FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC UIT JULY 18, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 07- 15817 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C . D ocketN o. 04 -003 06 -C R -B B M -1 U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s R O O S E V E L T T O B I A S B A I L E Y , J R ., d .b .a . T h e A tla n taG r o u p , d .b .a . A tla n taM ic r o S y s te m , e tc ., D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e N o rth e rn D is tr ic t o f G e o r g ia

_________________________ ( Ju l y 18, 2008 B efo re B IR C H , C A RN E S an d B A R K E T T , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M:2

R oos e ve l tT obi a s B a i l e y , J r . appe a l s hi s f i f t e e n- m onth i m pr i s onm e nt se nt ence i m po se d fol l ow i ng re vo ca t i on of hi s s up ervi se d rel ea se for the thi rd t i m e, p u r s u a n tt o 1 8 U . S. C. § 3 5 8 3 ( e ) ( 3 ) . W e a f f i rm. I . B AC KG RO UN D Ba i l e yp l e d g u i l tyt o tw o c o u n t s o f t a x e v a s i o n , i n v i o l a t i o n o f 2 6 U . S. C. § 7 2 0 1 , a n d o n e c o u n t o f c o p y r ig h t in f

r in g e m e n t, in v io la tio n o f 1 7 U .S .C . § 506( a ) ( 1) a nd 18 U . S . C . § 2319( b) ( 1) , i n the U ni t e d S t a t e s D i s tr i c tC ourtf orthe S outhe rn D i s tr i c tof

I ndi a na . R 1- 1 a t2. T he j udgm e nts how s tha tB a i l e yha d a c r im in a l h is to ryc a te g o ryo f I I . I d . a t 6 . T h e d is tr ic t ju d g e s e n te n c e d B a ile yto e i ght e e n m onths of

i m pr i s onm e ntt o be f

ol l ow e d byathr e e - y e a rt e rm of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e w i th c ondi t i ons . I d. a t2, 3. T he j udge a l s o or de r e d r e s t i tut i on i n the am ou ntof $2 5, 05 3. Id. at4. In M ay20 04 , B ai l ey ’ s s up ervi si on w as transfe rr ed t o the N orthern D i stri ctof G eorgi a. Id. (transfe r of j uri sdi ct i on ). I n M a r c h 2 0 0 5 , th e d is tr ic t ju d g e to w h o m B a ile y ’s c a s e w a s tr a n s f e rr e d in the N orthe rn D i s tr i c tof G e or gi ar e voke d B a i l e y ’ s t e rm of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e f

or h is f a ilu r e to ab id e b yh is im p o s e d r e le a s e c o n d itio n s a n d s e n te n c e d h im to i m pri sonm entfor e i gh tm on ths t o b e f ol l ow ed by si xt ee n m on ths of supervi se d re l ea se . R 1-7, 8. T he j ud ge i m po se d al l of the ori gi nal cond i t i on s of s up ervi se d r e le a s e a s w e ll a s a d d itio n a l s p e c ia l c o n d itio n s . R 8 a t 2 - 3 .3

I n F e brua ry2007, the di s tr i c tj udge f ound tha tB a i l e yha d vi ol a t e d the cond i t i on s of hi s s up ervi se d rel ea se by fa i l i ng t o reportt o h i s probat i on offi ce r, f a ilin g to p a yr e s titu tio n a s d ir e c te d , a n d f a ilin g to a d h e r e to c o m p u te rr e s tr ic tio n s . R 1-14 , 15 . T he j ud ge agai n revok ed B ai l ey ’ s t erm of supervi se d rel ea se for f ai l ure t o a dhe r e t o the c ondi t i ons of hi s s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e a nd i m pos e d at e rm of i m p ri so n m en to f o n e d ay t o b e fo l l o w ed b y a t erm o f su p erv i sed rel ease o f tw en tys e ve n m onths a nd tw e nty - ni ne da y s . R 1- 15. T he di s tr i c tj udge r e i ns t a t e d a l l of the ori gi nal cond i t i on s of s up ervi se d rel ea se and i m po se d add i t i on al spec i al c ondi t i ons . I d. a t2- 3. I n N ove m be r2007, B a i l e y ’ s pr oba t i on of f i c e rf i l e d ape t i t i on f

ora c t i on on s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e o n th e g r o u n d s th a t B a ile yh a d v io la te d th e c o n d itio n s o f h is re l ea se by tra vel i ng ou t si de of the di stri ctw i tho utperm i ss i on , fa i l i ng t o d ec l ar e m onthl yi nc om e , a nd f

a i l i ng t o a dhe r e t o c om put e rr e s tr i c t i ons . R 1- 16 a t2. T he di s tr i c tj udge he l d ar e voc a t i on he a r i ng a tw hi c h B a i l e y ’ s c ouns e l a dm i tt e d the a l l e ga t i ons i n the pe t i t i on. R 2 a t3. T he j udge f ound tha tB a i l e yha d c om m i tt e d a G ra de C vi ol at i on . Id. at3-4. B ai l ey ’ s c ou nsel re qu es t ed a S ent enci ng G ui del i nes se nt ence of four t o t en m on ths of i m pri sonm entw i th n o sup ervi se d rel ea se . Id. at 4. B ai l ey ’ s c ou nsel re qu es t ed thathe be al l ow ed t o sel f- surr ender af t er4

C hr i s tm a s be c aus e he ha d a l w a y s appe a r e d w he n he w a s s um m one d. I d. a t5. T he prosec ut or ar gu ed thatthe j ud ge had b ee n v ery l eni enti n i m po si ng the on e- day pr i s on s e nt e nc e on the s e c ond r e voc a t i on a nd tha tB a i l e yw a s “ notagood cand i dat e f

or supervi si on . ” I d. at6. T he prosec ut or re cogn i ze d thatB ai l eyhad

“ l arg el y p ai d h i s rest i tu t i o n am o u n t , ” b u t , i n v i ew o f th e “ si g n i fi can tp ro b l em s” tha the ha d c aus e d the pr oba t i on of f i c e r , the pr os e c ut orr e c om m e nde d apr i s on t e rm of f i f t e e n m onths a nd tw e nty - ni ne da y s w i th no s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e , ba s e d on B a ile y ’s r e c id iv is m . I d . a t 4 , 6 . T he di s tr i c tj udge i nf

orm e d B a i l e y : “ Y ou hol d the r e c or d, M r . B a i l e y , f or c om i ng ba c k thr e e t i m e s . I ’ ve ne ve rha d s om e body c om e ba c k thr e e t i m e s on a re vo ca t i on . ” I d. at6. B ec ause B ai l eyhad v i ol at ed the t erm s of hi s s up ervi se d r e le a s e , w h ic h w a s aG r a d e C v io la tio n , th e ju d g e r e v o k e d h is s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e . T he di stri ctj ud ge i m po se d a fi ft ee n-m on th i m pri sonm entt erm w i th n o sup ervi se d r e l e a s e and a l l ow e d B a i l e yt o s e l f - s urr e nde ron D e c e m be r27, 2007. I d. a t6- 7, R 1- 1 9 . B a ile y ’s c o u n s e l o b je c te d to th e ab o v e - G u id e lin e s s e n te n c e a n d p u r s u e s th is is s u e o n ap p e a l. I I . DI S CUS S I ON B a ile y ’s c o u n s e l a r g u e s th a t h is s e n te n c e w a s s u b s ta n tiv e lyu n r e a s o n ab le be c aus e i tw a s above hi s S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne s r a nge a nd e qua l e d the l ow - e nd5

r e c om m e nda t i on f

orG r a de A vi ol e ntf

e l oni e s , a l though hi s vi ol a t i ons w e r e nonvi ol ent . T he S up re m e C ou rthas hel d thatthe S ent enci ng G ui del i nes are advi sory r a the rtha n m a nda t ory . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B ooke r , 543 U . S . 220, 245, 125 S . C t . 738, 757 ( 2005) . A f

t e rB ooke r , w e r e vi e w s e nt e nc e s i m pos e d upon r e voc a t i on of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e f

or“ unr e a s onabl e ne s s . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. S w e e t i ng, 437 F . 3d 1 1 0 5 , 1 1 0 6 - 0 7 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) ( p e rc u r ia m ) . T h e C o u rt h a s c la r if ie d th a t,

“ [r ] egar dl es s of w hether the se nt ence i m po se d i s i nsi de or ou t si de the G ui del i nes r a nge , the appe l l a t e c ourtm us tr e vi e w the s e nt e nc e unde ra n abus e - of - di s c r e t i on s ta n d a r d .” G a ll v . U n ite d S ta te s , 5 5 2 U .S . __ , __1 2 8 S .C t. 5 8 6 , 5 9 7 ( 2 0 0 7 ) . S e nt e nc e s out s i de the G ui de l i ne s r a nge a r e notpr e s um e d unr e a s onabl e . R i t av. U n ite d S ta te s , 5 5 1 U .S . __ , __ , 1 2 7 S .C t. 2 4 5 6 , 2 4 6 7 ( 2 0 0 7 ) . A ft erconsi deri ng the fa ct ors s etforth i n 1 8 U . S . C . §§ 35 53 (a )( 1), (a )( 2)(B )- (D ), and (a) (4)- (7), a di stri ctj ud ge m ayre vo ke a t erm of supervi se d r e l e a s e and i m pos e as e nt e nc e of i m pr i s onm e ntf

orthe vi ol a t i on of

the c ondi t i ons of supervi se d rel ea se . 18 U . S . C . § 3 58 3(e) . T hese fa ct ors i ncl ud e: (1) “ the nature a nd c i r c um s t a nc e s of

the of f e ns e a nd the hi s t orya nd c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s of the de f e nda nt ; ” ( 2) the ne e d t o de t e rc r i m i na l c onduc t , pr ot e c tthe publ i c , a nd pr ovi de the defendanttra i ni ng or corr ec t i on al tre atm ent ; (3) the S ent enci ng G ui del i nes r a n g e ; ( 4 ) th e p e rtin e n t S e n te n c in g C o m m is s io n p o lic ys ta te m e n ts ; ( 5 ) “th e n e e d to6

a voi d unw a rr a nt e d s e nt e nc e di s pa r i t i e s a m ong de f e nda nt s w i th s i m i l a rr e c or ds w ho ha ve be e n f

ound gui l tyof

s i m i l a rc onduc t ; ” a nd ( 6) the ne e d t o pr ovi de r e s t i tut i on t o v i ct i m s. 18 U . S . C . §§ 35 53 (a )( 1), (a )( 2)(B )- (D ) & (a )( 4)-( 7). W e have hel d that a di stri ctj ud ge i s notre qu i re d t o st at e thathe or she has expl i ci t l y c on si dere d eac h of the § 3553( a ) f

a c t or s ort o di s c us s the m s pe c i f i c a l l y . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. D orm a n, 4 8 8 F .3 d 9 3 6 , 9 4 4 ( 1 1 th C ir .) , c e rt. d e n ie d , __U .S . __ , 1 2 8 S .C t. 4 2 7 ( 2 0 0 7 ) . I t is s uf f i c i e ntt o s a t i s f

ythe § 3553( a ) f

a c t or s i f the r e c or d s how s tha tthe di s tr i c tj udge c ons i de r e d the obj e c t i ons a nd a r gum e nt s of the pa rt i e s a nd s t a t e d r e a s ons f orthe s e n te n c e im p o s e d . I d . “A n o n b in d in g ap p e lla te p r e s u m p tio n th a t aG u id e lin e s s e n te n c e is r e a s o n ab le d o e s n o t req u i re the se nt enci ng j ud ge t o i m po se thatse nt ence . ” R i t a, 551 U . S . a t__, 127 S . C t . a t2466. W hi l e w e do notappl yapr e s um pt i on of r e a s o n ab le n e s s , w e h a v e r e c o g n iz e d th a t as e n te n c e w ith in th e G u id e lin e s r a n g e is lik e lyar e a s o n ab le o n e . U n ite d S ta te s v . C a m p b e ll, 4 9 1 F .3 d 1 3 0 6 , 1 3 1 3 - 1 4 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 7 ) . F u rth e rm o r e , th e S u p r e m e C o u rt h a s d e te rm in e d th a t ap p e lla te c o u rts m a ynota doptapr e s um pt i on of unr e a s onabl e ne s s t o s e nt e nc e s out s i de the G ui de l i ne s r a nge . R i t a , 551 U . S . a t__, 127 S . C t . a t2467. C hapt er7 o f the S ent enci ng G ui del i nes pert ai ns t o v i ol at i on s of s up ervi se d r e l e a s e and c ont a i ns at abl e of r e c om m e nde d i m pr i s onm e ntr a nge s f orvi ol a t i ons of7

c e rta in g r a d e s a t s p e c if

ic c r im in a l h is to ryc a te g o r ie s . U .S .S .G . § 7 B 1 ; § 7 B 1 .4 ( a ) . T he r e c om m e nde d s e nt e nc i ng r a nge i s ba s e d on the c onduc ttha tr e s ul t e d i n the r e voc a t i on a nd the c r i m i na l hi s t oryc a t e goryappl i c abl e a tthe t i m e tha tthe d e f e n d a n t o r ig in a llyw a s s e n te n c e d to s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e . I d . § § 7 B 1 .1 , 7 B 1 .4 . T he m ostse ri ou s c ri m es , G ra de A vi ol at i on s, i ncl ud e c ri m es pu ni shabl e by m ore than o ne ye arof i m pri sonm entthatar e c ri m es of vi ol ence , drug offe nses , or cr i m es i nvol vi ng f

i r e a rm s , a nd of

f e ns e s puni s habl e bym or e tha n tw e ntyy e a r s of im p r is o n m e n t. I d . § 7 B 1 .1 ( a ) ( 1 ) . G r a d e B v io la tio n s a r e o th e ro f f e n s e s p u n is h ab le bym or e tha n one y e a rof i m pr i s onm e nt . I d. § 7B 1. 1( a ) ( 2) . G r a de C vi ol a t i ons i ncl ud e off

ense s pun i shabl e by one ye arof i m pri sonm entor l es s and any other v io la tio n s o f

th e c o n d itio n s o f

s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e . I d . § 7 B 1 .1 ( a ) ( 3 ) . T he re com m ended sent enci ng rang es for c ri m i nal hi st ory c at egory I I are : four t o t en m on ths for aG ra de C vi ol at i on ; si x t o tw el ve m on ths for aG ra de B vi ol at i on ; and fi ft ee n t o tw enty- on e m on ths for aG ra de A vi ol at i on , exce ptw here the de f e nda ntw a s on s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e f oraC l a s s A f

e l ony , i n w hi c h c a s e the se nt enci ng rang e i s tw enty- se ven t o thi rty- three m on ths. Id. § 7 B 1. 4(a) . E ven before Bo ok er , w e c on si st ent l y hel d thatthe po l i cyst at em ent s of C hapt er7 are m e r e l ya dvi s orya nd notbi ndi ng. U ni t e d S t a t e s v. A gui l l a r d, 217 F . 3d 1319, 1320 (11th C i r. 20 00 ) ( per c uri am ). If the di stri ctj ud ge excee ds the re com m ended8

rang e, then h e or s he m ustst at e thatthe C hapt er7 p ol i cyst at em ent s w er e consi dere d; ho w ever , “ i ti s e no ug h thatthere i s s om e i nd i ca t i on the di stri ctcourt w a s a w a r e o f

a n d c o n s id e r e d th e m .” I d . I n th is c a s e , B a ile y ’s o r ig in a l c r im e s o f c o n v ic tio n w e r e C la s s D f e lo n ie s . 1 7 U .S .C . § 5 0 6 ; 1 8 U .S .C . § 2 3 1 9 ; 2 6 U .S .C . § 7 2 0 1 ; s e e 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 9 ( a ) ( 4 ) . T he r e f or e , hi s m a xi m um a ggr e ga t e t e rm of i m pr i s onm e ntf

ora l l r e voc a t i ons of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e w a s tw o y e a r s . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. W i l l i a m s , 425 F . 3d 987, 989 ( 11 C i r . 2005) ( pe rc ur i a m ) ; 18 U . S . C . § 3583( e ) ( 3) . B e c aus e B a i l e yha d s e rve d a th t ot a l of e i ghtm onths a nd one da y i n pr i s on upon pr e vi ous r e voc a t i ons of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e , hi s m a xi m um t e rm of i m pr i s onm e ntf

orthe s ubj e c tr e voc a t i on w a s f i f t e e n m onths a nd tw e nty - ni ne da y s , us i ng thi rtyda y s pe rm onth. R 1- 8 a t1- 2 ; R 1 - 1 0 a t 1 ; 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 8 3 ( e ) ( 3 ) . C o n s e q u e n tly , B a ile y ’s f if te e n - m o n th s e n te n c e w a s b e lo w th e s ta tu to rym a x im u m . T h e r e c o r d s h o w s th a t B a ile ya d m itte d to G r a d e C v io la tio n s o f h is supervi se d rel ea se and h ad a c ri m i nal hi st ory c at egory of I I bas ed on hi s ori gi nal cr i m es of conv i ct i on . U . S . S . G . § 7 B 1. 1(a) (3). T here fore , hi s G ui del i nes i m pri sonm entrang e w as four t o t en m on ths, w hi ch hi s f i ft ee n-m on th sent ence e xc e e de d. U . S . S . G . § 7B 1. 4( a ) . A l though s e nt e nc i ng j udge s m us tc ons i de rthe Se n t e n c i n g G u i d e l i n e s r a n g e p r o v i d e d i n Ch ap t e r7 , i ti s o n l ya d v i s o ry . 1 8 U . S. C.9

§§ 3553( a ) ( 4) ( B ) , 3583( e ) ; A gui l l a r d, 217 F . 3d a t1320. F urthe rm or e , w e do not appl y e i ther apres um pt i on of re as on abl enes s t o an i n-rang e s ent ence or a pr e s um pt i on of

unr e a s onabl e ne s s t o a n out - of - r a nge s e nt e nc e . C a m pbe l l , 491 F . 3d at13 13 -14; R i t a, 55 1 U . S . at__ , 12 7 S . C t . at24 67 . T here fore , B ai l ey ’ s s ent ence w a s n o t n e c e s s a r ilyu n r e a s o n ab le b e c au s e it e x c e e d e d h is G u id e lin e s r a n g e . T he r e c or d s how s tha tB a i l e yha d hi s t e rm of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e r e voke d on thr e e s e pa r a t e oc c a s i ons , i n M a r c h 2005, F e brua ry2007, a nd the s ubj e c tr e voc a t i on in N o v e m b e r2 0 0 7 . R 1 - 8 ; R 1 - 1 0 ; R 1 - 1 9 . T h e d is tr ic t ju d g e h e ar d th e a r g u m e n ts of the part i es , i ncl ud i ng B ai l ey ’ s r equestfor an i n-rang e s ent ence of four t o t en m o n th s an d th e g o v ern m en t ’ s req u estfo r a sen t en ce o f fi ft een m o n th s an d tw en tyni ne da y s . R 2 a t4- 6. T he r e c or d a l s o s how s tha tthe j udge w a s c onc e rne d about B a ile y ’s r e p e a te d r e v o c a tio n s o f s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e , w h ic h s h e n o te d w e r e u n u s u a l. W hi l e the di stri ctj ud ge di d n otexpl i ci t l y s t at e thatshe had consi dere d the C hapt er 7 p ol i cyst at em ent s, the re cord i nd i ca t es thatshe w as aw ar e of and had con si dere d b o th th e Gu i d e l i n e s r a n g e a n d th e m a x i m u m a l l o wab l e s e n t e n c e . U. S . S . G. § 7 B 1. 4(a) ; A gu i l l ar d, 21 7 F . 3d at13 20 . A dd i t i on al l y, the di stri ctj ud ge’ s c on ce rn w i th B a i l e y ’ s r e pe a t e d s upe rvi s e d- r e l e a s e r e voc a t i ons r e f l e c t s he rc ons i de r a t i on of the § 3 55 3(a) fa ct ors, such as the need for det erre nce and supervi si on , as w el l as re cogn i t i on thatse nt enci ng B ai l eybase d o n a thi rd re vo ca t i on w ou l d n otcr ea t e an10

unw a rr a nt e d s e nt e nc i ng di s pa r i ty . 18 U . S . C . §§ 3553( a ) ( 2) ( B ) , ( C ) , ( a ) ( 6) . T he di stri ctj ud ge di d n oterr i n sent enci ng B ai l eyabov e the S ent enci ng G ui del i nes rang e bec ause the rang e i s onl y a dv i sory , hi s s ent ence w as bel ow the st atut ory m axi m um , and the re cord show s thatthe j ud ge had con si dere d the C hapt er7 p ol i cy s t a t e m e nt s a nd the § 3553( a ) f a c t or s . D orm an, 488 F . 3d a t944; A gui l l a r d, 217 F . 3d at13 20 ; 18 U . S . C . § 3 58 3(e) (3). B a i l e y ’ s c ouns e l e m pha s i z e s tha thi s G r a de C vi ol a t i ons w e r e nota s s e r i ous as ce rtain v io len t G ra d e A v io lati o n s, an d th e r ec o rd d o es sh o w th at all o f B ailey’s vi ol a t i ons , i nc l udi ng thos e r e l a t e d t o pr e vi ous r e voc a t i ons , w e r e non- vi ol e nt vi ol at i on s. D ef

ense coun se l ar gu es thatthe di stri ctj ud ge equat ed hi s G ra de C vi ol at i on s t o a vi ol entG ra de A vi ol at i on because hi s f i ft ee n-m on th sent ence w as th e s a m e a s th e lo w e n d o f th e r a n g e f

o raG r a d e A v io la tio n . U .S .S .G . § 7 B 1 .4 ( a ) . T hi s a r gum e nt , how e ve r , doe s nott a ke i nt o a c c ounttha tthe pe na l t i e s upon r e voc a t i on of

s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e r e f

l e c tthe ne e d f

ors upe rvi s i on a f

t e ri m pr i s onm e nt f o rth e o r ig in a l o f

f e n s e o f c o n v ic tio n a n d ar e n o t p u n is h m e n t f o rth e s p e c if

ic vi ol a t i on of

s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e . 18 U . S . C . § 3583( a ) , ( c ) , ( d) ( e xc l udi ng § 3553( a ) ( 2) ( A ) , r e ga r di ng the s e r i ous ne s s of the of f e ns e , f r om the f a c t or s t o be consi dere d u po n revocat i on of supervi se d rel ea se ). C on si deri ng the re peat ed in ab ilityo f

B a ile yto ab id e b yth e te rm s o f h is s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e , af if te e n - m o n th11

te rm o f im p r is o n m e n t w a s n o t s u b s ta n tiv e lyu n r e a s o n ab le . I I I . CONCL US I ON B ai l eyhas app ea l ed hi s f i ft ee n-m on th i m pri sonm entse nt ence i m po se d aft er hi s thi r d r e voc a t i on of

s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e . T he r e c or d s how s tha tthe di s tr i c tj udge h a d c o n s id e r e d th e S e n te n c in g G u id e lin e s r a n g e a n d th e § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) f a c to r s . A d d i t i o n al l y, B ai l ey’ s sen t en ce w as b el o w th e st atu t o ry m ax i m u m . A cco rd i n g l y, hi s f i f t e e n- m onth s e nt e nc e i m pos e d upon r e voc a t i on of hi s s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e f or th e th i rd t i m e w as n o tu n reaso n ab l e an d i s AF F I RME D.