United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

November 6, 2006

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 05-51470

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

JOE ANTHONY MOLINA

Defendant - Appellant

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Texas

Before KING, BENAVIDES, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.

KING, Circuit Judge:

Defendant-appellant Joe Anthony Molina pleaded guilty to two

counts of possession with intent to distribute controlled

substances, one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to

distribute a controlled substance, one count of conspiracy to

possess a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime, and

one count of possession of firearms in furtherance of a drugtrafficking crime. He appeals his convictions, contending that

his pleas of guilty were involuntary because the district court

incorrectly advised him regarding the maximum imprisonment as to

one of the counts. He also appeals his sentence, arguing that

the district court improperly calculated his base offense level
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under the United States Sentencing Guidelines and that the court

improperly applied a two-level enhancement for the use of a

minor. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM his convictions,

VACATE his sentence, and REMAND for further proceedings.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Pursuant to a search warrant, officers with the Austin

Police Department conducted a search of defendant-appellant Joe

Anthony Molina’s Austin, Texas, residence on September 2, 2004. 

The search revealed evidence of a large marijuana growing

operation. The officers also found and seized, inter alia, 21.81

kilograms of marijuana, 414.39 grams of methamphetamine, 28.36

grams of Psilocin (mushrooms), and several firearms. An analysis

of the seized methamphetamine revealed that it contained 310.79

grams of actual (i.e., pure) methamphetamine and was thus of

approximately 75% purity.

The grand jury charged Molina, along with two coconspirators, in a six-count indictment on October 5, 2004. 

Molina was not charged in count one; he pleaded guilty to counts

two through five. On count two, Molina pleaded guilty to

possession with intent to distribute more than 50 grams of

methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). On count

three, he pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute

less than 50 pounds of marijuana, also in violation of

§ 841(a)(1). On count four, he pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
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possess with intent to distribute more than 50 grams of

methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846. On

count five, Molina pleaded guilty to conspiracy to use and carry

a firearm during and in relation to, and to possess a firearm in

furtherance of, a drug-trafficking crime in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 924(c), (n). And on count six, he pleaded guilty to

using, carrying, and possessing firearms in furtherance of a

drug-trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1).

Before Molina pleaded guilty, the district court admonished

him, inter alia, that the maximum sentence of imprisonment for

count three (possession with intent to distribute less than 50

pounds of marijuana) was twenty years.

The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”), ordered by the

district court, applied the 2004 version of the United States

Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.” or “Guidelines”) and assigned

Molina a base offense level of 34, based on the amount of drugs

seized at the residence and distributed by the conspiracy. 

Because more than one drug was involved, the PSR converted the

weight of each drug to its marijuana equivalent, pursuant to

U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.10. In calculating the marijuana

equivalent of the methamphetamine seized, the PSR converted the

weight of actual methamphetamine in the substances (310.79

grams), using the harsher multiplier for actual methamphetamine,

rather than converting the weight of the total substances (414.39

grams).
1 The sentence also included five years of supervised

release and a $500 special assessment.

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The PSR also recommended (1) a three-level enhancement,

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b), for Molina’s role as manager or

supervisor in a criminal activity involving five or more

participants; (2) a two-level enhancement, pursuant to U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.4, for the use of a minor in the commission of the offense;

and (3) a three-level reduction, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1,

for Molina’s acceptance of responsibility. The PSR thus arrived

at a total offense level of 36. It also assigned Molina a

criminal-history category of IV.

Molina objected to the use of 310.79 grams of actual

methamphetamine in the Guidelines calculation. He also objected

to both enhancements. The district court overruled Molina’s

objections and adopted the PSR in its entirety.

The district court imposed a sentence of 262 months’

imprisonment on count two, 240 months’ imprisonment on count

three, 262 months’ imprisonment on count four, and 240 months’

imprisonment on count five, to be served concurrently. 

Additionally, the court sentenced Molina to 60 months’

imprisonment on count six, to be served consecutively, for a

total of 322 months’ imprisonment.1 Molina timely appealed his

convictions and his sentence.

II. MOLINA’S CONVICTIONS

Molina first contends that his guilty pleas on all counts
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were involuntary because the district court incorrectly

admonished him that the maximum sentence of imprisonment for

count three was twenty years, when in reality it was five.

A. Standard of Review

Because Molina did not object before the district court, we

review for plain error. See United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55,

58-59 (2002). Under the plain-error standard, we may reverse

only if (1) there is error, (2) the error is clear under current

law, and (3) the error affects the defendant’s substantial

rights. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-34 (1993);

United States v. Garcia Abrego, 141 F.3d 142, 165 (5th Cir. 1998)

(quoting United States v. Dupre, 117 F.3d 810, 817 (5th Cir.

1997)). Molina bears the burden of persuasion with respect to

this showing. United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74,

82 (2004). He must “show a reasonable probability that, but for

the error, he would not have entered the plea.” Id. at 83.

B. Discussion

Prior to accepting Molina’s plea of guilty, the district

court was required to inform him of the maximum possible penalty. 

See FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(b)(1)(H). The district court advised

Molina that the maximum period of imprisonment for count three

(possession with intent to distribute less than 50 pounds of

marijuana) was twenty years. Both Molina and the government

agree that this admonition was plain error because the maximum
2 Section 841(b)(1)(D) provides that the maximum

imprisonment for possessing less than 50 kilograms of marijuana

is five years. Although Molina was convicted of possessing less

than 50 pounds of marijuana, § 841(b)(1)(D) governs his sentence

because 50 pounds is approximately 22.7 kilograms. See U.S.S.G.

§ 2D1.1 cmt. n.10 Measurement Conversion Table (“1 lb = 0.4536

kg”).

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imprisonment for count three is actually five years. See 21

U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(D).2 But they disagree as to whether Molina’s

convictions must be set aside.

Molina contends that his convictions on all counts must be

vacated because the incorrect admonishment rendered his guilty

pleas involuntary. He posits that “[i]t could well be” that he

pleaded guilty because he believed that the easiest case for the

government to prove was on count three since, “[a]fter all, 48

pounds of marijuana are much harder to hide than 414 grams of

methamphetamine.” Def.-Appellant’s Br. 8. He opines (1) that

the main evidence that led the police to him was the presence of

marijuana, (2) that the police consistently developed more

evidence as to the marijuana possession before the search warrant

was executed, and (3) that he and his co-defendants were targeted

because of obvious signs of a large marijuana growing operation. 

Based on this, Molina suggests that he “could well have concluded

that a marijuana trial was too risky” if he faced twenty years’

imprisonment, whereas he might have risked a trial had he known

that he faced only five years’ imprisonment on count three. Id.

Molina has not demonstrated a reasonable probability that he
3 Molina additionally maintains that his sentence of 240

months’ imprisonment on count three should be vacated because it

exceeded the statutory maximum of five years’ imprisonment. The

government concedes that the sentence for count three should be

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would not have pleaded guilty but for the improper admonition. 

Count three was only one of several counts to which Molina

pleaded guilty, even though he was correctly admonished that

three of the counts carried a maximum term of life imprisonment. 

Moreover, he does not direct this court to any portion of the

record supporting the proposition that the maximum sentence for

count three affected his plea decision. Because Molina has not

satisfied his burden, we affirm his conviction on count three. 

We affirm his convictions on the remaining counts as well because

the district court’s admonishment as to those individual counts

satisfied Rule 11’s requirements. Cf. United States v. Still,

102 F.3d 118, 122-23 (5th Cir. 1996) (vacating sentence on count

one because of Rule 11 error but affirming sentence on count two

because Rule 11 was satisfied as to that individual count).

III. MOLINA’S SENTENCE

Molina argues that his sentence should be vacated because

the district court erred (1) in applying the Guidelines

multiplier for actual methamphetamine instead of that for a

methamphetamine mixture or substance; (2) in applying a

sentencing enhancement for the use of a minor; and (3) in

considering sentencing factors not admitted by him, depriving him

of his Sixth Amendment rights.3
vacated on this basis. We do not address this argument

specifically since we conclude that Molina’s overall sentence

must be vacated. On remand, however, the district court may

reconsider Molina’s sentence as to count three in light of 21

U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(D).

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A. Standard of Review

We review the district court’s factual findings for clear

error and its interpretation and application of the Guidelines de

novo. United States v. Angeles-Mendoza, 407 F.3d 742, 746-47

(5th Cir. 2005). “A factual finding is not clearly erroneous as

long as it is plausible in light of the record as a whole.” 

United States v. Holmes, 406 F.3d 337, 363 (5th Cir.) (quoting

United States v. Powers, 168 F.3d 741, 752 (5th Cir. 1999)),

cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 375 (2005).

B. Use of Actual Methamphetamine in Guidelines Calculation

Molina argues that the district court erred when it

calculated the marijuana equivalent of the methamphetamine seized

by applying the multiplier for actual methamphetamine instead of

that for a methamphetamine mixture or substance. Section 2D1.1’s

Drug Equivalency Table for Schedule I and II stimulants provides

that one gram of a mixture or substance containing

methamphetamine is equivalent to two kilograms of marijuana,

whereas one gram of actual methamphetamine is equivalent to

twenty kilograms of marijuana. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.10 Drug

Equivalency Tables. Molina contends that this ten-to-one ratio

violates due process because it is irrational and because its
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application is arbitrary.

Molina first posits that the ratio is irrational because,

“[u]nlike the notorious difference between cocaine and crack

cocaine, there is no qualitative difference involved here.” 

Def.-Appellant’s Br. 11-12 (footnote omitted). The Seventh

Circuit rejected this argument in United States v. Turner, 93

F.3d 276 (7th Cir. 1996):

We agree with the district court that the

10:1 ratio is supported by a rational basis

because the pure product is more concentrated

and can be cut into larger quantities for

resale. Methamphetamine, as it is produced

through normal chemical processes, contains a

number of impurities that can be removed

through further processing. The finished

product can be cut into larger quantities for

resale. Accordingly, the sentencing scheme

for methamphetamine punishes more severely the

sophisticated cooks who could otherwise

manipulate the Guidelines by producing smaller

quantities of more concentrated

methamphetamine. We are unable to conclude

that Congress lacked a rational basis when it

elected to punish drug offenses involving pure

methamphetamine more severely.

Turner, 93 F.3d at 287 (citations and quotation marks omitted). 

Molina has not directed us to authority contrary to Turner;

moreover, we agree with Turner’s rationale. Accordingly, we

reject Molina’s argument that the ten-to-one ratio has no

rational basis.

Molina also argues that the application of the ten-to-one

ratio is arbitrary. He opines that the decision whether to use

the actual-methamphetamine multiplier or the methamphetamine-
4 Molina suggests that, in his case, had the indictment

alleged possession of a mixture or substance containing

methamphetamine, then the court would have used the more-lenient

multiplier for a methamphetamine mixture or substance rather than

for actual methamphetamine in determining the marijuana

equivalent. This would have resulted in a base offense level of

30 rather than 34 for the exact same conduct solely because of

different language in the indictment.

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mixture multiplier in the Guidelines calculation is determined by

the indictment. In essence, he suggests that if the government

chooses to present an indictment alleging possession of

methamphetamine, then the harsher actual-methamphetamine

multiplier is used in the Guidelines calculation; but if the

government chooses to present an indictment alleging possession

of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine, then the

more-lenient methamphetamine-mixture multiplier is used,

resulting in a shorter sentence for the exact same conduct.4

Because the harshness of the sentence, he suggests, is therefore

within the government’s discretion, the application of the tento-one ratio is arbitrary.

Molina misapprehends the operation of the Guidelines. The

choice of which multiplier to use is not determined by the

language of the indictment. Rather, commentary to § 2D1.1

provides: “In the case of a mixture or substance containing . . .

methamphetamine, use the offense level determined by the entire

weight of the mixture or substance, or the offense level

determined by the weight of the . . . methamphetamine (actual),

whichever is greater.” § 2D1.1(c) n.B. Thus, even if the
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indictment alleges possession of a mixture or substance

containing methamphetamine, the Guidelines’ commentary directs

the court to apply the offense level determined by the weight of

the pure methamphetamine in the mixture or substance if doing so

would result in a higher offense level. Because the choice of

multiplier is determined by the Guidelines and not by the

government or the language of the indictment, we reject Molina’s

contention that the application of the ten-to-one ratio is

arbitrary. See Turner, 93 F.3d at 287.

C. Enhancement for Use of a Minor

Molina next asserts that the district court erred in

applying a sentencing enhancement for the use of a minor, his

seventeen-year-old girlfriend. He posits that, although there is

evidence that his girlfriend was present for and knew of some of

his drug trafficking, her presence and knowledge is not

sufficient to constitute use of a minor. We agree.

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.4 provides for a two-level enhancement “[i]f

the defendant used or attempted to use a person less than

eighteen years of age to commit the offense or assist in avoiding

detection of, or apprehension for, the offense.” Commentary to

§ 3B1.4 states: “‘Used or attempted to use’ includes directing,

commanding, encouraging, intimidating, counseling, training,

procuring, recruiting, or soliciting.” § 3B1.4 cmt. n.1.

The government contends that the enhancement was proper
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because Molina’s minor girlfriend admitted some knowledge of the

drug business and admitted that she went on some of the drug runs

to Corpus Christi. The government opines that Molina used his

girlfriend to either drive him to the marijuana pickups or to

evade suspicion by law enforcement, or both, “as there is no

other plausible explanation for taking her on those trips.” 

Gov’t Br. 35.

A number of cases have upheld sentencing enhancements for

the use of a minor when the minor is present during some portion

of the commission of the offense. But in each of these cases

there is an additional circumstance, beyond the minor’s mere

presence, demonstrating that the defendant used or attempted to

use the minor. For example, courts have upheld the enhancement

where (1) the minor participated in loading or unloading

contraband into or from a vehicle, see United States v. Ghali,

184 F. App’x 391, 397 (5th Cir.) (unpublished opinion), cert.

denied, No. 06-6708, 2006 WL 2736597 (Oct. 30, 2006); United

States v. Rivera, 248 F.3d 677, 682 (7th Cir. 2001); (2) the

defendant brought the minor along so that the minor could drive

the defendant’s car, see United States v. Gaskin, 364 F.3d 438,

464-65 (2d Cir. 2004); (3) the defendant brought the minor along

for moral support because the defendant otherwise could not have

committed the offense, see United States v. Paine, 407 F.3d 958,

965 (8th Cir. 2005); and (4) the defendant brought minor children

on a drug run to avoid detection by law enforcement, see United
5 The PSR states that Molina’s girlfriend “resides in Corpus

Christi,” raising the possibility that she lived there at the

time the PSR was prepared but not at the time of the underlying

events. But the PSR also states that Molina’s coconspirator

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States v. Gutierrez, No. 00-40394, 251 F.3d 156, 2001 WL 300644,

at *1 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (unpublished table decision).

In this case, there is no evidence of anything more than

Molina’s girlfriend’s presence while unlawful activity occurred. 

The PSR indicates that Molina’s minor girlfriend and her child

were present at Molina’s residence when the search warrant was

executed, that Molina’s girlfriend knew about the presence of

drugs and certain aspects of the drug operation, that she went

with Molina a couple of times to pick up marijuana, and that one

of the co-conspirators drove her back and forth to Corpus

Christi. But there is no evidence, for example, that Molina’s

girlfriend assisted in carrying or loading drugs, that she ever

drove Molina or his co-conspirators on the drug runs, that Molina

or the co-conspirators needed moral support, that Molina believed

that his seventeen-year-old girlfriend’s presence in the vehicle

during a drug run would assist in avoiding detection, or that

Molina ever asked or encouraged his girlfriend to assist or

become involved in the drug operation in any way. Moreover,

contrary to the government’s assertion that there is no other

plausible explanation for her presence on the trips between

Austin and Corpus Christi, the PSR indicates that Molina’s

girlfriend lived in Corpus Christi.5 It is just as logical an
“drove Molina to Corpus Christi to visit his girlfriend,”

indicating that the girlfriend lived in Corpus Christi during the

time of the underlying events.

6 We recognize that Alarcon is not controlling because the

panel in that case was considering whether there was sufficient

evidence to support a conviction for the use of a minor in

avoiding detection of an offense, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 861(a)(2). See Alarcon, 261 F.3d at 422. Of course, our

review for sufficiency of the evidence with regard to a criminal

conviction is different since a conviction requires proof beyond

a reasonable doubt, whereas a sentencing finding requires a

preponderance of the evidence. We nonetheless find Alarcon

instructive as to what conduct constitutes use of a minor.

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inference, if not more so, that Molina’s girlfriend used Molina

and his co-conspirators to transport her between her residence in

Corpus Christi and Molina’s residence in Austin.

Because nothing in the record indicates more than Molina’s

girlfriend’s presence, we conclude that the district court

clearly erred in finding that Molina used a minor in the

commission of the offense. See United States v. Jimenez, 300

F.3d 1166, 1170 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Absent other evidence, the

‘mere presence of a minor’ is insufficient to support the

application of § 3B1.4.” (quoting United States v. CastroHernandez, 258 F.3d 1057, 1060 (9th Cir. 2001))); see also United

States v. Alarcon, 261 F.3d 416, 422 (5th Cir. 2001) (concluding

that mere presence of children in vehicle was insufficient to

show use, absent evidence that defendant “made, wanted, or

suggested” that minor children ride in vehicle to avoid

detection).6 Accordingly, we vacate Molina’s sentence.

D. Use of Facts Not Admitted by Molina
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Molina finally contends that his Sixth Amendment rights were

violated by the district court’s consideration of relevant

conduct that was neither proven beyond a reasonable doubt nor

admitted by him. Molina concedes that this argument is

foreclosed by United States v. Alonzo, 435 F.3d 551, 553 (5th

Cir. 2006) (“[United States v.] Booker[,] [543 U.S. 220 (2005),]

contemplates that, with the mandatory use of the Guidelines

excised, the Sixth Amendment will not impede a sentencing judge

from finding all facts relevant to sentencing.” (quoting United

States v. Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 519 (5th Cir.), cert denied, 126

S. Ct. 43 (2005))). Molina presents this argument solely to

preserve it for appeal to the Supreme Court if necessary. Alonzo

is binding on us, absent a contrary decision of the Supreme Court

or en banc reconsideration of the issue. See United States v.

Stone, 306 F.3d 241, 243 (5th Cir. 2002). Accordingly, Molina’s

argument is without merit.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Molina’s convictions are

AFFIRMED, his sentence is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED to

the district court for further proceedings.