CommunityCommunity-Scale Air ToxicsScale Air ToxicsMonitoringMonitoring–Sun Valley Neighborhood andSun Valley Neighborhood andGeneral Aviation AirportsGeneral Aviation AirportsPhilip M. Fine, Ph.D.Philip M. Fine, Ph.D.Atmospheric Measurements ManagerAtmospheric Measurements ManagerSouth Coast Air Quality Management DistrictSouth Coast Air Quality Management DistrictU.S. EPA Air Toxics Data Analysis WorkshopU.S. EPA Air Toxics Data Analysis Workshop-Chicago, ILChicago, ILOctober 2October 2-4, 20074, 2007Project OverviewProject Overview•U.S. EPA CommunityU.S. EPA Community-Scale Air Toxics Grant:Scale Air Toxics Grant:Three ComponentsThree Components1.Monitoring in communities around general aviationMonitoring in communities around general aviationairportsairports2.Neighborhood scaleNeighborhood scalemonitoring in Sun Valley, CAmonitoring in Sun Valley, CA–industrial area interspersedindustrial area interspersedwith residenceswith residences3.Review of hexavalentReview of hexavalentchrome data and sourceschrome data and sourcesGeneral Aviation AirportsGeneral Aviation AirportsStudy ObjectivesStudy Objectives•Characterize air toxics levels in the communitiesCharacterize air toxics levels in the communitiesaround GA airportsaround GA airports•Compare data to other air toxics studies such asCompare data to other air toxics studies such asSCAQMD’s Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Studys Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study(MATES-III)•Determine potential impact of airport emissionsDetermine potential impact of airport emissionson measured pollutant levelson measured pollutant levels•Provide baseline data for future studiesProvide baseline data for future studiesAdvisory Committee ofAdvisory Committee ofStakeholdersStakeholders•MembershipMembershipAirport ManagementAirport ManagementCommunity GroupsCommunity GroupsCities of Los Angeles and Santa MonicaCities of Los Angeles and Santa Monica(Airport Authorities)(Airport Authorities)Aviation IndustryAviation IndustryState and Federal CongressionalState and Federal CongressionalRepresentativesRepresentatives•RoleProvide Initial Input on Specific IssuesProvide Initial Input on Specific IssuesComment on Sampling LocationsComment on Sampling LocationsCoordinate Information OutreachCoordinate Information OutreachMeasurementsMeasurements•TSP Lead and HexavalentTSP Lead and HexavalentChromiumChromium•PM10 Mass and CarbonPM10 Mass and Carbon•PM2.5 Mass & ComponentsPM2.5 Mass & Components•Continuous Particle CountContinuous Particle Count(ultrafine)(ultrafine)•Volatile Organic CompoundsVolatile Organic Compounds(3 x 8 hour periods)(3 x 8 hour periods)•Carbonyls (acetaldehyde, etc.)Carbonyls (acetaldehyde, etc.)•Continuous Carbon MonoxideContinuous Carbon MonoxideVan Nuys AirportVan Nuys Airport•Largest Number of GeneralLargest Number of GeneralAviation Operations in theAviation Operations in theCountryCountryVOR Site #2Lead & CO Monitoring (Site 5-7)Lead & CO Monitoring (Site 5, 6, 7)Complete Sampling Array (Site 1, 2, 3, 4)Van Nuys Airport Sampling SitesVan Nuys Airport Sampling SitesPhase IPhase IISanta Monica AirportSanta Monica Airport•Runways adjacentRunways adjacentto neighborhoodsto neighborhoods•Increased NumberIncreased Numberof Private Jetof Private JetTrafficTrafficSanta Monica Airport SamplingSanta Monica Airport SamplingSitesLead Monitoring& CO (Site 5, 6)Complete Sampling Array(Site 1, 2, 3, 4, 7)Phase IPhase IIResidenceSite #2East TarmacSite #3Santa Monica Airport Sampling SitesSanta Monica Airport Sampling SitesSampling ScheduleSampling Schedule•Approximately 12Approximately 12months of samplingmonths of samplingbeginning Novemberbeginning November2005•Three months at eachThree months at eachairport in two differentairport in two differentseasonsseasons•Sampling CompletedSampling CompletedMarch 2007March 2007Key QuestionsKey Questions•Can lead found in GA fuel be measured inCan lead found in GA fuel be measured insurrounding communities?surrounding communities?•What are PM and air toxic levels inWhat are PM and air toxic levels inneighborhoods near GA airports?neighborhoods near GA airports?•What are the ultrafine particle countWhat are the ultrafine particle countconcentrations in the surroundingconcentrations in the surroundingcommunities?communities?•Are aircraft emissions distinguishable fromAre aircraft emissions distinguishable fromother emissions sources?other emissions sources?Santa Monica Airport PM2.5 Mass (Santa Monica Airport PM2.5 Mass (μg/m3)Phase IPhase I-Apr 06-Jul 0614.915.215.817.418.1Annual Basin AverageSanta Monica Airport PM2.5Santa Monica Airport PM2.5Mass(μg/m3)Phase IIPhase II-Oct 06-Feb 0716.218.516.615.117.318.1Annual Basin AverageSanta Monica Airport PM2.5Santa Monica Airport PM2.5Elemental CarbonElemental Carbon(μg/m3)Phase IIPhase II-Oct 06-Feb 072.62.41.83.52.32.2Annual Basin AverageSanta Monica Airport TSP Lead (ng/mSanta Monica Airport TSP Lead (ng/m3)Phase IPhase I-Apr 06-Jun 064.43.13.996.0*28.68.6Annual Basin Average3.33.513.1Downtown LA – AverageSanta Monica Airport TSP Lead (ng/mSanta Monica Airport TSP Lead (ng/m3)Phase IIPhase II-Nov 06-Feb 078.15.59.177.0*22.28.6Annual Basin Average6.07.713.1Downtown LA – AverageVan Nuys Airport TSP Lead (ng/mVan Nuys Airport TSP Lead (ng/m3)Phase IPhase I–Nov 05-Feb 068.426.117.215.18.6Annual Basin Average10.214.5Santa Monica Airport Benzene (ppb)Santa Monica Airport Benzene (ppb)Phase IPhase I-Apr 06-Jul 060.21, 0.21, 0.180.34, 0.15, 0.120.37, 0.17, 0.180.39, 0.27, 0.160.42, 0.28, 0.200.42Annual Basin Average0:00-8:00, 8:00-16:00, 16:00-24:00Santa MonicaSanta MonicaContinuousContinuousNumberConcentrationsConcentrationsJuly 17, 2006July 17, 2006Red numbersRed numberscorrespond tocorrespond toaircraft takeaircraft take-offsE. Tarmac 7-17-060.E+001.E+062.E+063.E+066:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00

p/cm3Ernst 7-17-060.E+001.E+062.E+063.E+066:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00

p/cm3Richland 7-17-060.E+001.E+052.E+053.E+0506:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00Time

p/cm3W. Tarmac 7-17-060.E+001.E+052.E+053.E+0506:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00

p/cm3Note Scale ChangeGA Airport ResultsGA Airport Results•Lead levels in communities and nearLead levels in communities and nearrunways below federal and state standards,runways below federal and state standards,but elevated at near runway sitesbut elevated at near runway sites•Airport influence on PM2.5 concentrationsAirport influence on PM2.5 concentrationsmay not be distinguishable, but appears tomay not be distinguishable, but appears tobe minorbe minor•Ultrafine particles (measured by numberUltrafine particles (measured by numberconcentration) significantly elevated nearconcentration) significantly elevated nearrunways during aircraft operationsrunways during aircraft operations•More continuous instrumentationMore continuous instrumentation•Mobile sampling platformsMobile sampling platforms•Coordinate with health studiesCoordinate with health studies•Large commercial airportsLarge commercial airportsPotential Future Air ToxicsMonitoring at AirportsSun Valley Air QualitySun Valley Air QualityBackgroundBackground•Previous ProjectsPrevious Projects–LandfillsLandfills–Chrome PlatingChrome Plating–SchoolsSchools•Current ProjectCurrent Project–CommunityCommunityConcernsConcerns–Concurrent withConcurrent withMATES IIIMATES IIIMATES IIIMATES III•Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study IIIMultiple Air Toxics Exposure Study III–Level of Toxics in the BasinLevel of Toxics in the Basin–2 Year Study2 Year Study–10 Fixed Sites10 Fixed Sites–Microscale Sites Include Fernangeles SchoolMicroscale Sites Include Fernangeles School–SunValleyMeasurementsMeasurements•Lead, HexavalentLead, HexavalentChromium, and Air ToxicChromium, and Air ToxicMetals•Air Toxic GasesAir Toxic Gases•PM10 Mass and CarbonPM10 Mass and Carbon•Wind Speed and DirectionWind Speed and Direction•One year durationOne year duration–24 hours samples24 hours samples–Every 3rd dayEvery 3rd day•LocationsLocations–Based on CommunityBased on CommunityConcernsConcernsSampling LocationsSampling LocationsFeb 2006BurbankPM10 Mass (PM10 Mass (μg/m3)10/28/0510/28/05–6/25/066/25/06Burbank283431PM10 Mass (PM10 Mass (μg/m3)8/23/058/23/05–6/25/066/25/06Burbank353534PM10 Mass (PM10 Mass (μg/m3)2/13/062/13/06–6/25/066/25/06Burbank273130PM10 Mass (PM10 Mass (μg/m3)8/23/058/23/05–2/7/06Burbank403737Hexavalent Chromium (ng/mHexavalent Chromium (ng/m3)Averages over Various Time PeriodsAverages over Various Time PeriodsBurbank0.140.130.170.070.500.08LAUSDMaintenancePlatingFacilityLA FireStation #77Hexavalent Chromium (ng/mHexavalent Chromium (ng/m3)June, July 2006June, July 20060.170.51Review of Hexavalent ChromeReview of Hexavalent ChromeSources and Ambient DataSources and Ambient Data•Ambient levels from MATES sites do not show enoughAmbient levels from MATES sites do not show enoughconsistent variability to identifyconsistent variability to identify“hot spotshot spots”•Monitoring near fenceMonitoring near fence-line at known sources (metalline at known sources (metalplating) continues at several locations on a 1plating) continues at several locations on a 1-in-6 daybasis•Concentrations of 1 ng/mConcentrations of 1 ng/m3Cr6+or higher consideredor higher consideredsignificantsignificant•Vast majority of samples show less than 1 ng/mVast majority of samples show less than 1 ng/m3•A few samples per year at active facilities contain higherA few samples per year at active facilities contain higherthan 1 and 4 ng/mthan 1 and 4 ng/m3•High measured levels followed up with enhanced sourceHigh measured levels followed up with enhanced sourcetesting and inspection activitiestesting and inspection activitiesExample: Chrome Plating Facility024681012141618 Jul-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Dec-04 Feb-05 Mar-05 May-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Oct-05 Dec-05 Jan-06Date of Sample

ng/m3 Cr6+