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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

LUIS GARCIA 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 3888 EDA 2016

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 16, 2016

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0012001-2014

BEFORE: OTT, J., DUBOW, J., and STRASSBURGER*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED APRIL 29, 2019

Appellant Luis Garcia seeks review of the Judgment of Sentence imposed 

following a bench trial. He challenges the sufficiency of the evidence 

supporting his convictions of Possession with Intent to Deliver a Controlled 

Substance (“PWID”) and Possession of a Controlled Substance

(“Possession”).

1

 After careful review, we affirm.

We glean the factual and procedural history from the certified record. 

On September 19, 2014, around 10:20 PM, Philadelphia Police Detective 

Thomas Robinson and his partner, both members of the Narcotics Strike 

Force, were conducting surveillance in plainclothes in an unmarked vehicle on 

the 2800 block of B Street located in a section of Philadelphia known for its 

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1 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30) and 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16), respectively.
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illegal drug trade.

2

 While seated in his parked car on the west side of the 

street, Detective Robinson observed Appellant on the east side of the street, 

approximately thirty to fifty feet away, as a man approached him. Appellant 

and the man had a brief conversation during which the man handed Appellant 

cash and Appellant in return gave the man what appeared to be a small item. 

The man walked away on Somerset Street. Believing that he had just 

witnessed a narcotics transaction, Detective Robinson radioed a flash 

description of the alleged buyer to Police Officer Eddie Ashburn, also of the 

Narcotics Strike Force. Officer Ashburn arrested the buyer approximately 10 

minutes after the transaction. He found a small packet of heroin labeled 

“Megaman” and two small vials containing crack cocaine on the buyer’s 

person. 

Meanwhile, Detective Robinson continued to watch Appellant who 

remained on B Street. Ten minutes later, another man approached Appellant 

and they began to argue. After a couple of minutes, the second man walked

away quickly down B Street; Appellant quickly left after a brief pause. 

Believing that his undercover position had been compromised, Detective 

Robinson radioed a flash description of Appellant and asked uniformed police 

officers to stop him. As the responding police officers approached from 

different directions, Detective Robinson saw Appellant make a throwing 

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2 At the time of this incident, Detective Robinson had over 17 years’

experience in the Philadelphia Police Department, including 10 years on the 

Narcotics Strike Force. N.T. Trial, 5/12/16, at 32.
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motion towards a fence abutting a vacant lot on B Street near the corner of 

Tusculum Street. 

Police Officer Mauricio Rodriguez stopped Appellant based on the flash 

description, and Detective Robinson identified him. Officer Rodriguez 

searched Appellant’s pocket and recovered $11 in cash. Although Officer 

Rodriguez looked on the outside of the fence and over the fence where

Detective Robinson thought he saw Appellant throw something, he did not go 

into the lot because of the amount and type of debris, including needles, 

scattered throughout. See generally N.T. Trial, 5/12/16, at 12-47.

The Commonwealth charged Appellant with one count of PWID and one 

count of Possession. Appellant proceeded to a bench trial, where three police 

officers testified for the Commonwealth. Detective Robinson testified 

regarding his observations of the events that occurred before, during, and 

after the hand-to-hand transaction. He also testified that the total value of 

the drugs found on the alleged buyer was $20: $10 for the heroin and $5 for 

each of the crack vials. Officer Ashburn testified regarding his stop and search 

of the alleged buyer. Officer Rodriguez testified regarding his stop and search 

of Appellant.

Appellant moved for a Judgment of Acquittal, which the court denied. 

Appellant presented testimony from, inter alia, David Leff, an expert in 

narcotics trafficking, who opined that because Appellant did not have loose 

rubber bands, empty plastic bags, drugs, or more than $11 cash on his person, 

nothing suggested that Appellant had been engaged in selling narcotics at the 
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time of his arrest. See id. at 62, 72-3.3 Leff opined that the alleged buyer, 

who gave the police a home address of 2547 North 31st Street, located 

approximately 33⁄4 miles away from the transaction site, would not have gotten 

the “block price” for living in the area, i.e., a discount. Id. at 62. Rather, the 

buyer would have paid the going rate, which would be $20 total in this case,

“if not more based upon his residence.” Id. at 61-2, 70. Leff, thus, concluded 

that $11 was “simply not enough under the circumstances of an out-of-thearea alleged buyer to possess $20 worth of drugs[,]” particularly in the 

“absence of any type of physical indicia ... to suggest that he’s engaged in 

narcotics trafficking.” Id. at 72. 

Leff acknowledged that B Street and the surrounding area was known 

for the sale of crack and heroin, that a hand-to-hand transaction on B Street 

could be a narcotics transaction, and that it was “not uncommon” for drug 

dealers to discard drugs or handguns when seeing police officers approach. 

Id. at 64, 75-6. 

The court found Appellant guilty, and ordered a pre-sentence 

investigation. On August 16, 2016, the court sentenced Appellant to six to 

twelve months’ incarceration with immediate parole, followed by five years’ 

probation. The court also directed Appellant to get his GED, engage in job 

training, and continue with drug and alcohol treatment. 

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3 Leff contended that even if Appellant had sold the last of his bundle of drugs

to the alleged buyer, Appellant would have had rubber bands and baggies on 

his person. See N.T. at 62-3. 
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After the denial by operation of law of Appellant’s Post-Sentence Motion, 

Appellant filed a timely appeal. Both Appellant and the trial court complied 

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

Appellant presents the following question for this Court’s review:

Was not the evidence insufficient to sustain [A]ppellant’s 

conviction for delivery and possession of a controlled substance 

where there was an exchange of an item for cash between 

[A]ppellant and another male who was later arrested for drug 

possession, but nothing [A]ppellant possessed upon arrest 

indicated that he sold crack and heroin to the alleged buyer?

Appellant’s Brief at 3.

“A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of law.”

Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000). The standard 

and scope of review applicable to a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

is well-settled:

[O]ur standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is 

plenary. In assessing Appellant's sufficiency challenge, we must 

determine whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in 

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, there is sufficient 

evidence to enable the fact–finder to find every element of the 

crime beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence need not preclude 

every possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe 

all, part, or none of the evidence presented.

Commonwealth v. Hutchison, 164 A.3d 494, 497 (Pa. Super. 2017) 

(internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted), appeal denied, 

176 A.3d 231 (Pa. 2017).

Further, a conviction may be sustained wholly on circumstantial 

evidence, and the trier of fact—while passing on the credibility of the witnesses 
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and the weight of the evidence—is free to believe all, part, or none of the 

evidence. Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 39-40 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(citation omitted). In conducting this review, the appellate court may not 

weigh the evidence and substitute its judgment for the fact-finder. Id.

(citation omitted).

Moreover, “[i]t is the function of the [fact finder] to evaluate evidence 

adduced at trial to reach a determination as to the facts, and where the verdict 

is based on substantial, if conflicting evidence, it is conclusive on appeal.” 

Commonwealth v. Reynolds, 835 A.2d 720, 726 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation 

omitted). Therefore, we will not disturb the verdict “unless the evidence is so 

weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be 

drawn from the combined circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Bruce, 916

A.2d 657, 661 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation omitted).

Here, the court found Appellant guilty of PWID and the lesser-included 

offense of possession. Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction for 

Possession if the Commonwealth shows that the defendant, “[k]nowingly or 

intentionally possessed a controlled or counterfeit substance[.]” 35 P.S. § 

780-113(a)(16). “Possession can be proven by showing actual possession, 

i.e., a controlled substance found on the [appellant’s] person, or by showing 

that the [appellant] constructively possessed the drug.” Commonwealth v. 

Macolino, 469 A.2d 132, 134 (Pa. 1983). 
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In this case, the evidence showed that Officer Robinson, an experienced 

narcotics detective conducting undercover surveillance in an area known for 

illicit drug sales, observed Appellant hand a small object to an individual in 

exchange for cash. Police recovered drugs from that individual shortly 

thereafter. Based on that discovery, and combined with Appellant’s other 

behavior—walking quickly away after arguing with a second man, and making 

tossing motions over a fence as police officers approached—when viewed in 

the totality of the circumstance in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth as the verdict winner, it was reasonable for the court to infer 

that Appellant possessed the drugs before he handed them to the buyer. 

Accordingly, there was sufficient evidence to support the simple Possession 

conviction.

The court also found Appellant guilty of PWID. As provided in 35 P.S. §

780–113(a)(30), an actor is prohibited from delivering controlled substances

without proper authorization. Delivery is defined as “the actual, constructive,

or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled 

substance....” 35 PS. § 780–102. For a defendant to be liable for the delivery 

of a controlled substance, “there must be evidence that he knowingly made 

an actual, constructive, or attempted transfer of a controlled substance to 

another person without the legal authority to do so.” Commonwealth v. 

Murphy, 844 A.2d 1228, 1233–34 (Pa. 2004) (citing Commonwealth v. 

Metzger, 372 A.2d 20, 22 (Pa. Super. 1977)). “A defendant actually transfers 
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drugs whenever he physically conveys drugs to another person.” Murphy, 

supra at 1233. “Section 780–113(a)(30) does not require that a party make

a profit, it simply prohibits ‘delivery.’” Commonwealth v. Morrow, 650 A.2d 

907, 912 (Pa. Super. 1994).

As noted above, a conviction may be sustained wholly on circumstantial 

evidence. Melvin, supra at 39-40.

Appellant contends that only conjecture supports his convictions for 

possession and delivery of a controlled substance. Appellant’s Brief at 9-10. 

He asserts that because Appellant had no drugs and only $11 on his person

at the time of his arrest, the evidence is insufficient to conclude that he 

possessed and delivered the narcotics found on the individual with whom he 

had interacted just ten minutes before that man’s arrest. Id. 

While Appellant acknowledges that circumstantial evidence can wholly 

support a verdict, he nonetheless asks us to consider the evidence that was 

not presented in order to vacate his conviction. Our standard of review does 

not allow us to do so. See Commonwealth v. Meals, 912 A.2d 213, 222–

23 (Pa. 2006) (noting that it is improper for this Court to reweigh the evidence 

and give “more weight to ‘absent’ factors than to those found and relied upon 

by the trial court[.]”). Rather, as noted above, an appellate court must 

consider the evidence that was presented in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth as the verdict winner. 
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Here, the trial court heard testimony, which it found credible, from a 

narcotics detective with nearly ten years of experience in conducting 

surveillance in that area of Philadelphia, an area well-known for illicit drug 

sales, regarding his knowledge of how hand-to-hand drug sales generally 

occur on the street and what he observed in this case. Detective Robinson

also testified regarding his observation of Appellant making a tossing motion 

over a fence after uniformed police officers began their approach on B Street. 

Both the detective and Appellant’s own expert testified it is “not uncommon” 

for drug dealers to toss drugs and guns upon seeing police officers approach 

them. In addition, when police officers stopped the man with whom Appellant 

had conducted the hand-to-hand transaction shortly after the transaction, 

they found drugs on the buyer consistent with the type and packaging of drugs 

sold in that area. 

The fact that Appellant did not have $20 or drugs on his person when 

he was arrested does not negate the evidence presented to, and found to be 

credible by, the trial court sitting as the fact finder. Appellant is essentially 

asking us to reweigh the testimony of the witnesses and resolve conflicts in 

the evidence in his favor. This we will not do. See Melvin, supra at 39-40 

(noting credibility determinations are within the province of the factfinder and 

will not be disturbed on appeal); Reynolds, supra at 726 (“[i]t is the function 

of the [fact finder] to evaluate evidence adduced at trial to reach a 
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determination as to the facts, and where the verdict is based on substantial, 

if conflicting evidence, it is conclusive on appeal.”).

We conclude that the evidence is not “so weak and inconclusive that as 

a matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined 

circumstances.” Bruce, supra at 661. Thus, viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth in accordance with our standard of 

review, we conclude that sufficient evidence supports the convictions.

Judgment of Sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 4/29/19