P.1 

OAR Box 1147 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

190) IV-E-64 

Docket Number: 

A-87-11 

Printed 4/22/2008 2:42:57 PM Sheet 190 of 242 
P.2 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105 

OFFICE OF 

AIR AND RAOIATION^. ,/gy. 

AUG I 2 1988 

MEMORANDUM 

SUBJECT: 

FROM: 

TO: 

Meeting With API 

John F. Anderson, Senior Project Manager 

Standards Development and Support Branch 

Public Docket A-87-11 

''A*J^^ 

On July 29, 1988 a brief meeting was held with 

representatives of API (see attached attendance list). At this 

meeting API presented data on two onboard equipped cars which 

they have developed. The data presented are given in the 

attached handout from the meeting. API also indicated its 

plans to do further work on vehicle purge rate measurements and 

on vehicle performance under the new EPA approach to canister 

conditioning. 

Attachments 

0629w 
P.3 

Meeting with API 

July 29, 1988 

Name ' Representing 

John Anderson EPA 

E.P. Crockett API 

Ray Campion EUSA 

George Musser Exxon Research 

Walter C. Retzsch API 

Hugh F. Shannon Exxon Research 

Chet France EPA 

Paul Laing EPA 

Peter Hutchins EPA 

Charles Gray EPA 
API - EPA 

JULY 28, 1988 

r j 

ONBOARD CONTROL OF REFUELING EMISSIONS 

IMPROVED VEHICLE DESIGN 

i 

* 

_ j 
ONBOARD REFUELING CANISTER 

• CANISTER TECHNOLOGY USED TO CONTROL EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS ON ALL 

CARS SINCE 1971 

• INITIAL WORK BY API AND EPA DEMONSTRATED FEASIBILITY OF ONBOARD 

CONTROL FOR REFUELING EMISSIONS 

LED TO EPA RULEMAKING PROPOSAL 

NEED TO ADDRESS NHTSA/DOT CONCERNS ABOUT SAFETY OF CANISTER 

SYSTEMS BECAME MAJOR OBJECTIVE 

- NEU U.S. PRODUCTION VEHICLES USED 

RESULTED IN IMPROVED DESIGNS, SAFER SYSTENS AND RETAINED GOOD 

EMISSION CONTROL 

bi 
MAJOR DESIGN ELEMENTS 

• PRODUCTION EVAPORATIVE CONTROL SYSTENS USED 

- NO CHANGES TO BASIC VEHICLE OPERATION 

CANISTER TO CONTROL BQIH EVAPORATIVE AND REFUELING EMISSIONS 

TAKEN OUT OF ENGINE COMPARTMENT 

- MOUNTED INSIDE FRAME, NEAR FUEL TANK 

• USES "LIQUID SEAL" APPROACH 

• FUEL TANK NO LONGER UNDER PRESSURE 

-o 
VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS 

1987 BUICK LESABRE 1988 FORD TAURUS 

PORT FUEL-INJECTED MULTI-POINT FUEL INJECTED 

3.8 LITER 3.0 LITER 

18 GALLON TANK 16 GALLON TANK 

SIDE FILL SIDE FILL 

TJ 
BACKGROUND DATA ON PRODUCTION ECS SYSTEMS 

BUICK 

SEPARATE 1/2" FUEL TANK VENT 

EQRD 

SEPARATE 5/8" FUEL TANK VENT 

0.057" ORIFICE BETWEEN TANK AND 

CANISTER 

0.030" ORIFICE BETWEEN TANK AND 

CANISTER 

0.078" ORIFICE BETWEEN CANISTER 

AND PORTED MANIFOLD PURGE 

PURGE ENTERS VIA PCV 

ABOVE 5 MPH 

COOLANT TEMP ABOVE ~ 125 OF 

1 MINUTE LAG AFTER ENGINE ON 3MIN 25SEC LAG AFTER ENGINE ON 

THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR 

VOLTAGE > 0.75 

SOLENOID VALVE DUTY CYCLE MODULATED SOLENOID VALVE DUTY CYCLE-TIME 

MODULATED 

TJ 

bo 
PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF 

ENHANCED ONBOARD SYSTEM 

Standard 

Fillpipe 

With Vent 

Rerouted to 

Canister 

Purged 

HC Vapors 

To Engine 

Opening 

From Tank 

and 

Rollover 

Valve Enlarged 

Charcoal 

Canister 

HC Vapors 

« 0 2 
BUICK REFUELING DATA 

BASE CAR 

CONTROLLED CAR 

PROPOSED STANDARD 

REFUELING 

RATE 

GAL/MIN 

9.5 

9.5 

-» M •• 

GRAMS/GAL 

HC 

4.86 

0.05 

0.10 

% CONTROI 

— 

99.0 

«• « 

REGULATED EMISSIONS 

STANDARDS 

BASE CAR 

CONTROLLED CAR 

_C1L 

G/NI 

3.4 

2.07 

1.50 

JUL 

G/NI 

0.41 

0.28 

0.27 

NOx 

G/MI 

1.00 

v.Z-w 

0.25 

_£VAP 

G/TEST 

2.0 

0.58 

0.43 

Tl 
AVG 

AVG 

AVERAGE 

FUEL RATS 

GMP 

9.4 

9.7 

9.5 

9.5 

9.6 

-

9.6 

-

9.7 

9.3 

9.8 

9.9 

BUICK REFUELING DATA 

(5L CANISTER) 

9 RVP 

BASE VEHICLE 

. 

REFUELING EMISSION? 

GRAMS/GAL 

4.99 

5.01 

4.57 

4.86 

CONTROLLED VEHICLE 

10.5 RVP 

0.07 

0.08 

0.05 

0.01 

0.05 

0.01 

0.07 

0.05 

0.02 

0.01 

\ CONTROL 

-

-

— 

98.5% 

98.4% 

99.0% 

99.8% 

99.0% 

99.8%

 4 

98.6% 

99.0% 

i 

99.6% 

99.8% 

T 
BUICK REGULATED EMISSIONS 

AVG 

AVG 

CO 

G/M 

2.029 

2.107 

2.068 

1.454 

1.765 

1.495 

1.291 

1.501* 

HC 

G/M 

0.271 

0.291 

0.281 

0.271 

0.295 

0.247 

0.253 

0.267 

HOX 

G/M 

c- 0.270 

0.284 

0.277 

DIURNAL 

G/T 

BASE VEHICLE 

0.24 

0.42 

0.33 

CONTROLLED VEHICLE 

0.283 

0.290 

0.225 

0.186 

0.246 

-

0.20 

0.35 

0.14 

0.23 

HOT SOAK 

G/T 

0.27 

0.22 

0.25 

-

0.16 

0.34 

0.15 

0.22 

TOTAL EVAP 

G/T 

0.51 

0.64 

0.58 

-

0.36 

0.69 

0.29 

0.43 

* CONTROLLED CAR CARBON MONOXIDE IS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN BASE CAR. 
REFUELINQ CANISTER PLACEMENT 

1988 TAURUS 

Line to 

Canister 

To Tank 

2835-0 1 

TJ 

Eo 
BASE CAR 

CONTROLLED CAR 

PROPOSED STANDARD 

TAURUS REFUELING DATA 

REFUELING 

RATE 

GAL/NIN 

9.6 

9.7 

m.mmmm 

GRANS/GAL 

HC 

5.0 

0.05 

0.10 

% CONTROL 

99.0 

REGULATED EMISSIONS 

STANDARDS 

BASE CAR 

CONTROLLED CAR 

JCJL 

G/NI 

3.4 

1.38 

1.08 

J U L 

G/NI 

0.41 

0.18 

0.15 

NOx 

G/NI 

1.00 

0.39 

0.42 

JVAP 

6/TEST 

2.0 

0.22 

0.77 

Tl 
TAURUS REFUELING DATA 

AVG. 

AVG. 

GMP 

. . -

9.7 

9.5 

4.95 

9.3 

9.5 

-

9.8 

9.3 

9.8 

9.6 

9.8 

9.7 

9.8 

9.8 

3.5L CANISTER 

9 RYP 

G/GAL 

BASE VEHICLE 

5.02 

5.12 

4.72 

CONTRQUE P VEHICLE 

0.07 

0.07 

0.05 

0.05 

0.04 

0.05 

0.04 

0.02 

0.09 

0.05 

10,5 RVP 

0.02 

0.02 

% CONTROL 

- -

•--

- -

98.6 

98.6 

99.0 

99.0 

99.2 

99.0 

99.2 

99.4 

28x2 

98.9 

99.6 

99.6 

TJ 

_EJi 
TAURUS PECULATED EMISSIONS 

AVG 

CO 

G/M 

1.410 

1.434 

1.254 

1.405 

1.376 

HC 

G/M 

0.174 

0.180 

0.194 

0.183 

0.183 

NOX 

G/M 

DIURNAL 

G/T 

BASE VEHICLE 

0.457 

0.346 

0.372 

0.374 

0.387 

0.07 

0.07 

0.13 

0.14 

1.10 

CONTROLLED VEHICLE 

H OT SOAK TOTAL 

G/T G/T 

0.12 

0.10 

0.12 

0.12 

0.12 

Q.19 

0.17 

0.25 

0.26 

0.22 

1.175 - 0.447 0.40 0.28 0.68 

1.083 0.146 0.437 0.55 0.42 0.97 

0.967 0.143 0.375 0.38 0.30 0.68 

AVG 1.075* 0.145 0.420 0.44 0.37 0.77 

CONTROLLED CAR CARBON MONOXIDE IS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN BASE CAR. 
50 MPH 

40 MPH 

35 MPH 

30 MPH 

25 MPH 

20 MPH 

LA-4 

GRANS HC PURGED 

1 LA-4 

FRON SATURATION 

PURGE CHARACTERISTICS 

• J:ui H O 

1.2 LPM 

0.5 LPM 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1.9 

11 

BUICK 

NN PWOARD 

13.4 

M MB 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4.2 

34 

• :*•• ' -i 

FORD 

PRODUCTION & ONBOARD 

U.O 

11.0 

11.0 

11.0 

11.0 

0 

4.5 

35 

i 
P.18 

BUICK PURGE DRIVEDOWN 

ABILITY TO 

ABSORB HC 

grtttntt 

160 

140 -

120 -

100 

2 8 4 6 

SIMULATED DAY 

1 SIMULATED DAY - 1 DIURNAL • 6 LA-4'8 WITH 1 HOUR HOT SOAK 
P.19 

FORD PURGE DRIVEDOWN 

ABILITY TO 

ABSORB HC 

grwn* 

180 

140 -

120 

100 -

SO 

SO 

40 

20 

: ; ; . : 1 1 

; ' 1 ) 

; i 1 

y^^ \ 

/ \ \ 

f i i i i i 1 „ _., 

8 4 

8IMULATED DAY 

1 SIMULATED DMT • 1 DIURNAL • 8 LA-4'8 WITH 1 HOUR HOT SOAK 
AVERAGE CANISTER PERFORMANCE 

Dodgo 

E 

Ol 

o 

X 

S 

o 

Daily TEal Saquanca Is 3 LA-4 Cycles 

Spaced WHh 1 Hour Not Soaftn 

FoMowad By Ona Diurnal Taal 

1

 Oay 1'Day 2 ( Oay a 1 Oay 4 ' Oay S1 Oay • » Oay 7 1 Oay t'Oayt' 

! 
P.21 

DODGE CANISTER WEIGHT GAIN 

ONBOARD REFUEUNG SrSTEM 

170 

—r~ 

24 

i— 

12 16 

(Thouaondi) 

MILEAGE 

D 7/l3/ » 

20 28 
OTHER FUEL SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 

"RUNNING LOSSES" FROM HOT FUEL TANK VAPORS ARE OF INCREASING 

CONCERN TO EPA 

• MANY CURRENT PRODUCTION CARS OPERATE UITH PRESSURIZED FUEL TANKS 

HYDROCARBONS RELEASED TO ATMOSPHERE UHEN CAP OPENED 

ENHANCED CANISTER BUILT INTO FRAME UILL PROVIDE GREATER CONTROL 

OF THESE EMISSIONS 
SAFETY ADVANTAGES 

• CANISTER SYSTEM RELOCATED FROM ENGINE COMPARTMENT TO PROTECTED 

POSITION WITHIN REAR FRAME 

SHORTER VAPOR LINE TO CANISTER, REFUELING VENT LINE ELIMINATED, 

NO VAPOR - LIQUID SEPARATOR NEEDED 

• FUEL TANKS NO LONGER UNDER PRESSURE 

• FEUER FUEL TANK PENETRATIONS 

OVERALL DESIGN LESS COMPLEX THAN CURRENT PRODUCTION EVAPORATIVE 

CONTROL SYSTEMS 

ro 

co 
CONCLUSIONS 

• LESS COMPLEX THAN CURRENT EVAPORATIVE CONTROL SYSTEM 

• CANISTER I N A CRASH/WORTHY LOCATION IN VEHICLE 

FRAME/PLATFORM 

• FUEL TANK NO LONGER UNDER PRESSURE 

• 99% CONTROL OF REFUELING EMISSIONS DEMONSTRATED 

• TAILPIPE EMISSION CONTROL MAINTAINED OR IMPROVED 

- LOUER CO 

ro 
P.25 

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AVG 

CO EFFECT 

Ctt _ CO BAG I CO BAG 2 CO BAG 3 

GM/MILE GMS GMS GMS 

FORD BASE VEHICLE 

1.410 

1.434 

1.254 

1.405 

1.376 

17.36 

19.20 

15.97 

18.79 

17.83 

0.61 

0.43 

0.39 

0.38 

0.45 

4.38 

3.64 

3.76 

3.63 

3.85 

CONTROLLED VEHICLE 

3.73 

3.88 

AVG 1.075 13.11 0.31 3.70 

1.175 

1.083 

0.967 

1.075 

14.60 

13.10 

1LM 

13.11 

0.41 

0.25 

JL2Z 

0.31 

ro 

0) 
TAURUS PURSE DATA 

DIURNAL NO. 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

STARTING WEIGHT 

PRECONDITIONING LA-4 

OVERNIGHT SOAK 

DIURNAL TEST 

TAILPIPE EMISSIONS 

HOT SOAK TEST 

BASE VEHICLE 

RELATIVE ECS CANISTER WEIGHT 

GRAMS 

+2 

0 

+1 

+21 

+1 

+3 

+5 

0 

+2 

+22 

0 

+2 

19 

39 

59 

74 

79 

79 

34 

36 

54 

20 

21 

43 

59 

76 

81 

81 

38 

41 

58 

23 

24 
API 

REFUEUNG SYSTEM 

ro 

oo 
PURGE VACUUM VALVE 

CANISTER VENT 

PURGE VACUUM LINE 

FILL PIPE 

ONBOARD CANISTER 

FUEL TANK VENT LINE 

FUELTANK 

API REFUELING SYSTEM 
REFUEUNG VENT UNE 

PURGE VACUUM LINE 

\ 

VAPOR VENT UNE 

FILLPIPE 

FUELTANK 

PURGE VACUUM VALVE EVAPORATIVE CANISTER 

CURRENT EVAPORATIVE SYSTEM 
P.31 

•z: : T

. • i ,r'<-< 

mummmm 

'WZ' yim "M "' 
VAPOR VENT LINE TO 

EVAPORATIVE CANISTER 

ROLLOVER VENT VALVE 

FILL PIPE 

REFUELING 

VENT LINE 
FUEL TANK VENT LINE TO 

ONBOARD CANISTER 

ROLLOVER VENT VALVE 

FILL PIPE 
FUEL LINES 

ROLLOVER/VENT 

VALVE 

PURGE VACUUM 

LINE 

FUELTANK 

VENT LINE 

FUELTANK 

VENT 

ONBOARD CANISTER 

1 
EXISTING FRAME 

CROSSMEMBER 

PURGE 

VACUUM 

LINE 

FUELTANK 

VENT LINE 

ONBOARD CANISTER 

EXISTING FRAME 

RAIL 

VENT 

FUELTANK 
ADVANTAGES 

No Pressure Buildup in 

Fuel Tank 

Canister in Rear 

Protected Position 

Exposed Refueling Vent 

Line Removed from 

Fill Pipe 

Tank Vents Through 

Short Protected Line 

to Canister