1

Certiorari Granted, May 24, 2012, No. 33,592

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: 2013-NMCA-076

Filing Date: March 29, 2012

Docket No. 30,470

STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

VINCENT MONTOYA, 

Defendant-Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY

M. Monica Zamora, District Judge 

Gary K. King, Attorney General 

Santa Fe, NM

Jacqueline R. Medina, Assistant Attorney General 

Albuquerque, NM

for Appellee

Jacqueline L. Cooper, Chief Public Defender

Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender

Santa Fe, NM

for Appellant

OPINION

BUSTAMANTE, Judge.

{1} Defendant Vincent Montoya was charged with kidnapping, attempt to commit

criminal sexual penetration (CSP), aggravated battery against a household member, and

interference with communications. He was convicted of all but attempted CSP. At issue in
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this appeal is whether his Confrontation Clause rights were violated by the district court’s

pre-trial ruling preventing him from questioning Victim about her prior sexual history with

him. We hold that they were not and affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

{2} The facts of this case are not in dispute. Defendant and Victim had been arguing.

Defendant wanted to have sex with Victim, but Victim was not similarly inclined.

Defendant got on top of Victim and attempted to remove her pants. Victim pushed and

kicked Defendant until he stopped. Although Defendant was capable of forcing Victim to

have sex with him, he did not. The two continued fighting, and Defendant bit Victim’s inner

thigh and pushed her over a table, hitting her head and hurting her back. Eventually,

Victim’s parents arrived and she was able to leave. 

{3} What is disputed, and what was the pivotal issue below, was Defendant’s intent. Did

he intend to commit a sexual offense against Victim regardless of whether she consented,

or did he believe he was engaging in a consensual act of “make-up sex”? Arguing the latter,

Defendant filed a motion under Rule 11-413 NMRA to introduce evidence of Victim’s past

sexual conduct with Defendant. Defendant represented that Victim would testify “that she

believed Defendant was trying to have ‘make-up sex’ with her and that they had engaged in

make-up sex in the past.” According to Defendant, “make-up sex” meant the use of sexual

intercourse as a method of resolving disputes or of reconciling subsequent to a dispute.

Defendant argued that the sexual history testimony was relevant to his state of mind

regarding the specific intent crimes of kidnapping and CSP because it would show that “his

intent was to have consensual sexual relations with his long-time girlfriend, not to have sex

with her against her will.” 

{4} The district court denied Defendant’s motion, finding that Victim’s past sexual

conduct was “inflammatory and prejudicial in nature and [was] not outweighed by its

probative value.” It ordered that Defendant was precluded from asking whether Victim and

Defendant had a long-standing sexual relationship, whether Victim and Defendant

“engage[d] in sexual relations after an argument to make[-]up,” or whether Victim had ever

not consented to Defendant’s sexual advances prior to the events at issue in the case. The

court noted that “Defendant’s confrontation rights are implicated by the material the defense

seeks to introduce but that material may be elicited by other legally proper means than

through the alleged [V]ictim.” A jury acquitted Defendant of attempted CSP but convicted

him of kidnapping.

{5} Although Defendant was prevented from introducing evidence of his sexual history

with Victim, he was able to produce some evidence at trial in support of his theory that he

never intended to commit a sexual offense against Victim. Notably, Victim testified that she

had been Defendant’s girlfriend for about two years. Victim agreed that she was not terrified

that he was going to penetrate her and that penetration was not the issue. She also agreed

that she perceived his advances not as an attempt to force sex on her, but as an attempt to
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obtain her consent for sex. Finally, she agreed that she believed Defendant would not have

had sex with her unless she consented. 

II. DISCUSSION

{6} Defendant makes two arguments on appeal. First, he contends that the district court

erred in excluding evidence of Victim’s sexual history with Defendant that Defendant

believes would have negated the specific intent element of the kidnapping charge. Second,

Defendant argues that it was error for the district court to instruct the jury that attempted

CSP was only a general intent crime. We address each argument in turn.

A. The Rape Shield Rule

{7} In 1975, our Legislature enacted a rape shield law which provides that 

[E]vidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct, opinion evidence of the

victim’s past sexual conduct or of reputation for past sexual conduct, shall

not be admitted unless, and only to the extent that the court finds that, the

evidence is material to the case and that its inflammatory or prejudicial

nature does not outweigh its probative value.

NMSA 1978, § 30-9-16(A) (1975) (amended 1993). Our Supreme Court has adopted a

similar rule of evidence. See Rule 11-413(A). For convenience, we will confine our

discussion to the rule in this Opinion. The rule confers upon the district court discretion to

exclude evidence of past conduct. See id. However, “[i]f application of the rape shield law

or rule would conflict with the accused’s confrontation right, if it operates to preclude the

defendant from presenting a full and fair defense, the statute and rule must yield.” State v.

Johnson, 1997-NMSC-036, ¶ 24, 123 N.M. 640, 944 P.2d 869.

{8} Defendant’s rape shield argument breaks down into two parts: (1) a constitutional

component under the Confrontation Clause; and (2) an evidentiary component, looking at

the district court’s application of the rule. The admissibility of evidence under the rape

shield rule is separate from the objection based on the Confrontation Clause. Cf. State v.

Henderson, 2006-NMCA-059, ¶ 8, 139 N.M. 595, 136 P.3d 1005 (noting that a hearsay

objection to pre-trial testimony was separate from a Confrontation Clause objection to the

same testimony). We begin with the Confrontation Clause because, as we discuss below,

the rape shield rule must yield when exclusion of the evidence would violate a defendant’s

confrontation rights. First, however, we must discuss the standard of review.

1. Standard of Review

{9} Our Supreme Court has sent confusing signals regarding the standard of review for

cases involving both the rape shield rule and the Confrontation Clause. Most recently, in a

case that dealt exclusively with the confrontation implications of the rape shield rule, the
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Court stated that we review decisions to exclude evidence under the rape shield rule for

abuse of discretion. State v. Stephen F., 2008-NMSC-037, ¶ 8, 144 N.M. 360, 188 P.3d 84.

However, other cases indicate that we review Confrontation Clause issues de novo. See,

e.g., State v. Lopez, 2011-NMSC-035, ¶ 10, 150 N.M. 179, 258 P.3d 458; State v. Lasner,

2000-NMSC-038, ¶ 24, 129 N.M. 806, 14 P.3d 1282. In State v. Gonzales, 1999-NMSC033, ¶ 22, 128 N.M. 44, 989 P.2d 419, our Supreme Court noted that the right to

confrontation is not absolute, and the district court retains wide latitude to limit crossexamination. This language would seem to implicate an abuse of discretion standard, but

in its ruling the Court held that “under the de novo standard, . . . the trial court acted within

its ‘wide latitude.’” Id. We find it necessary to review the case history in this area to clarify

the standard of review applicable.

{10} In Johnson, the Court first considered the tension between the defendant’s

confrontation right to cross-examine witnesses and the state’s interest in protecting the

victims’ privacy under the rape shield rule. The Court framed the issue by observing that

“evidence of prior sexual conduct must be admitted if a defendant shows that evidence

implicates his or her constitutional right of confrontation.” 1997-NMSC-036, ¶ 22

(emphasis added); id. ¶ 24 (“If application of the rape shield law or rule would conflict with

the accused’s confrontation right, if it operates to preclude the defendant from presenting a

full and fair defense, the statute and rule must yield.”). Citing a Wisconsin case, the Court

adopted a five-prong test as a non-exclusive framework for “establish[ing] a constitutional

right to present evidence otherwise excluded by” the rape shield rules:

(1) whether there is a clear showing that the complainant committed the prior

acts; (2) whether the circumstances of the prior acts closely resemble those

of the present case; (3) whether the prior acts are clearly relevant to a

material issue, such as identity, intent, or bias; (4) whether the evidence is

necessary to the defendant’s case; [and] (5) whether the probative value of

the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect[.]

Id. ¶¶ 27-28. It concluded that “a showing sufficient under the five-pronged . . . test

establishes a constitutional right to present evidence otherwise excluded by our statute.” Id.

¶ 28. This statement evokes a de novo determination regarding a constitutional right. 

{11} However, in the same paragraph, it characterized the confrontation right as merely

“inform[ing] the [district] court’s exercise of discretion under the statute and rule,” a

characterization that speaks to the abuse of discretion review normally associated with the

application of a rule of evidence. Id. At first glance, this latter statement seems to be in

conflict with the earlier invocation of a de novo standard of review. 

{12} After setting forth these apparently contradictory standards, Johnson concluded that

the defendant had not made any argument that implicated his right to confrontation. Id. ¶ 29.

The Court concluded that the contested evidence did not support a theory of relevance other

than propensity. See id. ¶¶ 39-40. It appears to have reached this conclusion as a matter of
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law, reasoning that the evidence offered was not probative of motive to fabricate and

therefore did not implicate the defendant’s right to confrontation. See id. ¶ 29. Having

rejected the confrontation objection, Johnson held that the district court had not abused its

discretion in applying the rape shield rule to exclude the evidence of prostitution. Id. ¶ 40.

The Court did not apply the test it had just announced to either the confrontation or the rape

shield analysis. 

{13} Our Supreme Court revisited the tension between the rape shield rule and the

Confrontation Clause in Stephen F. Although the opinion discussed only the confrontation

issue, the Court reviewed the district court’s action for abuse of discretion. See 2008-

NMSC-037, ¶ 8. It employed a two-step process. First, as in Johnson, the Court required

the defendant to “establish a valid theory of relevance and . . . support that theory with

adequate facts showing a nexus between his proffered evidence and his theory.” Stephen F.,

2008-NMSC-037, ¶ 36. Second, the Court balanced the State’s interest in excluding the

evidence against the victim’s confrontation rights, which it viewed through the lens of the

Johnson factors. Stephen F., 2008-NMSC-037, ¶¶ 28-31.

{14} Applying this process, the Court examined the Johnson factors, which it said aided

“in determining whether the defendant has adequately established his theory of relevance.”

Stephen F., 2008-NMSC-037, ¶ 8. First, it concluded that because the second factor was not

relevant, this Court had not erred in disregarding it. See id. ¶¶ 12-17. The Court noted that

the third factor, which is “designed to help the court determine the relevancy of [a]

defendant’s theory,” was met because the defendant was attempting to show the witness’s

motive to lie. Id. ¶ 19. Furthermore, the Court concluded that the testimony was necessary

to the defendant’s case because without it, his “argument that [the witness] had a motive to

lie became groundless and ineffective.” Id. ¶ 21. The Court concluded that the defendant’s

constitutional right to cross-examine the victim had been violated. Id. ¶ 38. 

{15} Our understanding of Stephen F. is as follows. The Court applied an abuse of

discretion standard. However, implicit in the standard in this context is that we review the

application of the law to the facts de novo, and that a district court abuses its discretion when

it bases its decision on a misapprehension of the law. See, e.g., State v. Martinez, 2008-

NMSC-060, ¶ 10, 145 N.M. 220, 195 P.3d 1232 (“A misapprehension of the law upon which

a court bases an otherwise discretionary evidentiary ruling is subject to de novo review.”).

The abuse of discretion review employed in Stephen F. thus encompasses both a de novo

review of whether the confrontation right is implicated and a de novo review of whether

restrictions on cross-examination were within the district court’s “wide latitude.” See

Gonzales, 1999-NMSC-033, ¶ 22 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

{16} Consistent with this view, we observe in Johnson and Stephen F. three different

questions subject to three different standards of review. First, in both Johnson and Stephen

F., the Court first reviewed de novo whether the theory upon which the defendant sought to

introduce evidence implicated his confrontation rights. In Johnson, the defendant’s

confrontation rights were not implicated, and the inquiry ended. In Stephen F., the
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defendant’s confrontation right to show the witness’s motive to lie was implicated, and the

inquiry proceeded. 

{17} The Court in Stephen F. next proceeded to the second step, balancing “the [s]tate’s

interest in applying the rape shield [rule]” against “the effect that excluding the evidence had

on [the defendant’s] constitutional rights.” 2008-NMSC-037, ¶¶ 28, 31. It measured the

defendant’s rights by examining the Johnson factors and by analogizing to other cases.

Stephen F., 2008-NMSC-037, ¶¶ 31-36. The Court appears to have undertaken this

balancing de novo as well. We understand this balancing test to represent an inquiry into

the district court’s ability to restrict the scope of cross-examination under the Confrontation

Clause. We believe this is consistent with our Supreme Court’s cases that review restrictions

on the scope of cross-examination de novo to determine if the district court acted within its

wide discretion. See Gonzales, 1999-NMSC-033, ¶ 22. 

{18} The third and final step is the review of the application of the rule itself—as

distinguished from the Confrontation Clause implications—for abuse of discretion. In

Stephen F., this was not necessary, as the Court reversed on the Confrontation Clause issue.

In Johnson, the Court simply stated that it “believe[d] the [district] court’s explanation of

its reasons for excluding the evidence show[ed] that it exercised its discretion and reached

a result a judge reasonably might reach on the arguments and evidence.” 1997-NMSC-036,

¶ 40. This is consistent with how evidentiary decisions are generally reviewed. See, e.g.,

Martinez, 2008-NMSC-060, ¶ 10.

{19} In summary, we discern three steps and three standards of review in our case law

regarding application of the rape shield rule. First, we review de novo whether a defendant

has presented a theory of admissibility that implicates his confrontation rights. If he has, we

undertake a de novo balancing of the state’s interest in excluding the evidence against the

defendant’s constitutional rights to determine if the district court acted within the wide scope

of its discretion to limit cross-examination. If the Confrontation Clause is not implicated or

if there has been no Confrontation Clause violation, we examine whether the district court

has abused its discretion in its application of the rule itself. In practice, some or all of these

inquiries appear to have been merged in the Johnson factors, but need not be analyzed in that

manner. With this framework in mind, we proceed to the facts of the case before us.

2. Confrontation Clause

{20} Defendant argues that the exclusion of evidence of Victim’s sexual history with him

violated his confrontation rights. In support, he contends that the evidence was relevant to

his intent and that therefore the evidence was offered under “a theory of relevance other than

propensity.” He does not argue that he was prevented from showing Victim’s bias or

otherwise attacking her credibility. Instead, his argument is that he was prevented from

challenging an opposing version of the facts. 
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{21} “The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment is made applicable to the states

through the Fourteenth Amendment.” State v. Lopez, 2000-NMSC-003, ¶ 14, 128 N.M. 410,

993 P.2d 727. The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right of an accused in a criminal

prosecution “to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. Amend. VI.

“The most important element of the right of confrontation is the right of cross-examination.”

State v. Sanders, 117 N.M. 452, 459, 872 P.2d 870, 877 (1994). “Cross-examination is the

principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are

tested.” Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316 (1974). Although the right to cross-examination

is a crucial benefit of confrontation, it is not absolute: 

The trial court retains wide latitude insofar as the Confrontation Clause is

concerned to impose reasonable limits on such cross-examination based on

concerns about, among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the

issues, the witness’ safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only

marginally relevant. The Confrontation Clause merely guarantees an

opportunity for effective cross-examination; it does not guarantee that the

defense may cross-examine a witness in whatever way, and to whatever

extent, the defense might wish. 

Sanders, 117 N.M. at 459, 872 P.2d at 877 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and

citations omitted).

{22} Our appellate courts have found confrontation violations when a defendant was

prevented from putting on evidence regarding the bias or credibility of a witness. See, e.g.,

Stephen F., 2008-NMSC-037, ¶ 31 (finding a confrontation violation when the district court

prevented cross-examination necessary to show a witness’s motivation to lie); State v.

Martinez, 1996-NMCA-109, ¶ 17, 122 N.M. 476, 927 P.2d 31 (finding a confrontation

violation when a defendant was restricted from cross-examining a witness regarding bias

towards the state); accord Sanders, 117 N.M. at 460, 872 P.2d at 878 (holding that there was

no confrontation violation when the excluded evidence did not reflect the witness’s bias,

motivation to lie, or credibility). Federal cases have reached similar results. See, e.g., Davis,

415 U.S. at 317-18 (holding that it was error to prohibit cross-examination of a witness on

bias he might have due to his status as a probationer). 

{23} In the instant case, Defendant concedes that neither bias nor credibility is at issue.

Instead, he rests his Confrontation Clause argument on his inability to challenge an opposing

version of the facts. This language comes from Johnson, where our Supreme Court stated

that “[a] defendant’s right of confrontation—with its protection of the right to cross-examine,

test credibility, detect bias, and otherwise challenge an opposing version of facts—is a

critical limitation on the [district] court’s discretion to exclude evidence a defendant wishes

to admit.” 1997-NMSC-036, ¶ 23 (emphasis added). Specifically, Defendant argues that

this language confers upon him the right to elicit from Victim testimony that the acts

occurred “in the context of a long sexual relationship that included ‘make[-]up sex’ used to

resolve arguments.” 
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{24} We do not agree with Defendant’s reading of this language from Johnson. Under

Defendant’s interpretation, this language would turn any limitation on crossexamination—regardless of its relation to bias, credibility, and motive to lie—into a

violation of the Confrontation Clause. We do not believe this is the effect that our Supreme

Court intended. As the Court has stated, “[t]he Confrontation Clause merely guarantees an

opportunity for effective cross-examination; it does not guarantee that the defense may

cross-examine a witness in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.”

Sanders, 117 N.M. at 459, 872 P.2d at 877 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Defendant’s proposed reading of Johnson is in direct contradiction to the Court’s

observation that “ ‘trial judges retain wide latitude insofar as the Confrontation Clause is

concerned to impose reasonable limits on . . . cross-examination based on concerns about,

among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’ safety, or

interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.’ ” State v. Meadors, 121 N.M.

38, 49, 908 P.2d 731, 742 (1995) (quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679

(1986) (alteration in original)). 

{25} We understand the “challenge an opposing version of facts” language in Johnson to

refer to a defendant’s confrontation right to challenge the truth and accuracy of a witness’s

testimony through cross-examination. 1997-NMSC-036, ¶ 23; see Davis, 415 U.S. at 316

(“Cross-examination is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the

truth of his testimony are tested.” (Emphasis added)); but see Stephen F., 2008-NMSC-037,

¶ 6 (“[A] court’s decision to restrict a defendant’s ability to confront a witness, even when

based on legitimate state interests, ‘calls into question the ultimate integrity of the

fact-finding process and requires that the competing interest be closely examined.’ ” (quoting

Chambers v. Miss., 410 U.S. 284, 295 (1973)). Here, Defendant sought not to confront

Victim, but to use her to introduce additional substantive evidence unrelated to the truth or

accuracy of her testimony. While there may be some cases in which a defendant’s

confrontation rights are violated by the restriction of cross-examination regarding sexual

history evidence not related to bias or credibility, we do not believe this is one of them. 

{26} We conclude that Defendant’s confrontation rights were neither implicated nor

violated. Defendant has explicitly disclaimed reliance on the theories of relevance our cases

have indicated are critical to the right to cross-examine. Furthermore, we reject his

contention that Johnson’s language regarding challenging opposing versions of the facts

creates a confrontation right to question witnesses on topics not relevant to the truth or

accuracy of the witness’s testimony. We hold that as a matter of law, Defendant has not

shown that he has a theory of relevance implicating his right to confront Victim, and

therefore his confrontation rights were not violated. 

3. Evidentiary Ruling

{27} We proceed to the question of whether the district court abused its discretion in

applying the rape shield rule. We have chosen to analyze this in light of the Johnson factors.

See Stephen F., 2008-NMSC-037, ¶ 8 (suggesting the Johnson factors as one possible
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framework a district court could use in exercising its discretion under the rape shield rule).

Under the circumstances of this case, we cannot characterize the district court’s ruling as

“clearly untenable or not justified by reason.” State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 41, 126

N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Looking to the

Johnson factors, there were several that Defendant was unable to prove. Neither party

contests the first factor, that Victim had an ongoing sexual relationship with Defendant

which included make-up sex. We examine each of the remaining four factors in turn.

{28} Before doing so, however, we must briefly address the somewhat unusual procedural

posture of this rape shield case. Defendant was acquitted of attempted CSP but convicted

of kidnapping, which required the State to prove that he intended to commit “a sexual

offense.” By its terms, the rape shield rule does not apply to kidnapping. See Rule 11-

413(A) (limiting the rule to “prosecutions [pursuant to] . . . [NMSA 1978, Sections 30-9-11

to -15 (1975, as amended through 2009”); Section 30-9-16 (same); NMSA 1978, § 30-4-1

(2003) (defining kidnapping). However, it does apply to attempted CSP. See § 30-9-11

(defining CSP). Thus, although only the kidnapping conviction is at issue on this appeal, we

must also consider the effect of the evidence on the attempted CSP charge of which

Defendant was acquitted. With respect to kidnapping, Defendant’s intent to commit a sexual

offense is at issue. But we must also keep in mind that the excluded evidence was relevant

to Victim’s consent in the attempted CSP charge. 

{29} Returning to the Johnson factors, we begin with the second factor, “whether the

circumstances of the prior acts closely resemble those of the present case.” Defendant

claims the circumstances of the charged incident are similar to the previous make-up sex in

that “the couple had resolved arguments in the past by having sex.” The State counters that

“[V]ictim told defense counsel that [the] incident involved in this case[] was different than

any other time they had sex in the past and that [D]efendant’s behavior during this incident

was not normal.” 

{30} The district court could reasonably have found against Defendant on this factor.

First, the court could have concluded that Defendant’s arguments under this factor were the

sorts of propensity arguments that the rule seeks to exclude. With respect to the CSP charge,

the district court could reasonably conclude that the similarity of circumstances was

primarily a propensity argument—that because Victim had consented on previous occasions,

she consented on this occasion. Regarding the kidnapping charges, the court could also have

concluded that the similarity of circumstances was a propensity argument, albeit a strange

one—because Victim had engaged in legal consensual make-up sex in the past, Defendant

restrained her on this occasion on the expectation that legal consensual make-up sex would

once again ensue. Indeed, this appears to be the exact argument Defendant makes on appeal.

{31} Regarding the fourth factor, “whether the evidence is necessary to the defendant’s

case,” Defendant argues that without the evidence of their history of make-up sex, the jury

was led to an inference that Defendant “was acting in anger, indifferent to [Victim’s] wishes,

and that he intended to rape.” The State contends that Defendant presented substantial
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circumstantial evidence of his intent by showing (1) that Defendant and Victim had been

dating for two years, (2) that Defendant was strong enough to have forced sex upon her

without consent but did not, (3) that Victim viewed Defendant’s actions as an attempt to

obtain her consent, (4) that Victim was not terrified of being penetrated and did not think

penetration was the issue, and (5) that Victim believed Defendant did not have sex with her

because she did not consent. According to the State, the sexual history was therefore merely

cumulative. We agree with the State. Significant evidence was introduced that was relevant

to Defendant’s intent. Evidence of Defendant’s sexual history with Victim was not

necessary in order to prove that he did not intend to commit a sexual offense.

{32} Finally, with respect to the fifth factor, “whether the probative value of the evidence

outweighs its prejudicial effect,” Defendant baldly asserts that the sexual history is highly

probative, and that “[i]ts only discern[able] ‘prejudicial’ effect was to negate the State’s

theory of prosecution.” However, as we discussed above, the probative value was

diminished in light of the significant amounts of admissible evidence regarding Defendant’s

intent, and the sexual history evidence was useful primarily to show propensity. Further, the

district court found that testimony about Victim’s sexual history was “inflammatory and

prejudicial in nature.” We conclude that the restriction was within the wide scope of

permissible limitation on cross-examination. See Gonzales, 1999-NMSC-033, ¶ 22. We

cannot say the district court abused its discretion in denying Defendant’s Rule 11-413

motion. 

B. Jury Instructions

{33} Defendant’s second argument is that errors in the jury instructions require the

reversal of his kidnapping conviction. The State contends that this argument was not

preserved and that we should therefore review only for fundamental error. We do not reach

the question of whether there was fundamental error because no error exists.

{34} Defendant apparently concedes that his late objection to the instructions was

insufficient to preserve the issue, arguing only that the instructions, combined with the

district court’s refusal to clarify those instructions in response to jury questions, was

fundamental error. 

{35} In State v. Benally, our Supreme Court observed:

The standard of review we apply to jury instructions depends on

whether the issue has been preserved. If the error has been preserved we

review the instructions for reversible error. If not, we review for

fundamental error. Under both standards we seek to determine whether a

reasonable juror would have been confused or misdirected by the jury

instruction. 
11

2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12, 131 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d 1134 (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). The difference is that, “[u]nder fundamental error review, . . . the jury verdict will

not be reversed unless necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice.” State v. Sandoval,

2011-NMSC-022, ¶ 13, 150 N.M. 224, 258 P.3d 1016 (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted).

{36} Benally is directly on point to the instant case. In Benally, a defendant who had been

convicted of second-degree murder argued that incorrect jury instructions “prevented the

jury from appreciating that the [s]tate had the burden of disproving self- defense.” 2001-

NMSC-033, ¶ 1. Instruction 12, which set forth the elements for second-degree murder, did

not include the element of unlawfulness. Id. ¶ 10. Additionally, instruction 15, which

defined self-defense, did not set forth the burden of proof. Id. ¶ 11. However, a second selfdefense instruction, instruction 25, was also given that correctly set forth the burden of proof

but that applied to the separately charged crimes of aggravated battery and voluntary

manslaughter. See id. ¶¶ 17, 25 (Baca, J., dissenting). 

{37} The Court addressed the question of whether instruction 25 “was capable of rescuing

the jury from the confusion that stemmed from the omission in instruction 12.” Id. ¶ 17. It

began with “the common sense proposition that the jury understands the inclusion and

omission of language in a jury instruction to reflect the intent of its author.” Id. ¶ 18. The

Court concluded that jurors would have understood the omission of burden of proof language

in instructions 12 and 15 to be intentional and proceeded to address whether jurors would

have thought that the language in instruction 25 applied not only to the offenses it addressed,

but also to those addressed by instructions 12 and 15. See id. But “[n]othing on the face of

the instructions, nor in their placement, suggested to the jury that . . . instruction 25 applied

to second-degree murder.” Id. ¶ 19. The correct instruction was separated from the seconddegree murder instruction by thirteen other instructions. Id. An additional instruction

informed the jury that each crime charged should be considered separately. Id. ¶ 20. 

{38} We conclude that, under the reasoning from Benally, a reasonable juror would not

have been confused or misdirected into concluding that only general intent was required in

order to convict Defendant of kidnapping in this case. By its terms, the general intent

instruction in this case applied only to “criminal sexual penetration, aggravated battery

against a household member without great bodily harm, and interference with

communications.” We conclude that, as in Benally, a jury would have understood that the

inclusion of these three crimes and the omission of kidnapping was intentional. Also like

Benally, the kidnapping instruction was separated from the general intent instruction by the

numerous (in this case, ten) instructions setting forth the elements of the three crimes to

which the general intent instruction did apply. Finally, as in Benally, the jury was instructed

that “[e]ach crime charged in the indictment should be considered separately.” Accordingly,

we conclude that a reasonable juror would have arrived at a correct understanding of the

intent element of kidnapping from the instructions in this case. As we find no error, we need

not decide whether there was fundamental error.
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III. CONCLUSION

{39} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

{40} IT IS SO ORDERED.

____________________________________

MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________

CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge

____________________________________

MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge

Topic Index for State v. Montoya, No. 30,470

APPEAL AND ERROR

Fundamental Error

Preservation of Issues for Appeal

Standard of Review

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Confrontation 

Right to Confrontation

CRIMINAL LAW

Attempt

Criminal Sexual Penetration

Kidnapping

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Right to Confrontation

EVIDENCE

Prejudicial Evidence

Probative Value vs. Prejudicial Effect

JUDGES

Abuse of Discretion

JURY INSTRUCTIONS
13

Criminal Jury Instruction