~Jr\ited Stales 

Departrrlsnt of 

Ay ric~dIIture 

Forest Service 

Southeastern Forest 

Experiment Station Rayr~ond M, Sl~effielid 

Noel D. Cost 

Resot;rcx, BUI tatur? William A. Bechtold 

SE 6~13 Joc P, hAc:Clure 
: the Sorutl~eastc.rrz Porc,st Expc?rirnent Stati.on of ehe IJSDA 1 Forest. Si.rvi ci: and by II,,. 11 .S. EnvironnieiltnI Protection 

Agency a:~ part of the Nationni Acid Preclpi.tatiorl As:;r.ss-. 

nie rl t F' r o gr axn ( NAPAP 1 , 

I 

Southeasterr7 Forest Experiinent Station 

200 Weaves Bouievard 

Asb~sville, !+dortP~ Carolina 28804 
Pine Growth Redue-Zions 

in the Southeast 

Wesc:>b~rce Analysts, Foresl Inventory and Analysis Sou~lk~eastern Forest Experiment Statiorr 

Asheville, Nortl-s Gaaoliria 
CONTENTS 

Executive Summary . . . *. . . *. . *. . ,. . . 1 

Regional Trends in Pine Volur~~e 

Trends in Pine Volume Growth, , ,a,, , 3 

'Y."-i-ends ira Pirre Removals. , . . . . , . . . . 4 

Trends in Pine: Xnverztor ies, . . . . , <, 4 

Fcactors Caeising Heductions 4.n Net: 

Growth 

Decl.i.ne in Area of Timherian.d,, , , , 

'l.nadequaLe Regei1er.u t;.i.trn 011 N'PPF 

Lands.. . . . . . ,, . . *. , a a a #b :> 

1nc.n-ease i.ir Pih.e Mortal itg, , , , , , , , 6 

Sl.o~qdown in 9.racXividrral--Tl1(?e 

Growth ....... ~.~~m.se~se4s-~m~e 7 

Setting the Stage 

Study Areas ..... .",. .... se..s.8-..ee 7 

;F1A SaainpI ing r,'"rocc:brlrc:s.. . . . . . . , . , '7 

ibata P,,ini.i.i.at:iorh.; ..... , ..... 10 

!intierscanding the f4,ai:u.r-e of the 

FIA Data,,~..e..~~~e+~.am~p~~-~~ ?O 

Lndividual--Tree Growth Reduction 

AARI k[:ulrnpu~:.a t ion. ,, . . . . . + ., . . . 13 

AAXl Cs.rxnpariscuris.,,,, ............. ,- 1.4 

Pedsnoi~t: and Morxnt;ai.rxc.. . . . . . .. . 14 

Coastal Flain..-* .,,.*..**.. 1.5 

Til ird Survey Inca-enieni: Core 

Meastrrc?menris.. . . . , , , , . ,. . . *. . - . . 3.5 

Conversion to Equivalent AARI1s, 16 

i,irrri.taticms crfThirtl Survey Dat.a 16 

Pi.etlmoitt: and Mnuntza.iiis. . , . . . , , . . 17 

c :co,ii;-r. .. .. - 1. P 1.ni.l-r, , , , a , , . . a ,* a - i7' 

S tsnd Gra~wth. Reduc t i.or.as 

Stand l,evel" na t n . . , , , . . . . . - 20 

Forei.;l: Type.. . . , . *, . *. . *. ,, . . . . 20 

Stand Age ,,,,.,...,,.~-..~~~~~s~- 21 

initial Pnveui.ory.. . . *. . . ., - 21 

Swarvivur C;u:i,~wth, ir-agrowlzi.), arlii 

Moniaii ty, *. a *. . ,8 a a a - 21 

 method^,,,,,,,,,.,,^^^^,^^^^^^^^^^,^^ 2% 

ii'our tlr and Fif t.11 Survey C:omliari laorzs 22 

?'hi rd, For.s$th, arbd F'i E th Survciy 

Coaparit;ons,, ,, , ,,, a es a a *#, 27 

f' ,.i.a.sciassic~n,. . . . . *. . . **..*. . . . . 31 

Net Groutir,. .nee., ..*. ~.~v*a.~.~.. 31 

Sur:vivcr~- cl;iowt?r,, . . . . *, . . ., . *. . . 31 

Irrgrowth ..,.......-~ea~-~~~~a .v.. 33 

Mortal ity, . . . *, . . . . " .'il 

Addit:i.ilnal, Courrnxen'c:~, . **a a a, ," 3% 

Ptrssib1.e Causes ~ " At.zucrspheri.c Deposit~oti.. . . . . . . . . . , 32 

Aging of Stands,. . . . . , . , . . . , a, a a - 32 

Ir~crea.sed Stand 'I)ci.l,si.t,y, . . + . . . 33 " ~ :[ncreasecl. Eiiarclwood Compe t:~.t.~.ut~. . . . 71 

Drought,, , , a,,, , a,, , #, rn * s, * * e * * * * * * 33 

Lower Watc"ir Tab1.e~. , . *. *. . . . . . *. . . 33 

I,cri~s sf iIl.d-.Piela.i Si.tt~~, .,~.~,~~.~~a 34 

Di~eases,,,,,,-,,,,,~~~~~~~34 

Cunibir~ed Effec:ts,, . . . ,, . . . , . . . . *. . . . 34 

Further Study and Ar~alyses . . . . -. *. 34 

Appendix 

i::oii's;r photo L:OIII-ELL>SY of (:c?oxgin . * 

Forestry Gonan~ss Ion, 
?ex-iod-Lc tirt~ber, .r.rv/c:rlf:o~ries in Clse 

Sor.xtEleas t.cin UnI ted Stat<-s i.r-utlica~e that 

71eL RXIRIXBI- growti] cr1 softwood tbnlbter 

tbe.re has peaked axrd tcrrrmed dowr.e.ihiard 

after a I.o~.xg upward trerxil , 'Chc. most 

pronounced dccii.aes i::ave Eriircirh ~~lliiat;tt~(~i 

.in [:he gr~wt.h nf ycLlaw pines orr conii;dlrstr.ial ~;.r~ivar-:e forest Land, w'hii:F;r, 

aci::ounts for ahnut 69 percent of the 

ti.aruberland in tkli.11 f ive--.State region 

(Fl.or ida, Georgia, Ntrrl?'u.k Carol i.i-la, ";or.at'ai 

Carolir~a, and Vi rgi.rxi:i) . 7Tisese dcc: Li.rlt>s 

are important beca~.ise irw-ende; i.n ale t vc)i,-" 

rime gx-twwti-x strongly isnf.li_ielice Z;?~-;lOitrlt~ 

of t.lcrbe-r avai lab'le far future harvest, 8' " * LIIJ s report do::urruents sor:ii. e~rr2.y .n-- 

virs l:igal-ion:: int-CP I-lie pat refir] of Lli~ 

0 (~rot,it:h r"cdunc:t..on c:urvdi~cteti by tilie Forest - 

i~avc?n"hr?.ry and Analyti is (FLA) Rescaich 

kJo r jt. Un i. t a t &: 11 t:: S ~r3 t. he t r i F' o r C: s t 

)kJxper.i.snt?rat St;itii)~~. 

Net growth of soCt:wot-rcl ~<.il~ni,ii in tile 

regitci~ is affeet;.d by ( L) cl,~ai!ges i.rk the 

area of timberland, (2) ingrowth rates 

t4f sapl. i.ng.-si%e t ;lees across th,e ;*ELI~U imum 

th~+c:;ho?.d for vo1rzna.e cornp~itatl;c:n, 013) 

vol:c~mc?. lt3st to mmt:i:tality, nrad 44:) ttre 

ir~siurnc i-rrcreinen t on survive-~r trer~es, 

Area of ti.mbc?r'l.ared ira the Southeast. 

pt-ak<.ec& at 91 n:i;lii.orr. acres in 196% aru.cl 

llas 5 incc declined to 85 tni.llli.orr acrl-:s, 

Since the early .1 9 763%s, :ir~~grolartie 05 

yel.lcsw pine s;3pI:hrig:; i-ia:4 Jccrensed and 

t;kcl effects are TYC~W showirig :tp iis de.- 

i.:l.ines i.r% nt~inbes:+ of tterei-2s and volernrc~s 

in tiic 6- to 10--inch ctianreter classc+s, rra. 

1982, P1.A rcmsource anal yst:s discovered 

that: LQ-je aarersjic? ctnnt~nl. radial growth of " * srrrvl.vx.ng ye1 !crw pines in tiic-i I%i.edm:;rtf.. 

and Mc;iirttairi~ $:16: Glc.orgia was; 20 tcj 30 

percent: lies$ betwe:en 1972 arrd 1982 t.i~ai~, 

between 1961 an4 1972, 

'rhe i.irve~ritigatic4rn waii exparlded ~{~C~I-PSC: 

of tlrc-i importance of the i:indir.ug a~latl 

becatise the i:':hA dat H set -4s ~~niqileky 

suited for. su;:ll study. FLA surveys are 

ti.ic? only ones desi.ga-r.el-1 to nieasrlre the 

er.ztii?c timber popti1 a tio1.r of rile Scjt4th.- 

eos t , arrd rf1e E:C:CUTI: in$; rneasiirement ?+ 

pe:..,rmEt re"liab1.c: c?stiaiates of change, 1.t 

::Iiciuli$ bts recogn bzed, t~owever, tlra C FZ!i 

h'urclzc:rr sVr.iily v4' c.?.v;ls t iag ui.nd i1c.7~1 y 

i.01 lect.c.:d 1q.A t. irrihe r- .i:rv~nt.ory datro 

reveilcrd that the aver.ag,,e arrriiia i ad i a 1. 

grc>wti~ rate of rimst yr.l.10~ pilies ~i?rcie?- 

16 intshi::; irr diaamcter is cieclii-lc?ti i.>p 30 

to 50 percent t i?r-<rugi~o~rt i;he i'ic:dnicrrrt 

and Mour1t"ain arcas crf i:h~ Sout:hr.iast 

si!i~c:ii tktt:? per-maneiit Fl!i, ii.i\ir:>i.~tory sanipii.. . , IOCA~~~I~S were xraeasill-c.d eir~ririg tlre ~IYI rd 

survey cjrc:le (L957-1966), I<~ITI.~~~~:~I.~I-~~K~~

data tiil;eil. dt~i-inj: tFie foc1r.t-11 ([966.-1977) 

aiud fift.11 (1977-1985) :;urviey cyc.lc:a I;E:CJW 

t:hnt: tile rc:tlnctki.~n,c, in t:lbe ~~~(?~T~oJJ.I. aritl 

Y"lount;r-Lns were gr:adr.~al.. About l-i;-xl.f trf 

thc recIuction ~~(.-t.ia-r,td be forre xrzd iiaL F 

after i.ile f<)tirlth SI,IT.IIPY g,rowVli lie r i od, 

Cornpar i son vf r";ldiaL gr i)wti.i, ra k (fs 

over the same cflre<: t: inie per iocls You. 

the Cciasf:al Pl.nirr oS Georgia, Soiit:l~ 

Carol ins, arnd Nort:T? C:ar.olin.a rrevealeii 

1.-..-t3drzci.40:, of sirn:ii.ar rrragnil;r,~iil-:, A. diF"-, 

f-ercnce in the Coast,a% I'.inic~, Ilnwever, 

was t11at 80 to 90 PC:I?C<~*TI~~ of' tile -ri,,duc-. 

t;.i orrs crccnrred betweer~ the fthi xd and 

I'-csrir th survey cyc! cis, 'Ti:ie I-etirrct. i on 

be?t;rr:ert t:he fonm-tlr and fiftt~ grirwt i.1 

perii:tis was nlilch 'ec~ss; drailiat ic, Wlli ii~ 

the actual i-(edi~ct in11 i.a ;rveragcj ai-mnal 

r-aid ial growt-tt varies :;lihs t;n:?t i a1 1.7 nlnavrig 

~il~.itrlet~,r. c?;.,sses, speci-e:+, surd srxbr.c:.- 

gi.onea1. areas, the rrra+joriity of i-lbre tiif-- . '* Fe.r-enccs are si.o&_i .;tical ly sitgnlf ~.c:ant 

a t iirie s tarldarll crrrtsr, 6 7 perceiit pl: ol,n-- 

bi2it:y. Mclst dif fc?rerices are stat i st i-- ~ " cal.ly sig*.j..fi-c;.rwzt at. I-iighcer level c, of 

probabi 1 ity for corilpia r iscins SY f t..Erin-d 

.survc?jr giowtl-i with tbiit fro~n I_11(1 ~~:LE-C.SI 

:itlli'VCy growth p'ri !:)ck, 

'Y-he nieastrred drcl. ines iri t ht: avt~riigi-' 

raclial gi:ob~tIil rat-es of pini,?'s iru cIiarnet.ldr 

clr;isses tve1.o~ 16 i~rrcires ria-e worri scrmci, 

!>rrt: their rx~itai~.ng i.s di f f: lcult- to inter.-- 

p-e't bec;ir~ise irfrh'-)i wcire ptrssibly c:a~rsed 

ill part by irlcr-e>-)as~>s it3 iiti~r~d agcr and 

st.ar.zd derasty tinat_ are Icnowsl to I~acrci 

occurred. 'Y'l~c F1.A ~1ai.a~ ti~c:refore, 

were reaila lyzecl to da.t.ern~.i nc wi~et.h~>r the 

7.-eductictnr: irl radial grc~wt'ax cai.rlrt be ex--- 

ylaineil. by changes ;-11 stand agc-: (31- i(~r~-- 

sity over firnc:, M1ic.n scsirw~soii &;I-c~f.11 w;-~s 
expressed f.r.1 t<:~:rrr,:; of 'basal area. ncre-- 1 NTRODUCT LON 

lnc3rz t , redizct.ic>~x:; if s imila-r i?tagx iltidn 

tcr rhos<-! j.ri ;+VCIT:I~~ anie~r:i.l. radial incre-- 

merut- ucrc discoverczc"l i. vcn wliei, !:lie daLa 

were stu:a~.7fS_ctD. by i.ilitia.l. starzd basal 

I- 'That i., I?ltii;il :ire;% growt11 of BUT..- 

V~.~OPI. tr~es w;ls Less iri tknc: fi ii't'ri survrzy 

tXaLiz th;rn in t:imii-ij survk?)] da1.a FiVEii for " * sl-az~tis c?.F tl-lc? same ini.tia1 den7slt:j.e~ i.iz 

each pt?c-loil, Jmsc a,.; il-w t:11e3 radial. grow~i-I 

comparisoimi;, tile I~asal. nuer-i growtli di.fferences v'ar-Led by i.nitS.;_al bau;ql. area 

ciassr~s, spc:c:i.tr:i, and subreg-ion31 areas, 

bill: tkxr m:~"-jctri.ty of tl~b: d i f fl-:r~a~ces were 

statn r?t:icii. 1.y ~?gi~j.Licai~t st orre ataild-- 

arte error, 

A further strat.ificacic.rn ai' I:he bnval 

;.iri:s~i ~I-OW~EI data for the Lorir th acrci 

Kil"i.lr :uvey cycI.13:;~ by both stn.~.i-hd age 

aolcl i.rr.i~i.nl scarid basal ar-ca, was hampered by sm;iii.i .;nr.~rpi~c size, Plven tho~.igh 

tiler e was a ger~cxa 1. trend oP I-ed~lct;i.c,ria 

iil the-: basal. area growth of si~rvivoc 

tree!; be tween tlie fot.irt;h ancl f i.Etlu sw-- 

v(94,i.s tlie di f l.ere~-sces were crfl-ci-~ not ,, * - 

stat is~ical Ty slgilr. Eacant at: crrrc? star:d-- 

,arrd error, 

i<ediit:i;Yoits i-:I t:he groui~tl~ ol: yelLnw 

pire ~I-CC~S ii~ tlic? So~~theast art' appareril. 

in tlhese fiitding:;, but there is not sutf lc i.e.~xt evidence t.0 dctrerrni.ize wh:4 11 mi.gh~ 

b3 . c- ~ausing tire growth ri:dilctioans, A 

nniruber ol E~ypot"i~e~i~s aI70111. the cai.lses of 

t.he growth reduction are forwarded to 

g~ii.dc: furrher anal yses, incl.a~ili~ig (1) 

antrrrosphe~:ic deposition, (2) i ncr-fiatsed 

stand dens i.'i-y, (12;) increas &rug stand ngc, * " (4 irrcreas irzg co~npet:~.taorl Front hard-- 

wt.rods, (5) drc~rmght, (6) reduct.ioias in 

tlhe water ta.ble, (7') Loss of 02.d field 

::i.>ndit-ions, anti (8) i.r>creased in.rpact;:; of 

tlisecases, The most 'l.ik~:iv - 1iy~ric1~lhesi.s is 

that a ccsmbir~at:i.c~rs of t.lie:;t: causes :i.s 

a ELeci:ix~g growth rate:; Irr varying 

degrrecs and peri~;.~ps inL,erac tine cli f-- 

fereritly 011 di f fe.rc..~at s i.t:es at di ilfia.rens: 

Ip"i.nts i.n t-irne, Becarrise of thtr l.eniq~ne 

pupul.atrion cha.r;scter of t-i-ic FlA data 

set, FI:A data, especS.aL ly wher~ mcrgner-kted 

hy special. tliaca--,,c:ol,ler.:tioe-I effoe-ts, pr"c?.-- 

vide aaz oppor't.~m.ity cor~tr.i.bixte ti> 

tc-i!;r:s of irhesi? Z~yp:itI~~.c:i!s, 

Recei-~l- b'ox:est Sur.vsrc!ys irl :he Slr~.rl:.hr~atit----Fl.ori.da, Georgia, nT6x.c th ~;tuirli.i-~.a, 

Soa.ith Carol ina, and Virgirria---have 

mea.siireci reducti.ons in rates crf 

timber. growth across nlu~1.i of tht? i.e:gii~r~, r- Khe redtic t n1.e apparent in :;e.ver;il. 

meastires of growth I:RYJC?SR (1) A"ctua'1 

vul -t.imc- c:+f net ann.us%. growlriii has rlet:l i ned 

!.).see l.arge area::, (2) iiv~rage r;ite:i of 

dia.mctec growrlx, of .i.ndiwiti.i~aX trees; by 

dianrc:ter ieP;zs:-;, have s?.ciweti, ;j?xd (3) 

:;tdi.!d gri~wtit~ c~p~cs:seCd ice b~sal. area 

pei. acre, appt'?ars to be (XOW?~ nure blialz 

1.1111:: i:~ight ~:cI)(:c t fioni cIx~xT~~;~s i.11 t.; tand 

a&(: nrrd :; tariri (1 cirsi "; eg, 

in ).lie Forest l i:vcnl:i>ry aeici A11.a 1.y:; d s 

(,.F4.!4) Rer:earc:h Viirk Unit cri. rFre 

Srrirtheaster-12 F'orcst h,perir~~ent Stat ion 

l.rai;t?:; tllcls~;: t:o~~c%u:i~ilinr; OII ~~ornparis~n~ 

of t.he rnos L rei:eilt s tr-rt:ewi.de l~lveri~ory . * zeutr'Lts with ti-losi-. from I ~er SSUI.WO~S a 

TT- ;*LA ii~:ieiltori.es L~IG! for(?st:s of <'*.ii~Ii 

State at hiltervals rFliat i?l-sve ncrex-aged 

a~~pp"?r,i.uclate3.~.x.e. 1. i) years., 1 t has cotir. 

p.Lc?i ec?, f if Li.i ~it~ki CyC 1~! tI./f i31..lg!"i ti.%@ 

So~~tPleas"i-and star-kecd the c;ixi;i~, \fi~e~:c: 

spec irrX ~voblerns have ?>t.1.ii1 tci~nt. i iri.ed, 

FZA Ira:; cal.sel corndn~c ta:d i~it:ev.rirn s~~.rveys 

05: the il:irAier. resource in some State:;, 

'T11Ji.s j61111.e~ii1 de:li(d:ri.hes iTZA\s p~:i;:i<+~;.ilt 

knowlc:dge about the grow Y:h rc~..cEi~c:t: i.011.s 

TE-ic: pri.nmry pui:posc is to dciscril~~cc ti:@ 

si~r.iatioaa in sui'"i.cient derail to ;aid 

future arra2.ysfL:;, The causes for. L~PCS~: 

l:ectr~cti.oirs a~:txc>C ye: t: knowir , Istit 

several yriar;s.ible cau:;es lare dLscua:;ed, 

Key inventory procedures and def initio'ns 

mras t be imxatierstoud &:cr inter~sret the dat:a 

arrcR are presenti~d wrl~c:~~: rzeeded, 

FIA d.i r;i.dcs the five Sor~tlilc.as;e-lri~ 

SLatt?~ inti) 21 S~ilrvey Units for;. 2.t~ j.ri.- 

veni-oriiti; nrld analysts, but for i;iiiTposes of this report it was des:i.rable tu 

comFr lnc? S~.urvcy Units, TI-ins, m:Lily o C the 

trend dnra are presented by State and 

phys i~lgriiphil" regioki il? t.11i.S Bill Le t in, 

Erl a:lrPitioi-e, spc;c:ial. gro~ipingii of Survey 

ilJni~:n, c;zLIed study areas, arc: used ~IC~.P, 
r 7 ihc co,rrqrlc:te story of: red~xcrrions I-11 

1jit.i~ gru3wt1;ri in the Sout:hi:ast irr.ti.cul.ves 

iirassivc qilanti.ties crf d:j.t;l, which are 

bcs t presented i.n tables, Zn, this 

report, tables essential to an understanding of the general descriptions in 

time text are pre.sented with tilt? text and 

assigned Kornarz n.r_rrneral u, Det:ailed 

tables that can be used in f~.~trlzre ana%y,-- 

scs are prescratc>d rx the appa2nd.i~ ant1 

assigne,d Arabic rrtrmexol:~, 

The first major scct:icm of this 

Rl.11 i.etira examineis trerkcis in vcrlilrnes uf 

pine rwasured in r.he most: reccrnt surveys 

of the region,, This section provides 

ri t-rong evieiclu:lce tllat growth o E pine 

t irnhcr volume has; :;Ie,wed over cxt ensrival 

sieas of the Southeast, The major fac-~ 

tors lirrown to have cc11nt:ributed to tl:~,e 

s %o~wdowr.u ill. vc:i 1-rlrrxe growcb are describeel 

inL t.tie rjul?:ct secrtiura, A s i owdowrr in 

g~:.owtl.i, of: indivi tirsal jri-rte trees i.s on(? 

of LY-lese factors, Specia'li analyses, 

c8escri.bed irr lclie next sectiora, doc~xrztcint 

~r decU.inii in radial gr,or~t-kl of all brit 

[:he largest piaae:.; over Large :<-reas, 

Next, cha~zges in stand basal. area ore 

c-xarnined t.o cleterrnririe wfitit-her increasirrg 

st arrd clens i ty anci age arc r:E.ie pri.neary 

c;iilsei+ for tlio: redrrcriot~. i.m radial 

gri:wth. A 1,I:hougi.i tIlj s work is not: 

cornpletc?, early resailt.~, indicate that 

stand growth expressecl in fxasd. area. per. 

acre has sl.owetE.. The closirag scrc:l_icrrzs 

oJ;: LID13 text tariell-y outi.ir-re izypot..lucetic::il. 

c;icai;es far CEle growth reduct. ions , 

Fi.raaI,Ly, tleta~.led tables are preaent.ed 

i n the apperad .i x, 

Mrrcl-t of the ieaforma,.e$ri.c~~n irr this 

Bul.1.eti.n is presented in ?:he order in 

wtii ckn i.t was d i scovcred, 'The objective 

is to kv~hey ilescr.ibe a ,situati.on t:hat: 

F'1.A is s ti 1.1 arzaI.yzi.rag, lleader.:; are * invited to share 1:Fic:lr iar ~:erpretati.lrnt.,-i.ons 

of t.he i; i.t.ua t i 01.1 ~dnd to c;ugge.;t 

al11prrsae:kaes to fllti~r~? a,nal.ysi.s ol' ti-1:; 

j.rnpcw ".tall t s 1 ltua t i ori . 

Receitt i,:ore:;t Surveys have rraeasiircid 

s i.gi.1 i tictint rc~ci.iact. :oris in t.he rret ni~n~ia 1. 

grcrwt:.ir of yc1.l.o~ liir~e tmi,b(>r iri the 

Scrutheast, TXnc:se redl,.rrct LOTIS Ireverse s 

I ong, ~ipwarfd trend i rl tile growt.11 of p i.71~: 

in t1ii.s i.naporta~r"softwcrchd rc?gioz~, This 

change Iras occilrrcd some 20 years . * ear.i.l.er than projecicicb in the 1980 

Resc3il.irces l"lateni.rag Act (ttf?AA) Assessrr~ent 

(IJSDA Fc.>rest Se2rwicc:: 1479, 1.9821, The 

Largest r..etinc.-"lr-cm Ixavc: been i~ier+:i~ired on 

i.ac.r~.ai.rrdus trLa.1. private Cores t (NZPF) 1 and 

i.rt the Piedrrno~zt and Kotlrrtain regioris, 

where tire net annual. growth-i of ye]. low 

pine growilig st:ock is (./OWI.E 26 pcrccnt. 

Vo;unac! grciwLh is rhe rret nr,nux;il i iicrerrzeir t ~4f rne~r~ hart t inher voi~itnc? i.n 

the? absence n a" riiael-.causetf rex~~ova 1 n , Nc? t 

grtrwt:h of f-inzber volutrle shou'kd not I-,<? 

corafi.lsed with tkie ra~~nl~a'l ci-~ango ir.1 

i nventrrry volume, Ai-tnlla.1 c.?iaxige i s net 

g~rowt jli ir~inus irrmoval..; , TEI~ coirapoi1ex7 ts 

n i- net acrnl-~al grcainrth of e irnber volieme 

are ( I) srirvivtrr grcrwti-u, elfie ~;I~CT(TIZG~T)LYI 

in i~rercfiant-able vo T~rrne in trew 'j , U 

inches d,b,i.i, aracl larger wE~ich !SIITV~VO 

from the:: !-,c?g.i.nriing :rlf ri-~i: ye;ir fblir.ot,~gh 

the end of the year, (2) irri;rtrwtT~, the 

merclata~xtal~le: v!Fi.taxxi,e in trctcs ifaat. reach 

5-0 inclpes d,b,h, ~iiti~.?,i)g the y1?3L. ;XI: ttli~? 

time they reach 5,O Lilcb,e-i~ ~I.i>.l-i.~ ('3) 

growth om ingt-trwt h, thcb vo l.lrrne i.ncr.einc?~~~ 

of these i.r1gr.owth t rcet.!s for tit(? rem~i ill-- 

der irf the year, (4) growtlw on r.c~riroval.t;, 

tile armuab E voiunacr increment: of 'I rees 5.0 

Er~ches d,b,la, and I.argcir. j31-76ir to tilei r 

rrermoval, arid (5) growt-it on i;rrorl-al.it)r, 

r.he axri.r.c~a.1. vo iume increment of Z:r<res 5,0 

inc:.hes d, b,h, and larger pror to t:iit-.ir 

cEeat12, 

$7 Lhe fil11-11 Sxrv~ntory r;yclc~ tlhrcrrrg.:ir tile 

Sf..rr?rheosl. was hegl.~it in Soutin C;ti-ol inn i:~ 

April 1971, The surveys conf:.inued to 

rzrc-a:;ua:c i!ic:rc!ases; in net a:r~l~~:~l growth 

ot pine tl:rroi.~giz Flori.da a-rid Cnai;fnl 

P la in trf C'leorgi.s, Redltc e. Lonu in pi.rre 

grolwt1'1 ISL:~~PI to show up i n tire 1" iibdix~orit; 

and Moania i ns of C:r:ol~-i;ia over tile r.iX.-- 

::nr:nsrircmenrt peri.iid betwreii !312 m~d 1.98% 

(appendii.~ A, table. i.) , Fol-c:si: Survey 

kias cant irrneii to rrreasure rc-:rl;ictiorus 

tlhroiighi.rut Son?; ir Gartrl ina, tire I' i etliriorllr 

and Mc.,unt.ai.ns of NortI.~ Carol ins, sird 
C:r?astaZ Plain of Virgini.a, Even it) 1:he 

Cocks t.ai PLniri o F N<rrt:l? Carol ins, wkaere 

"io~ri~) nee i.ncrc.ase was nxeasur-ed, p;rowtlz 

i9i pints on N:T.I*F innnd dec 1-ined, 111 fat t , F'(~T<~S t SIIIVC:~ has ~C~RSILC~?~ dt?cZ int::; iih 

met :anrrii;tl growth of yellow pi.rie om; NbtrF 

P.:lr:rd across 1 l consecutive Srnnrvey Iirri-ta 

c?xter~,c.ti.rng from Cc::izl:r-ii. Georgia t:k~,rougll a ~ 

elie Coastal Pl.airz (7.f Virg.eni.3, 

a * T Ez tr i1,rC.r s t: r k7 c e 1-1 l: :;; t: a t I i:; t .I. c r; fo r S n 1,; t h 

Ca~:ol ina were developed k'~rcim an i.i.aterirr?. 

survejr of the p.ina: reso~~rce i:snducl:ed in 

1983 (~ansey 1984). The interim survey 

measured a 24-percent i.rlcrease ir~ annual 

renwiovals of pine over rzhe 5- to 6--)rear 

P..~:~~~~L-;F.L~CIIICI%~: per iotl. More .i.ixlporlraizXI, 

the irr;ter.lun survey meas~iced a 288--percrrr t 

decreiiisc. i.n net aurriral growth of pine, 

Al ~:lio~jgh niost of 1-lit: gr"(.>wtI~ reil1rcti.011 

tras iaz:clrrr-ed on N.LPP land i.n the Pied-. 

mnunt and Xount,arns trf the Siillf;kl~!i~~t 

growtl-I was al.:-;cr dowzl oir pub1i.c land iia 

tire same regions (appendi.~ A, table 2). 

Growth of pine or1 i.?n.ai~~:i try Eioldirags in 

these reiy;i.ons did I. it:t:le better t11a.n 

krol.cd its own, I,ari;e increaseis irx pi-o-ie 

g-rowth were: inea~ured~ 0x1 trid~ls try I.atld i.11 

rkie Cons tal Plaia?., where trees on eritc~rr-- 

sivc acreages of pine p1~aeataticm.s are 

reacknirlg me rcharstabl c s ize. 

Cencircal l.y, rretliucti.o:ns i.ir the r_i ichrtlont 

;rrrd %Lnmnt;iins have occru.rred i n a1 :l i;rirxe 

species (appendix A? tab].(: 33, Red.a.~c-- 

tion:-; in grnwtia of shortleaf pine have 

beerl partj.cubar1.y severe, Timber managemen!: Pias favored I.obio t ly pine, and; 

the invcn&-orii?s of short leaf pine are " * dccl.rr.ri.ng rap;-tlly, A large part of tlxe 

Irrcrease -E-rr, pine growtfz i.xr tile Co;lrstaI- 

?lain can be at.trhbtitt;id ti> maturing 

sl.osI.i, pine pl;ail~ai:ions in Florida arid 

scrutfuern Gecrrgi.a, Loregl.cea:f pin.e arroi 

por~c% piin(:? are the other iiiajczr yel.10~ 

pir~es in the Coas taI. Pltnin , Vir.gir1i.a 

pii"1c is tile other rnqjtrr yellow pirre irr. 

the Pi.i:driit-~r~t: and lile,a~~ztaii~a, 

TRENDS LN PINE RBMOVALS 

In COIPLL-~S~ to I:he decii.n(? irl rkcit: 

annuii. growth, arrnrtal. rearnova1 s of pine 

con t i.~arrr tiz ii-~cr.ca,.;e, bt- irrg.i.r~g about a. 

very t lglrt. growth--ren,ovd situat.ion 

throaugha~~% most of the Sciut.:.t~eas t , Yn 

tile Eatirth inventory cycle, rle t annual. 

gr:ol,,+th exc'crirdecJ ani~r~al rernovnls of piche 

by 39 percent, In th~ %atest surveys, 

growkh exceeded rernova1.s 'lsy only 1.0 per-. 

cent f~jr the F~J~-~~OIX as a whiilet arrti marry 

areas showed 6iefi.c.i.t s, Kxtrnpolat i.sa~s 

of these tri:~atis suggest that piu^nc: growth 

and removals are pro1;aabl.y very c't.c%se to 

;-a balance st, tiii~ t irne, 

'Tiie most recent surveys have n~eesiirrd 

sharp increases in?, ;enntial relilova.1~ in 

t?lorida7 G~:orgia~ and Sol>"tik Carol i.rr;r baat 

very l i.tt:le change in North 6:a rol iira axzti 

Vi.rgini.;a (appendix A,, tal-rle 41, By 

owxerstlkp, rd:ae largest ~:~e:rccx~t:age 

increases in pine removals liave beer1 oil 

ind~ls try Land in the Piedmont and crr?. 

1UY.PB land in the C~oast:ai ~i.ain (appendix. 

A, tat~le 51, BY. apecics9 thci Largest 

increase has b6:en in slash pine 

(appendix A, tah1.e 6) , 

?iFot:ural stal~ds vE slash 137.116 art?: 

~-~~;ry>l.ill.y being iiarves1:ed ira the Coasta1. 

PS.ai.n, and much of the k~arveut- of pJ.an-. 

tation wood is of this species, Many of 

the o:l.der plrae jrlantatl.oras where trees 

are reaching nnc: rcharrl-ahle s E_zt? .:?.re s l.:rsX1, 

pine. Tn 6I1e i950's anti 1360'~~ sl.asl.1 

pLne :accounted for a large sharo of the 

p7.ant d.ng througi~out the ref;i.c>r~ s 

~~~it:l'di.>r~i Co;nstal ?lain. ant1 up into ti:c: 

Pi edunwnt: of Gc0rgi.a and Soc.rt:h c:a~roZ i.r~a, 

f?! > 8 II~ENDS LN PIIG: INVENTOR LES 

As the griiwitr--reznovai, s i.tl.~at iorr fur 

pine kiss tigi~terned, the inventory vol~inve 

has lle~i.el.ccR off, Over the: most recent 

rt~~r:nc~ast~a~e:i:r1,e11t pe riodr;, tire irnventc.,~,,y 

V~>:~.YJ~K~ of yellow pine irtcuc;rsed on1.y 6 

percent in ri~t-t Sou%-X-ieasi: as n wl-roP~?, ai~d 

t:vcn less i.n the p itedmohit azid >lcrtrrv.tains. 

Most of tile i~rcrc.n:;tr shows up in 

FZurida, the Coastal Plain of Georgia, 

:and. the Pi edxuont and Moun~ains of 

Virginia (appendi.~ A, ftablr: 71, tlxe 

axeas ~?..ti-i tine ~leI.rilih:;t datc-t. By owner-- 

ship, most 01' the recent: increase in 

pine voltime tias iacc~~arrcd an ptlb1ii.c and 

forc.:at i~qdilstry land 1-11 the Coastal. 

P Lain (appcn8.h ix A, ta.b-Le 8) Thc j.r-iven.-. 

t:oi-y voiume on NIPF land appears tc:> ki;av 
I- ,.jt.,iited I,- tilrot~ghotit. the rc-:gioirr!, By :-:ye-- 

clP,i ' -h>, sl.asii1 pine and ?oblo'r 'iy pine vol.- 

14int>.li .in tiie C:oact.a1 i?lairr arc: st;-ll 

Lrrcrt!a.s ing. The inver~ tory of :k~on-tIeaf 

p.i.ne is ciii~c? ir~iilg rzipidlp i-t-).ra~~,gkrrrtxt. the 

ScutEieast, Lori.gl caf pirie ncecnurrt s for 

rrlcsst of' cr dec1.i~~~ :in voli~rne of other 

ye]-lcrw pines in the C~iastprl Piai.i.1, rind 

Virgi.i.1i.n pin(? ;ii:crtt.~rrf:s for ~r~ot.:/: of an 

increase in vol.imie in this class in t:l?e 

li.i.cdmcrn t anili !!!ic.ui~.i?tnins (appe~ufi-x A , table 9). , 

At least ~OIIP. rnilj<ir ?AC~.C~T:"~.L.C: 

caus ing the reduct.ioris (41: net: ailriua1 

growth 021 p?-n.c i.rx the So~riril<:ns t: (1 1 a 

corat inrai.r:g ibcrc1.i rte i.n area of i.insbei.- 

iand, (2) inadequate regeneration on 

NWPF iand after harves~lng, (3) a sha~:p 

.isrortzase i.n the annr~ml mor0.a l it:g of 

i'incis, and (4) ;1 s1aawdowr.t ir~ t.iac rates 

of individclal-~t reti cii arncter growt-h in 

partrs of llii~c: rc:gii)i~, 

Past land-use t:h;:~ngc.s in the So~ni:lxeast 

have signific;ir).tly af ferrtcd $i.~mber voi-- 

ihme gr0wi.h in tlzr: reg il.on (K~),~ce and 

-. 

. 1.8 Major sl1ift.s 'ln ;\.and use 

sie7ic.e 1.945 arc parrtica.11:ir:l.y reicvant. t:n 

the recent retjli~ct ioar i.n pine tirrtber 

growth. Uetwerrrr 1945 ;rnX 1969, area of 

cropLand 11arvestt:d in the Southeast 

decl.ined by m,crrc; than I0 rni:ll iorr acres " " a~:c:ording to P;~.LE~:P:;~I.cs fro111 the U,S, 

C',enslns c>E Agricu1ture. Much at ?:he 

former cropland seeiied to trees, anrd 

:ires of ~l i.nrbcrrl:~nd hrt the rcig ion 

i.ncareased by 4.4 mi.li.i.c~rr acres,- 

IPt,r ing t11.i.s period, pl tinting arrd 

matr;x.at i.:eec&.i rtg of pine iu-ees on 013: 

E'i.e.l.ds more t:I.xan com,pli:nsn~ed for ti~,e 

fa.il.ure to rt:ga.z"verate pine stant.1~ after 

i_l;arvei;t s, The agiutlistributior~~ of pine 

arxd mixed pine--Iaardwoc>cI s t:ands or) NIPE' 

I.arrd -in tlne Sorrtheas t r;c.>day reI'll c:r: k.s the 

high rate, OF pirxe establishriient: %retween 

1945 and 1965. 1"lopc.e than 40 pera:ent ilf 

:'all I)~.cIG'~ and oak--pine stands or>. N'LPF 

land are between 20 aird 40 years old 

(appendix A, table 10)- 

tile rcgi.on iias c-'xpeniencec1 an iircnee:i?;i. 

irr, c:ruj>l anci ~-scrr;c:d by a :;l~a.rpri i;c: 117 

tile pr-odrrcl.lorr of !;oybenr>s, /'ix.c:a CYL 

c.roplnnd harvested has ii-xcre;lsed by 3,O 

rni kl i 07.1 acres , Many c:ic:p..e: s I.) t t imlse r. la rici 

Iiave btlen olazaretl for agric~.iI.i:inre, In 

acjidi.td.ciri, ilr??aii ~ii~v~:loprn~nt c:ontinl.ie*; to 

con$;t.lwne hinil~erlnnd iEi: Y-~P r.;iE:i? of' 

X70,OCIO acres si~nl,~aIl.y, 'i'ht: raizt. rcsu1.t 

has Seen. 13 5,9.-n1il.ii0~-:1~1::l": (EIC:TC~;~::C: in 

t.kic area of timberl-arid sir.,c:i-1 1963, 

I?;ecut~se of ~kri i; Liir.rrai>tsri t in (:r(3p4 

acreage, a raa"j or scr~irce new pine 

stands on NLPF land 11as dried up. Since 

nrrzny NLPF oepicaea-s irr, tlrc- region fdi i to 

regcii.reri.e t-ihei r- pine .-,tar~ds nftil~.. harmvest, rcarxy of the acres r-i:t:ainet2 i.rt tir-!I-- 

berlarrd irave reverted t tr harclwooiis, T_rr 

the absence of any ?a cge--~scaIlr cis t;fii:> i i!";l.i-- 

rnent of pin(? on uiorrforest, t.he area of 

young pint? stands or-r NTIYF Land pi i~rnrncted, 

As a result-, ti-icre arc 30 pcrrceni fewer 

pi.nc: xrrd i>ali-.-~>i~c stands 20 .,?ear.; clad 

and jio~lnger tliarr s imE l a-o- s t.oniis i,r twcbcri-i 

20 artd 4.0 years i-i?.d, 

l3ast.d on !.it82 .;tati.:;&ici; from [.kit. 

Cenr-:rls r?f h~;,:,r.icc~.Ltiirc.:, tire ini:~:iiase 

i.1 ;lrca of cxropl.ai.id harvested ill the 

Sotri:hc:a:itr i-uan aLnpoc:i:: h;kIi:6;"($, 'I.'i.rr~l~e'rl-~ii~d 

F.s still beiLng rap.i.cl1.y diverted to r1.c-bar1 

aid re1 a tc~ti I.JS~S, E.~~wevcr, Ti-xe 13i.n~ ariil 

oak"--pine fares r: t-y pc?s JELIVCJ CX~~I-i (:ric:cd 3 

3, 2-.m:i-Z l ion-acre nrrt ~leo.cease be tween 

t/~"e 4:otlrt:h HIICE fifth li'orc-sf: S~~rr-v~>;~s, r, live fast:i?st: r<jte of dc?czrc?at;e in ihi>se 

~ypes wa xrxc?:~t;ur-ed in r11.e blie?clniortf; ;.crud 

1Yoi.1ntei.rl li~7i.t:~ of Georgia (aupr:rtdi.x A, 

t.ab1.c '1 L ) , 

SniaEi i.rrcreases wc!rt?.r:r~rai.;ri~~e:d i.17 tfic::-:c 

types on both pub1 ic arid i.ndtistrry iioldirzgs, but thr: rc:ccur.t ticclirzcr; crii. Nl-PY 

4.arrd total 1, 7 nr jl Pl~ iori acye:s (appilnlii x 

A, rabie 12)- Of iiie major softwood 

t.ype:sy slnortleal: pine anti lor~gie;r!. jri'ric? 

i-inve expericrrcecl t.Ilre Laa-gcst; Lass 

!appendix A: table 13), 

Ancltl-ter factor cargsiirrg the r.-;d~ic:t.iirri 

in pine nc2.t growth i it :~clecjrrz~ii. re(.Ta>rr"- (-, - 

erarion on NrPP land :j!'t er harvesting, 
Aj, rhorigla recerlz: F'ores t Slrrveys S~P(?W SOII~C 

j.:rrpir.(>7i.cimei~t: :i.m t12l' regCi%i?l~t$iY:i I:J~ pine 

crir suclh lair~~ci, the record duiring tilt: 

1960 % sjLrtil 19 70's was not good, 3laily 

!A il3p owners accizpt wb~at.r.vn?.r e^:t:gener-. 

;at ia1.1, n;dl.i~r-c provides after t.i.errber 

vc!iit.s a 1.ii marly cascis, hardwcsods or 

rni~.ecd :; t:tnclr: of jr i.11~ ant1 Prartiwa.>o~d 

rel;ri.ac:c. pine without $(;me intcarventioi~ 

(~ii [:/I(: part trf tile Eli~~rEow~~t?r, Ch:,ii~g<!:~ 

on NLPF '].and are especially important: 

bci,:au~sl:~ t.hesc owners crccc7uTn.t ftrr nlurc: 

than two.--thirds of tlne tiin,hc?rl,ancE in 

the Southc5ast.. 

Over 1.111-1 pa::t: iUt years, t.he area of 

NL'PF' lnnll ilarvested and kept in t.ixnber 

Iles averaged abour 350,000 acres each 

year, 'I;'t-> ll s f igtlre ~zcltatles [.~otEi, f i.n;ll 

harvcsl-i.ng and i-iigh--grading brut: extslrades 

t.1: i.arnl.ng anti other ir~ t.er-riledia te cut t i.ng, 

Of these 950,000 acres harvi.:stc:ck, 

6 1.6,000 acres :;ripported pine or oak--p.iie 

st.ands prior to Ilarv-est, On NIP17 kansl, 

[;hi? "i-ota'E area sircceissful ly regenerated 

to pine: or oak-pine avcragclrd aborrt .. , .I.ZU, UOhacrez;, or: 54 percent: c~f the pine 

and crak-pirzi-, irarvested, 'The area art:.- 

f kci a l. i,j/ rc:generaired to Tie averaged 

less t'iiay.~ 20 percenir oi: the lncreage of 

p i~.lt: and oak.--pine-: harvested, WSDA 

FVorer;t Sexvice stal:isti.c:s iraciicntc: 1.7.1at 

t.i~i. anraua l rate of planting on NIPF Inmd 

in tlic Southc:nnt ha:; increased sigriifi"- 

c.ant 1 y i.n recent years, exceedirlg 

280,000 acres in both 1982 and 1983, 

'The latest rate of y2.ant:ing is still. 

weJ. I helow the xrate of harvest, hor+icv~~r, 

.Ai:>out 19 70, the i:uil:;eqrlenci;:s. nd. ir~stie-- 

qua t la regcnera t i oi.t orr NIPF l.and ;.and brlul:? 

absence of pint: sseedir,g onto oid Eierlds 

began to show up .i.n the JF"ore:;t. Sn.rvey ~ " 

:i tat l.sf:~.l:s as reti~lct ioalr; in the netirrbers 

oi' ;xix~e sap1 irigs (~oy.c~:l! and Knight 1.9'79). 

'The latest cyc1.c of survey:; al~nws 40- to 

5jS--per~~:n t dee: I. ir:les i.n tlne IXUUI~~I:S of 

p.i.me :;aj~Iings on IWlPF land, Xore inipor-- 

tant, thi-:.se iiec 1. ines in tree: ncrmbcrt:; 

have rlriw progrei;sc.d up in to tile 6- and 

&-inch diameter classes, wherc they are 

uf fect i.ng ir.~growtliu and inventory vtrlu-- 

inw, Sirz.ce some of tile s11;iarp decrease 

in rxu~xknee-s of pi.i~c;?s can bc atk-ri.l.~i.steci to 

the :;hi ft frorim dense nntinral. stantds to 

plantat ior~s, prosy,c.?chive dec:iinc?f; in the 

 large.^: ddinr-rxeter cl2ssc.s :ire ~ornc-:.ihii-r~ii 

siiuaL Ler Khan those exp6;r irni:c~ci i TI 

sap? ings 

Lij. the I.at:est Forest:: S!irvcy$; iif 

Idlr:rida, Ge~irrgi a, North Carol iria, South 

Carc~l.in;z, nilti coac;t;il. VF,r.gir~i.a, the 

i~umbcir of b--inc?.? pbiie tr.e:es oil N:i.Pir' d.nrlii 

was down 27 percent: from lriie i..or.ii-th :;ur-- 

veji., A GO-.~percent iitcrtlase in tile nun;--" 

of 4-inL(*~ p.ries oil "iws-tss t irlr$ris try 

land oraly partially coinpcrrlsaLeii for tri-~e 

X.os:-; 011 N LPF Lxxkd, Overn 11, !.here wa:; ;r 

i~.--~ercer.tir decrease (appendix A, t;ibi~ 

e. 4, t * 

i\ t.hi r-ti fat t.or sr::iec c ing the R.c:?~~uc t; j.0~ 

in net growth is 21 ~fhil~l~ ~^.III:T.~PTJSC? ir.1 tli~' ~ # iimrtal ity of pine, Tile st:alri,.st.ic.s iil;ci.- 

ciitre I5 percent of the gross ;6i^iiitla! 

growth of yf?"b.l.ow 133.11e j.5 now In:.rl: to 

nil>.rta"l i ty , conrp~rer~ wil:l:l 9 pcTr.ent: 1 0 ~ yic?i.irs ago, Overall., sl:al~i.:;t lcs in this 

repcirt show a 7 ?-percc?iit inc:n.-c?ase -in t:he 

:xriixuri? rnortal.it:y of pine grow:inj; sl.i?t:k. 

i,argc?rr I.ncrl-a scs have (oceucrecl irr 

i?Lcirida, Georgia, ancl parts o.f Vir-gi.t~la, 

Snra 1. lex i.x~crc:ases have occ~.xruc:d i.rs Nortlx 

Carol i.rsn, So.utI,~ Carol ha, arid coa:zta l. . " Vi.r.g;.ju;i.a, For tjor$Z:.i~ Car&! ina ,w'liere Ll~e 

ir-~ terirn wilrvey t igures :ire. cornparc-ld w i1:I-e 

tlhose from t.he fi.itll survt.iy, the changes 

are for a 58- to 6-."yil.ar. rc:measrirernerut 

period (appendix A, tablc 151, 

By owrlersI~i~, the B.;a rgeatr pc?rn~icei7l.ai<cr 

increases i.n p i~ie mor ta% ii,.y have 1!.7et::11: 

on pr~.ixl ic tarrd, where s tarads arc g#.?zx-- 

c?ral.ijr c;zrrietl over Loiigiir r-otations 

(app(411dix A, t.ab1.e 16). kllit.hil.~ each 

crbn.iershiy cl.as:;, tile largest: .i.ncrearses 

rn. ri~ortal i.ty hlavc. ocna~rred .in chi;:? 

i" i.edinorit arzd Mc~~iiiztainc;. (Of i-11~ I,TI~.-~OI: 

pine specites, dash pi~lc? h;xs c?,cpc.?rienced tlie Lar- ges t ~>ercc~:ta.:;e: i.xacrease 

Cappenc3ix A, t:able 2 71, SJi~sh pine 

p1.antec.l off ~it:c: ant1 ik(~rth OE its 

rlatrrral railgc: I-tas been ~~art:ic~s.lar:liy 

susct:pf:ii~le to a, r~~~niber of datn:.~g.ng 

tagerr t s , 

xt~(3h (if tile i.ncrc:ase in inu~"tality (:an 

be attrif3viLi t.ed to perioclic orrthrcaks of 

pine bark beetles over fair1 y exlrensi-ve 


- . . . . - -- -. - . . . -- .-- -... . . -. - - .~ ~ -~ -. - . -- - --- . .~-.. 

:std!t' m:r vtay yc!~- dird -- ~. .. . ... . - .- . -- ..~ - - . - - - . - . - - . . - ~-. 

s~citiv arca First !<+:c.o~?c! r!i x 10 FII!I~ L:! PI f 1.11 

VI'.>? hid: 

%~rr.!~ Flori,~:~ 11/3j,-l 11 35 6/414-. j/lt51 >{/ ;t3- :;'SO J:i,ti-l ; iocj v/lt1,--1 ?, io 

:;iiiiili k'loi~<i,i 12, 3';- 4/36 j/!+O-- H/.19 2i1)(1- f4/5~4 l/O+ (\/-70 ':?I 19- ')/t$O 

Stare 11/33 . jp/3t, 0/48~ 6/:+<) 8/58. L~/>[J I/!IH~ '>/;(i ')/713-" L'/5ij 

period Tram I946 to 1.9!i7; a i/5--;~~re 

cir6rl.e was t.lrc? bas-ic :-:AIEIPLI': plot, T11e:it" 

~~Icrts were: PC.~~J-~~O~?.JP stClt-.r:ted and syst~e-. 

a~;itic.alE,y d-istrkiriiftetl by u?siLl:tj~ grids 

pr iizl:ed ora ac?ri.al phot:ograpI~s, Again, 

t; rees were bored to determine growtla 

rates, 7'iie sc:cre)i~d SILP:V~Y ma.rkt.xd t:k:te 

initial rlse irf pc?rm:-)-rrlc.iit sample plots in 

the Soutiai?as 1: ;as plo"i locat inns were 

~TFCIIIYIIF?I'~~C!~ SCI thi?~ C:C>I.EId be I~~LP!'II?!~s!JT(I:%~ 

1"04.11% sarnpl i rrg was .in t.rnclniced i.m~.o 

X+'oz.ctst Survey plot design d~~rit~ghe 

third irxvct~tt>ry cycle betwee:?j~ 1957 anti 

1966, Twcr vers.ioi-xs of the:: new s:k'm,pling 

~ecklniqtitr were usecB diarkrag the ti-ai rtl 

survey, A single GA--18 variable plot 

was srrpeP-..mpo~?d oi;i tl?~ 01.d 1 /5--acre 

sample p1ot.s i.n SoratX~ Carolina, F;'los-ida, 

Georgia, nrrtii "rtie C:oasl:al P'Liajn c,f North 

Caroli.rma, Ln the remaii-rder- cxf Nortril " , * G;j.rol inza and l.n Vrrg-onj.a., a Y 0-.-point. 

cluster of j3A--3'7,5 pl.ots was est:abLbsE~ed 

at each s;ai;lliple locatic~rr, "Tkai.s pl.oF. 

(design i8s still "in use, 

oi;ts i.11 ci ialxie tc?r. growt.11 lixfi~ rii:a t .i on ui~i. icb 

t.hc: SW~L.C:EI to dia~netc~r i:e:rn(:ai;~lr~inc:i~'ts 

W,~S t.t:,qde<F. anik graciual 1 y imp ili?in~ntc.d. 9 7 [.he ::l;rar~gi?crvc.r from iircreinent ctrrc. t 

~.t"llll;?a~ilTCinc217~.~i oil jrermar~eirt plots war; 

cornpl.ete hy the timc.: the foua-t:ir sue-nc-y 

begau irt i9h6, Ibcrn;LI~ survey rnc~k11trc.ic-!I-- 

(3 gy <: 0 n s i s t: 62 <:i (1 l:1: (> 1 (3 c a t i.11 1; t: 1.1 (2 131,"."- 1. 0 

or UA.-"3'7.5 pl.ot rc:meas-i~ri-rrg sirrv i virrg 

t:rel?s, and estat>l-ishC~~g n new i~~urc?irtrrry 

:SILX tab1 e For ikt~~rre ~-e:~rrc-:a:-;urcuric~iz t. Thii 

fifth survey cycle b(2gar.c in 5 077 and wlx:; 

c.:oxxapl.eted ir9. Ln ti. 1913JT . li"racedux-c::~ were 

~~luct~ the same a?; t.ho.c;c? OF ti~c fo~~rt:i.r, 

-i raventory cycle ., '7'E.irec.i of t I-,e 10 :jcirripJ~(> 

poitlt.s at ezich locat ion are cuxi-c:ril:'i y 

r C"iTiC? 21 :+ ll r 6' ii . 

1)et:a.d led descriptions of Flh plot 

ii-lvezatory arid reniensitr~c~mexii" ~inoceti~rri~s 

;iy;c-: pr'cnridcrd J.n I ir:'Xti niarxual L; for cr:tcir 

~r;at:c and silrvegi cyc~~,l itccen,t 

1te:;otxrc.c B~il let ins al.;o provide clef ?.niticin:; of a.Ll terins con1rrxt3rily !~st?d. ir-i rhe 

iiruvc.:ntc>rcic.s (Shej'fi<:168 ZXI~ Knigllt: I(28/jp). 

i:>uring i.1111e third survey cycle, mctiitods 

of growth dci:erminatic,n were i.a tra.il-- l~vai i,abLe from L iie :Irr:ithrasi ran Fr,rr:at brriii-i ~ * 

~l.t~,Ol'l, T.re-163~ kSC?Xt2 ~tE.11 !302.e(4' t0 ini~:ilt St stlcrn, Pornint L~x.ire:necrry arid Anaiy sio, 
,, ~ Be(:;rklsc-: olf !:he tsii;\llgr.,5 iil 1)2?siiC i~l\i?Lilt.ouy dbs i.gt.1 <,ver rhe yc-.airn, i t is dii f--- 

Licir li:. tci $evelop cornpara.bii. estinia tes 

(14" ir1dl.d iil-i~:.al.--~ reel growtlx rates over 

ti,. ?'rc:e gr-owl:ih dat;~. fi:Ni>m tire: earlia.7. * ~ ,~u?-~.;ey:usr L~-i.rnir:c-i!, No pub1 ini~cid ,, ~ " rc?ciord,q of x.nd ividii~a1_--"._?-1:e growth rateis 

exist. For tlx rir:;i: survey pc?ric.,d, axid 

f ii:lcl f~rlrlrls Irtrixi [:litit ~;ur-vc?y were 

de>rr:rc.ryed yc;a~fiq;o. S~I~I,~!.:H: prc>blerns 

e,%i.,sC for ehc- sclcr>.i-ed survey, but the 

j'i.i: forrtis c(1nii.n ini irg riii:asut.erirerits of 

1:r.c-?c? core iircrernent iaavca been salv;rged 

for Zli rginl-a. 'Tlle?sct data will. eventii;ii 1 e:;tabl, j c;lr tree grciwtir rates i.11 

tlii "; Stal:e for ~1.163 1947 tci, 1357 periody 

trhc oldest irxforrriii t icrir cxt racisable f'roni 

the F-jlii, ctat;~ Irnsc?, Data nv;lii.?ah^Lsi Cram 

el~ii tliirci si,li.rvey pe-ri.od are niiist1.y in 

fornr of i.ncrc?~nc.:nt: co-re nreasr~rerrrei-ri-.s 

re,.:orded urm thc2 fj.c:J..ii; for.rns, Some of 

t.bat tl-jirtl snrvr2y data liavii l?ec:i.l c(~det:E 

i:or corirptrt<-:r analysi.?;, Evei~l:~~aily ai 1. 

cjf i r. wi.X couvc? rted into a. form 

s~rl P:al>li> f~r I:OIIITI~LICCC. :-itorage aniZ a11al.y- # 7 

s !.rev ge-owlrh--ra te dnt:l. for thr? 

four. ti? aivd 1'bft.h survey periods are 

b;x:;ed <:rat i.re F y 01% din:llei-er renuliasurem~:17i t: 

data, 'Li-te .niti:zi d i.scuvery of d ika.n~etcr 

p;ruwlii I-eciiir:@i.on came from ccriripari:;crr~s 

ave.rngi. growt'ki CS~CS ~TOT~Y. tha?_~(\ 

di;ixne ter reme;iauarernerii.s. In So~tEl 

Carol j.na tkit.: "irxt.er i.n! s~~rr:iicjr d.iaiuetecr 

rerne3.ui-c.nierkt:.r11. i.1-1 1983 pwc>vicEeil i:+r~~b.i?er 

peri~ci I(.>T ~c~r~x~~a~.sc be?ytrxld tile? fifth 

iiiventirry. 

b~~l;al.y:;c:u of avni Lah'lc? daia si-ed ii-lves- 

:i>;.j,[-inns p~:;~l./~li! causers r.>fT tree 

grilwi:;i-i rcdutuf_ii>n are nworl:: d.iffic~nl.t and 

li.rr-rit:.ed ti~arn wr>i_rld be ri~ii case i.f tile 

E'IA ~.I~J~IIE:I>c?~~:,~~ were designe:cl for- such 

rrsc.s. Certain k.cy Cree, stand, raird 

si tr-: parameters ei.ti:jcr I~irve not beer) 

coi lerntc?d or lkiave i,~e:rr, ccrll.ectrcd Err. a 

v;ir bab.1.. traairncr OVOW. t ~EI,C These StllPlVFY 

tie:;igu arid data l i.rra.it.ation pri,,blems ". ].r.;njhan;4lyses ~.,osi;lhke entr,acr-s of tiie 

gr,owLil sedrict i.orl, 

UMBERSTANDlNG THE NA"YUREE 

OF ?"HE ETA DATA 

i4'i.A reixi~+asticeiirer~i~ dat.3 ;I re {in iqz~e iib 

tlw;at tl~c:y drawn fro111 tiit" entire 

pop~ii:i i-:i orn of t rc.-r s :irril stands across 

~rilc. '-;c?,utlic*;~st.. J":oct?cii~ira:.,. :~.T.c; ~!e!ii.g~~c?d 

to acc1rratel.y sai-rrplc the popillation at: 

poi n l: ir;. t: inie and to nrc3a::wre bas i c 

~:hni.~gia.; in i:lrc: pcipi~ls i: ion fri;rri itrvi:ratorjr 

.: 'CLiti: br~)i~d-b;';:i(~.d tl~~d ijy'.-. 

rmaukir: tiati~r-e cllc Ilhe popui l at ion of t rcies 

iirzcl. s Lands i.s dj. j:jli.cul.c Lo I-nl.1.y roinpl;-(:- 

i.xend, cvesi. for soiricoiac? w i.l:h cxpcr icncce 

in loresf.: ii~\iertt:or-,y, For thi :; reascrn, 

three i::x.atnpi.tz:; of cI~ai"rgi?s jn s tarrd:; nnci 

asi;ol-l.atcid tally (14 trees over- ti.i:lr: in 

t~yprstl.ic?tical,. point s~i~r~pi.i?:; (vni-%.aiiLl:.- 

radi.uc; fl.ot:i) arc prnvi.tic.tl to put ii'rto 

focus the :50ijrt11:! and i:ist.iii.c? of thci <!:-it;?. 

:li;cd irr subseqireirt- sec"cl%oni;, 

1-n Lf1,C Ii rst- c::*::J,nl,p I.(? (fig* 2j 1-01.1tr..rc:!:?s ;iri!: ild~liddPd in th('. ii.lVl.ii?tory 

[:ire hypoi.:l-letic;ul. i;kamp? ing point ri th<? 

r I. i<~.rnernber l;ii;iL other CroGL:; 

::;(?; j.n v j c irr l :r of Lhuse :;II.WWII) 

but ti-ieg aa.2 not:. l.a~-j;c? 1?11011g~1 IO b~e , . !.li~l.t.~dcd in. t.liii i:al $.:y' for "r:E>i:; krx-vcnti.iry 

,-- . -* W11e.n r~>i7lc:;1~iirt:d in tile fo~.lrt/? 

s~~.rvc:y, trcrz 1 has dird, Trees 2, 3, 

;~JJ(J i+ ~iur~i.vc::d arrd are remcnt;iari:ii, c-9 7 1 il(::se t:%l.rc.e trees wor.3 i.ci be iricliidetl ir; 

t.iie ctrnipii,t,s~:ion of ,average d nrvre t;c-!r 

growl:ix; tire averapes arc: ~~siialLg 

a.c;sj.g~.lc:J to ti?.; t:w.-(::e's cliau~~etc-?r i:l.;*s~ -Ln 

tile f:lii.rd survey the i.>egir~ilirng of t.h i s 

mrowtll. peri oti, 'The same thr:'ee I:CIP,F:~S-. L, 

~llrl-hcj trees are r,cpavlded to per. acre: LCV-- 

65:s arid tl.ie d?arriel:cr. g,rc?wili is ciinverteti 

to stasld bn~iiL area erowth (survivor 

g"owttli) by 111etj.1od s and. c:oncej.it s dcrcu- 

.aiieI,tl?d liy Beers and I"iil.l.er (196&), 

/i mew i~nvei~tor:, j s rlciw c:i;t~3i.ili.c;irc3rl at 

tile F;;rnrc; plot ccln.xtex. (I") tu rneai:iure the 

!,;ej~:rcl:lt i.ilveiltoar~r and net a nc?w base for 

tlhe next:, rexntr3slirernt.L Rcna~~i:~siirt:ii 

trrc:i4s 2, 3, and /+ bc:*~(?~;iib? part 01 R61W I?' i.rjve~~"~<~ry~ Ijr.~t: :ir\. :.1il<-lit:i012a"l- L~cL* U/:->l ~ * is al.s~'i included l.ret:,a~ri:ci lt 1": now k:rrge 

crro~igh to be wi.tk-l.in the J:imid:i.ng 

tlintrarlce detewr.rnir7rt~d by the 1;xasa'l area 

i'actnr- of the pc3i.n~ sample, Di:-ring the 

xlext. plot ren.oeas~~rrc>nxent ( i i ftl~ sri.a:vey) , t.Elis new tree is ~.e:m~;asured a40rlg with 

rreer; 2 and 4, 'Tree :"i~.las been cut: in 

tiij s cil.ample, Dinrc-:ter growt.11 rates for 

i;-lclivi.tllaa]. 1:r.ec-tj \nio~~l.d be basec'l OCY. tre17.S 

:?, 4, i~i.xd -7 assigned to the ci-i.aizr,crtrrr 

~:l.asii of tile respectjvc trtses ii? tile 

fo13 r tlki i.iivcinto:-y . Surd.vor ?;rowtfl for 

t1-1~ i~ta~ld ~01~1.d lie calc~ilated ucr-ilg, ?!:lie 

s:,ir*ie l:rees, 
THIRD SkJRVEV 1 FOURTH SURVEY I 

I P 

.- 

PC ' PL-C3T C:EBIIER ', -) - MISSING 7RE.I: 

(N) NEW TREE "~."" " + 

lei cu-r .TR%-F : : - OFF- FLOI ' "~" ,, 

(44)-CII-IAD-IRWE X?+=GROW~~+ 

Figaxre 2,----Tree tally and reaneaasureureut trees at a hyprrtireticanl sampling point. 

iur three euccensive inventories~-~-~~o~ne c~ielti.ng~oortality~ a~ic! new trees, 

THIRD SUWEV I F~OURI"l-1 SlJRVBV I I FIFTH SURVEY 

Figure 3,---firee ta 1 ly arid rnraeazewremeut 'I pees at: a I~ypotheticel sanxpi irlg poixtt 

iru three e~rcccssive iruver~torie s--t.irnlier harvest and ragenerati on. 

1";s important to note? that iLf on?y 

undistiirbed plots were i.nclucieci in the 

corrtpk~tatj~oas of average growtirm, tlii s 

llyg3uotkzetical plot woilld he 2i:rclrxded ftrr 

the t:hi.rd--i:c>~-artir grcwth pc.ri.trd, Becnrlse 

ir irnber cut t ialg occ7,irred bet.ween Lhe 

!"'o~xL.*I:~ and fifth surveys, this plot 

woia"l d~sc excl7ikdetE from t.h.et ccan~putati.cir~ 

of average growf:ia for this per.ic>d, 

In zinotl-ier t:ypi.cal exauri;ul.c oi i.i-1;3ingt:s 

orx a plot (fig, 3'1, the initial inveri-- 

t.c~ry i:or,sistr.; prirriari ly 141' :;awt.iiir/3~"~ 

trees, 'Tfiesc trees are ~1.~1. Fie fore i.lte 

fo~r~:th SLJ.P.VC?Y rentc~asuren~eitl. j r'iu trc-es 

rtma-i-ti c~n whi-Ch to c:or~;.pt~.t:e avc>r:lge t:~:ec) 

diameter growthor ~.,urvivor growth foxtine stand, ELowev~ir, s rtrnnbcur- (OF s~rral~i. 

sapP-.Prigs I~avc? c?ccc-,nie estab'i i:si.uc:c! aird arcJ. 
THIRD SURVEY P F"OURT1-R SURVEY P FIFTH SCJRVEY 

I 

b k 

1 r 

I 

PC. - ~;FNIER ( ) MISSING TREE 

!N) - NEW TREE . , ""I ~ 

. .. - '31.1.- pI,,J-r 

(Ci A ClJT TREE , ".. . 

(MI) = DEAD TKf k &% .= (IROWIM 

part: of the new i.ilvcn~rsr)r on thb~i plot 

irr the i'our:th survey (trees 6) 7) 91, v v Ificsscs surviving 11nt-i.l. tkie fifth survey 

re:xreasrrn:eumexnt (trees 6, 7, 9) are 

rzrne~3siired rnracf const.i.trite the source of 

,';ri>wth :in formation for t1.i is j>Lc>lfi during 

the l.at:i?s t ga:uwirh period, 

'!.'he t11ii.d :;iirircy i.aiweiclil-ory in a tilird 

~~~,q,~iiplit (fig, 4) eonsi:;trs of wapl-brrgs 

t'trec-!s 1"-6), iCkle s inn61 is nndi s tcsrbed 

bal tween the thd r.cl aid f~ur t.h ;inel again 

he twc>e?~n tihe f"ntrrt:h and fifth c;urva+yr;, A 

riu~r~ber i3f erlire f.-rees grow larger and are 

rc?rnea!+ured, wl~i%~1: others die, Again, 

new t rc.es are added in su br-;equen t iaau;ierr,-- 

tories as their' size i.ncreases, pro-- 

vidi.ng new rre~ulc.usi~r.ement opport.tan%t.i.es 

in the next: reraciasul-erncnt. Even t:F-xougk 

the t.-cecs irr this examyr'Xa; are?: ~~~kvi.on,sl.y 

older i.11 tK\e last i.nver.ntury and may be *, growing sl.crwi~.r a:; a rt~suE.t, ~t. is irrtpor-- 

tant to real iae that growth that occurs 

on the sam~? tri"@s in co~lr~~~iit:i.ve periods 

E s as:;iji,rred tcx a different ilianreter 

cl.aas for eacirm peri.od, SimiiarZ.y, stand 

grtrwtkt is assigined to higher stand age: 

a.r~d/or dens .;it,)i cl.asses for each period, 

Mar:ly :nore: exiarnpie:~ wo.yzl.tk t:re needed t:o 

e x, I2 ii US i7 a ll. ir o s s i b t e c OC$,II> .,i sr a* t iL o f 

sr.anc1 and tree hi story for the di Ff'ererrt 

growth pe.riod:;. '.~wo FYI:~~.II~S shol.llri be 

rem.eir~l-ue red: ( k ) 'TI.-emcndoms di.vers ity 

e>cists in the j3i~:~j)u.Lakiort. of 1: reiis and 

stands over large geographic areas, and 

(2) saapl. i.rsg procedures eurnpl.ayed by FIA 

are designed to cnptrnre end measure ttnc 

ckxarages in the popt.~lstio;rn from c:.r-ie 

iravent:ory to the next, Changes in. tree 

arxd stand growth pr.t?.semtccch here arc? . not. 

based on a single sample of trees 

velestee"iduri.ng the third survey arrd 

traclced over succeeding rc?aneas~.~r.enren~ 

pe.ciods, 'The ptrptiba tior~ o.f trees and 

stands is resaraap'betl at each inventory 

to establish a new base for the next 

rerneasurernc?Imt. 

R.eiltre:ticrrrs an s~srvivor growth of p.i.nes 

were first observc<d at ithe individualtree 'l.evel, 'The measilre o.f tree growth 

used in the If.iad4.~;ridu:~i;%-~~tre1: ana1ycii.s was 

;i?rersge annual.. iradial ir~crerxaei~i. IAAR~:>, 

Tree uroi.ume growth would have 'been inore 

desl..r,able, hrrt tree tlcrbgkrts were ar.crt 

wrs?;is~.iretl wi.t:h the same precision as tree: 

d,h,h, In sorile cases, heights of :ir~d-i.-, 

vidua't. reineasrlred trees were not available for use, Because AARl 's (z~.md tree 

vol..i:ime ggnrwwtlij tlir not acleqrlately describe 

s rant1 proeiuc t hit. y , more det.al led ar~nly-- 

sis of the data was deenzetl necessary, In 

tiie riiclantiunle, /\ARI:'s eou"1-d be conapul:ed 
rather qlric1cI.y Frorn the latest remeaw 

izreirmeilt, data to provi.de an1 initial. exam- 

.irlat.ion of growLk1 trends, 

Decl ines in ri~lRl% sin neturaL starids 

crf I.obl.c,l ly pine in the Georgia Piedmont 

and Mountains 67:e :;lhown in plotkings of 

rae?xi.al. growth by i.eait ial dkarnet:er cl.nsz; 

for the two li~,ost recent senxeasurerner~t 

per:.iods (fig. 5) Red~tcti.~~~~ in t-lais 

pai:ticul.ar example range from 1.1 percent 

for the 14--inc'u?, diameter CI.JIRS to 37 

pcu:.cent. for tile 2--l.r-nch ciaas, 

lPJ17 IAL ;?-lNi;i-4 DIUME 1-ili? CI._AS':; 

Pigtare 5, --.-bveru.ge annuad, radial increment 

(MRI, by diameter class, ftri IubLrrlly 

piaxe growing in RI~~UIYB~ B~YJ~CIU during the 

Lwro l.atef+t remeasure?rnent periiidtl, Georgia 

I"iedmaatt anti Mountair.ie lb, 

1.11 this 31111 subsecjt.lenlt pr.esi:rottklt-.ions 

of A,AtZlj, nncar-w g,rowt"i~ waltles a.rtr sElowrl 

for eacil, dirj,rneker class, Pine trees 

tlxat: were measill:.ed at t:lnt! begi.nrxir.rg of 

tr i tiler rc:~:r~easur:e~ii~c+nt period and survi.ved 

to be remewsurecP at tire er~d of the 

pcr-.icad form the bas is for the grow's11 

ccsnxputat ion;, For CAC:~ rerrreas~irernealt 

pericrcl, the streps ii.ioo2ved were as 

fox ~OWR: 

1, S~~rviving pine trees were 

assigneel to a diameter class 

ba::ed c.riu the dianreter. ofthe 

tree at Lhe bi:iginniLng of the 

growtlr pe.ri od, 

3, AAKI fur e.r-lcl:i tree was ccli~ipiit_ccl 

by divid irlg annual d-inmet-cr 

grcri~ti~ by 2 ., 

4. P/ae;~w~ iUH.IBs for- eacir dinmc~ier 

class arrd spec i.es were ca icezl ated 

by sumi~ii~g individetal-tree AAR.IVs 

ai~d i2ivi.r;li.ng by tilrt!: number of 

i.nd ivic1~1n.i.:~; i* 

Since the AA%tLqs weir-e coi~:i,~rt~d .indc.-. 

pciiderztl y fur each period, the xnea.nF, do 

zrol: reflect: ctecli.~rir~g growh:i-I For tiic 

same irr-eea t:rac'.kc?d across both rerric~as-- 

ilrcment pc:riotis, li~it sin~pl.~i ref'Lec:ic how 

trees of the oarac: diameter ci;rs:: a]-(: r 3 growi ng iiir sriscessivc~ t-he per i.oda, 1 he 

d jrru;.~xrics CP i- tile i: rct pcrpu1.a t i~0r.t crlitur:.e a 

corni:inunir.s il-trl:nnvcr cii' .i~?dividi~a?.s 

witI1i.n 3 :size c1;-158, During any one 

growtli period inany trees are i:~it, ot1ier.c; 

die, new trces grow large enougii to he 

i.iicii~ded in the inventory, and rno>;t sirr--- 

vivcrr tree?.: gz-ow into a I arg6.r dianni-b t c:r 

el-ass, Tl~er:c-:forc!, tlie aver"agc:s ref IF!(; t 

natural. i y occurring cltangc?~ i n over3 1.1 

forc!st str-7.ictui.e over C'iarrc, 

Standard errors ;ire iniiicatred aroi~riti 

X:he means i.n the errarnp"1.e plottirrg of 

MF<I (fig, 5) brlt ace on~.ittc.d froxri s~ltisequent i'l ].us cr-n trioirs o F AAK I, Mear~s, 

saswzpie s!.zes Cnumber of' trees), 2nd 

standard errors for a1 1 the ilIiI<l d,ata 

;sl:e available in tal>lc~:s in ,:~:?ppen:dii; A, , Iests q of sign? Ei-conce hr<~yoncb providing 

means, sarnplir sizti, and starrdard errors " , are ounritted. Readers niay wisrr to make 

t11ei.r own ii.pt~~~r~~rerati~~~:i.r 0JF sjgiiifi- " ~ canice based on thcsc stall strcs, Some " * .nterpret:a&:ioi~ of :;l.at n st~ca k signi i:icance fks 1rrovi.ded iih t-he text, 

,- - Lhe shapes of 6tt~e jirowtt~ 1>11rv(is di) niit I- ic.,,etnbl ? C e tiicase irc trail? i-.i.~i~~ l growth ai10~1:i.I 

yield studies 01 rnana~;ecE stai-~ds, Y~!jt. 

crf the natural 1-;t317d~ in the FIA rt>rricBns.-- 

tiremerits are not managed, and trees oi 

al. b crown classes are i.nclr~ded in tiii: 

averages, Hel.nfr ive3 y hi.g'i.1 propor-ti oils 

(1 E ir~termediate and overtopped i trees iir 

f1"1e smaX Lee- dj-amc-iten: clas::c~s sr~pp;cz;s 

the growth sralur-:.;, 
niet~irn l s 'can<% s throi.igholi,t tl~~> ~~pl:ind 

areas of tire Sou tl-least be t:wt?er~ tll~ tlwi 

trzus t receril: remeasurementr per inrda, fi'~;~: 

inout study areas, the growP:11 sSLow(lowr~ 

nppa rcitt: ly oecurr rcici I,cl:wc.:c:r? t hc f nrir ti.-., 

artd fifth ai,ai.v~?ys----~rz~:lie~;ti.me. in tht? 

1970's tru: erar1.y i."P8tlos, 111 Soue:F~. 

Carol. ina, pine diarxuei:err grow ti^ changctl 

c.itt1.e betwes:xr: the fozir:kir and fifth ~t~r-- 

vctyr, "hut did tlecl i.1-ze thcreai:te:~- i>a:;ecI on 

AJAZZ t; deterrili,ned for the iirxter:ixn, sliuervey 

ra31rt~~asi~rerrrer~t perioti, Kecluc t;i.cj;.)s drnr ing 

this 5-year period (1 378 to 198:i) were 

as sever(. as for iO--,year periods in 

ad"-jace~rt States, 

AARI dal::t for ti7(.? 1.at cVsL in.v~~ito~.ic?:: 

(tiloso wit:?, di:~).~~i,c:;:er. n.emeas~xr!~meil.ts) 

were asse~ilbled to]: eacll o %' the study 

areas for wI~.ich tliere were two ~117 n109:e 

avai lab? t:rcir~sasii,.elr~ca~:.:j. 'i?hc data, are 

presei"tc"d in apperitlix A for the i~iajirr 

pine speci.es grarwix~g iii. natural. starlds 

wit:l.la".n c:acl.r ~teldy area zinc1 for ;rl.antxed 

i:;t;llll.ls where the sample is Large enor-tgin 

(table 'LL; appendix A, tables 18-47]. 

Since AART trends in fhe Coast:al r Lain 

(1iPfer from tirose i.n tile Pi.edrnont ntrd 

MoazntaP.ns, the importane: i'indir~gs are 

surnjrr;tr- ized f~cii.. eat:lw areg i or?, 

12 i edroio ir !: arud I"lo r.irr f: ;i j.11 i., " "- --~ .~ i<edtnctioris i.11 ~f.iai~litei: growth trf pi.rzes in natrrral star:ds arc! cvideiit for all. 

A yatterir ofrred~nced ib4R11. is evident blui the Largest pin": tr.ecs ire t"iii> 

iIcir all. mixj~r- pi.ne specia+.s growing i.11 I5-i:dmc~rit arkel: Moriz~tai.n r+:giorrw, 'The 

'dc~i Lli Cai ol I!I;J i:oos~..ai Pia ill 

V~rginii* 

Strout leaf 
ri~agni.t:ude of the rednctior~ varies by 

,species and diameter e2.a~;;. b~.~il. averages 

20 to 30 percent; the majority of dif-- 

ferences in LiliRX \s arc sl:atistically 

sd.graificarat at: orlei standard error or 

higher probability, These changes are 

based on a relative1.y :large: number of 

r15anens1~red trees, wit11 several ilundred 

rampies, i.n niarly coinbLnat iorrs of spec.te:; 

and di arneter c1.a ss, 

A co.enpae:is;ern of pirre diameter growth 

trends for pl.anta tions in the Piedmorrt 

and Mountains was poss':.ble on'1.y. in Sorotla 

Carolina (appendix A, table 26)- Again, 

red~rc tioms show arp for Li~blolly pine in 

Ltre ?".n.ltc:riin survey data (1983), conpared 

wit:h date from the two prc~vloui.; remeas-. 

rinr~:i..itnetlt.s, Di EFerew~ces Fxe tween d i lame ter * ~ c1assc:s often were not istat:~stac;~lly 

signi.ficant at one standard error, The 

sanp1.e size for- pl.ant.ati.on 1.c-jblo:E 1.y pine. 

Irr, this s tiidy area i.s not parti.c~il.arl y 

large, especially in tine fifth survey 

where most diameter: cinsscs have fewer. 

t-l~arr 30 sa~apLcs, 

Coastab Plain ~- 

The AARL v:slr.jcs fc>s the latc?st nl~.erveyrs 

in the Coast-al PI.airr! show I.i.tt lr! cvidenctr of gencara 1. growt:l~ reduct i 017s i-n 

natural stands, Trends in, diameter 

gi-uwth vary by st:~itEy area, species, and 

size chass, LobLod ly pine, rhe most 

wiciespread species 1.11 the Coastal. PI a tn, 

grew a.s wel.l. in the f iftb survey per loid 

as in the fo~irt-1-a in Coastal. 'b"i.a.irz st.~idy 

ax~eas :in Virginia :anti Nor tlr~ Carol ins, 

Scrr:re redr-nc~ion in diameter growth of 

natural '1ohlcnll.y "is evident in the 

Ge0rgi.a and South i:artal.ina Coas tal I"1ajir.n 

areas, pr i.ntari. 1.y ire t;hc small estr 

dianpit::ter cl.:jsses, Tfte r.c.iiuction .in 

Soutlt Carol ina apparerrt ly occurred ire,- 

tween the f ift:it arrd L.r-r i.erlrn surveys, 

h'or other i>i.rae r;pecies in natural 

stairds, there are s irni l ar irtctsrris.iste~~-1 

ties i17 di.a,mc~-ear growth trends, 111 the 

Coastal PI:lin rc?gions CP~ Georgia and 

Nortli Carol ina, racial growtl~ rates f~ji~: 

longleaf pine were do.idn for the snlaller 

dirlrxleter classes (gerreral ly i..he 2"- 

througlh the l O~-incl-u. cia st;) betwee11 the 

fonrt.1-x ar-td f i.ftlu, surveys, tn Nortl-n 

F'loritia arid South Carolina, the most 

recent di.arnecer, ri-:rne;isuP-e~,~~eizt. data Incii-, 

cate relatively sttible growth for lo.r~g-. 

Tea f pi.ne, Slash pine di3~1tt'it"eif. 8;rihwt.j.) 

for riatural stands in the (kecrrgia 

Coaslrel PLai.aa is rciLatively stablc: iw.1 

a1.l. but Y:he smallest iiiame1:er ci;lss~s, 

Nad:tia-al sl.a.sb in Nor tl.1, Flcrridli has 

slowed sarmc:wiiat mnorc. in d lameter growth, 

wkrile no general. trend is evi.d~t.lt in 

South F'bor:ida, 

Connpa r ;sons ai.iuulcitc:x:. growtil rat cis 

were pnss i b.1-e for planted slasll pine and 

lob1 ol ly pine irt certain study arr:;r:; 

whc.-re the sample si.ze waii iali,ge Lor two 

or more renreasilrerr~erat per ioths, Crowtli 

Lx-ench for tiw.escx types u%ao vary 

geograpF.~icn~i 1 y . Dialrue tcr growtir 01: 

pl.anted siasil pine? .is rclai.ivcl,y stnl-rlc 

i.n tlr.tcz Geol-gi:i Coastal Plai-r-r, gerrerrkliy 

up in Nclvrt1.1 Floriciia, and general.1~ tiowrz 

for the sms.Zier trees in Sot-atb CaroLl-17.~1, -, Ihe retitaction .in Sorat C-u Crircrl.i rra rsit;iy he 

actriY,utahl e to the de:crc.;i-,e in plant irrg 

of tE~,is species tlzis Ear 11ort1-i in the 

last I0 10 15 year!.;, Without recent 

p: ant ings, aver-age growth r.at:c:s in sniirl l 

d.iamcttrr cias ires are expected to dticline 

beeauscs they re.prc?se?rit irrcreeasirrg pro-- 

por ticins of stipprcissed trees as I:%-~cr 

stands age, Gi-owih of ioblolly pine in 

pl.ai1ta.t ions is compared i.>nly i.rr t!ie 

South Carol i.r~a Coastal. Piairu, whl!re 

rel.ati.ve1.y stable growtlr rates arc 

indicakc-?d, Mariageir~.ent factors i~trci-i as 

ci.laizg<?s irx tr el?: i-:pai: i.r.ig over f; irujc, 

tlrainage, ireddi~~f?,, rlsci of gcinctically 

improved stock, c$lsc,, cowuupiica~c? the 

evaitiat icurv. of d iamc. tcr p,rowl:l~ t rt:nds iu~ 

p1antati.on.s morc-? i.llczn for iiiltura? 

stands, 

THIRD StiRVEY YNCR-EmNT CORE 

mAS6JREMENTS 

A i.ogi.cnl !:uncl.e~s ion h8a:st:d on data 

avail.ab1.c: rrom t:i-~i: fourth, fifth, and 

i.ntrer im .;n.lrweys was t-fra"E:iriy d i amcter 

growth tlecl i.rie was probahiy r-estr-icl.eri 

to yellow pixre:.; Lm the Pietirntrrri: and 

Moiint.airr areas cuf: ii~e I;ci~~l:he;~st, 'C'II~F: 

FLR staff d~ici.de~S that g~.-l:>wtl~ ir.f-orii~;k-- 

ti.on from the 1.lli.r.d sllr-vi-:y i;ixor~id be 

ex.~?imimeil, The ef1or.t to code ~lii rri 

.;r~rsrey data for ~:crrnpr~t.e r storage and 

canaiysis 'began w-iil-r. Li-ie Pied~riunt ailci 
Mtrrrrx~ai ns of Georgia, coart.inued with the 

/3;01,1dh Carul il:la tlis?dmoi;nt, and was evtzn--- 

1:.1.ial.ly e,rbpndi?d into tiie CoasT_;tl Y4.airi, : 7 jhes!..: eifcrrt:.~ are (:o~?tii.l:.iing* 

Ee'ew ii%axrietcar cilnreasr~x-emerrt da La arc:. 

ava ilabll? Ear the ti~ir-ci surveyy, 'Crize 

growth data gathered dc~ring tl-tcit: sirrvey 

(2,an.w i:r-olin tree cores extrcicted from 

invcrtory t.rs>es, 111 rirder. to compare 

growth rates For this perjoti w-it:h nrore: 

rece-xnf: oi~es, tree core niiras~ira~rnerrti; had 

tc.i llr~: coilverted to dbA.RLV Y, 

Titir i.l.rg t:klc. third ,survey o i: Sozitit 

Carcr'lirla, al l sample‘: trees 3.0 iriciires 

ti, h,i~ and larger were bored oil the plot 

~-er~tcsr side CIF th~ tree UEP~ the last 

Fill. 1 5 years OF racli.aI. growtiz was 

rric::rzsi.arcsd and recorded to the nearest 

1/20 inch, 1.n Geoe-gi.,q the rn.ininnltwr size 

of tree horecS for radial gro~~ri-h was 4,O 

i.nctles d,h,I.~, '2:x:er:s of arly size-. w:ir;i.~ 

;ikJnorinal iti.es or defects at breast 

i-~c?ight were not lsorc:?d, 

liar/< ~neasiirernents at brea:; lt htr.ight ori 

nic-rr:e tkla11 1~0,0640 tr~?~):; yrovi.dcld the data 

necessary to dc:.vs?l op eqriatiorrs to? pre-- 

cict: bark thicknessB 17y sjrtlries arid 

d,b,b, The procedure developed to corn-- 

pure rad.is1 growtfv ( including bark) f rcrnl 

Li1i-c: t.hird--stlii-v<?y i;ree (":ore aieai;tr~:crri~c-:~~d:s 

(c!x~lrldirig i~ar1.r) rcq~ii red con~prrti.ng 

rogrcsnion coef f ic it~nt ,s for hark 

t.i-~icki~t?s:i pretlrict-iowr. t?quratios~s for each 

;;p+x"ii?s, Separate ~li-ht-:; of clquatio~~ . * coef ficicwrts were: soi.ved for. sspllrrgs 

it rea.:; under 5,O inches d, t~,i~,) and 

1a;:gi.r t rees, 'lihre(:l. di Ek'erc2nt ~:aa.lcu,- 

in t illg procr:clwri~s were test:c?d, arid tiacirr.-esults were compared over a wide range 

crf ckiramieters and a-a.di.ol growth r.ati.42, t-9 ihe three naatl~eirr:-aticd proceelrrres were 

fi.irttj~"~: te?sr.ecZ using Clhe act:i~ai til.irti 

survey sample trees for both strldy areas 

-in Ckorgis. /il l three metlnod.; prc~ducecE 

e::;sceirtial,Ly th~ sarw1.c estimates of AARI 

oru a t:i;-ee,-by-"trt.e b3si.s anri at the stemniary level., 'The procedurtc. se lec t:ed for 

use irz this stridy pr"oduced the lowest 

c-rs t Ernate of A.il,R?.'s, The predict lor) 

tiqua t inns asnri, a rrrore detailed explanati.ol-c of the proei:dure are presqentetl. in 

appendix M, All trees whose radial 

gi.owtii races were wnltnown were :is,signed 

an average r.:i:lial. growttz valnir: by spe-- 

cies and dianctc:r cl;a;s wi.i..hir.~ each 

:; tralrsy ::ires. Sanrp Tc trees ass i.giec:cl a~: 

,avt?-~-agl: growth were no!: used ii.1 mai.cinng 

AAKL ctxnparisons b.c.i'r: were used i.n erst?: -- 

rwa:.rti.ng initial basal. ;area pel- acre ai:d 

basal. orera grc;\*rtl.i per acre. 

ii,%.u,Xi, 5 years prior tcr the third silr.-. 

vey was calce~iated for: eac:.Fr, tree frolil 

the coimputed AARZ. '1;r.r.e~ were then 

sorted and averages developed i,y the 

same pjf-~~c:ecI~res as fcrr t-kzo fourth and 

fifth surveys, 

During the recovery arlci ar~al~sis of 

tEi.ird survey data for Ceurgka and Sout.1, 

C:1ri2l.irii:j, several I. i.mi.ting factors were: 

identified, The first an14 pc:mrhaj>i; rntssi: 

seri.oeis ti.mitation of tile tiri-rti sr.irvey 

da.tn wrls that: it was i.~n~puuslbic: tn 

acccri,.int: for ell. tire rnajcsir cornponer~ts OF 

cillenge d.~ll.irig ,:he: 5-"year gr0wl:i.t per-ioti, 

'Ti-1i.rd silrvey invc:.ntory Lrees wc::ce pro.- 

cessed bnc:kward, so c>nXy srirv-\rirrg tl-c:rs 

~aarci i ngrowtll trees cou'l d be, accourlt:ec;l. 

tor d~.~~:ii~g the posrcrif, Ilheri-: was xio 

record of trees that dicci or were cut 

during the g,rawt.h peri.0~1, '11his 'I.i.nmi.t:a..- 

t ion pi~ver~ts the comple tc<~?c:i)ns true-- 

t.ion of st:rrrd coniiiticins at the 

beginning of the growth per.iud, Linot.hc?i 

I.imitat-ion of t-he third survey data was 

tha: letck of stand history infiir:.m;-rtiorm 

for the 5"-yesr pe~.iod, Past di.stur-- 

baitce arid cuti: ing hi story coldir~g crn1.y 

rc;;.ipeigrii.zed chi? 3 years prc2ce.d-ing the? 

t E.me of the ii~vent.ory, 1i.eavi-nlq 2 yc!nrs 

of possible unarco~xnted aSi.sturbanc.:es 

during ti:<< growa.h per:.i:rd arrd no record 

of stand history prior to the period, 

'The date aiatl natliar-e trf st.zzixd irr.Lgir1 

(p1.a.11 Led or rra til~:a!. ) w141.1l.d have? bezel1 

riseful. for tliis stirdy, During t:i.xe 20 

years pri '31: t.0 the tfli.rd survey , rnla.aiy 

pine stai~tds i.n the Isi.eclmont of Georgia 

and Strrrrth Carol c~rlgi.nat:etf on: akin-." 

dcr~red agricu.1 tri-r;rl. laiad ei t.h.er by 

plant i.ng or by natural rtugenerat:i.or?, A 

distLi~c:ti~ik betweern plaw~ted and a~;citurrzl 

stai~ds was XILAI~CS i.r~ the PlctBrait~nf: ;ind 

Mclu~ltains CPE Georgia but riot i.ar ti,@ 

Coastal Pl.ain of Ce0r.gi.a or ixx So~itl~ 
I!i.;.su.!ts Fiir the I?eoa:gici i'?i:d:it.ont: arid 

Muurx t:a i.ils i~ild il~a t e t:i.ia k-. ci,aii~etcr gr 0.vvit.t-1 

of rlatn~-a:l lobl.okZy rand si~ortleaf pine 

]-),as dc:ci.i.nc.d (liver a :iongel: pc~rj.od thara 

fia~st thought (fig, 61, For ~.~sbiol.~y 

j.ikl~t!~ ri?fdu~ti.~il~.j avcx:agi.r~t; 330 tc~ 40 pl::rcent: over 1ncr::t diameter ib:lidsses arc 

apparent in con~parir~g the? JJO.~t<?bi'C grc~wt:J~ 

rake (C1972tto '1982) wi,t:l~ tho:;^ of ttie . . i~.au,i re:, t piir i.od (1.956 t:o 1961 ) , TIie 

clc:ciirze for: 1"oblol.l.y is g:.:re:ater I.retwc:ei-i 

the third and Ccpurth surxiey t-jlara b~2twecii 

Lhc? four l2.1 and f 4 ft:tl, Short "l.~::if pi rie 

growth he ~iii~e:ci r1::ar-e drai:na:ical. W.y over 

tire cii~t:ire per-Loci; 40- tCj 5W~-pcxr.~er1t 

drops in: growlr!! r.r)tes have OCC~.YTT~~ ~'OIT. 

this species, About 'IIZX% f: (if F~UC: %(:3:-ts 

t.(lio?c place 5r fore the forlr th r;zir~i-ey c?ud 

ix;*lf i.n tl,hr I.ate,cit growth pc-.r:i.oc-l,, Fox. 

br/Lh ioh.icfk :y and sl-rort?.eaf pine in 1r2.ii.s 

study ares, sed~rct iirn.i in mean AARL be-- 

tweer?. the rl.~i.r-d a11.d f ift.ir surveys are " " ~ a stntist.l.onl.ly n3gnlfi~carxt: at 4.t:;rst at 

one starrdnrd c.rrror,; mcst Inearls w i thin 

15iaai~tcs.r Liass:::s cliffer at: ~rn~ch 1iighc.r " " ,~ 1rrwel.s of s~.grrr.i.~ca~zce. 'l'he S~XIXP~~? size 

is I.arge for thesc: twtr species; i.sel.1 

over 100 -iampitr~; were prcsc.nt in mast 

ikiarneter clx:ses al.1. t-,l.is.ee i;l.lr\reys 

(appendix A, tables 48-49), 

kARl s for the tixi rd s~irvey are rtot 

presented for tile 2-inch di.ar.ncter cl.nss, Vt" ,reps of thd !i :.size were not bored, 

d,.verages were conrprl tc?d for thi s iij.amclte.r 

class kilki. were based on larger. trees 1". 7 ~nai. were growing f,as t ~!a;ough to have 

?;eer;i i.1~ f:Cnc?: 2"-in(:h cl.asi.; at tla::? beg;in-- 

ning of the growtlr period (5 year:; 

a. Tfla~s, LaKL s for tiris 

diameter class are bi.aaed, cnarxpared with 

Later d ianat.:~t?r rsmeasr.nrernents of a1 I 

t.rees a, 

In the Sowt'rz Carol iilil; P i-etinrorr t , ma,jcar 

icduc tions in cE-F.srne tea- growth for 

r,bq"tu~:al lohloL ly and shortleaf pines 

occrirretl between the tl~i rtl arid i.i~~er:ixi~ 

s,~.rrvcy period:;, Foi- rilo:>t. d.iarrrc?f.cr 

c:l:rssczs the cietrl.%n.es are statisi:ic;ll-ly 

~ "~ w-f;n~.f~canr a1. the (1'4-p~.--. c,L~.:..ii:- p~',:~ii3CX-- 

it.?/. bcwc~l., give11 t:.lip l:ir.gc: snirrpi~/: si;.,~: . ~ arid strirrdard error v'-i%irt:~; ((aiPj~nai'x A, 

tables 53--,r',b), in Sari::?-i, C;rr.i?linct. t.iic' 

d;i,i:n span 3 dec:tai,iii:; (1353,.-1083), ,r/!e 

g~ri.,wtCi dc?ci -i.~~t: :icicn not ajlaptA':3~,. to I;;lvr: 

:rci:ur reel corlt ii,>ii:>~sl~ thr-ougl.iciut f-J,i; 

per.i.od, r'iec:l i.nr s T~CCII rretd, heiwi:~?~~ t/,<: 

third anti fijtrrtli siirireys nrlii betwreri tl,e 

f iCiLE-r am1 interim srrrvc?ji>;, IYhe i~tlrtlj 

3 in il f i f t 17. $1 I r,-lr 6. y AAK 1 i; :i r- c. (2 s s c: n t. i- ;el J : y 

the s:ilne, 

4;hc conipictt,;ti a~ralycrc::-, <,I: ci~j r-(i st~:-vc?y 

(-';at-za for Cc);.st;~l ll'iairr 31-cr;is !-~ave Seen , " g~rit..r surprls ing-,-c:urzr.ernf~ (ijamc-:Ire~. 

growth rat:e; f(or :ye1 i.i?w pirri::; arl- con-- 

riderably lower thcirl ?.l-ri:jnc of .?. tcrr 3 

hlei:aiic?s ago, For in!-; t.~i:i~~ r. r~a."Cilra? 

slash pine growti-) rates iiavi. dec1.i~-iecl by 

appn~x^lrnat:t?ly 40 percent I.i.1 triiir Cecrrgfu 

Cozistal. Srloi.rx (fig. 7)* A!rrio!:t alC crf 

f..I;lis cExop rjcc:r~r~-c:d .;.i.r tlic: !.?iir-tB arad 

" ". ?c>tirt.lh :survc!y ;x?.riods9 :j.~~.<i t.11~ c11.j j".e~-cr~- ,, "-~ 

c:c.: in. AAIPZ.':; arca statist.i.~:c-mFly i-il:;nl~~~.-- 

cant: at iriie !;tai-1cJnr.d error or. milii:c,. 

Uecl ixicsa c~f: sonipwilai: :;riia4 ic.1- rr:agn-lt:~~tlr 

are ~~ppanenf:. ::or lob?(jl ly piiie +.;-I. ti-].is 

.n-.eg.iun. l'he same t-rcinds exist li7 t:!lc 

Cuost:nk P1ai.i:~ :~r.efa:: of Noprril ii~~il S13ul-fl 

Soro1.i.ri.a (figs, 1 and 81, In e;ici~ ar-c:a 

and for c~.ach niajor pine sj~c.:cies, an 

ovi.1-raLL ili ametea- growl:!? rciir~ct: i or? is 

apparent., and most of the loss iooill 

yl.acr: be twcen the i-lr:l.rd anii fcrixr tf; 51.ir--, 

veys. 'i'irc redrrc~ion:; ktt!l-wc-trn tire tiri.rc1 . " znd I;Y~:c?s/: t:r.l~..\~.ey~ ~Y-O t;~;;~nif";t'~;iL %it 

tile 95-1~erc:ent: jiroL~,ribl'lii:i/j Jc\/<-"l 5:jr 

rncrst: ctsrwtbi.r?;ationr, (3f specie:; ,anti 

diari~ete*. c iasis (appertd Fx A, ialslt::; 

50-52, .55--60), 

Over ".:F,c pal;!'. 3 cli.csric:r; i.ra f;l,(: Soi.~.t!-:,-- 

east, the arrerage age ;ir?c?. dtbrrsity of 

pine sCarids 11,avti cI~angi-!d i!:ranlaticilll~i. 

The averagc j-ri.ncr .;ta.ri,:I roclay ";3 J;C:II(PCa? ly o1.de.r artd ~ncirc: ~lensci ly ,Y t-ocll.eti t.llni~ 

ti-re pir~c? :;t-and of 'Eil yean..; r-go, Of 

rile PRC~CJT:~ ~~i~it.%i.t>~tiil~ to ovt.uol i net 

growt:i:~ i.:~~d~_ic:ti~)n:; at- i-he: ~ej;i-c~nal Ii-vcT , 
Figurn h ,---Average anxeual. radial inczeirkent (AARtil, by diameter class, for the 

o~jor pine species growing in rnsatirrnl ~tsnda, by growth period arxd atue%y area 
SOUTH CCAROLlMA COASTAL PLAIN 

18 

Figure 7 .--Average anxnu,aY rud iol imcw.eur~ml. (A4BI), by di.wnmter class, ior the 

major pine specie8 growing in natural si.andpi, by grijlhjrb period RI)X!. sttldy area, 
Figure 8,---~verage sntwal radint. ii~crrnicuzt (Auk.), by diameter cl.~ase, for the 

m,a,jox: pine ~p'r3cies growing in nat:lrrsl stands, by growth perod, North Carolina 

Cowaeai Pltai.~). 

s :lowdowiis ill tb~e growth r.ir i-ers of i.nei ivi-- 

tifral tr(:b;:s, itrcreased mi)rta.E jtyQ anti 

decl irtitlg liagrowth axe the vnost di.sturbing, This s(+cilton focrt;et; on these fai. 

tor.; ti> i.nvesl;igate growtff? at tFae stiind 

level and explores tile: possibility that 

regional. ckin~ages in-I 2; tand st:ructure may 

bc? responsilsle fcr r the isbscrved growth 

rcoixic L i.oaas. 

:irl.i3 grow~1.1 t:reni$s, 'TO be int:luded 

the data set for a givcix survey period, 

Hampies were required to have at least 1 

:+cit~"re .foot of7 I:j:rat;a 1 area per acre in 

trees E .O incska d,b,l-~, and larger at hotl~, 

the -init ial and terniinal invc'r~t:ories, 

Any plots showing evidence of planting 

ill.,- t ir~zbcr cut t .in8 during the rerneasurti-- 

rneirt per iod wegal exr.:'L~.~cled, Ot:her treat-- 

rnerzts and disturE~a.i~ces, or cutting prior Thc? an;?.]-y s is was accompl:isi.~ed by coin-- eo s gi.vera rerrieasurement: peric~d, wrcrc? 

paring rat6.s of average a~auaual. basal not; taker) inttr accourri:, Key starid -~ari.-. 

:area growLh per srarre for- three separate 

growth pe.rj_ods in twc) :itudy areas of 

i;eorgi.a. Nai:i~.ral Icihlol by aird sl.eo*.t1e;;rf pine stands in "rhe Piedinous.i- axltl 

Mountains and natura& slash pine stands 

in th6flC:o;1sta11 k>Ia:i!x were chosen for 

~!IRIJTS~.S, 'a"l~ese i:cx-ibir~ati.c>~~s afftorded 

the Largest and most current data bme 

available at the time this strndy was 

:~.h:i.es rc?t.airred <.En the s~arillmary x-ecurds 

.include forest type, stand age, initial 

inventory, s~ervivar grirwt.h, i.r~g~!zwtll.r, 

axrd morta'lity, Bccarise of changes i:s. 

col. lection procedures, xnnny of these 

var i.,ab^ies were comprxteil dii fic:rernt.l.y for 

a:ac:i.~. si.lrvey, Variable de.fi.nit.i olrs arid 

cornp~;~ta*c:iot~~z~Z nre thods arc: ointlirred be1 ow, 

begun, Simi.lar ani%.ysc.s i.avollvirrg otber 

fore,$: types CIXICI stildy areas are Fo~:.nst Type ""."~ - 

incoiiipl etc:. 

Forcsl.: type WHY assigr~ed oil the 17ia:;i:; 

S TLND LEVEL IIA'TA of the ini.tia'l i.~zventirry of eai:f, sam.ple, 

.L:IL order to q~eai.iIy as one 01": the ticirec:. 

Sp~;"~<:-ia l surxanrnry I-ecorda were generated forest types used in th-l k; anniysis, 

frc,nx ti.~i. tllird, for~rth, and fifth .ir~vere- samples were .requirt?d to have at least 

ttaa:i.es of Ge<>rZ;ia to exaxntrve starrd basil 50 pel.-cent of ,-al,l.--live ba:ral. area in 
yellow 1r.Lcle species, arxd a plura1.i.c-y of 

ti-ie ycl.F.crw pine basal area in tkie part icul-ar species appear irrg in the 

detailed forest type ilairie, 

Plarrting 11.i.i;t.ory wat; not collected in 

the 1961. $rt.tsvey of the Getrrgia Coast:ril 

YJlniii, The sl.ash pine data yr.~ri*sented 

I- ere For the pe~:i.csd between 1956 ai~tcf 

296.E. it~cI.~d+> 9nl.y a smal.1 ia~mber of 

pl.airtei1 star"~ds, Most of these were 

iejeert.cd because 2:lzi: trees ora th,ern had. 

noi yet I-eached I,O inch ti,b,ih, by 1956, 

Plantat: ion ~nanagenierlt ya.s jlas t F~rctrrni ng 

a co~mmon forestry practice at that tlinie, 

'The stand ~kge assigneci by I!ie:!.t4: crew$; 

i s the average age of all trees repre-". 

s~:nl;i.rig the manageable staxkc!, lrl t.lte 

absence sf a manageable stand, the 

assigned age is the: average age of b 

trees in the primary overstory, Stand 

age was avnikal~lsr only fcrr the Fifth 

i;rar"vey t:asrainit. i.:~iienttrry, S taerd ages! 

r~r;ecf irr thin anal.y:iis app1.y to the i.nit.i.a& .inventory of each period, Fifth 

sur-vey i.ni t ial s ennet age was t3etern1irzed 

by s~xbtrrrct:?;alg the rem~ period 

the terminal starlitl age, Fcrwrtie 

survey initial stand age was coxnp~rte?ii by 

su,b"c.rac t i.ng the: i'cla~r Prh survey rerneastrremerr t pe:r iod f.p..~>wii tlie fi E:tiru survey inii:ia.Z age or1 a.E R p'1crt.s s:c>mncan to both 

st.rr-vcijrs,, Age was not rre?gr:esned to nnjr 

~.krird st.trwey sanup1.e~ or zu~zy. foe~rtl-r or 

fifth suz-irey :;arnpIes that experiericecJ a 

r-iiajcnr inan-.causeci d"i sturbance dtr-ing rile 

remeas~.iremt..irt petri cld , 

JJ;! j&-iA~i~- -J":;v ~JI~L~JY~, 

For tlai: fourtk~ and f Lfth si~Prveyx, ini.- 

r_d irivelatory iis defi.raecl as the total. 

basal. area pc.r acre of sil i live trec:s rlt. 

'learqt 1 , E.) inch d,h,t-x, at the beginrkj.ng 

of the rc~r~easi.~-n-er:nent per; od, .Ira the 

.case of the f ift:iil: i;;c~rcwt:,y~ initial. invexl-, 

tory. Waf;. calcu1.at:ed .f~:c>rn trees tall.ied 

on fhc: 'BA--37-5 3-point subsainp'lc?. estalrl isli~?d during rhe foul-tl-1 survey i.11 1912, 

?'he ,Po~,~rt.-l~ si~uvcy initial. i.n.veiitory was 

i.>titairrcck F~+crm ehe BA.--lO srlmp1.e irrstal.ied 

drtring ilte t:h-i rd survey inn 1961. 

Yer,:sr.nse rro sc?ctind s~.:a-trey pt ots were 

dir-ectl y r:..rnezicrlireci9 it was not possiblcz 

to comp l elzely reconstruct ti-:"e ~21.i.1:d survey i.nit. ial ir~vc-rnl:ory, tbowcaer.. , eiie 

5--yrear gr63wt.h meas~.ar.erni:?~.it.s collect edl 

frone tally t7ees during iiie ti~ird i;t*i..vep 

made it possiblc to est:irnatc the: d,b,ii, 

of those trees in 1956, The estirnarcs 

06: old ii,l>,Ra were s~1bs~~qii~~nt1.y 11iii3d Liz 

appr-oximcute the. ,stand basal area exist-,- 

ing in L9.M6, The 1956 liasii area val.r.ii~s 

do rrcrl- incl.iitie tr.ci?s that died ltetsirec?n 

t956 and 196I., so the 1056 ii~itiai invenLor.y c?:;tirnalre is actually the :;;~rvi-- " * i7or.-tree kr:~.R-ial i~ventctry, arid thi?~ce.-- 

fore ~araderest irnates the acl.11a.2 1956 

krasal area, 

S-e~rvivoi- Csrowtfi .. JPP .G~~gr~>'inith -- ..... z 

and Mor La l i tv 

Net growth bctween two ti.ml-rer inveri-- 

tories be divi.d(;tck i.nta, three 

separate c:csmponen'tx ssur\iivwr growLfi, 

i.~~gr:owfih~ and mo~-t;rlliiy, Surr~ivor 

growth is tlhe Y,na;87 area gc-owtir, per acre 

ac:c;r-i~ed 047 aliil live trees I ,I) jircIl 

d,b,h, arid inrjier st: the time of iiiiiiul 

i.ilovc.ntory 1-liat s~srvivc:tl Lo tile C?IICJ o fI 

::be rerr1c.a r:urc-.nmc:xlt: period, tixgrowtir iri 

the terrnii~ilr i.rnventory basal, area per 

acre nssigi-rc:?d tc~ sl l '1 i.ve irecs wl:iic'il 

grew ac:aPoss the i . 0-"ine.1-r ti iame t-ertllre'i.h(li.Ld during the ~:emeas11rcii1e11t: 

peri.od. Mor-tral.i.ty is the i.iiiti.sl. iia:;nl. 

area nf trees 1,0 i:ncE~ ci,h,i-1, arid larger 

:it the i.nitlal invel~tory that: cliecE From 

rsatura2 carrscrs dusirng tli~ 1:enieas1~Zr"erner1.tpt.:rLod, Fifth survey SIIDTV~VOP: gri)wtll, 

ingrowtlr, oi~d rnorta li ty were dctcrmi n~ci 

from the 1982 renieaisilrcrni:nt of' ta7 l y 

trees 0r-iginal.1~ rei:oreic?ti on the 197% 

Tt-.-poirut suhsrm~plc-?. ~iac: fcrt.~rth S1JI"Vi.y 

ccmporients oi growth W~Y~CJ obtal.~red frolni. 

the 1.97%: r-erne?;-isrxrciin.trn.t of ta i 1-37 t.recs 

r.c::icorrded oix tire 1961 RA- I0 pi~t~, 

Tire absence of a thir-d st.acvey reinear;-~ 

ur-e::rient sarnpl c made iecon:;triic t ion of' 

-E.ngrowt.Fn ~xrrd mortal i ty est i.r.rr,at e:; betwenri 

Y 856 and 1.961 iinpract: heal, S~.~rvivor 

growth for tlli s pc:riacS was ca Lcw la tetl 

f.'rom the 5--year increnler:,t co8r.e nrc2asrlrc-:-- 

ments, 

The basal area i;r-owl..h oc~:rir~~inf; o~t 

c;;icl.r sannple diirir~g t?acE-x renteasurement 

period was c.a.lcelt.ated acctrr~Ei~ng tcv 

rnc~tl~odls out1 ined Isy Beers and M LILerr 
(1 964) i:c--iri. vari.able,--pii~t. sanzpbcs, In 

~.crder- to rnnintairi. a vaIi.cZ c~*stimatc? of 

pol.>uLatS ctrr g-r/rwtl:~ For, al 1. three per .lads, *, '\ll~i~gi:!:)wt-li)'I (vc?,;r~at>le--pL~t 011p;l:(3brt~:h) 

t.r.tic!:s were coi.irited as part of the arew ~ " i!-ra.L.i;al. invc:~rt:or.y followi.ng remeasure-- 

rncanL of the cvLd invttntory at each 

sanlple, Nongrowtii tree.; are used on.Ly 

to e:;t:xbi i.;h :n mew inventory bn:;e for 

iclitul-e remcaur~reme.~,r.er and do arot 1i.grzr.e 

iire:o gro7v.rth c:ilculntiorv.s mr:~tiI the next 

grcvwtl~ peri.otl, 

lirl orili?r to del;c~rmi.~aci if regi.on,ak. 

ch.aragei i.11 d.ire average der~e;it.y or age 

of pine stands irn ti-resc: two st~nd.g s.;:e;ls 

are respr~nsd.b 1.c for chnilgc-!s in owera.] I 

groinitla. r;i:iit~?t;) stands W(ITC stratiCieeE iiy 

Lhe coneij.tions existi.rag at tile, i.n?..tial. 

inventory u.f each rreuneasua:e~~itr?ixt.t period, 

Sample:; were grouped i.nto ]I 0-yeai- Jili,,- 

t li;z~.l. age cl.asses atrd 2C-i--l;qa1ar.t:-- foot: iaa l-- 

i.. Eal X,rxs;ll arac)u c'k asses, 'I'he siibseql.rei~t 

gr owch oc::ur~:i.r?iji ill t:fiesc s t~ar~ikr;, 

gro~,.xpcd by Ini.tial age and Lasai ;ara:,i 

cia.;:;c.s, was tltel-1 compared for the three 

growth peri ad:; t l:: de~ernaine i f cilarlgct; 

i.rr ; t:ar~~tl g,rl.swt-h ratc::i were: st i 11 evic1erit 

wherx these factors were held corestant", 

1.1: mu,s t I.>e erruptlasi.zed thnc tile samples 

iis~ijd fc)~ ally Olke 0f Lh<l tkl*~t?d? gT~lr;~t-h 

periitds ~;onstit.t.~te m rxrrtlom draw of the 

pupoiPsi: i.t-rn of uriclistun:i>ed natural starlds 

pre "3" ti tsr irlg that p(1r iod , In n tfzer 

~Orr3~) tire same set: if samples iaas not 

beer1 t:racked over three per;-ods irr t.d.rrja3, 

Plots tl-]at: met the qua1 ifications to be 

counti.c% fcrr onin per,ioil may not, Irrsve been 

ii*;cid for. another period for several 

reasons, Forenaor;; h: among the:: rr?asc>a~.s; 

art?: 

1, Ckranges i.n the forest land base, 

Some sampl eo were clearetl Cu a 

norifores t condi t.i.crn, wbiertas 

(3tjLlers averted to forc:st from 

ncrnfij.res t . 

2 Cut:ti.rag hisi..i>ry, Some samples 

experi-enced sonre type of t inher 

c1rt.t ing tduring one rerneasurerncirt 

ptlricrd but noit: tlrsri.rrg anc>tlaeu-,* 

Eiarnylrlcs fal ki.ng in tFli s category 

wi->re uscd cmZy for- thc pcsriods 

c8 i_i.rir% whil c h they were 

und. i s trJri>ed. 

3, Changi.ng fo-rest type, Basccl on 

tltc cr.i t.eria Lor dctel-rnirling 

forest tyysr, a given sample may 

tia7v.e cpaaliljied as a 'EoErkoll.y, 

short leal, 0:- s2:zsla pi.v~e type 

ci~iritlg cine pewir:d htnt not dilri.rrg 

anotl~er, 

S ~jnic-: sa.-txap i e. l oca t i or? s may Fr avts bcren 

jLaseii for more tl.~ai~ 017s of the three 

growth periods, Rerise is ncr t per.cei.vi-id 

;t s having any se~ric-rus i.n,p:Licat a-orrs, 

ALthough exactly the sarnc trees werc 

r-enneas~re~d a t ei4cI-i ~jar11p1.c w~Y:~~.TI eal:h 

growt-Fa period, df.f fc.xemces irr sainple 

tlesi.gn resilltcrd in the iaeasurernarnt of 

di.ffer;irxt trees be t:weerl t:~kif: ~xeritrds, To 

c:l.ahorat.c:, stand growth betwc6:n 1961:"-.i91% 

was derived from the remeasirrcmirnt: of 

e.he :;ingRe--pa>int- RbL-,lll plots, F3tam.icS 

growth bc ttlreerm 1.972--1982 was ex tir~aied 

Erom the rexrieasurc?xnent cuf r:hkree IS;&-37, 5 

poir~ts instal i.ed at. claerh plot ,loeatioi.l, 

Even tli-iongh soiaie taf tkec sainre t.rt.:es may 

have bc2t:n incl-~~ded in b:,;:-s-owtlr estiniates 

used for. bntlz peri.ods, t:hey carried different per-acre expans ion factors, 

A1 80, the cstands they occrirreci ir? wirrlld 

n.~ust 1 ikeLy Fla,ve been assigned Y:O di F"- 

ferent coanhiriatiorls of init: i.al age ant1 

~c~YI:": i ty. 

Gixanges i.~zvolvi.i~g net gr.owt:il, sni~vkvox 

growth, ii-.growth, and nrortal it y of natural I.obiolly pine st:am~ds .in the Piedmont 

aid MouKI~~~~Y,~ of Ge!:argi;i betwocn 

1961-1972 and 1972--1982 arc depicted in 

figure 9, initia'l. st:;i,a.~rd eYli"~~sitic?s, aiet: 

anni.~a.J. growtfir, and tire comptrnen.tts of net 

growth inc'l.ntke ~rl L spec.i.es prcse.ilt i.n 

the stal-lc%, Data used tro produce these 

gr;rptls are px-ovi.ded irz appendix A, tablei 

61, The effect of initial stnard den.si.ty 

is hcld eorastant ;.ilnng the x-axis of 

earka graph, 

Net gr'ow%.lr dec h ined su1.1~ ttarrt iaII 1-~i over. 

the entire range of irai-tial sLand den-- " ~ 

sl tl.es, RE; crxn:p;:ired wj ttl tit^ Fc~rme-'.~: 
Figure 9--.-iyet aanuak basal area growth and the componexrts ai net rin.xnunD growth. 

Ecrr ezprturiill LohXolZp pine stands, by initial stand b,asaT riren arid rrrmeaoura.nirtnl~-@?ntent 

pu:rr,iod, Georgia Piedrnulzt arid Mraue~tnins, 
rerrwa :;l.~renrentn per I Ltr is evideizt #, that d~?c:l~.n~.r~g SIII.V~-VQ~ growth across 

rhe rrangc of! initial. t3cn~itE.i;:~ is, ti>.? 

i-ziajnr cti~i:;i.r (if thc o.veral l reductlion iea 

nc?t grcrwtl.a, lncreasaed mort:al.-i.iy in a 

corri:r4~bu~iraj; iac twr, lngrow8:h has 

uc-:lrraiiled fairly sklnb%.e but: is down in 

the rwitrc;t: sparseLy s t.ocked staild:;, 

Figure 1 C) sk~ows t.li.ffei:.encc?s i.l"r garowtrkx 

be t:wee~.i the two 1,r:r.j nc&s when i 17.i tj.a 1. 

srancl age is ~usetE as thi? cuiairro'i vari-.- 

1 Data lased to tfrraf;fr these ii.gisres 

at-6: providli.d i.n sppc:ndix A, iab1.e 62. 

j?es~cr. s;i~npL~s were avai 1.ab:l.e for the 

stand age analyses becausz of restrict ini-is imposcci ora rile:: nrci Lt~ods used to 

rep,rFiss stand age frcrivl trhe fifth survey. 

/iir.i-~augX-x net growth has declined across 

t.he rarzgi. of in.iti.al. age:-;) ol.der Loblol ly 

stanci.s iio not, seem t:tr ha.ve been affectled 

a:; severely, Strrvivoa- gi:.owi:i~ has faJ.l.err 

in1 stands .icrws than 35 years o1.d brat: 

ga kned :;*ki.gi,t ly ir: ol.der :i tarrtls;, Marta?.-- 

i?:y has rise^^ i.rl nXI age c:l.;~sses, T.n-- 

creased mortality in .;;and:; 35 years arxci 

older ha:.; crf fsc?t increasaicl survivor 

gra.>wtli i rn tl-aese s t:anc&s, Lngrawr:I~ is 

down in the youngest: stancis, where it: 

cor~nrs the rxttrst:. 

- i.alble i EL is n matrix desi-gneed to iso-- 

Late the cclnal~i.~ted effects of ir~itial. 

strani$ age anck density on net annual 

gw-crwtkr for each pe ri.od, Urrk!ortunateI.y, 

tk~e s;liilpl.c:s are too smal.l ir-a. -i.ndiv.i.dtral 

t:cl is of tlne: rncutri-x ti> draw any cSefi.nite 

1:i~riiciitsi~~2r1~.;. Sarrij~le sizes range from a 

Low of O to a high of 19, As a result, 

the st:;~nc:Xa.riE (errors 01 6raci;a ce>%l are 

rel.at-i.vi-?ly hl.glj. A'bol~t 1ral.f tile re1 1.s 

iih~t~ n r;igix i ficnnt p>.rowt.ki 1.0s~ at one 

s tnndnrd error wfaeil both ini.ti;nl. s &rand 

density and age arc held constanf:, More 

ti~arz 11al..f indicate a grilwtt~ dec1in.c: 

ciuring the I.atter period., htat the dif-, 

f:ere?-1cc.s are not., a1 I sign.illi.cant , 

'W'ai~li? IV X-ni.gtti igiits ti.1~1 rel.ationsi~ip~s 

anior;g i:X-ne cunrpoiaeai r-; o l-^ growth rand i.ni-" 

ii.31 stand conditions for tkie 1961-1972 

gx-(7rwtll per:i.od, 7'al~le li' shows i hese same 

ri:inticxnships .Lor the 1972--:&982 data, 

':we> p0int.s apparent: from a c~r.t:.~.~arisocm 

of t12cse 1:abLes are wcart'h m.intinrli.ng, -8 " 5 ~.r.;t, no rcal cllanges havi:: taken pE.ncr? 

in tlne rebat i.nnsh ips smoiag these vari 

ab1.e~ bcrtween tire two periods, Second, - momrtality i.s not signl. f.ica~ltb correlated with surarivor grc~wt!:, 

'C1z.i~ Last reE,:dl:rirns~a:'iprp rna"y he evi.dence 

tl.l;zt p:he ag,err;t(s) causing irncre:rses ir?. 

mortal.i.ty :is r~ot neccssarril:y respcsrlsible 

f0.r: ~bldl.li:tiO~~~ Si.i~~isw'l>~. gI"0krrl'h llf 

tile sarre agerrt wesc: respc~ris i.hl.e for ?IPo rri? 

phcnornena, one ilzigl~t expec:t rnorta 1.ity 

to be riegat.iveb.y ccirre!.ated wit11 st~r-- 

.ia.ivoc growth, TI_) is interpr.et:rt i.on i s by 

no means corrcl.~.isive bei:ar~se t:Fua: Inclic, crE 

coi-reI.;~~ticril cottLd al.so mean that: pos-- 

~i.blll dec:Lirac* RII~V~.WOI: growth on 

samp1.e~ with Pli.gh mrorta'l-ity are si.mply 

miaslcc!d 21.y .i.ncre;ases in selrvivor gr!:~tdth 

d~.ie to i~~ore favor,abIe cc~rrditiort.~ causr?ti: 

by tile mcr.rtal i ty, %gihaiever the case, 

there does not. seem to iiie any evidence 

that 01163 ~i~ng1.e agc:iit or com,bj.rrati.c>n of 

agenl.:u is causing widespread mortal it:y 

arad decl i.rres in srrrvi vor grnwtlr on the 

same sai?-iples, :Cf srrcl-1 agents arc at 

worlr., their effects are sc.ibil.c:, 

V.i.rrtua1l.y the same scenario portr.ayer-1 

for l eibl 01. 1.y pine si-arrtls i ra ttre ii ietfalirrit 

ai.x+d Mo~ant:ali.ns of C.kor-gi.a also hc>l.ils ifor 

rla tural sfior tleaf pine s Laaxds in the.; 

seara1.e regiarn, Since OIPL~ a.i-)o~lt l-1al.i" as 

many sarnpl.c>:-; were avrx:hlablc for siior"i:-. 

leaf as fox: Ic)Eil.~ll.;l.~ the? :~lilo~:.tt.caf data 

are 11101~ eerrati.~, These data are pre-", 

sei~tc~cl i.11 appendix A"1,aabl cs 63-67, As 

w it:h %ubl.oi Ly9 rret arira~ia.1 growr'Er of 

sirortleaf pine stands during the 1"atest ""* 

per i.nd has dec 2 i.ned even wkltrn .r ni. i.. ].a]. 

:-; tlzrrd den:;i tp anltl agt: are tie1.d constant, 

Agai.n, ol.der s;d-.ands do not seem to tinwe 

bee11 af foctetl as severely, The only 

nnt:al,"Lrz. d.i.fference between the two 

forest types is e.llat strortl.eaf starad 

silrvivor: growth seems to have rern;-mined 

relat.i.vely steady over the entire rartge 

of i,ni.tial ages when starnd age is 11eI.d 

cor~stant: (append irs A, tabl.c% 64). Thwr;, 

decliries i.n the arc?l; annual growth of 

short:E.e?af stands crver the latest 

remeasu.lrernent per E od luave beem n1rar.c: 

hct;xvily inf l.uex~ced bjr irrc~:eac;ee; in mor-, 

taEity a-rrd decl.iric?s of ingrowth, 

A snmew2aa.t ~li f fierent. sitteat .on CX~SCS 

for ila t~iraL s, 'r.ash 1~ii:~e s t.an(3.s in. the 
Fi.gurr 10,---Net annrasrl hasnl area growth arad !;Lie s:omi;oc>nsfrit s of net annual growth 

ftar riataxral. IobloXLy pi-rie ~ia-ead~, by i.nl.tisl $ctaild agcB ac.1~1 renlexsurei9re~ti period , Ikcrs-gia Piedmont carid Moin~tains .. 
'I.a-lr ;II:-iiarrrplc~ .;izca6r (izi!, racein:; (Xi, and standard errors (Sij of xlef uiiilual hasaJ a:e? (BAJ grijwr!? 

itrr rrst,.~ral Xcrliicrily pin(* n:ai.ids, in tiie Georgia Pil.eiioiorrt arrd Mouciainn, by irrliiol fitarid ag?, iiiitia: 

i;r~ri(i ?+-ri.,ity, ~~iid sr1evc.y rycZe 

-- -t:e.)rrelae ion carctfFicic:ilts ix!]?per") and assticriated prubstril ir.y valliesd low~a:-i tor ~sii cis1 

arid staricP age, ilre anniiaiil growth, and cc.impoiient6 of net aiarrual growth, nnt~rx-a! !?bloliy pin(? 

the GerlrgSa Pi.ednorrt and Hountaiiiij, lorn~,l:h survey 

Init ;;a1 Ne l- arruauzal Suzr~ivor. N--ibO Ingrowti) Mor"Pd1 i ty Initial 

i.nvent:ory gr (?wtt) growth wt-irici age 

Her BIIR~IA: -0,:2203 

growl h .007 1 

Ir~itiaI "31 9'1 --.&302 - .:11119 "-,1201 0,0136 

a t.ar~d . 000 1. OOC I . OO(i1 ~ 0 0 1.1 1 -7737 .." .- - - " . . .. . - . . .- --. .- " .. . ." - . . - -. . 

R~robsldi ity > j R i under Rc:Xitlw=i). 
'Tabii: V,.""-Corielntiliirr cc~rfficienrts (r~p~~r.) and ais~lociated prol1abil:tj~ va:rivs" (iower) For 1rlitii3X 

inverttitry and ntsitd age, rrezi eon~in! grcwth, and componenia of nc,t er.iuir~ai grcwtli, iintl~r nl i!rblo l iy pine 

st and?; in the Cr'orgi a Pi edniont nnd Moiirr t:li.nu, f ii:t.h slrrvpy 

lo ir bal Net. annual N-287 SLIY-vi V'>T Iiigrciwt 17 Hor Llnl I Ty 1 7: i. ? I. l5 I 

finutbntcrr,y &x owtl~ 

a~i-cilidbil ! iy >, / R 1 under !lo:kJ4o=O. 

Coni;ta.L Plairl 01- Gea:)rgi a, Figlures R ^E. 

31111 12 delineate c:Yrramges .i.n the net 

grnwt1.i of s1.asB.l pine starrds between the 

latest: two remic:!asurer~~c:rit pericads, The 

:laro thaL accct-k.npar;~y these S'igure?; are 

provided in appendix A, tables 68 and 

64. Gcrreral decl ines of neo srtanid 

growth betweela !.:lie fci~~r th and fifth sur -- 

vcys are still evident despite ntratifications by initial age and density, 

However-, these declirnes ore ntrt xiearly 

as drrjrmat ic 39 those fforrrid in %oI~lolly 

a11d short leaf stands Era tl.rt! pi.ed-ra.~mt and 

Mouilta.ins. Additior~al data e-iiabl.ing 

fitr tfier cornpar ison of da.;Pl pine stands 

vi.iclli lobl.c,%.'ly aird shortleaf staittls are 

incl~lclet in apper~cbi x A, t:abX.(?s 70--.72* 

I'EIIKD , F'0tJPZTl-Z , AND FV IF'RII 

SURVEY COIQAHS SONS 

As rn.ee~t i.oncd above, t i-l-ie re'lar" i.cansi-tip 

between SI.I~V~\P(-~T growth and the ini.ti.al 

iitve.~~t:.ory 611.' siir"u'iv(i~. Crees was reconst ruc t ed frcjni incremehnt c-ore rnea sure,-- 

rrrcnts for the peri.od I~ctwee~~ 1956 and 

1961, Ini.ti.a.1. sursrivor.-~ree inve~.p,t:<.).ri.et: 

and survivor-t ree grcwth were a1 so calculatcid froni Li~a: J.96'1-197% and 1072-"1 982 

r-eaieasllrenneritt data l:o per.rx1i.t a stantlard 

basis 01 comparison ~CPX. thxee periods in 

time. Tk.oesc: conrparisons are presented 

ira fT'ig::~~r(-: 93 and approximace rkie i>c~r.icjr.- ~ " ' riance of siirvi vor growth when I-n I. t i.za l 

stand derisi ky is rlsc.d ;is t:Pie cor,t.ro i 

variable, The data ~~sed tci produce these 

Ei.gur,es and the i r as soc iat etl sta-r~darrl 

errors car:: isc i1"iiaxl.d irr appendi.rc: A, 

irab'll-is 93-75, 'rkl~ i.nir.ial stand de~znit.y 

c:lasscs are uradee-estirnates bcc:ause anor-- 

tuX ity trees were i?ot taken irhirr? L~CC<I~III~, 

'C1tt::se f i.gai.res art: rorlgill y comparable to 

the st~rvivcrr-growth graphs in figures 9 " ~ avzcY 1 1 , Equiva bent cornpar is or^:; Iry 1-n.itiil age are not nvai. Lab1 e ?.~c?ca~xse age 

was not iegresai3d to tllc? third srsc"vey, 

Stlrvi.v~~r growth of IobloERy starids irli 

the Georgia Piedli~iwnl: arid Mcrilrr tairts 

dropped about ~:~IIP same. amotlxrf: betw~ei~ 

the third il~ld fi.>~trti~ remc~asi~rernent 

Z>ern.odf.5 ic:. tweern the ~CYUT~.~ ai~d f4-f l:11, 

i-egard1~3.s~ of i.ni t ial stand dei~sicy. 

Altlror-ngh tl-re data are more erratj-c, 

natural sheiri leaf st.ax~ds in e:lrte sarxit:. 

area have fol lowed a sirnit;ir pattclrr), 

l'knc? sur\r i-vor growD.111 of Coa s t:n l ih Lri i rr 

s !.ash pine stands L>~.t\rree-i.a 19.56 and 1982 

plunged abcarit tiie same tot:hl axno;i.xnt as 

ioblokl.y arid nl-iclri leaf stands in t..lue *. Piedi,l;~e,r~t ;and. Mount..nina, Ili>~t?iri3r, .it IS 

~:rbvicru.ts that amat of ti-ie d~cl i.rre i~i I:he 

Coastal. Plairr sL:irarYt; crccu.rr.ed prior tnn 

4972, Assurnrng the saxrle factors are 

responstkr1.e I-:or survivor--growth decl inrs 
Izi.gtit-e 11,-.-Her axrrruat basvi area growth and the eomptnrtcilte of rmet au.nusil. growt11, 

for iinturwl wl.ranl\ pine entandn, by .initial stan~d Fsaaal urea and remersertrewtcnt period, 

Georgia Coastal Plain, 
~i~~~~ 12.-.-?{<*t annidnl briaal area grawth and the cnmpcrrrents cnb net lEnrllnkll h~r0wf ti for" 

iintural slash pine stnrids, by i.nitioi stand age and rsme~semert (;enrgin 

Csluawtal. I'liwiu~, 
GEORGIA COASTAL PLAIN 

Figrrre 13 .-"-.Net azirltaa E basal area rrtiivi vor 

grcawttx ihlp tlne initial banal asraer of swrviva?r trees, by rnnieawurnuirenl. period, forest 

type, and study area, 

:dcce is rkilativc2i.y constant z-eg:irdle:;s 

of stand age, NoneThe%.ess, 1.evel:: of 

nro~:l;a l iiy between the rwo peri-ods, wkic.irr 

crx;iriljrted by P; tancl agley EIRV.I? increased in 

trlnostr every age class fur 233.1 t-hrtrc: 

forest tlypeii du~:i.ng the I.at:est pe:ric>d, 

,, x i he mrxgn i. t.ilcle arlti t intii~g of i+ tand 

grirwtFi induct ions in t lie i:w(4 C;ei;rgi.a 

study areas arc consistent witti 

irzdividr~,aL-k-ree- growtlr s'lowc~owni; In ~h13 

s:xrila- regions, Illowc.ver, wp. ~ai~t:i~n that 

stand 1c~"ve.l. iind:ir~g:; fcrr LobioiLy, 

shortIleaf, ;3tlri sl.asi-n p.lric: in the two 

C;ciorgi.a study areas apply on1.y to t:hesc: 

fcrrtlst types in these two study areas, 

Fiit.ur.e arralpse:; of other species anti 

stiutly areas ]nay yi.c:ld il f.f ferent: rcsuits, 

POSSIBLE CAUSES 

What: are tire most I.i.keL:i c:;tuses for 

the x-educ t. i.ort.s .ii~ pirue trcie and sl-antl 

growth uver the past 2 to 3 decades? 

3e Fore. tthe tlnird slorvc:y i-esrli t s ~revcaied 

retEuc t: i.c~n:-; in t lzir Coaa ta 1. Fqiairr and 

I.r:rigt.lrerrc~d tire 1rer.i od o F cll;engc, possi.l,lc: e~cplartai:ic>ras fi~c~s:;t-:d c~i-1 Eoctors 

that 111 lgilt expltii 11 ~;rowtl~ change:; i rv 

tiic i?i.ecirnor,t duri.ng the pa,st decade, - 111~ grt'rwt il ciecl irxe is now krrc~wxl to be 

i~x-ontlcir I.:), scope iii~d the ident i f'i-" 

cation o.f causal agents has been ~.nade r~ -- ~~it.) re (i e. r 1: 4 c 1.11 t: . 

'['he l ilslc:l ilroc:~cl tkt:ar. ;iny osta? ;agent 

cot11 d cninse naoc;l. of ttle de&l.irle 

Lhrorighi7rit t.he eret ire. regi on and across 

ti.rrce.s[r;en iilvolved i.:i srs;?aZ.~~, TFker.1 

i.,sr XIOW~V~X:.~ a set OIL' agents that ha,ve 

the potentj.al of accorrui:i.rrg for some 

pcirWli.or~ of tht? rechrct.ions, 

~ ~ 

011~ hypothes.is 15; that atinosp%~eric 

depos.ition of pol l~lt-ai~ts li-n various 

torrna is adversely affect~ing t:he grrrwth 

of trees acnctrw:; largti: areas iil i:i~e 

Eau tern UnE Led Stat;t:s. WllLEe pc.spu1.a~- 

ari:icles have conrrected ar:i.nosplier i.c 

pol '1.1.1t ion with s 10wI.ng pine i,P i.arare t.tir " -, growth, tl-)ere 6s crirrent ly i.10 scientz-t~cr 

evidence: either corxfirniiixg or ref~.etir-lg 

this i~ypofhes i. r3 for pine growil21 i'c:d~ict icaiis the Soii tlleaoi , In Errrope, 

vi.sible s,yn~ipt:orns suckr. as delr'czliat.:ion and 

rrtii?xpl.ai.r~ecl mortality are indic:atc,?r.s of 

fu-rest dec1i.nc.r (~chnl-:t ar~tl Cowl.i.ng 

1.985). Forei;t: cond?.t:i.cns s,imi.l.ar to 

those .in Elarope have also been docu- 

~rleiltc:".d in cer ~ai.12 I-i:i.gil-~el ec?v.airieun fiore:s ts 

d.11 the E::nst:erxr kli-ri.l:tc? S1:aEres (l3rrrck anii 

Kobar1;e 1984; Si.ccania and others 2.982), 

I-cz hot11 al:e;::asy there is c-bvl.dcnce of a 

'O.iLrsk Ixtlwe<?n EO;"..("!S~ iiecE.jne "2nd 

a tmo!;pl~cric depos i t ion. A.l.tl~.~~~~~;,l~ the: 

visible s"yrr1ptorns found irn those areas 

are not appt~mcerll: irk pine forcists ic-a the 

Sotrtheastern U~~iti?d States, there is 

sirme iivitlence that: racliak gro~lctL1 rt-aduc-" 

t ions occ.~,?rred in Eurtrpe rmar~y pears 

be::i-t-rre visibl-e: ssy~~rpt:oiiis WCT~? apparent; 

(Schrltt ai-nii Cowli.r~g :l.985). '~h~refort?~ ". 

arny pc~ss i.ble link betweerr atnnosp1-ae~i.c 

cii. po s .i t: ion and grow t.fl cinai-hge s s troiil d he 

i.ilvestigated. Ati-;zosphez:ic depc?si tion, 

for exampl.e, nray pred.ispc;scr, forests to 

tkre effects of ol:lit:r factors that: i:eciu<:e 

tree growth,* 

Si.n.ce di.amck..l-ir growtlm nstural ly dcii.1 ines 21:; stancls matur~r (~rrnlner and 

Kozii~ryrski. 1960), changes i-TI agc. class 

d%.:stril~altil.rn from c.>u.ci peri.0~1 to ailother ~ * c:oe~'i.d be ,:I :2act:or in expl.a:ir.~ln,g sornc. 

porticrn of the grtrwtfx decl:i.rte, The 

ccarrenir age s trr.~ctu-n-e of rtal.wral pi rre 

staindo tkrr.ov.~gl.tont thc: Strrrtl~c-zast: suggc:sts 

a higher proportion of remeaneared p.i.ncs 

are iii older stands now than in yreviori:; 

i.nven~orieis, For exa~npl~c~~ i~calrly oneha1 l' of natural p-hrae starrds ar-e 

cnrrernt1.y between 20 and 40 ptiars of 

age. Stands crlder than 40 years acccrunt 

for 32 percent) but :it_;ir~ds 20 years or 

yourrger account. For orzly 20 percent of 

the total., '&.'he FIA data set: i.s less 

than ideal for ~giaant-ifgi-rag tibe impairi: of 

changes i.11 age i;trt.rctrure, t"he thi.rd 

survey, stand age wa:; not measured, 

When starid age was addit,id as a datacoLlectkon itern, it was ~sti~ri~itcd in 

broad classes ant1 many starails were 
assignet1 a; rni.rred age, Tiaus, aeRa.lyses of 

cf~e rrue ii~~pt'l~rr of" i:har;kgirlg age strub-:-. 

ture have been L i-rai Led, Even though 

redi~ctiions in tree AAH.1 and stand basai. 

area growth are still apparent after 

:;iccount irrg for shifts xr age, changes in 

age struc%..~~-e nnay sti.l.1 :rcco~,~nt fur part 

(~f the decEinc?s, 

INCREASED STAND DENSITY 

I:iver iiiae past 2 to 3 tiecadesg, di~r~s.%ty 

of forest stands in thi: Soutizeast: has 

t>c+ea~ -ilnrrr:easi_:ag rnc~si: rapidly in the 

::pl.a*id areas of the regitrn, For 

example, in the Gec-argisx t"-iedmosrt and 

Mouiitains, basal. area of trees 1 ,0 ir~ch 

d,i>,il, and larger in raatural. pine sbands 

irzcreauetk by more than 50 percent be-, 

twt:esz 1361 and 1982. As stand density 

increases, average growth o.f indi v idua'l 

t.uri..es norix~;~ll.y decl inera because of 

greater co~npc>t:i.t li.m for linloi sturey 

inutrierttg, and I.ight (Sl,raitlr 1962)- FIA" 

remi3ar;urcnrerl.C: data. friarrt any survey 

pe r-lod show that incl i-tld lua 1.--tree gra:wtlCX 

rates deck. he.. wi.th increasing stnt.ril den-- 

sity, but growih races for trees or 

starrcls withirn ally- stasid cIer..rsity class 

are lower in. the ruti;~r-c. recent tEhan irt 

earl i.er- Surveys. Tlxcsse data suggest: 

increased stand densiiy alone does not 

accourzl: for ~riost part crf the crbsrrved 

tree and st. and growth reducti oils, 

Ilmprciwed f ?j.rc?- prot iic t i.un and the 

i.nfn:equent use (3f pra~cribesl fire over 

the past Few decades have favored the 

st~.-.vivczl and dewelopari..r~t oh: I;~ardwood:i 

arrd si;~r.x.lb~s in rlat~~r:al pir-re stancis i.n t.l;.~e 

Youtfaeast, Al.ti~ough most of th.3i.s vegetati-on is kri the uildersterrji. of these 

s;t,qnds, a sigraif:icaumt arnount i.s also 

acconrnnlating in tile inidstory and oven?-- 

story. 't'hi s vegn tatiori caunpe t;es for 

i~rr,tr.i.ents arrd mo.stl,irt:; when these i.tt?:ms 

arc Limitirrg, the growth of pine frees 

wiJ.1. suffer (Gain allid Yatrssy 1984; 

Carter and trtk~t.rs 1.984.; Clason 1.984). 

Tlie hardwocatl e:oi~rpsrkerrt of pine stands is 

incrcras ing in Ymt h the I" icrdn.aont. nird 

Coastal P1.ai.r;: of t:he Southeast, Ire the 

Gciolixgi.x P iedniont and Mc:rle~a.r tains, hard- 

~g(.aods accouruted for one-iourtla. of the 

b c.)cal. ,- .- arela !1,0 iirc:h ci,bl,,,h, and I.ai-;;,,crj 

ira nateir-al. pine ~tavidi; 1982 t:orrrparcd 

wai:fn 17 percent in. 196.1,, Nilmk)~?~ of' 

har.~:Lk~ood s t ems per ac:ue i ncr-ea sc,d iroiix 

240 to 390 over [tie same period, 'Is~~i(:: 

percentage increase was even great-er i~ri 

the Gesirgia Ctrastal. Pl.cnin, 'i'ixc cor~tr5-- 

hub- .don of tllesr: c:Fiangc-2s in bar-ciwoud corn-- 

petition to t11n obric-rvalch pi nc? gr"vwtii 

ciecl ine hat; been di-fficult to tiet_t-l:nline 

Kroxli avai.lal:>'ic?. F1.A clata, Tiai?; po:~:i;ibil-- 

it,y, l:~owevc~r, is wortkry of atlilit ionai 

s~rudy. 

'Trenils irr rainPaL 2 ailti gclrlrira l ciro:lgi-I !. 

i-i~di~b":~ show tha.t ~n(>ist?.~re stril~;?-;eii wpre 

pro'b'ably X~igl-ier in t.iti: 'L:?te 1970's anti 

early 1980's than irr tlnc ?96Ct\:., aird 

early 1970's (FC;P~%. ant1 c>thers IY8:'i), 

ik-kecknxont areas were prirf>ably affl~.~cti:d. L(.: 

a greater rif.p.,rer than. th~ Coastal li La ;I?., 

f' v iFxe recent gt..owt:'li tiec i-icht.s i.n tlhcPiedmont can he lrxort: a-padiiy ;lir.ribrit--tid 

to clrol.rglit t.Iha9.1 "the dec7 ines ir9di.cated 

by the ti-PLlr-ci c;iirvey data, b3.vail:thl.,? 

daca, Iiowever., tin alolr per,r*llt n rj\lany.- 

t%t:at:ive assessment (if the imginct., We ' -~ do not know ai I. the spcci kri: el-"Cccirs ;,t 

nii>iatl.ire stressc?:; ow.] fi>re:;t gii?wt:i?, and 

we CEC~ YIOC ~K.IC)FF what t;iie "irress vallirts 

rrrc? :at specifi.~ i~:~cat-konr-;. /\r~otI-!chr 

probI~rn~ i.s [:hat Forest ki-rirvey d;it:~ silciw 

average raL6.s of grcnwt.'b~. over a. pc?rio:i 01 

severa'2 ye;ii-s rathair. ~Eian for ind;.riidii:3l 

years, "1'1-lus, i.1: is di.fficule to (:orre.-- 

L;xtc: iii;tn.udl Cjl' ~nontl11y -urn?.nfal l arid 

drt~ng!it index values w L t Xr. per i oil-ii: 

gl-owtl~ rates for Isrgc nrclas, Wh i ie ~ ~ Cl-rougj.l t rimy acrouux~t: for <.t s i.gnc. l'<cnrrl 

port;i.sn 01: tIr1~5 most: recc:iit gr:i,wti.c rediucticarnr; in the Plcdrntrr-it, the? rt~su1.t-s j.nciicated hy the thiu-ilt siirvc?y data i.rl bot.11 

tile Coast;.al. Plain ar~ri Pi.edxnont iio not 

correlate with re?crarri.ng drought 

peri.od;, Stiitiies cur-rentl,y un~del-way 

(see next section) shouiil shed addit i.oraa1 light trrr tl~c i.ntpa~:Y: of (1 r~tlgkit OYI 

r he growt.11 reduct ion, 

LOWER WATER IABI,KS 

A potenti:n I, can::;al ;ignirt oii the 

Coa:;tal. plain is a drop ir-1 water tabii.s, 
?4~?istilrt:: srreljs may t,~/t311 hasre .increa,scd 

-;.TI niarzy Coa:s t:;? I<la i.n n~re;is as c3 ri?nil l. t 

of s~urfaco drainage 2nd ir~creased e ~ i_;r;-riiiiiiwairc-:r use, espei.ia l'iy for ~.rr-k.ga-. 

.in Thcl extent B"o which ti.t.is factor 

relay have. inf l~retxccc$ tree geowtl~, i.f at: 

cil l , i :; not kxrown, It: 2"s reasor~ablc? to 

pos tuiate, howcver, that extended 

per ':.c~d.; oil tl rsu;;i-t t ct~rnbi ned wi tll Lowelwai.er. Ira'EsXe:; woarl.cl ii~crease rnoistum:,e 

stress, 

TJOSS OF OLD--FI:ELBji SITES 

Ail ilapmcil:tnxrt po tentin l factor iLii pi.^-1l.l 

grotzth rctluct %oar, particukarriy in the 

i"ic!tilmont, is ~JTP iipnd use history of 

mar-xy 13f the pint-..! starrds,, A tiug~? area of 

c:ropl;aiici baa:$ abandatred betweerr 1945 acad 

.13"jj, 'rkiis area was ciincerrtratc?d in the 

p ~.i.!i~irnozlC- -~ " 4 - (~nyce and other.:; 197.5) a &iatu.-- 

-,. ~1.l r pi.r~r+ i; Lands dt?.vel.~pi.ng 0i.1 th~?se 0l.d 

Eiei.tls may have beerlefited f-rirn prev.io~.~:s 

,-, ...., t # It ivation and residua-!- Ec:.rtiS.izers anis 

de f ini r.ely- hei-ri?iitetl Fraom the lack of' 

c:ornpt?cing wwrrody vcget:atie?r.t, Over Lkle 

~a";f. 20 years, re1aLivt:l-y Little fari.rn-- 

ialnd ha:; br-a-~l.: ahar~doned and the ma"jorjlt-y 

of' new 9.1;itur-al stands kaave bet?i~ estab-- 

1.i.shed 01). cutovcr fcarest land, Pines in 

these s L;-~nd.: cdli not lirave the ir~itial 

vro7vath advantage of trees in n7.d f ic.lds, C1 - 

(3i-1 the otl.ier i~arlii, matry 431: the aba.18-- 

doized fieik'i werte Ilbadly ej:.otletlu Pine 

tree grt~vit:h was iiritrinl. ly qiii.t:e good nil 

~JI~~s(L: areas brut sirf fcred as tthe cc~mp?t ti.tjnn for odati?r, n~aii.i.ents, light, ~ ~ ;rr.,l,i space intens.~i^~.ei?, 

DISEASES 

" 7 liue i~np:~ct CJL di:.;eases r;i-~i:i.l clcl f~si-- 

for-rn runt, Il i tt1.elea.F di sease, and anno-- 

;i-ls rc)oi: rot cn I:ree iiiarr~eter growtle is 

iiot. p~.'i?cisel.~ kalowai.ra, T,css is kr~owi;: 

abo~il: broader sca1.e el'Ecc:irs cirr. t.he 

1;rt;wth of a species over a large area, 

We ilts k.~r~ow tlaar- ;he i~-ici~:li;rrce of thesc 

diseases is high in some areas (Anderson 

axlci FI-is1:retta 19821, F'us.i.for:m--rust: 

ir~fcsctritan of 1.obli;l.l.y and t:l.sr.;h pines is *. 

espcc la l ly. hi.gi~ .;i~id has ii~c.r:casosd cs'hier 

the past 2 to 3 dc:cadt?s (Dinus and 

Scbirridt 3.9/7), The occ~.rrsn-e-nrce of 

I. it t &t?l.eaf disease on shc~rt Leaf pint? is 

ncll docunented, btit it is 3463 ~uE t:.e a. 

conn~~on orr LobLol Zy p.i"aet espc:cr;~.l ly 011 

poor, eroded sites (Cttmpbcl 1. and 

Cope ].and '& 9 541, 

S ince nmle species exh i.bi t ing growth 

.i"e*'il~ctions are not affected by al.1 these 

tlist.asee;, sao one disease can account for 

the c:~i,served growtla decl ~II~.s, TogetherJ, 

howc?vss, diseases, ccould be caua ;.rig some.: 

port.ic~rr of the growth decline: trf siiwei:al. 

specics, In some cases tlae presence of 

a d.i.;c:ase n7.ay indicate :I stressed t:or?.-- ~ ~ d.r-tron res~rbt.i.ng .froc11 oru? 071- a c::cirn.- 

i-aina~r ion of other causal agents, 

(JOMiB INE3 EFFECTS 

Given the scope of the red11i:i i-0x1, it 

settoll; .irnprobaEtle that ariy one agent is 

the major driving force behind the 

ck-iai~g+~s ,, Se7se-i-il. of the agacli-zt s l i.sted, 

and pa,ssi.b.Ly others, have prabab ly 

contributed tn the decl .ii~ci: i.n pi.1-s.e 

grnwtla, Efforts to ascel;rtaira, how rn~,.rc-11 

(>I t?ke reduct ion is ratb:rib~rtabl.e to any 

one c:"til.is;e wi 11. be cxtrenlely dif Ficu1 t 

I>ecarase of tkie .Inlr(?rrela1:iox?,cihi1:a:i arnoaag 

t iiem, 

Obviotlsly a great dea I. renraint; to I.je 

IISATIY(?~ abrs~.~t tile pine gr~.wl-ki redr.ac t ion:; 

~irrd causes, A possihi lity to coi~sider 

in .f~;r~ire research is centered an tlie 

de:fiini.l:ion caf xlor~~rral gi-owth, Regional 

tree growtkl rates may he cycl.ic, Since 

a regivnal average has never been 

establi shed, the argnmera t that third 

survey grtrwtth rates were abr~or~~a b %y Irig!h ~ * 

1.s ".jcast: as valid as the argument that 

fifth s-ci,rvey rates :ire low, 

FURTHER STUDY AND ANALYSES 

C- .8c~r~~;iderable .. pa-ogress k~.a:-, been anatic in 

recovering old P1.A data and in preli- 

~rai.nai:y ar.aal.yses t:o defirae the geographic 

scope and timing of LM% dec%.i.nei; in 

the Southeast, However, a great deal of 

research an-~st be dons before any concltasi.ve statemerrt tan Ene made nbcvrxt th~r 
cailses of til~is phcnu~nenon, FIA cars con"- Fins ilp, ri-~crt?. YTC adili~li(inifL steps 

tinue to cor~tribute to a bettc:r under- that can be taken to provide additional 

standing, of the extent and severity d3t.a and i.ns.ighi-: 

Dux ilng fln<-aS gear I985 four x~ew 

ei forts were in1 tiatcd: 

more su.btab'1.e For use wit11 standard statistica:&. programs to enhar-ice statti slri cal 

testing and i.n.vestl.gation i.nt-o possi.lb1.i. 

causal agents, 

a Recoverj~ of t"hi.rd survey data iin al.1. 

regs" one of t.he Sot~theas t., 

* Identif ieati.cyn of perananen t FIA plots 

in the Southeast that have:; beer1 con-" 

ti.rii~a'l.1.y remeas~ured s.i.nce the third sur- 4 3 vey, 1rec::lg on rrneli.sturf,ed ploirs will. Re 

reur.xcasured ant1 cores will. be extracted 

tn prc.".w"idti: an ii~dc:pencient veri fica&;io~-a 

of the periodiic diameter measurements 

;:and tea help expl.ai~.r, t fie patterra of 

growth over the paat 30 to 40 years, 

@ Devel.opinerit of a compmteriza~d dr,csr~ght 

i.rrdex more appropriate to forest c~3.ndi.tions than the i*aLmer drought index 

developed :for ag.t.icta2 rural purposes, A 

i.orest dror~gkxt index, in csnibir~a t ion 

with tree cores from undisturbed pl.ots, 

wii.1 permit test:i.rrg sf mobs ture stress 

effects, 

Acqnisitiorr of old aerial phottsgraptas 

of snrrrp1.e l.ocatioris to identify and 

separ-ate starlds established on old 

Eic?lds pr i.cir to lrtne third survey, 

Growtki trt?arcls for old-. fi.ed.d p.iaae c:sra 

thic*ri !)e ~:ornpare.d w.ittt tktose frc~~x 0the.i. 

candit-ions ti, rxieasarre the possible 

ira.fl.rrerace of ciiauger~ in t.lie relativie 

,abrtntllance of ti~ese star~ds, 

@ Ctrnduct more i?labsir.ak.~-? atialysrs of 

s ta1r.d struefsrare to obtairz bettearneasrsres sf the coaniri.raed effects of age, 

ilensity, knarciwsod compe titi orn, ar1t-I otiier 

catises, Such studies w:i.l l irsclride aria-- 

lyses csf v;~.rlr-?lnci-? and fitting of data 

frcani different renieasr~renlerrkr periods tv 

growth and yield models, 

* Explore the p~sliil~i 1i.t)~ ~14" cc~nlbii~ing 

data sets, Screerri.org by sc.ver.al coniP>i.natiox~s of vaeiab1.es rapid1 y di liltt?:; 

t.he r.esu'l.ti.ng ciata set, I).; f fc?.renrcvs iir 

the timing of inventories limit the 

fe;li-;ibi lilry- (.af c.:<?;rnbirzi.n.lg r-Yal:;i .;<>ts * " 

;ucross ,s~.inl.l.ar study areas, Growth 

trendis sb-ion'P.tZ be ewal-uatod for s;i~r.~il_ar. 

~tutly areas and the data sets comhiried 

whenevc?r pol:;..; iblo, 

s Ideilti.fy long-"term data sets for L!ie 

ijoul.i,ea.;t Co;ast;al Plain that: silc~w 

average water t.ahLc dept.hs and t.lel:c:rminr ~ if chose data a id i.11 exp%:xr~~r ing rirr 

grc>wth reduct ion:; j n t iii s z:ci;iorr, 

* Ac.1,li.cr.v.e and maintain a 5.--yc:au: 

remeaa~rrt?mc~ix~r pl?r iod tcu morzitox- Iut UIC3 

growth trends and provide nrorc? tirric'!y 

f.'o.rest rc?sorarce in F~irma t. %(:>TI Lor the 

Sor.rt17~1.nli.ii t 
i?hi:rii~s:;on, Rilba-*rC I.,; M;s!recl~,i, Iiaiii A, Ma!i;kgi'iiitl!l:. 

#r:rnt.egieu fow i-riii~cing loi?i?>l :.c~:i.$~?d by fws~ifurm 

riisr, aiiiwsus r:>i)t. r01, a11d Iittlriedf rj,irc*a;?e. 

Av,i.i(-, Iiirnrdb, iYI. WL?:~~L!I~~(JI'I, 1)C: UISv 

llsipnr-tmcrrr of /~,grir.~iiiii~, Forest- Service rrrid 

I:utijierat iLvr,: :;Late Re:?earclt Sc~vice; 1982. 110 pp. 

iie!si 3, !'.W.; Mi Liiti, (.:,i . k'oj.iril .canpi ilk,%: !-t?ueciriii 

rcsuit.;, t:ha:ory, and rrppIic,iticanu. F?r:r, Riili, 766. 

l.,iifay6~rrt~, 11'1: Prdrtiue Ilnivcraity Agricurliiririgi 

Exp~ir~mei~t srt~riort; 1964, 56 lip, 

~+c>yc~~ G5tcpl?crl (2~; !<r!i.gl~t$ licr!jt>x-C Pr<>::&?e~:L.~vt! 

irrgrowiir ni :~uthuar. yrii~ bayoi,d I.'9ilO, Reh, Pall, 

SE-lO?(i. nxi~e~E.llc, NC: 1J.S. i)e~iartrai>nt crf 

Allri~:ir]t~tr;c?., i;orcvt :iervi.ci*, Soui:llc:ssteru Forear 

i.,xperiment Scatrnn; 1979. 40 pi).. 

iloyc~c, Stib~rl-ie!i (;. ; i"i:CLiai"r, Joe ?, : Strrrizf ziie, 

l+c>rbt?I"t s* Ili.l>i~>glca1 ~>ot~~rlLlal fdrLh*: 10!>$n>I. ly 

~LXW eciiaysitem calif of the PaL.;sissi.ppi River, Res. 

Pap. SE-142, Aahcvilie, WC: U,S. Department nf 

Agrii,ciitirrr, Forest Servict,!, Southease~!ern Fov;rst: 

Sxperiment Stacion; 1975. 21 yp. 

Brut:k, F',,1.; Koiiargb!, W,P, Oiraervotioce of hcjceii: 

tri*irrt arir fori:,qt decli on irt t lie? Soii%!rerrr Apl;,dl..acl?i an 

~li:trnr:nins:; !;ail 3!1<1 vcgeta~i~r~ s~:cl,ies. -"- 111: . 

A((irni;ic ,>ffccrs ra.n,k grur.kjr (Ej arid trerreatriaI 

eir'i.ctr9 tds.1~ group iE') research suninnariesIldltiigli, 'dG: Nor-tFr ~ariaiiila State Acid iiejl~nj~tl~ii 

Program; 1984: 425, 

i: :a, n, M.D,; Yoiissy, D,A, (;can tiarilwouds be ierariicai:rt,l 

frotri pir~r sites'? :;r,i~t-h, .~ouri9,~1. ot Appi.iecE 

VoreRtry hi(L):7-.1;3; l9d4, 

C,-L~ tt2.1 (;~zI,,; 3iI ]tar9 .J-%; Ddvis9 l.>Je; pat tf!rs<irr? 

R.M. Kift~ci: at vega~t.;itive~ i:o!irpr~ciiLon oir tht, 

:noLsCure i~utrier~t ~~;JL:I;J of lol~lol ly ~>~IT"#c" 

(;,,i;racrian .Jour-iial rrt Forest il6'*~cnrcli 1.4( i 1 : 1-9; 

1.984. 

l<.a:-l ~!'homk~s I<* ; MeLc:i! i Lilu~r~j. K* ; NI~:~:~~+I~I\I:: 

i,;awerr'iice; Quoy!e, Rolrerl. G, ilCarewziic nv<-!rJlgc 

,:i ~~ruuutic ii;:itory. Fils! . (:I riitattii.. Ser, h- I., 

Flor ids 18YI-1CnB:I; 13 pp. ; I:eorgia E159:? - L9M2, ?? 

p;i. Wortir Carolina Ildttl--IYR2, 33 pp, ; Sot~rii 

::,iroiii?<a i;lil87-19b2, 33 pp,; Virginia 189I-.iY82, 31 

pp.; I?,:;. 1)rpawtment of, Comnii:rct?, PSL)R;\, Aslievil le, 

NGr N#ntiona'l, C! imatht: Data Cenrer; 1303, 

Scli,t~r, Petcar; Cowl iiig, bl1.i~ B. hlnYcYnZerbt~ir, n 

i;l?ncroi d[?c:l inr of fcrresr in !:<iisl ral, Kiirope: 

sy?npt.i~rns, deuelopmeiib, arid pnssr.l;le cai.nses, PLarlU 

Tii urarir 69(7):548-558; iY85. 

!Silr~l fit?!rl, Kspcind :4,; Kriigkit, tlecbert A. (Geotg1~%'5 

l!irs*st:i, i(c:bnliar, l31~I.l. SK-13. Aizixilvilie, NC: il,S. 

liepar tnwiil: of A~~rir:uitiirr, Forest Service, 

Stnr.it:heaxterrl Yorefit Experi.merll: S tati.t~n; 1984. 92. 

PP * 

S~~:i.anna, "C,t;.; Bliss, H.; Vugi~?maran, il,W, Decline (if 

red spr'tcr i:r r.he Gr ccur. Muuirtainu oi Verr~xoett, 

Bill ierln of Elre Tor-i.~y i3otar!rcal. (:ltib li(J9: 163; 

1982. 

SrniLii, !)avid M. 'fi'lrc pr-actIi:e CF Y.L~VLI-IIJCIIT~~~ 7th 

eqi. New 'Yock: ..lut~rt Wi Ley & Sons; IY62, 578 pj~, 

Tari~ry, .Yul,in R,, The piiktc r!:tiorircs in Sciiith I.:sr-i~Li.nii: 

atr ii)wrX.ira asi:~'ilimen!.~ 1083. Res, Pap, SR-2&4,. 

Ashr?viLia$, NC: U,S. Dcrp.arioicnt of Pigr.icii1 r;urC, 

Yc~reur Service, So;itlicawtc?rn Forest Exi~!!'~rnent 

Staeiiiri; !iu&+, 22 i>c>, 

iJ,,S, :i6:partrocni: uL Ag.;r.icu!ti,re, Porc,r;il- Servit.e.. Aii 

.asnimano!e~zr ol tile forest d,nd range iairrl ?~it-iisutiorr 

in the Ur,iti..d Sta?,na,, Rep, FS-345, iir;iihiirgron, D4:; 

1979. 631 pp. 

U,S, DrpL?ctrneiit uf Ag:.icxs!.t.:ri~, Forest cje~.v!co.+.. Ail 

sn.al.gif+is cif rlre LimIrer sriuaei.011 in rite liniird 

Seaten, 1952-2030. For. Resour, Xep, 23,, 

Washington, DC; 1982. 499 py, 
Appendix 
MPRNDTX A:: DETAILED TAB1,ES 

Table L-~--Changes .in net annual gr*owLh of yellow pine grciwi.ng stoeli: crrr ?,iaui?>er~Lar-~d 

4..rk the Southeast, by State, by ji1ly:;iog~aphil: region, and rerncas~xl-ernerid; pi::!-ioci,s 

State 

Ciuastad. Pl,ain '1 Y 'T 'I - 4 9 8 1 4.5 G 

Piedmont & Mts, 7 9'72-10182 6'72 

South Cax*e,:L ina 

North Carol iila 

'To ta.1. - ,- '1 I28 I ".L.."---" %!>!I -k27 ---- ~~- " 

-, --" -- 

Coastail. Pl..ai.i~ "1 978.- 141,d:j 35'C 308 -1-1 ii -/ 

Piedmont & Mts, ,i(~7~/-1983 24 3 '1 2 7 -- 1 'I 6 

Coa.s"r,a% Plain 1973-1983 262 3 "I 13 -da d 

Piedmont & Mts, lg?id-1984 228 149 9 

Coas ta.1. Pl.a:lra 1976-1 965, 102 100 ",-,, 2 

Yiedmoxat & Mhs. 7966-797'1 7 6 119 ,+, 4 3 

Southeast, Coastal Pl.ai.rs 4970--lcS85 '1 ,548 1 ,852 +:jCiit 

Piedmont & Mds, 1966-1984 1,219 960 - :> ~5 9 
F7 1.a.bJ.e ,?,.--Charlgeu3 ir.1 riet annual. growth of yellow pine gr-owing stock or1 t.inlbt?r-- 

~"antj i.ll Sou"o;hcas; l;, by owr:erashi;) clans, by pbys.i.crgr.aphic: reg.i-~it, Over' the C~L nlo:~ t recent remeasuremen t periods 

Net a.;liic~al. growtit Physiographic ~ ~ 

region FI-OID '1'0 Lhange 

Foraes t 4..nd1ks try C~as tal PX.a,.in 446 (1 t3 :j -1-2 37 

(i.nclucXeo :t.easad Piedwriont R Moun ta-bna 176 182. .+ b 

Odher private 

Total. 622 ti65 -."" -1- 2 14 13 -- - 

p'L. ;r ZJC~"~" JC,A, -c31~-~1 956 992 +3b 

Piedmont & Mountai.ns (3 - G) -. 11 '708 -2166 
%.'ab:iLe 3,-,--Changes in neb annual gr*owth of" yeil..cliw pine gracatding stc~ek on ti.mberI-anti in the So~ntheast, by species, by physfogr-+a.phic r*egiorl, over; the mouL 

a. ruecent r*emeaa~xr-ee~~~"c~ 'L perj.ods 

Net arirlrial gssowth 

S p r5.pLeti Phy9.j. crgr-aphic c", .., " ---* 

reg.?.~~~ k'rwrsr 'To Change "---,.~.- -. -- -" "" ~ "~ 

-- -- Mil%i.on cubic feet- --, ~ 

lAc~'b,lo:L~1-y ~1" r ~r~e Coasta:l. P2.ai.n ;i "1 3 -1.. "E 4 6 ~1 5 

Piedmont & Mountairis (484 5 b'7 -1 17 

Sl.ash pine 

Coastal Plain I Y I (3 -.. 

F>i.c:dmont & Mounta-i.ris 27 3 '1 "5 -. 1 I 'i 

Other* y eI.li>r~d pines Ccxtistai 1Qla.i.r.l 34 6 2'1' '1 - 7 (2 L 

Piedniont & Molrntair~s 206 21) "1 - 5 

Al.1. species Coastal. E"?.aiin 'l , 546 \ ,852 4-,j la 

Piedmont & Mount'ains 1,219 960 -"2 5 !9 

;i See table 1 for* remeasurcmerrt, periods, 
'!'ab31c+ ~4,---Ckn, in ai~nual. rern~,?vait; of yi-:l.low pine gr-(swing stock cir,~ "i,i.mbe.r-- 

la.vii.i iri the Sc.ri;"ii-rina:;l, '.iy S'w;a'r;u, by phy'si.og~aphi ,, I-, region, over the most rece:l'~~ 

rBemeas;irerncn l, period.3 a "" 

Coastal Plain 

"- - Mi.l.ij.on cubic:: P'e(c4;. .- -. ----.-- ~" ----- "~ ~ "." 

'Total 4 1 4 -.--.- ~(jli ---. ~-" -- 1 0 

Coas till. Plain '1 1 0 I Ill + 4 

Coaskal. F'3 air1 I ,%1j3 'I , 52 'I +jljlj 

Pi t?dunoilt & Noun La ins 733 92.8 + 1 y 15 

a See l;aLi;.e : for xnernca:-;~~r~err~~nP1i:i: pc-isiods, 
rfb ,,i~.i.e b - 5,--.-Ckaangt?:i fn anrlua9. :-emovals of yei.1.o~ pine gi.~-iwi:.~i~; ::tc;ck or) tirnl)er,-' 

larid in t,i.le Scrilthcas t , by cwner:;hip c1.a~:;~ by yl?y:;iogrtaphie re:[$ on, ?~ve:x.;. "I;i.ic 

mosL recent r-.emeasnr.en?,er~t; 

Owrle~3hip 

c.rl ass 

Coastal Plaiii '-1' 'r' 93 -t14 

PI.c~cimond & Moun,taixls 5 8 7 I-. 1 J .+. '1 '7 

-, P or'es t ilrlclus try Coastal 1q.iai.n 450 !; '/ 5 -i. 1 i 5 

:100 '7 ' (inc'iudes I.eased) Piedmont & Mountains 7 25 dr I :) 

ii See kabi e 1 for rberneasuremen1;. periods, 
III,. .1.d31~? ,, i) ,-~-",-i:haii[; i~1 aririt.ia2 rzr~rizow:;~l.s of yelliow ptrle growir~g t; Lock on timberland irl the So~.itheaud, by spc~ci~is, by pilys;iogr;;.j,phi.c: ra{egion, over L~F: most, 

?r% , (.' (- a . t..,,-r!t remea~;i,~rexiie~r~i; pe~r.iods 

---- --.. ---"- ", ~~.- "~-"" 

- - M.ll:lun c:i,ibil.: feet .'- - 

Total. 1382 1 .1,28 +2 5 6 ".-.~""--"--III~Li" i.i""I" 

Coas La].. P Lai.rr 19 2 ,j +. q 

Picdmorrt C$ P401int~a.i 19s 252 2i1 1 ... '1 1 

All species 

a See l;a b.1 ci. 'I for r7ernsasn~emeu~ t peraiotds , 
'Table '7 ,----Changes i.rr inv~ntory vo.ltzmc of yelSb1.o~ pine glnowirig Y toel? :>n iilrtlberl and 

in Ll~e Scr,ctheast, Isy Statre, by physiographic r-egicsn, overn the most recent, 

a xuemeaou~er;nent periods 

State 

Inv earl t,or-y- volurnt? 

_--_, * ,I_--m-" ----- "~--"I"-C "" 1-1- 

-. - Mill-i.on c::jul:~i.c feet - - .-- "- 

I:ua:stal. P.1.;3.in 5, iJb2 6,538 -+1,76 

Piedmont K Mountains 11,202 8,373 -I- '1 I "1 

Coas La1 Plain 5,366 5 , 2 is 4-12 I 0 

Pi.edanont R Moun ta.ins 3,288 3, Usr( -;?j 'I 

Coastal Plain 5 s 14 0 6 "3 , '1 5 8 +3 5 

Piedmont & Mounts i.ras 4 , 7 3 kth ,130 +.I;, 7 

Coa.si;al Plain 2,341 2 , 28'1'5 -- i.16 

Pi-edrriorit & Mou.17.t tair.e:p, 2, "207 2,589 -1-4 O'i 

'To t,al 4 L.I 4 1.1 '3 1.c 2 8 6 j~ 442) - I --,- -*--- "---- - 

Coastal Plain ;2il , 04 5 2b 9 1 1 .+2,126 

Piedmont & Mourrt,ain:s 17 hGt> 18,089 +,;42i/ __"*""l_"_,_l" -" _" --.l..l- -" - "-I. X 

Total. 14 1 ,'TIU 444 , 260 4.2 L5 '7 0 9 ,+ 

ll_r(l__ l^----_Xil,-" l-il" ms-l "" "~" "" "-I"" -" """" t""l"..l " "-1" _l-.l-___ll- .."l 

. ,:see table I for r*smea:;urennea~t, periods, 
'i'ab1.c 8,---Changes in ir~ventory vol.iirne of" ye1 Low pine gx3c,wi.ng :;Lock oil t,-i.mberland i.ri t;he Sointiieast, by ownership el-ass, by physii>grcipi.iic: regi.on, cvexa the 

a i~ost receiit remc?a:;ur.emerfi peri.oi,as 

Phys iuyraphic 

region 

Piedmont (5 Mountains 1,k.iIh "I , (j 3 !:j -k 'I 1 9 -" .~ 

F'or3es t ixidus try co CL,.: .- c. t ad. PLairr l.5 811 6,986 +1,143 

(inelud(-:s leased) Piedini,rnt Kr: Mcriirrtains 2 9 7 6 ,I 2,381 +3'>1~ ,. L. d "." "-" - 

Tot a.1. .-.-..L-L 8 (1 0 4 ..--.JA o 367 .. +-I lr-=."-"~----- ,363 

Other private Coaa tai Plain 

I*iedrnont & MounLa.i.~~s 

a. See Lab 1.e 1 fcxr r*ermeasc~w*em~enl; jieri.ods, 
, 1 t ab"1.e 9, ---C,hanges iil, j.riventort,y volx.xme of ye1.l.o~ p",rtc: gr'owi.ng stock :,n ti.inbew"Land 

in tl?e ,<:outFiea.st, by specie:^, by plrysio$i,rapE.?ie regiotil, over* the most recel?t 

a remeauur-ement periods 

Lnventor*y vc;iume F%ysi.cligrta.phi.c Species -~ ""-" "--- 

region From 'I*(, Clbamge 

I,abLo.LLy pine Coas La1 Plain lo,cj69 ll,63"l +I ,1162 

Piedmont & Mountains 8 674 9,171 y ''I "" ~ "~ - " . 

Slash p~ns 

Skiort:Xi.eaf pine Coas tai Plain 4 5 (1 -> 9 1 ~"- 3 6 3r: 

Piedmont & Msurataj.ns i,018 4 , '1 8 9 -- g 

Total 5 J 468 4 %j83 -...- --8!1!> ._... --,- "" .-~"-".-" ---, ~" "--- -"" 

Cicher yeilow pines Coa:;tal. l?l.aj.m h 9 "I 54 4r , 6'10 ,~- 4 t; 1; 

P-i.edrnunC 8 Moun taains 3,632 11,409 +'/ 7 '7 --" ".. - -- ".- 

a. See table ? ikor remeasurbcnaent periods', 
a 'Tabkc 10, --.,-Stand--ng@ di.stuBibu ti.orr of and 

oak--pi ne stands i.n the So~nLheasl;;, by broad pwner*sh.ip 

(3 c:kass, as ai" \.,he most recent For8cslk Surtreys 

Stand-age! FgrPc* a 1, 1 ,,at Oti.lerS Pu51ic " own.i?r~shi.y s rridus try' pi.iva,Lc 

To bal. ii,li15 ,I 1 ,981 c.. '>ti , ZLL ..41 4 4 9 6 !5 1 

a ?.ne iiide:; 3.11 sof"twood cype:i, 

i> 

~~ee t,:~bLe 'I, 
a Tablt3 1 1 ,-.-Ch:a;nge, .ill area of "-,,r;nberland in the Southeasl; with pine and oa1.cpine Pc)rest types, by $ta te, by physi.agraphi.c regi on, over the alas t recent 

rer~neasnremerit peri.03~ 

,itrBea of 

Eshy:~.iogr*aph.kc pine arld oak--pine type 

region ,--- ~"-" .,-- "-"" "--- 

From To Change 

South Carcilina 

North Car*ol.ina 

Coas Lal. Plain 

Bietimont & Moun"l;al.ns 

Coastal. P%.airk 

Piedmont L$: Mo~~nt~~ir~s 

CoasCal Plain 

Piedmont & Moiknt,ai.ns 

i:oasi;al_ I" 1.aj.n 

Piedmont & Mountains 

'1'0 t; al 4'1, 897 4b1,651 -2 9 ;?46 --*---- "11"*"- -" -.--" l_-,l" ,II"ll^-_,--"~E"~I^-.~~~,~~~~" -.--- --. l-ml." ----- "-_I~"~~e"".-_~l"l"l"" ..--_-- "_I"1". -I--_"1 ..I_-" l---.--." -" -1. 

i3 1 r!cl.~rdes al.1 softwood Lypeu, 

b~ee tah3.e 1 f'csr r-.erneasurement per"i.ods. 
a Tab.Le 12,---Ckiaxigeu in area, ccriYti.niberl.anci in the So~itk!c:;asl; w.ft..i'i pilie ;i~id, 

fLjak-.pine for*es'r, type:;, by ownership class, by ~;hysio&ra.phi.c, i..e,gion, oviir the 

ti 

;nq'- , iJ l , r.~-,c?en , ,a t r'c:mea:;ur*emenS; per i.oc"i:; 

Area, of 

iitrys."-ogr*a1yi35 c pi nc ;ri.nd oak--pine ty jie 

regii?r! --"- ". 

I:'L"IIK~ 'To Charlgc 

iii i,. -- -. .- !-~~C',]JYai]cj, HCr7e;1 -. - .- " 

'TO La1 .:i 1 L... 9 5 3 - 2 8 LL. ;j t2 ij .-..Zi9-: 6913 

a. Lne l.udb-?:i aL:i, siif ~MOOC~ Ljrpes . b~ec Lible I isor remes.so~-erni?nt peri.oii.3. 
I-' Lr~b.1uli.y pine s,o;lstai i?.iain 6,628 7 , 0 4 10 7.1.1 1 2 

Piedmorrt, & Moun'r,ain;s o, 823 9,8;.'\> 4- 2 

Sbior%,l, e;iS pine 

li..'L 1.t,y pes 

Coastal Plain 9,940 5:) , o'C0 -27 0 

Fi.edrnont & Mo~rn"r;ai!?a ily 8 ,-j 8 1j -1 12 

Coas1;a.L PLi"iirr 

Piedrncrrzt, & Mountains 

Coas tnl Phi 11 28,556 26,90:j -,- 1 (J 5 3 

Piedmont & Mountai.n;s 1 9 , 3 14 1'7 ,'T48 -" I , '-932 

T c> I; a 11,. J4 '/ 8 9 44, 65'1 .- 3 Y- 711 "_,___l____ "____),l_-l_l__"~".,-"-.--~~--~,~~"~"~..III__^ .lX^-- "-C-"lm"lI.- -"_-"l." "" .I."-~ -I- -"----.-----s 

a. Lnelaljes all r3of'Cr~uocE ?;ypeu, 

b See Lah.le I f'or remeasurernei~t perpi ods, 
Tablc; 1 id , --Change r.rumba2s.s of yellow pine trees ,asn 

e;imber*lar:d l1.n FI~il""d3, Geo~~gi;~, NorsLh Carol ina, ,T~,ou~'P~~ 

a . coastal Vit-gj.,i~Pa bet,weeal the f"oiir%th and 

i"iftE1 survc?y:j 

D * 17 .# #, Million trees P~3~-cenl:, 

Other private 

a Ctaangc%s far Soulsh Car~lina are between the f"onrth Siirvey 

and the .Interim Survey, 
'Tab:k.e ''I 5 *-----Changes in annual. nror%;a..l, it.$ sf ye1 low pine gm-owing s%ocl< on 

timb-ii:rl.ar~d in 'the Soutkaeast;, by Ssate, by physiographic region, over the 

d most recent r~emeasuremen"i.erirads 

Annual mortality 

Fxwm To Change 

- -, MJ.l.l.lon cubic feet -- -- ----- ~-"""-~---"--," 

Coastal Plain .-,--"--------.----~-~-------"-----~ 2 4 52 +2 8 

Coas kal P La1 n 30 62 -k- 32 

Piedmont h Mountains 5 2 142 +90 

'Total 

South Carol rna Coastal Plain jil 3 2 -7 

Piedmont & Mcltarl tains ? 9 4 6 + Y 'T 

Total ---"---"-"---"",~----,---~-----"-~-,"--"-----~~,-----"-~ 6 8 'i iS +"I 0 .----~-,-"---"-"--- ----- 

Ncxrth Carolina Coast;aJ.. 1' LaJ n 3'1 S 0 +I3 

Piedmont & Mountains 37 58 +c? 1 

Coastal. Plain ;? 5 3 0 + 5 

Piedmont & Mountains 13 35 4.2 2 

Total. ---"--" ------" 38 ------ ~~---"--~ ------ a> 5 +2 7 -"--"-~---*-~,--,------ -,"-- --"----""*--""~-""---,----*. 

Coastal P1ai.n 

Piedmont & Mountains 

a See table '1 for remeasurement periods, 
Table 'lk~,-C I.n annual. nrtorirta%:ity of" yellow pine growirag stock ori 

+." I,i..mSerl.ai-Ld Lhe Southeast , by ownership e:laas, by physiographic region, a over the ROB t r3ecerzt serneasurc~rnent perl.ods 

i20rest i.ndus tr-y Ccrau tal Plain 

(includes leased) E'.iedenont Ek Mc~rxntains 

a See table 1 for- remea.:~urea~c!~nt~ perSi.tad, 

Table 18,--Average annual ra.dial -j.ncrslrkent of !.oblol.ly pirie f<r.owiw-ig ijn 

n;iLurnl st;ands, Isy irritiai d;i.arnetex* class and survey period, Georgia 

I'i.edrnonL and Mountains 

t, ia:k *" ---,- ---- ~ -.--- ~---~-~--"--~--.-- ~-"~.---------,~~---"--"---,-"--"-~----"------ -"-"-~-".-.----- - - 

1961-79'12 1972--1982 

df.aJE Ler ," ---- ~ "-- "" 

cl.ass Average One Average One 

(j.nches j Sa.mp1.e F:3dj.al, starldai-d 2;""~~~ r-a"dia.1- :., tandarbd 

trees growth err-01- Lrees growth error *--- ~ ------- Nr.ambe --"-- a.n -- - Inches -- -- --"",u.&--*,a,e 

Nuruber 

~m,m,".m~"~,--mw- 

- - Lrrcbes - -- -,--.----- "- 
Tab1.e 19, --Average annua.1 r-adial, incresnen t <.if" nhcrrSt.i<:~~f pine growi-ng i.ri 

r;atur~a] stands, by ixli'ial dl.ameter' c?l.ass ar~d survey pei-.^;..od, 

';e orgia 12j..eri.mors te arid E'lound,ai.rs s 

"-~- ~- "--"" - - ---- "." ~-.- ." 

Survey pe%ri.od 

e::ass Average Or? e harage Cine 

(, Sanpli.e r*13;aj~ al, tandau.$d Sardp.:e ,,ad.ia.l s t,ar^idarr;i t ..A,:bc. 7",\,"d growtla err*or tr~es grlowtb e:rror " ---- "-~ ------- ~ ~---" ~." ----- 

Niiarz b e i7' .- - TYIG~~~ -- - Number - "- J.rx&e3 ,a- -- "-" ---~- --,- ."-"----.,--- 

'I'ab1l.e 2 i , --Averiige anni.ial r'adi al irwcren~cilclt ofY,.onp;Leaf" p i.ne grcr\iS.ng in 

nt-itti:-al atarid::;, by init,j.al d.iarnetcsr cl.as:; arid survey iJe:'.i.~?d, 

p. -r,i.$or.g.ia i:onstal. P1ai.n 

Sin-vey period ----. ~ ----. "" -. h"i laj a1 , ,r , 1 51 6 '1 - '1 9 "7 2 19 /~?-l'382 d i.atne "1;r ". -~ - "--~~ -" - . --" 

CJ L a s s Average One Average One 

(-i ilekles) SampLe ral.jial 3tand;ard %.mk-!.l.(? ra(lial s t,anda,rVcl 

growth e y. I .. ,.. .JL I trees graowth ~-!PI-oT" 
Table 22,---Average annual ractiial i.nci-anent of l.c3bl~k!.y p:i..ne grc~wj.ng 1..$, 

natural otaiids, by ini. t la?. ili.aawe ter c;l.a.su arrd silr.:iey pear*i.od, 

Ceo~gia Coastal El"i;i.ir, 

c :j, a 3 S Average One Average One 

(:i.rlches) SaD!!pl e p*a<lial b3daradar.a S.:.a~nple raclj-al standard 

tree:; growth errorb trees gr%owth error' 

"~" ."~ ----- 

19 .0 and 

l&p .7c?y "It 3 0 .I 0 ii .GI50 3 (~1 106 . 0 Ci 9 .3 " ". ~" .---. ~- -" 
8 1 l able 23, --.i$verage aa.znua.l ralriial .incr*enient 04" slesl? pirre growi.ng ill 

planted sta.nds, by initia.1 diameter class and survey period, 

Georgia Coastal Pl.ain 

Survey period ,--- -,-- ""-~ ----" ".," "-.-"-" ---- Inh t,i.aT. 1962-1912 r 9 72- 1 :982 

di arne ter "~." 

class Average On e Average One 

: j-yle;!/*lez3 .,) S:ir~~,p:Le ,,,dial tandarBd Samp ie radii3 i s tar~dard 

trees growth ~PTWI? trees growth error "" -,-.-----,-,- """" ---- --- --"---" ----- --,,-.--,--, ~~" ~-" 

---~----" Nurat be r: -- - Ertches - -. -~-,---~-",-"~ Numbe rn .-,-- ---,-"" -" --s .- Inehe:; - - ----" 
'Lo 

i".- 

C> 

C> 

n3 

? .. .*> 

c31 t 

u2 

!A 

.,- 

v. 

v. - 

0 

rv'i 

(3 

3'"" 

",-- 

ril 

~7.f 

Wi 

v - 

C3 

rc 

0-., 

c-3 

!LC> ".-~ 

CT1 

<Y> 

vd CC3 

r-- 

v-- 





r > ].able 30, --Average ar~ual. r.ad.i.al, ir~crcrneni; 01" !.oblc)!. Ly pine grciwirlg 

.i.rl: pl.anted stands, by. irlit,ia'i diamet;ern e;.a:_;s and si.mrvey period, 

Sot.2 tb i:aivol ina Coa3ta.l Plair; 

trees grVl3dd"ikl el"r901" {:.l?C?k?~ gr-crb~tlr C?"Y"Oi" 

." ---" "" ""-" ""-"- --.- ,.-- ". 

Nidmber .- -. ]-nch(?s - - Number- -- - Inches -. --. ----" "-4- -*~---,-.~-"-- -"" ------ -"~ ~ 

'I9 .O and 

li).y"p;er - - - -, -" -" - -, -. ,- ,- e" 
T,'. d b$e 3 1 ,--.-Average a.nnnal radial increment of slash pine growing 

in planted stand,.;, by iraitl.a.3. dlaaieter e:l&ss anti survey perr%.c.rr.k, 

S~i~t~h Carol ina (has tal. Pl.ai.r& 

-" ----- "- ~" 

Lnj. t?-.a1 JYGti--Ig'l8 1972-."r 983 

d ialne "cia- ,_-- .---- ------ -~ -"-" ---- ----- ~.la~ pi Averwage One Avc-?rage i3n e 

(jrlches) Sarr?lple radj.al L:, C* Landar.*d .1 S"~E"L~ ratj-jal i;andard "" ' 2 S Z1 '."hygl%owth erl'"? CB"$?eS ~I~o~I~~I 63rrUr" 

Number - -. lrlchss -- - Number ------ "- - .-. Inehe:~ -- -- -,--,----.- "-,, ----,.--*---~ .---- "-~---- 
llj, ,liDi.a 32, -~-Averagc! anerual. radial i.nsrem.eni; of I.r;,blol.l.y pi-r-~e growing[, 

iri natural stan,cis, by irriti.a.! ckiamciti~r' class ar:d siirvey pt?rio(?, 

Ni%r'tEi Carsol ins lJi.c?dmnnt; 

iil.a.s:: Avcrage Or!e Average One 

: S"mp:e r, dcj. .l.ai - L st,,ani$ard Sa"pl.e rL3,d~i;31 s t,arid;ir.il 

tr'pss gy.'c3~4;,11 eIqX"Cjr ~J-C:C:S gro~i;'u? error "~ -" ~ ----- "-" ".. ~- 

Number -~ -- 1ric;iles -. -- N1.1mber --, " ---- ---- ,--,,-,-- ~~---- 1:11,c!fl~e:3 - ,-~ --,- --.- 

19,O and 

i;ir.ger I 4 .. I) / 7 4 . li 1138 2 1 , 'IOU 01 18 ~ ~-.- "- 
7"ab.l.e 33, ----Avervage?: annual rad.i al in,c~rt:ment oi>.;kiorr,lea%" pint:; ggriiwinc; 

in natural stanch, by initial diameter c1.a:;~ arntl sur-e7c:y pc-c:r.i.c~d, 

North Carmol.irta P,iednmont 

-~--" ~ " """ ----" -- --- - 

Survey period 

clns Average One Av cragi. Or)@ 

(inches) SanipJLe raci~iaj~ sZ;arsdar.*d Saflflpbe y2xdia.k 2; Ca.x)"rlard 

trci%?s i- v-t .-, 1. !xi-owth error* W* "6" k.rllwth I'TI'I"C~P 

19.0 and 

Larnger* -2 
'Tab1 e ail, ---Avcrcnge ;inr?uai. radial. .irieremerlt of" Virgirlia pine growing 

j rz r~stur.al. :-,Lands, by :l.nil;i.a.I. cll%amet.i.,ra cl.ass anci sllrvey pc:.?r*:iod , Morath Carol. ir?a Pik?~lrnoiit 

Survey period 

elass A\{erage Orx e Aw eriage One 

(inchieu) S"UJ.p.ie ralji ial. :L; tandar.d %.mplc radi.al :"? tandar-d j- ,* 2 2 <: u 1 L f."' *., growth error- """(2" erGroiNl.imbo i. -, - lraches .- -. Number -- -. ,- ---" -~- .," "-~"-" ~*,--~"--, mmm-*mm ~"--"*",- 
Ta.b.le :1,5.-8--A.veruage annual radi.al. :inc:r-eineirrt af lobi.olly pins grc>bbij~~~g 

in o;..a"t.ur.a9. starids,, by inl.ti.al di.amlc:;.ler class and 8st,lax'vey period, 

North C:ar*ol:in;i C',c>ast#al I"l.ain. 

Survey period - "~ ---- ~." .--" ----- Ilxsi tia.1 %4414..-1 974 ~1 5) '1 4 i-. '1 9 ?j 14 ?J :i-a.metel- - "- " 

c].ass Ave~*agc. One /lverx- ~3 pi -- 2 .- on e 

inches j Sample rzj,dial tarldard Sanp1.e r'atli ai s t'antiard 

trees growth trees growth error* e l?T"OF -------, ,--- ----- ~ ------ 

M~rn~ber - - Inches - "- Numbera -. -- Irlche~ -. -. ,------ -- -------"- ---,-- ~"-- 

I ,U--~,Y ;r,y[ cr. oii4 0, 30:j12 ~i 09 o.arir LI * (1 0 j 2 
'i- ;.abl.e . :j6,--."-Aver-a.i:e rirrilual r3cli.a.L iricrerrient ofpl:)r;d 2:~irle g;~nwi.rig 

:iyl na"i;u.r;il. ntnntis, by .j_nitial. riiarneter class a.r',d sLrr3\rey pes*:ii~d, 

Nori,t? !:aro!.ina Coastal. P.la.in 

cia:; 3 Average On c Average One 

;;arnp.iLe radii21 sl;arldard Sa.n~p%e r~ad-i.a s tar-iclard 

'L J? i-? C? S + apiil g~~)~dth err-or ,ca gr (~wt n error 

19.Cl and 

Larger 

,- -- Inches -- -- --" ------ "" ~- 

U,0517 U, OCLB 

-050 .131)3 1 

.Oh'/ * 063 'I 

(159 .(I034 

05 '1 . 3 13 2 % 

0i-C 11 . 0 0 2 5 

.055 .0040 

. Ilii 9 0048 

(.I 5 0 .OOss"j 
'J.kab1.e 37 i", ----Average ai~rtual rvadial i.rrarement of l ong1ea.f p:ir.la: growi ng 

in nattaral. :;tando, by in:iti.al tlia.rset;er e.Lass and survey perio<.i, 

North Ca.r.olinai Coas'tal Plaf n 

"-"--""--"-~ --,- ~" -----.- "" ------.-- 

Survey period 

el.ass Rve~*age One Atrervagc: Orie 

(inches) &re starndapd SaielpXe r~a<ki.a,'J. s ta.nc3.ard 

trees growth e,lToC)g+ 

~d ~, t abees g.c.wth eryr"oa" -"--~----,- ,- ---- -- """ 

Marnber .- -- Xncj-ses ... -" "-" --,-- ", Number ------ -- "- Ir:ic>ht?2; - - *--",-.-"-"-- 

19-0 and 

I"F-~~~<c~c" -" --, "- ,- ,,m, - 11 . 0 1 1-1 2 
, . ,. Table 36,---Average arrnual ir-adlai i.rac?r*errlar~t of Virginj.a pine ~;~"~>le~j.ng 

in urntkur-a.l stands, by ini.tial diia.ane"ier* e'ias:~ and survey period, 

North Carolina Morkiltainn 

Survey period l" -"".-~-"," ---- ~ ------" ---- ~-."" -..- "--"" ~.-" ~ "-" 

"1 :j 6 14 -- 1 '[ 4 r 'i 4 -- 1 8 4 " -.--- -. -" ~" 

cIt;?is s Average On,e Av exRage Oct 2 

( :i.nche:s TI st,andnrd Sa1~j~1.e p;a,dial f- '3 L t,< lld.2l"r<i 

trees growth ~?rror* t r3ee3 growth er-ror ""-" ~-" ---- ~ ----- ~" 

N uaax b 6: r* - - :lr~ehes - - ..,--,----,.---- --,----.--- Numkjer -- -#- Lncl~es - -. 
* 7 iable 39.~---Avc!r*ag,r;e axxrxidad rBadiai. i.nereme~ai~ 04" white pirie grbowj.wif; 

j,n natur-;:I. sta.aci:s, by ;.n:i.tial tiiaoleteel- class and s::rvey per:iod, 

North Caro1i.n~ Moun.b;ains 

c 3. as s Av'e rage One Awer"'sge One 

i, i.rxc2kles) Sa~fl9l.e rsadiaj sta,ndard Saxnli1.e ,>,dial A.. 

s L;al'l(l;d.~d 

L~*~F:s gi~owth PT'lvOr trees g,p,wth ~I?I"O~T" 

- ,- Inches - -" ,,-me-,-""-- 
'I-~ ic3rtj.;.~: . 'I(.), --"-l..verage arli-ii~ai radial. i.rlereiriei~t oi" V:i.rgi.rx:l.a pine growing 

i.ri nat~-~ral, stnxltio, by i.rri tia.l d i.aturel-,erB class and survey period, 

Virgll.r!ia F'i.etirnoa?*c, 

-"-- - ~"- "."~ - - 

Sus*ve.y period 

class A verags? Ort e Average Orle 

( -irlci?es) Samp1.e r;.atj-jal. sr;rincjarcj Sample rad-i,aa s tantlard 

l;.r-ees gr-owth err"or trees grtliwtkh error 

-m" - inches - .- -"--------- 
class Avepage One AV e rarrp c) -* One 

( i.nehl-5:; ) S2rnp.l.e ukadial baiidard Sarnpde J ..,.. <.A. ,,a d 1, a, - i. atandar'd 

tr-ees growth BI-~OB"" trees erarorA 
Tab]-e ;-%2,"'---Aver-rige a.rznt~a.i. radi.a.k i.i?ereinent; of' iobl.olly pine growing 

in iiatiiral. :.,'r,ancI,s, by .i.ni tial. ii larneter. clar3s and survey pc?ri.od, 

Wi.rl3.i.n.i.a Coai.sl;;il Plain 

in I; i;.,l ;. - .- . "~-. 

13611.-.1 976 I9'[6--7 9?i5 

d i-am@ t .,-. ---__ - ".""~~ ""-"-." -., ~ 

class hvci.agc: One Average Ori e 

(i ri."piles) S""E"~C r3i;i(ljfLa], starr~2ard S"n"i2.e ntijnilarad 

t i.' e <? 2, gr80wth I;" I'D" T' t rheas growth e? i-r"~ 1- 

----. "-" - --- . ---- ""..-- "-~- ----- ". 

Number - -. Inches .- -- Number" - ,- ,--- ~" 

LxIc~~'.~ - - --,----*","-"~ 
t 7 !ab.ie 43 a, aiinual 1-a.dia.1. .i.ni:remeslL e.i" V5.r7giiiia pine grrdbaing 

jI.n na i.,ux.a'l. :I t,a.nds, l~y init j.aji cj"iamei;er% r:lass arid siiYvit;y pe;riqi:3d, 

Virginia I:oaetal F)%ain 

Si.~r.vey period 

olarrls A.v errage One Ave:rbage One 

(inches) s"u1pJ.e radial .;fdandard Sa~1.e radial s tartdar-d 

t rQees gr'ow t,ll <a a ".,! .% trees \*r 1 c>r gk-c,wt,h C?P"R"OS 1"1111"" -.--)-- "ll_"._"..l"" ---------" --l^l__( __.- *l"_" --*_- ^.--"" (illl^-ll "" -.l_-.-_l._ll l.l-.- --111-- ,l-l^--- 

Nnmbe r* .- - Incfles .- -. --.- Numbex' -. - Ir~ejles - - 
I ,-/ 

i;j,~li: 44 p.--.Aij.ir;~~age ci*nriu:i]., r3a:iiaj. incriern~2nt of sl.asl.l p:i.rie qrowirig 

ifi nat~.iraL tarid id^, t~y initial. d:ia.metei- class and survey gerioti, 

North I.'.i.orbida 

Survey period 

b!! i i* ! LZ.i li!cC , ., 1 .- I 9 '1 e) I 9 r~ o .-- I 9 1~ 0 ti I amei;c-!r. "" . ~. ~".- - - -..-. ".- - -- -, . c;.]"". (11. ;> ,- 13 - Average Oxi e Average (Uric: 

) Samp1.e r.adj.al, st;andi.lrd Sam"p1.e r.'ad.ia~ ;3 taridard 

1; r> @ e :3 g%-c)wlC,I~ er~or" tree:; growth C?ITY"OT* 
t t Iabie 45,---Aver-age annua.1 I-adia? i.uicr'ei~ent af ioilgleai"' pinc grc)wing 

:in na%;ura.k, t;k,ands, by j..ni.tial. di.ai'rteters ol.ass arid sirrvey per-.ioti, 

Z\ktrii.l;#h; FLor.i.da 
'Lab Le 14 6 , ---A,vex*aize ;i,rar?l.xaL r.adi.3 1. incrernerzt (:I? sk.3h pirle {<i~~)kai!li?, 

j.n pJanCe2d st;ands, by. iri:tti.al di;zenet.er class arid SLirvey period, 

Nor Lh F%.ori.da 

-" ~" ~ --* hi. t i.al 1959- I gr/O 'I y'YC)-,I9BiI 

tj i. ame t c?r -"" ,a"m"," "- "" ----_ ""~w-~~~ 

(::].as;; Average Orr e Average One 

(irlEYhes) Sample rdj.al s taildard Sa~ipl e ra.dia:L standard 

trees gr-owtlrl e r~~or" t jlaees growui.l t?r*rnor 

'I9 ,!I arid 

J.. a 1-[$ e r - - "*" -- - - ,- - *- -- -, - _l__ - .--ll-l-_-i-l,-l- "".""~~~"~-."~"l*lll --l_I .- -_^-_ ".-l" "* ..m-ll. l_.--.---- 
class Average One Average Ori e 

(j neheu) h"~4.e rnsdial ~t~nd8,i-d S"""pe radi;"aj, st,arldarcR 

tr>ef$s 1;rtees growth e rry:>,r growtl? f.jr !-or* 

." "~ ----, "--~ ~ "" -------- ---- ~-~ """- ----- 

N i.iirrb e I:* - - Irrehea -- - N ?.am b *:+ r* - ,a- Inchel:; .,-. - ---.. .-- -em-- "- --,- ------ "-" 



'CJ 

v-- 

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crh "Cli 'a C) <-- .> CO r, 

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<I? ' r-iU1 

0,) 

E a) 10 S., I m.4, 

3 ;o > I'."" Cf\ <\I 43 C7.s %I C> 

:-. p %,.a . I--. -I' (Y2 C\ri rr; 

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'C:iu].e hj,---S:~~g;ii; o iz~1.3 I. aicai?.s (X) , a116 s~dridarr9 ux'r-01-3 (511) of rnveritory ba,nal art23 i BA) ur-id compor-iailtr, (if' r'ic?.t. 

gr.!,w'.,h fur vratura! nhoi""cleal' y-l.ne stands .it? the Georgia P~cdrn:?nt arid MoIJ~".,~"J~:;, by initial ?,t,:slid cicrr:;;.t,y anil su:,v!.j 

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Tal,L@ '!2 ,,--"Cc;r9relaLior, coel.:.i.c~.enr.:, !upper) aria ai:;ar":i ar.d proo,ib~l Lty vc,liie:ia iiowrr.; rri: ;.n:~'iid? 

invc:n?xnry a::fl :'C:.ir~d age, net an:.~uaL gro*l,ii, auu3 zorr;;ir>nents of' net ar~ri~bril, prow9,11~ ilii3t:iri; si*:ifi!l pii~<~ 

*z"l,ond: Ir; the Georgia Coastal. Plain, t'i.f'tl.1 survey 
m _ .,3,l?lr 73,---S;irqp:e sizes, mcci:tn:; or initld: ii~ver~t.cji-*:y !?a:iaL 'area (RA:', 

pe!-l-e;.ir. of iriiii.ai. j.nvent:>~":j iri pile, and au~rmsl :3ur.vLvor ~I?oM:.~! 1'or 

rta+,ria: lob1.o'LJ.y pine stanas in tlie Georgia I'iecJrnont 'nd Edountairxr;, 

t)y t:~f: init,lal sLdiitl d"nrikty oT SI~~V~VQ~. t.rsccs arxd st;rvc?y eyc:r? 

.--- ~ -- ---- - 

Isitia1 In;"cia: Pen-cent Srir-v:vor 

stanil- :nvcn~or~" pint? grog? ?I 

aen~; icy Sl,r.vsy Sampj a -- 

cia33 cycle size - BA/a:;re :d X X 3:; (1'". ' " I 

Number 
'Tab:.e '14s,----:i32p:e :>i;;es %<!;ir,:~ :>f 2,11ir,!:iL J.yl-,, >;;~,c),-.y !~a:;al area (Jjls), 

;!v!r"cei~:; of ~.ir Llal. I.rzven":,oi-y in1 ~)i.r)o, ar:d ai1i:ua.L :?~:u-.~d i v::!, gr-oul ir tor 

i~at,m~-iil wh~rLLc!b:' pirio "?,and:; :.n the i;l*cj:-gia ?l.edr~onl and l"roi~,rr?.~?ir::i, 

by t,he iri~t.~~,: stand dar,s>.ty af survivoi* I,!-eec: &:d s;)rirey cycl.: 

I TO+ z 

:E 

i 
l'a.s;e "Tcj.--,:;dr;!pl-. slzc:~, m.-:,;j:iz or' iri.iL~al i.rivc7it~~a-y basil artla CEiA), 

pt%r:er!'L gr j.l.litj.d.1. i.n~~~:~iiiol."y iri pine, act? anr:u:~l su?-wivwr grow* fi>r 

tiat~ir*s! sim:! pirir stands irr thd~ Georgia Coas?:.-nI. PL;+in, by :.he ?n:.L.ial 

aLand dei!:i;:y ol' survivor Cr'ens arrd survey cy<!it+ 

. - - - "- - - - - ~" - " ". -- 

I?)] +, la1 Ir:: LiaI Percer!Y; Sur.vivrir- 

:.; t.ilxiJ-.. ~river~t,c~-y~ p:.r!e 8roia:h 

(1~:lsi:y 3ur.$(ry Salnb, 1 'Z! -- -- -.------. -- 

::l;i :i:q ~:~cle" size 

X X X (- 'I" BA/ ic~,i? ~'x 

(fLi) 

a,,, 111; P'? 3til"'JPY nay PC: 131: :>IL~: : ;i%\;;~n:. oi' p?ar:!.f:c sl,i:;i~ pin':, 

EtJr!r:~rac;N (2) I<A:r.i:O --- DBBI!/* (d .S, ia, -DBDI?) :-- b -e b (d.b.tr.-~D~BH) 

O ... " "."-- 

SPEC ZE S SAPL .IMGS %,IIBMR 'TlitEES 

Lobl.ol ty piine 458 6.199900 --0,000215 5,9.55 0.234952 -.0.006341. 

SI.a:;h pine 790 Q,4,38536 --0,052 724 4,671 0.283656 -0,013036 

Shoartln.af pine 14.1 0.244207 --0.01.1011.4 2,162 0,2!;3204 -0,-0108hG 

Long1 caE: pills 103 0 -276299 --11.022886 2,517 0-220846 -0,008894 

Vi.rgCi~i.a piill. 156 0.092489 -0.800444 1,160 0.140837 --0.004764 

ilzl tial d.i,h, !,5 years prior to ~iie tririrtl survey was c;~k.cul.ated i!or. each tree 

from the ccmputed AA171; 

X4ci.e i.s arr. tlxnil~yric: iiP how a typical. tree was processed to 0btni.r~ AAHL and 

i-1J.i dabs11*: 

EXA.MPl,E: tjpecries -. i,ob 101. 1.y pi-iic: 

d,b,fk, = 1.0~0 i~j.ch.es 

Radial growth ,-. ILi 

Ec1u;rtinrt (1): DBBH - (.1.478391 .,* 0,0936-576iE,b,h,) 

Eci~~"i-'norr; (2): 1&!TR.O - T>DRiJ/(d,b,h,-DBBN - 0,234952---0,(3069icE 

(d. 6.). h :-DBBZi) 

Sr+ep 2 I;vrnput c ~?s~:i~riat:ecE diameter insSt.de bark at hceaid,i Freight 

ci, i,b, -- d,b,In, -. DB'EPI 

d,i.b, 10.0 --- 2,42.4"967 = 8,585033 

St.iip3 Usir~g cquatioru (2), cieLermitrtr the ratio iik: DBI3k.i tcr d,i.,b, 

lurJ*rw -; DB~FI/CW, i , b, -- 0,234952 0,00694 l ((a, i, h.) 

[",.TI0 - ~k";~iE/cS,i.,h, = 0,234952 14.00694L~E3,5235iP3~3) ,= ~" 0. 175363 

Step 4 a:omp~.dri- Mi< l 6:rcrrrr radial. g~,.oa%ith 

AAEIJ. 

,rtn~-~ .= 

(RCs/ IO14,O) x (2 -00 +. Uiio.li.O)E 12 0 

(ei5i~oo,o> x !2,046 .,- (1,17536:arE / 2,0 = 0,163152 ~ - 

7'he Forest Se:rvice, U,S. I'le 

partra~erxt of Agrict.iltu,rt:, is 

rlcdic;rted ha rhc principle of 

~nuktiple Pase ~n;anageant:rlt of 

the Natioel's forest ra:seatarces 

for s~.asta~iracd yield of woc~d, 

water, forage, wilcdlife, and 

rccreaticrra. l'hrolkgh forestry 

research, coopcr.atior% !,with the 

States arid private forest 

owner..;, and rnan;agemcnt of 

the Nationid forest:^ and 

Nationid Crassl;e%-~~ds, it stri,ves 

-:AS cdlrccteti by Coi~g~:ess--to 

provitle ixacreasingly greater 

sex-vi(:cl to a growing Nation. 

ljSDA policy does raot permlit discrirm-s~irnatjoaan becanlsc 

oC race, ccnlor, ~.ratilrar~al origirr, sex or religiean. Any 

person who Inelie~res krc or she has been discriminated against isa any I.iSYr:)A-related activity should 

write irxlrairediately to the Secretary of Agriculture, 

Washington, Il,C, 20250,