COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Beales, O’Brien and Fulton

Argued by videoconference

JEQUAN VONTA TAYLOR

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1275-20-2 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN

 MARCH 8, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY

W. Edward Tomko, III, Judge

Anthony N. Sylvester for appellant.

Lauren C. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,1

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Jequan Taylor (“appellant”) appeals his felony convictions for possession of a controlled 

substance, possession of a firearm while in possession of a controlled substance, and possession of a 

firearm after having been convicted of a violent felony. Appellant contends the evidence was 

insufficient to find that he possessed the weapon and drugs seized from the car he occupied. He 

also appeals a misdemeanor conviction for possession of a concealed weapon and argues the 

evidence did not establish that he knew the weapon was in the vehicle.

BACKGROUND

Using familiar principles of appellate review, we recite the facts in the light most favorable 

to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial. Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472

(2018).

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

1 Jason S. Miyares succeeded Mark R. Herring as Attorney General on January 15, 2022.

UNPUBLISHED
- 2 -

On the night of December 12, 2016, Sergeant James Nicholas saw an SUV pull into a hotel 

parking lot, followed by a Lincoln Town Car that stopped next to it. The SUV’s driver exited his 

vehicle and approached the Lincoln Town Car. Based on numerous complaints of drug activity in 

the area, the officer drove closer to investigate, and as he did so, the driver of the SUV immediately 

returned to his vehicle. Both vehicles drove away rapidly.

Sergeant Nicholas followed the Lincoln Town Car and observed it veer from the right side 

of the roadway, briefly travelling into the dirt before correcting and drifting between the lanes. The 

officer stopped the vehicle and found two people—the driver and appellant, who was in the 

passenger seat. Sergeant Nicholas asked the men about a handgun magazine that he saw in the 

center console. The driver advised that he had a handgun “tucked” under his right leg. Sergeant

Nicholas could not see the gun.

Sergeant Nicholas told the men to “keep their hands where [he] could see them” and waited 

for backup. When another officer arrived, Sergeant Nicholas directed the driver and appellant to 

exit the vehicle. As appellant got out, Sergeant Nicholas saw a digital scale in the “open 

compartment” at the bottom of the passenger door. Because appellant had outstanding warrants, he 

was searched, handcuffed, and placed in the back of the police cruiser. The search revealed that 

appellant had $500 in his pocket.

Sergeant Nicholas returned to the passenger side of the car, seized the digital scale from the 

side door, and noticed white residue on the surface of the scale, which was later analyzed and 

identified as cocaine. He searched the car and found a Ruger 9 mm handgun “directly under” the 

seat where appellant was sitting, “with the butt of the gun facing forward.” The gun, which could 

not be seen by someone standing outside the vehicle, was “two inches or less” from the front edge 

of the seat. Sergeant Nicholas also seized four cell phones from the car, as well as an opened box of 

sandwich bags from the back seat.
- 3 -

Some months later, Sergeant Nicholas found a Facebook page for “Quan Taylor.” Pictures 

posted on the page two days before appellant’s arrest appeared to show him with a gun tucked into 

the waistband of his pants.

At trial, the court found that the “rear of the slide [and] the shape of the handle” of the item 

in the Facebook pictures appeared “almost, if not, identical” to the weapon seized from the car. The 

court admitted the pictures into evidence but determined that they were not the “be all and end all” 

of the case. In finding appellant guilty, the court considered the circumstances of the stop, the 

officer’s suspicion of a drug transaction, and the other items that were seized from the car.

The court also noted that when the gun was seized from underneath appellant’s seat, the butt 

of the gun was facing out, “toward where it had been placed under the seat[;]” although the driver 

admitted ownership of the other gun in the car, he did not comment about the gun found under 

appellant’s seat.

ANALYSIS

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is 

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support 

it.’” Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting 

Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 327 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask 

itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” 

Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting Pijor v.

Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017)).

Instead, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the 

prevailing party at trial, “the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found 

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 

Va. 190, 193 (2009) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “If there is 
- 4 -

evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own 

judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the 

trial.’” Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks v. Commonwealth, 

67 Va. App. 273, 288 (2017)).

A. Possession of a firearm

Appellant’s first assignment of error challenges the sufficiency of the evidence proving that 

he knowingly possessed the firearm found under his seat. Appellant does not challenge his status as 

a felon, or that the item seized was a firearm.

Code § 18.2-308.2(A) forbids “any person who has been convicted of a felony . . . to 

knowingly and intentionally possess or transport any firearm or ammunition for a firearm.”

Appellant contends that the evidence merely showed that he was in proximity to the 

weapon, not that he constructively possessed it. He argues the court gave inordinate weight to 

Sergeant Nicholas’s testimony about the gun displayed in the Facebook pictures and improperly 

concluded that it was the same gun seized from underneath appellant’s seat.

“Possession of a firearm may be actual or constructive.” Hall v. Commonwealth, 69 

Va. App. 437, 448 (2018). “Constructive possession may be established by ‘evidence of acts, 

statements, or conduct of the accused or other facts or circumstances which tend to show that the 

defendant was aware of both the presence and the character of the [item] and that it was subject to 

his dominion and control.’” Id. (quoting Logan v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 437, 444 (1994) (en 

banc)).

“[T]he issue [of what constitutes constructive possession] is largely a factual one . . . .” 

Smallwood v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 625, 630 (2009) (second alteration in original) (quoting 

Ritter v. Commonwealth, 210 Va. 732, 743 (1970)). “[O]wnership or occupancy alone is 

insufficient to prove knowing possession of [contraband] located on the premises or in a vehicle,” 
- 5 -

but circumstantial evidence coupled with ownership or occupancy often establishes constructive 

possession of such contraband. Burchette v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 432, 435 (1992); see also

Rawls v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 334, 350 (2006) (“[O]ccupancy of the premises where the firearm 

is found . . . [is a circumstance] probative of possession . . . .”). Further, while proximity to a 

firearm does not prove constructive possession beyond a reasonable doubt, “it is a circumstance 

probative of possession and may be considered as a factor in determining whether the defendant 

possessed the firearm.” Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 148 (2008).

Here, appellant was in the passenger seat of a vehicle observed in a suspected drug 

transaction. After the car was stopped, the driver advised that he had a firearm concealed under his 

leg but did not mention the gun beneath appellant’s seat. Further, appellant’s Facebook page 

displayed pictures posted two days before his arrest where he appeared to have a gun tucked into his 

waistband. The court noted the similarity between the appearance of the item in the pictures and the 

weapon seized from underneath appellant’s seat. The court also mentioned the position of the gun 

at the time it was seized from the car: specifically, the handle was facing forward.

“While no single piece of evidence may be sufficient, the ‘combined force of many 

concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may lead a reasonable mind 

irresistibly to a conclusion.’” Stamper v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 260, 273 (1979) (quoting Karnes 

v. Commonwealth, 125 Va. 758, 764 (1919)).

The court specified that neither appellant’s mere proximity to the firearm nor the Facebook 

photos was the sole basis for finding him guilty. Rather, the court convicted appellant based on the 

totality of the circumstances. Upon review of the record, we conclude that the court’s decision was 

not plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.
- 6 -

B. Possession of cocaine

Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to find him guilty of possession of 

cocaine because the Commonwealth failed to show either actual or constructive possession of the 

digital scales with cocaine residue.

“It is unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to possess a controlled substance

. . . .” Code § 18.2-250(A). To convict, the Commonwealth must prove that “the defendant [had] 

actual or constructive possession of the drugs.” Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 6 

(2004). Just as with the firearm charge, it is true that “[w]hile no single piece of evidence may be 

sufficient, the ‘combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in 

itself, may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.’” Stamper, 220 Va. at 273 (quoting 

Karnes, 125 Va. at 764).

Here, the officer observed a possible narcotics transaction. When he stopped the vehicle, 

appellant, who had $500 in his pocket, was seated directly above a firearm, next to a scale 

containing cocaine residue. The scale was in an open compartment at the bottom of the passenger 

side door, next to appellant.

Based on the totality of the circumstances, we find no error in the court’s conclusion that the 

evidence established that appellant possessed cocaine.

C. Possession of a firearm while in possession of cocaine

Appellant contests his conviction for a violation of Code § 18.2-308.4(A), which provides

that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person unlawfully in possession of a controlled substance 

classified in Schedule I or II of the Drug Control Act . . . to simultaneously with knowledge and 

intent possess any firearm.”

Appellant reiterates his arguments challenging the sufficiency of the evidence that he 

possessed the firearm and the cocaine seized from the car. For the reasons stated above, we find 
- 7 -

that the court was not plainly wrong in finding appellant guilty of possession of a firearm while 

simultaneously possessing cocaine.

D. Possession of a concealed weapon

Appellant argues that the evidence did not establish that he knew the firearm was 

underneath his seat and, therefore, the court erred by convicting him of possession of a concealed 

weapon.

Code § 18.2-308(A) makes it a Class 1 misdemeanor “[i]f any person carries about his 

person, hidden from common observation, . . . any pistol, revolver, or other weapon.” Appellant 

does not contest that the weapon seized from the car was “hidden from observation” and concedes it 

was an “item described by [Code §] 18.2-308.” However, he argues that the evidence was 

insufficient to establish that he knew of the weapon’s presence.

Knowledge of contraband, while an element of possession, is a factual question. See Glover 

v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 152, 159 (1986) (finding that where the defendant challenged the 

sufficiency of the evidence as to his knowledge of a handgun in a borrowed vehicle, the court may

judge the credibility of witnesses and based on their testimony infer that the defendant knew of the 

presence of the gun), aff’d, 236 Va. 1 (1988) (per curiam). Here, the court, sitting as the factfinder, 

found sufficient evidence that appellant was both aware of the weapon beneath his seat and 

constructively possessed it. The court considered the circumstances of the stop, the proximity of the 

weapon to the front of the seat, and the positioning of the weapon with the handle facing “out 

toward where it had been placed under that seat.” We do not find the court’s conclusion plainly 

wrong or without evidence to support it.
- 8 -

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we find that the record supports the court’s conclusion that the 

evidence was sufficient to establish that appellant, who had a prior violent felony, constructively 

possessed both the cocaine and the firearm found concealed beneath his seat.

Affirmed.