2014 IL App (2d) 130633

No. 2-13-0633

Opinion filed May 2, 2014

______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________

PENNY PARKS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

) of McHenry County.

Plaintiff-Appellee, )

)

v. ) No. 07-LA-464

)

DENNIS BRINKMAN and LAKESIDE )

LEGACY FOUNDATION, )

)

Defendants, ) Honorable

) Thomas A. Meyer,

(Crystal Lake Jaycees, Defendant-Appellant). ) Judge, Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE SCHOSTOK delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Hutchinson and Spence concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 This appeal arises from an incident in which Dennis Brinkman, a volunteer at an event 

staffed by the defendant, the Crystal Lake Jaycees, hugged and picked up another volunteer, the 

plaintiff, Penny Parks. Brinkman lost his balance and fell to the ground, injuring Parks. Parks 

sued, and the case went to a jury trial. The jury found the Jaycees vicariously liable for 

Brinkman’s conduct. The Jaycees appeal, arguing that the verdict was against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. We reverse, holding that the Jaycees were entitled to judgment 

notwithstanding the verdict.

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND
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¶ 3 A. Factual Background

¶ 4 The following facts are drawn from the trial testimony and other evidence submitted by 

the parties and are undisputed except as noted. One of the central issues at trial, as in this 

appeal, was whether hugging was “within the scope” of Brinkman’s employment as a volunteer 

for the Jaycees. Thus, much of the evidence summarized here concerns the extent to which 

hugging was either customary or encouraged at Jaycee events. Other evidence that relates only 

to a specific issue on appeal is summarized elsewhere, when that issue is discussed. Finally, 

evidence regarding other issues that are not raised in this appeal, such as Parks’ injuries and 

damages, is largely omitted. 

¶ 5 On September 28, 2007, the Lakeside Legacy Foundation held an Oktoberfest event at 

the Dole mansion in Crystal Lake. There was a carnival on the grounds, and the Jaycees 

provided volunteers for the ticket booth, the beer tent, and security. The event began at 5 p.m. 

on Friday and continued through the weekend.

¶ 6 The plaintiff was in her late thirties at the time of the accident. She was not a member 

of the Jaycees, but she was familiar with the group and had participated in Jaycee events before, 

beginning in 1994. The plaintiff had lived in Minnesota for several years. She also had lived 

in Illinois at various times, however, and she moved back to Illinois a few months before the 

accident. At the time of the accident, she was working in a sub sandwich shop as a 

management trainee. Her boss, Roger (“Chip”) Whitman II, was a member of the Lakeside 

Legacy Foundation. He asked her if she would volunteer at the Oktoberfest event. He himself 

attended the Oktoberfest on Friday evening as a volunteer for Lakeside Legacy.

¶ 7 Noni Valicenti, the plaintiff’s sister, had been a member of the Jaycees for about 14 

years. She was in charge of recruiting and organizing volunteers for the Oktoberfest event. 

She also asked the plaintiff to come volunteer at the event.
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¶ 8 The plaintiff arrived at the event at about 7:15 p.m. She checked in with Valicenti, who 

was at the ticket booth, and then toured the area around the beer tent, taking pictures of 

volunteers and guests with her camera. In some of the pictures she took, Jaycees had their arms 

around each other. The plaintiff saw a number of Jaycees she knew, including Brinkman. 

Brinkman was working as a Jaycee volunteer in the beer tent, either pouring or serving beer. 

The plaintiff greeted several of the Jaycees, hugging them as she did so. She and Brinkman did 

not greet each other at that time, as he was busy.

¶ 9 There was conflicting evidence regarding the extent to which the plaintiff knew 

Brinkman prior to the accident. At trial, the plaintiff testified that she met Brinkman for the 

first time only a few weeks before the accident, at a wedding they both attended. After giving 

this testimony, the plaintiff was impeached with her deposition testimony that she first met 

Brinkman in 2004 or 2005. The plaintiff also testified at trial that, at the wedding as well as at a 

Jaycee event they both attended shortly before the Oktoberfest, Brinkman hugged her and she 

hugged him back. Whitman testified that the plaintiff told him after the accident that she knew 

Brinkman well.

¶ 10 After the plaintiff took some pictures, she picked up her Jaycee volunteer’s T-shirt and 

went to the bathroom to change into it. As she was returning to the beer tent to start her shift, 

she encountered Brinkman. Brinkman greeted her and hugged her. According to the plaintiff, 

her arms were at her sides during the hug because she was not expecting the hug. Brinkman 

then picked her up in the air so that she was on his shoulder. The two of them fell over, 

Brinkman landing on top of the plaintiff. The plaintiff testified that this was not the sort of hug 

that she usually received from Jaycees; she had never been picked up before when hugging a 

Jaycee.
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¶ 11 The plaintiff was dazed and injured, and after she picked herself up off the ground, she 

went to rest nearby. While she was resting, Whitman (who had heard that she had been injured)

came and spoke with her. Whitman initially testified that the plaintiff said she had been hurt 

when Brinkman picked her up and tried to sling her over his shoulder; the plaintiff did not say 

that Brinkman embraced her. On cross-examination, however, Whitman stated that the plaintiff 

might have mentioned a hug; he did not recall. The plaintiff testified that she told Whitman that 

Brinkman hugged her and picked her up and they fell over.

¶ 12 The plaintiff then went to tell her sister what happened. Valicenti asked a fellow 

volunteer to take the plaintiff to the hospital. The plaintiff testified that she was in pain 

throughout the weekend and afterward. She returned to the Oktoberfest twice on Saturday but 

could not work. The plaintiff sustained injuries to her shoulder, neck, and back.

¶ 13 Various witnesses testified at trial regarding the role of hugging within the Jaycees. The 

plaintiff testified that she knew many Jaycees, who were like a second family to her. It was 

common for them to greet one another with hugs, although Jaycees also greeted each other with 

handshakes. She would hug Jaycees to greet them when she knew them well. The plaintiff 

testified that she allowed Brinkman to hug her at the Oktoberfest because Jaycees “always 

embraced.” When asked why, in her experience, Jaycees were “commonly greeting and 

hugging and—welcoming each other,” the plaintiff responded that it was done to show that the 

Jaycees were a friendly and warm group that others would want to be a part of.

¶ 14 Valicenti testified that the mission of the Jaycees was to promote business skills within its 

members, who were between 21 and 40 years old. (The name “Jaycees” was derived from the 

description of it as a “Junior Chamber of Commerce.”) This mission involved providing 

“opportunities for individuals to gain leadership skills, social responsibility skills, education 

skills, so that they can through their fellowship do good within the community.” The Jaycees 
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sponsored a variety of community service events. The group also had a social purpose, 

promoting close relationships among its members by sponsoring purely social events, and this 

was historically one of the group’s purposes. In Valicenti’s experience, building bonds 

between the members was just as important as the community service and skill improvement 

activities. 

¶ 15 At any Jaycee function, people would be greeted “by a hello, a handshake, a hug.” This 

bonding would create a positive and inviting environment. When asked whether the hugs and 

handshakes were just in “the nature of working together over time and getting to know each 

other” or whether there was also a “Jaycee purpose” to them, Valicenti responded that it was the 

nature of the Jaycee organization and also many other organizations to foster this type of 

bonding and inviting atmosphere. On cross-examination, Valicenti agreed that all similar 

organizations had a social aspect, because no one would want to join an organization full of 

unfriendly people. The friendly atmosphere encouraged by the Jaycees was expressed by 

different people in different ways; some people hugged, some did not. Jaycees who served as 

recruiters at an event were instructed to be warm and friendly, not to hug people. The Jaycees 

had no written policy of encouraging hugging.

¶ 16 Ann Brophy, a past president and vice president of the Crystal Lake Jaycees, testified that 

the Jaycees was founded to develop business and leadership skills among its members. 

Jaycee-sponsored events included training to improve members’ skills at writing and public 

speaking, leadership skills, and networking. The Jaycees also sponsored community service 

events and social events for members and prospective members. The Jaycees was an all-male 

organization until the mid-1980s, when it began accepting women members. The Jaycees had 

no policy encouraging hugging or physical contact. Greetings, handshakes, and hugs were 
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common among members of the Jaycees. Picking people up was not commonly done by 

Jaycees; she had never seen this occur between Jaycees. 

¶ 17 Brophy herself had many close friends among the Jaycees, and she would hug them when 

she saw them. However, that was because of the friendship, not because of any Jaycee policy. 

She would do the same even if she had gotten to know these friends through a different 

organization. There were other Jaycees whom she did not hug, because she was not as close 

with them. She had never hugged or embraced anyone for the purpose of recruiting him or her

to join the Jaycees.

¶ 18 Brophy had known Brinkman through the Jaycees for several years; he hugged people at 

both Jaycee and non-Jaycee events. At the Oktoberfest in September 2007, Brinkman’s job as a 

volunteer was to pour or serve cups of beer; embracing people was not part of his role.

¶ 19 B. Procedural History

¶ 20 In December 2007, the plaintiff filed a personal injury lawsuit against Brinkman, the 

Jaycees, and the Lakeside Legacy Foundation. The plaintiff’s claim against Brinkman alleged 

that he negligently caused her personal injuries in that he “attempted to pick [her] up *** without 

the ability to do so safely”; failed to warn her that he was going to make physical contact with 

her; and “man-handled [her] in an unreasonable and unauthorized manner.” The claim against 

the Jaycees and the Lakeside Legacy Foundation alleged that Brinkman was acting as their agent 

at the time of the accident and that they negligently failed to train and supervise him properly. 

¶ 21 The plaintiff amended her complaint in November 2009. She added the following 

allegations about Brinkman’s conduct toward her on the day of the accident: that he attempted 

to pick her up without her consent; that he committed battery by making unauthorized contact 

with her; that he was intoxicated to the point that he could not appreciate the risks of his conduct 

toward others; and that he failed to control his actions so as to avoid harm to others. She also 
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added a new count II that asserted a vicarious liability claim against the Jaycees. Finally, she 

amended count III (formerly count II) to allege that the Jaycees and the Lakeside Legacy 

Foundation negligently hired, trained, and supervised Brinkman, and failed to warn other 

volunteers about Brinkman based upon his past conduct. A trial date was set, along with dates 

for the close of discovery, the filing of motions in limine, and a pretrial conference.

¶ 22 In November 2010, the attorney for Brinkman filed a motion in limine seeking to bar the 

introduction of any evidence or argument regarding any prior bad conduct by Brinkman, on the 

grounds that it would be unfairly prejudicial and irrelevant to the claim against him (Brinkman 

admitted that he had been drinking beer on the night of the accident). Brinkman also moved to 

sever the trial of the claim against him from the trial of the negligent supervision claim against 

the two organizations, because if the claims were tried together, evidence of Brinkman’s prior 

bad acts would be admissible to show the organizations’ prior notice of Brinkman’s alleged 

conduct of drinking and inappropriate touching, even though that evidence would be 

inadmissible as to Brinkman’s own liability. 

¶ 23 The plaintiff opposed both motions. The Jaycees opposed the motion to sever but 

supported the motion in limine. The Lakeside Legacy Foundation also opposed severance. 

The trial court granted the motion in limine, and as a result, Brinkman withdrew his motion to 

sever.

¶ 24 On March 16, 2011, the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed Brinkman from her suit. As part 

of the dismissal, Brinkman agreed to appear and testify at trial for any party that requested him to 

do so. In April 2011, the trial court granted the Lakeside Legacy Foundation’s motion for 

summary judgment, finding that there was no evidence that Brinkman was acting as an agent of 

that organization at the time of the accident. The trial court denied the Jaycees’ motion for 

summary judgment on count III, the negligent supervision claim.
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¶ 25 In May 2011, the plaintiff filed a motion to vacate the trial court’s November 2010 order 

barring evidence regarding Brinkman’s prior misconduct. The plaintiff argued that, in its recent 

ruling denying the Jaycees’ motion for summary judgment on count III, the trial court had 

referred to evidence that the Jaycees had notice that Brinkman had misbehaved in the past. The 

plaintiff sought to vacate the earlier order so that she could present evidence at trial to support 

count III. The Jaycees opposed the motion, arguing that the evidence about Brinkman’s prior 

misconduct was vague or based on hearsay. 

¶ 26 On July 14, 2011, the trial court granted the plaintiff’s motion in part, vacating its 

previous ruling but only as to certain evidence. Specifically, the trial court lifted its blanket ban 

on evidence regarding Brinkman’s history of physical contact with people, the fact that 

Brinkman had been warned not to touch women, and Brinkman’s history of flirting with women 

and initiating physical contact. The trial court stated that it would rule on the admissibility of 

such evidence “as it came in” at trial.

¶ 27 About two weeks before trial, the Jaycees (hereafter, the defendant) filed a series of 

motions in limine. The trial court granted the defendant’s request to bar evidence of any “prior 

reprimands or discipline” of Brinkman by the defendant and to bar any mention of Brinkman’s 

consumption of alcohol. The defendant also asked to bar evidence that Brinkman “may have 

been known as one who was prone to hug other persons.” The trial court reserved its ruling on 

this issue. 

¶ 28 A few days later, the plaintiff informed the trial court that she was dismissing count III. 

Reversing her previous position, the plaintiff then moved to bar all evidence of Brinkman’s 

misconduct on other occasions, “including unwanted contact, flirtation, advances, touching *** 

whether before or after the accident.” The defendant did not object, and the trial court granted 

the plaintiff’s motion in limine. 
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¶ 29 Prior to trial, the plaintiff filed an agreed “plaintiff’s statement of the case,” stating that 

she “maintain[ed] that she was injured while serving at the event *** when *** Brinkman[] 

picked her up and caused her to fall to the ground.”

¶ 30 The trial commenced on September 17, 2012, on the sole remaining claim: that the 

defendant should be held vicariously liable for Brinkman’s conduct that caused the plaintiff’s 

injuries. The first witness for the plaintiff was Valicenti. After the plaintiff’s attorney had 

begun to elicit testimony from Valicenti about the Jaycees’ methods of recruiting new members, 

the defendant objected and asked for a sidebar. The defendant objected that the plaintiff had 

never disclosed that she would be presenting any evidence suggesting that the accident “was 

somehow associated with recruitment.” The trial court eventually overruled the objection and 

Valicenti’s direct examination continued.

¶ 31 The second sidebar at issue occurred during the cross-examination of Valicenti.1 The 

defendant’s attorney indicated that he wished to elicit testimony regarding the fact that, before 

Brinkman started work in the beer tent on the evening of the accident, Valicenti had instructed 

him not to touch anyone. The defendant sought the trial court’s permission to inquire, because 

the court had stated that it would decide the admissibility of such evidence at trial. The plaintiff 

objected on the ground that such testimony would indicate that Brinkman was treated differently 

than other volunteers because of his prior bad acts, and testimony about his prior bad acts had 

been barred. 

 1 For some reason, this portion of the transcript was not included in the report of 

proceedings. However, it is contained in the common-law record, having been filed in connection 

with the posttrial motion.
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¶ 32 The trial court said that it thought it had ruled on the issue. The defendant pointed out 

that the ruling had occurred when the plaintiff moved to vacate the trial court’s previous order on 

the issue, and that Valicenti’s instruction to Brinkman was the type of evidence that the trial 

court ruled it might admit, depending on the course of the trial. The defendant then argued that 

Valicenti’s instruction that Brinkman should not touch anyone had become highly relevant in 

light of the plaintiff’s theory that the Jaycees encouraged hugging among their members. The 

trial court stated that, if it allowed the testimony the defendant wanted to elicit, then it would also 

have to allow the plaintiff to inquire about why Brinkman was given that instruction, which it 

believed would reopen “an issue that I had previously resolved in your favor.” The trial court 

therefore barred the inquiry into Valicenti’s instruction to Brinkman. The plaintiff rested her 

case after presenting testimony by Valicenti, herself, and her treating physician, Dr. George 

Nahra (by reading his evidence deposition into the record).

¶ 33 The defendant moved for a directed verdict, arguing that the plaintiff had not presented 

evidence that the accident was caused by conduct within the scope of Brinkman’s employment. 

Referring to the three-part test from the Second Restatement of Agency (Restatement) 

(Restatement (Second) of Agency § 228 (1958)), adopted in Bagent v. Blessing Care Corp., 224 

Ill. 2d 154, 164 (2007), the defendant argued that two of the three requirements were not met: 

the plaintiff had not shown (1) that Brinkman’s conduct in picking her up was “of the kind he 

[was] employed to perform,” or (2) that Brinkman’s conduct was motivated even partly by a 

desire to serve the defendant. As to the last of these requirements, the defendant argued that the 

plaintiff had presented no evidence whatsoever about Brinkman’s motivation for his acts. The 

trial court denied the motion, stating that the circumstantial evidence that the Jaycees commonly 

hugged each other at events (and so Brinkman’s hug was a foreseeable occurrence) could support 

an inference that Brinkman’s conduct was in part motivated by a desire to serve the defendant.
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¶ 34 After the trial court denied its motion for a directed verdict and prior to the start of its 

case, the defendant asked the trial court once again to allow it to call Valicenti to testify 

regarding her instruction to Brinkman not to touch anyone. The defendant argued that the 

plaintiff’s theory that “the Jaycees is a huggin’ organization was never pled and was never 

disclosed,” and that the defendant was entitled to present Valicenti’s testimony to counter this 

theory. The trial court reviewed the allegations of the amended complaint and concluded that it 

adequately put the defendant on notice that some type of physical contact by Brinkman was at 

issue. The trial court then declined to allow the defendant to present Valicenti’s testimony:

“That being said, I’m going to again deny your request to get into prior acts 

because if I were to do that, I think I’d guarantee a mistrial *** based on my prior ruling.

So I’m—I’m not going to permit you to do what I have denied the plaintiff the 

ability to do.”

Trial then resumed with the defendant’s case, which included the testimony of Brophy and the

video deposition of Dr. Antonio Yuk, the defendant’s expert witness regarding the plaintiff’s 

injuries.

¶ 35 Prior to resting, the defendant made an offer of proof regarding Valicenti’s likely 

testimony about her instruction to Brinkman at the start of his shift in the beer tent on the night 

of the accident. The defendant read into the record a portion of Valicenti’s deposition 

testimony, in which Valicenti stated that, “before the incident,” she spoke with Brinkman about 

not “touching people”—not only women, but anybody. When asked why she told Brinkman 

specifically not to touch anybody, Valicenti said, “[Brinkman] is a gregarious and friendly 

physical contact kind of person.” The trial court reiterated that it believed that the defendant’s 

attorney had “previously asked this court to bar reference to prior bad acts of Mr. Brinkman” and 

that it had granted that request:
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“So from my perspective, *** I couldn’t allow you to introduce evidence that touched on 

prior acts while at the same time barring plaintiff from introducing evidence that touched 

on prior acts of Mr. Brinkman.

So I—yes, it *** is preventing you from introducing evidence that he was 

specifically warned not to touch. But you ultimately, as I see it, *** that is as a direct 

result of the request that *** you or your predecessor filed with this court. So from my 

perspective, you can’t have it both ways.

So I—I don’t see any other way to resolve the conflict other than to bar her from 

testifying as to what you just offered by way of an offer of proof from her deposition

***.”

¶ 36 Following closing arguments, the jury returned a verdict finding the defendant 

vicariously liable for the plaintiff’s injuries and awarding her damages of $253,051.69 plus costs. 

In addition to the general verdict forms, the jury also received special interrogatory forms asking 

it to make specific findings as to whether Brinkman’s conduct (1) “was of the kind he was 

employed to perform or reasonably could be said to have been contemplated as part of his 

employment”; (2) was “motivated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the Crystal Lake 

Jaycees”; and (3) took place substantially within the time and space limits of his employment 

duties. The jury answered “yes” to each of these special interrogatories.

¶ 37 The defendant filed a timely posttrial motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict 

(judgment non obstante veredicto, or judgment n.o.v.) or, in the alternative, for a new trial. The 

defendant argued that the verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence, as the plaintiff 

had not proven the elements necessary for vicarious liability. It also argued that the trial court 

had erred in permitting the plaintiff to elicit testimony on undisclosed topics (the Jaycees’ 

alleged use of hugging to promote camaraderie and to recruit new members) and in barring the 
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defendant from eliciting Valicenti’s testimony that, before the accident, she instructed Brinkman 

not to touch anyone. 

¶ 38 The trial court denied the posttrial motion. As to its rulings barring the defendant from 

presenting Valicenti’s testimony that she told Brinkman not to touch anyone, the court 

commented that the testimony would have been relevant and important to the defendant’s case 

and that it continued to be “troubled” by the issue. However, it continued, it could not have 

permitted the testimony without also allowing the plaintiff to inquire about the reason Valicenti 

said this to Brinkman (Brinkman’s huggy nature), and it had already barred such inquiry at the 

defendant’s request. The defendant appealed.

¶ 39 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 40 On appeal, the defendant raises several challenges to the judgment. It first contends that 

the trial court erred in denying the motions for a directed verdict and for judgment n.o.v., because 

the plaintiff failed to present a prima facie case of vicarious liability. The defendant also 

contends that the trial court should have granted its motion for a new trial because of certain 

errors in the trial court’s evidentiary rulings. As we agree with the defendant’s first argument, 

we do not reach the second.

¶ 41 A. General Principles

¶ 42 At the close of the plaintiff’s case, the defendant moved for a directed verdict, arguing 

that the plaintiff had failed to present a prima facie case that it should be held vicariously liable 

for Brinkman’s conduct. The defendant also moved, posttrial, for a judgment n.o.v. on the 

same ground. The trial court denied both motions. The defendant contends that both rulings 

were error.

¶ 43 A motion for a directed verdict will be granted only where “all of the evidence so 

overwhelmingly favors the movant that no contrary verdict based on that evidence could ever 
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stand.” Krywin v. Chicago Transit Authority, 238 Ill. 2d 215, 225 (2010). A directed verdict 

may be granted to a defendant where the plaintiff has failed to make out a prima facie case; that is, 

the plaintiff has failed to present at least some evidence on every necessary element of his or her 

cause of action. Hemminger v. LeMay, 2014 IL App (3d) 120392, ¶ 17. “In ruling on a motion 

for a directed verdict[,] ‘a court does not weigh the evidence, nor is it concerned with the 

credibility of the witnesses; rather, it may only consider the evidence, and any inferences 

therefrom, in the light most favorable to the party resisting the motion.’ ” Id. (quoting Maple v. 

Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 453 (1992)). Although a motion for a directed verdict and a motion 

for judgment n.o.v. are made at different times, they raise the same issues and are governed by the 

same standards. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d at 453 n.1.

¶ 44 The test for vicarious liability found in the Restatement was formally adopted by our 

supreme court in Bagent, 224 Ill. 2d at 164. That test asks three questions. First, was the 

conduct of the employee of the kind that he or she is ordinarily employed to perform? Second, 

did the employee’s conduct occur substantially within the time and place of his or her 

employment? Third, was the employee’s conduct motivated, partly or wholly, by a purpose to 

serve the employer? Id. All three of these criteria must be met to hold the employer vicariously 

liable for the employee’s conduct, and the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that all of the 

requirements are met. Id. at 165.2

 2 We note that, in discussing these requirements, we use the terms “employment,” 

“employee,” and “employer” broadly to include the scenario present here, in which the 

“employee” is an unpaid volunteer performing services for a nonprofit organization. There is no 

dispute that a volunteer’s conduct can give rise to vicarious liability. Alms v. Baum, 343 Ill. App. 

3d 67, 71 (2003) (fact that allegedly negligent person was a “volunteer worker for a charitable 
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¶ 45 Applying this test in the context of the defendant’s motions for a directed verdict and a 

judgment n.o.v., the question becomes whether the evidence presented by the plaintiff, when 

viewed most favorably to the plaintiff, was totally lacking on any of the three requirements. See

York v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, 222 Ill. 2d 147, 178 (2006). It is 

undisputed that Brinkman’s conduct toward the plaintiff occurred during the time and at the place 

of his employment as an Oktoberfest volunteer. Thus, the issue is whether the plaintiff presented 

sufficient evidence to make out a prima facie case as to both of the other two requirements: that 

Brinkman’s conduct was of the type he was employed to perform and that, in picking up the 

plaintiff, he was motivated partly or wholly by a desire to serve the defendant’s interests rather 

than by personal desire or whim.

¶ 46 Like the parties’ arguments, our analysis of these issues relies heavily on two recent 

supreme court cases involving vicarious liability. The first case is Bagent, which involved a 

hospital employee’s disclosure of confidential medical information to the sister of a patient. The 

hospital had a policy of protecting confidential medical information (as required by federal law) 

and trained its employees that such information should not be disclosed to anyone outside of the 

medical staff caring for the patient, not even the patient’s family. Bagent, 224 Ill. 2d at 157-58. 

The employee at issue acknowledged that she knew the hospital’s policy. However, when she 

saw the patient’s sister (who was also her best friend) at a bar, she mentioned that the patient was 

pregnant. The patient’s sister had not been aware of the pregnancy before that, and the employee 

testified that she immediately realized that she should not have shared the information with the 

sister. Id. at 158. 

 

organization does not necessarily preclude a finding” of an employment relationship between the 

worker and the organization).
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¶ 47 The patient sued the employee and also the hospital, claiming vicarious liability. The trial 

court granted summary judgment in favor of the hospital, holding that the evidence showed that, 

when the employee disclosed the confidential information, she was acting outside the scope of her 

employment. Id. at 160-61. The plaintiff appealed and the appellate court reversed the grant of 

summary judgment. Although the appellate court found that the evidence showed that the 

disclosure was not the kind of conduct the employee was employed to perform, it believed there 

was a question of fact about whether the disclosure was motivated, at least in part, by a purpose to 

serve the hospital. Id. at 161.

¶ 48 The hospital appealed to the supreme court. Adopting the three-part test of the 

Restatement, the supreme court held that all three requirements must be satisfied in order to create 

vicarious liability. Id. at 165. The supreme court then analyzed the evidence as to each 

requirement to determine whether summary judgment was appropriate. As to whether the 

disclosure was the kind of conduct that the employee was employed to perform, the supreme court 

found that it was not, as the employee was a phlebotomist whose job was to draw blood and keep 

records. No part of her job included disclosing confidential information to nonmedical personnel. 

Id. at 167. The fact that the hospital explicitly forbade such disclosure was relevant evidence that 

confirmed the conclusion that the employee’s act was not the type of conduct that the employee 

was employed to perform. Id. at 168. 

¶ 49 Turning to the third criterion, the employee’s motivation for the conduct, the supreme court 

found that the appellate court had improperly focused on the interests of the employer when it 

found that the employee’s duty of nondisclosure was “ ‘actuated by the needs and requirements of 

the employer.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 169 (quoting Bagent v. Blessing Care Corp., 363 Ill. 

App. 3d 916, 924 (2006)). The supreme court held that this approach was incorrect and that, for 

this criterion, “it is the state of mind of the employee that is material.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. 
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at 170. The supreme court then found that there was no material dispute that the employee was 

not motivated, even partly, by a desire to serve the hospital, because the employee herself had 

testified that she simply spoke out of an assumption that the patient had already shared the 

information with her sister. The supreme court noted that, in the ordinary case in which there was 

no direct evidence of the employee’s intent, that intent could be gleaned “from the manifestations 

of the employee and the surrounding circumstances.” Id. The fact that the employer forbade the 

employee to engage in the complained-of conduct would be a relevant circumstance to consider in 

determining the employee’s intent, as it would make it less likely that the employee’s conduct was 

motivated by a desire to serve the employer. Id. 

¶ 50 The supreme court in Bagent therefore reversed the appellate court and affirmed the trial 

court’s grant of summary judgment for the hospital. Id. at 172. (The supreme court did not 

address the second requirement—that the disclosure was made within the time and place of 

employment—because it was clear that neither the first nor the third requirement was met.)

¶ 51 The supreme court issued the second leading case on vicarious liability, Adames v. 

Sheahan, 233 Ill. 2d 276 (2009), two years after Bagent. Adames involved the accidental killing 

of the plaintiffs’ son when his friend, the son of a sheriff’s deputy, found three of the deputy’s guns 

in the house and discharged one of them toward the plaintiffs’ son while they were playing. The 

plaintiffs sued (among others) the sheriff, arguing that he should be held vicariously liable because 

the deputy’s keeping of the guns in his home was related to his employment. As in Bagent, the 

trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the employer; the appellate court affirmed in part 

and reversed in part; and the case went to the supreme court. Id. at 290-95.

¶ 52 Applying the three-part Restatement test, the supreme court found that the sheriff was not 

vicariously liable for the deputy’s conduct. Id. at 303-04. As to the first requirement, the 

supreme court found that the deputy’s negligent storage of his guns was not the kind of conduct he 
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was employed to perform. Although at one time the deputy had been required to carry a gun at 

work and had owned one of the guns for that purpose, at the time of the accident he was not 

required to, and did not, carry a gun for employment purposes. Id. at 304. The fact that the 

deputy’s negligence was foreseeable by the sheriff—the sheriff’s office trained deputies in the 

proper storage of guns at home and disciplined deputies for improper storage—would have been 

relevant if the deputy were required to carry a gun for work, but as he was not, the first requirement 

was not met. Id. at 304-05. Similarly, although the deputy was required to be certified annually 

in the use of a firearm, he did not need to own a gun in order to be certified, and thus the deputy’s 

ownership of the guns was not required by the sheriff. Id. at 304

¶ 53 The second requirement—that the complained-of conduct occurred within the time and 

place limits of the employment—also was not met: the negligent storage of the guns occurred at 

the deputy’s home, and unlike the defendant police officer in a similar case upon which the 

appellate court had relied (Gaffney v. City of Chicago, 302 Ill. App. 3d 41 (1998)), the deputy was 

not on call 24 hours per day and was not required to attempt to stop a crime even when off-duty. 

Adames, 233 Ill. 2d at 304-05. 

¶ 54 Finally, there was no evidence that the deputy was motivated “by a desire to serve his 

employer when he negligently stored his gun.” Id. at 305. The deputy had testified that he kept 

the guns at home for his own protection and in case he needed them in the future. Id. In this 

respect, the case again differed from Gaffney because the police officer in Gaffney testified that he 

kept his gun in an unlocked cabinet in his home so that he could respond quickly in the event of an 

emergency, including one related to his employment as a police officer. Id. For all of these 

reasons, the deputy was not acting within the scope of his employment when he negligently stored 

the guns in his home, and the sheriff could not be held vicariously liable for that conduct. Id. at 

306.
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¶ 55 Bagent and Adames contain the most recent guidance from the supreme court on the 

subject of vicarious liability. We note that the parties to this appeal also cite several earlier 

cases in their arguments. While there is no doubt that many of those earlier cases remain good 

law to the extent that they are consonant with Bagent and Adames, to the extent that they apply a 

different analysis we must follow the controlling cases of Bagent and Adames. We therefore 

look primarily to Bagent and Adames, along with any relevant later cases, in deciding this 

appeal.

¶ 56 B. Whether Brinkman’s Conduct Was of the Kind He Was Employed to Perform

¶ 57 The first requirement of the Restatement’s three-part test asks a court to determine, as a 

factual matter, “whether the complained-of act of the employee, although not authorized by the 

employer, is nevertheless so similar or incidental to employer-authorized conduct as to be within 

the scope of employment.” Bagent, 224 Ill. 2d at 166. Thus, even if Brinkman’s acts of hugging 

the plaintiff and picking her up were not among his authorized job duties, vicarious liability might 

properly be imposed if the acts were sufficiently “similar or incidental to” his assigned duties.

¶ 58 In considering this issue, we note that the supreme court, in both Bagent and Adames, 

began by looking at the tasks the employee was required to perform as part of his or her regular job 

duties, and then compared the complained-of conduct with those duties. See id. at 167 (listing the 

employee’s typical daily tasks as a phlebotomist and concluding that she was “not employed to 

divulge confidential patient information while off duty and after hours in a tavern”); Adames, 233 

Ill. 2d at 303-04 (noting testimony that correctional officers such as the deputy were not required 

to own or carry guns and did not need weapons to perform their duties, and finding that the 

deputy’s “negligent storage of his guns was not the kind of conduct [he] was employed to perform, 

nor was it incidental to his employment”). Here, there is no dispute that the tasks that Brinkman 

was required to perform at the Oktoberfest were limited to pouring or serving cups of beer. 
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Although there was copious testimony that the defendant was a “huggy” organization whose 

members commonly greeted one another with hugs, the record is clear that such hugs were not 

required as part of the job duties that Jaycee volunteers were assigned to perform that night. (At 

oral argument, the plaintiff’s attorney stated that hugging was one of the founding purposes of the 

Jaycees, but we regard this statement as an unwarranted exaggeration of the evidence that, in 

general, the defendant encouraged the strengthening of social bonds among its members.) 

Brophy testified that the defendant had no policy of promoting hugging among its members, and 

Brophy, Parks, and Valicenti all testified that they greeted some Jaycees with hugs but did not hug 

others. All of them testified that the hugs they exchanged with other Jaycees were based on their 

closeness to those Jaycees, not on any organizational requirement. None of these witnesses 

testified that hugging other volunteers was part of their assigned job duties at the Oktoberfest. 

Finally, there was absolutely no evidence that Brinkman’s conduct of lifting the plaintiff into the 

air following their hug was part of his assigned job duties that night.

¶ 59 Thus, it is clear that Brinkman’s conduct at the time of the accident was outside of his 

assigned job duties. We therefore turn to the question of whether the plaintiff produced evidence 

that Brinkman’s conduct toward her (hugging her and lifting her off the ground) was “so similar or 

incidental to” his assigned job duties that vicarious liability should be imposed. See Bagent, 224 

Ill. 2d at 166. In considering this question, we bear in mind that “an act is outside of the scope of 

employment if it has no connection with the conduct the employee is required to perform.” Id. at 

168.

¶ 60 The plaintiff argues that conduct “similar or incidental to” employer-authorized conduct 

includes any conduct that “reasonably could be said to have been contemplated as part of” the 

employment, citing the relevant jury instruction (Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 

50.06.01 (2011)). While we acknowledge that the jury instruction indeed contains that phrase, we 
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also note that the sole citation for that instruction is Bagent (see id., comment), and that Bagent

itself does not contain that phrase or any variant of it. Accordingly, we decline to adopt this 

phrase as the appropriate standard.

¶ 61 The plaintiff also argues that we should look to the factors enumerated in section 229 of the

Restatement (Restatement (Second) of Agency § 229(2)(a) (1958)), which include such factors as 

“whether or not the act is one commonly done” by employees like the one who caused the injury 

and whether the employer had reason to expect that the particular act would be done. These 

factors suggest a broader standard under which an employer may be held vicariously liable if it 

reasonably should have foreseen that its employee might engage in the complained-of conduct.

¶ 62 It is unclear whether the supreme court has in fact approved this broader standard. In

Bagent, the court suggested that the factors in section 229 could be considered in determining 

whether the complained-of conduct was within the scope of employment. Bagent, 224 Ill. 2d at 

166. However, the court did not itself apply those factors in Bagent to determine whether the 

complained-of conduct was “of the kind” that the employee was employed to perform. 

Moreover, the supreme court appeared to reject this broader foreseeability approach in Adames. 

In that case, there was evidence that the sheriff could have foreseen (and in fact did foresee) that 

deputies might store guns improperly in their homes, because the sheriff provided training on the 

proper storage of guns and had adopted a policy of disciplining employees who stored guns 

improperly. Adames, 233 Ill. 2d at 304. However, the court found that the foreseeability of the 

deputy’s negligent storage of his guns was not relevant, because the deputy was not required to 

own a gun at all for his employment. Id. Applying a similar analysis here, Brinkman was not 

required to hug anyone at all as part of his employment, and so the fact that the defendant might

have “ha[d] reason to expect that such an act [would] be done” (Restatement (Second) of Agency 
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§ 229(2)(f) (1958)) was not relevant in determining whether his conduct was “of the kind” he was 

employed to perform. 

¶ 63 However, even if this broader standard of foreseeability were applied here, the plaintiff has 

not presented evidence that Brinkman’s conduct met this standard. While his act of hugging the 

plaintiff might have been foreseeable by the defendant, given that Jaycees customarily greeted

each other in a friendly manner, there was no evidence that the defendant had “reason to expect” 

Brinkman’s act of lifting the plaintiff off the ground. As identified by the plaintiff in her 

complaint and her initial descriptions of the accident, Brinkman’s lifting of her, not the initial hug,

was the act that caused her injury. There was no evidence that Brinkman’s act of hoisting the 

plaintiff into the air was a foreseeable outgrowth of his duties, or even that it was a foreseeable 

extension of the hug. The plaintiff herself testified that this was an unusual act by a Jaycee; 

indeed, she had never experienced this or seen other Jaycees greet each other this way. 

Accordingly, we reject the argument that the plaintiff presented evidence that the defendant had 

reason to expect Brinkman’s conduct. The jury’s finding that the conduct that caused the injury 

was “of the kind” he was employed to perform was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 64 C. Whether Brinkman’s Conduct Was Motivated by a Desire to Serve the Defendant

¶ 65 Regardless of whether the plaintiff made out a prima facie case as to the first requirement 

(that Brinkman’s conduct was “of the kind” he was employed to perform), the plaintiff also was 

required to present evidence to meet the third requirement for vicarious liability—that 

Brinkman’s conduct was motivated, either partly or wholly, by a desire to serve the defendant. 

Bagent, 224 Ill. 2d at 165 (all three requirements of the three-part test must be met in order to 

impose vicarious liability). A plaintiff may present either direct or circumstantial evidence of 

this motivation. Id. at 170. However, the plaintiff may not rely on evidence about the 

employer’s needs or interests, but must offer evidence of the employee’s own state of mind. Id.
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¶ 66 Here, the sole evidence of Brinkman’s motivation offered by the plaintiff was the 

evidence that Jaycees sometimes hugged one another in greeting. The plaintiff and Valicenti 

stated that they believed that such hugs advanced the purposes of the organization by showing 

that it was a friendly and welcoming group. However, neither of them testified that she herself,

when she hugged other Jaycees, was motivated by a desire to advance the interests of the 

Jaycees. To the contrary, they both testified that they hugged other Jaycees whom they knew 

well, and did not hug all Jaycees. Brophy testified similarly. The implication of this 

testimony is that the witnesses’ own motivation in hugging other Jaycees was personal: they 

wanted to express their closeness to particular people. Where an employee’s conduct is 

actuated by a personal purpose rather than a purpose to serve the employer, it is not within the 

scope of employment. Id. at 169-70; cf. Deloney v. Board of Education of Thornton Township, 

281 Ill. App. 3d 775, 783-86 (1996) (collecting cases expressing the general rule that acts of 

sexual misconduct are viewed as having been undertaken solely for the employee’s personal 

reasons). Moreover, even if there was testimony that some Jaycees intended to advance the 

defendant’s interests when they hugged other Jaycees, that testimony would do nothing to 

establish that Brinkman was himself motivated by a desire to serve the defendant when he 

hugged and picked up the plaintiff. 

¶ 67 The plaintiff argues that she was not required to call Brinkman as a witness in order to 

establish that his acts were motivated, at least in part, by a desire to serve the defendant. This is 

certainly true: intent or motivation can be proved by circumstantial evidence as well as direct 

evidence. People v. Lattimore, 2011 IL App (1st) 093238, ¶ 44. Here, however, the plaintiff 

presented no evidence, either circumstantial or direct, about Brinkman’s actual motivation for 

hugging and picking up the plaintiff. Her argument that, given the Jaycees’ interest in 

maintaining a welcoming and friendly environment, Brinkman could have been motivated by a 
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desire to serve the defendant is simply speculation. Speculation cannot take the place of 

evidence. Billman v. Frenzel Construction Co., 262 Ill. App. 3d 681, 687 (1993) (summary 

judgment proper where speculation would be necessary to establish element of plaintiff’s claim). 

¶ 68 In arguing that she presented a prima facie case on this requirement, the plaintiff cites to 

numerous cases decided before Bagent and Adames were issued. However, in addition to being 

distinguishable to the extent that they applied a different analysis instead of the three-part 

Restatement test, none of these cases discusses the third requirement at issue here: the 

employee’s own motivation for his or her conduct. Accordingly, the plaintiff’s reliance on 

them is misplaced.

¶ 69 Our conclusion that Brinkman’s conduct was not within the scope of his employment is 

bolstered by evidence that we believe was improperly excluded by the trial court—Valicenti’s 

testimony that, a few hours before the accident, she told Brinkman not to touch anyone at the 

Oktoberfest. The trial court barred the defendant from eliciting this testimony because it 

believed that allowing the testimony to come in would prejudice the plaintiff, given the court’s 

prior rulings barring evidence of Brinkman’s past misconduct. We think that the trial court 

erred in reaching this conclusion. 

¶ 70 “The basic rule is that all relevant evidence is admissible unless otherwise provided by 

law.” People v. Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d 314, 348 (1994). Relevant evidence is any evidence that 

tends to make the existence of any fact material to the determination of the case either more 

probable or less probable. People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368, 392 (2004). In Bagent, the 

supreme court made it clear that the type of evidence at issue here is relevant in determining 

whether vicarious liability should be imposed on an employer. Bagent, 224 Ill. 2d at 168, 170 

(that an employer forbade certain conduct is relevant to two requirements of the three-part test 

for vicarious liability: whether the employee’s wrongful act was the kind of act that he or she 
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was employed to perform, and whether the employee’s wrongful act was motivated by a desire to 

serve the employer). Thus, Valicenti’s testimony that she told Brinkman not to touch anyone 

on the night of the accident was unquestionably relevant to the vicarious liability analysis. The 

exclusion of this evidence seriously damaged the defendant’s ability to defend against the 

vicarious liability claim.

¶ 71 Moreover, the exclusion of this highly relevant evidence was not necessary to avoid 

unfair prejudice to the plaintiff. First, according to Valicenti’s deposition testimony, her 

instruction to Brinkman contained no express reference to any previous bad behavior by 

Brinkman: Valicenti simply told Brinkman not to touch anyone. The trial court could easily 

have permitted the introduction of this testimony without allowing inquiry into the reason for the 

instruction. It was not as if either party wanted or needed to introduce evidence of Brinkman’s 

past misconduct; the plaintiff herself had moved successfully to bar such evidence, and indeed 

such evidence was irrelevant to the elements of vicarious liability. Second, the plaintiff does 

not identify any way in which the admission of the testimony at issue would have unfairly 

prejudiced her. Cf. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d at 392 (a trial court may exclude evidence that is 

remote, uncertain, or unfairly prejudicial). Although the testimony would have strengthened 

the defendant’s case and damaged her own, this is a natural effect of relevant evidence, and is 

not in itself a reason to bar that evidence. Finally, the timing of the evidence would not have 

prejudiced the plaintiff. The defendant first asked to elicit this evidence during its 

cross-examination of Valicenti. As Valicenti was the plaintiff’s first witness, the plaintiff 

would have had ample opportunity to make her own case thereafter.

¶ 72 While we give proper deference to the trial court’s inherent power to control the 

presentation of evidence at trial, the exclusion of relevant evidence must rest on some legally 

sufficient ground. Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d at 348; see also People ex rel. Noren v. Dempsey, 10 Ill. 2d 
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288, 293 (1957) (“The basic principle that animates our law of evidence is that what is relevant is 

admissible. Exceptions to that principle must justify themselves.”). Here, no such legally 

sufficient basis for excluding the evidence has been identified. Thus, the trial court erred in 

excluding Valicenti’s testimony that she told Brinkman not to touch anyone. Had the evidence 

come in, it would have provided additional support for our conclusion that Brinkman’s conduct 

was not within the scope of his employment by the defendant.

¶ 73 In summary, the plaintiff failed to put forward a prima facie case for imposing vicarious 

liability on the defendant. Bagent, 224 Ill. 2d at 165 (all three requirements of the three-part 

test must be met in order to impose vicarious liability). A directed verdict or a judgment n.o.v.

may be granted to a defendant where the plaintiff has failed to make out a prima facie case; that 

is, the plaintiff has failed to present at least some evidence on every necessary element of his or 

her cause of action. Hemminger, 2014 IL App (3d) 120392, ¶ 17. As the plaintiff did not 

present evidence of either the first or the third requirement of the three-part test for vicarious 

liability, we find that the trial court erred in denying the defendant’s motions for a directed 

verdict and judgment n.o.v.

¶ 74 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 75 The judgment of the circuit court of McHenry County is reversed, and judgment is entered 

in favor of the defendant, the Crystal Lake Jaycees.

¶ 76 Reversed.