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06-1590-cv

Sealed Plaintiff v. Sealed Defendant #1

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

August Term, 2007

(Submitted: June 27, 2008 Decided: August 12, 2008)

Docket No. 06-1590-cv

SEALED PLAINTIFF,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

SEALED DEFENDANT #1, SEALED DEFENDANT #2, SEALED

DEFENDANT #3, SEALED DEFENDANT #4, SEALED

DEFENDANT #5, SEALED DEFENDANT #6, SEALED

DEFENDANT #7, SEALED DEFENDANT #8, and SEALED

DEFENDANT #9,

Defendants-Appellees.

Before: MINER, MCLAUGHLIN, and CABRANES, Circuit Judges.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New

York (Norman A. Mordue, Judge), dismissing sua sponte plaintiff’s pro se complaint for failure to file an

amended complaint in her actual name rather than a pseudonym and for other perceived pleading

deficiencies. We conclude that the District Court’s denial of plaintiff’s request to file under a

pseudonym was erroneous, as was its dismissal of the complaint. 

Vacated and Remanded.

Sealed Plaintiff, pro se.

Law Office of Sealed Defendant #1, for defendants-appellees.
 This action has been sealed by the District Court and by our Court. We unseal portions of the record only for 1

the limited purposes of this opinion and only insofar as the record is referenced in this opinion. The underlying record

in this action—both in this Court and in this District Court—remains under seal until such time as the applicable sealing

order is vacated.

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JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:

Sealed Plaintiff appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern

District of New York (Norman A. Mordue, Judge), dismissing sua sponte plaintiff’s pro se complaint for

failure to file an amended complaint in her actual name rather than a pseudonym and for other

perceived pleading deficiencies. This appeal presents questions of first impression for our Court: (1)

Under what circumstances may a plaintiff file a complaint using a pseudonym? and (2) What standard

governs our review of a district court’s decision to permit or deny a request to file under a pseudonym? 

As described in greater detail below, we hold that district courts must balance a plaintiff’s interest in

anonymity against both (a) the public interest in disclosure and (b) the potential prejudice to defendants

when determining whether to permit a plaintiff to proceed under a pseudonym. Because this balancing

necessarily entails an exercise of discretion, we review such determinations for abuse of discretion. In

the instant case, we conclude that the District Court, operating without the benefit of the guidance we

provide in herein, erred by denying plaintiff’s application to litigate under a pseudonym without first

balancing the relevant interests. We further conclude that the District Court did not construe plaintiff’s

pleadings in a manner consistent with the liberality afforded pro se litigants. Accordingly, the judgment

of the District Court is vacated, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

BACKGROUND1

Sealed Plaintiff commenced this pro se action against state and municipal government entities

and officers on October 5, 2005 under a “Jane Doe” pseudonym. Her complaint alleged, inter alia,
 Plaintiff had referenced this statute as a basis for filing under a pseudonym. 2

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physical and sexual assault in violation of her civil and constitutional rights, and she moved for a

preliminary injunction and an order granting discovery for the purpose of identifying certain “John

Doe” defendants. The District Court denied these motions in an Order dated October 24, 2005 and

instructed plaintiff, sua sponte, to file an amended complaint that used her real name rather than a “Jane

Doe” pseudonym. See Sealed Plaintiff v. Sealed Defendant #1, No. 05-CV-1266, dkt. no. 4 (“Order”), at

10-11 (N.D.N.Y. Oct. 24, 2005) (the “October 24 Order”). The grounds for the Court’s decision that

plaintiff could not press her claims under a pseudonym were (1) “[t]he Rape Shield Law in New York

does not provide for the use of pseudonyms,” (2) Rule 10(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 2

requires that “all the parties” be named in the title of the complaint, and (3) Rule 17(a) requires that the

“real party in interest” prosecute the action. Id. at 3. The District Court also ordered that, to survive

sua sponte dismissal, plaintiff’s amended complaint must (1) allege the personal involvement of two

defendants; (2) identify two “John Doe” defendants; (3) state a claim against the municipal defendant;

(4) plead conspiracy with a greater level of detail; and (5) comply with relevant formatting rules (for

example, the numbering of paragraphs). Id. at 3-8. The Court ordered that plaintiff must state in

numbered paragraphs: 

(i) the alleged act of misconduct; (ii) the date on which such misconduct occurred; (iii) the

names of each and every individual who participated in such misconduct; (iv) where

appropriate, the location where the alleged misconduct occurred; and (v) the nexus between

such misconduct and Plaintiff’s civil and/or constitutional rights.

Id. at 8. Failure to file an amended complaint that complied with these specifications within thirty days,

the Court warned, would result in the dismissal of the action. Id. at 11.

In a letter received by the District Court on November 9, 2005—two weeks after the October

24 Order—plaintiff described her attempts to comply with the Court’s instructions to identify the
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“John Doe” defendants and requested the assistance of the Court in connection with these efforts. See

Sealed Plaintiff, dkt. no. 5 (“Document Rejection Order”) (November 22, 2005). Magistrate Judge

Gustave J. Di Bianco, to whom the matter had been referred, responded thirteen days later in a letter

that “rejected” plaintiff’s pro se submission because (1) insofar as it constituted a motion for

reconsideration, the submission (a) failed to comply with Local Rules 7.1(a), requiring that a

memorandum of law and supporting affidavit accompany all motions, and (b) was untimely in any

event; and (2) it failed to comply with the requirement of Rule 11 that pro se litigants sign their

submissions to the Court. Id.

Within two weeks, plaintiff made a further submission to the District Court, which is not

formally part of the record in this case because it was “rejected and returned” by Magistrate Judge Di

Bianco rather than docketed and filed with the Court. Sealed Plaintiff, dkt. No. 6 (“Document Rejection

Order”), at 1 (November 30, 2005). In his order, the Magistrate Judge explained that this submission

was rejected because it “fail[ed] to comply with the [October 24] Order” directing plaintiff that in order

“to avoid dismissal of this action, [she] must file an Amended Complaint in which [she] state[s] [her]

real name and not a pseudonym.” Id. Magistrate Judge Di Bianco granted plaintiff forty-five days “to file an

Amended Complaint that fully complie[d] with Rules 8 and 10 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,

and the terms of the October 24, 2005 Order.” Id.

Three months passed, and plaintiff had not yet filed an amended complaint. On March 9, 2006,

the District Court dismissed the action without prejudice because of “[p]laintiff’s failure to comply with

the prior Orders of this Court and for her failure to file a viable pleading in this action.” Sealed Plaintiff,

dkt. no. 7 (“Decision and Order”), at 2. Judgment was entered on March 10, 2006, and plaintiff filed a

timely notice of appeal on March 27, 2006. At the same time, she also filed an application in the

District Court for a subpoena in an apparent effort to identify certain defendants, explaining that “the
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[d]efendants will not comply with identification in this case unless ordered to do so by court order, and

have in[]fact retaliated against the [p]laintiff for seeking out the name[s] of her assailants as the court

has wished.” Sealed Plaintiff, dkt. no. 10 (“Letter from Sealed Plaintiff”), at 1 (March 27, 2006). In

addition, she requested a restraining order protecting her from defendants’ alleged “terror campaign [in

retaliation] for speaking out and filing a complaint.” Sealed Plaintiff, dkt. no. 11 (“Notice/Request”), at 1

(March 27, 2006). The District Court denied these motions for lack of jurisdiction in light of the notice

of appeal.

DISCUSSION

This appeal raises questions of first impression for our Court: (1) Under what circumstances

may a plaintiff file a complaint using a pseudonym? and (2) What standard governs our review of a

District Court’s decision to permit or deny a request to file under a pseudonym? This appeal also

presents an occasion to emphasize the standards we have established for handling pro se

litigation—standards which appear to have been overlooked by the District Court in this case.

I. Plaintiff’s Use of a Pseudonym

Pursuant to Rule 10(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[t]he title of [a] complaint must

name all the parties.” This requirement, though seemingly pedestrian, serves the vital purpose of

facilitating public scrutiny of judicial proceedings and therefore cannot be set aside lightly. Certainly,

“[i]dentifying the parties to the proceeding is an important dimension of publicness. The people have a

right to know who is using their courts.” Doe v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield United, 112 F.3d 869, 872 (7th

Cir. 1997) (Posner, J.). Courts have nevertheless “carved out a limited number of exceptions to the

general requirement of disclosure [of the names of parties], which permit plaintiffs to proceed

anonymously.” Roe v. Aware Woman Ctr. for Choice, Inc., 253 F.3d 678, 685 (11th Cir. 2001). Indeed, we

have approved of litigating under a pseudonym in certain circumstances, see, e.g., Smith v. Edwards, 175
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F.3d 99, 99 n.1 (2d Cir. 1999) (“For the sake of the privacy of plaintiff’s child, pseudonyms for plaintiff

and his family are employed throughout this opinion.”), but we have not yet set forth the standard for

permitting a plaintiff to do so, see, e.g., Doe v. Menefee, 391 F.3d 147, 149 n.1 (2d Cir. 2004) (“We decline

to address the complex question of the applicable standards for litigating under a pseudonym under

these circumstances.”). Other Circuits have established such a standard, and several district courts in

this Circuit have recently grappled with this issue. Drawing on both the rules adopted by other Circuits

and the experience of the district courts of our Circuit, we now set forth the standard governing the use

of pseudonyms in civil litigation in our Circuit. 

The courts that have considered this issue have framed the relevant inquiry as a balancing test

that weighs the plaintiff’s need for anonymity against countervailing interests in full disclosure. In

Aware Woman Center, the Eleventh Circuit explained that the “ultimate test for permitting a plaintiff to

proceed anonymously is whether the plaintiff has a substantial privacy right which outweighs the

customary and constitutionally-embedded presumption of openness in judicial proceedings.” 253 F.3d

at 685 (internal quotation marks omitted). Likewise, the Tenth Circuit “weigh[s] the plaintiff’s claimed

right to privacy against the countervailing public interest in [open proceedings],” M.M. v. Zavaras, 139

F.3d 798, 803 (10th Cir. 1998), as does the Fifth Circuit, see Doe v. Stegall, 653 F.2d 180, 186 (5th Cir.

Unit A Aug. 1981) (discussing “the balance pitting privacy concerns against the presumption of

openness of judicial proceedings”). Similarly, the Ninth Circuit has held that “a party may preserve his

or her anonymity in judicial proceedings in special circumstances when the party’s need for anonymity

outweighs [1] prejudice to the opposing party and [2] the public’s interest in knowing the party’s

identity.” Does I Thru XXIII v. Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d 1058, 1068 (9th Cir. 2000). Variations of

the Ninth Circuit’s formulation have been adopted previously by district courts in our Circuit. See, e.g.,

Doe v. Del Rio, 241 F.R.D. 154, 157 (S.D.N.Y. 2006); EW v. N.Y. Blood Ctr., 213 F.R.D. 108, 110
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(E.D.N.Y. 2003). We agree that the interests of both the public and the opposing party should be

considered when determining whether to grant an application to proceed under a pseudonym.

Accordingly, we endorse the Ninth Circuit’s formulation and hold that when determining whether a

plaintiff may be allowed to maintain an action under a pseudonym, the plaintiff’s interest in anonymity

must be balanced against both the public interest in disclosure and any prejudice to the defendant.

This balancing of interests entails the consideration of several factors that have been identified

by our sister Circuits and the district courts in this Circuit. We note with approval the following

factors, with the caution that this list is non-exhaustive and district courts should take into account

other factors relevant to the particular case under consideration: (1) whether the litigation involves

matters that are “highly sensitive and [of a] personal nature,” Zavaras, 139 F.3d at 803; see also James v.

Jacobson, 6 F.3d 233, 238 (4th Cir. 1993); Doe v. Frank, 951 F.2d 320, 323 (11th Cir. 1992); (2) “whether

identification poses a risk of retaliatory physical or mental harm to the . . . party [seeking to proceed

anonymously] or even more critically, to innocent non-parties,” Jacobson, 6 F.3d at 238; see also Zavaras,

139 F.3d at 803; Doe v. Shakur, 164 F.R.D. 359, 361 (S.D.N.Y. 1996); (3) whether identification presents

other harms and the likely severity of those harms, see Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d at 1068, including

whether “the injury litigated against would be incurred as a result of the disclosure of the plaintiff’s

identity,” Zavaras, 139 F.3d at 803; (4) whether the plaintiff is particularly vulnerable to the possible

harms of disclosure, see Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d at 1068, particularly in light of his age, see

Jacobson, 6 F.3d at 238; see also Del Rio, 241 F.R.D. at 157; (5) whether the suit is challenging the actions

of the government or that of private parties, see Jacobson, 6 F.3d at 238; Frank, 951 F.2d at 323; (6)

whether the defendant is prejudiced by allowing the plaintiff to press his claims anonymously, whether

the nature of that prejudice (if any) differs at any particular stage of the litigation, and whether any

prejudice can be mitigated by the district court, see Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d at 1068; (7) whether
 The District Court also relied on the requirement of Rule 17(a) that the “real party in interest” prosecute the 3

action. It is unclear how the use of a pseudonym conflicts with this requirement. See Doe v. Del Rio, 241 F.R.D. 154, 156

(S.D.N.Y. 2006) (“The . . . reference [in Rule 17(a)] to the ‘name’ of the real party in interest does not concern the formal

requirements of captioning, which are governed by Rule 10(a), but rather ensures that the suing party possess the

substantive right being asserted, thus protecting defendants against indiscriminate litigation by those lacking a real

interest.” (citing 6A Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 1541 at 321-22 (2d ed. 1990))). 

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the plaintiff’s identity has thus far been kept confidential, see Del Rio, 241 F.R.D. at 157; (8) whether the

public’s interest in the litigation is furthered by requiring the plaintiff to disclose his identity, see

Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d at 1068; (9) “whether, because of the purely legal nature of the issues

presented or otherwise, there is an atypically weak public interest in knowing the litigants’ identities,”

Del Rio, 241 F.R.D. at 157; and (10) whether there are any alternative mechanisms for protecting the

confidentiality of the plaintiff, cf. Aware Woman Ctr., 253 F.3d at 687.

Because this factor-driven balancing inquiry requires a district court to exercise its discretion in

the course of weighing competing interests, see, e.g., Jacobson, 6 F.3d at 239 (“[T]he judicial recognition of

such factors [serves] as [a] guide[] to [the] proper exercise of discretion.”), our review of a district

court’s decision to grant or deny an application to litigate under a pseudonym is for abuse of discretion.

 See Aware Woman Ctr., 253 F.3d at 684 (reviewing a motion to proceed anonymously for abuse of

discretion); Zavaras, 139 F.3d at 802; Frank, 951 F.2d at 323. A district court abuses its discretion when

“(1) its decision rests on an error of law (such as application of the wrong legal principle) or a clearly

erroneous factual finding, or (2) its decision—though not necessarily the product of a legal error or a

clearly erroneous factual finding—cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Zervos

v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 252 F.3d 163, 169 (2d Cir. 2001) (footnotes omitted). 

In this case, the District Court’s decision rests on just such an error of law. The District Court

appears to have believed itself strictly bound by the requirement of Rule 10(a) that the title of a

complaint include the names of “all the parties,” see October 24 Order at 3, and did not balance 3

plaintiff’s interest in proceeding anonymously against the interests of defendants and the public. In
 Of course, a district court is not required to list each of the factors or use any particular formulation as long as

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it is clear that the court balanced the interests at stake in reaching its conclusion.

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other words, it did not apply the correct legal standard to determine whether plaintiff’s application to

proceed under a pseudonym should be granted or denied. The decision of the District Court was 4

therefore the product of legal error. See Zevros, 252 F.3d at 169. Accordingly, we vacate the October 24

Order insofar as it denied plaintiff’s application to prosecute her claims under a pseudonym.

II. Construction of Pro Se Pleadings

On occasions too numerous to count, we have reminded district courts that “when [a] plaintiff

proceeds pro se, . . . a court is obliged to construe his pleadings liberally.” McEachin v. McGuinnis, 357

F.3d 197, 200 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Weinstein v. Albright, 261 F.3d 127, 132 (2d Cir. 2001)). This

obligation entails, at the very least, a permissive application of the rules governing the form of

pleadings. As the Supreme Court has recently observed, “a pro se complaint, however inartfully pleaded,

must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus,

__ U.S. __, 127 S. Ct. 2197, 2200 (2007) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted). This is

particularly so when the pro se plaintiff alleges that her civil rights have been violated. See McEachin, 357

F.3d at 200. Accordingly, the “dismissal of a pro se claim as insufficiently pleaded is appropriate only in

the most unsustainable of cases.” Boykin v. Keycorp, 521 F.3d 202, 216 (2d Cir. 2008).

The District Court, in its evaluation of plaintiff’s pro se complaint, failed to apply these

directives. As described above, the District Court instructed plaintiff to file an amended complaint that

(1) alleged the personal involvement of two defendants; (2) identified two “John Doe” defendants; (3)

stated a claim against the municipal defendant; (4) pleaded conspiracy with the requisite level of detail;

and (5) complied with the relevant formatting rules. See October 24 Order at 4-8. Failure to do so, the

District Court warned, would result in the sua sponte dismissal of the action. See id. at 11. We believe it
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was inappropriate for the District Court to threaten dismissal of all of plaintiff’s claims against all of the

defendants based on pleading deficiencies relating only to some of the defendants and the complaint’s

deviation from the relevant formatting rules. In light of the nature of plaintiff’s claims—including

physical and sexual assault—the District Court should have afforded plaintiff wider latitude in pressing

her claims.

Likewise, it was error for the District Court to issue specific instructions mandating the content

and format of the putative amended complaint. As described above, the District Court ordered

plaintiff to file a complaint that stated in numbered paragraphs: 

(i) the alleged act of misconduct; (ii) the date on which such misconduct occurred; (iii) the

names of each and every individual who participated in such misconduct; (iv) where

appropriate, the location where the alleged misconduct occurred; and (v) the nexus between

such misconduct and Plaintiff's civil and/or constitutional rights.

October 24 Order at 8. We see nothing wrong with the suggestion that, as a matter of “best practices”

or general guidance offered to all pro se litigants, plaintiffs should be asked to organize their complaints

along these lines. Regardless of the best intentions of the District Court to organize a court file to

facilitate prompt and effective review of plaintiff’s claims, a threat to dismiss the action for failure to

comply with these requirements is another matter altogether. Neither our rules nor our precedents

authorize a district court to take such a step. As the Supreme Court has observed, “Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader

is entitled to relief. Specific facts are not necessary; the statement need only give the defendant fair

notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Erickson, 127 S. Ct. at 2200 (internal

quotation marks and alteration omitted). Accordingly, a complaint need not contain detailed factual

allegations—such as the dates of misconduct and the names of “each and every individual” involved in

the misconduct that the District Court required plaintiff to provide in the amended complaint. There

was no basis for the imposition of such mandatory guidelines.
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Equally inappropriate, in our view, was the Magistrate Judge’s decision to “reject and return”

plaintiff’s two submissions of November 2005. It is clear from the first submission, a copy of which is

part of the record, that plaintiff sought assistance with identifying the “John Doe” defendants, as she

was required to do by the District Court’s October 24 Order. Construed liberally, this submission

constituted a request for a discovery order or, at the very least, a conference of the parties to facilitate

the identification of certain defendants. See, e.g., Sanders v. Doe, No. 05 Civ. 7005 (RJS), 2008 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 40515, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 2008) (In a pro se action, the district court ordered the “plaintiff

to provide the NYPD with information to facilitate the identification of the John Doe Defendants” and

“required that defense counsel make its best efforts to identify the John Doe Defendants in this case.”

(internal quotation marks omitted)). The Magistrate Judge’s rejection of the submission as an untimely

motion for reconsideration is inconsistent with the requirement that pro se pleadings be read liberally. 

Turning to plaintiff’s second submission, we have no ability to discern its contents because a copy of

the pleading was not made part of the record in this case. Hence an additional flaw of the “reject and

return” policy adopted by the Magistrate Judge is that a reviewing court has no ability to determine

what relief the pro se litigant sought from the district court and therefore is unable to determine whether

the matter was resolved properly. The better course is for pro se submissions to be docketed and filed

so that they appear in the record of the case. See, e.g., Lombardo v. Holanchock, No. 07 Civ. 8674 (DLC),

2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48753, at *2 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. June 25, 2008). If the submissions are deficient, that

matter can be addressed through an order or letter of the district court or the magistrate judge. In light

of the incomplete record here, we have no basis to determine whether the actions of the Magistrate

Judge—intended, no doubt, to assist plaintiff in the formulation of her claims and to facilitate the

progress of this action—were warranted.
 In light of the vacatur of that portion of the Order denying plaintiff’s application to file under a pseudonym 5

(see Part I), the Order of October 24, 2005 is vacated in its entirety.

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For these reasons, we vacate the District Court’s October 24 Order insofar as it held plaintiff to

a pleading standard inconsistent with that applicable to pro se litigants. Likewise, we vacate the District 5

Court’s Order dated March 9, 2006 and the judgment entered on March 10, 2006, dismissing plaintiff’s

complaint for failure to comply with the October 24 Order. 

CONCLUSION

Because the District Court, lacking the benefit of the guidance set forth herein, (1) denied

plaintiff’s request to litigate this action under a pseudonym without first balancing plaintiff’s interest in

anonymity against the public interest in disclosure and prejudice to defendants, and (2) subjected

plaintiff’s pleadings to a standard far stricter than that applicable to pro se litigants, we VACATE the

District Court’s Order of October 24, 2005. We also VACATE the District Court’s Order of March 9,

2006 and the judgment entered on March 10, 2006, dismissing plaintiff’s complaint sua sponte for failure

to comply with the October 24, 2005 Order. We REMAND the cause for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion. In light of the serious nature of the claims pressed in this action, we

encourage the district court to consider whether the appointment of pro bono counsel pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1) is warranted. The mandate shall issue forthwith, and jurisdiction shall be returned

to this Court, pursuant to United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 21-22 (2d Cir. 1994), upon a letter request

from any party. Upon such a restoration of jurisdiction, the matter is to be referred to this panel.