UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

OFFICE OF 

PREVENTION, PESTICIDES

AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES

May 20, 2009

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: Amendment to the New Oilseed Crop Group 20 (40 CFR § 180.41 (c) to 

Add Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) as a New Member of the Crop 

Group for ChemSAC Review. MRID 467896-01.

FROM: Bernard A. Schneider, Ph.D., Senior Plant Physiologist

Chemistry and Exposure Branch 

Health Effects Division (7509P) 

THROUGH: William Donovan, Ph.D., Chairperson

HED Chemistry Science Advisory Council (ChemSAC)

Health Effects Division (7509P) 

Jennifer Selwyn, PMRA

Rame Cromwell, FEAD (7506P)

TO: Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer

Risk Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency Response Branch 

(RIMUERB) 

Registration Division (7505P)

BACKGROUND AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

It was brought to our attention in the USDA IR-4 ChemSAC Proposal for SMetolachlor and Diquat Bromide Use in Calendula officinalis for Nonfood Use Seed 
2

Production, May 5, 2009 that Calendula would be an appropriate crop to add to the 

ChemSAC approved Oilseed crop group 20 (January 12, 2007). The Federal Register 

Notice is being prepared to codify the Oilseed crop group. The timing is optimal for 

approving Calendula to be a member of the Oilseed crop group. The oilseed crop group 

not only will provide a benefit to our growers but also provides commodities that not 

only have beneficial edible food and feed items, nutritional and medicinal uses, cosmetic 

and industrial uses in paints, etc but an opportunity to develop oilseeds as biofuels to 

benefit U.S. and Canada alternatives to fossil fuels.

I will discuss the Calendula crop and why I recommend that it would be a good 

addition to the Oilseed crop group. I have added information from Kathryn Homa’s well 

documented report and references, and input and documents from Neal Boughton, 

Director of Agronomy for Technology Crops Ltd., based in Winston-Salem, North 

Carolina. In addition references from the USDA Agricola and CRIS database are 

included. Also a separate presentation modified from Neal Boughton is provided in a 

separate PowerPoint presentation. 

HED Recommendation for Proposal to Add Calendula to the Oilseed Crop Group:

I recommend ChemSAC concur to add Calendula to the Oilseed Crop Group and 

the Sunflower subgroup 20-09B based on its similarities in cultural practices, 

geographical location, pest problems, oil uses, and similarities to other members of the 

oilseed group. 

ABBREVIATED ANALYSIS:

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROPOSED COMMODITY:

Calendula is an annual flower that originated in southern Europe and the Eastern 

Mediterranean area. Currently, this plant is widely grown in the United States mostly as 

an ornamental flower and is grown in USDA Plant hardiness zones 2 – 9. 

Calendula is a member of the Asteraceae family which includes the following 

oilseeds: Sunflower, safflower, stokes aster, Niger seed, and vernonia. 

The exposure of the crop to pesticides would be similar to sunflower, since the 

flowers and seed heads are exposed. The other members of the Sunflower subgroup 20B 

are based on whether the seeds are partially exposed to pesticides applied during the 

growing season. The members of this subgroup include:

Castor oil plant, Chinese tallowtree, Euphorbia, Evening primrose, Jojoba, Niger seed, Rose 

hip, Safflower, Stokes aster, Sunflower, Tallowwood, Tea oil plant, and Vernonia. 

Utilization of all these oilseed crops is similar in that they are grown for their oil, 

seed and meal. Calendula has potential for industrial uses and for edible refined oil. For 
3

now most of the work is being conducted on Calendula as a replacement for tung oil 

which is a paint additive. 

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CALENDULA

Calendula growth stages are very similar to the sunflower (See Table 4 Selected 

Growth Stages of Sunflower Using BBCH Identification Codes in Schneider, B. A. 2007. 

Crop Grouping Part IV Oilseed Crop Group Analysis, MRID 467896-01, January 8). 

Days to first flower vary from 50 – 75 days. Flowering starts middle of June and flowers 

vary from 1.5 – 3.5 cm. Flowers may be orange or yellow. The plant reaches 40 to 85 

cm tall during the season. The seeds will ripen in early August with harvesting from 

August 1 – 15. In Canada research trials in prairie areas had calendula flowering at 51 –

75 days and maturing at 144 days and mean seed yields of 216 kg/ha and harvesting from 

August – early September. Average calendic acid content of the seed is 45 – 50 % under 

dryland conditions. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DISRTIBUTION OF CALENDULA:

Calendula is widely adapted to areas of the U.S since it has ornamental uses and has 

been grown for many years. It has been widely research and developed as an industrial 

oilseed in many European countries, funded by National Governments and the European 

Union, to support and develop new oil crop species. Canada has also researched this crop 

and it is being grown in Montana and Canada. Requirement limiting oilseed production 

is being near an oilseed processing facility. Due to the success of Calendula in Europe, 

contract production of Calendula is beginning in the United States and Canada. 

Currently, Technology Crops Ltd, a company that contracts the growing of many

specialty oil crops including high oleic sunflowers and high erucic acid rapeseed, is 

looking to contract the production of Calendula in the state of Minnesota. 

CALENDULA CULTURAL PRACTICES AND CROP ROTATIONS:

Calendula should be planted when soil temperatures are > 46° F and the seeds

germinate rapidly. It can be planted as part of a no-till or conventional till system at 1⁄2 -

3⁄4 inch deep and row widths similar to cereals with 6 – 7 plants per sq. ft. Seeds are 

planted with a grain drill at rate of 7 – 12 kg/ha and a plant population of 40 – 60 

plants/m3. The rows are 12 – 25 cm wide but can vary up to 50 cm. 

The soil needs to be a sandy loam to medium clays soil with the following climatic 

factors:

 Average minimum temperature 45 - 55 F

Average maximum temperature 60 - 76 F

Average rainfall of 11/2 to 2 inches/month

Calendula has a higher frost tolerance than flax.
4

CROP ROTATION SYSTEMS:

Calendula can be in a crop rotation system with cereals grains, soybeans, or 

fallow.

CALENDULA PEST PROBLEMS:

Very similar to other oilseed members of the Asteraceae family including annual 

grasses and broadleaf weeds that reduce yields and prevent proper growth and can 

contribute to seed contamination at harvest. Plant diseases such as powdery mildew, 

Botrytis and Sclerotinia are a problem as well as aster yellows. Insects such moth larvae 

(Heliothis), cabbage loppers, and blister beetles have sometimes been a problem as well 

as the soybean cyst nematode.

CALENDULA HARVESTING AND PROCESSING:

Another major constraint in maximizing Calendula oilseed production occurs at 

harvest time. Due to variations in Calendula seed maturity, harvesting for oilseed 

production is quite difficult. Many growers face a situation where some seeds have 

reached maturity, while other seeds remain immature. Waiting for all seeds in the field to 

dry can lead to seed shedding and a significant reduction in yield. In order to harvest the 

oilseed properly, the use of a desiccant prior to combining was shown to result in less 

seed loss compared to windrowing. Use of a desiccant may solve the harvesting 

problems. Like all oilseeds it needs to be stored at 9 % moisture. Yields may vary from 

0.7 – 9 T/ha at 91 % DM and oil percent will vary from 14.2 – 19.2%. The crop needs to 

be swathed at present due to lack of chemical desiccant approvals when 80 % of seed 

heads are brown and with a combine. Mechanical harvesting is used for all the oilseed 

crops including calendula, none are hand harvested, and grain combines are adapted to 

planting and harvesting.

COMPARISON OF POTENTIAL RESIDUE LEVELS:

Magness, Markle, and Compton in 1971 classified food and feed crops based on 

predicting the potential for pesticide residues based on exposure of the edible parts to 

applied pesticides, which led to the development of the crop groups. The oilseeds were 

classified in the Edible Food Oil Crop Category I and II. Category I and II includes the 

food oil crops in which the source of oil is the seeds. Category I include oilseeds that 

have the seed protected in a pod like canola. Category II oil crops have the seeds 

partially exposed during development and include sunflower and safflower, and 

calendula is similar to this category, so all would be members of the Sunflower subgroup 

20B with sunflower as the representative commodity. One would expect pesticide 

residues to be similar in most of the members of the oilseed crop group, and distinct 

oilseed crop subgroups may be based on potential of residue to be deposited on the seed. 
5

CALENDULA OIL USES:

Calendula oil can be used for medicinal purpose, dyes, and food purposes 

including garnishes, butters, flavorings and colorings, and it has recently gained 

popularity as an oilseed crop for industrial use. Research in the last ten years in Europe 

has shown that calendula offers the most immediate prospect of commercialization of 

many oilseeds and can be used in a number of valuable non-food use products including 

paints, coatings and some industrial nylon products. It can also be used as a replacement 

for Tung oil which has to be imported and is expensive and getting harder to obtain. 

Calendula oil, which makes up 40 to 46% of the seed, contains 50 - 55% highly 

conjugated calendic acid (octadeca-8,10:12-trienoic acid) and 28 - 30% non-conjugated 

linoenic acid. It has been discovered that the calendic fatty acid in this plant is the “most 

rapidly oxidized fatty acid known in nature and has an extensive number of applications 

in the plastics, paints and coatings industries” Tung oil, which contains high levels of 

polyunsaturated fatty acids, currently serves as the reactive component in fast drying 

paints. Used widely in Europe in paints and inks, “5,000 tons of tung oil is imported 

annually into the UK from China and South America at prices between $1,200 and 

$2,300” It has been found that Calendula oil may be able to replace the “erratic” supply

of tung oil in the future. Calendula is also important in the oil-based paint industry, as it 

is a “diluents of white spirit, the volatile drying component that may soon be limited by

legislation as it releases volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere” Replacing 

these harmful compounds in paints and inks with calendula oil-based paints can result in 

less ground-level ozone levels and smog. 

OTHER HED CONSIDERATIONS FOR CALENDULA:

CHANGES TO EPA DATABASES:

The proposed new Oilseed Crop Group 20 will affect the need to update many

Risk Assessment Models, Residue Chemistry Guidelines, OPP databases, and/or HED 

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP).

HED SOP 2000.1 – “Guidance for Translation of Field Trial Data from 

Representative Commodities in the Crop Group Regulation to Other Commodities in 

Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued September 12, 2000.

There is no guidance in the SOP for the new Oilseed crop group, so the following 

guidance for translation of the representative commodities to other members of the 

subgroup will be provided below:

The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative commodities 

to other commodities in the Sunflower subgroup 20B would be as follows:
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Crop Subgroup 20B: Sunflower subgroup

Representative Commodity: Sunflower

SUBGROUP COMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

Calendula Sunflower

Castor oil plant Sunflower

Chinese tallowtree Sunflower

Euphorbia Sunflower

Evening primrose Sunflower

Jojoba Sunflower

Niger seed Sunflower

Rose hip Sunflower

Safflower Sunflower

Stokes aster Sunflower

Sunflower Sunflower

Tallowwood Sunflower

Tea oil plant Sunflower

Vernonia Sunflower

________________________________________________________________________

(5) Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database for the Oilseed Crop 

Group, prepared by Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider, June 2006, are shown in Table 24 

below:

Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database. 

Oilseed Crop Group. Prepared by Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider. June 2006. 

Commodity % Dry Matter

Calendula, seed 91.0

Rapeseed, seed 90.0, 91.0, 92.0

Rapeseed, meal 88.0, 90.0

Rapeseed, forage 30.0

Safflower, seed 93.0, 94.0, 94.3

Safflower, meal 91.0, 92.0

Safflower, refined oil 0.0

Sunflower, seed 93.0, 95.0

Sunflower, meal 92.0

Sunflower, refined oil 0.0
7

CODEX CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES AND EPA FOOD 

AND FEED COMMODITY VOCABULARY:

Calendula is not in the Oilseed crop group for Codex. The ICGCC will submit 

calendula to be added to the Codex crop 23. Codex has marigold flowers HH 737 herbs 

and spices same scientific names. The US also has the same scientific name for marigold 

in the Herb and Spice group 19. The genus Tagetes contains most of the marigolds used 

for its petals in poultry feed. The oilseed Calendula will not be used for poultry feed.

TOLERANCE EXPRESSION GUIDANCE:

Until the Federal Register Notice is issued revising the Crop Group Regulation to 

establish the new Oilseed Crop Group 20 with three Crop subgroups the commodities 

approved for the crop group and subgroups will have to be listed as separate commodities 

at the same tolerance level. This also applied to the new Crop subgroups, the individual 

commodities will have to be listed separately with each at the same tolerance level. The 

ChemSAC approved crop group is sent to the Risk Integration, Minor Use, and 

Emergency Response Branch (RIMUERB) of the Registration Division can immediately

implement the new Crop Group and Crop Subgroups with new tolerance expressions

located in the Section F submissions. The tolerance expression examples will provide an 

expedited way to establish tolerances in or on oilseed crops, especially for new reduced 

risk pesticides, without requiring additional residue data for all the crops noted. This will 

create a practice in the United States which is already formalized in Canada and promote 

international harmonization. Several tolerance expression examples for guidance 

purposes for use by RIMUERB and HED reviewers will be listed below:

Example 1: How will the Crop group and subgroups appear in the Federal 

Register for the proposed crop group regulation [40CFR 180.41(c)]? This example is for 

the Field and External Affairs Division (FEAD) use in preparing the new Federal 

Register Regulation. The example follows the same format as the current Crop Grouping 

Regulation Federal Register Notice (FR 60, No.95, 5/17/95, 26626-26643). 

Answer to Example 1:

“Crop Group 20: Oilseed Crop Group.

(i) Representative commodities. Rapeseed, canola varieties only;

sunflower, and cottonseed, undelinted seed. 

(ii) Table. The following Table 1 lists all the commodities listed in Crop 

Group 20 and identifies the related crop subgroups and includes cultivars, hybrids, and/or 

varieties of these commodities.
8

TABLE 1 -Crop Group 20: Oilseed Crop Group

Commodities Related crop 

subgroups

Borage, Borago officinalis (L.) 20A

Calendula, Calendula officinalis L. 20B

Castor oil plant, Ricinus communis (L.) 20B

Chinese tallowtree, Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 20B

Cottonseed, Gossypium spp.L. 20C

Crambe, Crambe hispanica L.; Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. 

Fr.

20A

Cuphea, Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth 20A

Echium, Echium plantagineum L 20A

Euphorbia, Euphorbia esula L. 20B

Evening primrose, Oenothera biennis (L.) 20B

Flax seed, Linum usitatissimum L. 20A

Gold of pleasure, Camelina sativa L. Crantz 20A

Hare's ear mustard, Conringia orientalis Dumort. 20A

Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid. 20B

Lesquerella, Lesquerella recurvata (Engelm. ex A. Gray) S. 

Watson

20A

Lunaria, Lunaria annua L. 20A

Meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba Hartw. Ex Benth. 20A

Milkweed, Asclepias spp. L. 20A

Mustard seed, Brassica hirta, spp. 20A

Niger seed, Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. 20B

Oil radish, Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis Pers 20A

Poppy seed, Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum 20A

Rapeseed, Brassica spp.; Brassica napus L. 20A

Rose hip, Rosa rubiginosa L. 20B

Safflower, Carthamus tinctorious L. 20B

Sesame, Sesamum indicum L.; Sesamum radiatum Schumach. & 

Thonn.

20A

Stokes aster, Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene 20B

Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. 20B

Sweet rocket, Hesperis matronalis L. 20A

Tallowwood, Ximenia americana L. 20B

Tea oil plant, Camellia oleifera C. Abel 20B

Vernonia, Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less. 20B

(iii) Table. The following Table 2 identifies the crop subgroups for Crop Group 20, 

specifies the representative commodities for each subgroup and lists all the 

commodities included in each subgroup.

TABLE 2 -Crop Group 20: Subgroup Listing
9

Representative commodities Commodities

Subgroup 20A: Rapeseed subgroup.

Rapeseed, canola varieties only.

Borage, Crambe, Cuphea, Echium, Flax seed, 

Gold of pleasure, Hare's ear mustard, 

Lesquerella, Lunaria, Meadowfoam, Milkweed, 

Mustard seed, Oil radish, Poppy seed, 

Rapeseed, Sesame, Sweet rocket, cultivars 

and/or hybrids of these. 

Subgroup 20B: Sunflower.

Sunflower.

Calendula, Castor oil plant, Chinese 

tallowtree, Euphorbia, Evening 

primrose/common, Jojoba, Niger seed, Rose 

hip, Safflower, Stokes aster, Sunflower, 

Tallowwood, Tea oil plant, Vernonia.

Subgroup 20C: Cottonseed subgroup.

Cotton, undelinted seed.

Cottonseed

Example 2: How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until the 

Federal Register Notice is final for the Oilseed crop group 20, for example at a tolerance 

level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and 

Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables. All the new proposed 

commodities will have to be listed separately from the crop group tolerance and at the 

same level as the crop group.

Answer to Example 2:

Commodity Parts per million (ppm)

Borage, seed 1.5

Calendula, seed 1.5

Castor oil plant, seed 1.5

Chinese tallowtree, seed 1.5

Cotton, undelinted seed 1.5

Crambe, seed 1.5

Cuphea, seed 1.5

Echium, seed 1.5

Euphorbia, seed 1.5

Evening primrose, seed 1.5

Flax, seed 1.5

Gold of pleasure, seed 1.5

Hare's ear mustard, seed 1.5

Jojoba, seed 1.5

Lesquerella, seed 1.5

Lunaria, seed 1.5

Meadowfoam, seed 1.5

Milkweed, seed 1.5

Mustard, seed 1.5

Niger seed, seed 1.5

Oil radish, seed 1.5
10

Commodity Parts per million (ppm)

Poppy, seed 1.5

Rapeseed, seed 1.5

Rose hip, seed 1.5

Safflower, seed 1.5

Sesame, seed 1.5

Stokes aster, seed 1.5

Sunflower, seed 1.5

Sweet rocket, seed 1.5

Tallowwood, seed 1.5

Tea oil plant, seed 1.5

Vernonia, seed 1.5

Cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

Example 3: How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until the 

Federal Register Notice is final for the Sunflower subgroup 20B, for example at a 

tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division 

(RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables.

Answer to Example 3 for the Sunflower subgroup 20B:

Commodity Parts per million (ppm)

Calendula, seed 1.5

Castor oil plant, seed 1.5

Chinese tallowtree, seed 1.5

Euphorbia, seed 1.5

Evening primrose, seed 1.5

Jojoba, seed 1.5

Niger seed, seed 1.5

Rose hip, seed 1.5

Safflower, seed 1.5

Stokes aster, seed 1.5

Sunflower, seed 1.5

Tallowwood, seed 1.5

Tea oil plant, seed 1.5

Vernonia, seed 1.5

Cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

REFERENCES:

USDA CRIS PROJECTS:

1. PROJ NO: ND03500. 2008. INVESTIGATOR: Johnson, B. L. 
11

PERFORMING INSTITUTION:

PLANT SCIENCES 

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV 

FARGO, NORTH DAKOTA 58105 

PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOR SUNFLOWER, ALTERNATIVE, AND NEW AGRONOMIC AND 

HORTICULTURAL CROPS

Producers will benefit from improved production practices that generate higher yields and greater profits. 

This will be realized with sunflower, alternative, and new agronomic and horticultural crops grown in 

North Dakota and the northern Great Plains. 

2. PROJ NO: ND06346 2005. INVESTIGATOR: Halvorson, M. 

PERFORMING INSTITUTION:

NORTH CENTRAL RESEARCH EXTENSION CTR 

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV 

FARGO, NORTH DAKOTA 58105 

CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR UNIQUE OILSEED AND LEGUME CROPS FOR THE NC 

REGION OF NORTH DAKOTA

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: No information on best management practices for new alternative crops 

and soybeans exists for this area of North Dakota. This project will determine the best seeding dates for 

borage, camelina, and calendula. We will also determine the best row spacing, seeding rate, and tillage 

system for soybean production in western North Dakota. 

OBJECTIVES: Determine the effects of seeding date on character expression and performance of borage, 

calendula, and camelina in North Dakota. Determine the effect of swathing time on seed shatter and yield 

of borage. Determine the effect of row spacing, population and tillage system on the performance of 

soybeans. 

APPROACH: Will research five seeding dates to determine the best seeding date for borage, camelina, and 

calendula. The seeding dates will range from May 1 to June 15 

3. PROJ NO: MONB00804. 2007. INVESTIGATOR: Callan, N. W. 

PERFORMING INSTITUTION:

WESTERN AGRI RES CENTER 

MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 

BOZEMAN, MONTANA 59717 

HORTICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION

Many small-to-medium sized Montana agricultural producers are turning to high-value essential oil crops 

and medicinal and culinary herbs to diversify their farming operations and increase income in the face of 

declining returns for traditional commodities. There is currently little information available regarding 

cultural practices for specialty crops grown in Montana's climate. The purpose of this research is to provide 

agricultural producers with information about production practices for specialty crops in Montana. 

Biological plant disease control is emphasized. 
12

Other References:

1. Homa, Kathryn. 2009. IR-4 ChemSAC Proposal: S- Metolachlor and Diquat Dibromide Use in 

Calendula officinalis for Non-food Use Seed Production. USDA IR-4. May.

2. Froment, M., D. Masterbroek, and K. Van Gorp. 2008. A Growers Manual for Calendula officinalis L. 

9pp. ADAS Bridge Research Centre, UK, Wetherlund Royal CEBECO Group Plant Research Institute. 

Netherlands. 

3. Rose, J. 2009. Aromatic Plant Project. San Francisco, CA. 

(http://www.aromaticplantproject.com/marigold).

4. Kalvatcher, Z., R. Walder, and D. Gazaro. 1997. Anti HIV extracts from Calendula officinalis. 

Biomedical & Pharmacotherapy 51(4). 

5. Calendula 2009. http://www.ienica.net/crops/calendula.htm

6. Re, T., D. Moony, E. Antignac, E. Dufour, I. Bark, V. Srinivasan, and G. Nohynek. 2009. Food and

Chemistry In Press. 

7. Dyer, T., S. Stymer, A. Green, and A. Carlson. 2008. High Value Oils from Plants. Plant J. 54(4): 640-

655. 

8. Okoh, O., A. Sadienenho, and A. Afolayon. 2007. The Effect of Age on Yield and Composition of the 

Essential Oils. Calendula officinalis. J. Applied Sciences. 7(23): 3806 - 3010

9. Sinkard, A., R. Wilen, B. Barl, and M. Bandara. 2001. Evaluation of Calendula s an Industrial Oilseed 

Crop. University of Saskatchewan Agricultural Development Fund Final Report 19980314. ADF Project 

98000314-Res.65 BW. 16 pp. 

10. Van Soest, L. 1993. New Crop Development in Europe. Pages 30 – 38 In J. Janick and J. Simon. New 

Crops> Wiley, NY. 

11. Schumacher, J. 2006. Montana Oilseed Markets: Historical Price and Production Statistics. Agricultural 

Marketing Policy Paper No. 19. Montana State University November.

12. Richter, C. 2007. Commercial calendula Cultivation. Aromatic Plant Project. San Francisco, CA.

13. Dyer, J. and R. Mullen. 2005. Development and Potential of Genetically Engineered Oilseeds. Seed 

Science Research 15: 255-267.

14. Dyer, J. and R. Mullen. 2008. Engineering Plant Oils as High value Industrial Feedstocks for 

Biorefining the Need for Underpinning Cell Biology Research. Physiologia Planatarum 132: 11-22.