# Patent

## Title
Contraceptive system and method of use

## Abstract

A device and method of using the device for contraception or sterilization and particularly for reversible contraception by occluding a reproductive lumen to prevent the passage of reproductive cells through the lumen for a desired period of time until the patient wishes to become fertile again and then be reopened. The occluding member preferably comprises a tubular framework formed from a shape memory material configured to be implanted in a reproductive lumen. The occluding member is implanted within a body lumen, secured to the wall of the reproductive lumen and then collapsed to collapse the wall and occlude the lumen. Alternatively, the occluding member may be collapsed upon a solid plug. The closure of the reproductive lumen may be reversed by introducing a balloon catheter and by a series of inflations of the balloon reexpanding the collapsed occluding member or by removing the plug. The occluding member and the plug may be configured to facilitate endothelialization, to provoke an inflammatory responses or to deliver a drug.

## Background
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/272,840, filed on Oct. 16, 2002 now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/770,123, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,073,504, filed on Dec. 18, 1996, the entireties of which are hereby incorporated by reference.


FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of contraceptive and sterilization devices and more particularly to reversible contraceptive devices and the methods of using such devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Conventional contraceptive strategies generally fall within three categories: physical barriers, drugs and surgery. While each have certain advantages, they also suffer from various drawbacks. Barriers such as condoms and diaphragms are subject to failure due to breakage and displacement. Drug strategies, such as the pill and NorplantTM, which rely on artificially controlling hormone levels, suffer from known and unknown side-effects from prolonged use. Finally, surgical procedures, such as tubal ligation and vasectomy, involve the costs and attendant risks of surgery, and are frequently not reversible. Thus, there remains a need for a safe, effective method of contraception, particularly a non-surgical method which is reversible.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a contraceptive or sterilization system for occluding a reproductive tract or lumen to prevent the passage of reproductive cells through the tract or lumen. The invention includes an occluding member expandable within the body lumen from a first configuration suitable for introduction into the body lumen to a second larger configuration to facilitate securing the expanded occluding member to at least a portion of a wall which defines the reproductive body lumen. The invention also includes means to facilitate securing the expanded occluding member to the wall of the body lumen and means to contract the expanded occluding member and the wall portion secured to the occluding member to occlude the reproductive body lumen sufficiently to prevent the passage of reproductive cells therethrough.
One presently preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a reversible contraceptive system which can be used to occlude either the fallopian tubes of a female patient, the vas deferens of a male patient or other reproductive tract. A key feature of the contraceptive system is a occluding member which is first secured to the wall defining the reproductive tract in an expanded condition and then is collapsed to smaller transverse cross-sectional dimensions to cause the collapse of the secured portion of the wall and thereby block the vessel passageway to prevent the passage of reproductive cells. The occluding member may be reopened by any number of suitable means. For example, by collapsing the occluding member about a plug or mandrel which can be left in place to effectively blocking the passageway until the patient wishes to reverse the procedure. The plug can be removed by suitable means such as conventional laparoscopic or other instruments to reopen the passageway. A balloon dilatation catheter may be used to further expand the opening once the plug is removed Other ways of reopening the reproductive lumen include leaving the proximal portion of the occluding member open when the member is collapsed so that an expandable member such a balloon on a catheter can be inserted and expanded. By means of a series of expansions and stepped advancements, the entire passageway can be reopened.
Preferably, the occluding member comprises a tubular member formed from a shape-memory alloy material and has a primary configuration which is relatively small in transverse dimensions to facilitate the insertion of the member into the desired body lumen. Once in place, the occluding member is then expanded to a second configuration with transverse dimensions roughly corresponding to or slightly larger than the body lumen so that the occluding member can be secured to the wall defining the body lumen. With the open, lattice-like framework of the occluding member expanded within the body lumen, endothelialization through the open structure secures the occluding member to the wall defining the body lumen. By heating the occluding member formed of shape-memory alloy material to a temperature at or above the transition temperature of the shape-memory material, it transforms to a remembered closed or collapsed configuration which causes the wall secured to the occluding member to close down so that the passageway therethrough is occluded. The occluding member may be delivered to the desired location within the body lumen by suitable means such as a conventional balloon catheter similar to those used for delivering stents, aortic grafts and various types of prosthesis.
In one presently preferred embodiment, the occluding member has an open or lattice-like framework so that the growth of endothelial tissue through the openings of lattice-like framework so as to interconnect the occluding member and the wall of the body lumen. The surface of the occluding member may be treated to promote the endothelialization.
Once the occluding member is implanted into the body lumen and it has been sufficiently endothelialized to secure it to the body wall (which may take a week or more), it may be activated by warming the occluding member to a temperature at or above the transition temperature of the shape-memory material so it may revert to its remember constricted shape. Since the endotheliaization has secured the occluding member to the wall of the body lumen, the contraction of the occluding member to its remembered collapsed shape, causes the wall defining the body lumen to collapse along with the occluding member, effectively blocking the passageway. Alternatively, a plug may be located within the interior of the occluding member prior to heat activation so that the occluding member collapses onto the plug to block the lumen.
The occluding member may be mounted onto the exterior of a balloon of a dilatation balloon catheter in the first configuration with small transverse dimensions, and then be introduced and positioned within the region of the reproductive lumen to be occluded. The balloon is inflated to expand the occluding member, preferably with the outer diameter slightly larger than the inner dimensions of the reproductive lumen to which it is secured. The occluding member will remain in the open configuration until heated to a temperature at or above its martensite to austenite transition temperature which causes it to revert to its collapsed state. If the occluding member is collapsed about a plug, the plug may be extracted to reopen the passageway when the patient wishes to become fertile again.
The present invention provides effective sterilization or contraception for both males and females and importantly it is easily reversed. Moreover, the implantation and activation of the occluding member as well as the subsequent restoration of vessel patency requires easily used minimally invasive devices such as catheters, guidewires, guiding catheters and the like. These and other advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying exemplary drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a catheter with an occluding member embodying features of the invention mounted on an expandable member on a distal section of the catheter.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show one embodiment of the occluding member in expanded and contracted or closed configurations respectively.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show another embodiment of the occluding member in expanded and closed configurations respectively.
FIGS. 6 and 7 show yet another embodiment of an occluding member in expanded and closed configurations respectively.
FIG. 8 depicts the occluding member on a delivery catheter as shown in FIG. 1 within a reproductive tract or lumen.
FIG. 9 illustrates the expansion of the occluding member within the reproductive tract or lumen.
FIG. 10 illustrates the female reproductive anatomy and shows the occluding member positioned within one of the patient's fallopian tubes.
FIG. 11 illustrates the male reproductive anatomy and depicts an expanded occluding member within a vas deferens of a male patient.
FIG. 12 illustrates the occluding member secured to the wall of the reproductive tract by endothelial tissue.
FIG. 13 is a transverse cross-sectional view of the expanded endothelialized occluding member as shown in FIG. 12 taken along the lines 13-13.
FIG. 14 shows the occluding member in a collapsed state after being activated by warmed saline.
FIG. 15 is a transverse cross-sectional view of the collapsed occluding member as shown in FIG. 14 taken along the lines 15-15.
FIG. 16 is similar to FIG. 14 and illustrates the occluding member collapsed about an elongated removable plug or mandrel.
FIG. 17 shows the occluding member being activated in a location distal to the proximal extremity thereof in order to keep the proximal end partially open to facilitate reopening the passageway.
FIG. 18 shows the occluding member being activated in a location distal to the proximal extremity thereof in order to keep the proximal end partially open to facilitate reopening the passageway.
FIG. 19 shows an embodiment of the occluding member having hooks.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 illustrates a catheter 10 useful in the practice of the invention, which comprises an elongated shaft 12 having an inflation lumen 14 which is in fluid communication with inflatable member 16 mounted on a distal section of the catheter shaft and adapter 18. Occluding member 20, a self-supporting metallic member of shape-memory material, closely conforms to the diameter of the uninflated inflatable member 16 to facilitate introduction into the desired body lumen. Occluding member 20 is formed so that it has a remembered collapsed configuration with relatively small transverse dimensions. The occluding member 20 may be deformed to facilitate mounting onto the inflatable member 16 and is expanded by the inflatable member to an open expanded configuration within a body lumen. Upon heating to a transition temperature it will revert to the remembered configuration. In this embodiment the occluding member 20 has an open, lattice-type structure facilitating endothelialization which secures the occluding member to the wall defining the body lumen. Preferably, occluding member 20 can be deformed to an expanded diameter, preferably equal to or slightly larger than the dimensions of the body lumen within which the occluding member is to be disposed. For disposition within a female patient's fallopian tubes the expanded transverse dimensions should be about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm.
The occluding member may have a number of suitable configurations as shown in schematically in FIGS. 2-7. FIGS. 2 illustrates occluding member 22 in an open configuration and FIG. 3 its relatively small dimensioned configuration for introduction and advancement into the patient's body lumen. Occluding member 22 may be constructed from a length of shape memory hypodermic tubing. Slots 24 cut into the wall of the tubing allow expansion of the occluding member into an open configuration as shown in FIG. 2. Likewise, in FIGS. 4 and 5, occluding member 26 is a coil 28 of shape-memory wire or ribbon. FIGS. 6 and 7 show occluding member 30, which comprises a braided tube of shape-memory wire or ribbon 32. Finally, in FIGS. 1 and 8 occluding member 20 comprises a number of closed sinusoidal rings of shape-memory wire or ribbon and is mounted onto an inflatable member 16 of catheter 10.
Inflation of inflatable member 16 expands occluding member 20 in a reproductive tract 38 to an open, relatively large diameter configuration as shown in FIG. 9.
In each of these embodiments, the shape memory material of the occluding member should have a transition temperature sufficiently above the normal variation of human body temperature to prevent accidental activation which might prematurely collapse the occluding member. On the other hand, the transition temperature should be high enough so that thermal activation of the occluding member does not cause undesirable thermal damage to the surrounding tissue. The shape memory-material is preferably a shape memory, nickel-titanium alloy such as NITINOL and preferably has a transition temperature of between about 43.degree. C. to about 70.degree. C.
In each of the embodiments described above, certain conventional refinements may be employed. For example, the surface of the occluding member's framework may be designed to facilitate endothelial growth. Such modifications generally comprise providing the occluding member with an open or lattice-like framework to promote endothelial growth into as well as around the member to ensure it secure attachment to the wall of the body lumen. Suitable surface techniques include EDM machining, laser drilling, photo etching, scintering and the like. Additionally, increasing the surface area of the occluding member can also provide greater adhesion for the endothelial tissue. Suitable surface treatments include plasma etching, sand blasting, machining and other treatments to roughen the surface. In other embodiments, the shape-memory material may be coated or seeded to spur endothelialization. For example, the occluding device can be coated with a polymer having impregnated therein a drug, enzyme or protein for inducing or promoting endothelial tissue growth. In yet another refinement, the occluding member could be plated with or otherwise incorporate copper to produce an inflammatory response in the tissue of the wall defining the body lumen, which further contributes to the obstruction of the lumen. Other inflammatory materials my be suitable as well. For example, the occluding member could be radioactive, emitting alpha, beta or gamma particles.
The practice of the invention comprises the following general steps. An occluding member 20 having relatively small transverse dimension is mounted onto the exterior of balloon 16 of catheter 10 as shown in FIG. 1. The catheter 10 is advanced under fluoroscopic or endoscopic visualization until occluding member 20 is positioned within one of the female patient's fallopian tubes 34, as shown in FIG. 10. Inflation fluid is introduced through adapter 18 to inflate inflatable member 16. As shown in FIGS. 9-10, inflation of inflatable member 16 expands occluding member 20 to an open configuration and lodging it in body lumen 38. Catheter 10 is removed, leaving the expanded occluding member 20 implanted in body lumen 38 as shown in FIG. 12. Another expandable member is delivered to the patient's other fallopian tube and expanded therein in the same manner. Alternatively, the occluding member may be expanded into positioned within the vas deferens 36 of a male patient as shown in FIG. 11 to provide male contraception using the same procedures.
Over a period of a week or more endothelial cells lining the lumen will proliferate; growing around the open framework of occluding member 20 as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 thereby securing the wall defining the body lumen 38 to the expanded occluding member 20. After the expanded occluding member 20 is sufficiently endothelialized within the patient's reproductive tract 38, it is thermally activated to return it to its remembered collapsed configuration. The occluding member may be activated by several means, including warmed fluid, RF energy, laser energy, or other suitable energy sources. A suitable activation system is shown in FIG. 14 where the distal end of catheter 40 is positioned adjacent to the occluding member 20, saline fluid somewhat above the transition temperature is introduced to bathe occluding member 20, raising its temperature to the transition point or higher, causing occluding member 20 to collapse to its closed, reduced-diameter configuration. The layer of endothelial tissue that forms within the lattice-like structure of the occluding member helps block and seal the lumen so as to prevent the passage of reproductive cells, eggs or sperm cells.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 16 where a plug 42 is positioned inside occluding member 20 in the expanded condition so that upon activation the occluding member 20 collapses onto plug 42, blocking the lumen 38. The plug is preferably formed from an inert material such as a fluoropolymer, e.g. PTFE. Other suitable materials include high density polyethylene and silicone rubber. A number of modifications to the plug may also be suitable. For example, the plug could be used as a drug delivery device, similar to the Norplant.TM. device. The plug could also be used to provoke an inflammatory response as described above to augment the occlusion of the lumen. In such embodiments, plug 42 preferably has an outer diameter from about 0.25 mm to about 4 mm. The plug 42 may also have holes, deep grooves. or which help to preserve at least part of the natural lining of the reproductive tract.
The occlusion of the lumen may be reversed simply by removing the plug 42. If a passageway larger than passageway left by the removed plug 42 is desired, a balloon catheter can be advanced within the body lumen until the balloon is within the lumen left by the removal of the plug and then the balloon on the catheter is inflated to expanded the occluding member 20, deforming it into an open configuration. It may be desirable when activating the expanded occluding member to the collapsed configuration to leave the proximal end of the occluding member somewhat open or in an expanded condition to facilitate the introduction of dilatation balloon on a catheter to facilitate the opening of the body lumen. As shown in FIG. 15, the catheter 40 used to activate the occluding member may be positioned within the proximal end of the occluding member, so that the proximal end is unable to completely revert to its closed configuration. The reproductive tract could be subsequently close should contraception again be desired by heating the occluding member 20 so as to activate the transformation thereof to the collapsed configuration.
In embodiments of the invention employing the plug 40, various other strategies are suitable to reverse the occlusion. For example, the plug 40 can simply be removed, restoring the lumen 38 to patency. Alternatively, the plug 40 may be hollow with a removable core (not shown). This core may be formed from a softer material, such as silicone, or could be threaded, in order to facilitate its removal. Similarly, the plug itself may be threaded so that removal would comprise a twisting motion, minimizing the stress on the tissue in which the occluding member is located.
In still other embodiments, mechanical, adhesive or other means may be employed to secure the expanded occluding member 20 to the vessel wall defining the reproductive passageway 38. For example, the means to secure a stent or prosthetic device to an aortic or arterial wall described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,140,126; 4,562,596; 4,577,631; 4,787,899; 5,104,399; 5,167,614; 5,275,622; 5,36,713; and 5,489,295 may be used with the present invention to interconnect the wall defining the reproductive tract and the expandable member. These patents are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.
Various modifications and improvements may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope thereof. For example, a mechanical expandable member such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,585,000, which is incorporated herein by reference, may be used to expand the expandable member within the reproductive tract to engage the wall thereof. Moreover, although individual features of embodiments of the invention may be shown in some of the drawings and not in others, those skilled in the art will recognize that individual features of one embodiment of the invention can be combined with any or all the features of one or more of the other embodiments.

## Claims

1. A contraceptive system for occluding a reproductive body lumen to prevent the passage of reproductive cells therethrough, comprising: a) an occluding member, said occluding member being at least in part expandable within the reproductive body lumen from a first configuration to a second expanded configuration, wherein a surface of the occluding member is roughened, coated or seeded to spur ingrowth of tissue cells and secure a wall portion of the reproductive body lumen thereto when in the second expanded configuration; b) means to collapse the expanded part of the occluding member to a smaller transverse cross-sectional dimension so that the wall portion secured thereto collapses thereupon to occlude the reproductive body lumen sufficiently to prevent the passage of reproductive cells therethrough.

2. The contraceptive system of claim 1, wherein said occluding member is at least in part radially expandable about a longitudinal axis thereof from said first configuration to said second expanded configuration and further provided with a deliverable contraceptive agent.

3. The contraceptive system of claim 2 wherein the contraceptive agent is a hormone.

4. The contraceptive system of claim 3 wherein the contraceptive hormone is progestin.

5. The contraceptive system of claim 1 wherein the occluding member is a tubular member with an open framework in the expanded configuration that facilitates said ingrowth of tissue cells.

6. The contraceptive system of claim 5 wherein the tubular member is formed of a thin walled metallic tube having a pattern of openings configured to allow the tubular member to be expanded to the open framework.

7. The contraceptive system of claim 6 wherein the tubular member has an inner lumen.

8. The contraceptive system of claim 7 wherein an inner member is disposed within the inner lumen of the tubular member.

9. The contraceptive system of claim 8 wherein the contraceptive hormone is incorporated in the inner member.

10. The contraceptive system of claim 5 wherein the tubular member is formed of a helical wire configured to allow the tubular member to be expanded to the open framework.

11. The contraceptive system of claim 5 wherein the tubular member is formed of a braided wire tube configured to allow the tubular member to be expanded to the open framework.

12. The contraceptive system of claim 1 including an expanding means to expand at least a portion of the occluding member.

13. The contraceptive system of claim 12 wherein the expanding means is an elongated catheter having an inner lumen extending within the elongated catheter from a proximal portion of the catheter to a location within a distal portion, an inflatable member on a distal portion thereof with an interior in fluid communication with the inner lumen to facilitate the delivery of inflation fluid to the interior of the inflatable member.

14. The contraceptive system of claim 1 including a mandrel configured to be disposed within an expanded part of the occluding member so that the occluding member contracts onto the mandrel to occlude the reproductive body lumen sufficiently to prevent the passage of reproductive cells therethrough.

15. The contraceptive system of claim 1 wherein the occluding member has a tubular open-wall structure which facilitates the ingrowth of tissue cells thereinto thereby securing the expanded part of the occluding member to the wall portion.

16. The contraceptive system of claim 15 wherein the tubular structure has an lattice-like framework.

17. The occluding member of claim 16 wherein the lattice-like framework comprises a thin walled metallic tube having a pattern of cuts configured to allow the occluding member to be expanded to an open-walled, relatively large diameter configuration.

18. The contraceptive system of claim 1 wherein the occluding member includes structure that prevents it from being readily removable from the reproductive body lumen.

19. A contraceptive device for deployment in a female patient's fallopian tube, comprising:(a) a tubular body which is at least in part radially expandable about a longitudinal axis thereof within the patient's fallopian tube from a first transverse dimension to a second larger transverse dimension and which has an open framework in the expanded configuration that facilitates an ingrowth of tissue cells, wherein a surface of the tubular body is roughened, coated or seeded to spur said ingrowth of tissue cells and secure a wall portion of the fallopian tube thereto when in the second larger transverse dimension; and(b) an inner member within the tubular body which delivers a female contraceptive hormone.

20. The contraceptive device of claim 19 wherein the tubular body is of cylindrical shape.

21. The contraceptive device of claim 19 wherein the contraceptive hormone is progestin.

22. A contraceptive device for deployment in a female patient's fallopian tube, comprising:(a) a tubular body which is at least in part radially expandable about a longitudinal axis thereof within the patient's fallopian tube from a first transverse dimension to a second larger transverse dimension and which has an open framework in the expanded configuration facilitating ingrowth of tissue cells, wherein a surface of the tubular body is roughened, coated or seeded to spur said ingrowth of tissue cells and secure a wall portion of the fallopian tube thereto when in the second larger transverse dimension; and(b) means within the tubular body to deliver a female contraceptive hormone.

23. The contraceptive device of claim 22 wherein the contraceptive hormone is progestin.

24. A contraceptive device comprising an intraluminal occlusion means which is at least in part radially expandable about a longitudinal axis thereof within a lumen of a patient's reproductive system from a transverse dimension to a second larger transverse dimensions and which facilitates the ingrowth of tissue cells, wherein a surface of the intraluminal occlusion means is roughened, coated or seeded to spur said ingrowth of tissue cells and secure a wall portion of the lumen thereto when in the second larger transverse dimension and is provided with a deliverable contraceptive agent.

25. A contraceptive device for deployment in a female patient's fallopian tube, comprising:(a) a tubular body which is at least in part radially expandable about a longitudinal axis thereof within the patient's fallopian tube from a first transverse dimension to a second larger transverse dimension and which has an open framework in the expanded configuration facilitating ingrowth of tissue cells, wherein a surface of the tubular body is roughened, coated or seeded to spur said ingrowth of tissue cells and secure a wall portion of the fallopian tube thereto when in the second larger transverse dimension; and(b) a member attached to the tubular body which delivers a female contraceptive hormone.

26. The contraceptive device of claim 25 wherein the contraceptive hormone is progestin.

27. The contraceptive device of claim 25 wherein the member is porous.

28. The contraceptive device of claim 25 wherein the member is at least in part within the lumen of the tubular body.

29. The contraceptive device of claim 25 wherein the member is configured to provoke an inflammatory response.

30. The contraceptive device of claim 29 wherein the member is formed at least in part of a material which provokes an inflammatory response.

31. The contraceptive device of claim 30 wherein the material is copper.

32. An occluding assembly comprising an occluding member having a tubular metallic framework with an inner lumen extending therein and including a plug positioned within the lumen, the plug comprising a hollow tube and removable core, wherein the occluding member has a closed configuration about the plug disposed within the inner lumen thereof, so that the occluding member may be expanded to an open, relatively larger diameter configuration by removal of the plug, and then may be heated to the transition temperature to cause the occluding member to revert to the closed configuration, and wherein the tubular metallic framework comprises an open framework facilitating ingrowth of tissue cells, and wherein a surface of the tubular metallic framework is roughened, coated or seeded to spur said ingrowth of tissue cells and secure a wall portion of the fallopian tube thereto when in the relatively larger diameter configuration.

33. A kit for performing a reversible sterilization procedure comprising;(a) a catheter having an inflatable member; and(b) an occluding member comprising a tubular metallic framework which has a closed, smaller configuration and is formed from a shape-memory material having a transition temperature above body temperature, so that the occluding member may be expanded to an open, relatively larger diameter configuration, and then heated to or above the transition temperature to cause the occluding member to revert to the closed, smaller diameter configuration within a body lumen, the occluding member further comprising a plug configured to be positioned therewithin, wherein the plug is provided with one or more depressions or grooves to minimize damage to tissue lining of the body lumen, wherein the tubular metallic framework comprises an open framework facilitating ingrowth of tissue cells, and wherein a surface of the tubular metallic framework is roughened, coated or seeded to spur said ingrowth of tissue cells and secure a wall portion of the body lumen thereto when in the open, relatively larger diameter configuration.

34. A contraceptive device comprising:
an open-walled tubular member capable of being introduced within a portion of a fallopian tube, wherein a surface of the tubular member is roughened, coated or seeded to spur ingrowth of tissue cells and secure a wall portion of the fallopian tube thereto. and
an occlusive member within said tubular member, wherein occlusion of the fallopian tube is augmented by said ingrowth into said occlusive member.

35. The contraceptive device of claim 34 wherein the tubular member is formed of a shape-memory alloy.

36. The contraceptive device of claim 35 wherein the shape memory alloy of the tubular member has a first small-dimensioned stable martensite phase at body temperature, facilitating the introduction thereof into said lumen of said fallopian tube, is expandable to a second larger configuration to facilitate said securing of the tubular member to the lumen of said portion of fallopian tube, and has a contracted remembered shape in an austenite phase at temperatures higher than body temperature with the remembered configuration having smaller transverse dimensions than the second larger configuration.

37. The contraceptive device of claim 36 wherein the tubular member has incorporated therein or coated thereon a drug or other therapeutic agent.

38. A contraceptive device for occluding a fallopian tube having an inner diameter and an outer diameter wherein the fallopian tube defines a lumen lined by an epithelial layer, the device comprising a tubular member capable of being introduced into the lumen of the fallopian tube, wherein a surface of the tubular member is roughened, coated or seeded to spur ingrowth of the epithelial layer and secure the epithelial layer thereto, and an occlusive body within the tubular member comprising a radioactive material to provoke an inflammatory response in the fallopian tube.

39. The contraceptive device of claim 38, wherein the application of heat is selected from the group consisting of warm fluid, radio frequency energy, laser energy and combinations thereof.

40. The contraceptive device of claim 39 wherein the tubular member is maintained in the reduced diameter portion of the fallopian tube for sufficient time to allow tissue ingrowth thereinto.

41. The contraceptive device of claim 38 wherein the tubular member has an open-wall structure that promotes said in-growth of the epithelial layer.

42. The contraceptive device of claim 41, wherein occlusion of the fallopian tube is augmented by said ingrowth.

43. The contraceptive device of claim 38 wherein the radioactive material is selected from the group consisting of an alpha particle emitter, a beta particle emitter, a gamma particle emitter and combinations thereof.

44. The contraceptive device of claim 38 wherein the occlusive body includes grooves.

45. The contraceptive device of claim 38 wherein the occlusive body includes holes.

46. The contraceptive device of claim 38 wherein the occlusive body has incorporated therein or coated thereon a drug or other therapeutic agent.

47. The contraceptive device of claim 46 wherein the therapeutic agent is a growth hormone that promotes the tissue ingrowth of the endothelial layer.

48. An occluding member for occluding a lumen, the occluding member comprising:
an open-walled structure;
an occlusive plug comprising silicone within the open-walled structure; and
wherein a surface of the occluding member is roughened, coated or seeded to spur ingrowth of tissue cells into the occluding member.

49. The occluding member of claim 48 wherein the surface is coated with a polymer coating.

50. The occluding member of claim 49 wherein the polymer coating is impregnated with a drug, enzyme or protein.

51. The occluding member of claim 48 wherein the surface is seeded.