Filed 6/26/24 P. v. Banks CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or 

ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for 

purposes of rule 8.1115. 

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

KEVIN TYRONE BANKS,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D081736

 (Super. Ct. No. SCE411886)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

Steven E. Stone, Judge. Affirmed.

Jeanine G. Strong, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for 

Defendant and Appellant.

Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant 

Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, 

Arlene A. Sevidal and Jon S. Tangonan, Deputy Attorneys General, for 

Plaintiff and Respondent.

I. INTRODUCTION

Kevin Tyrone Banks appeals his assault with a deadly weapon 

conviction, contending insufficient evidence supported the charge and that 
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the court incorrectly instructed the jury on self-defense during mutual 

combat. Finding substantial evidence of deadly weapon use and no error in 

the instructions, we affirm the conviction. 

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On October 22, 2021, Banks and Halbert Braley got into a fight, during 

which Braley sustained various serious lacerations to his left arm and leg. 

Responding officers applied tourniquets to those limbs and identified his 

injuries as consistent with knife wounds. In surveillance footage capturing

the incident, Braley is heard three times saying, “[w]hy’d you stab me, Kev?” 

Braley’s girlfriend, Cynthia Ellis, is also heard in the footage multiple times 

asking, “[w]hy did you stab him?” When she called 911, Ms. Ellis reported 

the event as a stabbing.

An ambulance transported Braley to the hospital, where staff described 

his injuries as “stab wounds” caused by a “machete-type knife.” Braley’s left 

arm suffered a brachial artery laceration, transections of his radial and ulnar 

nerves and biceps and triceps muscles, as well as damage to the flexor 

tendons in his forearm. These injuries required surgical repair. Braley’s left 

leg required an operation to repair severe damage to his Achilles tendon, 

posterior tibial tendon, plantaris tendon, tibial nerve, and posterior tibial 

artery. Braley remained in the hospital for seven days before recovering

sufficiently for discharge. 

On June 28, 2022, the case went to trial. At its conclusion, Banks’s 

attorney asked the court to give the self-defense and mutual combat

instructions. Over the People’s objection the court agreed to read the

self-defense instruction; defense withdrew its mutual combat instruction 

request. During deliberations the jury sent a note to the court asking, “If 

both people instigate a fight, do either have a right to claim self-defense?” 
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With the agreement of both parties, the court responded by sending into the 

jury room the standard mutual combat instruction:1

A person who engages in mutual combat has a right 

to self-defense only if, one, he actually in good faith tried to 

stop fighting; two, he indicated by word or by conduct to his 

opponent in a way that a reasonable person would 

understand that he wanted to stop fighting and that he had 

stopped fighting; and three, he . . . [¶] gave his opponent a 

chance to stop fighting.

If the defendant meets these requirements, he then 

has a right to self-defense if the opponent continued to 

fight.

A fight is mutual combat when it began or continued 

by mutual consent or agreement. That agreement may be 

expressly stated or implied and must occur before the claim 

to self-defense arose.

The jury convicted Banks of assault with a deadly weapon (Pen. Code,2

§ 245, subd. (a)(1)), finding that he personally used a knife and inflicted great 

bodily injury (§§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(23), 12022.7, subd. (a)). Banks admitted 

two strike priors and two serious felony priors, with the court later 

dismissing one of each before imposing judgment. The court then sentenced

Banks to 14 years in state prison.3 Banks timely appealed the conviction.

1 CALCRIM No. 3471.

2 All subsequent statutory references are to the Penal Code.

3 The court imposed the three-year middle term for felony assault, 

doubled to six years for the prior strike, plus five years for the serious felony 

prior conviction, and an additional three years for the great bodily injury 

enhancement.
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III. DISCUSSION

Banks presents us with two arguments. First, he challenges the 

evidence in support of his assault with a deadly weapon conviction, claiming 

it was insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. Second, he contends 

CALCRIM No. 3471 did not properly instruct the jury regarding self-defense 

in the context of mutual combat.4 

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Banks claims there was insufficient evidence that he used a deadly 

weapon because none of the witnesses testified that they saw a weapon, and 

the surveillance footage did not depict a weapon or movement consistent with 

a stabbing.

When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting 

a conviction, “ ‘ “we review the entire record in the light most favorable to the 

judgment to determine whether it contains substantial evidence—that is, 

evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value—from which a 

reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt.” ’ ” (People v. Holmes, McClain and Newborn (2022) 12 Cal.5th 

719, 780.) We presume “ ‘ “in support of the judgment the existence of every 

fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.” ’ ” (Ibid.) 

“ ‘As used in section 245, subdivision (a)(1), a “deadly weapon” is “any 

object, instrument, or weapon which is used in such a manner as to be 

4 Without elaborating or citing authority, Banks also briefly asserts, 

“The fact that appellant may also have been injured suggests the evidence 

was insufficient to show that his conduct was assaultive as opposed to simply 

reckless.” We disregard this argument as unsupported. (Holden v. City of 

San Diego (2019) 43 Cal.App.5th 404, 418 (“ ‘[W]here a point is merely 

asserted by [appellant] without any [substantive] argument of or authority 

for its proposition, it is deemed to be without foundation and requires no 

discussion.’ ”].) 
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capable of producing and likely to produce, death or great bodily injury.” ’ ” 

(People v. Brown (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1, 6.) “Great bodily injury” means 

“significant or substantial injury,” but “[p]ermanent or protracted 

impairment, disfigurement, or loss of function . . . is not required.” (People v. 

Beasley (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 1078, 1087.) 

If the assault causes injuries, “the nature of such injuries and their 

location are relevant facts for consideration in determining whether an object 

was used in a manner capable of producing and likely to produce great bodily 

injury.” (People v. Brown, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 7.) Indeed, the use of 

a deadly weapon can be inferred from the victim’s injuries. (People v. Burton

(2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 447, 457.) 

Braley suffered three deep lacerations to his arm and leg, requiring two 

tourniquets to stop the bleeding and a week-long hospital stay with multiple 

surgeries to repair the damaged muscles, tendons, nerves, and arteries. 

These injuries were substantial and not the type that would result in the 

absence of a sharp object. After reviewing both Braley’s medical records, and 

photographs from the crime scene depicting his injuries, the jury could 

reasonably conclude that Banks used a deadly weapon on Braley. 

Additionally, the responding officers and medical staff that treated Braley 

described his injuries as being consistent with knife wounds. Further, both 

Braley and Ellis referred to Banks’s actions as a stabbing. We therefore find 

sufficient evidence supports the jury’s verdict that Banks used a deadly 

weapon during the assault on Braley. 

B. Jury Instructions

Banks asserts CALCRIM No. 3471 did not adequately explain “mutual 

combat” under the circumstances of this case. He further contends that the 

instruction imposed a burden on him “to prove that he tried to stop fighting, 
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he did stop fighting, and he gave Braley a chance to stop fighting,” thereby 

relieving “the prosecution of its duty to prove that appellant did not act in 

self-defense.”5

“ ‘If a supplemental instruction is given, . . . its correctness presents 

a question of law that we review de novo.’ ” (People v. Doane (2021) 

66 Cal.App.5th 965, 980.) We determine “ ‘whether there is a “reasonable 

likelihood” that the jury understood the charge as the defendant asserts.’ ” 

(Ibid.) 

Pursuant to CALCRIM No. 3471, the trial court instructed the jury 

that “A fight is mutual combat when it began or continued by mutual consent 

or agreement. That agreement may be expressly stated or implied and must 

occur before the claim to self-defense arose.” Banks does not describe how 

this explanation was inadequate, nor can we find any impropriety. The 

instruction addressed the scenario posed by the jury, which was the 

application of self-defense “[i]f both people instigate a fight.” It also complied

with the legal definition of mutual combat. (People v. Ross (2007) 

155 Cal.App.4th 1033, 1046–1047 [“ ‘mutual combat’ consists of fighting by 

mutual intention or consent, as most clearly reflected in an express or 

implied agreement to fight. . . . there must be evidence from which the jury 

could reasonably find that both combatants actually consented or intended to 

fight before the claimed occasion for self-defense arose” (italics omitted)].) We 

therefore find no error in the trial court’s mutual combat explanation.

5 The People argue that Banks forfeited his challenge to CALCRIM 

No. 3471 by failing to object in the trial court. We agree with Banks that an 

objection was not required to preserve the issue for appeal because, if Banks 

were correct, such an error would have affected his substantial rights. 

(§ 1259; People v. Mitchell (2019) 7 Cal.5th 561, 579–580.) 
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Turning to the alleged improper burden shifting, Banks claims that by 

stating the agreement to fight “must occur before the claim to self-defense 

arose,” the instruction imposed a burden on him to prove that he withdrew 

from the fight. This phrase merely addresses the requisite sequence of events 

for self-defense to apply in a mutual combat scenario.

On the other hand, several other instructions given to the jury clearly 

placed the burden of proof on the People, both generally and in the context of 

self-defense. (See, e.g., CALCRIM No. 3470 [“Right to Self-Defense [¶] . . . [¶] 

The People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

defendant did not act in lawful self-defense.”]; CALCRIM No. 875 [“Assault 

With Deadly Weapon [¶] . . . [¶] To prove that the defendant is guilty of this 

crime, the People must prove that: [¶] . . . [¶] 5. The defendant did not act in 

self-defense.”]; CALCRIM No. 220 [“Reasonable Doubt [¶] . . . [¶] A defendant 

in a criminal case is presumed to be innocent. This presumption requires 

that the People prove a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”]; and 

CALCRIM No. 355 [“Defendant’s Right Not to Testify [¶] . . . [¶] [a defendant]

may rely on the state of the evidence and argue that the People have failed to

prove the charges beyond a reasonable doubt.”].) Under these circumstances, 

it is not reasonably likely that the jury interpreted CALCRIM No. 3471 as 

shifting any burden of proof to Banks. 

Given our discussion above, we find no error in the court’s use of 

CALCRIM No. 3471. 
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DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

RUBIN, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

CASTILLO, J.