" ! COMMITTEE PRINT 112th Congress 

2d Session 

S. PRT. 

112–37 

FOR PROFIT HIGHER EDUCATION: 

The Failure to Safeguard the Federal 

Investment and Ensure Student Success 

PREPARED BY THE

COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, 

LABOR, AND PENSIONS 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

Volume 4 of 4 

JULY 30, 2012 

Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ 

Printed for the use of the 

Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions 
FOR PROFIT HIGHER EDUCATION: 

THE FAILURE TO SAFEGUARD THE FEDERAL 

INVESTMENT AND ENSURE STUDENT SUCCESS 

VOLUME 4 OF 4 
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800

Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001

1 

74–953 

" ! COMMITTEE PRINT 112th Congress 

2d Session 

S. PRT. 

2012

112–37 

FOR PROFIT HIGHER EDUCATION: 

The Failure to Safeguard the Federal 

Investment and Ensure Student Success 

PREPARED BY THE

COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, 

LABOR, AND PENSIONS 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

Volume 4 of 4 

JULY 30, 2012 

Printed for the use of the 

Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions 
COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, LABOR, AND PENSIONS 

TOM HARKIN, Iowa, Chairman 

BARBARA A. MIKULSKI, Maryland 

JEFF BINGAMAN, New Mexico 

PATTY MURRAY, Washington 

BERNARD SANDERS (I), Vermont 

ROBERT P. CASEY, JR., Pennsylvania 

KAY R. HAGAN, North Carolina 

JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon 

AL FRANKEN, Minnesota 

MICHAEL F. BENNET, Colorado 

SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island 

RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut 

MICHAEL B. ENZI, Wyoming 

LAMAR ALEXANDER, Tennessee 

RICHARD BURR, North Carolina 

JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia 

RAND PAUL, Kentucky 

ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah 

JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona 

PAT ROBERTS, Kansas 

LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska 

MARK KIRK, IIllinois 

PAMELA J. SMITH, Staff Director, Chief Counsel 

LAUREN MCFERRAN, Deputy Staff Director 

OFFICE OF OVERSIGHT AND INVESTIGATIONS 

(During the 112th Congress at Time of the Report) 

ELIZABETH M. STEIN, Chief Investigative Counsel 

ELIZABETH E. BAYLOR, Senior Investigator 

RYAN K. MCCORD, Investigative Counsel 

KIA HAMADANCHY, Counsel 

BRYAN F. BOROUGHS, Congressional Fellow, 

Georgetown Congressional Law Clerk Fellowship 

ANDREA M.K. JARCHO, Senior Law Clerk 

LUCY V. STEIN, Law Clerk 

NICHOLAS J. WUNDER, Law Clerk 

SHAUNA M. AGAN, Legal Intern 

KEAGAN D. BUCHANAN, Legal Intern 

DOUGLAS S. DORANDO, Legal Intern 

(II) 
UNITED STATES SENATE 

COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, LABOR, AND PENSIONS 

FOR PROFIT HIGHER EDUCATION: 

The Failure to Safeguard the Federal 

Investment and Ensure Student Success 

MAJORITY COMMITTEE STAFF REPORT AND 

ACCOMPANYING MINORITY COMMITTEE STAFF 

VIEWS 

COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, 

LABOR, AND PENSIONS 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

JULY 30, 2012 
SENATOR TOM HARKIN 

Chairman 

SENATOR MICHAEL B. ENZI 

Ranking Minority Member 

OFFICE OF OVERSIGHT AND INVESTIGATIONS 

Elizabeth M. Stein 

Chief Investigative Counsel 

Elizabeth E. Baylor 

Senior Investigator 

Ryan K. McCord 

Investigative Counsel 

Kia Hamadanchy 

Counsel 

Bryan F. Boroughs 

Congressional Fellow 

Georgetown Congressional Law Clerk Fellow 

Andrea M.K. Jarcho 

Senior Law Clerk 

Lucy V. Stein 

Law Clerk 

Nicholas J. Wunder 

Law Clerk 

Shauna M. Agan 

Legal Intern 

Keagan D. Buchanan 

Legal Intern 

Douglas S. Dorando 

Legal Intern 
Table of Contents—Part I 

Page 

Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 1 

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 15 

Institutions Examined ........................................................................................ 25 

Publicly Traded Companies ............................................................................. 25 

Private Equity Owned Companies .................................................................. 27 

Closely Held Corporations ............................................................................... 29 

The Federal Investment and the Changing Sector ..................................... 30 

Increasing Federal Investment ........................................................................ 30 

Increasing Reliance on Federal Dollars .......................................................... 30 

Pell Grant Funds .............................................................................................. 31 

Military Education Benefits ............................................................................ 33 

Growth and Change in the For-Profit Sector ................................................. 37 

Why Are Companies ‘‘That Own For-Profit Colleges Financially Successful’’? ............................................................................................................... 40 

High Cost of Attendance .................................................................................. 40 

Higher Tuition at For-Profit Colleges ...................................................... 40 

Tuition Decisions Made to Maximize Revenue ....................................... 42 

Executives’ Recognition That Higher Tuition Leads to More Withdrawals ................................................................................................... 49 

Concealing the Cost of Tuition ................................................................. 51 

Aggressive and Deceptive Recruiting .............................................................. 53 

Recruiters Operate in a Boiler-Room Sales Atmosphere ....................... 55 

Misleading and Deceptive Tactics ............................................................ 61 

Techniques to Close a Sale ....................................................................... 68 

Military Focused Recruiting ..................................................................... 78 

How Are Students Performing .......................................................................... 82 

Inadequate Public Data for Meaningful Oversight ........................................ 83 

Low Student Retention .................................................................................... 84 

Worst Performing Programs ............................................................................ 85 

Online Student Retention ................................................................................ 87 

Publicly Traded Company Student Retention ................................................ 88 

Heavy ‘‘Churn’’ .................................................................................................. 89 

The Costs of Withdrawal ................................................................................. 91 

Why Do Many Students Fail to Complete For-Profit Programs? ............. 92 

Spending Choices of For-Profit Education Companies .................................. 92 

Marketing, Recruiting, and Profit ............................................................ 92 

Executive Compensation ........................................................................... 95 

Instructional Spending ............................................................................. 98 

Student Success is Divorced From Company Success ............................ 100 

Academic Quality .............................................................................................. 101 

Part-time Faculty ...................................................................................... 108 

Student Services ............................................................................................... 109 

Career Placement Services .............................................................................. 112 

Incentives for Career Services Staff ........................................................ 115 

Programmatic Accreditation and Licensure ................................................... 117 

What Is Programmatic Accreditation ...................................................... 117 

Students Are Not Informed About Programmatic Accreditation .......... 118 

(III) 
Page

IV 

Table of Contents—Part I—Continued 

A Case Study of Sanford-Brown’s Disclosures for Popular Program 

Areas ....................................................................................................... 122 

A Comparison of Multiple Schools’ Disclosure for Two Smaller Degree 

Programs ................................................................................................ 125 

Lower Licensing Exam Pass Rates .......................................................... 127 

Conclusion .................................................................................................. 128 

What Are the Consequences for Students? .................................................... 128 

High Debt .......................................................................................................... 128 

What Default Means for Students and Society .............................................. 136 

Higher Unemployment ..................................................................................... 138 

Credentials in Lower Demand Careers .......................................................... 139 

Why is This Happening? ..................................................................................... 140 

Accreditation ..................................................................................................... 141 

Structural Defects in the Accrediting Process ........................................ 142 

Accreditors Are Not Equipped to Properly Regulate Large For-Profit 

Institutions ............................................................................................. 144 

Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of 

Colleges and Schools .............................................................................. 146 

Federal Law and Regulation ........................................................................... 153 

Evasion of Regulatory Requirements .............................................................. 159 

90/10 Strategies ......................................................................................... 159 

Student Loan Default Rate Management and Manipulation ................ 174 

Return of Title IV Funds .......................................................................... 185 

Job Placement Rate Manipulation ........................................................... 187 

The Consequences of Inaction .......................................................................... 194 

What Needs to Be Done? ..................................................................................... 196 

Enhanced Transparency .................................................................................. 197 

Stronger Oversight ........................................................................................... 199 

Meaningful Protections .................................................................................... 200 

Table of Contents—Part II 

Page 

Alta Colleges, Inc. (19,190 students, based in Denver, CO ............................... 206 

American Career Colleges, Inc. (4,761 students, based in Irvine, CA .......... 235 

American Public Education (77,000 students, based in Charlestown, WV) .. 249 

Anthem Education Group, Inc. (12,792 students, based in Phoenix, AZ) ..... 265 

Apollo Group, Inc. (470,800 students, based in Phoenix, AZ) .......................... 284 

Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (77,179 students, based in San Diego, CA) ...... 308 

Capella Education Company (38,634 students, based in Minneapolis, MN) 334 

Career Education Corporation (118,205 students, based in Schaumburg, 

IL) .......................................................................................................................... 351 

Chancellor University LLC (739 students, based in Seven Hills, OH) .......... 380 

Concorde Career Colleges, Inc. (7,952 students, based in Kansas City, 

MO) ........................................................................................................................ 391

Corinthian Colleges, Inc. (113,818 students, based in Santa Ana, CA) ......... 408 

DeVry, Inc. (130,375 students, based in Downers Grove, IL) ............................ 435 

ECPI Colleges, Inc. (13,119 students, based in Virginia Beach, VA) ............... 454 

Education America, Inc. (10,018 students, based in Heathrow, FL) .............. 469 

Education Management Corporation (158,300 students, based in Pittsburgh, PA) ............................................................................................................. 485 

Grand Canyon Education, Inc. (42,300 students, based in Phoenix, AZ) ..... 513 

Henley Putnam University (515 students, based in San Jose, CA) ............... 531 

Herzing, Inc. (8,253 students, based in Milwaukee, WI) ................................... 540 

ITT Educational Services, Inc. (88,004 students, based in Carmel, IN) ....... 558 

Kaplan Higher Education Corporation (112,141 students, based in New 

York City, NY) ...................................................................................................... 592 

The Keiser School, Inc. (18,956 students, based in Fort Lauderdale, FL) ..... 623 

Lincoln Education Services Company (33,175 students, based in West 

Orange, NJ) .......................................................................................................... 639 
Page

V 

Med-Com Career Training/Drake College (2,692 students, based in Elizabeth, NJ) ............................................................................................................... 658 

National American University Holdings, Inc. (8,255 students, based in 

Rapid City, SD) .................................................................................................... 671 

Rasmussen Colleges, Inc. (17,090 students, based in Minnetonka, MN) ....... 693 

Strayer Education, Inc. (60,711 students, based in Arlington, VA) ................ 713 

TUI Learning LLC (7,307 students, based in Cypress, CA) .............................. 728 

Universal Technical Institute, Inc. (21,000 students, based in Scottsdale, 

AZ) ......................................................................................................................... 738 

Vatterott Education Holdings, Inc. (11,163 students, based in St. Louis, 

MO) ........................................................................................................................ 756

Walden, LLC (47,456 students, based in Minneapolis, MN) .............................. 777 

Table of Contents—Part III 

Page 

Minority Committee Staff Views ...................................................................... 793 

Table of Appendixes 

Page 

Appendix 01: Definitions ....................................................................................... 799 

Appendix 02: The Committee Investigation ........................................................ 804 

Appendix 03: Methodology .................................................................................... 816 

Appendix 04: The Committee Document Request and Compliance .................. 828 

Appendix 05: The Undercover General Accountability Office Recruiting Investigation, Report and Corrections ................................................................... 851 

Appendix 06: Responses of Companies to Documents Being Made Public ....... 854 

Appendix 07: Fall Enrollment, 2001–2010 .......................................................... 1024 

Appendix 08: OPEID Numbers Controlled by Each of 30 Companies Examined, Fiscal Year 2010 ......................................................................................... 1027 

Appendix 09: Funds Reported Pursuant to 90/10 Rule by Company, Fiscal 

Years 2006–10 ...................................................................................................... 1033 

Appendix 10: Estimated Federal Revenues, Fiscal Year 2010 .......................... 1038 

Appendix 11: Post 9-11 GI Bill Disbursements to 30 Companies Examined 

and Cumulative Data .......................................................................................... 1039 

Appendix 12: Tuition Assistance and MyCAA Disbursements to 30 Companies and Cumulative Data Fiscal Years 2009 and 2010 ................................... 1041 

Appendix 13: Pell Grant Disbursements, Award Year 2007–10 ........................ 1043 

Appendix 14: Tuition and Fee Comparison ......................................................... 1044 

Appendix 15: Retention and Withdrawal ............................................................ 1055 

Appendix 16: Trial 3-Cohort Default Rates by Company, Fiscal Years 2005– 

8 ............................................................................................................................. 1062 

Appendix 17: Executive Compensation ................................................................ 1066 

Appendix 18: Revenue, Expenses, and Profit (Operating Income), Fiscal 

Years 2006–10 ...................................................................................................... 1071 

Appendix 19: Revenue, Profit, (Operating Income), Marketing, Fiscal Year 

2009 ....................................................................................................................... 1076 

Appendix 20: Per Student Spending on Profit, Fiscal Year 2009 ...................... 1077 

Appendix 21: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Per Student 

Spending on Instruction, Fiscal Year 2009 ........................................................ 1078 

Appendix 22: Per Student Spending on Marketing, Recruiting, and Admissions, Fiscal Year 2009 ........................................................................................ 1079 

Appendix 23: Per Student Spending on Instruction at Comparison Institutions in Other Sectors .......................................................................................... 1080 

Appendix 24: Employment Distribution by Company, Fiscal Years 2006– 

10 ........................................................................................................................... 1083 

Appendix 25: Documents Produced to the Committee ....................................... 1087 
VI 

In accordance with Rule XXV of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the 

U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (the 

committee) holds legislative jurisdiction over all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating to education and 

student loans and grants. Proprietary schools and institutions of higher 

education, henceforth referred to as for-profit colleges, fall under this jurisdiction both as academic institutions and as eligible recipients of Federal 

loans and grants provided through Title IV of the Higher Education Act. 

Senate rules also provide that the committee shall study and review, on 

a comprehensive basis, matters relating to education. In April 2010, under 

the leadership of Chairman Tom Harkin, the committee initiated an oversight into the proprietary sector of higher education. The majority staff 

offers this report to the committee with accompanying minority staff views. 
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