2022 IL 126918 

IN THE 

SUPREME COURT 

OF 

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 

(Docket No. 126918) 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. 

TRAVIS J. WILLIAMS, Appellee. 

Opinion filed May 19, 2022. 

JUSTICE THEIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Garman, Neville, Michael J. Burke, 

Overstreet, and Carter concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 The central issue in this case is whether the appellate court erred in finding that 

the prosecutor’s unobjected-to comments about hearsay during rebuttal closing 

argument were reversible plain error. A jury found defendant Travis Williams 

guilty of three counts of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child (720 ILCS 

5/12-14.1(a)(1) (West 2004)) and three counts of criminal sexual assault (id. § 12-
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13(a)(3)). The Henry County circuit court entered judgment on the jury’s verdict 

and ultimately sentenced the defendant to mandatory life imprisonment. The 

appellate court reversed the defendant’s convictions and remanded for a new trial. 

2020 IL App (3d) 170848. For the following reasons, we reverse the appellate 

court’s judgment and affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

¶ 2 BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 On November 30, 2016, the defendant was charged with 10 counts of predatory 

criminal sexual assault and 5 counts of criminal sexual assault. The alleged victim 

was his daughter, K.W., and the alleged offenses occurred between January 1, 2004, 

and January 30, 2005. The defendant was also charged with five counts of predatory 

criminal sexual assault, five counts of criminal sexual assault, and two counts of 

aggravated criminal sexual abuse (720 ILCS 5/12-16(b) (West 2004)). The alleged 

victim was his stepdaughter, H.S., and the alleged offenses occurred between 

January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2007. In the K.W. case, the State indicated that 

it would proceed to trial on only two counts for each offense and dismiss the 

remaining counts. In the H.S. case, the State indicated that it would proceed to trial 

on only one count of predatory criminal sexual assault and one count of criminal 

sexual assault and dismiss the remaining counts. 

¶ 4 Prior to trial, the State filed a motion to admit evidence of other sex crimes 

pursuant to section 115-7.3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code). 725 

ILCS 5/115-7.3 (West 2016). The State sought to introduce the testimony of K.W. 

at H.S.’s trial, and vice versa, as well as the testimony of A.R., K.W.’s younger 

sister and the defendant’s daughter, and L.M., a friend of another of the defendant’s 

daughters, to prove his intent and propensity to commit sex offenses. The State 

indicated that both K.W. and H.S. would testify about back rubs from the defendant 

that progressed to sexual contact; A.R. would testify that, when she was in seventh 

or eighth grade, the defendant touched her vagina; and L.M. would testify that, 

when she was 15 years old, the defendant had her remove her shirt before he gave 

her a back rub. After the trial court granted the motion, defense counsel agreed to 

the joinder of the two cases. The State also filed a motion in limine under section 

115-7 of the Code (id. § 115-7) to prevent the defendant from introducing evidence 

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of the victims’ prior sexual conduct. The defense indicated that it would not be 

eliciting any such testimony, so the trial court considered the matter resolved. 

¶ 5 During voir dire, the State listed A.R., L.M., and H.S.’s mother (the defendant’s 

ex-wife Patti) as potential witnesses. At trial, however, the State called only three 

witnesses: K.W., H.S., and Johanna Hager, an expert. 

¶ 6 K.W. testified that she was born on January 31, 1992, and the defendant is her 

father and “like my best friend.” K.W. stated that she and the defendant “still are 

very close,” and she bore him no animosity. K.W. described the “sisterhood” in her 

extended family. Her parents had another daughter, A.R., a year after K.W. The 

defendant also had four other daughters with three other women. Among K.W.’s 

half-sisters are H.S. and O.W. K.W. called A.R. “like my best friend” and O.W. 

“like my baby.” The defendant and Patti, who is the mother of both H.S. and O.W., 

were married for a time but were divorced in 2012. According to K.W., Patti is 

“like my second mom.” 

¶ 7 K.W.’s parents never married, and she lived primarily with her mother until she 

got older and started “living with both of them.” When she was 11 or 12 years old 

and a sixth-grade student, the defendant broke up with two girlfriends. He was 

“really upset” about the second break-up, so K.W. and A.R. stayed at his house 

more often. The defendant asked the girls to sleep with him, and they did so on a 

mattress on the floor with one girl to either side of him. Around that time, “back 

rubs” from her father at night became awkward and uncomfortable. She would 

remove her shirt, because the defendant asked her to do so, and then lie on her 

stomach. That “didn’t feel as weird” as subsequent encounters during which the 

defendant would “not just rub my back but, like, rub my front too.” She could not 

recall why the back rubs changed to front rubs, but “I just know that he had me, 

like, ‘Why don’t I just do your front side.’ ” 

¶ 8 K.W. testified that she did not believe that was okay. On another occasion, the 

defendant took her hand and moved it over his stomach, and K.W. felt the top of 

his penis because “he had it out” intentionally. She pretended to sleep. The 

defendant then removed her shorts, touched outside and inside her “vagina area.” 

He “got on top” of her and had sexual intercourse with her. A month later, the 

defendant mentioned what had happened to K.W. According to K.W., he said “it 

was kind of his way of, like, teaching me and his way of showing love.” 

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¶ 9 K.W. testified that she “really only honestly remember[s] the first time pretty 

well,” but only “where it happened” after that. She stated that the defendant had 

intercourse with her “[a]lmost nightly” wherever he lived, except for a short time 

when he was between homes. That occurred “pretty much every time the 

opportunity came,” which K.W. estimated was hundreds of times—and somewhere 

between 25 and 50 times when A.R. was in the same bed. The defendant performed 

oral sex on her and had her perform oral sex on him. She said that happened “a lot,” 

though some time after the intercourse had started. 

¶ 10 Eventually, the defendant met Patti, and she moved into his house with her two 

daughters, including H.S. Patti worked three jobs, and she was often away from the 

house. K.W. stated that the defendant had intercourse with her upstairs in the 

bedroom that he and Patti shared. The intercourse continued until K.W. was 17 or 

18 years old. One day, the defendant texted her on a phone that both she and H.S. 

used and asked her “to go upstairs.” K.W. texted him that she “didn’t want to do 

that anymore, and it just stopped.” 

¶ 11 More than once, K.W. thought that she may have gotten pregnant after 

intercourse with the defendant, which was always unprotected. He reportedly 

“kinda just blew it off.” Around seventh grade K.W.’s period was late, so she 

punched her stomach. Her mother arranged for her to get birth control shots when 

she was a high school sophomore. K.W. testified that she told A.R. about the 

intercourse, but no one else. She “wasn’t very comfortable” with what had 

happened but “never wanted anything to happen” to the defendant. She added that 

she still felt the same about him, but she knew that “then I wasn’t able to protect 

anyone, so now I feel like I need to.” 

¶ 12 In 2016, after a day with O.W., K.W. “just felt something” and “needed to say 

something” to Patti because she was “worried that something would happen” to 

O.W. K.W. explained that her concern was that the defendant “might try to do what 

he did to me and touch her.” K.W. testified that she asked Patti if she remembered 

“what [A.R.] said” years earlier about the defendant having intercourse with K.W. 

When Patti responded affirmatively, K.W. told her that “it was true, of what 

happened.” Shortly thereafter, K.W. was contacted by police and gave a statement 

to a detective. 

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¶ 13 On cross-examination, defense counsel asked K.W. about 2009 when A.R. 

came forward with “some information” and both the police and the Department of 

Children and Family Services (DCFS) became involved. K.W. was interviewed at 

the local child advocacy center. She agreed that she told investigators that “this 

didn’t happen.” K.W. offered her rationale: 

“Probably for multiple different reasons, the first being that it wasn’t A.R.’s 

story to tell. She—and my opinion is, she didn’t do it for reasons that I feel like 

I needed to do it now. I also felt that I needed to protect my dad somehow at the 

time. It just wasn’t something that I felt like I really wanted to talk about or 

really be a part in.” 

When asked why she did not feel the need to protect A.R., K.W. responded: 

“Because, to me, she did it out of anger. She was forced to move in with my 

dad, and as a way for her to get out of living with my dad, she was going to tell 

my secret that I trusted with her, so I was pretty angry with her.” 

And when asked why she did not come forward with information to help protect 

H.S. and H.S.’s younger sister, K.W. responded, “Because at that time I felt like if 

it was all happening to me, then it wasn’t going to happen to them, so just if I took 

it, then nobody else would get hurt.” 

¶ 14 K.W. testified that she moved to her own apartment after high school graduation 

but that she continued to visit her father. He was “always there” and “how a dad 

should be.” For a year, however, their relationship was strained. When she was 16 

years old, K.W. told her parents that she was a lesbian. When she was 17 or 18 

years old, she began dating a woman. According to K.W., the defendant “kinda just 

told me that bringing my girlfriend at that time was like bringing crack into his 

house, and we kinda just didn’t speak after because he just wasn’t—he was against 

me being gay.” The relationship eventually was repaired, but K.W. visited him less 

than she had before his comment. And he declined all of her invitations to visit the 

home that she shared with her wife and three children. 

¶ 15 On redirect examination by the State, K.W. testified that she never told her wife, 

A.R., or Patti specifically what the defendant had done, just that he had had 

intercourse with her. The first person to whom she provided details was a police 

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detective. When asked why she did not protect H.S., K.W. reiterated that she did 

not think “it was a danger.” K.W. stated that the defendant never asked her to keep 

the intercourse secret. They were close, so he would simply ask, “ ‘You’re going to 

protect me, right?’ ” to which she would answer, “ ‘Yeah, of course.’ ” K.W. stated 

that she pleaded guilty to misdemeanor theft when she was a high school junior. 

She spent 13 days in jail and received a sentence of probation. 

¶ 16 H.S. testified that she was born on August 4, 1996, and the defendant is her 

former stepfather. The defendant and her mother, Patti, married when H.S. was 10 

years old and a fifth-grade student, and they divorced when H.S. was 15 years old 

and a tenth-grade student. The defendant and Patti bought a house the summer 

before H.S. started fifth grade. Initially, H.S. had a bedroom upstairs but moved 

downstairs after a year. H.S. recounted when she started to feel uncomfortable with 

the defendant: 

“The first thing I remember is, it started out with back rubs, and then it kind of 

moved into more. I don’t recall any touching anywhere other than my bedroom, 

but the back rubs were kind of like—sometimes it would be in the living room, 

and, you know, it was kind of just a nonchalant thing, but then sometimes it was 

for—from the living room to my bedroom, and then it became something more 

than that.” 

¶ 17 H.S. stated that the back rubs were initially “fine” and “normal.” She explained 

that “we would give my mom a back rub because her back hurt, so that was kind of 

our way to, like, hey, if we give you a back rub, could we get out of a chore.” When 

the defendant asked, “it was kind of like ***, because we had been giving our mom 

a back rub, we didn’t really think it was that big of a deal.” The defendant then 

asked H.S. to use lotion, and she “thought that was a little strange” and “got a little 

put off.” 

¶ 18 H.S. remembered the defendant coming into her bedroom and asking for a back 

rub, and she remembered “him making me touch him, touch his penis. I remember 

trying to tell him no, trying to pull my hand away, and nothing worked. I remember 

him keeping my hand on his penis, helping him masturbate” and ultimately 

ejaculate. H.S. did not know what that was—she “just knew, you know, a warm, 

white, sticky substance would come out.” H.S. stated, “I wasn’t able to pull my 

hand away” and “I wasn’t able to stop it.” According to H.S., the defendant was 

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wearing shorts, which were pulled down just enough to expose his penis. The 

prosecutor asked H.S. if the defendant said anything, and H.S. responded, “The 

only one thing that I recall is that he asked if I thought his penis was big, and at that 

point I was in middle school, and I told him I don’t know.” The touching happened 

on “multiple occasions” while H.S.’s younger sister was sleeping and Patti was 

working. H.S. testified that the touching ultimately escalated from H.S. touching 

the defendant’s penis to the defendant touching outside and inside her vagina: 

“[A]fter I had been forced to touch him, he had started touching me after, on 

different occasions. I remember on different occasions, where he was touching 

me, he asked me if it felt good, and I remember telling him no, that it hurt, and 

he said that it’s supposed to feel good.” 

¶ 19 In 2009, H.S. spoke to a DCFS investigator. She did not tell the investigator 

about the touching and testified about her decision: 

“I had been convinced that if I told, I would break up a happy family and 

that my mom would be unhappy because they couldn’t be together anymore 

and that he would be in big trouble, so therefore I told them no. 

*** 

He told me that if I said yes, he would be in trouble and my mom and him 

wouldn’t be able to be together, and my mom would be very unhappy and very 

lonely.” 

After the DCFS investigation closed, the defendant did not attempt to touch H.S. 

again. 

¶ 20 In 2016, years after she graduated high school, she had a telephone conversation 

with Patti. Patti called to ask H.S. “what was going on, if, you know, I had been 

touched” by the defendant. H.S. said yes “for the concern of my younger sisters.” 

H.S. added, “I didn’t really have intention of telling her, but when she asked me, I 

figured it had been long enough, and I told her that it had happened when I was in 

middle school.” H.S. testified that she told Patti “the time frame about when 

everything happened” but did not get “into detail at that point.” Patti called the 

police, and H.S. made a statement to an officer. She also had a more in-depth 

interview at the local courthouse. 

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¶ 21 On cross-examination by defense counsel, H.S. testified, “The first time I was 

asked, I couldn’t really remember specifics, and I couldn’t really put a number on 

how many times.” She believed that the touching began when she was in seventh 

grade and ended when she was in eighth grade because she did not remember 

“much happening in high school.” H.S. stated that Patti asked her about the 

touching around the time of the DCFS investigation and that H.S. said nothing had 

happened. In 2012, Patti and the defendant divorced, and he moved out of the 

house. Patti was awarded custody of O.W., who would visit the defendant on 

weekends. H.S. did not come forward about the touching after the divorce 

“[b]ecause part of me thought that nothing would happen to O.W. because she’s 

young enough, and with me growing up without a dad, I didn’t want to see her grow 

up without her dad.” H.S. also did not come forward about the touching when the 

defendant and Patti attempted to reconcile because “[O.W.] was still young, and I 

thought maybe it only happened to me because I wasn’t his actual daughter. I 

thought maybe it’s just because I was his stepdaughter, that maybe it’s only 

happening to me, maybe it won’t happen to her.” H.S. and K.W.’s wife worked at 

Patti’s “vapor shop.” 

¶ 22 On redirect examination by the prosecutor, H.S. testified that she could not 

recall how many times that touching occurred, but the defendant touched her vagina 

“probably at least two times that I specifically remember” and the defendant had 

her touch his penis “probably at least five times that I can specifically remember.” 

H.S. never discussed the touching with K.W., and H.S. “didn’t actually know that 

anything had happened to [K.W.] until after my mom had called me and asked if 

anything had happened to me. After that conversation, after that night, I found out 

that things had also happened to [K.W.]” 

¶ 23 Hager testified that she is a forensic interviewer at the Braveheart Children’s 

Advocacy Center, and the trial court certified her as an expert witness. She 

acknowledged that she did not interview K.W. or H.S. 

¶ 24 Hager stated that the phrase “delayed disclosure” means that, “instead of the 

child going to someone as soon as something has happened to them, there may be 

days, years, before they disclose what happened.” In Hager’s opinion, delayed 

disclosure is “very common,” and “most children who have experienced sexual 

abuse go to their grave without ever telling anyone.” Hager clarified: 

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“Children are much more likely to disclose right away when it’s not a family 

member. They are much more likely to keep it to themselves forever or for years 

if it is a family member because of their feelings for them.” 

She added that children strive to appear normal: 

“If a child isn’t ready to talk about what’s happened to them, they do 

everything they can to move on with their life, to make everything seem as 

normal as possible, not only for the people in their family and with their friends, 

but also for themselves. They can keep that locked away as long as no one 

suspects anything different of them.” 

According to Hager, a lengthy delay and a sudden disclosure may be attributable to 

“some external event” or “some other concern in that person’s life,” including 

concern for a younger sibling. 

¶ 25 On cross-examination by defense counsel, Hager agreed that there has been an 

occasion in her 1500 interviews when a child provided false information. She 

agreed that sometimes parents tell their children to lie and that they may do so to 

gain an advantage in a divorce. 

¶ 26 The prosecution then rested its case, and the defense made a directed verdict 

motion, which the trial court denied. The defense presented no evidence and rested 

its case. 

¶ 27 During closing arguments, defense counsel reminded the jury that the State 

bears the burden to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense 

counsel characterized the testimony from K.W. and H.S. as “uncorroborated,” in 

that 

“they came in here and they told you these things happened and you haven’t 

heard any other evidence other than what these two told you to support that. 

*** You don’t have any physical evidence. You don’t have any corroborative 

evidence in the form of—I will give you an example: [K.W.] said that this 

happened while her sister was in bed with her, that her dad after [his girlfriend] 

left him, that he pulled a mattress on the floor and he started having the two 

girls sleep with him. [A.R.] on one side and [K.W.] on one side, Dad in the 

middle. It would have been really easy to call [A.R.] and say did that, in fact, 

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happen. But you haven’t heard that. The only person’s word you have for that 

is [K.W.’s] word. That’s it. And think about that. The State has the burden of 

proof, and that’s one of the easiest things they could have done. *** They could 

have put [A.R.] on the stand and they could have said, [A.R.], do you remember 

when [the defendant’s girlfriend] left ***. *** Do you remember when she left? 

Do you remember your dad pulling the mattress on the floor into his bedroom 

in the house and do you remember [you] and your sister sleeping together with 

him? Do you remember that? Yes or no? You haven’t even heard that that 

happened from any other witness other than [K.W.] and it would have been so 

easy for the State to bring that person in and to corroborate [K.W.’s] testimony 

and they didn’t do it.” 

¶ 28 Defense counsel later returned to A.R., stating, “We don’t know what [A.R.] 

saw or what [A.R.] heard because [A.R.] hasn’t been called as a witness.” Defense 

counsel continued: “[K.W.] told [A.R.] about the abuse before [A.R.] made the 

complaint in 2009. Wouldn’t that have been nice to have heard? Call [A.R.] to the 

stand. [A.R.], did she tell you about this back in 2009?” Defense counsel suggested 

that any argument that K.W. fabricated her testimony to give Patti an advantage in 

the child custody dispute for O.W. would be “kind of out of the water if back in 

2009 [A.R.] says, well, yeah, my sister did tell me that, but you have not heard from 

[A.R.], so you don’t know.” Defense counsel then turned to K.W.’s wife: “She told 

her wife *** about the abuse. It is unclear when or where she told her wife about 

the abuse, but she very much said that she told her wife about the abuse. Same 

argument. Put [K.W.’s] wife on the stand.” 

¶ 29 During rebuttal argument, the prosecutor responded to defense counsel’s 

argument about A.R.: “He makes a point of saying, well, why didn’t they call [A.R.] 

as a witness? Well, first of all, the defense has subpoena powers just like the 

government.” Defense counsel objected, and an exchange took place in chambers: 

“THE COURT: Okay. The record will show we are in chambers out of the 

presence of the jury for an objection. So counsel? 

DEFENSE COUNSEL: It’s my objection, so I will have to state it. We have 

no burden of proof. We don’t have to call witnesses. They can’t argue during 

closing argument that we can do this. It’s their burden. 

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THE COURT: Response? 

PROSECUTOR: There is current case law saying that when the defendant 

opens the door and makes comments that the State didn’t call witnesses, we are 

allowed to respond. 

THE COURT: Anything further? 

DEFENSE COUNSEL: She’s probably way more familiar on the current 

case law than I am, so I don’t have anything further. 

PROSECUTOR: I will certainly specify to the jury that I’m not indicating 

they have the burden of proof, but when he makes a statement that I could have 

called X people, he can too. He has subpoena powers.” 

The trial court overruled the objection. 

¶ 30 Back before the jury, the prosecutor stated: 

“The defendant has subpoena powers just like the State and I will note to 

you that I am not implying that the defendant has any kind of burden in this 

case. I fully accept the fact that we have the burden to prove this case beyond a 

reasonable doubt. But when the defendant stands here and tells you we could 

have subpoenaed and makes it sound like we are the only ones that can get 

people here, they have the right and the ability to subpoena anybody they 

choose to subpoena, also. 

In regards to telling [A.R.]—and we should have subpoenaed [A.R.] to 

come say what [K.W.] told her, many of you will be familiar with hearsay, 

which is something that’s said outside of court. It’s a rule we can’t bring in 

hearsay, so for the defense to suggest to you that I should call [A.R.] to talk 

about what [K.W.] told her, he knows I can’t do that. 

In regards to [K.W.’s] wife in that *** [K.W.] told her what happened when 

they got married, again, hearsay. I can’t do that. So what he’s suggesting that I 

do, he knows very well that I can’t.” 

Defense counsel did not object. 

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¶ 31 Following closing arguments, the trial court gave the jury instructions, 

including one on the burden of proof, but did not explain the hearsay rule or its 

exceptions. After slightly more than three hours, the jury reached verdicts on the 

six charges, finding the defendant guilty of three counts of predatory criminal 

sexual assault of a child and three counts of criminal sexual assault. The defendant 

filed a motion for a new trial, contending that there was insufficient evidence of his 

guilt and that the court erred in allowing the State to argue in rebuttal that the 

defendant could have called witnesses to testify. The trial court denied the motion 

and sentenced the defendant to three mandatory life sentences for the predatory 

criminal sexual assault charges and five years for each of the criminal sexual assault 

convictions. 

¶ 32 A divided panel of the appellate court reversed. 2020 IL App (3d) 170848. The 

appellate court majority held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

overruling defense counsel’s objection to the prosecutor’s comment that the 

defendant also had subpoena powers. Id. ¶ 17. The majority then considered the 

defendant’s contention that the prosecutor misstated the law when she argued that 

the hearsay rule prevented it from calling K.W.’s wife and A.R. as witnesses and 

argued that defense counsel knew the testimony was barred by the hearsay rule. Id. 

¶ 18. Because defense counsel did not object to those comments, the majority 

turned to the plain-error doctrine. Id. 

¶ 33 The appellate court majority recognized that the first step in the plain-error 

analysis is determining if a clear or obvious error occurred. Id. (citing People v. 

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007)). Here, the prosecutor informed the jury 

that hearsay was “ ‘something that’s said outside of court,’ ” a statement that the 

appellate court majority called, “at best, incomplete.” Id. ¶ 19. According to the 

majority, the hearsay rule generally prohibits as evidence an out-of-court statement 

that is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, but there are exceptions to 

that rule that may have been applicable in this case. Id. The majority concluded that 

the State committed a clear error when it misstated the law regarding hearsay and 

then compounded that error by implying that that was why the witnesses were not 

called. Id. ¶ 20 (citing People v. Shief, 312 Ill. App. 3d 673, 679 (2000)). 

¶ 34 The appellate court majority then turned to the two prongs of the plain-error 

doctrine, specifically the first prong, under which a reviewing court will reverse a 

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criminal defendant’s conviction and remand for a new trial when there is a clear 

error and the evidence is closely balanced. Id. ¶ 21 (citing People v. Herron, 215 

Ill. 2d 167, 178-79 (2005)). In making such a determination, a reviewing court 

“ ‘must evaluate the totality of the evidence and conduct a qualitative, 

commonsense assessment of it within the context of the case.’ ” Id. (quoting People 

v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53). The majority observed that “courts often find the 

credibility contest to be closely balanced” when “the only evidence consists of two 

differing accounts of the same event, with no corroborating evidence.” Id. (citing 

People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 608 (2008)). 

¶ 35 The appellate court majority reasoned: 

“Although the testimony of K.W. and H.S. contained some similarities, they 

testified regarding events that occurred during different time frames. The 

credibility of both K.W. and H.S. was challenged in that the defense elicited 

testimony that both had denied that the abuse occurred when they were 

questioned in 2009. There was no physical evidence, no third party testimony 

even putting the defendant alone with K.W. or H.S., and no evidence suggesting 

the defendant’s consciousness of guilt. [Citation.] Thus, we find that the case 

involved a credibility contest between K.W. and the defendant and H.S. and the 

defendant.” Id. 

Because it viewed the evidence as closely balanced, the majority remanded for a 

new trial. Id. ¶¶ 21-22. 

¶ 36 Justice Schmidt dissented, insisting that the evidence was not closely balanced. 

Id. ¶ 27 (Schmidt, J., dissenting). Justice Schmidt considered the evidence against 

the defendant “overwhelming” and challenged the majority’s reasoning: 

“The majority finds the evidence closely balanced because of a ‘credibility 

contest.’ [Citation.] What credibility contest? Not one witness contradicted the 

victims’ testimony. *** Here, there is no competing version of events, as 

defendant did not testify nor did he call any witnesses. A qualitative, 

commonsense evaluation of the totality of the evidence shows that the evidence 

is not closely balanced.” Id. ¶ 30. 

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¶ 37 This court allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315(a) 

(eff. Oct. 1, 2021). 

¶ 38 ANALYSIS 

¶ 39 The State argues that the appellate court erred in concluding that unobjected-to 

comments about hearsay by the prosecutor were reversible plain error. Though the 

defendant has not requested cross-relief, he argues “preliminarily” that the appellate 

court erred in concluding that objected-to comments about the defense’s subpoena 

powers were not reversible error. Both issues concern prosecutorial closing 

argument. Before addressing either, we must briefly discuss the nature of closing 

argument. 

¶ 40 The purpose of closing arguments is to provide the parties with a final 

opportunity before the jury to review the admitted evidence, to explain the relevant 

law, and to assert why the evidence and the law compel a favorable verdict. People 

v. Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 121 (2005) (citing Thomas A. Mauet & Warren D. 

Wolfson, Trial Evidence 439 (2d ed. 2001)). An error in closing argument is not a 

typical trial error in that it does not involve the admission of inculpatory evidence 

or the rejection of exculpatory evidence but rather commentary on the evidence that 

has been presented. That is why juries are told that closing arguments are not 

evidence and “any statement or argument made by the attorneys which is not based 

on the evidence should be disregarded.” Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, 

No. 1.03 (2011) (hereinafter IPI Criminal No. 1.03). 

¶ 41 Because an error in closing argument is sui generis, we have created a unique 

two-step process for determining whether a trial court’s decision to overrule a 

defendant’s objection to a prosecutorial comment in closing argument is reversible 

error. A reviewing court must initially determine whether the comment was 

improper. If so, the court must then determine whether the improper comment was 

so prejudicial that real justice was denied or the verdict resulted from the error. See 

People v. Runge, 234 Ill. 2d 68, 142 (2009). A trial court’s decision to overrule an 

objection to a comment in prosecutorial closing argument will not be overturned 

absent an abuse of discretion. People v. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d 99, 128 (2000). We now 

address the prosecutor’s comments in this case. 

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¶ 42 Subpoena Powers 

¶ 43 During rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor stated “the defense has 

subpoena powers just like the government.” The defendant argues that the appellate 

court erred in concluding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

overruling his objection to that comment. The defendant insists that the comment 

improperly shifted the burden of proof and that the comment was not invited by 

defense counsel’s closing argument. The defendant maintains that A.R., Patti, and 

K.W.’s wife were not “equally accessible” to the defense due to their family ties 

with the victims. We reject the defendant’s argument. 

¶ 44 Certainly, “a criminal defendant has no duty to produce evidence at trial, and 

the State may never shift its burden of proof to a defendant.” People v. Mudd, 2022 

IL 126830, ¶ 34. A prosecutor still has wide latitude in making a closing argument 

and may comment on the evidence and any reasonable inferences that arise from it, 

even if those inferences reflect negatively on the defendant. See Runge, 234 Ill. 2d 

at 142 (citing People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 347 (2007)). Additionally, a 

prosecutor may comment on matters implicated by defense counsel. People v. 

Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173, 204 (2009) (“Statements will not be held improper if they 

were provoked or invited by the defense counsel’s argument.” (citing People v. 

Kirchner, 194 Ill. 2d 502, 553 (2000))). Such comments should be considered in 

the context of the entire closing argument, as well as the trial court’s instructions 

that arguments are not evidence, that the State bears the burden of proving the 

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and that the defendant need not 

present any evidence. Runge, 234 Ill. 2d at 142-43 (2009); People v. Ceja, 204 Ill. 

2d 332, 357 (2003) (“Comments in closing argument must be considered in context 

of the entire closing argument of both the State and the defendant.” (citing People 

v. Cloutier, 156 Ill. 2d 483, 507 (1993))). 

¶ 45 Here, the prosecutor’s comment on the defense’s subpoena powers was not 

improper. The statement was an accurate and reasonable response to defense 

counsel’s claim that the State should have called A.R. and K.W.’s wife as 

witnesses. See People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 153 (1998); People v. Jackson, 399 

Ill. App. 3d 314, 319 (2010) (stating that “[w]hile the prosecution is generally not 

permitted to comment on a defendant’s failure to produce evidence, such comments 

are not improper after a defendant with equal access to that evidence assails the 

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prosecution’s failure to produce it”); cf. Mudd, 2022 IL 126830, ¶ 30 (noting that, 

under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 412(e)(ii) (eff. Mar. 1, 2001), “both sides in a 

criminal proceeding possess the same ability to request forensic testing of the 

evidence”). Additionally, the comment was not substantially prejudicial. It was 

brief, constituting a mere 3 lines in nearly 17 pages of the trial transcript. After the 

defendant’s objection was overruled, the prosecutor reminded the jury that the State 

has the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court later echoed that 

proposition in its jury instructions, adding that the defendant is not required to prove 

his innocence. See IPI Criminal No. 2.03. The court also advised the jury that 

closing arguments are not evidence. See IPI Criminal No. 1.03. We cannot say that 

the trial court abused its discretion in overruling the defendant’s objection to the 

prosecutor’s comment about the defense’s subpoena powers. 

¶ 46 Hearsay 

¶ 47 During rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor stated that hearsay is 

“something that’s said outside of court” and “[i]t’s a rule we can’t bring in hearsay” 

and that defense counsel was aware of that rule. The defendant did not object to 

that comment. The State argues that the appellate court erred in concluding that the 

comment was plain error, necessitating reversal of the defendant’s convictions and 

remand for a new trial. 

¶ 48 To preserve a purported error for appellate review, a defendant must object to 

the error at trial and raise the error in a posttrial motion. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, 

¶ 48 (citing People v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 66); see generally People v. 

Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176 (1988); People v. Ford, 19 Ill. 2d 466, 478-79 (1960) (“An 

accused may not sit idly by and allow irregular proceedings to occur without 

objection and afterwards seek to reverse his conviction by reason of those same 

irregularities.”). Failure to do either results in forfeiture of such review, but the 

forfeiture may be excused when the error is “plain.” Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48. 

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967) memorializes the plain-error 

doctrine: 

“Any error, defect, irregularity, or variance which does not affect 

substantial rights shall be disregarded. Plain errors or defects affecting 

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substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention 

of the trial court.” 

The plain-error doctrine does not create a “general saving clause” to allow 

defendants to escape the consequences of their nonfeasance. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 

177. Instead, it offers a narrow exception to the rule of procedural default for 

unpreserved errors. People v. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 81. Whether there is plain 

error is a question of law, which we review de novo. People v. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 

2d 478, 485 (2009). 

¶ 49 As the State correctly observes, the defendant cannot obtain relief on an 

unpreserved error under the plain-error doctrine if he would not have been entitled 

to relief on the same error if preserved. Necessarily, then, the threshold inquiry is 

whether there was an error at all. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 81 (citing People v. 

Hood, 2016 IL 118581, ¶ 18). We have used different modifiers for the term 

“error,” but the most common has become “clear or obvious.” Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 

2d at 565. Thus, we must decide whether the prosecutor’s comment about hearsay 

was a clear and obvious error. That requires a “substantive look” at the issue 

(internal quotation marks omitted) (Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d at 593) under the standard 

for evaluating prosecution comments that we have already discussed. Jackson, 

2020 IL 124112, ¶ 83. To recap: A prosecutorial comment in closing argument 

must be improper and substantially prejudicial. If it fails to meet either description, 

it is not reversible error. 

¶ 50 The State concedes that the prosecutor’s explanation of hearsay was 

“incomplete” but insists that it was “at the very least consistent with the hearsay 

rule” and, consequently, not clearly and obviously improper. The State points to the 

prosecutor’s reasonable belief that testimony from A.R. and K.W.’s wife would 

have been inadmissible as prior consistent statements meant to bolster K.W.’s 

testimony. The State further contends that defense counsel invited the prosecutor’s 

remarks by focusing on the lack of corroboration for K.W.’s testimony. The 

prosecutor did not ask the jury to speculate about what A.R. and K.W.’s wife would 

have said or insinuate that their testimony would have helped to establish the 

defendant’s guilt. According to the State, the prosecutor made a “passing 

comment,” which, even if it was improper, was not so prejudicial that it led to the 

jury’s verdict. 

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¶ 51 The defendant responds by calling the prosecutor’s hearsay definition a 

“mischaracterization” that was “completely improper.” The defendant asserts that 

the prosecutor not only gave an improper definition of hearsay but also “doubled 

down” on it by stating that defense counsel knew that the rule precluded testimony 

from A.R. and K.W.’s wife. The defendant opines that that testimony may have 

been admissible under an exception to the hearsay rule for prior consistent 

statements made to rebut a charge of recent fabrication or a motive to lie. See 

People v. Cuadrado, 214 Ill. 2d 79, 90 (2005). The defendant parrots the appellate 

court’s reliance on People v. Emerson, 97 Ill. 2d 487 (1983), and Shief, 312 Ill. 

App. 3d 673, arguing that the prosecutor’s comment implied that there was 

evidence of the defendant’s guilt that could not be offered because of defense 

tactics. The defendant insists that the comment was not brief and isolated, but the 

entire explanation for the State’s failure to call critical witnesses. 

¶ 52 We agree with the State that the prosecutor’s summary of the hearsay rule was 

not improper. Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered in court to prove the 

truth of the matter asserted. People v. Moss, 205 Ill. 2d 139, 159 (2001). The 

prosecutor told the jury that hearsay is “something that’s said outside of court” that 

the State “can’t bring” as evidence. Though that definition is truncated, it captures 

the core of the rule and the bar to prior consistent statements. See People v. 

Williams, 147 Ill. 2d 173, 227 (1991). The defendant would have us require that a 

prosecutor must elucidate the jury on when an out-of-court statement is offered for 

its truth, as well as instances when such a statement escapes the general rule of 

inadmissibility, every time hearsay is mentioned in closing. We decline to do so. 

¶ 53 Further, a prosecutor may offer a response to comments by defense counsel that 

clearly warrant one, and such a response should be considered in the context of both 

parties’ closing arguments. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d at 154. Here, the prosecutor’s 

comment was invited by defense counsel when he repeatedly stressed that calling 

A.R. to the witness stand would have been “really easy” and “one of the easiest 

things” for the State. Defense counsel included K.W.’s wife in that “[s]ame 

argument.” The prosecutor briefly stated why she could not call either witness but 

also reminded the jury that the State bore the burden of proof. And, as we have 

noted, the trial court instructed the jury on the burden of proof, the presumption of 

innocence, and the familiar principle that evidence trumps argument. 

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¶ 54 Moreover, the prosecutor’s comment was not prejudicial. In People v. 

Henderson, 142 Ill. 2d 258, 323 (1990), we noted that the legal standard “applied 

to arguments by counsel” and the standard “used in deciding if a plain error was 

made” are “similar.” Accord Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 83 (citing People v. 

Nieves, 193 Ill. 2d 513, 533 (2000)). Our statement was perhaps an 

oversimplification. The standards governing whether an objected-to, improper 

comment in closing argument by the prosecution constitutes reversible error and 

whether an unobjected-to, improper comment in closing argument by the 

prosecution constitutes reversible plain error remain distinct. Comments in the 

former category are judged for whether they caused “substantial prejudice,” such 

that a reviewing court cannot determine whether the verdict resulted from them. 

See People v. Macri, 185 Ill. 2d 1, 62 (1998) (holding that “a prosecutor’s 

comments in closing argument will result in reversible error only when they 

engender ‘substantial prejudice’ against the defendant to the extent that it is 

impossible to determine whether the verdict of the jury was caused by the 

comments or the evidence”); see also People v. Redd, 173 Ill. 2d 1, 30 (1996) 

(equating substantial prejudice with denial of a fair trial). Comments in the latter 

category are judged for whether they affected “substantial rights.” See Ill. S. Ct. R. 

615(a). Those concepts—substantial prejudice and substantial rights—are not 

unrelated, however. 

¶ 55 The familiar “disjunctive approach” to plain error is shorthand for a much 

longer discussion that stems from Rule 615(a). See People v. Keene, 169 Ill. 2d 1, 

17-18 (1995). Under that rule, a plain error affecting a substantial right is an error 

that may have deprived the defendant of a fair trial. See Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 177 

(stating that “plain error, while a nonconstitutional doctrine, has roots in the same 

soil as due process” and “[f]airness *** is the foundation of our plain-error 

jurisprudence”). A fair trial is not an error-free trial. Id. (citing People v. Bull, 185 

Ill. 2d 179, 214 (1998)). Consequently, the plain-error doctrine allows a reviewing 

court to consider a forfeited, but still clear and obvious, error in two limited 

circumstances: (1) where the defendant’s conviction may have resulted from the 

error, not the evidence, or (2) where the defendant’s conviction resulted from a 

flawed process, despite the evidence. Id. at 177-78 (citing People v. Baynes, 88 Ill. 

2d 225, 231 (1981)); see also People v. Stavrakas, 335 Ill. 570, 583 (1929) (“It is 

not the practice of this court to reverse a judgment because some error may have 

been committed by the trial court, unless it appears that real justice has been denied 

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thereby or that the verdict of the jury or the judgment of the court may have resulted 

from such error.”). Stated differently, the plain-error doctrine applies in cases 

involving “prejudicial errors—errors that may have affected the outcome in a 

closely balanced case” or in cases involving “presumptively prejudicial errors— 

errors that may not have affected the outcome, but must still be remedied.” Herron, 

215 Ill. 2d at 185. Those two prongs do not offer “two divergent interpretations of 

plain error, but instead two different ways to ensure the same thing—namely, a fair 

trial.” Id. at 179. 

¶ 56 The appellate court majority declined to reach the second, presumptivelyprejudicial-error prong (2020 IL App (3d) 170848, ¶ 21), and the defendant does 

not suggest that it applies. Indeed, comments in prosecutorial closing arguments 

will rarely constitute second-prong plain error because the vast majority of such 

comments generally do not undermine basic protections afforded to criminal 

defendants. See People v. Moon, 2022 IL 125959, ¶ 29 (citing Neder v. United 

States, 527 U.S. 1, 8-9 (1999)). 

¶ 57 Under the first prong of the plain-error doctrine, the defendant must show clear 

or obvious error “where the evidence *** is so closely balanced that the jury’s 

guilty verdict may have resulted from the error and not the evidence.” Herron, 215 

Ill. 2d at 178. Though there is no additional substantiality requirement because all 

plain errors are substantial (see Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 69 (citing Ill. S. Ct. R. 

615(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967))), first-prong plain error must still be prejudicial. In this 

context, the prosecutor’s comment must have had some probable bearing on the 

result (see Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 193), regardless of how the defendant challenges 

the comment on appeal. The prosecutor’s comment—whether it is preserved and 

attacked directly or it is unpreserved and attacked indirectly via the alternative 

contentions of plain error and ineffective assistance—must have been damaging 

enough that it “severely threatened to tip the scales of justice” against the defendant. 

Id. at 187; see People v. White, 2011 IL 109689, ¶ 133 (likening the ineffective 

assistance standard with the first-prong, plain-error standard). 

¶ 58 The severity of that threat depends on the strength of the evidence presented at 

trial. Simply put, a comment in closing argument cannot “cause substantial 

injustice” and “effectively deprive defendant of a fair trial” when the evidence is 

not closely balanced. Henderson, 142 Ill. 2d at 322-23. To determine whether the 

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evidence was, in fact, closely balanced, a reviewing court must review the entire 

record and conduct a “qualitative, commonsense assessment” of any evidence 

regarding the elements of the charged offense or offenses, as well as any evidence 

regarding the witnesses’ credibility. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53. 

¶ 59 The defendant was charged with predatory criminal sexual assault under section 

12-14.1(a)(1) of the Criminal Code of 1961. 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1) (West 2004) 

(now codified at 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1)). That statute required the State to prove 

that the defendant was over 17 years old and committed “an act of contact, however 

slight, between the sex organ or anus of one person and the part of the body of 

another for the purpose of sexual gratification or arousal of the victim or the 

accused, or an act of sexual penetration,” and that the victim was under 13 years 

old. The defendant was also charged with criminal sexual assault under section 12-

13(a)(3) of the Criminal Code of 1961. Id. § 12-13(a)(3) (now codified at 720 ILCS 

5/11-1.20(a)(3)). That statute required the State to prove that the defendant 

committed “an act of sexual penetration” with a family member under 18 years old. 

Id. The State presented ample evidence regarding those elements. 

¶ 60 The appellate court majority, nonetheless, held that the evidence was closely 

balanced due to a perceived “credibility contest” between the victims, K.W. and 

H.S., and the defendant. 2020 IL App (3d) 170848, ¶ 21. As support, the appellate 

court majority relied upon Naylor, but that case is inapposite. In Naylor, the 

evidence consisted of two different accounts—one from the arresting officers and 

one from the defendant—of the same event, neither of which was corroborated by 

extrinsic evidence, but both of which were credible. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d at 607-08. 

We characterized the case as “a contest of credibility” and ultimately found that the 

evidence was closely balanced. Id. at 606-07. 

¶ 61 Here, there were not two different accounts. There were only the victims’ 

accounts. The defendant was under no obligation to testify, but his decision not to 

do so, along with the lack of any other evidence in his favor, forecloses any reliance 

on Naylor. However, we must still consider his argument that the evidence was 

closely balanced. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 567 (holding that the defendant’s choice 

to present “no evidence whatsoever” was “not fatal” to a first-prong, plain-error 

argument). 

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¶ 62 The State and the defendant both address the victims’ initial denials to DCFS 

in 2009 and their later disclosures in 2016. According to the State, their 

explanations were supported by Hager’s testimony. The State notes that Illinois 

caselaw has recognized reasons for delayed disclosure by child victims of sexual 

assault. See People v. Priola, 203 Ill. App. 3d 401, 414 (1990) (“the failure of a 

young sexual assault victim to make a prompt complaint is easily understandable 

because of the natural sense of shame, fear, revulsion, and embarrassment felt by 

children under such circumstances”). And, though K.W. and H.S. never discussed 

the defendant’s conduct with each other when they were young, they both described 

similar, escalating patterns of abuse that began with back rubs around the ages of 

11 or 12 and ended in sexual contact. The State maintains that the lack of 

corroborating physical evidence does not make the testimonial evidence closely 

balanced. See People v. Shum, 117 Ill. 2d 317, 356 (1987). The State adds that there 

was testimony from both K.W. and H.S. as to the defendant’s consciousness of 

guilt. 

¶ 63 According to the defendant, K.W. and H.S. were “severely compromised” due 

to their 2009 denials. Further, the defendant remarks that there was “no confession, 

no third party witnesses, no medical evidence, no corroboration.” Like defense 

counsel in closing arguments, the defendant pins the lack of corroboration on the 

State’s choice not to call A.R., K.W.’s wife, or Patti as trial witnesses. The 

defendant maintains that this case hinged solely on the credibility of the victims. 

¶ 64 After reviewing the record and conducting a qualitative and commonsense 

assessment of the evidence, we conclude that the evidence was not closely 

balanced. The victims’ testimony naturally differed in some respects due to their 

ages, but it was consistent in important details. And their explanations for their 

2009 denials and their 2016 disclosures were reasonable and understandable in light 

of Hager’s testimony. The defendant’s arguments amount to little more than an 

attempt to relitigate his trial. We do not believe that the result of that trial was 

affected by the prosecutor’s comment. 

¶ 65 In summary, the prosecutor’s comment about hearsay was not improper, so it 

did not constitute a clear and obvious error. Additionally, the evidence against the 

defendant was not closely balanced, so the comment was not prejudicial in the 

context of first-prong plain error. The appellate court erred in excusing the 

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defendant’s forfeiture, reversing his conviction, and remanding for a new trial. 

¶ 66 

¶ 67 

CONCLUSION 

For the reasons that we have stated, we reverse the judgment of the appellate 

court and affirm the judgment of the circuit court. 

¶ 68 

¶ 69 

Appellate court judgment reversed. 

Circuit court judgment affirmed. 

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