e ri ved f

rom comb usti on of f

u e l onl y , not e x

ha ust g a se s, e t

c. ) ca pa ci ty of a t l e a

s

t 29 MW. T h i s

i ncl ud es steam g e nera ti ng uni t s that use w ood as a sour ce of f

u el
. T h e re gu l a ti on ad d r esses emi ssi on stand a r d s, compl i a nce and pe r

f

or ma nce te st me thod s, moni tor i n g

r e q

u i r e m e

n

ts, a nd r e por t i n g re q

u ire m e

n

t s fo r p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

m a

t t

e

r, n i t

r o g e n

o x

ide s , a nd s u lfu r dio xide
. S t a

nda rds o f P e rfo r

m a

nc e

fo r S m a

ll I ndu s t

ria l -C o m m e

rc ia

l-I n s

t it

u t io na l St eam Generat i ng Uni t s ( 40 C F R 60. 40c, Sub p art D c ) , appl y t o

any smal l ste a

m g e ne ra ti ng uni t ( 2
. 9

MW to 2 9

MW ) tha t comme nce s

constr ucti on, mo d i f i c

at

i o n, o r

reco nst r

uct i o n , af t

e

r J u ne 9, 1989. T h e regul a t i o n a

ddre s

se s

re q

u ire m e

n

t s

fo r p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

m a

t t

e

r a nd s u lfu r dio xide emi ssi ons.

S e p tem b e r 1995 81 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

I n a ddit io n

t

o

a p p l yin g

t

o

s t

e

a

m ge ne ra t i n g

u n it

s

in ge ne ra l (inc lu din g w ood

- f u e l e

d pl a n

ts) , the sub p a r

ts ma k e se ve ra l spe c

i f

i c r e f

e

r e nce s to w ood

- f u e l e

d pl a n

ts. W i th r e g a r d to sma l l uni t s, the re gu l a ti on pr ovi d e s:

• A fo rm u l a fo r a llo wa ble s

u lfu r dio xide e

m is

s

i o n

s

(ba se d o n

t

h

e a

m ount of f

u e l use d ) tha t e

x cl ud e s

w ood f r om the ca l c

ul a t i o n of f

u el used • P a r

t i c

u la t

e

m a

t t

e

r s t

a

nda rds fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t c

o

m b

u s t wo o

d • O p a c

i t

y

s

t

a

nda rds fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t c

o

m b

u s t wo o

d

• Nit ro ge n

o

x

ide s

t

a

nda rds fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t c

o

m b

u s t c

o

m bin a

t io n

s of

w ood a nd othe r

f

u e l s
• C o m p lia nc e

p r o c

e

d u r e s

fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t c

o

m b

u s t c

o

m b in a

t io n

s

o

f w ood a nd othe r

f

u e l s. C l ean Wat er Act ( C WA) Fa c

ilit ie

s

in t h

e

lu m b e r

a nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s

indu s t

ry t h

a

t disc h

a

r

ge tre a

te

d w a ste w a t

e

r

s f r om poi n t sour ce s to sur f

a

c

e

w a te

r

s

of the U
. S. must o

b

t

a

in a Na t i o na l P o llu t a

n

t Disc h

a

r

ge Elim ina t io n

S y s t

e

m (NP D ES ) permi t . T h e N P D E S permi t pro g ram i s aut h

o

r

i z ed b y

Sect i o n 402 o f t

h

e C W A and i s i m pl ement e

d t h

ro ugh 40 C F R Part s 122 t h

ro ugh 124. O t h

er pa r

t s of the CF R a f

f

e

cti n g

the N P D E S pr og ra m i ncl ud e Pa r

t 1 2 5 ( t

echno l o gy- b a sed st and a rd s) , Part 129 ( t o

x

i c

po l l u t a

nt st and a rd s) , and Part 130 ( w at er qual i t y- b a sed st and a rd s)
. D i scharges t o publ i c l y - o w ned tr e a

tme n

t w o r

k

s ( P OT W s

) a r e sub j e c

t to the pr e t

r e a

t

me nt sta nd a r d s i n 4 0 C F R Part 403. Te c

h

no lo gy-ba se d p e rm it

lim it

s

a r e de riv e d fro m e fflu e n

t lim it

a

t io n gui d e l i nes and st and a rd s ( E L G ) ; 40 C F R Part 429 f o

r t h

i s

i nd u st ry. T h ese lim it

a

t io n

s

inc o

rp o ra t

e

bo t

h

t e

c

h

no lo gy-ba se d a nd wa t

e

r q u a lit y-ba se d lim it

s , de p e ndin g o n

wh ic

h

is m o

re p r o t

e

c

t iv e . Efflu e n

t gu ide line s s

u bdiv ide t

h

e

indu s t

ry ba se d o n

t

h

e

fo llo win g

p r o d u c t i o n

o

p e ra t io n

s :
• V eneer • P l y w ood • D ry p r o c

es s

h a

rdbo ard • W et

pro c

ess hard b o ard • W o

o

d preserv i ng—wat er- b o rne o r

no npressure • W ood pre se r

vi ng
— s te

a

m • W ood pre se r

vi ng
— B oul ton.
S I C C o d e 24 82 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

Th e

gu ide line s

se t lim it

a

t io n

s

fo r t h

e

p o llu t a

n

t s

o f c o

nc e

r

n (i.e ., BO D 5 , TS S , p H , C O D, p h e

no l s , a nd o il a nd gre a

se fo r t h

o

se fa c

ilit ie

s

in t

h

e

wo o

d preserv i ng sub c at

ego r

y)
. Resource Conser vati on and Recover y

A c t ( R CRA ) Wood P reserv i n g

F i n a

l Ru l e E P A amend e d regul a t i o n

s und e r R C R A ( 57 Fed e ral R e gi st er 61502, D e cemb er 30, 1992) b y

l i s t i ng as hazard o us t h

ree cat e

go ri es o f w a st

es generat e

d b y

wo o

d preserv i ng o p erat i o ns t h

at use chl o ro pheno l i c , cre o

sote , a nd /or i nor g a ni c ( a r

se n

i c

a

l a nd chr o mi um) pr e se r

va ti ve s. T h e l i s t

e

d wast es i ncl ud e wast ewat ers, pro c

ess resi d u al s, preserv a t i v e d r i ppa g e , a nd spe n

t pr e se r

va ti ve s f r om w ood pre se r

vi ng proce sse s a t fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t u se o r

h a

v e p r e v io u s ly u se d c h

lo ro p h e

no lic fo rm u l a t io n

s , fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t u se c re o

so t

e

fo rm u l a t io n

s , a nd fa c

ilit ie

s t h

a

t u se ino r

ga n

i c preser vati ves contai ni ng ar seni c or chr o mi um. Speci f i c

al l y , t h

e f o

l l o w i ng R C R A

- r egul at ed hazard o us w a st

es are rel a t

e

d to w ood pre se r

vi ng ope ra t i o ns:

• K 001 ( b ottom sed i m ent sl ud g e f

r om the treatment of w a stew ater s f

rom w ood pr e se r

vi ng pr oce sse s tha t use cr e o

sote or PCP) , • F 032 ( w ast e

w a t

e

rs, pro c

ess resi d u al s, preservat i ve d r i ppage, and spe n

t f o

r

mul a t i o ns f r om w ood pr e se r

vi ng pr oce sse s g e ne ra te

d a t p l a n

t s

t

h

a

t c

u rre n

t ly u se o

r

h a

v e p r e v io u s ly u se d c h

lo ro p h e

no lic fo rm u l a t io n

s

),

• F 034 ( w ast e

w a t

e

rs, pro c

ess resi d u al s, preservat i ve d r i ppage, and spe n

t f o

r

mul a t i o ns f r om w ood pr e se r

vi ng pr oce sse s g e ne ra te

d a t pl ant s

t

h

at

use creo so t

e

f

o

rmul at i o ns) , and

• F 035 ( w ast e

w a t

e

rs, pro c

ess resi d u al s, preservat i ve d r i ppage, and spe n

t f o

r

mul a t i o ns f r om w ood pr e se r

vi ng pr oce sse s g e ne ra te

d a t pl ants that use i nor g a ni c pr eser vati ves contai ni ng ar seni c or chr o mi um)
. Th e ru le inc l u d e s

p e rm it

t i n g

a nd in t

e

rim s t

a

t u s s t

a

nda rds fo r t h

e

drip pa d s use d to a ssi st i n the col l e cti o n of tr e a

te

d w ood d r i ppa g e . T h e

se s

t

a

nda rds inc l u d e re q

u ire m e

n

t s

fo r drip p a d de s

i gn , o p e ra t io n , i n spe c

ti on, a nd cl osure .

S e p tem b e r 1995 83 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

Fe de ra l I n se c

t ic

ide , Fu n g ic ide , a nd R o de n

t ic

ide A c t (FI F R A ) T h e Fed e ral Insect i c

i d e , Fungi c i d e , and R o d e nt i c

i d e Act ( F IFR A ) , o f 1947 ( 7

U. S. C
. 136) requi res regi st rat i o n

o f pest i c

i d e s t o

pro t

e

ct co nsumers f r o m m i s

l a

b e l e

d , de fe

c

t iv e , a nd ine ffe c

t iv e p e s

t ic

ide s

a nd t o ide n

t ify p r o d u c t s tha t mi g h t b e ha r

m f

u l to publ i c he a

l th or the e n

vi r o nme n

t e v e n

w h e

n used pro p erl y . FIFR A has b een amend e d several t i mes: i n 1972, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1988, and 1991. T h e pri m ary purpo se o f t

h

e 1972 amend m ent s w a s to e n

sure tha t pe sti c i d e use w o ul d b e sub j e c

t to a thoroug h re vi e w of envi ro nment a

l and human heal t h

hazard s . T h e 1988 amend m ent s e

s

t

a

blis h

e

d sc h

e

d u l e s

a

nd du t i e

s

fo r re -re g is t

ra t io n

o

f p e s

t ic

ide s . U nde r FI FR A , a re gis t

e

r e d p e s

t ic

ide m u s t be u se d in a

m a

n

ne r c o

n

s

is

t

e

n

t wit h

it s

la be l. A re gis t

e

r e d p e s

t ic

ide m a

y be u se d in a m a

n

ne r inc o

n

s

is

t

e

n

t wit h

it s

la be l in t

h

e

fo llo win g

s i t

u a t io n

s , u n le

s

s

s p e c

ific a

lly p ro h

ibit e

d by t h

e

la be l:

• A p p l yin g

a

p e s

t ic

ide a

t a

do s

a

ge , c o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n , o r

fre q

u e nc y le s

s tha n

tha t spe c

i f

i e

d on the l a b e l

• A p p l yin g

a

p e s

t ic

ide a

g a i n s

t a

p e s

t no t s

p e c

ifie d o n

t

h

e

la be l if t h

e a

p p lic a

t io n

is t

o

a

c

r o p , a n

im a

l , o r

s

i t

e

t

h

a

t is s

p e c

ifie d o n

t

h

e

la be l

• E m p lo yin g

a

m e

t

h

o

d o f a

p p lic a

t io n

no t s

p e c

ific a

lly p r o h

ibit e

d by the l a b e l • M ixin g a p e s

t ic

ide wit h

a

fe rt

iliz e r
• A ppl y i ng a pesti c i d e i n conf or mance w i th an ex per i mental use p e rm it

, o r

a

s

p e c

ific e

x e m p t io n

o

f a

Fe de ra l o r

S t a

t

e

a

g e nc y
• A p p l yin g

a

p e s

t ic

ide in a

m a

n

ne r t h

a

t t

h

e

A d m i n i s

t

ra t

o

r d e te

r

m i ne s

i s consi s te

nt w i th the pur p ose s

of F I F R A
. U se o f a re gis t

e

re d p e s

t ic

ide in a m a

n

ne r inc o

n

s

is

t

e

n

t wit h

it s

la be l is u n la

wfu l in a

ll o t

h

e

r

s

i t

u a t io n

s . I n a ddit io n , t h

e

A d m i n i s

t

ra t

o

r

h a

s

t

h

e

a u t h

o

r

it

y t o c l a

s

s

i fy p e s

t ic

ide s a s b e i n g f o

r g e nera l use or f

o

r

r e str i cted use onl y . Pesti c i d e s cl assi f i ed as f o

r re str i cte d use onl y i ncl ud e cre o

sote , pe nta c

hl or ophe nol , a nd i nor g a ni c sal t s such as chro mated copper ar senate, al l of w h i c

h are used i n w ood

p re se r

v i n g so lu t i o n

s . S u c h

p e s

t ic

ide s

m u s t be a p p lie d o n

ly by a c

e

rt

ifie d a

p p lic a

t

o

r o r u nde r t h

e

dire c

t s

u p e rv is io n

o f a

c

e

rt

ifie d a p p lic a

t

o

r

(se c

t i o n 136j ( a ) ( 1 ) ( F) )
. St and a rd s f o

r cert i f

i c

at

i o n are est a

bl i s hed b y t h

e Fed e ral g o ve r

n

me nt or b

y

State g o ve r

n

me nts w i th F e d e ra l approval
.

S I C C o d e 24 84 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s In a no t i ce publ i s hed i n t

h

e Fed e ral R e gi st er o n

J

a

nuary 10, 1986 ( V o l
. 51, N o . 7, J a

nuary 10, 1986, p. 1334- 1348) , t h

e E P A est a

bl i s hed several c

o

ndit io n

s

fo r re gis t

e

r

in g c r e o

so t

e , p e n

t

a

c

h

l o r o p h e

no l, a nd ino r

ga n

i c ar seni cal s f o

r use i n w ood pr eser vi ng , to ensure that such use w o ul d not end a nger human heal t h

st and a rd s. E P A and t h

e wo o

d preserv i ng indu s t

ry a g re e

d t h

a

t t

h

e

indu s t

ry wo u ld e s

t

a

blis h

a v o lu n t

a

r

y C o n

s

u m e

r Awareness Pro g ram t o

ed ucat e co nsumers i n t h

e pro p er use o f and pre c

a

u ti ona r

y pra c

ti ce s r e g a r d i n g w ood tr e a

te

d w i th cr e o

sote , pentachl orophenol , and i nor g a ni c ar seni cal s , to ensur e that such uses wo u ld no t e

nda n

g e r

h e

a

l t

h

s

t

a

nda rds
. Th ro u g h t

h

e p r o g ra m , in fo rm a

t io n a

b o u t t

re a

t

e

d wo o

d is dis se m i n a

t

e

d in a n in fo rm a

t io n s h

e

e

t p r o v ide d t o e

nd-u se r

s

a t t

h

e

t

i m e

o f sa le

o r

de liv e r

y. A n e a

rlie r Fe de ra l R e gis t

e

r no t i ce o f J u l y 13, 1984 est a

bl i s hed t e

rms o f regi st rat i o n

und e r w h i c

h t h

e w ood pr e se r

vi ng i nd u str y

a g r e e

d to e s

ta

bl i s h a i r

moni tor i n g

sy ste m s a t fa c

ilit ie

s

u s in g fo rm u l a t io n

s

c

o

n

t

a

i n i n g

a

r

se n

i c

. V I .C
. P e nding a nd Pr opos e d R e gula tor y

R e quir e m e nts RCRA A s pa r

t of E P A ’ s g r ound w a te

r

prote cti o n stra te

g

y , RCRA pr ohi bi t s the l a

nd d i s po sal o f mo st

hazard o us w a st

es unt i l t h

ey meet a w a st

e speci f i c t

reat m ent st and a rd
. Whi l e mo st

hazard o us w a st

es have al read y b een a

s

s

i gne d t re a

t

m e

n

t s

t

a

nda rds , EP A m u s t s

t ill p r o m u l ga t

e

t

w o a ddit io n

a

l r

u l e ma k i ngs to a d d r e ss ne w l y l i s te

d w a ste s

a nd to ma k e cha n

g e s to the la

nd dis p o sa l re s

t

ric t io n

s

(LDR ) p r o g ra m . W h

en fina liz ed, t h

e P h a

se III LDR ru lem a

kin g

will es t

a

blis h

t

r ea t

m en t s

t

a

nda rds fo r so m e

ne wly lis t

e

d wa s

t

e

s

a nd will m a

nd a t

e R C R A e

q

ui va l e

nt tre a

tme n

t b e pe r

f

or me d upon ce r

t

a

i n cha ra c

te

r

i sti c a

l l y hazard o us w a st

es t h

at

are i n j e ct

ed i n t

o

UIC w e l l s und e r t h

e Saf e D r i n ki ng W a

t

e

r

A c t (S DW A ) o r

m a

n

a

ge d in S u bt it

le

D s u rfa c

e im p o u ndm e

n

t s p r io r to d i scha r

g e pur s

ua nt to the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r

A c t ( C W A )
. B y conse n

t d e cr e e , E P A mus t pro mul gat e

t

h

e f i nal rul e f

o

r P h ase III b y

J

a

nuary 1996. P h a

se I V will s i m ila rly re s

t

ric t o t

h

e

r

ne wly lis t

e

d o r

ide n

t ifie d wa s

t

e

s f

rom l a nd d i s posa l a nd cr e a

te

i n f

l ue nt tr e a

tme n

t sta nd a r d s to mi ti g a te

the i m pact of sl ud g e s, l e ak s, and ai r emi ssi ons f r om sur f

ace i m pound m ents t

h

at manage d e charact e

ri zed w a st

es. O f part i c

ul ar si gni f i c

ance t o

w o o

d p reserv i n g indu s t

ries , P h ase IV will res t

ric t t

h

e land dis p o sa l o f F032, F034, and F035
. O nce t h

e pro h

i b i t i o ns f o

r t h

ese w a st

es b e co me ef f

e

ct

i v e, t

h

ey will need t o

m eet n u m e

ric t

r eat m en t lev e ls

fo r s p ec ific h azardo u s c

o

n

s

t i t

u en t s

c

o

m m o

n

l y fo u nd in F032, F034, and F035. P h ase IV will also re s

t

ric t t h

e

la nd dis p o sa l o f t h

e p r e v io u s ly e x e m p t Be v ill wa s

t

e

s a nd a

d

j u st the tre a

tme n

t sta nd a r d s a ppl i c a

bl e to w a ste s

tha t e x

hi bi t the

S e p tem b e r 1995 85 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t
tox i c

i t

y

cha ra c

te

r

i sti c f

o

r

a

me ta

l consti tue n

t. Sub j e c

t to the sa me conse n

t dec ree, P h ase IV h a

s

been as s

i gned a fina l ju dic ial deadline o f Ju ne 1996. Cl ean A i r A c t M a ny o f t h

e chemi c al s used f o

r w o o

d preservi ng are l i s t

e

d as hazard o us ai r po l l u t a

nt s ( H APs) i n Sect i o n 112 o f t

h

e C l ean Ai r Act Amend m ent s o f 1990. T r eat m ent pro c

esses have b een i d e nt i f

i e

d as po t

e

nt i a

l l y si gni f i c

ant sources of these H A Ps and , as such, ar e sour ce categ o r

i es f o

r w h i c

h nati onal emi ssi on stand a r d s may b e necessar y . T h ree emi ssi ons stand a r d s b a sed on " m ax i mum achi evabl e contr o l t

e

c

h

no lo gy" (M A C T) will be de v e lo p e d fo r p r o d u c t s

c

o

v e re d by S I C 2 4

: a w o o

d t reat m ent M A C T st and a rd i s d u e b y N o vemb er 15, 1997; a p l ywo o

d / P B m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g M A C T s t

a

nda rd is du e by No v e m b e r 1 5 , 2000; and a f l at w o o

d panel i n g ( s urf a

ce co at

i n g) M A C T st and a rd i s d u e b

y

N o vemb er 15, 2000. T h e M A C T i s d e f

i ned as t h

e co nt ro l t e

chno l o gy achi evi n g the max i mum d e g r ee of r e d u cti o n i n the emi ssi on of the H A Ps, ta k i ng i n to a ccount cost a nd othe r

f

a

ctor s.

S I C C o d e 24 86 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s
V II. C O M PLI AN C E AN D E NF OR C E ME NT H I S TOR Y B a c

k gr ound To da t

e , EP A h a

s

fo c

u se d m u c h

o f it s

a t t

e

n

t io n

o n

m e

a

s

u r in g c o

m p lia nc e wi t h

speci f i c

env i ro nment a

l st at

ut es. T h i s

appro a

ch al l o ws t h

e Agency t o tra c

k

compl i a nce w i th the Cl e a

n A i r A c t, the Re sour ce Conse r

va ti on a nd R e co v e ry Act , t h

e C l ean Wat er Act , and o t

h

er env i ro nment a

l st at

ut es. Wi thi n the l a st severa l y e ar s, the A g ency has b e gu n to suppl ement si ng l em e

dia c o

m p lia nc e indic a

t

o

r

s

wit h

fa c

ilit y-s p e c

ific , m u l t i m e

dia indic a

t

o

r

s o

f c

o

m p lia nc e . I n do in g so , EP A is in a

be t t

e

r p o s

i t

i o n

t

o

t

ra c

k c o

m p lia nc e wit h

a

ll s t

a

t u t e

s

a

t t

h

e

fa c

ilit y le v e l, a nd wit h

in s

p e c

ific indu s t

ria l se c

t

o

r

s . A m a jo r s t

e

p

in bu ildin g t h

e

c a

p a c

i t

y

t o

c o

m p ile m u l t i m e

dia da t

a fo r i nd u str i a

l se ctor s w a s the cr e a

ti on of E P A ' s I n te

g ra t

e

d D a ta f o

r E n f

o

rc ement A nal y s i s

( I D E A ) sy stem. I D E A has the capaci ty to " r ead i n to" the A g ency 's si ng l e - m ed i a d a tab a ses, ex tract compl i a nce r e cor d s, a

nd m a

t

c

h

t h

e

re c

o

rds t o

indiv idu a l fa c

ilit ie

s . Th e I D EA s y s t

e

m c a

n match A i r , Water , Waste, T o x

i cs/Pesti c i d e s/E P CRA , T R I , and En fo rc e

m e

n

t Do c

k e t re c

o

rds fo r a giv e n

fa c

ilit y, a nd ge ne ra t

e a lis t o f hi stor i c

a

l pe r

m i t

, i n spe c

ti on, a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti vi ty . I D E A a l so ha s the c

a

p a bilit y t o a na l yz e da t

a

by ge o

g ra p h ic

a r e a

a nd c o

rp o ra t

e

h o

lde r. A s the ca pa ci ty to g e ne ra te

mul ti me d i a compl i a nce d a ta i m pr ove s , E P A w i l l m a

ke a v a ila ble m o

re in -de p t h

c o

m p lia nc e

a nd e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t in fo rm a

t io n . A ddit io na lly, se c

t

o

r -s p e c

i fic m e

a

s

u r e s

o f s u c c

e

s

s

fo r c o

m p lia nc e assi stance ef f

o

r

t s ar e und e r

d e vel o pment. C o m p lia nc e

a

nd Enf or c

e m e nt Pr of ile Des c r

iption U s i n g i n spe c

ti on, vi ol a t i o n, a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t d a ta

f

r om the I D E A sy ste m , t

h

is

se c

t io n

p ro v ide s

in fo rm a

t io n

re ga rdin g t h

e h i s

t

o

r

ic

a

l c o

m p lia nc e a nd e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a

c

t i v i t y

o f t

h

is

se c

t

o

r . I n o r de r t o

m i rro r t h

e fa c

ilit y u n iv e r

se re p o rt

e

d in t h

e

To xic C h e

m ic

a

l P r o f

ile , t h

e

da t

a

re p o rt

e

d wit h

in t h

is secti o n consi s ts of r e cor d s onl y f

r om the T R I r e por t i n g uni v er se. Wi th thi s d e ci si on, the sel e cti o n cr i t

er i a

ar e consi s tent acr o ss sector s w i th ce r

t

a

i n e x ce pti o ns. F o r

the se ctor s tha t d o not nor m a

l l y r e por t to the T R I p ro g ra m , da t

a h a

v e be e

n

p r o v ide d fro m EP A ' s Fa c

ilit y I nde xin g

S y s t

e

m (FI N DS ) wh ic

h

t

ra c

ks fa c

ilit ie

s

in a

ll m e

dia da t

a

ba se s . P l e a

se no t

e , in t h

is se c

t io n , EP A do e

s

no t a

t t

e

m p t t

o

de fine t h

e a c

t u a l n u m b e r o f fa c

ilit ie

s t h

a

t f

a

l l w i thi n each sector
. I n stead , the secti o n por t

ra y s the r e cor d s of a s

u bse t o f fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in t

h

e

se c

t

o

r

t

h

a

t a r e we ll de fine d wit h

in EP A d a tab a ses.

S e p tem b e r 1995 87 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t A s a che c

k on the r e l a

ti ve si z e of the f

u l l se ctor uni v e r

se , most note b ook s c

o

n

t

a

i n a n e s

t i m a

t

e

d n u m b e r o f fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in t

h

e

se c

t

o

r

a c

c

o

rdin g t o the B u re a

u of Ce nsus ( S e e

Se cti o n I I )
. W i th se ctor s d o mi na te

d b y

sma l l b

u si nesses, such as metal f i ni sher s and pr i n ter s , the r e por t i n g

uni v er se wit h

in t

h

e

EP A da t

a

ba se s

m a

y be s m a

ll in c o

m p a r

iso n

t

o C e n

s

u s da t

a

. Ho we v e r, t h

e gro u p se le

c

t

e

d fo r inc l u s io n

in t

h

is

da t

a

a na l ys is

se c

t io n shoul d b e consi s te

nt w i th thi s se ctor 's g e ne ra l ma k e - u p. Fo llo win g t h

is in t

ro d u c t i o n is a

lis t de fin i n g

e a

c

h

da t

a

c

o

lu m n

p r e se n

t

e

d w i thi n thi s secti o n. T h ese val u es r e pr esent a r e trospecti v e summar y

of i n spe c

ti ons a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons, a nd sol e l y

re f

l e

c

t E P A , Sta t

e , a nd lo c

a

l c o

m p lia nc e

a s

s

u ra nc e

a c

t i v i t i e

s

t h

a

t h a

v e be e

n

e n

t

e

re d in t

o EP A da t

a

ba se s . To ide n

t ify a n

y c h

a

n

ge s

in t r e nds , t h

e EP A ra n t w o da t

a queri e s, o ne f o

r t h

e past f

i ve cal e nd ar years (A ugust 10, 1990 t o August 9, 1995) and t h

e o t

h

er f o

r t h

e mo st

recent t

w el ve- m o

n

t

h

peri o d (A ugust 10, 1994 t o

August 9, 1995)
. T h e f i ve- y ear anal ysi s gi ves an average l e vel o f a

c

ti vi ty f

o

r

tha t pe r

i od f o

r

compa r

i son to the mor e r e ce nt a c

ti vi ty . B e cause most i n specti ons f o

cus on si ng l e - m ed i a r e qui r ements, the d a ta q

u e r

ie

s

p re se n

t

e

d in t

h

is

se c

t io n

a r e t

a

ke n

fro m s

i n g le m e

dia da t

a

ba se s . T h e

se d a ta

b a se s d o not pr ovi d e d a ta

on w h e

t

he r i n spe c

ti ons a r e S t a

t

e/ lo c

a

l o r

EP A

- le d. Ho we v e r, t h

e

t

a

ble bre a

kin g

do wn t

h

e

u n iv e r

se o

f v i o l at i o ns d o es gi v e t

h

e read er a crud e measurement o f t h

e E P A' s and S t a

t

e

s ' e ffo rt

s

wit h

in e a

c

h

m e

dia p r o g ra m . Th e

p r e se n

t

e

d da t

a illu s t

ra t

e the var i ati o ns acr o ss r e g i ons f o

r

cer t

ai n sector s. 2 Th is

v a ria t io n

m a

y be a

t t

r

ibu t a

ble t o

S t a

t

e/ lo c

a

l da t

a

e n

t

r

y v a ria t io n

s , s p e c

ific ge o

g ra p h ic conce n

tra t i o ns, pr ox i m i t

y to popul a ti on ce nte r

s, se nsi t i v e e c

osy s te

ms, hi g h l y

tox i c

che m i c

a

l s use d i n pr od ucti on, or hi stor i c

a

l noncompl i a nce . H e nce , the e

x

hi b i te d d a ta

d o not ra nk r e g i ona l pe r

f

or ma nce or ne ce ssa r

i l y re f

l e

c

t w h i c

h re g i ons ma y

ha ve the most compl i a nce pr obl e ms. C o m p lia nc e

a

nd Enf or c

e m e nt Da ta

De f i nitions Ge ne r a

l De f i nitions

Fa c

ility I nde x

i ng Syste m (FI NDS) - - thi s sy stem assi g n s a common fa c

ilit y n u m b e r

t o

EP A s i n g le -m e

dia p e rm it re c

o

rds
. Th e FI NDS ide n

t ific a

t io n n u m b e r a llo ws EP A t o

c o

m p ile a nd re v i e w a ll p e rm it

,

2 EP A Regions include the follow i ng S tates : I (CT, M A , M E , RI, N H , V T ); II (N J , N Y , P R, V I); III (D C, D E , M D , P A , V A , W V ); IV (A L , F L , G A , K Y , M S , N C, S C, T N ); V (IL , IN , M I, M N , O H , W I); V I (A R, L A , N M , O K , T X ); V II (IA , K S , M O , N E ); V III (CO , M T , N D , S D , U T , W Y ); IX ( A Z, C A , H I , N V , P acif ic Tr u s t Ter r ito r ies ) ; X ( A K , I D , O R , WA )
.

S I C C o d e 24 88 S e p tem b e r 1995- - Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

c

o

m p lia nc e , e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t

, a nd p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se da t

a

fo r a n

y giv e n re gu la t

e

d fa c

ilit y. I n te gr a

te d Da ta

f

o r Enf or c

e m e nt Ana l ys is (I DEA) -- is a

da t

a

in t

e

gra t io n sy ste m tha t ca n re tr

i e

ve i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n f r om the ma j o r

E P A pr og ra m of f

i ce da t

a

ba se s . I D EA u se s

t

h

e

FI NDS ide n

t ific a

t io n

n u m b e r

t

o

"glu e t

o

g e t

h

e

r” se pa ra te

d a ta

re cord s f r om E P A ’ s d a ta

b a se s. T h i s

i s d o ne to cr e a

te a "m a

s

t

e

r lis t ” o f da t

a

re c

o

rds fo r a n

y giv e n

fa c

ilit y. S o m e o f t h

e da t

a s

y s t

e

m s a c

c

e

s

s

i ble t h

ro u g h I D EA a r e : A I R S (A ir Fa c

ilit y I nde xin g

a nd R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

e

m , O ffic e

o f A i r a nd R a dia t i o n

), P C S (P e r

m i t C o m p lia nc e S

y st em, O f f

i ce o f Wat er) , R C R I S ( R eso u rce C o nserv a t i o n and R e co v e ry I n fo rm a

t io n

S

y s t

e

m , O ffic e

o f S o lid W a

s

t

e

), NC DB (Na t io n

a

l C o m p lia nc e D a ta B a se, Of f

i ce of Pr eventi on, Pesti c i d e s, and T o x

i c Sub s

tances) , C E R C LI S (C o m p re h

e

n

s

i v e En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l a nd Lia bilit y I n fo rm a

t io n Sy ste m , Supe r

f

und ) , and T R I S (

T o x

i c Re l e

ase I n ve ntor y

Sy ste m )
. I D E A al so contai ns i n f

o

r

m ati o n f r om outsi d e sour ces such as D u n and B ra d stre e

t a nd the Occupa ti ona l Sa f

e

ty a nd H e a

l th A d mi ni stra ti on ( O SH A )
. Most d a ta

q u e r

i e

s d i s pl a y e d i n note b ook Se cti o ns I V a nd VI I we re c

o

nd u c t

e

d u s in g I D EA
. Da ta

T a ble C o lum n

He a d ing De f i nitions Fa c

ilities in Se a r

c

h

- - are b a sed o n

t

h

e uni v erse o f T R I repo rt

ers wi t h

i n t

h

e

lis t

e

d S I C c o

de ra n

g e . Fo r indu s t

rie s

no t c

o

v e re d u nde r TR I re p o rt

in g requi rement s , t h

e no t

e

b o o

k

uses t h

e FIN D S uni v erse f o

r execut i n g d a t

a quer i e

s. T h e SI C cod e ra ng e sel e cted f o

r

each sear ch i s d e f

i ned b y each noteb ook 's sel e cted SI C cod e covera g e d e scr i b ed i n Secti o n I I
. Fa c

ilities I n s p e c te d

--- indic a

t

e

s

t

h

e

le v e l o f EP A a nd S t a

t

e

a

g e nc y

fa c

ilit y in s

p e c

t i o n

s

fo r t h

e

fa c

ilit ie

s

in t

h

is

da t

a

se a

r c h
. Th e

se v a lu e s

s

h

o

w wh a

t p e rc e

n

t

a

ge o f t

h

e

fa c

ilit y u n iv e r

se is in s

p e c

t

e

d in a

1 2 o r

6

0

m o

n

t

h

p e rio d
. T h i s

col umn d o e

s

not count non- i n spe c

ti ona l compl i a nce a c

ti vi ti e s such a s t

h

e

re v i e w o f fa c

ilit y-re p o rt

e

d disc h

a

r

ge re p o rt

s . Num b e r of I n s p e c tions me a

s

ur e s

the tota l numb e r

of i n spe c

ti ons cond ucte d i n thi s se ctor . A n i n spe c

ti on e v e n

t i s counte d e a

ch ti me i t i s e

n

t

e

re d in t

o

a

s

i n g le m e

dia da t

a

ba se . Aver age T i m e

B e t w een I n sp ect i o n s - - pro v i d e s an average l e ngt h o f ti me, ex pressed i n months, that a compl i a nce i n specti on occur s at a fa c

ilit y wit h

in t

h

e

de fine d u n iv e r

se . Fa c

ilities with One or M o r e

Enf or c

e m e nt Ac tions - - ex pr esses the n

u m b e r

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t we re p a rt

y t o

a t le a

s

t o ne e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n
S e p tem b e r 1995 89 S I C C o d e 24--

- - Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

w i thi n the d e f

i ne d ti me pe r

i od
. T h i s

ca te

g o r

y

i s b r ok e n

d o w n f

u r t

he r i n to F e d e ra l a nd Sta t

e a c

ti ons. D a ta

a r e ob ta i ne d f o

r

a d mi ni stra ti ve , c

i v il/ ju dic ia

l, a nd c r

im in a

l e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s . A d m i n i s

t

ra t i v e a c

t i o n

s inc l u d e No t i c

e

s

o f V i o l a

t io n

(NO V s )
. A fa c

ilit y wit h m u l t i p l e e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s

is o n

ly c o

u n t

e

d o nc e

in t h

is c o

lu m n (fa c

ilit y wit h 3 enf o

rcement act i o n

s co unt s

as 1)
. Al l percent a

ges t h

at appear are re fe

re nc e

d t o

t

h

e

n u m b e r

o

f fa c

ilit ie

s

in s

p e c

t

e

d. T o ta l Enf or c

e m e nt Ac tions

- - d e scr i b e s

the tota l numb e r

of e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

s

ide n

t ifie d fo r a n

indu s t

ria l se c

t

o

r

a c

ro s

s

a ll e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l s

t

a

t u t e

s . A fa c

ilit y wit h

m u l t i p l e e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s

is c

o

u n t

e

d m u l t i p l e t i m e

s

(a fa c

ilit y wit h

3

e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

s

c

o

u n t s

a

s

3

)
. S t ate L ead Act i o n s show s w h a

t pe r c e

n

ta

g e of the tota l e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t act i o n

s are t a

ken b y

S t at

e and l o cal env i ro nment a

l agenci es. Varyi n g le

v e ls o f u se by S t a

t

e

s

o f EP A da t

a

s y s t

e

m s

m a

y lim it

t h

e

v o lu m e

o f act i o n

s acco rd ed S t at

e enf o

rcement act i v i t y . S o me S t at

es ext e

nsi v el y re por t e n

f

o

rc e

m e

n

t a c

ti vi ti e s

i n to E P A d a ta

sy ste m s, w h i l e othe r Sta t

e

s ma y

use the i r

ow n d a ta

sy ste m s. Fe de r a

l Le a d Ac tions show s w h a

t pe r c e

n

ta

g e of the tota l e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

s

a

r e t

a

ke n

by t h

e

U
. S
. EP A
. Th is

v a lu e inc l u d e s

re fe

rra ls

fro m S t a

t

e a

g e nci e s . Ma ny of the se a c

ti ons r e sul t f r om coor d i n a

t

e

d or j o i n t S t a

t

e/ Fe de ra l e ffo rt

s . Enf or c

e m e nt to I n s p e c tion R a te

- - expresses ho w o f t

e

n enf o

rcement a

c

ti ons re sul t f rom i n spe c

ti ons. T h i s

va l u e i s a ra ti o of e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

ti ons to i n spe c

ti ons, a nd i s pr e se n

te

d f o

r

compa ra t i v e pur p ose s

onl y . T h i s me a

s

ure i s a ro ug h i nd i c a

tor of the r e l a

ti onshi p b e tw e e

n

i n spe c

ti ons a

nd e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t

. Th is

m e

a

s

u r e s

i m p ly indic a

t

e

s

h i s

t

o

r

ic

a

lly h o

w m a

n

y e

n

f

o

rc e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons ca n b e a ttr i b ute d to i n spe c

ti on a c

ti vi ty . Re l a

te

d i n spe c

ti ons a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons und e r the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r

A c t ( P CS) , the Cl e a

n A i r A c t (A F S ) a nd the Re sour ce Conse r

va ti on a nd Re cove r

y

A c t ( R CRA ) a re i ncl ud e d i n thi s ra ti o. I n spe c

ti ons a nd a c

ti ons f r om the T S CA /F I F RA /E PCRA d a ta

b a se a r e not f a

ctor e d i n to thi s ra ti o b e ca use most of the a c

ti ons ta k e n und e r

the se prog ra ms a r e not the r e sul t of fa c

ilit y in s

p e c

t i o n

s . Th is

ra t i o

do e

s no t a c

c

o

u n t fo r e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s a

r

i s

i n g

f

rom non- i n spe c

ti on compl i a nce moni tor i n g a c

ti vi ti e s ( e . g . , se l f

re por t

e

d w a te

r

d i scha r

g e s) tha t ca n r e sul t i n e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti on w i thi n t

h

e C AA, C W A and R C R A
. Fa c

ilities with One or M o r e

Viola tions I d e n tif ie d -- indic a

t

e

s

t h

e n

u m b e r

a nd p e rc e

n

t

a

ge o f in s

p e c

t

e

d fa c

ilit ie

s h a

v i n g a v i o l a

t io n ide n

t ifie d in o ne o f t h

e

fo llo win g

da t

a

c a

t

e

go rie s : I n V i o l a

t io n

o r
S I C C o d e 24 90 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S i gn ific a

n

t V i o l a

t io n

S t a

t u s (C A A ) ; R e p o rt

a

ble No nc o

m p lia nc e , C u rre n

t Y e a

r No nc o

m p lia nc e , S i gn ific a

n

t No nc o

m p lia nc e

(C W A ); No nc o

m p lia nc e a

nd S i gn ific a

n

t No nc o

m p lia nc e

(FI F R A , TS C A , a nd EP C R A ) ; U n re so lv e d V i o l a

t io n

a nd U n re so lv e d High P r io rit y

V i o l a

t io n

(R C R A )
. Th e

v a lu e s pr e se n

te

d f o

r

thi s col umn r e f

l e

c

t the e x

te

nt of noncompl i a nce w i thi n the me a

s

ur e d ti me f

ra m e , b u t d o not d i s ti ngui sh b e tw e e

n

the se ve r

i ty of the no nco m pl i a nce. Percent a

ges w i t h

i n t

h

i s

co l umn can exceed 100 percent be c

a

u se fa c

ilit ie

s

c a

n

be in v i o l a

t io n

s t

a

t u s wit h

o

u t be in g in s

p e c

t

e

d. Vi ol a t i o n sta t us ma y

b e a

pr e c

ur sor to a n

e

n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti on, b u t d o e

s not ne c

e

s

sa rily indic a

t

e

t

h

a

t a

n

e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

will o c

c

u r. M e d ia B r e a kdown of Enf or c

e m e nt A c tions a nd I n s p e c tions -- fo u r col umns i d e nti f y

the pr opor ti on of tota l i n spe c

ti ons a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

ti ons w i thi n E P A A i r , W a

t

e

r , W a

s

te , a nd T S CA /F I F RA /E PCRA d a ta

b a se s. E a ch col umn i s a

pe r c e

n

ta

g e of e i the r the " T ota l I n spe c

ti ons, ” or the " T ota l A c ti ons” col umn.
V I I
. A
. Lum be r a

nd W ood Pr oduc ts

I ndus tr

y C o m p lia nc e

Histor y E x hi b i t 2 3

pr ovi d e s a Re g i ona l b r e a

k d ow n of the f i ve - y e a

r e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

nd compl i a nce a c

ti vi ti e s

f o

r

the l umb e r

a nd w ood pr od ucts i nd u str y . Re g i on I V cond ucte d a l most 5 0

pe r c e

n

t of the i n spe c

ti ons of l umb e r

a nd wo o

d p ro d u c t m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

p e rfo r

m e

d in t

h

e

U
. S
. Th is la rge pe rc e

n

ta

g e i s d u e to the conce n

tra t i o n of l umb e r

a nd w ood pr od uct manuf a

ct

urers i n t h

e So ut heast e

rn U. S. T h e exhi bi t al so i nd i c at

es t h

at

100 pe rc e

n

t of the e

n

f

o

rc e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons i n Re g i ons I I a nd VI I w e r e l e a

d b y the S t at

e whi l e 100 perc ent o f t h

e enf o

rc ement ac t i o n

s

i n R e gi o n

VIII were le

a

d by EP A
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 91 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Ex hibit 2 3 Five Y e a r

Enf or c

e m e nt a nd C o m p lia nc e

Sum m a

r

y

f

o r the Lum be r a

nd W ood I ndustr y A B C D E F G H I J

L

u mbe r a

nd Wood SI C 2 4 Fa c ilitie s in S e arch Fa c ilitie s In s p e c t e d Nu m b er

o f I n s p e c t i ons Av e r age Nu m b er

o f M ont hs B e t w een I n s p e c t i ons Fa c ilitie s w

/ one or more E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons To t a l E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons S t at e Le ad A c t i ons Fe d e r a l L e a d A c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t to I n s p e c tio n Ra

t e
Re g i on I 1 1 9 29 24 4 3 0% 100% 0. 10 Re g i on I I 13 11 49 17 1 6 100% 0% 0. 12 Re g i on I I I 60 40 276 14 11 25 88% 12% 0. 09 Re g i on I V 189 123 1, 072 11 40 105 88% 12% 0. 10 Re g i on V 7 4 4 4 203 23 14 29 59% 41% 0. 14 Re g i on V I 67 39 239 18 23 59 80% 20% 0. 25 Re g i on V I I 5 4 3 1 1 0 2 2 100% 0% 0. 06 Re g i on V I I I 12 6 3 2 2 4 2 0 0 % 0 % 0 Re g i on I X 26 20 126 13 9 1 9 58% 42% 0. 15 Re g i on X 3 7 2 7 120 19 7 1 0 60% 40% 0. 08

T o t a l / A ve r ag e 494 323 2, 177 14 113 258 79% 21% 0. 12

S I C C o d e 24 92 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

V I I
. B
. C o m p a r

is on of Enf or c

e m e nt A c tivity B e twe e n Se le c te d I ndustr ies E x hi b i ts 24- 27 contai n summar i es of the one and f i ve y e ar enf o

r c ement a

nd compl i a nce a c

ti vi ti e s

f

o

r

the l umb e r

a nd w ood pr od ucts i nd u str y , a s we ll a s

fo r o t

h

e

r

se le

c

t

e

d indu s t

rie s . A s indic a

t

e

d in Exh i bit s 2 4 a nd 2 5

, t

h

e l umb er and wo o

d pro d uct s

i nd u st ry has an av erage enf o

rcement t

o i n spe c

ti on ra te

compa r e d to othe r

i nd u str i e

s . E x hi b i ts 2 6 a nd 2 7 pr ovi d e a

b re a

k d ow n of i n spe c

ti on a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti vi ti e s

b y sta t ute . Of a l l in s

p e c

t i o n

s

o f lu m b e r

a nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s

indu s t

ry fa c

ilit ie

s , ap p ro x

im at

ely 59 p e rc en t were p e rfo r

m e

d u nder t h

e R e so u r c e Conse r

va ti on a nd Re cove r

y

A c t, w h i l e a ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y

3 1 pe r c e

n

t w e r e co nd uct e

d und e r t h

e C l ean Ai r Act
. T h e l a rge percent a

ges o f R C R A and C A A in s

p e c

t i o n

s fo r t h

is indu s t

ry a r e du e in p a rt

t

o

fa c

ilit y c o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n re q

u ire m e

n

t s fo r wo o

d p r e se r

v i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s

u nde r R C R A , a nd e m is

s

i o n

s stand a rd s und e r

CA A
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 93 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Ex hibit 2 4 Five Y e a r

Enf or c

e m e nt a nd C o m p lia nc e

Sum m a

r

y

f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies A B C D E F G H I J I n d u stry S e

c t o r F ac ilitie s in Se

a r c h F ac ilitie s Ins

p ect ed Nu mbe r of Ins

p ect i o n s Av e r ag e Nu mbe r of M o nt hs B e

t w een Ins

p ect i o ns F ac ilitie s w / One or

Mo re E n

f o r

cem ent Ac

t i o n

s Tot a l E n

f o r

cem e nt

A c t i ons St a t e Le

ad Ac

t i o n

s Fe d e

r a l Le

a d Ac

t i o n

s E n f o r

cem ent t o Ins p ect i o n Ra

te
M e

t a l M i n i n

g 873 339 1, 519 34 67 155 47% 53% 0. 10 N o n - m e ta

llic Min e r a l Min in

g 1, 143 631 3, 422 20 84 192 76% 24% 0. 06
L u mbe r an d W o o d 464 301 1, 891 15 78 232 79% 21% 0. 12 F u r n

i t

u r

e 293 213 1, 534 11 34 91 91% 9% 0. 06 R u b be

r an d Pl as t i c 1 , 665 739 3, 386 30 146 391 78% 22% 0. 12 S t

o n e , Cl ay , an d Gl a s s 468 268 2, 475 11 73 301 70% 30% 0. 12
N o n f e r r o u s

M e t a l s 844 474 3, 097 16 145 470 76% 24% 0. 15 F a

b r i c

at

e d M e t a l 2 , 346 1, 340 5, 509 26 280 840 80% 20% 0. 15 E l ect r o ni cs/ C o m p ut er

s 405 222 777 31 68 212 79% 21% 0. 27
M o t o r

Vehi cl e A sse mb ly 598 390 2, 216 16 81 240 80% 20% 0. 11
Pu l p an d Pap e r 306 265 3, 766 5 115 502 78% 22% 0. 13 Pr

i n

t i n

g 4, 106 1, 035 4, 723 52 176 514 85% 15% 0. 11 I n o r g a

n

i c

Che m i c al s 548 298 3, 034 11 99 402 76% 24% 0. 13 O r

g a

n

i c

Ch e m i c al s 412 316 3, 864 6 152 726 66% 34% 0. 19 Pe

t r ol e

u m R e

fi n

i n

g 156 145 3, 257 3 110 797 66% 34% 0. 25 I r

o n

an d S t e e l 374 275 3, 555 6 115 499 72% 28% 0. 14 D r

y Cl e a n

i n

g 933 245 633 88 29 103 99% 1% 0. 16

S I C C o d e 24 94 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Ex hibit 2 5 One Y e a r

Enf or c

e m e nt a nd C o m p lia nc e

Sum m a

r

y

f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies A C D E F G H
I n d u stry S e

c t o r F ac ilitie s in

S e

a r c h F ac ilitie s Ins

p ect ed Nu mbe r of Ins

p ect i o n s F ac ilitie s w / O n e o r Mo re V i ol a t io n

s F ac ilitie s w / O n e o r

Mo re E n

f o r

cem ent A c t i ons Tot a l E n

f o r

cem ent Ac

t i o n

s E n f o r

cem e nt

t

o Ins

p ect i o n Ra

te N u mber P e r cent * N u mber P er cent * M e

t a l M i n i n

g 873 114 194 82 72% 16 14% 24 0. 13 N o n - m e ta

llic

Min e r a l Min in

g 1, 143 253 425 75 30% 28 11% 54 0. 13
L u mbe r an d W o o d 464 142 268 109 77% 18 13% 42 0. 15 F u r n

i t

u r

e 293 160 113 66 41% 3 2 % 5 0. 04 R u b be

r an d Pl as t i c 1 , 665 271 435 289 107% 19 7% 59 0. 14 S t

o n e , Cl ay , an d Gl a s s 468 146 330 116 79% 20 14% 66 0. 20
N o n f e r r o u s

M e t a l s 844 202 402 282 140% 22 11% 72 0. 18 F a

b r i c

at

e d M e t a l 2 , 346 477 746 525 110% 46 10% 114 0. 15 E l ect r o ni cs/ C o m p ut e rs 405 60 87 80 133% 8 13% 21 0. 24
M o t o r

Vehi cl e A sse mb ly 598 169 284 162 96% 14 8% 28 0. 10
Pu l p an d Pap e r 306 189 576 162 86% 28 15% 88 0. 15 Pr

i n

t i n

g 4, 106 397 676 251 63% 25 6% 72 0. 11 I n o r g a

n

i c

Ch e m i c al s 548 158 427 167 106% 19 12% 49 0. 12 O r

g a

n

i c

Ch e m i c al s 412 195 545 197 101% 39 20% 118 0. 22 Pe

t r ol e

u m R e

fi n

i n

g 156 109 437 109 100% 39 36% 114 0. 26 I r

o n

an d S t e e l 374 167 488 165 99% 20 12% 46 0. 09 D r

y Cl e a n

i n

g 933 80 111 21 26% 5 6 % 1 1 0
. 1 0

* P er cent a g es

i n

C ol u m n s E a n d F a

r e ba s e d on t he nu mb er of

f

a c ilitie s in spe c t e d ( C ol um n C )
. P e r cent a g es

ca

n exceed 100% b e c a u s

e v i ol at i o n

s an d ac

tio n s c

a n o c

c u r w i th o ut a f

ac

ility in

spe c t io n . B

S e p tem b e r 1995 95 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

S I C C o d e 24 96 S e p tem b e r 1995 Ex hibit 2 6 Five Y e a r

I n s p e c tion a nd Enf or c

e m e nt Sum m a

r

y

by Sta t

ute f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies Ind u s t r y S ect or N u mb er of F ac ilitie s Ins

p ect ed Tot a l Ins

p ect i o n s E n f o r

cem e nt

A c t i ons C l ea n A i r A c t C l e a n Wa t e r A c t R es ou r ce C o ns er

v a

t i on a n d R ecov e r y A c t F I F R A/T S CA/ EPCR A/O t he

r *
% of T o ta

l Ins

p ect i o n s % of T o ta

l Ac

t i o n

s % of T o ta

l Ins

p ect i o n s % of T o ta

l Ac

t i o n

s % of T o ta

l Ins

p ect i o n s % of T o ta

l Ac

t i o n

s % of T o ta

l Ins

p ect i o n s % of T o ta

l Ac

t i o n

s M e

t a l M i n i n

g 339 1, 519 155 35% 17% 57% 60% 6% 14% 1% 9% N o n - m e ta

llic Min e r a l Min in

g 631 3, 422 192 65% 46% 31% 24% 3% 27% <1% 4 %
Lu mbe r a

n d W

ood 301 1, 891 232 31% 21% 8% 7% 59% 67% 2% 5%
F u r n

i t

u r

e 293 1, 534 91 52% 27% 1% 1% 45% 64% 1% 8% R u bber a

n d Pl as t i c 739 3, 386 391 39% 15% 13% 7% 44% 68% 3% 10%
S t

o n e , Cl ay an d Gl a s s 268 2, 475 301 45% 39% 15% 5% 39% 51% 2% 5%
N o nf er

r o u s Me

ta

ls 474 3, 097 470 36% 22% 22% 13% 38% 54% 4% 10%
Fa

br

i c

a t e d Me

ta

l 1, 340 5, 509 840 25% 11% 15% 6% 56% 76% 4% 7%
E l ect r o ni cs/ Co mp ut e r s 222 777 212 16% 2% 14% 3% 66% 90% 3% 5%
M o t o r

Vehi cl e A sse mb ly 390 2, 216 240 35% 15% 9% 4% 54% 75% 2% 6%
Pu l p an d Pap e r 265 3, 766 502 51% 48% 38% 30% 9% 18% 2% 3% Pr

i n

t i n

g 1, 035 4, 723 514 49% 31% 6% 3% 43% 62% 2% 4% Inor g a

ni c C hem i c a l s 302 3, 034 402 29% 26% 29% 17% 39% 53% 3% 4%
Or

g a

ni c C hem i c a l s 316 3, 864 726 33% 30% 16% 21% 46% 44% 5% 5%
P e

trole um R e

f i ni ng 145 3, 237 797 44% 32% 19% 12% 35% 52% 2% 5%
I r

o n

an d S t e e l 275 3, 555 499 32% 20% 30% 18% 37% 58% 2% 5% D r

y Cl e a n

i n

g 245 633 103 15% 1% 3% 4% 83% 93% <1% 1 %

* A c t i o ns t a

ken t o

enf o rc e t

h

e Federal I nsec t ic

ide, Fungic i de, and R o dent ic

ide A c t ; t h

e To xi c Subst a

nc

es and Co nt rol A c t , and t h

e Em ergenc y Planning and Co m m u nit y

R i ght

- t

o - K no w A c t as w e ll as o t her Fed e ral env i ro nm ent a

l law s .Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

S e p tem b e r 1995 97 S I C C o d e 24 Ex hibit 2 7 One Y e a r

I n s p e c tion a nd Enf or c

e m e nt Sum m a

r

y

by Sta t

ute f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies I n d u s try S ect or Nu mb e r of F ac ilitie s Ins

p ect ed Tot a l Ins

p ect i o n s E n f o r

cem e nt

A c t i ons C l ea n A i r A c t C l e a n Wa t e r A c t R es ou r ce C o ns er

v a

t i on a n d R ecov e r y A c t F I F R A/T S CA/ EPCR A/O t he

r
% of T o ta

l Ins

p ect i o n s % of Tot a l Ac

t i o n

s % of T o ta

l Ins

p ect i o n s % o f Tot a l Ac

t i o n

s % of T o ta

l Ins

p ect i o ns % of Tot a l Ac

t i o n

s % of T o ta

l Ins

p ect i o n s % of Tot a l Ac

t i o n

s M e

t a l M i n i n

g 114 194 24 47% 42% 43% 34% 10% 6% <1% 19% N o n - m e ta

llic M i ner a l Min in

g 253 425 54 69% 58% 26% 16% 5% 16% <1% 11%

Lu mbe r a

n d W

ood 142 268 42 29% 20% 8% 13% 63% 61% <1% 6 %
F u r n

i t

u r

e 293 160 5 58% 67% 1% 10% 41% 10% <1% 13% R u bber a

n d Pl as t i c 271 435 59 39% 14% 14% 4% 46% 71% 1% 11%
S t

one, C l a y , an d G l as s 146 330 66 45% 52% 18% 8% 38% 37% <1% 3 %
N o nf er

r o u s Me

ta

ls 202 402 72 33% 24% 21% 3% 44% 69% 1% 4%
Fa

br

i c

a t e d Me

ta

l 477 746 114 25% 14% 14% 8% 61% 77% <1% 2 %
E l ect r o ni cs/ Co mp ut e r s 60 87 21 17% 2% 14% 7% 69% 87% <1% 4 %
M o t o r

Vehi cl e A sse mb ly 169 284 28 34% 16% 10% 9% 56% 69% 1% 6%
Pu l p an d Pap e r 189 576 88 56% 69% 35% 21% 10% 7% <1% 3 %
Pr

i n

t i n

g 397 676 72 50% 27% 5% 3% 44% 66% <1% 4 % Inor g a

ni c C hem i c a l s 158 427 49 26% 38% 29% 21% 45% 36% <1% 6 %
Or

g a

ni c C hem i c a l s 195 545 118 36% 34% 13% 16% 50% 49% 1% 1%
P e

trole um R e

f i ni ng 109 439 114 50% 31% 19% 16% 30% 47% 1% 6%
I r

o n

an d S t e e l 167 488 46 29% 18% 35% 26% 36% 50% <1% 6 % D r

y Cl e a n

i n

g 80 111 11 21% 4% 1% 22% 78% 67% <1% 7 %

* A c t io ns t a

ken t o

enf o rc e t

h

e Federal I nsec t ic

ide, Fungic i de, and R o dent ic

ide A c t ; t h

e To xi c Subst a

nc

es and Co nt rol A c t , and t h

e Em ergenc y Planning andCo m m u nit y

R i ght

- t

o - K n o

w A c t as w e ll as o t her Fed e ral env i ro nm ent a

l law s .Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

VI I
. C
. R e view of Major Legal Ac tions VI I
. C. 1. Revi ew of Maj or Cases T h i s secti o n pr ovi d e s summar y

i n f

o

r

m ati o n ab out maj o r

cases that have a

ffe c

t

e

d t h

is

se c

t

o

r . A s indic a

t

e

d in EP A ’ s E n f o

rcem en t A ccom p

l i s h

m

en t

s R e por t , FY 1991, FY 1992, FY 1993 p u blic a

t io n

s , n i ne s i gn ific a

n

t enf o

rcement cases w e re reso l v ed b e t w een 1991 and 1993 f o

r t h

e l umb er a

nd w ood prod ucts i nd u str y . CA A vi ol a t i o ns compr i se d f o

ur of the se cases, the most of any statute. T h e r e mai n i n g

cases w e r e d i s tr

i b uted f a

i r

l y e

v e n

ly, wit h

C E R C LA c i t

e

d t w ic e , R C R A c i t

e

d t w ic e , a nd FI FR A c i t

e

d once . T h ree o f t h

e C AA v i o l at i o ns i n v o l v ed excessi v e ho g f u el ( w ast e

wo o

d ) b o i l e r emi ssi o n

s. E a ch o f t h

ese set t l ement s

i ncl ud e S u ppl ement a

l E n vi ro nme n

ta

l Pr oj e c

ts ( S E Ps) , such a s

the i n sta l l a ti on of b o i l e r preci p i t at

o

r

s, and penal t i e

s w e re usual l y und e r $100, 000. A no t

a

bl e ex cepti o n, how e ver , i s U. S. v. Lo uis i a

n

a

- P a c

ific Corp orat i o

n

an d

Ki rb y F o rest I n d

u

st

ri es ( 1993)
. T h e case i n vo l v ed numero us vi o l at i o ns o f St at

e I m pl e m e

n

ta

ti on Pl a n

s, Pr e v e n

ti on of Si g n i f

i c

a

n

t D e te

r

i ora t i o n requi rement s , N e w S o urce R e v i ew requi r ement s , and S t at

e permi t re q

u ire m e

n

t s

a t it s

Lo u i s i a

na - P a c

i fic fa c

ilit ie

s . Th e

p e na lt

y a s

se s

se d in t

h

i s case represent s t h

e l a rgest C AA ci v i l penal t y ev er co l l e ct

ed b y

E P A, a

nd t h

e

se c

o

nd la rge s

t p e na lt

y re c

o

v e re d u nde r a n

y e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l statute. U nd e r

the ter m s of a consent d e cr ee, L o ui si ana- Paci f i c w a s requ ired t o p a y $11. 1 m illio n

in c

i v il p e na lt

ies and was requ ired t o

in s

t

all s

t

at

e-o f-t h

e

-art p o llu t i o n

c

o

n

t

ro l equ i p m en t v a lu ed at $70 m illio n . T h e remai n i n g enf o

rcement act i o n

s ( u nd er C E R C L A , R C R A , and FIFR A) i n vol v e d si te s w i th conta m i n a

t i o n ca use d b y

w ood tr e a

tme n

t pr oce sse s. Penal t i e

s assessed ag ai nst r e sponsi bl e par t i e

s at these si tes ra ng ed f r om $68, 000 t o $350, 000. In addit io n , a C E R C LA se t t l em en t at t

h

e K o p p e rs N P L si te r e q

u i re d B e a

z e r

E a st, I nc. to pe r

f

or m d e si g n , constr ucti on, o

p e ra t io n , a nd m a

in t

e

n

a

nc e

o f a n

o p e ra ble u n it v a lu e d a t a p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y $77 m illio n .

S I C C o d e 24 98 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s
V I I
. C
. 2
. Supple m e n ta l Envir onm e nta l Pr oje c ts

(SEPs ) S u ppl ement a

ry E n v i ro nment a

l Pro j ect s

( S E Ps) are co mpl i a nce agreement s t

h

a

t re du c e a fa c

ilit y' s s

t ip u l a t

e

d p e n

a

lt

y in re t u rn fo r a n

e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l pr oj e c

t tha t e

x ce e

d s the va l u e of the r e d u cti o n. Of te

n, the se pr oj e c

ts f u nd pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on a c

ti vi ti e s tha t ca n si g n i f

i c

a

n

tl y r e d u ce the f u tur e p o llu t a

n

t lo a

din gs o

f a

fa c

ilit y. In D e cemb er, 1993, t h

e R e gi o n

s w e re asked b y E P A' s O f f

i ce o f E n f

o

rc e

m e

n

t to provi d e i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n on the numb e r

a nd ty pe of SE Ps e

n

te

re d i n to b y

the Re g i ons. E x hi b i t 2 8

conta i ns a r e pre se n

ta

ti ve sa mpl e of the Re g i ona l re sponse s a d d r e ssi ng the l umb e r

a nd w ood pr od ucts indu s t

ry. Th e

in fo rm a

t io n

c o

n

t

a

i ne d in t

h

e

c h

a

r

t is no t c o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e a

nd p ro v ide s

o

n

ly a sa m p le o

f t

h

e

t

y p e s

o

f S E P s de v e lo p e d fo r t h

e lu m b e r a

nd w ood pr od ucts i nd u str y .

S e p tem b e r 1995 99 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Ex hibit 2 8 Supple m e n ta l Envir onm e nta l Pr oje c ts C a

s e

N a me EPA R e gi on Sta t ute / Ty p e o f Ac

tio n Ty p e o f SEP Es timate d C o s t

to Co m p a n

y Ex pe c t e d Env ir o n me nta l B e ne f its F i na l A sse sse d Pe na lty Fi n a l Pe na lty Af

ter M itig atio n L o

u i s

i an a-Pac i f

i c Co r p o r at

i o n M o y i e S p r i ng

s , ID 10 CAASI P P ollutio n Re

d u c t io n $ 102, 950 I n s t al l a t i o n

of

e

l e

c t r i fi e

d fi l t e r be

d t

o r

e d u c e pa

rtic

u la

te

e

m is s i o n

s . $ 67, 972 $ 33, 986

Me

rritt B r o t he

r s Lu mbe r Co mp an y P r

ie

st Rive r, I D 10 CAASI P P ollutio n Re

d u c t io n $ 213, 881 I n s t al l a t i o n

of

e

l e

c t r o s t at

i c

p r

e c ipita t o r

to

re

d u c e pa

rtic

u a

l te

e

m is s i o n

s . $ 20, 208 $ 10, 104

R o

s bor o Lu mber Co mp an y S p r i ngf i el d , OR 10 T S CA Pol l ut i o n Re

d u c t io n $ 37, 230 E a r l y d i s p o

s al of PCB an d PCB

- c o n

t ami n at e d el ect r i ca

l eq

u i p m ent . $ 37, 230 $ 18, 615

J D L u mber , Inc. P r

ie

st Rive r, I D 10 CAASI P P ollutio n P r

ev ent i o
n $ 58, 000 Pu r c ha

s e an d i n s t al l a t i o n

of

" hog " mac h

i n e

t

o
re

d u c e pa

rtic

u la

te

e

m is s i o n

s . $ 17, 500 $ 8, 750

R i l e y C r

eek L u mb er Co mp an y L acl ed e, ID 10 CAASI P P ollutio n Re

d u c t io n $ 254, 000 Pu r c ha

s e an d i n s t al l a t i o n

of

e

l e

c t r o s t at

i c pre c ipita t o r

to

re

d u c e pa

rtic

u la

te

e

m issio n s. $ 20, 000 $ 10, 000

G e

o r

g i a Pac i f

i c Z acha r y , L A 6 C E R C L A E q uipm e n t Do n a tio n $ 6

, 0

0 0 D o na t e em er g ency a

n d / or com p ut er

eq

u i p m ent t o t

he L o ca lE m er g ency P l a nni ng C o m m i t t e e ( L E P C ) t o r

e s p ond t o a

n d / or p l a n f

o r

chem i c a l
em er g enci es . P a r t i ci p a t e i n

L E P C a c t iv i t

i es . $ 25, 000 $ 5, 000

S I C C o d e 24 100 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s
V III. C O M PLI AN C E A CT IV IT IE S A N D I N I T I AT I VES Th is se c

t io n h i gh ligh t s

t

h

e

a c

t i v i t i e

s

u nde rt

a

k e n

by t h

is

indu s t

ry se c

t

o

r a

nd p u blic a g e nc i e

s

t o

v o lu n t

a

r

ily im p r o v e t h

e se c

t

o

r ' s e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l perf o

r

mance. T h ese act i v i t i es i ncl ud e t h

o

se i nd e pend ent l y i n i t

i a

t

e

d b y i nd u str i al trad e associ ati o ns. I n thi s secti o n, the noteb ook al so contai ns a l i s ti ng a

nd d e scr i p ti on of na ti ona l a nd r e g i ona l tra d e a

ssoci a t i o ns.
V III. A
. S e ct o r - R e l a te d E n v i r o n me n t a

l P r o g r a

m s a n d In itia tives EP A R e gio n

X c o

nd u c t

e

d t h

e

"I da h

o

R u le Effe c

t iv e ne s

s S t u d y" fro m M a rch 1991 t h

ro ugh O c t

o

b er 1992 i n t

h

e Id aho Panhand l e . T h e st ud y f

o

cused on sources of PM and w a s d e si g ned to eval uate the ef f

e

cti v eness of I d aho r u l e s re gu l a ti ng par t i c

ul ate emi ssi ons: the sour ces sel e cted f o

r t

h

e s t u d y, wh ic

h inc l u d e d m a

n

y

wo o

d p r o d u c t s

fa c

ilit ie

s , we re lo c

a

t

e

d in or ne a

r

suspe c

te

d PM1 0 non- a tta i n me nt a r e a

s. I n spe c

ti ons e v a l ua te

d the compl i a nce status of 26 sources w i th r e spect to I d aho r u l e s concer ni ng e

m is

s

i o n

s lim it

a

t io n

s , v i s i ble e m is

s

i o n

s lim it

a

t io n

s

fo r wigwa m bu rne r

s , p e rm it

s

t o

c o

n

s

t

r

u c t

, o p e ra t in g p e rm it

s , a nd p a rt

ic

u l a t

e s t

a

nda rds fo r comb usti on sources. E P A ' s i m pr e ssi on f o

l l o w i ng compl e ti on of the stud y w a s tha t e x

i s

ti ng contro l s w e re not a d e q

ua te to compl y w i th a ppl i c a

bl e re gu l a ti ons. A maj o r

i ty of sources used mul ti cl ones as thei r pr i m ar y contr o l d e vi ce. Eq u i p m e

n

t wa s no t ro u t ine l y m a

in t

a

ine d ; so u r c e

s

did no t a p p e a

r

t

o

h a

v e a

ro u t ine o p e ra t io n

a nd m a

in t

e

n

a

nc e

p r o g ra m (O & M ); a nd m a

n

y m ill m a

na ge rs

h a

d lit t l e

kno w le dge o f t

h

e

a i r q u a lit y re gu la t i o n

s t h

a

t a p p lie d t

o

t

h

e

i r fa c

ilit y. A second concl u si on r e ached b y

E P A w a s that envi r o nmental re s

p o n

s

i bilit ie

s

we re se c

o

nd a r

y t o

t

h

o

se re la

t

e

d t o t h

e o p e ra t io n o f t h

e m ill. Ev e n

a t t h

e

la rge s

t fa c

ilit ie

s , t h

e

m a

na ge r o f t h

e

m ill wa s

a l so re sponsi bl e f

o

r

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l compl i a nce a nd re por t

e

d to a pr od ucti onor i e

nted manag e ment str u ctur e. Th e

s

t u d y re s

u lt e

d in t

h

e

fo llo win g

a

c

t i o n

s

a

nd le s

so n

s

le a

r

ne d:

• F iv e fa c

ilit ie

s

in s

t

a

lle d a i r p o llu t i o n

c

o

n

t

ro l e q

u i p m e

n

t t

h

a

t will permanent l y red u ce PM 10 emi ssi o n

s b y

415 t o

n

s/ year. T h ese i n sta l l a ti ons w e r e i n r e sponse to e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons i ssue d b y

the R e gio n

du rin g

t

h

e

s

t u d y. Two a

ddit io n

a

l fa c

ilit ie

s

e

lim in a

t

e

d

S e p tem b e r 1995 101 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

w ood w a ste i nci nera ti on enti r e l y , r e d u ci ng PM10 emi ssi ons b y o

v er 250 t o

n

s/ year;
• G eneral i nd u st ry awareness o f env i ro nment a

l regul a t i o n

s has b een im p ro v e d s u bs t

a

n

t ia

lly a s

a

re s

u lt o

f t

h

e

in it

ia

t

e

d in s

p e c

t i o n

s , sub sequent enf o

rcement act i o n

s, and meet i n gs wi t h

E P A;

• I t i s i m por t

a

n

t f o

r

a

r e gu l a tor y

a

g e ncy to cond uct una nnounce d i n spe c

ti ons;
• A ft e

r

m e

e

t in g wit h

EP A , a n

indu s t

ry gro u p s p o n

so re d a n

o

p a c

it

y cert i f

i c

at

i o n scho o

l i n O c t

o

b er 1991 w h i c

h w a s at t

e

nd ed b y n

u m e

ro u s indu s t

ry re p r e se n

t

a

t i v e s . A ddit io na l c e

rt

ific a

t io n

s

h a

v e b een hel d each Apri l and O c t

o

b er si nce t h

en;
• T h e

p ro ble m o

f wo o

d wa s

t

e

dis p o sa l is no t o

n

ly a n

a

i r q u a lit y pr obl e m. Re sol u ti on of the e

n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t ca se s d e ve l o pe d i n thi s stud y show e d tha t r e cog n i t

i o n shoul d b e g i ve n to mul ti me d i a env i ro nment a

l i m pact s; • M o s

t o

f t

h

e

so u r c e

s

will ne e

d t o

o

b

t

a

in o

p e ra t in g p e rm it

s . V III. B. E P A V o l u n t a

r

y

P r o g r a

m s 33/50 P r ogr am

Th e

"3 3

/ 5 0

P r o g ra m " is EP A ' s v o lu n t

a

r

y p r o g ra m t o

re du c e t o

x

ic chemi c al rel e ases and t ransf ers o f 17 chemi c al s f r o m manuf a

ct

uri n g fa c

ilit ie

s . P a rt

ic

ip a t in g c o

m p a n

ie

s

p l e d ge t

o

re du c e

t

h

e

i r t o

x

ic

c h

e

m ic

a

l rel e ases and t ransf ers b y

33 percent as o f 1992 and b y

50 percent as o f 1995 f ro m t h

e 1988 b a sel i ne year. C e rt

i f

i c

at

es o f Appreci a t i o n

have b een gi ven t o

part i c

i p ant s

w h o

met t h

ei r 1992 go al s. T h e l i s t o f chemi c al s i ncl ud es 17 hi g h

- u se chemi c al s r e por t

ed i n the T o x

i cs Rel e ase I n ventor y . Twe n

t y -fo u r c

o

m p a n

ie

s

a nd 4 3

fa c

ilit ie

s

lis t

e

d u nde r S I C 2 4 (lu m b e r a nd w ood prod ucts) a re cur r e ntl y pa r

t i c

i p a t i n g

i n the 3 3

/ 5 0

pr og ra m. T h e

y acco unt f

o

r appro x

i m at

el y ni ne percent o f t

h

e 491 co mpani e s und e r SIC 24. T h i s i s l o w e r t h

an t h

e average f o

r al l i nd u st ri es o f 14 percent part i c

i p at i o n. ( C o n

t

a

ct : M i ke B u rns 202- 260- 6394 o r t h

e 33/ 50 Pro g ram 202- 260- 6907)

S I C C o d e 24 102 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s Exh i bit 2 9

lis t s

t

h

o

se c o

m p a n

ie

s

p a rt

ic

ip a t in g in t

h

e

3 3

/ 5 0

p r o g ra m t

h

a

t re p o rt

e

d u nde r S I C c o

de 2 4

t

o

TR I
. M a n

y

o f t

h

e

p a rt

ic

ip a t in g c o

m p a n

ie

s lis t

e

d m u l t i p l e S I C c o

de s

(in no p a rt

ic

u l a r

o r de r), a nd a r e t h

e

r e f

o

r e like l y t

o

c o

nd u c t o p e ra t io n

s

in a ddit io n

t o

Lu m b e r

a nd W o

o

d P r o d u c t s m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g. Th e t a

ble s h

o

w s t h

e

n u m b e r

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in e a

c

h co mpany t h

at

are part i c

i p at i n g i n t h

e 33/ 50 pro g ram; each co mpany' s total 1993 re l e

ases and transf er s of 33/50 chemi c al s; and the per c ent red u ct i o n i n t

h

ese chemi c al s si nce 1988. Ex hibit 2 9 Lum be r a

nd W ood Fa c

ilities Pa r

tic ipa ting in the 3

3

/ 5

0

Pr ogr a

m P a r e n t F a c ility N a me P a r e n t C i ty S T S I C C o d e s # o f P a r t ic ip a t in g

F a c ilitie s 1993 R e l e as es and T r ans f e r s (lb s .) % R e duct i on 1988 t o 1993 B l ue C i r c l e A m er i ca I n c M ar i e t t a G A 2491 1 250 * C
. M
. T u cker L u m b er C o r p . P agel and S C 2491 2 1 , 000 * E l co For e s t Pr oduct s I n c O pel ous as L A 2491 1 0 75 Fl ags h i p T r adi ng C o r p C l evel and O H 2491 1 250 *** G e or gi a- Paci f i c C o r por at i o n A t l a nt a G A 2493 3 2 , 722, 182 50 H a ger w ood I n c G r a nd R a pi ds M I 2491 2 1 , 000 * H onol ul u Wood T r eat i ng C o . E w a B each H I 2491 1 256 50 H u t c hens I ndus t r i e s I n c S pr i ngf i e l d M O 3799, 3325, 2421 1 298, 000 68 I n t e r n at i onal Paper C o m p any P ur chas e N Y 2435 5 2 , 784, 831 50 J u l i a n L u m b er C o I n c A nt l e r s O K 2491 1 250 50 L oui s i ana- Paci f i c C o r por at i o n P or t l a nd O R 2421, 2435 5 294, 823 50 M a s c ot ech T a yl or M I 2426 1 3 , 163, 830 35 Pot l a t c h C o r por at i o n S an Fr anci s c o C A 2431, 2426 2 276, 643 60 Pr em ar k I n t e r n at i onal I n c D eer f i el d I L 2436 3 140, 313 *** R

L C I ndus t r i e s C o D illa rd O R 2435, 2436 1 129, 083 48 St at es I ndus t r i e s I n c E ugene O R 2435 1 16, 272 50 T a rk e tt N o rth A m e r c n H o ld in g s P ar s i ppany N J 2426 1 30, 190 35 T a yl or - R am s e y C o r por at i o n M adi s on H e i ght s V A 2491 1 255 *** T h r i f t B r ot her s L u m b er C o I n c Wes t m i n s t er SC 2491 1 510 * T r i

- St at e Pol e & Pi l i ng I n c L ucedal e M S 2491 1 71, 255 * U n i on C a m p C o r por at i o n Wayne N J 2611, 2621, 2631 1 835, 696 50 Weyer haeus e r C o m p any T acom a WA 2491 5 1 , 006, 356 * W illa me tte I ndus t r i e s I n c P or t l a nd O R 2493 1 677, 090 34 Wood Pr es er ver s I n c War s a w V A 2491 1 3 1 5 0 * = n o t q u a n t i f i a b l e agai n s t1988 d a ta . ** = u s e red u c t i on goal on l y . *** = n o n u m eri cal goal .

S e p tem b e r 1995 103 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

E n v i r on m e n t al L ead er sh i p P r ogr am Th e

En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Le a

d e r

s

h

ip P r o g ra m (ELP ) is a n a

t i o na l in it

ia

t i v e p ilo t

e

d by EP A a nd S t a

t

e

a g e nc i e

s

in wh ic

h

fa c

ilit ie

s

h a

v e v o lu n t

e

e

r e d t o d e monstra t

e i nnova ti ve a ppr oa che s

to e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l ma na g e me nt a nd c

o

m p lia nc e . EP A h a

s

se le

c

t

e

d 1 2 p ilo t p r o j e c

t s

a t indu s t

ria l fa c

ilit ie

s a nd Fe de ra l in s

t

a

lla t i o n

s

wh ic

h

will de m o

n

s

t

ra t

e

t

h

e

p r inc i p l e s

o f t h

e ELP pro g ram. T h ese pri nci pl es i ncl ud e: env i ro nment a

l management syst ems, m u l t i m e

dia c

o

m p lia nc e

a s

s

u ra nc e , t h

ird-p a rt

y v e rific a

t i o n o f c o

m p lia nc e , p u blic m e

a

s

u r e s

o f a c

c

o

u n t

a

bilit y, c o

mmuni t y

i n vol v ement, and m e

n

t

o

r

in g p ro g ra m s . I n re t u rn fo r p a rt

ic

ip a t in g, p ilo t p a rt

ic

ip a n

t s re c

e

iv e publ i c r e cog n i t

i o n a nd a r e g i ve n a pe r

i od of ti me to cor r e ct a n

y vi ol a t i o ns d i scove re d d u r i ng the se e x

pe r

i me nta l pr oj e c

ts. ( C onta ct: T a i

- mi ng C h ang, E L P D i rect o

r , 202- 564- 5081 o r

R o b e rt

Fent ress, 202- 564- 7023) Pr oje c t X L Pro j ect X L w a s i n i t

i a

t

e

d i n M a rch 1995 as a part o f Presi d e nt C l i n t

o

n ' s R e inve nt ing E n vir o

nme n

t

a

l R e gulat i on i n i t

i a

ti ve . T h e

pr oj e c

ts se e

k to achi ev e co st

ef f

e

ct

i v e env i ro nment a

l b e nef i t

s

b y

al l o wi ng part i c

i p ant s

t

o re pl a c

e

or mod i f y

e x

i s

ti ng r e gu l a tor y

re q

u i r e m e

n

ts on the cond i t i o n tha t the y

prod uce g re a

te

r

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l b e ne f

i ts. E P A a nd pr og ra m p a rt

ic

ip a n

t s will ne go t i a

t

e

a nd s i gn a Fin a

l P r o j e c

t A g re e

m e

n

t

, de t

a

ilin g s

p e c

ific o

b

je c

t iv e s

t

h

a

t t

h

e

re gu la t

e

d e n

t i t

y

s

h

a

ll sa t i s

f y. I n e

x c h

a

n

ge , EP A will a llo w t h

e

p a rt

ic

ip a n

t a c e

rt

a

i n de gre e o f re gu la t

o

r

y fle x

ibilit y a nd may seek chang e s i n und e r

l y i ng r e gu l a ti ons or statutes. Par t i c

i p ants ar e encourag ed to seek stak ehol d e r

suppor t f rom l o cal g o ver n

ments, b

u si nesses, and envi r o nmental g r oups. E P A hopes to i m pl ement f i f

t y p ilo t p ro j e c

t s

in fo u r c

a

t

e

go rie s

inc l u din g fa c

ilit ie

s , se c

t

o

r

s , c o

mmuni t i e

s, a

nd go v e rn m e

n

t a g e nc i e

s re gu la t

e

d by EP A
. A p p lic a

t io n

s

will be a

c

c

e

p t e

d o n

a ro llin g ba s

i s

a nd p r o j e c

t s

will m o

v e t o im p l e m e

n

t

a

t i o n wit h

in s

i x m o

n

t

h

s

o

f t

h

e

i r se le

c

t io n . Fo r a ddit io n

a

l in fo rm a

t io n re ga rdin g X

L P ro j e c

t s , inc l u din g a p p lic a

t io n

p r o c

e

d u r e s

a

nd c r

it

e

r

ia

, se e t h

e M a y 2 3

, 1995 Fed e ral R e gi st er N o t i ce, o r

co nt act J o

n K e ssl er at E P A' s O f f

i ce o f Po l i c y Anal ysi s ( 202) 260- 4034. Gr een Lights Pr ogr am E P A' s Green L i g ht s pro g ram w a s i n i t

i a

t

e

d i n 1991 and has t h

e go al o f prev ent i ng po l l u t i o n

b y

enco uragi n g U. S
. i n st

i t

ut i o ns t o

use energyef

f

i ci ent l i g ht i n g t e

chno l o gi es. T h e pro g ram has o v er 1, 500 part i c

i p ant s wh ic

h

inc l u d e m a jo r c o

rp o ra t io n

s ; s m a

ll a nd m e

diu m s i z e d bu s i ne s

se s ; Fe de ra l, S t a

t

e

a nd lo c

a

l go v e rn m e

n

t s ; no n - p r o f

it

gro u p s ; sc h

o

o

l s ;
S I C C o d e 24 104 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

u n iv e r

s

i t

i e

s ; a nd h e

a

l t

h c a

re fa c

ilit ie

s . Ea c

h

p a rt

ic

ip a n

t is re q

u ire d t o s

u rv e y

t

h

e

i r fa c

ilit ie

s

a

nd u p gra d e ligh t in g wh e

r e v e r

it is p r o f

it

a

ble
. EP A provi d e s techni cal assi stance to the par t i c

i p ants thro ug h a d e ci si on suppor t sof t w a re pack ag e, w o r

k

shops and manual s, and a f i nanci n g re g i str y . E P A ' s Of f

i ce of A i r a nd Ra d i a ti on i s r e sponsi bl e f o

r ope ra t i n g t

h

e Green L i g ht s Pro g ram. ( C o n

t

a

ct : Susan B u l l a rd at 202- 233- 9065 o r

t

h

e Green L i g ht / E nergy St ar H o t l i ne at 202- 775- 6650) WasteWi $e P r ogr am T h e Wast e

Wi $e Pro g ram w a s st art e

d i n 1994 b y E P A' s O f f

i ce o f So l i d W a

s

t

e

a nd Em e

r

ge nc y R e s

p o n

se . Th e

p r o g ra m is a i m e

d a t re du c i n g m u n ic

ip a l so lid wa s

t

e

s

by p r o m o

t i n g

wa s

t

e

m i n i m i z a t io n , re c

y c lin g col l e cti o n, and the manuf a

ctur i n g and pur c hase of re cy cl ed pr od ucts. A s o

f 1994, t h

e pro g ram had ab o u t 300 co mpani e s as memb ers, i ncl ud i n g a n

u m b e r o f m a jo r c o

rp o ra t io n

s . M e m b e r

s

a

g re e

t

o

ide n

t ify a nd im p l e m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

s t o re du c e

t

h

e

i r so lid wa s

t

e

s

a nd m u s t p r o v ide EP A wit h

t

h

e

i r w a ste r e d u cti o n g o al s al ong w i th y e ar l y

pr og r e ss r e por t s. E P A i n tur n provi d e s techni cal assi stance to memb er compani e s and al l o w s the use of the W a

s

te

W i $

e l o g o f o

r

pr omoti ona l pur p ose s . ( C onta ct: L y nd a W y nn, 202- 260- 0700 o r

t

h

e Wast e

Wi $e H o t l i ne at 1- 800- 372- 9473) C lim a

t

e

W i s e R e c ognition Pr ogr a

m Th e

C lim a

t

e

C h a

n

ge A c t i o n

P l a n

wa s

in it

ia

t

e

d in re s

p o n

se t o t h

e U
. S
. commi tment to re d u ce g r eenhouse g a s emi ssi ons i n accord ance w i th the C l i m ate C h ang e C o nventi on of the 1990 E a r

t

h Summi t. As par t of the C lim a

t

e

C h a

n

ge A c t i o n

P l a n , t h

e

C lim a

t

e

W i se R e c

o

gn it

io n P r o g ra m is a p a rt

ne rs

h

i p in it

ia

t i v e ru n jo in t l y by EP A a nd t h

e

De p a rt

m e

n

t o f Ene r

gy. T h e pr og ra m i s d e si g ned to r e d u ce g r eenhouse g a s emi ssi ons b y encourag i n g

re d u cti o ns acr o ss al l sector s of the economy , encourag i n g p a rt

ic

ip a t io n

in t

h

e

fu ll ra n

g e o f C lim a

t

e

C h a

n

ge A c t i o n P l a n in it

ia

t i v e s , a

nd fo s

t

e

r

in g in no v a t i o n . P a rt

ic

ip a n

t s

in t

h

e

p r o g ra m a r e re q

u ire d t o i d e nti f y

a

nd commi t to a c

ti ons tha t r e d u ce g r e e

nhouse g a s e m i ssi ons. T h e p ro g ram , in t

u rn , giv e s

o r

gan i zat io n

s

early rec o

gn it

io n

fo r t h

eir redu c t io n commi tments; provi d e s techni cal assi stance thro ug h consul ti ng ser v i c es, w o r

k

shops, and gu i d e s; and pr ovi d e s access to the prog ra m's centra l i z ed i n f

o

rmat i o n syst em. At E P A, t h

e pro g ram i s o p erat ed b y

t

h

e Ai r and Ene r

gy P o lic y Div i s i o n

wit h

in t h

e

O ffic e

o f P o lic y P l a n

n

i n g

a nd E v al uat i o n . ( C o n

t

a

ct : Pamel a H e rman, 202- 260- 4407)

S e p tem b e r 1995 105 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t
NI C E 3 T h e

U
. S. D e pa r

t

me nt of E ne r

g

y

a nd E P A ' s Of f

i ce of Pol l u ti on Pr e v e n

ti on a

re jo in t l y a d m i n i s

t

e

r

in g a gra n

t p r o g ra m c a

lle d Th e

Na t i o n

a

l I ndu s t

ria l C o m p e t it

iv e ne s

s

t

h

ro u g h Ene r

gy, En v i ro n

m e

n

t

, a nd Ec o

no m ic

s (NI C E 3)

. By p r o v idin g gra n

t s

o f u p t o

5 0

p e rc e

n

t o f t h

e tota l pr oj e c

t cost, the prog ra m encourag es i nd u str y

to r e d u ce i nd u str i al w a ste at i t s sour ce and b e come more e ne r

g

y - e f

f

i ci e n

t a nd cost- c ompe ti ti ve thr o ug h w a ste mi ni mi zati o n ef f

o

r

t s. Grants ar e used b y

i nd u str y

to d e si g n , test, de m o

n

s

t

ra t

e , a nd a s

se s

s

t h

e

fe a

s

ibilit y o f ne w p r o c

e

s

se s

a nd/ o r e

q

ui pme n

t w i th the pote nti a l to r e d u ce pol l u ti on a nd i ncr e a

se e ne r

g

y e

ffic i e

nc y . Th e

p ro g ra m is o p e n

t

o

a ll indu s t

rie s ; h o

we v e r, p r io rit y

is g i ve n to pr oposa l s f r om pa r

t i c

i p a n

ts i n the pul p a nd pa pe r , che m i c

a

l s, pr i m a

r

y me ta

l s , a nd pe tr ol e um a nd coa l pr od ucts se ctor s. ( C onta ct: D O E ' s Go l d e n Fi el d O f f

i ce, 303- 275- 4729)
V III. C
. Tra d e A sso ci a t

i o n / I ndustr y Spons or e d A c tivity VIII. C
. 1. E n v i ro nm ent a

l P ro g ram s A consor ti um of U n i v e r

si ti e s , D O E N a ti ona l L a b o ra tor i e

s, F o r e st Se r

v i c e Researcher s, and I nd u str i al par t

ner s

have sub m i tted a coord i n ated p a c

k a g e o f p ro p o sa l s

fo r fu ndin g u nde r EP A ' s "En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Te c

h

no lo gy I n it

ia

t i v e " (ETI ) p r o g ra m a i m e

d a t re du c i n g

p o llu t i o n

in w ood prod ucts prod ucti on. A tota l of f i ve pr oposa l s w e r e sub m i tte d , i ncl ud i n g : " D i f f

u si on of Pol l u ti on Pr e v e n

ti on T e chnol o g

y

f

o

r

the L umb e r a

nd W ood Prod ucts I nd u str y , " " P r o ce ss Contr o l T e chnol o g

y

to Mi ti g a te VOC A i r E m i ssi ons i n the Pr od ucti on of Or i e

nte d Stra nd B o a

r d , "
" I mpr o ve d W ood A d he si ve s f o

r

Re d u cti o n of Pol l u ta nts f o

r

the W ood P a ne l M a n

u fa c

t u r in g I ndu s t

ry," "I de n

t ific a

t io n

a nd Q u a n

t i fic a

t i o n

o f V o la

t ile O r ga n

i c

C o m p o u nd s Em it

t

e

d fro m Lu m b e r Dry K iln s , " a nd "De v e l o p m e

n

t o f C o u p le d Bio lo gic a

l/ C h e

m ic

a

l S y s t

e

m s

t

o

R e du c e

V O C s in Lu m b e r

a nd C o m p o s

it

e

Bo a

r d Fa c

ilit ie

s . " Th e

se p r o j e c

t s

a r e c

u rre n

t ly und e r

w a y

a

t the F o re st Pr od ucts L a b o ra tor y

i n Ma d i son, W i sconsi n . T o e x

pl ore q u e s

ti ons r e l a

te

d to pote nti a l te chnol o g i e s

w h i c

h mi g h t b e a

p p lic a

ble fo r c o

n

t

ro l o f wo o

d p a ne l p l a n

t V O C e m is

s

i o n

s , t h

e A m e

r

ic

a

n Fo re s

t & P a p e r A s so c

i a

t io n

(A F& P A ) S o lid W o

o

d C o m m i t

t

e

e

a nd NC A S I ho st

ed a w o rksho p

i n O c t

o

b er 1993. It w a s at t

e

nd ed b y appro x

i m at

el y 100 i nd i v i d u al s f ro m i nd u st ry, St at

e regul a t

o

r

y agenci es, E P A, and E P A consul tants. At the w o r

k

shop, the f o

l l o w i ng f i ve contr o l technol o g i es we re disc u s se d: u l t ra v io le

t o x

ida t i o n , c h

e

m ic

a

l sc r

u bbin g wit h

S I C C o d e 24 106 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s b romi na t

e

d compound s, f u r n

i s

h d r y e r

e x

ha ust g a s r e ci r c ul a t i o n to a w ood

- f i re d f u e l ce l l f o

r

ox i d a ti on of or g a ni c compound s, b i of i l t ra ti on, a

nd re ge ne ra t i v e t h

e

r

m a

l o x

ida t i o n . To p i c s

disc u s se d inc l u d e d : c u rre n

t sta t us of d e ve l o pme n

t, pe r

f

or ma nce , pr obl e ms e ncounte r e d , pote nti a l lim it

a

t io n

s , e ne r

gy re q

u ire m e

n

t s , a nd e s

t i m a

t

e

d c o

s

t s . I n a ddit io n , a n E P A re pre se n

ta

ti ve upd a te

d the w o r

k

shop a tte nd e e

s

on the A g e ncy 's cur re nt e f

f

o

r

t s to d e ve l o p a common d e f

i ni ti on of VOCs a nd to a d opt a s

t

a

nda rd V O C t e

s

t m e

t

h

o

d fo r e m is

s

i o n

s fro m so lid wo o

d m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g pl ant s . A ccord i n g

to the A m er i c

an F o r e st and Paper A ssoci ati o n, w ood r e cy cl i n g i s

o n

t

h

e ri se. An est i mat e

d 400, 000 t o

n

s o f w o o

d w a st

e w e re reco vered i n 1990. T h i s

w a st

e i ncl ud ed b a rrel s , b o xes, b r ush, C h ri st mas t r ees, c

o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n a nd de m o

lit io n

wa s

t

e , c ra t

e

s , p a lle t s , p o s

t s , p o le

s , p r u n in gs , ra i l roa d ti e s , sa w d ust, sl a b

w ood , a nd y a r d tr i mmi ngs. T h e

ma na g e me nt of

w ood re si d u e a s

a compone n

t of constr ucti on a nd d e mol i t i o n w a ste a

nd fro m u r ba n

t re e

re m o

v a ls

is be c

o

m i n g

a la rge r

is s

u e a s

la nd fill ti ppi ng f ees r i se. Wood r e si d u e manag e ment i s al so an i ncr easi ng l y i m por t

a

n

t i ssue f

o

r

w ood pr od ucts pr od uce r

s, re ta i l e r

s , a nd the g e ne ra l p u blic
. A s v i rgin wo o

d fibe r p r ic

e

s

rise , inc e

n

t iv e s

a nd c o

s

t

-a

v o ida nc e pr e ssure s a re moti va ti ng w ood use r

s a nd pr od uce r

s to f i nd w a y s to f u l l y a

nd m o

s

t p ro f

it

a

bly u t iliz e t

h

is

re so u r c e . Th e

A m e

r

ic

a

n

Fo re s

t a nd P a p e r A s so c

i a

t io n ’ s A m e

r

ic

a

n

W o

o

d C o u nc il is prod uci n g a W ood Re cy cl i n g

Re f

e

r e nce H a nd b ook to e ncoura g e a nd fa c

ilit a

t

e wo o

d re c

y c lin g in t h

e U n it

e

d S t a

t

e

s . Th e

bo o

k

will lis t by s t

a

t

e a

nd c o

u n t y

wh e

re wo o

d re s

idu e c a

n

be bo u g h t fo r re u se a nd re c

y c lin g. T h e f i rst ed i t i o n i s d u e o u t i n O c t

o

b er, 1995. VIII. C
. 2. Summary o f T rad e Asso ci at i o ns Th e

re a re n u m e

ro u s t

ra d e a nd p r o f

e

s

s

i o na l o r

ga n

i z a t io n

s

a ffilia t

e

d wit h the f o

r e st prod ucts i nd u str y . T h e

l a r

g e s

t or g a ni z a t i o n i s the A m e

r

i c

a

n F o re st and Paper A ssoci ati o n. T h e smal l e r

associ ati o ns g e nera l l y f

o

cus on spe c

i f

i c ty pe s of ti mb e r

( i
. e . , ha r d w ood s, pi ne ) , or spe c

i f

i c

ty pe s of p ro d u c t (i.e ., p l ywo o

d , p a rt

ic

le

bo a

r d). I n a ddit io n , t h

e

r e a

r e a

n u m b e r

o f tra d e or g a ni z a t i o ns w h i c

h f o

cus the i r

e f

f

o

r

t s on spe c

i f

i c r e g i ons of the countr y .

S e p tem b e r 1995 107 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t Ge ne r a

l Ame ri c a

n

F o re

st a n

d P a p e r Asso ci a t i on 1111 19t h

St r eet , NW, Su it e 800 Wash i n

g

t on , D C 20036 P h on e: (202) 463-2700 F a x : (202) 463-2785 M e mber s: 425 Con t act: Jose p h i n

e

Coop e r

T h e A m er i c

an F o re st and Paper A ssoci ati o n (A F & PA ) i s the nati onal trad e a

ssoci a t i o n of the f o

r e st, pul p , pa pe r , pa pe r

b oa r d , a nd w ood pr od ucts i nd u st ry. AF&PA represent s

appro x

i m at

el y 500 memb er co mpani e s and re l a

ted trad e associ ati o ns ( w hose memb er shi p s ar e i n the thousand s) w h i c

h g row , ha r

v e s

t, a nd pr oce ss w ood a nd w ood f i b e r ; ma nuf a

ctur e pul p , paper and paper b oard pr od ucts f r om b oth vi r g i n and r e cover e d fibe r; a nd p ro d u c e

so lid wo o

d p r o d u c t s . Nati on al Cou n c

i l of th e P a p e r I n d u str y

for A i r an d St r e

am Imp r ov emen t 260 M a d i son A v en u e New York , NY 10016 P h on e: (212) 532-9000 F a x : (212) 779-2849 M e mber s: 100 St

aff: 90 B u d g et : $10, 000, 000 C on t a

c

t: Dr. R on a

l d Y e sk

e , P r esid en t
Fo und e d i n 1943, t h

e N a t i o n

al C o unci l o f t

h

e Paper Ind u st ry f o

r Ai r and Stre a

m I m prove m e

n

t ( N CA SI ) pr e se n

tl y cond ucts r e se a

r ch on e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p ro ble m s

re la

t

e

d t o

indu s t

ria l fo re s

t

ry a nd t h

e ma nuf a

cture of pul p , pa pe r , a nd w ood pr od ucts. N C A S I pr od uce s techni cal d o cuments on envi r o nmental i ssues f a

ci ng the pul p and paper indu s t

ry a nd c o

nd u c t s

indu s t

ry c o

n

f

e

r e nc e

s . P u blic a

t io n

s inc l u d e : a biwe e

kly bu lle t i n o n

ge ne ra l is s

u e s

a nd a v a rie t y o f t

e

c

h

n

i c

a

l bu lle t i n s ( 40/ year)
. N C ASI al so ho l d s and annual M a rch co nvent i o n i n N e w Y o rk Ci ty . Ha r

d wood Har d wood M a n

u fac t u r e s A ssoc i at ion 400 P e n

n

Cen t er

B l v d
. P i t t s

bu r g

h, P A 15235 P h on e: (412) 346-2222 F a x : (412) 346-2233 M e mber s: 145 St

aff: 5 Con t act: S u san R e g a n

Ma nuf a

cture r

s of ha r d w ood l umb e r

a nd ha r d w ood pr od ucts. Cond ucts pr omoti on prog ra ms; compi l e s sta t i s

ti cs.

S I C C o d e 24 108 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s
Nati on al Har d wood L u mb er

A ssoc i ati on P O B o x

34518 M e mp h i s, TN 38184-0518 P h on e: (901) 377-1818 F a x : (901) 382-6419 M e mber s: 1300 St

aff: 40 C on t ac

t : E rn e

s

t J. St ebbin s

Uni t ed S t at

es and C a nad i a n hard wo o

d l umb er and v e neer manuf a

ct

urers, dis t

r

ibu t o

r

s , a nd c o

n

s

u m e

rs . I n s

p e c

t s , m e

a

s

u r e s , a nd c e

rt

ifie s

h a

rdwo o

d l umb e r . Ma i n ta i n s i n spe c

ti on tra i ni ng school a nd cond ucts shor t cour se s at memb er s' l umb er y a r d s; cond ucts manag e ment and mar k eti n g semi nar s

f o

r

the har d w ood i nd u str y . T h e or g a ni zati o n publ i s hes the N a ti ona l H a rd w ood L umb e r

A ssoci a t i o n- A nnua l Re por t a nd the N a ti ona l H a rd w ood N e w s , a n

a

nnua l ne w s l e

tte r . Plywood Har d wood P ly w ood &V e n

eer A ssoc i ati on 1825 M i c h

ael F a r a

d a y

D r . P O B o x

2789 Rest on , V A 22090 P h on e: (703) 435-2537 M e mber s: 150 St

aff: 12 B u d g et : $1, 000, 000 Co n

t a

c

t: E.T. Al tm a

n

Ma nuf a

cture s a nd pr e f

i n i s

he r

s

of ha r d w ood pl y w ood ; ma nuf a

ctur e r

s of ve ne e

r ; suppl i e r

s

of g l ue , ma chi ne r

y , a nd othe r pr od ucts r e l a

te

d to the i nd u str y . Cond ucts l a b o ra tor y

te sti n g

of pl y w ood , a d he si ve s, f i ni she s , fla m e

s

p re a

d, fo rm a

lde h

y de e m is

s

i o n

s , s t

ru c t u ra l , a nd s m o

k e de n

s

it

y. Th e

a s

so c

i a

t io n

p ro v ide s

p u blic re la

t i o n

s , a d v e rt

is

in g, m a

rke t in g, a nd t

e

c

h

n

i c

a

l se rv ic e

s t o m e

m b e r

s . I t re p r e se n

t s

t

h

e

indu s t

ry in le gis l a

t iv e ma tte r

s

a nd k e e

p

me mb e r

s i n f

o

r

m e

d on ta r

i f

f a nd tra d e a c

ti ons. P u blic a

t io n

s

inc l u d e t

h

e

a n

n

u a l H a rd w

ood P l y

w

ood an d

V e n

eer N e w

s and T h e E x ecu t

i v

e B r i e

f
.
Ame ri c a

n

P ly w o o d Asso ci a t i on P O B o x

11700 T a c

oma, WA 98411 P h on e: (206) 565-6600 F a x : (206) 565-7265 M e mber s: 136 St

aff: 180 B u d g et : $14, 000, 000 C ont a

c

t : G e ne Z e l l n e

r Ma nuf a

cture r

s of pl y w ood , or i e

nte d stra nd b o a

r d a nd composi t e

s . C o nd u c t s

t

ra d e p ro m o

t i o n

t

h

ro u g h a d v e rt

is

in g, p u blic it

y, m e

rc h

a

ndis in g, a

nd fie ld p r o m o

t i o n . Th e

A s so c

i a

t io n

p r o v ide s q u a lit y o v e r

s

i gh t a nd cond ucts re se a

rch to i m pr ove pr od ucts, a ppl i c a

t i o ns, a nd ma nuf a

ctur i n g t

e

c

h

n

i q u e s . P u blic a

t io n

s

inc l u d e t h

e Man ag em en t Rep o

rt , a nd p e rio dic P l ywood S t at

i s

t

i cs .
S e p tem b e r 1995 109 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

Ha r

dboa r

d Ame ri c a

n

H a rdb o a r d Asso ci a t i on 1210 W. Nor t h

west Hig h

way P a lat i n

e , IL 60067 P h on e: (708) 934-8800 F a x : (708) 934-8803 Me m

b

e

r

s: 4 St

aff: Bu dg e t : Con t act: C. Cu rti s P e te

rson M a nuf a

ct

urers represent i ng majo r U. S
. pro d ucers o f hard b o ard
. Pa r

tic leboa r

d

N a t i o

n

al Par t ic

lebo ar d A s s o c i at ion 18928 P r emier e Cou r t Gait h

e

r

s

bu r g , M D 20879 P h on e: (301) 670-0604 F a x : (301) 840-1252 Me m

b

e

r

s: 1 9 St

aff: 10 Bu dg e t : Con t ac

t : Ric h

ar d M a r

g osian
M a t

-fo rm e

d wo o

d p a rt

ic

le

bo a

r d a nd m e

diu m- de n

s

it

y fibe rbo a

rd m a

n

u fa c

t u re r

s in t

e

re s

t

e

d in e

s

t

a

blis h

i n g

indu s t

ry p r o d u c t s

t

a

nda rds wit h t

h

e

A m e

r

ic

a

n

Na t i o na l S t a

nda rds I n s

t it

u t e a nd q u a lit y s t

a

nda rds fo r pe r

f

or ma nce . Sponsor s

e

d uca t i o na l pr og ra ms a nd publ i s he s pr omoti ona l a

nd t e

c

h

n

i c

a

l bu lle t i n s

o

n

t

o

p ic s

inc l u din g la m i na t i n g

a

nd v e ne e

r

in g. Wood P r eser vi n g A meric an Wood -P r e ser v er s’ A ssoc i at ion P
. O. B o x

286 Wood st oc

k , M D 21163-0286 P h on e: (410) 465-3169 F a x : (410) 465-3195 M e mber s: 2000 St

aff: Bu dg e t : C ont a

c

t : J ohn F. H a l l
T h e associ ati o n i ncl ud es processor s

and user s of chemi c al l y tr eated w ood a

nd is a ffilia t

e

d wit h

t h

e

A m e

r

ic

a

n

W o

o

d P r e se r

v e rs

I n s

t it

u t e . P u blic a

t io n

s

inc l u d e t h

e

a n

n

u a l AWP A B ook of S t an dards, wh ic

h

is a te

chni ca l ha nd b ook cove r

i ng pr e se r

va ti ve s a nd tr e a

tme n

ts.

S I C C o d e 24 110 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s

A meric an Wood P r es er v e r

s

In s

t it

ut

e 1945 Old Gallows Road , St e. 150 V i en n

a

, V A 22182-3931 P h on e: (703) 893-4005 F a x : (703) 893-8492 M e mber s: 150 St

aff: 8 B u d g et : $1, 100, 000 C ont a

c

t : G e ne B a r t l o

w T h e Ameri c an Wo o

d Preserv e rs Inst i t

ut e i s t

h

e nat i o nal t rad e asso ci at i o n represent i ng t h

e wo o

d preserv i ng i nd u st ry. It s memb ers i ncl ud e ma nuf a

cture r

s of tre a

te

d w ood pr od ucts, ma nuf a

ctur e r

s a nd d i s tr

i b utor s o

f wo o

d p r e se r

v a t i v e s , a nd p r o v ide rs

o f a llie d se rv ic e

s . A W P I p r o v ide s t

e

c

h

n

i c

a

l fo ru m s

fo r t h

e

indu s t

ry, p u blis h

e

s

a

bi-m o

n

t

h

ly ne ws le

t t

e

r, a nd p ro d u c e

s

a

n

n

u a l I ndu s t

ry S t a

t is

t i c

a

l R e p o rt

s . R e gional Nor t h

eas t ern L u mber M a n

u fac t u r e r

s Associ ati o n 272 Tu t t l e Rd
. , B o x

87A Cu mber lan d Cen t er , M E 04021 P h on e: (207) 829-6901 F a x : (207) 829-4293 M e mber s: 200 St

aff: 7 Bu dg e t : C ont a

c

t : S t e

p he n C l a rk

N o rt

heast e

rn L umb er M a nuf a

ct

urers i s an asso ci at i o n o f hard w o o

d and sof t w ood l umb er and ti mb er pr od ucts manuf a

cturer s i n N e w E n g l and
. T h e

g roup promote s the i n te

r e sts of the N o r

t

he a

s

te

r

n

l umb e r ma nuf a

ctur i n g i nd u str y

a nd pr e se n

ts the vi e w s of the i nd u str y

to othe r o

r

ga n

i z a t io n

s , t h

e go v e rn m e

n

t

, a nd t h

e

p u blic
. P u blic a

t io n

s

inc l u d e t

h

e monthl y N o rt

h

e

astern L u

m

b

er Man u

f act u

rers A ssoci at i o

n

.
S o u t

h

e

a

s

te

rn

Lu m b

e

r Ma n

u f

a

c

tu re rs Associ ati o n P O B o x

1788 F o r e

st

P a rk , GA 30051 P h on e: (404) 361-1445 F a x : (404) 361-5963 M e mber s: 390 St

aff: 10 B u d g et : $2, 000, 000 Con t act: Ed C. Con e , Jr.

Re pr e se n

ts Southe a

s

te

r

n ha r d w ood a nd sof t w ood l umb e r

ma nuf a

ctur e r

s a

nd c o

o

rdina t

e

s

e ffo rt

s

o f m e

m b e r

s

h

ip t o

a lle v i a t

e

lo c

a

l, re gio n

a

l , a nd na ti ona l pr obl e ms tha t a f

f

e

ct the re g i ona l l umb e r

i nd u str y . Publ i s he s a quart e

rl y new s l e

t t

e

r, Si l v a M a gazi ne , and M a nagement Upd a t

e

. S L M A al so cond ucts techni cal w o r

k

shops.

S e p tem b e r 1995 111 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t
S o ut

hern For e s

t Pr o d uc t s A s s o c i a

t ion P O B o x

52468 New Or lean s, L A 70152 P h on e: (504) 443-4464 F a x : (504) 443-6612 M e mber s: 220 St

aff: 31 B u d g et : $2, 856, 000 C ont a

c

t : Ka r

l L i nd b e

r

g
T h e Souther n

F o re st Pr od ucts A ssoci ati o n ( S F P A ) re presents Souther n pi ne l umb er manuf a

cturer s and cond ucts mar k et d e vel o pment and prod uct promoti ona l pr og ra ms a nd g o ve r

n

me nt suppor t a c

ti vi ti e s . SF PA p u blis h

e

s

a

we e

kly ne ws le

t t

e

r c o

v e rin g

a

v a rie t y o f indu s t

ry a c

t i v i t i e

s .
Wes t ern Wood P r es er v e r

s

In s

t it

ut

e 601 M a in

St r eet , Su it e 405 V a n

c

ou v e r , WA 98660 P h on e: (360) 693-9958 F a x : (360) 693-9958 Me m

b

e

r

s: 5 0 St

aff: 3 Bu dg e t : C ont a

c

t : D e nni s H a yw a r d
WWPI represent s t h

e t r eat e

d wo o

d i nd u st ry i n West ern N o rt

h Ameri c a. W W P I p ro v ide s

e d u c a

t io n

a

l in fo rm a

t io n

t o

a s

s

i s

t c o

n

s

u m e

rs

in t h

e sel e ct

i o n and pro p er, saf e , and env i ro nment a

l l y appro p ri at e use o f t r eat e

d w ood prod ucts. West ern Wood P r od u c t s

A ssoc i at ion Yeo n

B u ild in g 522 SW 5t h

A v e. P o r t lan d , OR 97204-2122 P h on e: (503) 224-3930 F a x : (503) 224-3934 M e mber s: 250 St

aff: 63 Bu dg e t : C ont a

c

t : R o b

e

r t H u nt

W W P

A is a

ru le s - writ in g a g e nc y

(fo r lu m b e r

gra d e s

), a p p r o v e d u nde r t h

e A m e

r

i c

a

n L umb e r Sta nd a r d Commi tte e

und e r

the j u r i sd i c ti on of the D e par t

ment of Commer c e. T h e A ssoci ati o n al so pr ovi d e s economi c and stati s ti cal i n f

o

r

m ati o n on the Wester n l umb er i nd u str y , cond ucts r e sear ch in wo o

d t e

c

h

no lo gy, e n

gine e

r

in g a nd p e rfo r

m a

nc e ; p r o v ide s t e

c

h

n

i c

a

l a

nd e d u c a

t io na l se rv ic e

s

bo t

h

do m e

s

t ic

a

lly a nd in t

e

rna t io na lly; a nd p u blis h

e

d t e

c

h

n

i c

a

l a nd c o

n

s

u m e

r in fo rm a

t io n

fo r W e

s

t

e

r

n Lu m b e r e nduse.

S I C C o d e 24 112 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s
IX . C ONTA C T S /A C K NOWL E DGME NTS /R ESO UR C E M AT ER I ALS /B I B LI O G R APH Y Ge ne r a

l Pr of ile
C o mpila tio n

o

f Air P o lluta nt E mis s

i o

n

s

Fa c

to

r

s

(AP

- 42), U. S
. E P A. E n cy cl op ed i a

of Associ at i o

n

s

, 2 7

t

h

e

d ., De bo ra h

M
. Bu re k , e d ., G a le

R e se a

r c h

I nc ., De t

r o i t

, M i chi g an, 1992. P r ic

e

P r o

s

pe c

t

s

fo r

M a j o r

P r ima r

y

C o mmo ditie s

, 1990- 2005 , T h e Wo rl d B a nk, M a rch, 1993. Sta n

da r

d

Indus t

r

i a

lC l a s

s

ific a

t

io

n M a nua l , O f f

i ce o f M a nagement and B u d g et , 1987. Sus ta

ina b

le

Envir o

nme n

ta

l La w

, C a mpb e l l

- M o hn, E n vi ro nment a

l L a w Inst i t

ut e, 1993. U. S
. I n du s

t

r

i al Ou t

l ook 1994 , D e par t

ment of C o mmer c e. Wood P reserv i n g

, U. S. E P A ( E PA/ 530- SW- 90- 027f )
. Wood P r odu c

t

s

I n du st

ry Associ at i o

n

s

, A m er i c

an F o r e st and Paper A ssoci ati o n, Washi ngt o

n , D
. C
. , J a

nuary, 1994. 1987 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

rers I n du st

ry S eri es 24A: L o ggi n g

, Cam p

s S a w

mills , & P l a n

ing M ills , U. S. D e part ment o f C o mmerce, B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus, Apri l 1990 ( M C 87- I- 24A)
. 1987 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

rers I n du st

ry S eri es 24B : M illwo r

k

, P l ywo o

d

, & Str u

c

t

ur a

l Materi al s , U. S. D e part ment o f C o mmerce, B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus, Apri l 1990 ( M C 87- I24A)
. 1987 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

rers I n du st

ry S eri es 24C: Wooden Con t

ai n ers & Mi scel l a n

e

ou s Wood Pr o

d

uc ts

, U. S. D e part ment o f C o mmerce, B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus, Apri l 1990 ( M C 87- I24A)
. 1992 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

rers, I n du st

ry S eri es 24- A: L o ggi n g Cam p

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d P l a n

ing M ills , U. S. D e part ment o f C o mmerce, B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus, Feb r uary 1995 ( M C 92- I24C )
. 1992 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

rers I n du st

ry S eri es 24B : M illwor k, P l ywood, and s t

r

u

c

t

ur al Wood Mem b

ers, N o t E l sew h

ere Cl ass ifie d

, B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus, Feb r uary 1995 ( M C 92- I- 24B) 1992 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

res I n du st

ry S eri es 24C: Wooden Con t

ai n ers an d Mi scel l a n

e

ou s Wood P r odu c

t

s

, Feb r uary 1995 ( M A2- I

- 24C )
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 113 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t

Pr oc es s Des c r

iptions B a si c P l y

w

ood P r ocessi n g

, T e d D e mas, A m er i c

an Pl y w ood A ssoci ati o n, T a coma, Washi ngt o

n , D e cemb er, 1992. Ch aracteri zat i o

n

of Man u

f act u

ri n g

P r ocesses, E m i ssi on s, an d

P o l l u t

i on P rev en t

i on O p t

i on s f o

r t

h

e Com p

osi te Wood I n du st

ry , C y be le

M a rt

in a

nd C o le

e

n

No rt

h

e

im , R e se a

r c h

Tria n

g le Inst i t

ut e C e nt er f o

r E n vi ro nment a

l Anal ysi s , R T P, N C , M a rch 1995. E n cycl opedi a of S c i e

n

c

e an d T e chn o

l o

gy , W o

o

d F i n i s

h

in g

(v o l . 1 9 ) , Lu m b e r

M a n

u fa c

t u r e ( v o l
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. 10) , 1992. E s t

i m a

t

i n g

Ch em i c

alRel e ases f r

om P resswood an d

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i n ated Wood P r od u

c

t

s

Man u

f act u

ri n g

, U. S. E P A, O f f

i ce o f Pest i c

i d e s and T o xi c Sub s

t

a

nces, M a rch 1988 ( E PA 560/ 4- 88- 004i )
. F o rest P r od u

c

t

s

an d

Wood S c i e

n

c

e, An I n t

r

od u

c

t

i on , Jo h

n

G
. Ha ygre e

n

a

nd Jim L. Bo wye r , Io w a St at

e Uni v ersi t y

Press, 1989. I n v

est i g

at

i o

n

of E m i ssi on s f r

om P l y

w

ood V e n

eer D r y

ers, A p p

e

n

d

i x

B , Pl y w ood Resear ch Fo und a t i o n , M a rch 1971. Mod ern P a rt

i c

l e

b

oard & D r y

- P r ocess F i b erb oard Man u

f act u

ri n g

, T h oma s

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Franc i sc o , C A , 1993. S t u

d

y

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h

e P h y

s

i c

alan d

Ch em i c

al

P r op ert i es of A t m

o

sp h

eri c A erosol s A t t

r

i b

u

t

ab l e

to P l y

w

ood V e n

eer D r y

er E m i ssi on s

, C h emi c al E n gi neeri n g D e part ment , Washi ngt o

n

St at

e Uni v ersi t y , J u ne 1981. Wood P r od u

c

t

s

f

o

r E n g

i n eered S t ru ct

u

res: I ssu es Af f e

ct

i n g

Growt h

an d

Accep t

an ce of E n g

i n eered Wood P r od u

c

t

s

, Do na ld A
. Be nd e r , Ed., F o re s

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S o c

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t y , M a diso n , Wi sco nsi n , N o vemb er 1992.
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e

m

e

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t Ac c

o

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t

s

R e por t , FY 1991 , U
. S
. EP A , O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t ( E PA/ 300- R 92- 008) , Apri l 1992. E n for c

e

m

e

n

t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t , FY 1992 , U
. S
. EP A , O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t ( E PA/ 230- R 93- 001) , Apri l 1993. E n for c

e

m

e

n

t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t , FY 1993 , U
. S
. EP A , O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t ( E PA/ 300- R 94- 003) , Apri l 1994.
S I C C o d e 24 114 S e p tem b e r 1995Se ct or

N o t eb o o k Pr o j e c t Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s
Final Modific at

ions to t

h

e

Wood P reserv i n g

Reg u

l a

t

i on s

, En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l F a c

t S h e

e

t

, O ffic e

o

f S o lid Was t

e , U. S
. EP A, O c t

o

b er, 1992 (EP A / 530-F-92-029). Sur fac e

P r ote c

t

i on P r opos e

d

R u le

, 58 Fe de r

a

l R e gis te

r

25706 , Apri l 27, 1993. Unifie d Age n

da , 57 Fe de r

a

l R e gis t

e

r

21120, Apri l 1994. Wood P reserv i n g

F i n a

lRu l e

, 57 Fe de r

a

l R e gis te

r

61502 , D e cemb er 30, 1992.

S e p tem b e r 1995 115 S I C C o d e 24Lum be r a

nd W o o d Pr o duct s S e c t or

N o t eb o ok Pr o j e c t
Pollution Pr e

v e n tion Gu i d

es to P o l l u t

i on P rev en t

i on : Wood P reserv i n g

I n d

u

st

ry , U
. S
. EP A , O ffic e

o

f R e se a

r c h and D e vel o pment , N o vemb er 1993 ( E PA/ 625/ R

- 93/ 014)
. P o l l u t

i on P reven t

i on 1991: P r ogress on Redu ci n g

I n du st

ri al P o l l u t

a

n

t

s

, Of f

i ce of Pol l u ti on Prevent i o n , U. S. E P A, 1991 ( E PA 21P- 3003)
. Waste Mi n i m i zat i o

n

P r act i ces at T w

o CCA Wood- T reat m

en t P l an t

s

, U
. S
. EP A , O ffic e

o

f R e search and D e vel o pment , August 1993 ( E PA/ 600/ R

- 93/ 168)
. Co n t act s * N a me Or g a ni zati o n M i chael C a l d w el l A meri can Fo rest and Paper Al b e rt

L u kb an Ameri c an Wo o

d Preservers Inst i t

ut e Bu ddy P e rry P e rry Bu ilders N i c ho l a

s L a t

h

am N a t u ral R e so urces D e f

e

nse C o unci l J

i m Yu has W est e

rn Wo o

d Pro d uct s Bill Wynd es Lo u i s i ana-P a c

i fic M a rk R i vas U
. S
. E P A, R e gi o n

VII ( i nspect o

r

) C h ri s J a

mes U
. S
. E P A, R e gi o n

X ( i nspect o

r

) M a ri a D i xo n U
. S
. B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus K u rt B i gb e e A meri can Pl yw o o

d Asso ci at i o n J

o

hn Pi nkert o

n N C ASI T el ephone 202- 463- 2762 703- 893- 4005 919-492-9171 202- 624- 9363 503- 224- 3930 707-443-7511 913- 551- 7669 206- 553- 1194 301- 763- 5895 202- 565- 6600 212- 532- 9047

* M a n

y

o

f t

h

e

c

o

n

t

a

c

t s

lis t

e

d a b o v e h a

v e p r o v ide d v a lu a ble ba c

kgro u nd in fo rm a

t io n a

nd c o

m m e

n

t s

du rin g

t

h

e

de v e lo p m e

n

t o

f t

h

is

do c

u m e

n

t

. EP A a p p r e c

ia

t

e

s

t

h

is s

u p p o rt

a

nd a c

kno w le dge s

t

h

a

t t

h

e

indiv idu a l s

lis t

e

d do no t ne c

e

s

sa rily e ndo rse a

l l sta t

e

m e

n

ts ma d e w i thi n thi s note b ook
.

S I C C o d e 24 116 S e p tem b e r 1995