[Cite as State v. Brock, 2021-Ohio-1279.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

ADAMS COUNTY 

State of Ohio, : Case Nos. 20CA1123 

 20CA1124 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, : 

v. : DECISION AND 

 JUDGMENT ENTRY 

Julie Brock, : 

 

 Defendant-Appellant. : RELEASED 4/9/2021 

______________________________________________________________________ 

APPEARANCES: 

Brian T. Goldberg, Cincinnati, Ohio, for appellant. 

David Kelley, Adams County Prosecutor, and Anthony Hurst, Assistant Adams County 

Prosecutor, West Union, Ohio, for appellee. 

______________________________________________________________________ 

Hess, J. 

{¶1} Julie Brock appeals her possession of drug sentences in two cases, and 

we sua sponte consolidate the appeals for purposes of decision. Brock asserts that the 

trial court erred when it imposed a fine in each case and that we must vacate the fines 

under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). Brock suggests the fines are clearly and convincingly 

contrary to law because the trial court failed to consider her present and future ability to 

pay them as required by R.C. 2929.19(B)(5); however, the record demonstrates 

compliance with the statute. Brock also asserts that the record does not clearly and 

convincingly support the fines because she proved that she lacks the present or future 

ability to pay them. However, R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) does not permit an appellate court to 

vacate a fine on the basis that the record does not support a finding on ability to pay 

under R.C. 2929.19(B)(5). Accordingly, we reject Brock’s challenge to the fines. 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 2 

{¶2} Next, Brock asserts that the trial court erred when it imposed court costs in 

each case. Brock acknowledges the court had a statutory duty to render a judgment 

against her for the costs of prosecution but suggests the court abused its discretion by 

not waiving the costs under R.C. 2947.23(C) or cancelling them under R.C. 2303.23 

because she lacks the present or future ability to pay them. However, Brock did not 

move for waiver or cancellation of the costs at the trial level and therefore has forfeited 

all but plain error as to these issues. She does not argue plain error on appeal, and we 

decline to construct a plain error argument on her behalf. Accordingly, we reject Brock’s 

challenge to the costs and affirm the trial court’s judgments. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

{¶3} The Adams County grand jury indicted Brock on two fifth-degree felony 

counts of possession of drugs in case number 2019-0128 and one fifth-degree felony 

count of possession of drugs in case number 2019-0142. The court appointed counsel 

for her in each case, and Brock initially pleaded not guilty to the charges. 

Subsequently, in 2019-0128, Brock pleaded guilty to one count of possession of drugs 

in exchange for dismissal of the other count, and in 2019-0412, Brock pleaded guilty as 

charged. The court ordered a presentence investigation report (“PSI”). 

{¶4} At the sentencing hearing, the court indicated that it had considered the 

PSI and summarized its contents on the record. According to the PSI, Brock was 48 

years old and had been married for 30 years; however, Brock indicated that she and her 

husband were separated at the time of the sentencing hearing. The PSI stated that 

Brock had graduated high school, had attended college for several years but did not 

earn a degree, had no further educational or vocational training, and had no military 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 3 

history. According to the PSI, Brock “reported to be in poor health as she suffers from 

lupus, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, Epstein Barr syndrome, and arthritis.” However, 

she was not under a physician’s care or prescribed any medications, had no “known 

diseases,” and had “never received any mental health treatment.” The PSI indicated 

that Brock “reported no work history,” receives $587 per month from Social Security 

disability, and has a medical card. The PSI also noted that Brock “owns her home 

located on 6.9 acres” and that she had listed her financial obligations as a house 

payment, utilities, insurance, and taxes. 

{¶5} In each case, the court sentenced Brock to two years of community 

control and ordered a period of intensive supervision, community service, weekly 

attendance of AA/NA meetings, and 45 days in county jail. The court asked Brock what 

fines it should impose, and she said: “That’s entirely up to you. I’m not, I’m not a 

professional. I’m not, you’ve got a law degree. You’ve got all this I’m just telling you 

what I, I would appreciate if you would just have some mercy on me * * * [sic].” In each 

case, the court imposed a $1,500 fine and ordered Brock “to pay all costs of 

prosecution, and any supervision fees permitted pursuant to ORC 2929.18(A)(4).” The 

court asked Brock how much of the fines she could “afford to pay” each month. Brock 

evidently already owed $7,500 in fines and costs in a Scioto County case and owed 

money in an Adams County case. She responded: “I’m paying $40 a piece or a $40 in 

Portsmouth. And then I have, um, the town here I am $30 every month. Um, so could I 

just pay $40 or $20 on each one or does it [inaudible] together? Can I just pay $40 on 

this one too? Well, well, I got probation fees too, so I only get like $587.50 a month 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 4 

[sic].” The court ordered her to pay $25 per month toward each $1,500 fine, and Brock 

said, “Yes sir.” During the sentencing hearing, the court also stated that it 

specifically finds in the imposition of these financial sanctions the 

defendant has the past present future [sic] income ability and or potential 

to satisfy these financial sanctions. Uh, she had suggested as part of her 

sentence that, uh, Scioto County was fair uh, apparently less union was 

fair [sic], and she has the ability to pay these. She has a 6.9 acres [sic] 

and a home as well as assets for these reasons the court finds he [sic] 

has the past present future [sic] income ability to satisfy these financial 

sanctions.” 

The sentencing entries also state: “The Court specifically finds in the imposition of 

financial sanctions that the defendant has the past, present and future income 

ability and/or potential to satisfy all financial sanctions as imposed.” (Emphasis 

sic.) 

{¶6} Brock appealed her sentence in 2019-0128 in Adams App. No. 20CA1124 

and her sentence in 2019-0142 in Adams App. No. 20CA1123. 

II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR 

{¶7} Brock presents the same two assignments of error in each appeal: 

1. “The trial court erred in imposing a fine against Ms. Brock.” 

2. “The trial court erred in imposing court costs on Ms. Brock.” 

III. LAW AND ANALYSIS 

A. Fines 

{¶8} In the first assignment of error in each appeal, Brock challenges the trial 

court’s imposition of a fine. Brock maintains that we must apply the standard of review 

in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) and vacate the fines. She suggests the fines are clearly and 

convincingly contrary to law because the record does not support the conclusion that 

the trial court considered her present and future ability to pay them as required by R.C. 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 5 

2929.19(B)(5). Brock also asserts that the record does not clearly and convincingly 

support the fines because she proved that she lacks the present or future ability to pay 

them. Brock highlights the fact that she filed an affidavit of indigency, that the trial court 

appointed counsel for her, that she has “a lot of illnesses including lupus and receives 

SSI disability of $550 per month,” and that she pays “$70 a month in fines/costs to other 

courts” in addition to regular household expenses. Brock acknowledges that she 

sometimes helps her mom “working at a shop” but asserts that her only payment is 

“help with cigarettes and stuff.” Brock also acknowledges that she owns 6.9 acres of 

land and a home but notes that during the arraignment hearing, she told the court the 

property was in foreclosure. 

{¶9} R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) states: 

The court hearing an appeal under division (A), (B), or (C) of this section 

shall review the record, including the findings underlying the sentence or 

modification given by the sentencing court. 

The appellate court may increase, reduce, or otherwise modify a sentence 

that is appealed under this section or may vacate the sentence and 

remand the matter to the sentencing court for resentencing. The appellate 

court’s standard for review is not whether the sentencing court abused its 

discretion. The appellate court may take any action authorized by this 

division if it clearly and convincingly finds either of the following: 

(a) That the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings under 

division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13, division (B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of section 

2929.14, or division (I) of section 2929.20 of the Revised Code, 

whichever, if any, is relevant; 

(b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law. 

{¶10} R.C. 2929.18(A) authorizes a court sentencing an offender for a felony to 

“sentence the offender to any financial sanction or combination of financial sanctions 

authorized under” that section. R.C. 2929.18(A)(3)(e) permits the court to impose a fine 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 6 

upon a fifth-degree felony offender in an amount not more than $2,500. “Before 

imposing a financial sanction under section R.C. 2929.18 of the Revised Code * * *, the 

court shall consider the offender’s present and future ability to pay the amount of the 

sanction or fine.” R.C. 2929.19(B)(5). “A court that imposes a financial sanction upon 

an offender may hold a hearing if necessary to determine whether the offender is able 

to pay the sanction or is likely in the future to be able to pay it,” R.C. 2929.18(E), but it is 

not required to do so, State v. Moscoso, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2018-0012, 2018-

Ohio-2877, ¶ 79. In general, a sentencing court’s imposition of a financial sanction 

under R.C. 2929.18 is contrary to law when the record fails to indicate that the court 

made even a cursory inquiry into the offender’s present and future ability to pay the 

sanction. See State v. Lykins, 2017-Ohio-9390, 102 N.E.3d 503, ¶ 11 (4th Dist.). 

“ ‘This is a low standard.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Smith, 2017-Ohio-7740, 97 N.E.3d 

1068, ¶ 47 (10th Dist.). “Thus, as long as the record contains some indication that the 

trial court considered the offender’s present and future ability to pay the sanction or fine, 

the court’s imposition of a financial sanction is not contrary to law.” Id.

{¶11} Although preferable for appellate review, “a trial court need not expressly 

state on the record that it considered an offender’s ability to pay.” Id. at ¶ 12. “[W]hen a 

trial court fails to make an explicit finding regarding an offender’s ability to pay, a 

reviewing court may consider the entire record to ascertain whether this finding may be 

inferred.” Id. If the record demonstrates “ ‘that the court considered a presentence 

investigation report that provides pertinent information about the offender’s financial 

situation and his [or her] ability to pay the financial sanction, it has met its obligation 

under R.C. 2929.19(B)(5).’ ” Id. at ¶ 12, quoting State v. Petrie, 4th Dist. Meigs No. 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 7 

12CA4, 2013-Ohio-887, ¶ 5. However, “courts have upheld financial sanctions even in 

the absence of a presentence investigation report.” Id. Moreover, this court has “been 

reluctant to recognize error in imposing financial sanctions when an offender fails to 

argue before the trial court that the offender lacks the present or future ability to pay and 

fails to present testimony or evidence to that effect.” Id.

{¶12} “R.C. 2929.19(B)(5) does not specify any particular factors that the court 

must consider, or findings that the court must make, when considering the offender's 

present and future ability to pay.” Id. at ¶ 13. “[R]eviewing courts generally have 

identified some of the following factors as relevant when considering an offender's 

ability to pay: (1) the offender’s age; (2) the offender’s employment history and potential; 

(3) the offender’s education; (4) the offender’s health; (5) the length of the offender’s 

prison term; (6) the offender’s source of income; (7) the offender’s income potential; (8) 

whether the offender is indigent; and (9) the amount of the fine.” Id. 

{¶13} The trial court’s imposition of the fines was not clearly and convincingly 

contrary to law. Each $1,500 fine is within the $2,500 limit in R.C. 2929.18(A)(3)(e), and 

the record demonstrates that the court considered Brock’s present and future ability to 

pay the fines before it imposed them as required by R.C. 2929.19(B)(5). At the 

sentencing hearing, the court made an explicit finding regarding Brock’s ability to pay, 

and the court reiterated that finding in the sentencing entries, finding Brock “has the 

past, present and future income ability and/or potential to satisfy all financial 

sanctions as imposed.” (Emphasis sic.) Moreover, the record reflects that the court 

had information from which it could consider Brock’s present and future ability to pay. 

The court was aware of Brock’s indigent status, but the fact that “a trial court finds a 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 8 

defendant indigent for purposes of appointed counsel does not mean that the defendant 

lacks the future ability to pay.” Lykins, 2017-Ohio-9390, 102 N.E.3d 503, at ¶ 17. The 

court also considered a presentence investigation report which provided pertinent 

information about Brock’s financial situation and ability to pay such as her age, 

employment history, education, health, income, and assets. In addition, the court gave 

Brock an opportunity to recommend an amount for the fines, and she did not remind the 

court that her house was in foreclosure, assert that she lacked the present or future 

ability to pay any amount, or ask to present evidence on that subject. Brock did not 

object when the court imposed a $1,500 fine in each case—well below the maximum 

allowed by law. The court specifically inquired about how much of the fines Brock could 

afford to pay each month, and she suggested a payment plan of $20 per month in each 

case—$5 less than what the court ordered in each case. 

{¶14} Although Brock challenges the trial court’s assessment of her ability to 

pay, nothing in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) authorizes this court to vacate a fine on the basis 

that the record does not support a sentencing court’s finding on ability to pay under R.C. 

2929.19(B)(5). “R.C 2953.08(G)(2)(a) permits an appellate court to modify or vacate a 

sentence if it clearly and convincingly finds that ‘the record does not support the 

sentencing court’s findings under’ certain specified statutory provisions.” State v. 

Jones, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2020-Ohio-6729, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 28. R.C. 2929.19(B)(5) 

is not among the provisions listed. “Only R.C. 2929.13(B) and (D), 2929.14(B)(2)(e) 

and (C)(4), and 2929.20(I) are specified.” Id. Moreover, “an appellate court’s 

determination that the record does not support a sentence does not equate to a 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 9 

determination that the sentence is ‘otherwise contrary to law’ as that term is used 

in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b).” Id. at ¶ 32. 

{¶15} For the foregoing reasons, we overrule the first assignment of error in 

each appeal. 

B. Costs 

{¶16} In the second assignment of error in each appeal, Brock challenges the 

trial court’s imposition of court costs. Brock acknowledges that the trial court had a 

statutory duty to render a judgment against her for the costs of prosecution but suggests 

the court abused its discretion by not waiving the costs under R.C. 2947.23(C) or 

cancelling them under R.C. 2303.23. Brock asserts that it is unlikely that she will ever 

be able to pay the costs because she is indigent, she is on a fixed income, “it does not 

appear that she will be able to work anytime in the foreseeable future,” and “[a]ny 

significant assets she does own appear to be hindered by debts and foreclosure.” 

{¶17} R.C. 2947.23(A)(1)(a) states: “In all criminal cases, * * * the judge * * * 

shall include in the sentence the costs of prosecution * * * and render a judgment 

against the defendant for such costs.” However, R.C. 2947.23(C) states that “[t]he court 

retains jurisdiction to waive, suspend, or modify the payment of the costs of prosecution 

* * * at the time of sentencing or at any time thereafter.” R.C. 2947.23(C) “provides no 

explicit criteria that a court should use in deciding whether to waive, suspend, or modify 

costs.” State v. Taylor, 161 Ohio St.3d 319, 2020-Ohio-3514, 163 N.E.3d 486, ¶ 8. “[A] 

trial court is not required to consider the defendant’s ability to pay in assessing a motion 

to waive, suspend, or modify court costs under R.C. 2947.23(C), though it is permitted 

to do so.” Id. at ¶ 16. R.C. 2303.23 states: “If at any time the court finds that an 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 10 

amount owing to the court is due and uncollectible, in whole or in part, the court may

direct the clerk of the court to cancel all or part of the claim. The clerk shall then effect 

the cancellation.” (Emphasis added.) This statute is “merely permissive” and does “not 

require consideration of ability to pay.” Taylor at ¶ 15. 

{¶18} Generally, an appellate court reviews a trial court’s decision whether to 

waive costs of prosecution under R.C. 2947.23(C) or to cancel an amount owing to the 

court under R.C. 2303.23 for an abuse of discretion. See State v. Harris, 2d Dist. 

Greene No. 2019-CA-57, 2020-Ohio-3056, ¶ 12-13, 20. However, Brock did not move 

the court for waiver or cancellation of the costs of her prosecution. Crim.R. 52(B) 

states: “Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they 

were not brought to the attention of the court.” To prevail under the plain error standard, 

“the defendant must establish that an error occurred, it was obvious, and it affected his 

or her substantial rights.” State v. Fannon, 2018-Ohio-5242, 117 N.E.3d 10, ¶ 21 (4th 

Dist.), citing Crim.R. 52(B). “Notice of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken 

with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a 

manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 

(1978), paragraph three of the syllabus. 

{¶19} Brock has not argued plain error on appeal, and we decline to construct a 

plain error argument on her behalf. See State v. Steers, 4th Dist. Washington No. 

11CA33, 2013-Ohio-3266, ¶ 20 (declining to sua sponte review an assignment of error 

using a plain error analysis). We do, however, observe that the only reasons Brock has 

given as to why the trial court should have waived the costs under R.C. 2947.23(C) or 

cancelled them under R.C. 2303.23 relate to her inability to pay them, and we reiterate 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 11 

that those statutes do not require consideration of ability to pay. See Taylor at ¶ 15-16. 

We overrule the second assignment of error in each appeal. 

IV. CONCLUSION 

{¶20} Having overruled the assignments of error, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgments. 

JUDGMENTS AFFIRMED. 
Adams App. Nos. 20CA1123 & 20CA1124 12 

JUDGMENT ENTRY 

 It is ordered that the JUDGMENTS ARE AFFIRMED and that Appellant shall pay 

the costs. 

 The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

 It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Adams 

County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution. 

 IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS 

BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is

temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously 

posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme 

Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. 

If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the 

sixty-day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the 

Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of 

the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court 

of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as 

of the date of such dismissal. 

 A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of 

the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

Smith, P.J. & Wilkin, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion. 

 For the Court 

 BY: ________________________ 

 Michael D. Hess, Judge 

NOTICE TO COUNSEL 

 Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment 

entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing 

with the clerk.