#### Valentine W. Cornelius et al., Plaintiffs, *v.*Sarah N. Hall, Defendant.

(Supreme Court, Queens Trial Term,

November, 1900.)

Ejectment — Adverse possession.

A claim of title to real estate may be made as effectively by acts alone as by assertions of such a claim.

Where the grantor of a person in actual possession since, and claiming title to land under, a deed executed on September 26, 1878, was shown to have gone into possession and built a house upon the land in 1865 or 1866 and to have remained in possession until he conveyed, the court considered an adverse possession of twenty years to have been established as against a claimant who brought ejectment against the grantee on September 24, 1898.

Action of ejectment. Defence, adverse possession under a claim of title. Both sides moved the court to direct a verdict.

Wilmot T. Cox for plaintiffs.

A. P. Baxter for defendant.

Gaynor, J.:

The defendant has been in actual possession of the land claiming title since September 26th, 1818, under a deed of conveyance thereof to her of that date by Thomas Willets who died thereafter in the same year. This deed was recorded October 1st, 1818. This action was begun on September 24th, 1898, i *e.,*two days before title by adverse possession under the said deed, reckoning from its date, would have become complete, or seven days counting from the date of recording, or a few weeks counting from the death of Willets, who continued to reside on the property, and it may be in apparent possession of it, until his death; the defendant, who was his niece, living with him. If the defendant can eke out this short period by an adverse possession of her grantor under a claim of title she is entitled to a verdict. He went into actual possession of the land, and built a house thereon costing about $500, in 1865 or 1866, and continued in such possession and cultivated the land until he conveyed it to the defendant. A claim of title may be made by acts alone just as *664effectively as by assertions of such claim.. Such acts are often-much more satisfactory evidence than oral assertions. The acts-of building the house and living in it, and cultivating the land, and exclusively possessing it, are sufficient evidence to support a. finding of fact that he claimed title. In addition, he stated to-two persons called as witnesses that he owned the land. This is competent evidence.

Against this the plaintiffs profess to show that the title is in them by a chain of grants, devises and descents beginning with the Andros grant from the crown to the town of Oyster Bay in 1677. This is supplemented by oral evidence that the defendant’s grantor, Willets, was in possession as a tenant. ' This evidence is quite vague, being the recollection of two persons belonging to the family of the plaintiffs. Matilda Cock, now 75 years old, says that she does not know that Willets paid any rent, but that she heard him “say he paid rent for it”, adding: “he used to pay only a dollar a year — that was just a squatter’s privilege”. She does not fix a date, but it was apparently 35 or 40 years ago. None of the circumstances leading to such a declaration are given. This scarcely rises to the dignity of safe evidence, though the witness is doubtless a truthful woman. It seems to be more of a statement of a conclusion. The same is the case with the evidence of William Cock. He says in general words that he once heard his father say to Willets, “ You know you have not any right, there ”, and Willets respond, “ Yes, I am perfectly well aware that I have not a particle of right there at all ”. The reason for this does not appear, nor could any exist if Willets was a tenant paying rent as is contended. This witness also says that after-wards up to about 1871 Willets several times “ expressed satisfaction of his being allowed to live there ”. What called forth such repeated expressions, or to whom they were made is not disclosed. Though a truthful man, it must be remembered that Mr. Cock is at the age of 68 testifying to what he could have heard only casually from 34 to 38 years ago. I think the jury would have found for the defendant.

I direct a verdict for the defendant.