ISABEL PEREZ FARFAN Western Atlantic

Shrimps of the

Genus Metapenaeopsis

V (Crustacea, Decapoda,

' Penaeidae), with

Descriptions of

Three New Species ±

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 79
SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed

by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement:

"It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries

in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge

not strictly professional." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the

years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian

imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing

with the following active series:

Smithsonian Annals of Flight

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to ^oology

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing

with the research and collections of its several museums and offices.and of professional

colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts,

synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. Each publication is distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, institutes, and interested

specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available.

S. DILLON RIPLEY

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 79

Isabel Perez Farfante Western Atlantic

Shrimps of the

Genus Metapenaeopsis

(Crustacea, Decapoda,

Penaeidae), with

Descriptions of

Three New Species

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON
ABSTRACT

Perez Farfante, Isabel. Western Atlantic Shrimps of the Genus Metapenaeopsis

(Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae), with Descriptions of Three New Species.

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 79: 1-S7. 1971. Five species of the genus

Metapenaeopsis occur in the western Atlantic, three of which are described as new.

A key for their separation, synonymies, disposition of the types, diagnoses, detailed

descriptions, and illustrations are presented for each species, and their affinities are

discussed. Their geographic and bathymetric ranges together with data on habits

and habiuts are also included. The morphology and development of the peculiar

asymmetrical petasma of Metapenaeopsis have been investigated, and correlations

made with previous significant works.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1971

For ule by the Superintendent of Document., VS. Government Printing Offlc*

Washington, D.C. 80408 - Price 45 cents (paper cover)
Isabel Pirez Farfante Western Atlantic

Shrimps of the

Genus Metapenaeopsis

(Crustacea, Decapoda,

Penaeidae), with

Descriptions of

Three New Species

Introduction

The American species of the genus Metapenaeopsis

were investigated by Burkenroad (1934) who redefined the taxon and reduced it to a subgenus of

the genus Penaeopsis. Not only did he present a

critical review of the earlier literature, but he also

contributed greatly to our understanding of the

genus as a whole. In the last three decades additions

to our knowledge of the New World species have

been limited essentially to records of their presence

in various areas. One exception is the description of

the general morphology of "Penaeopsis goodei

(Smith)" by Williams (1965).

Until a large collection of these shrimps from the

western Atlantic recently became available to me,

the abundance of the Metapenaeopsis fauna, and its

wide distribution along the east coast of America

had not been realized. This material has allowed me

to present a more detailed account of the morphology—particularly of the external genitalia—of the

various species, to follow the development of the

petasma through the juvenile stage, and to investigate the ranges of morphological variation in two

species. Three new species are added to the genus,

and the known distributions of those previously

described are extended. Included also is a review

Isabel Pern Farfante, Systematic Biologist, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Systematics Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

20560.

of earlier works on die genus and an evaluation of

the petasmal characteristics in diagnosing superspecific taxa. Carapace length (c.l.) was measured

from the orbital margin to the midposterior margin

of the carapace, and total length (t.l.) from the apex

of the rostrum to the posterior end of the telson.

Metapenaeopsis is treated as a separate genus,

rather than as a subgenus of Penaeopsis; I thus follow Kubo (1949) who concluded that these shrimps

possess a number of characters of generic rank. The

asymmetrical petasma is unique and undoubtedly

the most outstanding generic feature. Burkenroad

(1959) indicated that a generic status for Metapenaeopsis "will probably prove acceptable as a convenience, after these groups have become better

understood."

Acknowledgments

I thank Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., for making available

to me the extensive material collected during the

Oregon and Silver Bay cruises; Jacques Forest for

the loan of the specimens taken from the Calypso;

Gilbert L. Voss and Frederick M. Bayer for permitting me to study the collections made during the

Gerda and Pillsbury expeditions; Willard D.

Hartman and Herbert W. Levi for lending me the

Metapenaeopsis of the Peabody Museum of Natural

History and the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

respectively; Waldo L. Schmitt and Lipke B.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Holthuis for their help in locating the types of

Metapenaeopsis smithi (Schmitt), and Thomas £.

Bowman, Fenner A. Chace, Jr., and Horton H.

Hobbs, Jr., for their constructive criticisms of the

manuscript Finally, special thanks go to Maria M.

Dieguez for preparing the illustrations, without

which this work would be far less useful to future

students of the genus Metapenaeopsis.

The material examined in this study is located in

the following institutions, cited by their abbreviations: American Museum of Natural History

(AMNH) ; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle,

Paris (MNHNP); Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Harvard University (MCZ); Peabody Museum of

Natural History, Yale University (YPM); Rosenstiel

School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami (RSMAS); and the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution (USNM).

The asymmetrical petasma

The major studies of the structure and probable

homologies of the asymmetrical petasma are rather

difficult to comprehend because of the various terminologies employed and the lack of precision in

delimiting certain structures. Below, I have discussed

these contributions in an attempt to assist others in

comparing and interpreting previous descriptions.

The generalized pattern of the asymmetrical petasma was first described by Kishinouye (1929), who

presented a nomenclature for designating the most

conspicuous parts. He recognized that each petasmal

endopod is divided into anterior [distal] and posterior [proximal] halves, and that the distal half is

subdivided longitudinally into "external and internal pieces." Further, he stated that the left "internal

piece" is subdivided transversely, or transversely and

longitudinally. Burkenroad (1934) discussed KishiTABLE 1.—Nomenclature used by different authors in descriptions of the peculiar distal structures of the

petasma of Metapenaeopsis

Kishinouye (1929) Burkenroad (19M) Kubo (1949) Present study

Left external piece

Right external piece

Left internal piece

Right internal piece

proximal part

first distal part or

convoluted distal

part

second distal part

Left distoventral

projection

Right distoventral

projection

Distal portion of left

endopod divided

Distal portion of left

endopod simple

Distomedian lobe

Distoventral flap

Distolateral lobe

Left distoventral

projection

Right distoventral

projection

Left distordorsal

lobule and inner and

outer intermediate

strips (Indo-Padfic

spedes)

Left dorsal piece:

"distodorsal lobule

and inner and outer

intermediate strips..

united" (Indo-Padfic

spedes)

Right distodorsal

lobule

Distoventral flap

Distomedian lobule

Left distoventral projection

Right distoventral

projection

Left distodorsal element

and left distodorsal

projection (American

spedes)

Right distodorsal element,

and right distodorsal and

subapical projections

Distoventral flap

Distoventral element
NUMBER 79

distoventral element

distoventral flap

subapical projection

right distodorsal projection

left distodorsal

projection

left distodorsal

element

right distodorsal

right element

distoventral

projection

B

(

\ anterior part

ft) jmedian bridge

•o V

boss

hood

transverse plate

posterior ridge_J^

sternite XII

3rd pereopod

sternite XIII

4th pereopod

sternite XIV

5th pereopod

Fieuu 1.—Feature* of the external geniulia used in Metapenaeopsu taxonomy, A. Ventral view

of petasma. B. Dorsal view of petasma. c, Thdycum.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

nouye's work, and indicated the homologies between

the parts of the asymmetrical petasma with those of

the simple, symmetrical petasmata of Penaeus and

Penaeopsis megalops. He believed that each petasmal endopod is distally divided into three main

lobes, which he termed distomedian, distolateral,

and distoventral, and gave certain of the distal structures of the asymmetrical petasma the names of the

assumed corresponding homologous parts of the

symmetrical petasma. He stated that "Kishinouye's

'second distal part' is a much thickened and divided

distolateral lobe/' and, as explanation, added "as in

many forms with open petasma, a portion of this

lobe in Metapenaeopsis is spinose."

Burkenroad made two additional statements

which are not entirely clear. He wrote that Kishinouye's " 'internal piece' of the left endopod of the

petasma may be simple or may be divided into more

than one lobe; in the American species it is a simple

flexible flap." However, Kishinouye's "internal

piece" of the left endopod in the American species

of Metapenaeopsis consists of two parts: a rigid

proximal element and a distal projection, of which

only the latter may be described as a "flexible flap."

Burkenroad also stated that "Kishinouye's 'proximal

part' surmounting the dncinnulated median margin

of the endopod, is a fleshy, subdivided distomedian

lobe," but he did not identify the subdivisions, none

of which seem fleshy to me, but membranous or

highly sclerotized.

Kubo (1949) reviewed Burkenroad's terminology

and prepared a table showing equivalent names

used by Kishinouye and Burkenroad and those proposed by him. Unfortunately, in this table the first

two names (a., right distoventral projection and b.,

right distodorsal lobule) are transposed. In his figure

18, which illustrates his description and terminology

of the asymmetrical petasma, as well as in other

figures and descriptions in the text, he uses "right

distoventral projection" for the same structure that

Burkenroad termed the "right distoventral projection" and Kishinouye, the "right external piece."

Furthermore, Kubo applied "right distodorsal

lobule" in his figures and text to the dorsal portion

that Burkenroad termed the "distomedian lobe" and

Kishinouye the "proximal part."

Presented in Table 1 are the equivalents of the

nomenclature proposed by the three authors mentioned above and by me. Some of the terms used in

the present study have been used by one or more of

the other authors, but a few have been introduced

to substitute for those that seem misleading to me.

In Figure 1 are illustrated the various structures of

the petasma (A, B) , as well as the external (ventral)

parts of the thelycum (c). Kubo considered the

petasma as consisting of median and lateral lobes,

each folded longitudinally in two lobules, which

Perez Farfante (1969) designated the dorsomedian

and ventromedian lobules and the dorsolateral and

ventrolateral lobules. Kubo termed the rigid distal

portion of the dorsolateral lobule "distodorsal

lobule," which does not seem appropriate, since it

applies to only a part of the lobule; consequently

I refer to it as the "distodorsal element." The "distolateral lobe" of Burkenroad and "distomedian

lobule" of Kubo is a structure formed by Kubo's

"ventrolateral lobule." Burkenroad's designation is

too broad, and since the structure is neither derived

from Kubo's median lobe nor located in a truly

median position, I have termed it the "distoventral

element." This designation was chosen because this

element bears a relation to the ventrolateral lobule

(of which it is a part) that is similar to the relation

of the distodorsal element to the dorsolateral lobule.

In the American species, the right half of the petasma possesses two distal projections, which I have

termed the right distodorsal and subapical projections.

Kubo described the development of the petasma

in three species of Metapenaeopsis, and concluded

that all the distal structures (except the median

lobes) arise from the lateral lobe. He also indicated

their positions in relation to the dorsolateral and

ventrolateral lobules of the proximal half of the

petasma.

My observations on several stages of development

of the juvenile petasma, and comparisons with fully

developed ones, indicate that the distodorsal elements are part of the dorsolateral lobules (as Kubo

concluded), as are the projections at their distal

margins. My studies also show that the distoventral

element is part of the ventrolateral lobule, expanded

by the separation of the external and internal walls,

and produced distally into one or more processes,

widely variable in shape. The distoventral flap is a

long, median extension of the proximomedian portion of the distoventral element, and the distoventral projection is a protrusion of the ventrolateral
NUMBER 79

D

1 mm

FIGURE 2.—A. Petunia of Metmpenaeopsu goodei showing levels at which crow sections were

made. •, c, D, E. Crow sections of petasma from $ 925 mm cl., off Sanibel Island, Florida,

a-d, g-l as in Figure S.
FICUIE S.—Mctapenaeopsii goodei (Smith). Juvenile petasmata. A. Ventral view, $ 3.6 mm cl.,

off Itlunorada, Florida Keys, B. Dorsal view of same petasma. c. Ventral view of right half of

petasma, $ 52 ram cl., south of St. George Island, Florida, D. Dorsal view of same half of

petasma. E. Distal part of same, ventral view with distoventral projection bent ventrally. a,

Right distoventral projection, b, Distoventral element, c, Distoventral flap, d. Right distodoml

element, e, Right distodorsal projection. /, Subapical projection, g, Left distoventral projection.

h, Left distodorsal element, i, Left distodorsal projection. ;', Median lobe, k, Donomedian

lobule. /, Ventromedian lobule, m, Lateral lobe, n, Dorsolateral lobule, o, Ventrolateral lobule.
NUMBER 79

lobule. The development and relationships of the

distal structures at two stages during the juvenile

period are shown in Figure 3A-E.

The four cross sections in Figure 2A-E along the

length of the adult petasma clearly indicate the

pattern of arrangement of its various parts. They

show that the median lobes are outwardly folded

longitudinally, forming the dorsomedian and ventromedian lobules, and, although narrow distally,

increase progressively in width proximally and

become very conspicuous. The cross sections also

show that the internal and external walls of the

petasma are close together throughout the length

of the median lobes. For the most part, however,

these walls are widely separated in the lateral lobes;

the external wall is expanded, whereas the internal

wall is narrow. The separation of the walls gives

rise to a hollow tube, roughly semicircular in cross

section. Along the proximal third of the petasma,

the ventromedian margin of the lateral lobes is

produced into a thick and rigid shelf-like extension,

formed by the internal and external walls becoming

almost contiguous. With the formation of this shelf,

the cavity of the petasma communicating with the

outside becomes larger and there is a concomitant

reduction in the cross-sectional area of the lateral

lobes. This area reaches its minimum size along the

proximomedian spurs.

The examination of large series of juvenile males

has demonstrated that the petasma develops rapidly.

For instance, in Metapenaeopsis goodei (Smith) of

3 mm c.l., about 16 mm t.l., both petasmal endopods

are of the same length; the right one, however,

already possesses a rudiment of the distoventral projection in the form of a small, thumblike lobe at

the lateral part of the articulation (visible as a weak

line) between the proximal and distal portions of

the endopod, and three minute lobes at the distal

margin of the endopod. These lobes represent the

distoventral flap, the distoventral element, and the

distodorsal projection. In males of 3.6 mm c.l.,

about 18 mm t.l., the distal structures are distinct,

but their specific characters have not become differentiated (Figure 3A, B) . The structures are clearly

distinct in males of 4 mm c.l., 22 mm t.l.; e.g., the

right distoventral projection exhibits a small sinus

near its median margin, and the distoventral element

is produced into a relatively long, narrow process

bearing minute distal spinules. At 5 mm c.l., 27 mm

t.l. the distal structures are well developed (Figure

3C-E).

The function of the various structures of the distal half of the petasma of Metapenaeopsis cannot be

explained on the basis of our present knowledge.

This extremely complex apparatus serves the purpose of transferring the spermatophores during

copulation to a pair of symmetrical seminal receptacles, consisting of more or less expanded cap

sules joining simple tubular ducts. Burkenroad

(1938) suggested that in females, the spermatophores enter the seminal receptacles by an opening

at the median extremity of each duct (e.g., Metapenaeopsis goodei) or, more often, along the length

of the duct, far from its median extremity (e.g.,

Metapenaeopsis smithi). I have observed many impregnated females with the openings of the ducts

plugged by platelets, which are formed by a hardened mass of material attached to the spermatophores. In recently impregnated females this material, glutinous in appearance, protrudes from each

opening; it is similar to that accompanying the

spermatophores recently attached to females of other

genera of penaeid shrimps. Impregnation thus may

occur through those small openings instead of along

the rather long grooves between sternites XIII and

XIV, which open into the seminal receptacles.

Burkenroad (1934) had previously stated that the

sperm is extruded at the anterolateral ends of these

grooves; however, I have gathered no evidence to

confirm this conclusion.

Genus Metapenaeopsis Bouvier

Parapenaeus Smith, 1885 [part], p. 170.

Metapenaeus Wood-Mason, 1891 [part], p. 271.

Metapenaeopsis Bouvier, 1905a, p. 981.—Kubo, 1949, p. 408.—

Dall, 1957, p. 166.

Archipenaeopsis Bouvier, 1905b, p. 747.

Parapenaeopsis Bouvier, 1905b, p. 748 [not Parapeneopsis Alcock. 1901].

Metapeneus Alcock, 1905 [part], p. 519.—Alcock, 1906 [part],

p. 16.

Penaeopns: Bouvier, 1908 [part], p. S.—A. Milne Edward*

and Bouvier, 1909 [part], p. 220.—de Man, 1911 [part], p. 8.

—Verrill, 1922 [part], p. 45.—Schmitt, 1924a, p. 61.—Hoithuis, 1952, p. 80.—Williams, 1965, p. 29.

Leptopenaeus Kishinouye, 1929, p. 282.

Ceratopenaeus Kishinouye, 1929, p. 282.

Erythropenaeus Kishinouye, 1929, p. 283.

Penaeopsis (Metapenaeopsis): Burkenroad, 1934, p. 4.

Type-species by original designation, Metapenaeopsis pubescens Bouvier, 1905a [not Penaeus pubes-
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

cens Stimpson, 1871] — Penaeopsis miersi Holthuis, first and second maxillipeds and first three pairs of

1952. pereopods. Zygocardiac ossicle consisting of two

large teeth, sometimes with smaller teeth and patch

of minute teeth. [Modified from Burkenroad

Dia 8nO8i 8

 (1934), Kubo (1949), and Dall (1957) ].

Rostrum with dorsal teeth only. Carapace with- Holthuis' proposal of a new name for the typeout longitudinal or transverse sutures. Cervical, species was preceded by a misidentification and a

hepatic, and orbito-antennal sulci usually feeble. questionable deduction. Bouvier, believing that his

Antennal, pterygostomian, and hepatic spines well specimens from west Africa were perhaps conspecific

developed; orbital spine small. Abdomen with mid- wjth Penaeus pubescens Stimpson, 1871, from Saint

dorsal carina variable in length. Telson with tip Thomas, Virgin Islands, identified them under that

appearing trifid, bearing pair of fixed, lateral, sub- name, and assigned the species as the type of his new

apical spines, and with several (three) pairs of genus Metapenaeopsis. Unfortunately, Sampson's

movable, lateral, relatively large spines anterior to type was destroyed in the Chicago fire of 1871, and

fixed pair. Integument pubescent. First antennular n o subsequent specimens assignable to it have been

segment with spine, "parapenaeid spine," on distal discovered. Burkenroad (1934) recognized that

half of ventromedian margin. Antennular flagella Bouvier's pubescens differs from Stimpson's desoripvariable in length, usually shorter but sometimes tion—which included characters that he thought

longer than carapace. Palp of first maxilla short, might make it referable to the genus Parapenaeopsis

unsegmented. Basial spines on third maxilliped and —and recommended that the name pubescens be

first and second pereopods, always lacking on third. provisionally applied to Bouvier's types. Holthuis

Exopods on all maxillipeds and pereopods. Petasma (1952) also concluded that Bouvier's pubescens is

asymmetrical, divided transversely at about mid- based on a misidentification, and is distinct from

length, distal half complex and divided into various Penaeus pubescens Stimpson; therefore, he proposed

elements and projections; proximal half with dorso- the substitute name Penaeopsis miersi [not recoglateral lobules produced proximally into spurlike nizing the genus Metapenaeopsis].

projections, left one oblique, directed medially and Burkenroad (1934) recognized two sections in

longer than right. Appendix masculina usually con- Metapenaeopsis, which were based solely on the size

sisting of small, flexible, distal lobe, projecting from ^ A e lef t distOventral projection:

broadened distal extremity of thickened rib on dor- c t. ¥ T , .. / . . ... ,.

.. .#.., — . . . Section I. Left distoventral projection rudimensomedian margin of endopod. Thelycum consisting , A.I .• J A • » -c

r ii J i J J. i • ,,.. ,

 tafy- Atlantic and American Pacific species.

of well-developed median plate on sternite XIII

and certain structures on sternite XIV, including Section II. Left distoventral projection large—as

pair of transverse, invaginated seminal receptacles

 lar 8e a s o r lar 8e r tha n ri 8h t one

-

 A U

 Indo-Pacific

on anterior margin. Pleurobranchiae on somites IX species.

to XIII; rudimentary arthrobranchia on VII, an- The following petasmal character may now be

terior and posterior arthrobranchiae on VIII to XII, added in the diagnoses of the two sections: the

and rudimentary anterior arthrobranchia and pos- species of Section II lack a right distodorsal projecterior arthrobranchia on XIII. Mastigobranchiae on tion, whereas the species of Section I possess one.

Key to the western Atlantic species of Metapenaeopsis

1. Thelycum with median plate bearing horseshoe-shaped marginal strip and coiled lateral

strips. Petasma with distoventral projection deft by deep sinus into two long, subequal

•©**« M. smithi

Thelycum with median plate lacking marginal and coiled strips. Petasma with distoventral

projection simple, forming one single lobe or cleft by shallow sinus into two short, subequal

lobes, or into two unequal lobes 2

2. Thelycum with anteromedian portion of transverse plate strongly depressed; median plate

bearing prominent bosses with posterolateral corners produced. Petasma with distoventral

projection forming single lobe M. hobbu
NUMBER 79

Thelycum with anteromedian portion of transverse plate elevated; median plate bearing

bosses with posterolateral corners not produced. Petasma with distoventral projection deft

by shallow sinus forming two lobes S

3. Thelycum with anterior part of median plate convex, bearing two large pits. Petasma with

distoventral projection mittenlike in outline, large left lobe extending distally far beyond

small right lobule M. gerardoi

Thelycum with anterior part of median plate concave, bearing two small pits. Petasma with

distoventral projection distally cleft into two subequal or unequal lobes; if unequal, larger

lobe not extending distally much beyond smaller lobe 4

4. Thelycum with anterior part of median plate long, at least half as long as median plate.

Petasma with distoventral projection cleft into two unequal lobes, right lobe noticeably

larger than left M. goodei

Thelycum with anterior part of median plate short, less than half as long as median plate.

Petasma with distoventral projection cleft into two subequal lobes or left lobe slightly larger

than right M. martmellm

Mctapcnaeopsis goodei (Smith)

FIGURES 2. S, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13A

Parapenaeus goodei Smith, 1885, p. 176. Type-locality: Bermudas. Lectotype: YPM 4714—Rathbun, 1900, p. 152.

Archipenaeopsis vestitus Bouvier, 1905b, p. 747. Type-locality:

west of Dry Tortugas, 37 fm [68 m], 1877, Blake Station 11.

Holotype: MCZ 7204.—Schmitt, 1924a, p. 63.

Parapenaeopsis rathbuni Bouvier, 1905b, 748. Type-locality:

west Florida, 19 fm [35 m], 24 April 1872, Bache. Holotype:

MCZ 7203.

Mctapeneus goodei.—Alcock, 1905, p. 519.—Alcock, 1906, p.

51.

Penaeopsis goodei.—Bouvier, 1908, p. 6.—A. Milne Edwards

and Bouvier, 1909, p. 226, fig. 55, pi. 4: figs. 6-10.—de Man,

1911, p. 53.—Verrill. 1922. p. 44, pi. 15: figs. 1A-1AIV, la,

pi. 16: fig. 3.—Schmitt, 1924a, p. 61, figs, la, 2b, d.— Boone,

1927 [part], p. 80.—Boone, 1930 [part], p. 110, pi. 34 (not

text-figures 4A, B) .—Wheeler, 1937, p. 325.—Voss, 1955, p.

11, fig. 20.—Tabb and Manning, 1961, p. 595.—Bullis and

Thompson, 1965, p. 5.—Williams, 1965, p. 29, figs. 16,

17A. B.

Metapenaeus goodei.—Rathbun, 1920, p. 320.

Penaeopsis [by implication] vestitus.—Schmitt, 1924a, p. 63.

Penaeopsis fby implication] rathbuni.—Schmitt, 1924a, p. 63.

Penaeopsis (Metapenaeopsis) goodei.—Burkenroad, 1934 [part],

p. 15, figs. 2, 3.—Burkenroad, 1938, p. 76.—Springer and

Bullis, 1956, p. 9.

Metapenaeopsis} goodei.—Fausto Filho, 1968, p. 70.

Material

BERMUDA ISLANDS

1 cf, YPM 4714, Bermudas, G. B. Goode. 5 9 ,

YPM, St. George's Island, jetty at Bermuda Biological Station, 6 June 1936, M. D. Burkenroad. 5^ 8

9 , YPM, St. George's Island, jetty at Bermuda Biological Station, 20 June 1936, M. D. Burkenroad. 6

cf 2 9 , YPM, St. George's Island, jetty at Bermuda

Biological Station, 25 July 1935. 3 cf. YPM, St.

George's Island, Murray's Anchorage, 15 July 1936,

M. D. Burkenroad. 1 9 , AMNH, Nonsuch Island

wharf, 31 August 1935. 2 $ , YPM, North lagoon,

17 June 1936, M. D. Burkenroad. 1 ? , YPM, North

lagoon, 22 June 1936, M. D. Burkenroad. 5 rf 4 ? ,

YPM, 1936, M. D. Burkenroad. 4 rf 9 ? . YPM,

25 August 1935.

UNITED STATES

North Carolina: 32 tf 30 9 , USNM, NE of Cape

Lookout, 59 m, 18 October 1885, Albatross Station

2605.

Georgia: 1 ? , USNM, off Jekyll Island, 73 m,

15 March 1940, Pelican Station 198-1.

Florida: 3 9 , USNM, off Fernandina, 42-45 m,

9 October 1962, Silver Bay Station 4497. 1 9 ,

USNM, off Jacksonville, 55 m, 9 March 1955, George

M. Bowers Station 31. 2 tf 5 9 , USNM, off Saint

Augustine, 46-49 m, 8 October 1962, Silver Bay

Station 4465. 1 cf 2 9 , USNM, off Saint Augustine,

329 m, 16 September 1956, Combat Station 119. 2

9 , USNM, off Sebastian, 72 m, 28 September 1963,

Silver Bay Station 5107. 4 cf 2 9 , RSMAS, Virginia

Key, S side of bridge, 9 March 1963, staff RSMAS.

5 o" 6 9 , USNM, off Old Rhodes Key, Straits of

Florida, 49 m, 24 October 1960, Silver Bay Station

2354. 46 cf 48 9 , USNM, off Islamorada, 4(M4 m,

26 February 1969, Gerda Station 1038. 14 cf 29 9 ,

RSMAS, off Islamorada, 36.3-42 m, 26 February

1969, Gerda Station 1037. 1 cf 3 9 , USNM, Key

West, 1884, Albatross in port. 1 9 , MCZ 7204, west

of Dry Tortugas, 68 m, 1877, Blake Station 11. 2 9 ,

USNM, NE of Loggerhead Key, Dry Tortugas, 35

m, 3 December 1954, G. H. Eubank. 1 9 , MCZ
10

7203, west Florida, 35 m, 24 April 1872, Bache, W.

Stimpson. 45 tf 50 9 , USNM, off Sanibel Island,

49 m, 18 March 1885, Albatross Station 2411. 6 $ ,

USNM, off Andote Keys, 37 m, 16 July 1957, Silver

Bay Station 54. 1 d, USNM, off Dog Island, 40-37

m, 16 July 1957, Silver Bay Station 53. 2 d" 1 ? ,

USNM, off George Island, 55 m, 15 March 1885,

Albatross Station 2405. 1 d1 1 $, USNM, off Saint

Vincent Island, 64 m, 7 March 1954, Oregon Station 896. 4 d" 3 9 , USNM, off Cape San Bias, 46

m, 7 February 1885, Albatross Station 2370. 1 d"»

USNM, Pensacola, S. Stearns.

MEXICO

Campeche: 1 9 , USNM, Cayos Areas reef, 9 m

(stomach of bonefish).

Quintana Roo: 1 ? , USNM, off Isla Mujeres, 29

m, 11 June 1962, Oregon Station 3638.

BAHAMA ISLANDS

1 9 , YPM, Royal Island, Eleuthera, 14 March

1925, Pawnee I. 1 $ , YPM, Saddle Rock Islands, 23

March 1925, Pawnee I. 27 o* 14 9 , USNM, off Cat

Cays, "surface," 26-318 m, 21 May 1966, Oregon

Station 6096.

CUBA

1 9 , USNM, Bahfa Honda, 22 m, 4 June 1914,

Tomds Barrera Station 15.1 9 , USNM, Cayo Levisa

Reef, 5 m, 2 June 1914, Tomds Barrera Station 14.

1 cf. USNM, Cabo San Antonio, 25 May 1914,

Tomds Barrera. 1 cf, YPM, Bahfa de Guantanamo,

22 April 1933. 1 9 , YPM, Bahfa de Guantdnamo, 22

April 1933, M. B. Bishop and party.

PUERTO RICO

1 o" 3 9 , USNM, off Mayaguez, 22 m, 3 June

1965, Oregon Station 5450. 1 <f f USNM, off Humacao, 17 m, 8 February 1899, Fish Hawk Station 171.

1 9 , USNM, off Humacao, 18 m, 8 February 1899,

Fish Hawk Station 169. 2 o" 1 9 , USNM, off Isla

de Vieques, 29 m, 8 February 1899, Fish Hawk Station 164.

VIRGIN ISLANDS

Peter Island: 2 9 , USNM, 26 m, 16 May 1967,

Oregon Station 6691.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

WESTERN CARIBBEAN

Swan Island: 1 <$, YPM, 12 April 1925, Pawnee I.

HONDURAS

1 9 , RSMAS, off Punta Patuca, 43.89 m, 1952,

Antilles.

COLOMBIA

5 9 , USNM, NE Cartagena, 44-42 m, 1 August

1968, Pillsbury Station 791. 12 d" 32 9 , USNM, W

of Tucuracas, 9 m, 30 July 1968, Pillsbury Station

778.

SURINAM

1 d\ USNM, 55-59 m, 14 July 1968, Pillsbury

Station 648.

BRAZIL

Parafba: 1 d1 1 9 > MNHNP, S of J0S0 Pessoa, 45

m, 16 November 1961, Calypso Station 1. Alagoas:

1 9 , USNM, Maceio coral reef, 22 July 1899, A. W.

Greeley, Branner-Agassiz Expedition. Bahfa: 1 9>

MNHNP, off Salvador, 60-44 m, 24 November 1961,

Calypso Station 58.

Diagnosis

Body almost entirely covered by plumose, densely

set setae. Stylocerite long, extending as far as base

of distal third of first antennular segment. Third

pereopod short, reaching at most to distal end of

second antennular segment. Abdomen with middorsal carina long, extending at least from anterior end

of third somite to posterior margin of sixth somite.

Telson with terminal portion long, slender, length

four to six and one-half times width at base. Petasma

with right distoventral projection shallowly cleft

into two unequal lobes, right lobe larger than left.

Thelycum with median plate densely covered by

setae, anterior part long, strongly concave, bosses

short and produced anteromedially to small pits;

transverse plate tilted anteroventrally.

Description

PUBESCENCE (Figures 4 and 5A-C) .—Body densely

covered with stout setae of various sizes, provided
NUMBER 79 11

Ftcuits i.—Metapenaeopsis goodei (Smith). Lateral view, 9 12.5 mm cL, off Jacksonville, Florida.

with pinnulae arranged like barbs of feather. Most

setae long or moderately long, with numerous pinnulae, pinnulae longer and flexible along middle,

shorter and flexibe distally, and short and rigid

proximally (Figure 5A, C) . Other setae short, slightly

curved, with short, sparce, rather rigid pinnulae

(Figure 5B) . Longer setae on dorsum of carapace,

along margins of cervical and hepatic sulci, anterior

to hepatic spine, and over most of branchial region.

Short setae sparsely covering rostrum (adrostral

carina bare) and hepatic region, denser on anterior

and posterolateral portions of carapace. Abdomen

almost entirely covered by setae, most of them long.

ROSTRUM.—Teeth 9 to IS, mode 10 (percentage

distribution: 8-5.2, 9—24, 10—52, 11—16.8, 12—1.6,

IS—0.4; N—250) + epigastric; first tooth slightly

anterior to orbital margin, epigastric almost at onethird carapace length from orbital margin. Rostrum

slightly to moderately tilted upward from base, with

extreme posteroventral margin concave, maximum

height immediately anterior to concavity, decreasing

progressively to apex; rostrum in adult reaching as

far as distal end of antennular peduncle, shorter in

young.

CARAPACE.—Orbital angle about 90*, apex with

minute orbital spine, directed anterodonally. Antennal spine long and pointed; antennal carina short

and rounded; hepatic spine slender and sharp, extending anteriorly slightly beyond epigastric tooth;

pterygostomial spine slender and long, more than

half length of curved anterior portion of margin

below spine. Orbito-antennal sulcus feeble; cervical

sulcus distinct, almost hidden by long setae; hepatic

sulcus rather well marked, but almost hidden by

long setae, nearly horizontal to level of base of

hepatic spine, there turning anteroventrally.

ANTENNULES.—Length of antennular peduncle

almost nine-tenths that of carapace; dorsal flagellum

slightly shorter than ventral, length of ventral about

two-fifths that of antennular peduncle. Prosartema

extending approximately to base of distal fifth of

first antennular segment; stylocerite projected distally in sharp, long, spine, reaching as far as base of

distal third of first antennular segment; anterolateral

spine long, slender, and sharp.

ANTENNAE.—Scaphocerite reaching as far as end

of proximal fourth of dorsal antennular flagellum,

armed with series of stout spines along dorsal surface

of distolateral margin. Antennal flagellum as long

as total length of shrimp.

THORACIC APPENDAGES.—Third maxilliped reaching to between proximal fourth and distal end of

second antennular segment; first pereopod extending at least to midlength of carpocerite and, at most,

exceeding it by entire length of dactyl; second pereopod surpassing carpocerite by two-thirds length of

propodus or by as much as propodus and one-fifth

length of carpus; third pereopod reaching at least
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FKUIB 5.—Metapenaeopiis goodei (Smith). Pubescence on hepatic region and adjacent portion

of antenna! region, 9 9-8 mm cJ., Cat Cays, Great Bahama Bank.

end of proximal fourth and, at most, distal end of

second antennular segment; fourth pereopod extending as far as distal fourth of carpocerite; fifth

pereopod exceeding fourth by half or by entire

length of dactyl. Coxal plate of fourth pereopod in

females broad and slightly convex. Ischial spine

present on first pereopod.

ABDOMEN.—Median carina extending from third

somite (occasionally from posterior half of second)

to sixth somite, carina rounded but prominent anteriorly, forming blunt keel and increasing in height

from fourth to sixth somites, bearing V-shaped incision on posterior margin of fourth and fifth, and

ending on posterior margin of sixth in small spine.

Abdomen forming hump from second to fourth

somites; length of sixth somite one and one-half

times maximum height. Telson slightly surpassing

base of distal fifth of inner ramus of uropod with

terminal portion slender, and long, four to six and

one-half times width at base; lateral fixed spines of

telson reaching end of proximal two-fifths or as far

as midlength of terminal portion; posterior of three

pairs of movable spines almost reaching, occasionally

slightly surpassing, fixed spines, second pair slightly

surpassing base of posterior pair, and anterior pair

very small. Outer ramus of uropod slightly longer

than inner.

PETASMA (Figures 2A-E and 6A-C) .—Right distoventral projection cleft by shallow sinus into two

unequal lobes; right lobe larger than left, and folded

at level of sinus partially obscuring left lobe. Distoventral flap tightly wound in subconical roll,

strongly inclined dorsally. Distoventral element

moderately convex proximally, and extending distally in long, narrow, clavate, dextrally directed

process, considerably surpassing right distodorsal

projection; process with distal surface studded with

spinules, and bearing basal subtriangular scale.

Rigid component contiguous with distoventral element (ventral extension of right distodorsal ele-
l m m

1 mm

FKORB 6.—M*t*penmeop*u goodei (Smith). A, Petasma, ventral view, g 7.7 nun cJ., Cat Cays,

Great Bahama Bank, a. Distal part of petasma, ventral view with distoventral projection bent

ventrally. $ 10 mm cJ., Jetty at Bermuda Biological Station, Bermuda Islands, c, Donal view

of A.

ment), bearing lateral, subrectangular prominence.

Right distodorsal projection thick, stiff, and bent

ventrally at about right angle; subapical projection

stiff, roughly crescent shaped, bearing two subequal

homs. Left distodorsal projection long, thin, flexible,

broad at base, gently narrowing and produced distally in subrectangular process, considerably surpassing distoventral flap. Proximal portion of left

half of petasma with long spine at donolateral base

of long, oblique, median spur.

For development of petasma see page 7 and Figure

SA-E.

APPENDIX MASCULINA (Figure 7A, B) .—Consisting

of small, sifbtriangular, laterally directed, flexible

lobe, projecting from distal rim of strong, arcuate

rib running along dorsomedian margin of endopod.

THELYCUM (Figure 8A, B) .—Posterior ridge with

sharp anterior margin forming two lateral lobes,

and pointed median lobe. Transverse plate long,

Ficuac 7.—Metmpenmeoptis goodei (Smith). A, Appendix

raasculina, right, ventral surface, $ 10 mm cJ_ Jetty at

Bermuda Biological Station, Bermuda Islands, a, Donal

surface of same appendix.
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

tilted anteroventrally, almost uniform in length, with

anterior margin almost straight or produced on each

side into small, sharp-edged, rounded or slightly

pointed projection, and with posterior portion

strongly depressed and overhung by posterior ridge.

Hoods extending anterodorsally and laterally, but

not produced posteriorly. Median plate densely

setose, bearing long, slender, anteromedian spine.

Median bridge short, trapezoidal, widest posteriorly.

Anterior part of median plate concave, with anterolateral corners gently rounded and turned ventrally,

proportionately long, length (measured from base

of spine to pits) constituting 56 percent to 75 percent of total length of median plate (measured from

base of spine to midposterior margin); posterolateral portions of median plate forming short

bosses, their length constituting 25 percent to 44

percent of the total length of median plate, bosses

produced anteromedially, partially covering small

pits; in impregnated females, pits usually plugged

by minute plate on median extremity of spermatophores. Grooves between sternites XIII and XIV

extending along anterior and median margins of

hoods, continuing along anterior margin of transverse plate to median bridge, there turning anteromedially, and ending in pits. Sternite XII with two

blunt, submedian protuberances.

Sternite XI in females, as well as in males,

bearing paired long, spinuous processes broad

basally.

SEMINAL RECEPTACLES (Figure 8B) .—Paired trapezoidal capsules, widest anteriorly (located dorsal

to hoods), joining almost horizontal narrow ducts,

that parallel grooves between sternites XIII and

XIV, and opening in pits. (There is some evidence

that the spermatophores penetrate into the seminal

receptacles via the pits—see earlier section on "the

asymmetrical petasma.")

COLOR.—According to Boone (1927) M. goodei

[? and M. smithi] is pink.

FKU U 8.—Mct*penaeopsu goodei (Smith). A, Thelycum, 9 1555 mm c.l.. off Jacksonville.

Florida. «, Seminal receptacle, $ 10 mm c.l., Bermuda Islands. (Median plates denuded.)
NUMBER 79 15

Size

Maximum length observed, 1 $,1 6 mm carapace

length, 75 mm total length, off Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, Mexico; males smaller than females,

maximum length observed 10.9 mm carapace length,

57 mm total length, holotype, Bermuda Islands.

Williams (1965) recorded a male 19 mm carapace length including the rostrum. This specimen

is slightly smaller than the holotype, which measures

19.4 mm from the apex of the rostrum to the midposterior margin of the carapace.

Distribution

The range of Metapenaeopsis goodei extends from

North Carolina, between Cape Hatteras and Cape

Lookout, and the Bermudas to the Florida Keys, and

along the Gulf coast of Florida to Pensacola. It is

also found around the coast of Yucatan (Cayos

Areas to Isla Mujeres), Mexico, throughout the

Caribbean, and along the Atlantic coast of South

America to Brazil.

The occurrence of Metapenaeopsis goodei south

of the Antilles was previously based on the collection of a single female from Macei6, Alagoas, Brazil

(Rathbun, 1900). The material available for the

present study confirms the presence of this species

on the Brazilian coast, at least as far south as Salvador, Bahia, and demonstrates that it also lives along

the coast from Colombia to the Guianas.

Metapenaeopsis goodei is mostly a shallow water

species; by far the majority of the specimens recorded were collected at less than 60 m. A few, however, were caught at 329 m, off Saint Augustine,

Florida, Combat Station 119.

Habitat and habits

Metapenaeopsis goodei lives on a great variety of

bottom types. Rathbun (1900) and Boone (1927)

recorded it on coral reefs, and Rathbun (1927), on

mud and sand. Some of the specimens collected during the cruises of the Albatross, Calypso, Silver Bay,

and Tornds Barrera were on those same kinds of

substrata, and others were on gravel, broken shells

or rocks. In some localities the bottom was covered

by algae.

Metapenaeopsis goodei, as well as its close relative

M. smithi, is more active at night than during the

day. The few data available on the time of collection indicate that by far the majority of the specimens were caught at sunset or after. The observations by Wheeler (1937) in the Bermudas showed

that the animals come to the surface about an hour

after sunset at the time of the new moon, but their

numbers reach a maximum on the 2nd and the 26th

nights of the lunar months. This pattern of behavior

indicates that there is some correlation between the

periodic appearances of the shrimps and the phases

of the moon. He concluded that light is the most

probable factor controlling periodicity (by inhibiting the activity of the shrimp), but that its effect

is occasionaly modified by the opacity of the water.

Wheeler also found that both species exhibit a

seasonal fluctuation, the number of individuals being

greatest in the summer.

Remarks

Metapenaeopsis goodei is closely allied to the following species, but can be separated from it by the features of its petasmal components and the structure of

the thelycum. The distoventral projection of the petasma is shallowly cleft into two unequal lobes, the

right one of which is larger and extends further

distally than the left; the process of the distoventral

element is long, directed dextrally in a broad arc,

and extends distally considerably beyond the right

distodorsal projection; and, finally, the left distodorsal projection is produced into a narrow process,

surpassing considerably both the distoventral flap

and the right distodorsal projection. The anterior

part of the median plate of the thelycum is proportionately long, its length 56 percent to 75 percent

of the total length of the median plate; correspondingly, the posterior part of the median plate—bosses

and median bridge—are proportionately short, constituting 25 percent to 44 percent of the total length

of the median plate; in addition, the bosses are convex, but not so prominent as are those of the new

species described below, and the median bridge is

broad. Furthermore, in M. goodei the rostral teeth

vary in number from 9 to 13, modally 10, rather than

6 to 11, modally 9.

Smith (1885) described Parapenaeus goodei on

the basis of a single male from the Bermudas, and

"several smaller specimens, both male and female,

in the museum of Yale College, collected in the
16

Bay of Panama by Prof. F. H. Bradley." The specimens from Panama have not been located in the

Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, and, as Burkenroad (1934) suggested, they

most probably belong to a different species since no

species of Metapenaeopsis has been found common

to both coasts of the American Continent. Verrill

(1922) designated the male from the Bermudas as

the lectotype of Parapenaetis goodei Smith, the only

specimen in the type-series for which the author

gave detailed measurements.

There is a contradiction in Bouvier's references to

the type-localities of Archipenaeopsis vestitus and

Parapenaeopsis rathbuni. Bouvier (1905b) proposed the name Archipenaeopsis vestitus on the

basis of a single specimen, said to have been taken

in the Antillean Sea, at 37 fm, during an expedition

by the Blake. A few years later, Bouvier (1908) indicated that his specimen, a female, came from Sombrero, and repeated that it had been caught by the

Blake. Soon after, A. Milne Edwards and Bouvier

(1909) again pointed out that this specimen had

been collected in the vicinity of Sombrero, by the

Blake in 37 fm, and added: station 11, 24°43'N,

83'25'W. This locality, which is west of Dry Tortugas, not in the Antillean Sea, is certainly the typelocality of A. vestitus, because the type-specimen is

accompanied by an old label on which is printed

"Blake," and in handwriting "sta. 11, 1877, 37 fm."

The name Parapenaeopsis rathbuni was proposed

by Bouvier (1905b) also on the basis of a single

specimen which he stated had been captured by

Stimpson in the Antillean Sea, at 17 fm. Later,

however, Bouvier (1908) stated that his specimen

of P. rathbuni had been caught by Stimpson west of

Florida. The following year, A. Milne Edwards and

Bouvier (1909) again pointed out that the holotype

of the species had been taken during Stimpson's

expedition [aboard the Bache] west of Florida, at

a depth of 19 fm. Fortunately, Sanderson Smith

(1888:962) published the list of stations established

by the Bache, only one of them is at 19 fm—serial

number 52S, 24 April 1872, at 26°16'25"N,

82*50'10"W, west of Florida. Undoubtedly, this

position is the type-locality because the holotype is

accompanied by a label on which is written "west

Florida—19 fm."

I have examined the types of Parapenaeus goodei

Smith, Archipenaeopsis vestitus Bouvier, and ParaSMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

penaeopsis rathbuni Bouvier. The three specimens

are essentially identical and represent the species

Metapenaeopsis goodei (Smith), as had been recognized previously by Bouvier (1908), A Milne

Edwards and Bouvier (1909), and Burkenroad

(1934). Thus, Schmitt's (1924a) belief that A.

vestitus is different from M. goodei and that P.

rathbuni might belong to yet another species has

not been substantiated.

Metapenaeopsis martinella, new species

FIGURES 9, 10, 13B

Penaeopsis goodei.—Boone, 1927 [part], p. 80.

Penaeopsis {Metapenaeopsis) goodei—Burkenroad, 19S4

[part], p. 15.

Material

Holotype: 9 , 9.7 mm carapace length, 43 mm

total length. Type-locality: off Acaraii, CeaTa, Brazil,

2°10/S, 39°52'W. 137 m, Oregon Station 4252,

12 March 1963, USNM 128034. Allotype: tf. 8.5 mm

carapace length, 38.5 mm total length, data as in

holotype, USNM 128035. Paratypes: 3 d1 4 $, collected with the holotype, USNM 128593.

CUBA

1 o"» USNM, Ensenada de Caj6n, 22 May 1914,

Tomds Barrera Station 11.5 9 , MCZ, Cayo Piedras,

Bahia de Cochinos, 5 m, 11 August 1939, L. Howell

Rivero.

HAITI

1 9 , AMNH, Port au Prince, W. Beebe. 1 o"»

AMNH, Port au Prince, W. Beebe. 2 9 , AMNH,

Port au Prince, W. Beebe. 2 9 , USNM, Anse-aGalet, La Gonave, 22 March 1930, Parish-Smithsonian Expedition.

VIRGIN ISLANDS

Saint Thomas: 2 tf. USNM, Brewers Bay, 1

March 1933, Johnson-Smithsonian Deep Sea Expedition.

LESSER ANTILLES

Saba Bank: 71 tf 116 9 , USNM, 16-18 m, 19

July 1969, Pillsbury Station 963. Dominica: 1 o" 1

9 , USNM, Woodbridge Bay, 4 m, 25 March 1956,
NUMBER 79 17

Smithsonian-Bredin Expedition Station 52-56. Saint

Lucia: 2 ? , USNM, 16-24 m, 29 September 1964,

Oregon Station 5058. The Grenadines: 1 <? 1 9.

USNM, off Carriacou Island, 18 m, 27 September

1964, Oregon Station 5050.

BRITISH HONDURAS

2 ? , YPM, Glover Reef, 16 April 1925, Pawnee I.

WESTERN CARIBBEAN

Rosalind Bank: 1 tf 2 $, USNM, 27 m, 6 June

1962, Oregon Station 3618.

PANAMA

2 ? , USNM, Bocas del Toro, 27 m, April 1963,

Pelican Station 800.

VENEZUELA

1 c? 2 ? , RSMAS, E of Isla de Margarita, 27-24

m, 19 July 1968, Pillsbury Station 712.

SURINAM

1 9, USNM, 55-59 m, 14 July 1968, PilUbury

Station 648.

BRAZIL

Maranhao: 2 9. USNM, off Lencois Pequenos,

66 m, 10 March 1963, Oregon Station 4231. Ceara:

2 cf 3 9, USNM, off Mundaii, 40 m, 13 March

1963, Oregon Station 4855. Rio Grande do Norte:

1 9, MNHNP, NE of Rio Grande do Norte, 18 m,

17 November 1961, Calypso Station 10. Parafba: 1

cT 4 9, S of Joao Pessoa, 45 m, 16 November 1961,

Calypso Station 1. Pernambuco: 1 tf 2 9, MNHNP,

off Cabo Escada, 33 m, 21 November 1961, Calypso

Station 27.

Diagnosis

Body almost entirely covered by plumose, densely

set setae. Stylocerite long, extending as far as

base of distal third of first antennular segment.

Third pereopod short, reaching at most to distal end

of second antennular segment. Abdomen with middorsal carina long, extending at least from anterior

end of third to posterior margin of sixth somites.

Telson with terminal portion long, slender, four to

six times width at base. Petasma with right distoventral projection shallowly cleft into two subequal

lobes or left lobe slightly larger than right. Thelycum with median plate densely covered by setae,

anterior part short, strongly concave, bosses long,

very prominent, and produced anteromedially to

small pits; transverse plate tilted anteroventrally.

Description

PUBESCENCE.—Body densely covered with stout

setae of various sizes, structure and arrangement

similar to those of Metapenaeopsis goodei.

ROSTRUM.—Teeth 6 to 11, mode 9 (percentage

distribution: 6—0.5, 7—2, 8—16.5, 9—55, 10—25,

11—1; N—200) + epigastric; first tooth at level of

orbital margin, epigastric slightly anterior to onethird carapace length from orbital margin. Rostrum

moderately to pronouncedly tilted upward from

base, with extreme posteroventral margin concave,

distally gently rounded to sigmoidal; maximum

height immediately anterior to concavity and decreasing progressively to apex; rostrum in adult

reaching base of distal third of third antennular

segment, shorter in young.

CARAPACE.—Orbital angle about 90°, apex with

minute orbital spine, directed anterodorsally. Antennal spine long and pointed; antennal carina short

and rounded; hepatic spine long, slender, and sharp,

extending anteriorly slightly beyond epigastric tooth;

pterygostomial spine two-fifths to three-fifths length

of curved anterior portion of margin below spine.

Orbito-antennal sulcus indistinct, cervical sulcus

feeble, almost hidden by long setae; hepatic sulcus

with posterior portion nearly horizontal and shallow

to level of base of hepatic spine, there turning rather

abruptly anteroventrally, becoming deeper along

inclined portion, entire sulcus covered by long setae.

ANTENNULES.—Length of antennular peduncle almost nine-tenths that of carapace; dorsal fiagellum

slightly shorter than ventral, length of latter about

two-fifths that of antennular peduncle. Prosartema

extending approximately to base of distal fifth of

first antennular segment; stylocerite projecting

distally in sharp, long spine, reaching as far as base

of distal third of first antennular segment; anterolateral spine long, slender and sharp.

ANTENNAE.—Scaphocerite reaching as far as proximal fourth of dorsal antennular fiagellum, and

armed with series of stout spines along dorsal sur-
as

18

face of distolateral margin. Antennal flagellum

long as total length of shrimp.

THORACIC APPENDAGES.—Third maxilliped reaching at least to distal end of first antennular segment

but not beyond proximal fourth of second segment;

first pereopod extending as far as distal end of carpocerite; second pereopod surpassing carpocerite by

as much as whole length of propodus; third pereopod extending at least to midlength and, at most, to

distal end of second antennular segment; fourth

pereopod reaching to distal fourth of carpocerite;

fifth pereopod exceeding fourth by half or by entire

length of dactyl. Coxal plate of fourth perepod in

females broad and slightly convex. Ischial spine

present on first pereopod.

ABDOMEN.—Median carina extending from third

(occasionally from posterior half of second) to

sixth somites, carina rounded and prominent on

third, forming blunt keel, and increasing in height

posteriorly, bearing V-shaped incision on posterior

margin of fourth and fifth somites and ending on

posterior margin of sixth somite in small spine.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Abdomen forming hump from second to fourth

somites; length of sixth somite one and one-half

times maximum height. Telson slightly surpassing

base of distal fifth of inner ramus of uropod, with

terminal portion slender, and long, four to six

times width at base; lateral fixed spines of telson

reaching end of proximal two-fifths or as far as

midlength of terminal portion; posterior of three

pairs of movable spines almost reaching, occasionally

slightly surpassing, fixed spines, second pair slightly

surpassing bases of posterior pair, anterior pair very

small. Outer ramus of uropod slightly longer than

inner.

PETASMA (Figure 9 A-C) .—Right distoventral projection cleft by shallow sinus into two subequal lobes

or into slightly unequal lobes, left lobe slightly larger

than right. Distoventral flap tighty wound in subconical roll, strongly inclined dorsally. Distoventral

element moderately convex proximally, and extending distally in short or moderately long, narrow process, strongly turned dextrally immediately beyond

right distodorsal projection; process with distal surface studded with spinules, and bearing basal subtriFIGURE 9.—Metapcnaeopsis martindla, new species, A, Petasma, ventral view, $ 8.5 mm c.l.,

off Acarau, Ceara, Brazil. », Distal part of same petasma, ventral view with distoventral projection bent ventrally. c. Dorsal view of A.
NUMBER 79 19

angular scale. Rigid component contiguous with

distoventral element (ventral extension of right

distodorsal element), bearing lateral, subsemicircular prominence. Right distodorsal projection thick,

stiff, and strongly bent ventromedially; subapical

projection stiff, roughly crescent shaped, bearing

two subequal horns. Left distodorsal projection

ihin, flexible, subtriangular and short, extending to

midlength or slightly beyond distoventral flap.

Proximal portion of left half of petasma with long

spine at dorsolateral base of long, oblique, median

spur.

APPENDIX MASCULINA.—Essentially identical to

that described for Metapenaeopsis goodei (Smith).

THELYCUM (Figure 10). Posterior ridge with

sharp anterior margin forming two lateral lobes, and

pointed median lobe. Transverse plate long, tilted

anteroventrally, almost uniform in length, with

anterior margin almost straight to distinctly convex,

often slightly produced anteriorly on each side into

small projection, and with posterior portion strongly

depressed and overhung by posterior ridge. Hoods extending anterodorsally and laterally, but not produced posteriorly. Median plate densely setose,

bearing long, slender, anteromedian spine. Median

bridge elongate, trapezoidal, widest posteriorly.

Anterior part of median plate concave, with antero

FIGU*E 10.—Metapenaeopsis martinella, new species. Thelycum, holotype 9 9 mm c.l., off Acarau, Ceara*. Brazil. (Median

plate denuded.)

lateral corners usually truncated, proportionately

short, length (measured from base of spine to pits)

constituting 30 percent to 55 percent of the total

length of median plate (measured from base of spine

to midposterior margin); posterolateral portions of

median plate forming strongly prominent and elongate bosses, their length constituting 45 percent to 70

percent of the total length of the median plate, bosses

produced anteromedially, partially covering small

pits; in impregnated females, pits plugged by minute

plate on median extremity of spermatophores.

Grooves between sternites XIII and XIV extending

along anterior and median margins of hoods, continuing along anterior margin of transverse plate to

median bridge, there turning and extending anteromedially, ending in pits. Sternite XII with two blunt,

submedian protuberances.

Sternite XI in females, as well as in males, bearing

paired, long, spinous processes, broad basally.

SEMINAL RECEPTACLES.—Paired trapezoidal capsules, widest anteriorly, joining long narrow ducts

that make gentle arcs paralleling grooves between

sternites XIII and XIV, and open in pits.

Size

Maximum carapace length recorded, 1 $, \4J> nun,

total length undetermined because the telson is

broken; 1 tf, 11 mm c.l., 57 mm tl., both from

Saba Bank, Lesser Antilles, Pillsbury Station 965.

Name

This species is named for Martin D. Burkenroad.

Distribution

Metapenaeopsis martinella ranges throughout the

Antilles, and the western Caribbean and southward at least to Cabo Escada, Pernambuco, Brazil.

This species has been found mostly at shallow depth,

but several specimens were taken at 1S7 m, off

Acarau, Ceari, Brazil, at Oregon Station 4252.

Habitat and habits

The only information available as to the substrata

it occupies is from die cruise of the Calypso; the

specimens were taken on coral reefs, broken shells,
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

and calcareous algae. According to Boone (1927)

and my own data, this species is mostly nocturnal.

Remarks

Metapenaeopsis martinella is closely related to M.

goodei but can be distinguished by the structure of

the petasma and thelycum. The distoventral projection of the petasma is shallowly cleft into two

subequal lobes slightly unequal in some specimens

but the left lobe is slightly longer than the right; the

process of the distoventral element is relatively short

and strongly curved dextrally, its apical portion

lying immediately beyond the right distodorsal projection which, in turn, is pronouncedly bent ventromedially; and, finally, the left distodorsal projection is subtriangular and short, not or barely surpassing the distoventral flap. The anterior part of

the median plate of the thelycum is proportionately

short, its length less or barely more than half the

total length of the median plate; correspondingly,

the posterior part—bosses and median bridge—are

proportionately long; in addition, the bosses are

strongly prominent and the median bridge is narrow.

Furthermore, in M. martinella the rostral teeth vary

in number from 6 to 10, modally 9; whereas in M.

goodei the teeth tend to be more numerous, varying

from 9 to 13, modally 10.

Metapenaeopsis martinella is restricted to the

Caribbean and the Atlantic coast of South America,

whereas M. goodei extends much farther north, as

far as North Carolina, and seems to have the center

of abundance along the southeastern coast of the

United States, beyond the range of M. martinella.

Metapenaeopsis gerardoi, new species

FKUKKS 11,12,13c

Penaeopsis goodei.—Boone, 1927 [part], p. 80.

Penaeopsis (Metapenaeopsis) goodei.—Burkenroad, 1934

[part], p. 15.

Material

Holotype: $ , 6.8 mm carapace length, 32.5 mm

total length. Type-locality: off Mayaguez, Puerto

Rico, 18°08.5'N, 67°23/W, 22 m, Oregon Station 5440,

3 June 1965, USNM 127515. Allotype: tf. 7 mm

carapace length, about 35 mm total length, data as

in holotype, USNM 108033. Paratypes: 1 d1 3 9 .

collected with the holotype, USNM 128584.

FLORIDA

2 dS RSMAS, off Islamorada, 40-44 m, 26 February 1969, Gerda Station 1038.

BAHAMA ISLANDS

2 o*. USNM, Cat Cays, Great Bahama Bank, "surface," 21 May 1966, Oregon Station 6096. 1 $,

YPM, Royal Island, Eleuthera, 14 March 1925,

Pawnee I. 1 ?, USNM, SW of Andros, Great

Bahama Bank, 229-275 m, 5 November 1960, Silver

Bay Station 2452.

CUBA

1 o", USNM, Cabo San Antonio, Pinar del Rio, 9 m,

W. Nye, Albatross. 2 $, USNM, Cayo Levisa, Pinar

del Rfo, May-June, 1914, Tomds Barrera Station 14.

1 o"» YPM, Bahfa de Guantanamo, 22 April 1933,

M. B. Bishop and party.

LESSER ANTILLES

Martinique: 1 ? , USNM, 73 m, 10 September

1964, Oregon Station 5000. Saint Lucia: 1 ? ,

USNM, 29 m, 8 March 1966, Oregon Station 5956.

2 ? , USNM, 24-29 m, 29 September 1964, Oregon

Station 5059. 2 d1 3 $ , USNM, 16-24 m, 29 September 1964, Oregon Station 5058. Barbados: 1 9 ,

USNM. 91-366 m, J. B. Lewis. The Grenadines:

1 $, USNM, off Carriacou, 18 m, 27 September

1964, Oregon Station 5050. 1 9 , USNM, 40-37 m,

27 September 1964, Oregon Station 5047.

BRITISH HONDURAS

1 d" 1 9 , YPM, Glover Reef, surface, 16 April

1925, Pawnee I.

NICARAGUA

9 o» 8 9 , USNM, off NE Nicaragua, 55 m, 8

June 1964, Oregon Station 4930.

VENEZUELA

1 $, USNM, Cabo de la Vela, Peninsula de Paraguana, 48 m, 12 October 1965, Oregon Station 5697.

Diagnosis

Body almost entirely covered by plumose, densely set

setae. Stylocerite relatively short, extending to mid-
NUMBER 79 21

length of first antennular segment. Third pereopod

long, surpassing distal end of antennular peduncle

by as much as four-fifths length of propodus. Abdomen with middorsal carina long, extending at least

from anterior end of third to posterior margin of

sixth somites. Telson with terminal portion long,

slender, length five times width at base. Petasma with

right distoventral projection mittenlike in outline;

distoventral element produced in sinistrally directed

tonguelike process. Thelycum with median plate

densely covered by setae, anterior part short, convex, bosses long, with internal margin surrounding

large pits; transverse plate tilted anteroventrally.

Description

PUBESCENCE.—Body densely covered with stout,

plumose setae of various sizes (see description of

Metapenaeopsis goodei). Longest setae along margin

of cervical sulcus, hepatic sulcus, anterior to hepatic

spine, on pterygostomian region and on posteroventral portion of branchial region; most of branchial

region covered by long, but more slender setae. Rostrum, anterior portion of carapace and hepatic region with short setae, some lacking pinnulae. Abdomen almost entirely covered by setae, most of which

are long.

ROSTRUM.—Teeth 8 to 10 (mode 9) + epigastric;

first tooth at level of orbital margin, epigastric almost at one-third carapace length from orbital margin. Rostrum moderately to pronouncedly tilted

upward from base, with extreme posterior portion

of ventral margin concave, distally sigmoidal; maximum height immediately anterior to concavity, decreasing progressively to apex; rostrum shorter than

carapace, in adult reaching as far as base of distal

third of third antennular segment, shorter in young.

CARAPACE.—Orbital angle about 90°, apex with

minute orbital spine directed anterodorsally. Antennal spine long, pointed, with short, rounded

carina; hepatic spine long, slender, and sharp, apex

slightly anterior to epigastric tooth; pterygostomial

spine relatively small, one-third to two-fifths length

of curved anterior portion of margin below spine.

Orbito-antennal sulcus indistinct; cervical sulcus

shallow, almost hidden by long setae; hepatic sulcus

well marked, nearly horizontal to level of hepatic

spine, there turning rather abruptly anteroventrally.

ANTENNULES.—Length of antennular peduncle almost nine-tenths that of carapace; dorsal flagellum

slightly shorter than ventral, length of ventral about

two-fifths that of antennular peduncle. Prosartema

extending approximately to base of distal fifth of

first antennular segment; stylocerite projected distally in pointed spine reaching almost midlength of

first antennular segment; anterolateral spine long,

slender, and sharp.

ANTENNAE.—Scaphocerite reaching as far as base of

dorsal antennular flagellum, armed with series of

stout spines along dorsal surface of distolateral margin. Antennal flagellum as long as total length of

shrimp.

THORACIC APPENDAGES.—Third maxilliped ranging in extent from base of distal third of second

antennular segment to end of third segment; first

pereopod extending to distal end of carpocerite or

surpassing it by as much as entire length of propodus; second pereopod surpassing carpocerite by at

least half length of propodus or by as much as propodus and one-third length of carpus; third pereopod reaching, at least, midlength of third antennular

segment and, at most, surpassing it by four-fifths

length of propodus; fourth pereopod extending as

far as distal end of carpocerite; fifth perepod exceeding fourth by half length of dactyl. Coxal plate of

fourth perepod in females slightly narrowing medially. Ischial spine present on first pereopod.

ABDOMEN.—Median carina extending from third

somite (occasionally from posterior half of second)

to sixth somite, rounded anteriorly, forming blunt

keel and increasing in height from fourth to sixth

somites, bearing V-shaped incision on posterior margin of fourth and fifth somites, and ending on posterior margin of sixth in small spine. Abdomen forming

hump from second to fourth somites; length of sixth

somite about one and one-half times maximum

height. Telson reaching base of distal tenth of inner

I amus of uropod, with terminal portion slender, and

long, about five times width at base; lateral fixed

spines of telson reaching five-fifteenths, or as far as

six-fifteenths of terminal portion; posterior pair of

movable spines reaching as far as fixed spines, second

pair slightly surpassing bases of posterior pair, anterior pair very small. Outer ramus of uropod slightly

longer than inner.
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PET ASM A (Figure HA-C).—Right distoventral

projection mittenlike in outline, cleft by shallow,

proximolateral sinus into small right lobe, and

large, much distally extended, left lobe. Distoventral flap wound in broad roll, strongly inclined dorsolaterally. Distoventral element pronouncedly convex proximally, and extending distally

in broad, sinistrally directed, tonguelike process, with

lateral margin turned ventrally and covered with

minute granules; distoventral element dorsally bearing small, dextrally directed, sinuous membrane.

Rigid component contiguous with distoventral element (ventral extension of right distodorsal element) produced distally into stiff process, bearing

three small, longitudinal ribs. Right distodorsal projection thick, stiff, much elongate, and overhanging

tonguelike process; subapical projection stiff, bearing two unequal horns, the right one considerably

longer than left. Left distodorsal projection thin,

flexible, subtriangular and short, extending only to

about four-fifths of distoventral flap. Proximal portion of left half of petasma with long, relatively

broad spine at dorsolateral base of long, oblique,

median spur.

APPENDIX MASCULINA.—Essentially identical to

that described for M. goodei (Smith).

THELYCUM (Figure 12A, B) .—Posterior ridge

(with sharpedged anterior margin) forming two

lateral lobes, and pointed, narrower median lobe.

Transverse plate long, tilted anteroventrally,

almost uniform in length, with anterior margin

almost straight or with three low scallops, and with

posterior portion strongly depressed and overhung

by posterior ridge. Hoods subrhomboid in outline,

extending anterodorsally and laterally, but not produced posteriorly. Median plate densely setose, bearing long, slender anteromedian spine. Median

bridge elongate, trapezoidal, widest posteriorly, and

produced near anterior extremity in small lateral

shoulders. Anterior part of median plate short,

convex, with anterolateral margins abruptly

rounded, and prolonged caudally on each side in

Ficumc 11.—Metapenaeopsis gerardoi, new species, A. Petasma, ventral view, allotype $ 7.25 mm

cJ., off Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico. », Distal part of same petasma, ventral view with distoventral

projection bent ventrally. c. Dorsal view of A.
NUMBER 79 23

narrow arms; arms posteriorly expanded in moderately convex bosses, slightly turned anteromedially,

and forming posterior margin of large pits. In impregnated females each pit plugged by minute plate

of hardened material accompanying spermatophores.

Grooves between sternites XIII and XIV extending

along anterior and median margins of hoods reaching anterior margin of transverse plate, there turning anteriorly along lateral margins of median

bridge, and ending in pits. Stemite XII with paired

blunt, rather closely set submedian protuberances.

Sternite XI in females, as well as in males, bearing two spinous processes broad basally (Figure

12A) .

SEMINAL RECEPTACLES (Figure 12B, C).—Paired

capsules, somewhat flattened and subrectangular in

outline, produced and tapering posterolaterally, and

located dorsal to hoods. Capsules continuous with

broad ducts extending along groove between sternites XIII and XIV and reaching median bridge,

there turning sharply anteriorly making arc of approximately 270°, ducts broadening anteriorly forming ventrally directed funnel opening to exterior by

pits.

Size

Maximum carapace length recorded, I 9» 10.2 mm.

l m m

FICUEE 12.—Mctapcnacopsis gerardoi, new spedes. A, Thelycum. holotype 9 6.8 mm c.l., off

Mayagiiei, Puerto Rico, B, Ventral view of the thelycum showing Kminal receptacle* through

median bridge and transverse plate, 9 10.2 mm c.l., off northeastern Nicaragua, c, Dorsal view

of same seminal receptacle*. (Median plates denuded.)
24

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

from SW of Andros, Great Bahama Bank, Bahamas,

Silver Bay Station 2452; males smaller than females,

largest observed, 1 eft 7.9 mm cl., from off NE

Nicaragua, Oregon Station 4930. Total lengths undetermined because in both specimens the telson is

broken.

Name

This species is named for my husband, Gerardo A.

Canet

Distribution

This species is known from the Florida Keys, the

West Indies, and the Caribbean coast of Central

and South America. All of the specimens available

were collected in shallow water except one female

from 229-275 m, off Andros, Bahamas, and another

female from 91-366 m, off Barbados.

Habitat and habits

The data at my disposal are too limited to allow

conclusions.

Remarks

The thelycum of this species is rather similar to

that of Metapenaoepsis martinella, but differs from

it in possessing a distinctly convex, instead of depressed, anterior part of the median plate, and in

having large pits. The males of the two species differ

strikingly in the structure of the petasmal components. In M. gerardoi the distoventral projection is

mittenlike in outline, and the distal process of the

distoventral element is broad, tonguelike, and directed to the left. Furthermore, in Af. gerardoi the

ventral extension of the right distolateral lobe is

distally produced into a small projection. In Af.

gerardoi the petasma develops rapidly: in males of

4.5 mm cl., about 23 mm t.l., the petasmal endopods are already joined, and the distal structures

exhibit the adult form.

In this species the third maxilliped and the pereopods are proportionately longer than in the other

Metapenaeopsis of eastern American waters. For

example, the third pereopods extend forward, at

most, to midlength of the second antennular segment in Af. smithi, to the distal end of same segment in Af. goodei and Af. martinella, and to midlength of the third segment in Af. hobbsi; in Af.

gerardoi, however, the third pereopod surpasses the

antennular peduncle by as much as four-fifths the

length of the propodus. In Figure 13 the third pereopods of the five species are depicted; that of Af.

gerardoi (13c) is the longest even though it was

taken from the smallest specimen of the species

represented.

Metapenaeopsis hobbsi, new species

FIGURES ISD, 14, 15, 16,17

Material

Holotype: 9 , 10 mm carapace length, 64 mm total

length. Type-locality: NW of Cabo Cordera, Venezuela, 10°44'N, ee'WW to 10°45'N, 66°08/W,

60-73 m, Pillsbury Station 737, 22 July 1968, USNM

128416. Allotype: c?» 7 mm carapace length, 36 mm

total length, data as in holotype, USNM 128417.

Paratypes: 9 o* 8 $, collected with the holotype,

USNM 128418. 1 9 , off Guyana, 55-40 m, 31

August 1958, Oregon Station 2249, USNM 103508.

BAHAMA ISLANDS

1 9 , USNM, off Great Inagua, 183-137 m, 5

November 1961, Silver Bay Station 3502.

LESSER ANTILLES

Martinique: 2 9 , USNM, 46-48 m, 10 July 1969,

Pillsbury Station 913. Saint Lucia: 1 ? , USNM, 79

m, 29 September 1964, Oregon Station 5062.

TRINIDAD-TOBAGO

1 9 , USNM, W of Tobago, 62 m, 14 March 1966,

Oregon Station 5970.

WESTERN CARIBBEAN

1 9 , USNM, off Isla de San Andres, 139 m, 6

February 1967, Oregon Station 6434.

COLOMBIA

1 9 , USNM, off Bahfa de Barbacaos, 110-73 m,

28 May 1964, Oregon Station 4906. 1 9 , USNM,

NE of Cartagena, 44-42 m, 1 August 1968, Pillsbury Station 791. 1 tf 3 9 , RSMAS, NW of Bar-
NUMBER 79 25

ranquilla, 29-26 m, 1 August 1968, Pillsbury Sta- BRAZIL

tion 79S.

Pernambuco: 1 9 , MNHNP, off Recife, 75 m,

FRENCH GUIANA 21 November 1961, Calypso Station 23. Espfrito

9 d 11 9 . USNM, 42 m, 8 July 1968, Pillsbury Santo : l ? ' MNHNP. off Guriri, 12 m, 1 December

Station 648. 1961, Calypso Station 97.

FIGURE IS.—Third right pereopod. A, Metapenaeopsis goodei (Smith) , 9 103 mm cJ.. southwest

of Cape San Bias, Florida, B, Metapenaeopsis martinella, new species, 9 105 mm c.l., La Gonave, Haiti, c, Metapenaeopsis gerardoi, new species, 9 8.75 mm c.l., off Barbados. Lesser Antilles.

D, Metapenaeopsis hobbsi, new spedes, 9 10.5 mm c.l., off Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, E. Metmpenseopsis smithi (Schmitt), 9 103 mm cl., Serrana Bank, western Caribbean.
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Diagnosis

Body covered by simple, moderately dense setae.

Stylocerite short, reaching only to about midlength

of first antennular segment. Third pereopod rather

short, extending to midlength of third antennular

segment. Abdomen with middorsal carina short,

extending from fourth to sixth somites. Telson with

terminal portion slender, and long, length about

five times width at base. Petasma with right distoventral projection consisting of single, undivided

lobe; distoventral element produced distally into

two parts, a lobe and a process ending in bulb.

Thelycum with median plate strongly concave,

bosses with rather sparse setae and with posterolateral corners produced in small projections, flanking pits; pits caudal to posterior margin of bosses;

transverse plate strongly depressed.

Description

PUBESCENCE (Figure 14A-C) .—Body covered by

moderately dense, simple setae of various sizes, most

moderately long. Longer setae limited to margins

of cervical and hepatic sulci, and immediately anterior to hepatic spine; moderately long setae largely

covering dorsum and extending into dorsal portion

of rostrum; short setae sparse on hepatic region and

denser over most of branchial region. Abdomen

almost entirely covered (margins of somites and

midanterior portion of pleura bare) by setae, mostly

short; telson, except for margins and terminal portion, studded with setae of various lengths.

ROSTRUM.—Teeth 6 to 9, mode 7 (percentage

distribution: 6—12, 7—44, 8—36, 9—8; N—25) +

epigastric; first tooth distinctly anterior to orbital

margin; epigastric at about one-fourh carapace

length from orbital margin. Rostrum moderately

tilted upward from base, with extreme posteroventral margin concave; maximum height immediately

anterior to concavity, decreasing progressively to

apex; rostrum in adult reaching as far as midlength

of third antennular segment, shorter in young.

CARAPACE.—Orbital angle almost 90°, apex with

minute orbital spine directed anterodorsally; antennal spine prominent, pointed, with low, round

carina; hepatic spine long, slender, and sharp, its

apex almost at level of that of epigastric tooth;

pterygostomian spine relatively small, about onethird length of curved anterior portion of margin

below spine. Orbito-antennal sulcus indistinct; cervical sulcus feeble, almost hidden by long setae;

hepatic sulcus distinct, nearly horizontal to level of

hepatic spine, there turning anteroventrally.

ANTENNULES.—Length of antennular peduncle

about four-fifths that of carapace. Dorsal flagellum

slightly shorter than ventral, length of ventral about

0-5 mm

I j

0-25 mm

FIGURE 14.—Metapenaeopsis hobbsi, new species. Pubescence on hepatic region and adjacent

portion of antennal region, 9 8.6 mm c.l., Bahia de Barbacaos, Colombia.
NUMBER 79 27

two-fifths that of antennular peduncle. Prosartema

extending to about base of distal fifth of first antennular segment; stylocerite projected distally in sharp,

relatively short spine, reaching to midlength of first

antennular segment; anterolateral spine long, slender, and sharp.

ANTENNAE.—Scaphocerite extending to base of

dorsal antennular flagellum, and armed with series

of stout spines along dorsal surface of distolateral

margin. Length of antennal flagellum same as

shrimp total length.

THORACIC APPENDAGES.—Third maxilliped surpassing antennular peduncle by half length of

dactyl; first pereopod extending at least to midlength of carpocerite and, at most, exceeding it by

half length of dactyl; second pereopod surpassing

carpocerite by as much as entire length of propodus;

third pereopod reaching as far as midlength of third

antennular segment; fourth pereopod extending to

midlength of carpocerite; fifth pereopod exceeding

fourth by half length of dactyl; coxal plate of fourth

pereopod in females rather broad and slightly convex. Ischial spine on first pereopod.

1 mm

ABDOMEN.—Median carina extending from fourth

to sixth somites, forming blunt keel and increasing

in height posteriorly, bearing V-shaped incision on

posterior margin of fourth and fifth somites, and

ending on posterior margin of sixth in small spine.

Abdomen forming hump on third and fourth

somites; length of sixth somite one and one-half

times maximum height. Telson slightly surpassing

base of distal fifth of inner ramus of uropod, with

terminal portion slender, and long, four and onehalf to five times width at base; lateral fixed spines

of telson reaching end of proximal third of terminal

portion; posterior of three pairs of movable spines

surpassing fixed spines, extending to midlength of

terminal portion, second pair slightly surpassing

bases of posterior pair, and anterior pair very small.

Outer ramus of uropod slightly longer than inner.

PETASMA (Figures 15A-C and 16A, B) .—Right

distoventral projection with lateral margin making

right angle turn mesially at end of basal one-third,

and then turning abruptly distally to form an elongate, subelliptical lobe. Distoventral flap striated

and wound in subconical roll, strongly inclined

FIGURE 15.—Metapcnaeopsis hobbsi, new species, A, Petasma, ventral view, $ 6.8 mm c.l., off

French Guiana, B. Distal part of petasma, ventral view with distoventral projection bent ventrally, $ 6.4 mm c.l., off French Guiana, c, Dorsal view of A.
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

0.5 mm

FIGU&I 16.—Metapenaeopds hobbsi, new species, A. Lateral

view of distal part of petasma. $ 6.4 mm c.l., off French

Guiana, u, Donal view.

dorsally. Distoventral element with proximal portion produced distomedially into convex, elongate

lobe, bearing minute spinules on distal margin, and

extending distodorsally in thick process ending in

bulb. Rigid component contiguous with distoventral

element (ventral extension of right distodorsal element) , plain. Right distodorsal projection fleshy,

petaloid, and with proximolateral portion turned

ventrally; subapical projection short (narrow), stiff,

extending medially beyond and embracing basal

portion of right distodorsal projection. Left distodorsal projection subtriangular, thin, flexible, and

short, extending at most to distal end of distoventral

flap. Proximal portion of left half of petasma with

short spine at dorsolateral base of long, oblique,

median spur.

APPENDIX MASCULINA.—Essentially identical to

that described for M. goodei (Smith).

THELYCUM (Figure 1 7A, B) .—Posterior ridge

with sharp anterior margin forming two rounded

lateral lobes, and pointed, broadly subtriangular

median lobe. Transverse plate with anteromedian

1 mm

FIGURE 17.—Metmpenmeoptis hobbsi, new species, A. Thelycum, 9 93 mm c.l., off Guyana, a.

Seminal receptacles, ventral view. 9 9.75 mm c.l., off Bahia de Barbacaos, Colombia, c, Donal

view of same seminal receptacles.
NUMBER 79 29

portion strongly depressed, its anterolateral portions

produced in elongate, anteroventrally produced

projections; anterior border of projections thickened

and lateral borders markedly sinuous. Hoods extending gently anterodorsally and laterally, forming

subelliptical prominences. Median bridge broadly

trapezoidal, widest posteriorly, and strongly depressed. Median plate bearing long, slender, anteromedian spine. Anterior part of median plate strongly

concave, inclined anteroventrally, with anterolateral

margins gently rounded; posterolateral portions of

median plate forming prominent, ovoid bosses,

armed with sparse and rigid setae, their posterolateral corners produced in short, narrow projections, delimiting relatively large pits, located caudal

to bosses. Grooves between sternites XIII and XIV

extending along anterior and median margins of

hoods, reaching anterior margin of transverse plate,

there ending in pits. Sternite XII with paired blunt,

rather closely set, submedian protuberances.

Sternite XI in females, as well as in males, bearing

two long, spinous processes broad basally.

SEMINAL RECEPTACLES (Figure 17B, C) .—Paired,

subovoid, posteromedially pointed capsules, located

dorsal to hoods, continuous with broad ducts tapering medially and ending in pits.

Size

Maximum length recorded, 1 9 , 10.5 mm carapace

length, 46 mm total length, from off Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, Calypso Station 23; males smaller than

females, maximum length recorded that of o* autotype.

Name

I have named this species for Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.,

whose suggestions throughout the course of this

study have been very valuable to me.

Distribution

The material available, although limited, indicates

that this species is rather widely distributed in the

western Atlantic, ranging from the Bahamas

throughout the Antilles, the Caribbean coast of

Central and South America, and from Trinidad to

Guriri, Espfrito Santo, Brazil. Af. hobbsi lives

mainly in shallow water, but also occurs at depths

of, at least, 137-183 m.

Habitat and habits

Information is too meager to allow conclusions.

Remarks

The males of this species are unique among the

western Atlantic forms in this genus in having a

distoventral projection consisting of a simple, undivided lobe; a distoventral element which is produced distally into two parts, a lobe and a process

ending in a bulb; and a subapical projection which

is narrow and elongate, its median extremity recurved to embrace the basal portion of the right

distodorsal projection. Males as small as 4 mm c.l.

can be separated by the distal structures of the

petasma, which are sufficiently developed to make

various specific features readily identifiable. The

females can be distinguished from other females of

the genus by the following characteristics: the poslerolaterally produced bosses, the position of the

pits caudal to the bosses, the subelliptical, much

laterally extended hoods, and the strongly depressed

anteromedian portion of the transverse plate.

Metapenaeopsis smithi (Schmitt)

FICURES 13E, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

Penaeopsis smithi Schmitt, 1924a, p. 62, fig. 1 b, c, fig. 2 a,

c. Type-locality: Caracas Baai, Curacao. Syntypes: 1 £ 1 $ ,

Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, 10 April 1920. 2 "immature," Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, 19 April 1920.

2 $ 1 $ 1 juvenile, Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, IS

May 1920. 2 £ 1 9, USNM 57537, 13 May 1920. All collected by C. J. van der Horst.—Schmitt, 1924b, p. 65.—

Schmitt, 1936, p. 364.—Wheeler, 1937, p. 325.

Penaeopsis goodei.—Boone, 1930 [?part], p. HO, possibly fig.

4A.

Penaeopsis (Metapenaeopsis) smithi.—Burkenroad, 1934, p.

17, figs. 4-7.—Burkenroad, 1938, p. 78.—Bullis and Thompson, 1965, p. 6.

Material

BERMUDA ISLANDS

1 9 , YPM. St. George's Island, 25 January 1935,

Atlantis (in port). 2 9 , YPM, St. George's Island,
30

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

26 and 29 January 1935, M. D. Burkenroad (?). 1

9 , YPM, Wingay Bay, 20 (25?) November 1915,

staff Bermuda Biological Station. 1 $, YPM,

"Jetty," 25 July 1935, M. D. Burkenroad. 1 ?,

YPM, "Jetty," 24 August 1935, M. D. Burkenroad.

1 9 , YPM, 19 June 1936, M. D. Burkenroad.

FLORIDA

3 o" 5 ?, USNM, Bear Cut, E of Virginia Key,

28 May 1956, D. De Sylva et al., Station 22. 2 tf 2

9 , USNM, Virginia Key, S side of bridge, 9 March

1963, staff RSMAS. 6 9 , USNM, Straits of Florida,

366-384 m, July 1955, Oregon Station 1350. 2 9 ,

RSMAS, SW Dry Tortugas.

MEXICO

1 9 , USNM, E of Arrecife Alacran, 27 m, 11 and

12 May 1958, Oregon Station 2174.

BAHAMA ISLANDS

4 9 , YPM, Green Cay, 27 February 1927, Pawnee

I. 1 9 , YPM, Green Cay, 13 March 1927, Pawnee

I. 1 9 , YPM, Green Cay, 17 March 1925, Pawnee

I. 2 9 , YPM, Saddle Rock Islands, 23 March 1925,

Pawnee I. 1 9 , USNM, S of Great Inagua, 11 m,

25 May 1965, Oregon Station 5422. 4 9 , USNM,

Samana Cay, \/A mile off Atwood, 24 m, 26 January

1968, K. L. Gosner. 1 d1 11 ? , USNM, 1 mile W

of Bimini Bay, 18 m, 1966, Oregon Cruise 109. 3 9 ,

RSMAS, Bimini Harbor, 27 November 1953, G. L.

Voss. 4 cf 5 9 , USNM, Cat Cays, "surface," 21

May 1966, Oregon Station 6096. 1^5$ , RSMAS,

Cay Sal, 2 May 1960, staff Bureau of Commercial

Fisheries Florida Project.

CUBA

6 o" 4 9 , USNM, Cayo Levisa, May to June 1914,

Tomds Barrera Station 14. 1 o", USNM, between

Cabo San Antonio and Cabo Cajon, 24 May 1914,

Tomds Barrera Station 12. 1 9 , USNM, Ensenada

de Cajon, 22 May 1914, Tomds Barrera Station 11.

1 9 , YPM, Bahfa de Guantanamo, 22 April 1933,

(?) M. D. Burkenroad.

HAITI

I <$, AMNH, Port au Prince, W. Beebe. 1 9 ,

AMNH, Port au Prince, W. Beebe. 1^1$ ,

AMNH, Port au Prince, W. Beebe. 2 cf, AMNH,

Port au Prince, W. Beebe.

PUERTO RICO

1 9 , USNM, Playa de Fajardo, 23 February 1933,

Johnson-Smithsonian Deep Sea Expedition.

VIRGIN ISLANDS

Saint Thomas: 2 9 , USNM, Brewers Bay, 1

March 1933, Johnson-Smithsonian Deep Sea Expedition. Saint John: 3 tf 1 ? > RSMAS, E Europa Bay,

16 February 1959, H. Kumpf et al. 6 tf 11 9»

RSMAS, shore at Greater Lameshur Bay, 28 April

1959, C. R. Robins, T. McKenny, and J. Randall,

Station 46. Peter Island: 1 9 , USNM, 26 m, 16 May

1967, Oregon Station 6691. Saint Croix: 1 o"»

USNM, Christiansted, H. A. Beatty.

LESSER ANTILLES

Saint Christopher: 2 9 , AMNH, Basseterre, 21

July 1932, Antares Expedition. Sint Maarten: 3 o"

1 9 , RSMAS, Little Bay, 7 July 1959, John E.

Randall and C. P. Idyll. The Grenadines: 4 9 ,

USNM, 33 m, 18 March 1966, Oregon Station 5981.

Islas Los Roques: 2 d1 2 9 , USNM, Isla El Carenero, 3 August 1963. Curacao: 1^2$ , syntypes,

USNM 57537, Caracas Baai, 13 May 1920, C. J.

Van der Horst.

WESTERN CARIBBEAN

Swan Island: 1^99 , YPM, 12 April 1925,

Pawnee I, Station 29. Rosalind Bank: 1 9 , USNM,

27 m, 6 June 1962, Oregon Station 3618. Serrana

Bank: 4 rf 8 ?, USNM, 0 to 2 m, 12 May 1964,

Oregon Station 4836. Isla de Providencia: 1 9»

USNM, 1884, Albatross.

Diagnosis

Body covered by plumose, rather densely set setae,

arranged in two patches on each side of carapace

and bands and patches on pleonic somites. Stylocerite usually short, reaching to midlength of first

antennular segment. Third pereopod short, extending at most to midlength of second antennular segment. Abdominal carina short, extending from posterior half of third to sixth somites. Telson with

terminal portion short and broad, length of latter

three to three and one-half times width at base.

Petasma with right distoventral projection deeply

cleft into two subequal, elongate lobes. Distoventral
NUMBER 79 SI

element distally produced in dextrally directed

broad process. Thelycum with median plate bearing

horseshoe-shaped marginal strip and coiled lateral

strips.

Description

PUBESCENCE (Figure 18A-D) .—Carapace covered

with setae of two types: one stiff, with stout shaft,

other with flexible, slender shaft. First type either

relatively long, bearing rather firmly attached pinnulae, latter long along middle portion, decreasing

in length toward both extremities (Figure 1 8A, C) or

short, unarmed (Figure 18B) . Longer setae on parts

of dorsum of carapace, and laterally anterior to

hepatic spine, bordering cervical sulcus and hepatic

sulcus (there forming elongate, curved patch); two

patches of longer setae also present on branchial

region, one posterodorsally and other posteroventrally. Short setae sparse on rostrum, more abundant on anteroventral portion of carapace, on parts

of dorsum, at base of hepatic spine, and sparsely

covering branchial region. Stiff setae, most long, also

arranged in bands and patches on pleonic somites,

and covering telson. Second type, that with flexible,

slender shaft and bearing pinnulae (Figure 18D)

rather sparsely distributed on various areas of carapace.

ROSTRUM.—Teeth 7 to 10, mode 8 (percentage

distribution: 7—2, 8—55,9—38, 10—5; N — 60) +

epigastric; first tooth slightly anterior to orbital

margin, last tooth minute, epigastric almost constantly at one-fourth carapace length from orbital

margin. Rostrum slightly to moderately tilted upward from base, with extreme posteroventral margin

concave, maximum height immediately anterior to

base, decreasing progressively to apex; rostrum

shorter than carapace, in adult reaching as far as

midlength of third antennular segment, shorter in

young.

FIGURE 18.—Metapenaeopsis smithi (Schmitt). Pubescence on hepatic region and adjacent portion of antennal region, $ 9.2 nun c.l., Swan Island, Caribbean Sea.
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

CARAPACE.—Orbital angle almost 90°, apex with

minute orbital spine directed anterodorsally; antennal spine prominent, pointed, with low round

carina; hepatic spine long, slender, and sharp, apex

slightly anterior to that of epigastric tooth; pterygostomian spine relatively small, about one-third

length of curved anterior portion of margin below

spine. Orbito-antennal sulcus indistinct; cervical sulcus feeble, almost hidden by long setae; hepatic

sulcus nearly horizontal to level of hepatic spine,

there turning anteroventrally.

ANTENNULES.—Length of antennular peduncle

about four-fifths that of carapace. Dorsal flagellum

slightly shorter than ventral, length of ventral about

two-fifths that of antennular peduncle. Prosartema

extending to about base of distal fifth of first antennular segment; stylocerite projected d is tally in

sharp, relatively short spine, usually extending only

to midlength (but occasionally as far as two-thirds)

of first antennular segment; anterolateral spine,

long, slender, and sharp.

ANTENNAE.—Scaphocerite with series of stout

spines along dorsal surface of distolateral margin,

its distal end reaching about proximal fourth of

thickened portion of dorsal antennular flagellum.

Length of antennal flagellum same as shrimp total

length.

THORACIC APPENDAGES.—Third maxilliped ranging in extent from distal end of first antennular

segment to end of proximal third of second; first

pereopod extending at least to midlength of carpocerite and, at most, exceeding it by half dactyl;

second pereopod exceeding carpocerite by as much

as four-fifths length of propodus; third pereopod

reaching at least end of proximal fourth and, at

most, midlength of second antennular segment;

fourth pereopod reaching to midlength of carpocerite; fifth pereopod exceeding fourth by half to

entire length of dactyl. Coxal plate of fourth pereopod in females broad and slightly convex. Ischial

spine on first pereopod.

ABDOMEN.—Median carina extending from fourth

Ffcuu 19.—Metapenaeopsis smithi (Schmitt). A, Petasma, ventral view, $ 7.7 mm c.l., Serrana

Bank, western Caribbean, B. Distal part of petasma, ventral view with distoventral projection

removed, $ 6.75 mm cl.. Cat Cays, Great Bahama Bank, c. Dorsal view of A.
NUMBER 79

FKUKB 20.—Metapenaeopsis smithi (Schmitt). A, Ventrolateral view of distal part of petasma, $ 7.7 nun cl.. Serrana

Bank, western Caribbean, B, Lateral view of tame part.

somite, occasionally from posterior half of third

(if present there, low and rounded), to sixth somite,

forming blunt keel and increasing in height posteriorly, bearing V-shaped incision on posterior margin of fourth and fifth somites, and ending on posterior margin of sixth in small spine. Abdomen

forming hump from second to fourth somites;

length of sixth somite one and one-half times maximum height. Telson slightly surpassing base of distal fifth of inner ramus of uropod, with terminal

portion short and broad, three to three and onehalf times width at base; lateral fixed spines of telson reaching end of proximal third of terminal portion, posterior of three pairs of lateral movable

spines reaching as far as, or slightly surpassing, fixed

spines, second pair extending to bases of posterior

pair, anterior pair very small. Outer ramus of uropod slightly longer than inner.

PETASMA (Figures 19A-C and 20A, B).—Right

distoventral projection cleft by deep sinus into two

subequal, elongate lobes. Distoventral flap wound in

large roll, strongly inclined dorsally. Distoventral

element consisting of proximal, blunt demicone,

1 mm

FIGURE 21.—Metapenaeopsis smithi (Schmitt). A, Thelycum, $ 10 mm cl., Saint Christopher,

Lesser Antilles, B, Dorsal view of thelycum showing seminal receptacles, $ 10 mm cl.. Swan

Island, Caribbean Sea.
54

produced distally in dextrally directed, broad process, with distomedian border densely covered by

spinules; demicone bearing dorsal, strongly recurved

fold. Rigid component contiguous with distoventral

element (ventral extension of right distodorsal element) , produced distally, and bearing subterminal,

ventrally projecting horn, lying against demicone.

Right distodorsal projection fleshy and roughly

lanceolate; subapical projection subtrapezoidal and

stiff. Left distodorsal projection thin, flexible, elongate, tightly wound, and ventrally inclined. Proximal portion of left half of petasma with short, blunt

spine at dorsolateral base of long, oblique, median

spur.

APPENDIX MASCULINA.—Essentially identical to

that described for M. goodei (Smith).

THELYCUM (Figures 21A, B and 22).—Posterior

ridge forming two lateral rounded lobes, with median portion short and almost uniform in length,

barely produced anteriorly along midline. Transverse plate with median portion short, anterolaterally produced in conspicuous extensions connecting

with hoods; latter subsemicircular in outline, extending anterodorsally, flanking posterolateral portions of median plate, and continuing posteromedially forming paired pouches dorsal to transverse

plate. Median bridge slender, long, and deeply set,

FIGURE 22—Metapenaeopsis smilhi (Schmitt) . Juvenile thelycum, 9 4.6 mm c.l., no data (Bingham Oceanographic Collection 129. YPM).

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

and hidden anteriorly by median strips. Median

plate much elongated, armed with long, anteromedian spine, and with ventral surface bearing

paired external spiral grooves (originating posteriorly and running on each side of median line)

delimiting horseshoe-shaped marginal strip, and,

near end of arm of shoe, turning anteriorly and

finally posteriorly, ending in pit, located at center

of lateral half of median plate; paired internal

spiral grooves (originating on excavated, posterolateral portions of median plate) extending anteriorly subparallel to corresponding external

groove, continuing posteriorly and finally anteriorly,

ending in pit; median longitudinal segments of external and internal grooves delimiting broad median

strip, latter suddenly narrowing and continuing between grooves to central pit; strips formed by

grooves on each side giving impression of single

strip wound in spiral; median plate extending caudally into two elongate, subtriangular processes.

Narrow, ribbonlike folds on dorsal surface of median

plate (Figure 21B), underlying coiled grooves on

ventral surface, innermost portions of folds forming

funnel corresponding to ventral pit. Paired grooves

between stemites XIII and XIV extending along anterior and median margins of hoods dipping beneath

transverse plate, there making U turn and running

anteriorly on each side of slender median bridge.

Sternite XII with paired, small protuberances.

Sternite XI in females, as well as in males, bearing two spinous processes broad at their bases.

SEMINAL RECEPTACLES (Figure 21B).—Paired,

roughly ovoid capsules, somewhat flattened, slightly

produced posterolaterally, and located dorsal to

hoods. Capsules continuous with narrow ducts running posteromedially and then turning anteriorly in

U, median arm of U extending anteriorly on dorsal

surface of median plate to marginal strip; ducts

(underlying grooves between stemites XIII and

XIV) opening in almost imperceptible slits, located

between subtriangular processes of median plate and

posteromedian extensions of hoods. In impregnated

females, spermatophores restricted to capsules and

proximal portions of ducts, not occupying median

arm of U on either side; impregnation often detectable by hardened secretion from spermatophores

protruding from slits.
NUMBER 79

Size

Maximum length recorded, 1 9 . 12.4 mm c.l., 49

mm t.l., from Bermuda Islands; males smaller than

females, maximum length recorded 7.7 mm c.l., 40

mm t.l., from Serrana Bank, Oregon Station 4936

(petasma figured).

Distribution

Metapenaeopsis smithi is found in the Bermuda

Islands, southeast coast of Florida to the Tortugas

Islands, throughout the West Indies—from Bahamas

to Curacao—and from Arrecife Alacran, Mexico,

southward along the Caribbean coast of Central

America and South America. The occurrence of this

species on the coast of Florida and the Tortugas

Islands has not been recorded previously.

Metapenaeopsis smithi lives in shallow water, but

some specimens were captured at depths as great as

366-384 m, in the Straits of Florida, at Oregon Station 1350. Most Metapenaeopsis of the western Atlantic show this same curious pattern of bathymetric

distribution, occurring mainly in shallow water but,

apparently, invading greater depths, close to the

continental or island platforms.

Habitat and habits

Schmitt (1924a) recorded Metapenaeopsis smithi on

sand, and Boone (1927) in coral reefs. During the

cruise of the Tomds Barrera collections were made

on coral, sand, rock, and "weedy" bottoms, and the

Johnson-Smithsonian Deep Sea Expedition caught

one specimen in floating sargassum on Playa Fajardo, Puerto Rico (see also discussion of habitat and

habits of M. goodei).

Remarks

The unique structure of the thelycum of Metapenaeopsis smithi enables the ready recognition of the

females of this species. Males, in turn, can be identified by the deeply cleft distoventral projection, the

relatively short, broad, and dextrally directed process

of the distoventral element, the presence of an

elongate patch of spinules on the distomedian border

of that process, and by the prominent horn of the

ventral extension of the right distodorsal element.

M. smithi may be distinguished from its congeners

35

in the western Atlantic also by the short, broad

terminal portion of the telson, and the pubescence.

Burkenroad (1934) stated that "there are no

qualitative differences in the nature of the tomentum

between P. smithi and P. goodei, although there appear to be quantitative ones." According to my

observations, however, the structure, density and

pattern of arrangement of the setae differ in the two

species. The setae of Metapenaeopsis smithi are relatively shorter, and some of the shortest ones are bare,

not only lacking pinnulae, but showing no trace of

those which might have been detached, whereas in

Metapenaeopsis goodei the shortest setae usually exhibit pinnulae or, often, the points of attachment,

even if feeble, of lost ones. In addition, M. smithi

possesses setae with flexible shaft, which are lacking

in M. goodei. The quantitative differences between

the two in pubescence are even more obvious; in

M. goodei the carapace and abdomen are almost

uniformly covered by closely set setae, except for a

bare marginal strip around the pleonic somites,

whereas in M. smithi the branchial region is rather

sparsely covered by short setae, among which two

elongate patches of long setae stand out, and the

setae of the pleonic somites are arranged in welldefined bands and patches.

In this species the third pereopods are shorter than

in the other members of the genus in the western

Atlantic, extending forward, at most, to midlength

of the second antennular segment. The relationship

of the length of the third pereopods to that of the

carapace in the five species may be obtained by comparing the illustrations in Figure 13. Obviously, the

third perepod of M. smithi (13E) is proportionately

the shortest.

The detailed study of the thelycum of Af. smithi

has demonstrated that it is even more complex than

has been previously realized. The anterior part of

the median plate is reduced in area by the anterior

elongation of the median bridge and posterolateral

portions of the median plate. The posterolateral

portions are equivalent to the bosses of other species,

and in their elongation form the median strips. The

median bridge and the posterolateral portions are

also produced posteriorly (the latter in subtrianguIar processes); the elongation of these structures in

both directions, in turn, are responsible for the long

seminal receptacles (Figure 21B) underlying the

grooves along the margins of the subtriangular processes and median bridge. The median limbs of these
56

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

grooves terminate near the anterior extremity of the

median strips and do not continue laterally as

Burkenroad (1934) suggested. The wound dorsal

folds, underlying the grooves on each side of the

ventral surface of the median plate, are independent

of the seminal receptacles, and their function is not

only unknown, but puzzling, since they do not serve

the purpose of storing the spermatophores. Another

structure, the function of which is unknown, is the

pair of pouches formed by the posterolateral portions of the hoods, dorsal to the transverse plate.

Even in a female 4.6 mm in carapace length (Figure 22) the early stages in the modification of the

basic pattern of the thelycum can be observed. The

elongation of the median bridge, and the anterior

and posterior expansions of the posterolateral portions of the median plate are already initiated; the

posterior coiling of the marginal strip has also begun.

literature Cited

Alcock, A.

1901. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Indian Deep-Sea

Crustacea Decapoda Macrura and Anomala, in the

Indian Museum. Being a Revised Account of the

Deep-Sea Species Collected by the Royal Indian

Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Indian Museum,

Calcutta: 1-286, i-iv, plates 1-3.

1905. A Revision of the "Genus" Peneus, with Diagnoses

of Some New Species and Varieties. The Annals

and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 16:508-

5S2.

1906. Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea in the

Collection of the Indian Museum. Part III.

Macrura. Fasc. I. The Prawns of the Peneus Group:

i-ii + 1-55, plates 1-9. Calcutta, Trustees of the

Indian Museum.

Boone, L.

1927. Crustacea from Tropical East American Seas. Scientific Results of the First Oceanographic Expedition

of the Pawnee, 1925. Bulletin of the Bingham

Oceanographic Collection, 1(2): 1-147, figures 1-3S.

1930. Crustacea: Anomura, Macrura, Schizopoda, Isopoda,

Amphipoda, Mysidacea, Cirripedia, and Copepoda.

Scientific Results of the Cruises of the Yachts Eagle

and Ara, 1921-1928. Bulletin of the Vanderbilt

Marine Museum, 3:1-221, 5 text-figures, plates 1-83.

Bouvier, E. L.

1905a. Sur les Peneides et les Stenopitles recueillis par les

expeditions franchises et monegasques dans l'Atlantique oriental. Comptes Rendus de L'Academie

des Sciences, Paris, 140:980-983.

1905b. Sur les Macroures nageurs (abstraction faite des

Carides), recueillis par les expeditions americaines

du Hassler et du Blake. Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 141:746-749.

1908. Quelques observations systetnatiques sur la sousfamille des Penaeinae Alcock. Bulletin de L'lnstitut

Oceanographique Monaco, 119:1-10.

Bullis, H. R., Jr., and J. R. Thompson

1965. Collections by the Exploratory Fishing Vessels

Oregon, Silver Bay, Combat, and Pelican Made

During 1956-1960 in the Southwestern North Atlantic. VS. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, 510:1-130.

Burkenroad, M. D.

1934. Littoral Penaeidea chiefly from the Bingham

Oceanographic Collection. With a Revision of

Penaeopsis and Descriptions of Two New Genera

and Eleven New American Species. Bulletin of the

Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 4 (7): 1-109,

figures 1-40.

1938. The Templeton Crocker Expedition. XIII. Penaeidae from the Region of Lower California and

Clarion Island, with Descriptions of Four New

Species. Zoologic.a, New York Zoological Society,

23(1):55-9I, text-figures 1-34.

1959. Addenda et Corrigenda au Memoire XXV. Penaeidae par Martin D. Burkenroad (pages 67-92).

In Mission Robert Ph. Dollfus en Egypte (Decentbre 1927-Mars 1929). S. S. Al Sayad. ResulUU

Sdentifiques, 3* Partie, [contributional] (XXIIIXXXIV) :285. Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Dall, W.

1957. A Revision of the Australian Species of Penaeinae

(Crustacea Decapoda: Penaeidae) . Australian Journal of Marine 6- Freshtvater Research, 8:136-231,

figures 1-30.

Fausto Filho. J.

1968. General Considerations on the Peneids of North

and Northeast of Brazil. Arquivos da Estacao de

Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara,

8 (1) :69-7S. Fortaleza-Ceara Brasil.

Holthuis, L. B.

1952. Crustaces Decapodes Macrures. Resultats Sdentifiques. Expedition Oceanographique Beige dans

les Eaux CStieres Africaines de VAtlantique Sud

(1948-1949), 3(2): 1-88, figures 1-21.

Rishinouye, K.

1929. Penaeid Crustaceans with the Asymmetrical Petasma. Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of

Japan, 5 (7) :280-28S, 6 unnumbered figures.

Kubo, I.

1949. Studies on Penaeids of Japanese and its Adjacent

Waters. Journal of the Tokyo College of Fisheries,

36(1): 1-467, figures 1-160.

Man, J. G. de.

1911. Family Penaeidae. The Decapoda of the Siboga

Expedition. Part I. Siboga Expeditie, Monographic, 39a:l-131. Supplement to Part I, (1913),

plates 1-10.
NUMBER 79

Milne Edwards, A., and £. L. Bouvier

1909. Les Peneides et Stenopides. ReporU on the Results of Dredging, under the Supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78),

in the Caribbean Sea (1878-79), and along the

Atlantic Coast of the United States (1880), by the

U.S. Coast Survey Steamer Blake. XLIV. Memoirs

of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard

University, 27:177-274, figures 1-91, plates 1-9.

Perez Farfante, I.

1969. Western Atlantic Shrimps of the Genus Penaeus.

VS. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin,

67:461-591, figures 1-77.

Rathbun, M. J.

1900. The Decapod and Stomatopod Crustacea. Results

of the Branner-Aggassiz Expedition to Brazil. I.

Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 2:133-156, plate 8.

1920. "1919" Stalk-eyed Crustaceans of the Dutch West

Indies. In J. Boeke, Rapport Betreffende een

Voorloopig Onderzoek naar den Toestand van de

Visscherif en de Industrie van Zeeproducten in de

Kolonie Curacao, 2:317-849, figures 1-5.

Schmitt, W. L.

1924a. The Macruran, Anomuran and Stomatopod Crustacea. Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Fauna van

Curacao. Resultaten eener reis van Dr. C. J. van

der Horst in 1920. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde,

23:61-81, figures 1-7, plate 8.

1924b. Report on the Macrura, Anomura and Stomatopoda collected by the Barbados-Antigua Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1918. Unwerity of Iowa Studies in Natural History, 10(4):65-

99, plates 1-5.

1936. Macruran and Anomuran Crustacea from Bonaire,

Curacao and Aruba. Zoologische Ergebnisse einer

Reise nach Bonaire, Curacao and Aruba im Jahre

1930. 16. Zoologische JahrbUcher. Systematik,

67:363-378, plates 11-13.

Smith, S.

1888. Lists of Dredging Stations in North American

Waters from 1867 to 1887 [Preprint]; (Extracted

from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of

Fish and Fisheries for 1886): 871-1017, 5 + 4

charts. Washington, Government Printing Office.

Smith, S. I.

1885 On Some Genera and Species of Penaeidae, Mostly

37

from Recent Dredging* of the United States Fish

Commission. The Proceedings of United States

National Museum, 8:170-190.

Springer, S. and H. R. Bullis, Jr.

1956. Collections by the Oregon in the Gulf of Mexico.

[US.] Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific

Report—Fisheries, 196:1-134.

Stimpson, W.

1871. Notes on North American Crustacea in the Museum

of the Smithsonian Institution. III. Annals of the

Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 10:92-

136.

Tabb, D. C. and R. B. Manning

1961. A Checklist of the Flora and Fauna of Northern

Florida Bay and Adjacent Brackish Waters of the

Florida Mainland Collected During the Period

July, 1957 through September, 1960. Bulletin of

Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 11:552-

649, figures 1-8.

Verrill, A. E.

1922. Decapod Crustacea of Bermuda. Part II—Macrura. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of

Arts and Sciences, 26:1-179, figures 1-12, plates

1-48.

Voss, G. L.

1955. A Key to the Commercial and Potentially Commercial Shrimp of the Family Penaeidae of the

Western North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico.

Florida State Board of Conservation, Technical

Series, 14:1-22, figures 1-25.

Wheeler, J. F. G.

1937. Further Observations on Lunar Periodicity. The

Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 40:325-

345, figures 1-8.

Williams, A. B.

1965. Marine Decapods Crustaceans of the Carolina*.

US. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin,

65:1-298, figures 1-252.

Wood-Mason, J.

1891. Phylum Appendiculata. Branch Arthropod*. Class

Crustacea. In J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock, On

the Results of Deep-Sea Dredging during the

Season 1890-91. Natural History Notes from H. M.

Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigator, Commander R. F. Hoskyn, R. N., commanding. Series

II., No. 1. The Annals and Magazine of Natural

History, Series 6. 8: 269-286, figures 6-9.

US OOVHNMB4T MINTING OFFICEi 1f70 O-401-M*

Publication in Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Manuscripts for serial publications are accepted by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject

to substantive review, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums. NonSmithsonian authors should address inquiries to the appropriate department. If submission is

invited, the following format requirements of the Press will govern the preparation of copy.

(An instruction sheet for the preparation of illustrations is available from the Press on request.)

Copy must be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper, with

V/i" top and left margins, submitted in ribbon copy with a carbon or duplicate, and accompanied

by the original artwork. Duplicate copies of all material, including illustrations, should be retained

by the author. There may be several paragraphs to a page, but each page should begin with a new

paragraph. Number consecutively all pages, including title page, abstract, text, literature cited,

legends, and tables. The minimum length is 30 pages of typescript and illustrations.

The title should be complete and clear for easy indexing by abstracting services. Taxonomic

titles will carry a final line indicating the higher categories to which the taxon is referable:

"(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)." Include an abstract as an introductory part of the text. Identify

the author on the first page of text with an unnumbered footnote that includes his professional

mailing address. A table of contents is optional. An index, if required, may be supplied by the

author when he returns page proof.

Two headings are used: (1) text heads (boldface in print) for major sections and chapters

and (2) paragraph sideheads (caps and small caps in print) for subdivisions. Further headings

may be worked out with the editor.

In taxonomic keys, number only the first item of each couplet; if there is only one couplet,

omit the number. For easy reference, number also the taxa and their corresponding headings

throughout the text; do not incorporate page references in the key.

In synonymy, use the short form (taxon, author, date, page) with a full reference at the end

of the paper under "Literature Cited." Begin each taxon at the left margin with subsequent lines

indented about three spaces. Within a taxon, use a period-dash (.—) to separate each reference.

Enclose with square brackets any annotation in or at the end of the taxon. For references within

the text, use the author-date system: "(Jones, 1910)" or "Jones (1910)." If the reference is

expanded, abbreviate the data: "Jones (1910, p. 122, pi. 20: fig. 1)."

Simple tabulations in the text (e.g., columns of data) may carry headings or not, but they

should not contain rules. Formal tables must be submitted as pages separate from the text, and

each table, no matter how large, should be pasted up as a single sheet of copy.

For measurements and weights, use the metric system instead of (or in addition to) the

English system.

Illustrations (line drawings, maps, photographs, shaded drawings) can be intermixed

throughout the printed text. They will be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively;

however, if a group of figures is treated as a single figure, the individual components should be

indicated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references:

"Figure 9b." If illustrations (usually tone photographs) are printed separately from the text as

full pages on a different stock of paper, they will be termed Plates, and individual components

should be lettered (Plate 9b) but may be numbered (Plate 9: figure 2). Never combine the

numbering system of text illustrations with that of plate illustrations. Submit all legends on pages

separate from the text and not attached to the artwork.

In the bibliography (usually called "Literature Cited"), spell out book, journal, and article

titles, using initial caps with all words except minor terms such as "and, of, the." (For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language.) Underscore

(for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume, number, and

page citations: "10(2) :5-9." Spell out such words as "figures" and "plates" (or "pages" when

used alone).

For free copies of his own paper, a Smithsonian author should indicate his requirements on

"Form 36" (submitted to the Press with the manuscript). A non-Smithsonian author will receive

50 free copies; order forms for quantities above this amount with instructions for payment will be

supplied when page proof is forwarded.