CHAPTER 4. S CREENING A NALYSIS

T ABLE O F C ONTENTS

**4 .1**  **INTRODUCTION**

**................................... ........................................................................**  **4­1**

**4 .2**  **SCREENED­OUT TEC**  **HNOLGIES............................................................................... 4­2**

**4 .2.1**  **General S**  **ervice F**  **luorescent L**  **amp S**  **creened­Out Te**  **chnologies**

**........................ 4­2** 

**4 .2.1.1**  **Multi­Photon P**  **hosphors**

**..................... .....................................................**  **4­2**

**4 .2.2**  **Incandescent R**  **eflector La**  **mp S**  **creened­Out Te**  **chnologies................................. 4­2**

**4 .2.2.1**  **Microcavity F**  **ilaments**

**...................... .......................................................**  **4­3**

**4 .2.2.2**  **Novel F**  **ilament M**  **aterials**

**................... .....................................................**  **4­3**

**4 .2.2.3**  **Crystallite F**  **ilament C**  **oatings**

**.............. ....................................................**  **4­3**

**4 .2.2.4**  **Luminescent G**  **as...................................................................................... 4­4** 

**4 .2.2.5**  **Non­Tungsten­Halogen R**  **egenerative C**  **ycles.......................................... 4­4** 

**4 .2.2.6**  **Infrared P**  **hosphor G**  **lass C**  **oating............................................................. 4­5**

**4 .2.2.7**  **Integrally B**  **allasted L**  **ow V**  **oltage L**  **amps**

**..... ...........................................**  **4­5**

**4 .2.2.8**  **Trihedral C**  **orner R**  **eflectors**

**................ .....................................................**  **4­5**

**4 .3**  **SUMMARY OF**  **TEC HNOLOGY**  **OPTIONS SCREENED**  **OUT.................................. 4­6** 

**4 .4**  **REMAINING TECHNOLOGIES** 

**................................................................................... 4­6** 

**4 .4.1**  **General S**  **ervice F**  **luorescent L**  **amps D**  **esign O**  **ptions**

**.......................................... 4­6** 

**4 .4.2**  **Incandescent R**  **eflector La**  **mps D**  **esign O**  **ptions................................................... 4­7**

**R EFERENCES** 

**............................................................................................................................ 4­8** 

L IST O F T ABLES

**Ta ble 4.3.1**  **GSFL Technology Options Screened Out of the Analysis.......................... 4­6**

**Ta ble**  **4 .3.2**  **IRL Te**  **chnology O**  **ptions S**  **creened O**  **ut o**  **f t**  **he A**  **nalysis**

**............................. 4­6** 

**4­i**CHAPTER 4. S CREENING A NALYSIS

4 .1 INTRODUCTION

**Th is**  **c hapter**  **d iscusses**  **t he**  **U .S.**  **D epartment**  **o f**  **En ergy’s**  **( DOE)**  **screening a**  **nalysis**

**o f**  **t he**  **t echnology**  **op tions**  **i dentified**  **f or**  **g eneral**  **s ervice**  **f luorescent**  **l amps**  **( GSFL)**  **a nd** 

**i ncandescent**  **r eflector**  **l amps**  **( IRL).**  **A s**  **d iscussed**  **i n**  **C hapter**  **3**

**, M**  **arket a**  **nd Te**  **chnology**

**A ssessment,**  **D OE**  **c onsults**  **w ith**  **i ndustry,**  **t echnical**  **e xperts,**  **and o**  **ther i**  **nterested p**  **arties i**  **n**

**d eveloping**  **a list**  **o f**  **t echnology**  **op tions**  **f or**  **c onsideration.**  **Th e**  **p urpose**  **o f**  **t he**  **s creening** 

**a nalysis**  **i s**  **t o**  **e valuate**  **t he**  **l ist**  **o f**  **op tions**  **t o**  **d etermine**  **w hich**  **t o**  **c onsider**  **f urther**  **a nd**  **w hich** 

**t o**  **s creen**  **o ut.** 

**S ection**  **3 25(o)(2)**  **o f**  **EP CA**  **p rovides**  **t hat**  **a ny**  **n ew**  **or r**  **evised s**  **tandard m**  **ust b**  **e d**  **esigned**

**t o**  **a chieve**  **t he**  **m aximum**  **i mprovement**  **i n**  **e nergy**  **e fficiency**  **t hat**  **i s**  **d etermined**  **t o**  **b e** 

**t echnologically**  **f easible**  **a nd**  **e conomically**  **j ustified.**  **( 42**  **U .S.C.**  **6 295(o)(2))**  **I n**  **v iew**  **of**

**t he**  **EP CA**  **requirements f**  **or d**  **etermining w**  **hether a**  **standard i**  **s t**  **echnologically f**  **easible**

**a nd**  **e conomically**  **j ustified,**  **A ppendix**  **A to**  **S ubpart**  **C of**  **Ti tle**  **1 0,**  **C ode**  **o f**  **F ederal** 

**R egulations,**  **Part 4**  **30 (**  **10 C**  **FR P**  **art 4**  **30), “**  **Procedures, I**  **nterpretations, and**  **P olicies**  **f or** 

**C onsideration**  **o f**  **Ne w**  **or R**  **evised En**  **ergy C**  **onservation Standards**  **f or**  **C onsumer** 

**P roducts”**  **( the**  **P rocess**  **R ule)**  **s ets**  **f orth**  **p rocedures**  **t o**  **g uide**  **D OE**  **i n**  **i ts**  **c onsideration**  **a nd** 

**p romulgation**  **o f**  **n ew**  **or r**  **evised e**  **fficiency s**  **tandards. Th**  **ese p**  **rocedures e**  **laborate o**  **n t**  **he**

**s tatutory**  **c riteria**  **p rovided**  **i n**  **4 2**  **U .S.C.**  **6 295(o)**  **a nd,**  **i n**  **p art,**  **e liminate**  **p roblematic** 

**t echnologies**  **e arly**  **i n**  **t he**  **p rocess**  **o f**  **p rescribing**  **o r**  **a mending**  **a n**  **e nergy**  **e fficiency** 

**s tandard.**  **I n**  **particular, s**  **ections 4**  **(b)(4) a**  **nd 5**  **(b) o**  **f t**  **he P**  **rocess R**  **ule p**  **rovide g**  **uidance t**  **o**

**D OE**  **f or**  **d etermining**  **w hich**  **d esign**  **op tions**  **a re**  **u nsuitable**  **f or**  **f urther**  **c onsideration:** 

**1**

**.** T echnological f easibility. **D OE**  **w ill**  **c onsider**  **t echnologies**  **i ncorporated**  **i n** 

**c ommercial**  **p roducts**  **o r**  **i n**  **w orking**  **p rototypes**  **t o**  **b e**  **t echnologically**  **f easible.** 

**2**

**.** P racticability t o m anufacture, i nstall, a nd s ervice. **I f**  **m ass**  **p roduction**  **a nd** 

**r eliable**  **i nstallation**  **a nd**  **s ervicing**  **o f**  **a technology**  **i n**  **c ommercial**  **p roducts**  **c ould** 

**b e**  **a chieved**  **o n**  **t he**  **s cale**  **n ecessary**  **t o**  **s erve**  **t he**  **r elevant**  **m arket**  **a t**  **t he**  **t ime**  **t he** 

**s tandard**  **c omes**  **i nto**  **e ffect,**  **t hen**  **D OE**  **w ill**  **c onsider**  **t hat**  **t echnology**  **p racticable**  **t o** 

**m anufacture,**  **i nstall,**  **a nd**  **s ervice.** 

**3**

**.** A dverse i mpacts o n p roduct u tility o r p roduct a vailability. **I f**  **D OE** 

**d etermines**  **a technology**  **w ould**  **h ave**  **s ignificant**  **a dverse**  **i mpact**  **o n**  **t he**  **u tility**  **o f** 

**t he**  **p roduct**  **t o**  **s ignificant**  **s ubgroups**  **o f**  **c onsumers,**  **o r**  **w ould**  **r esult**  **i n**  **t he** 

**u navailability**  **o f**  **a ny**  **c overed**  **p roduct**  **t ype**  **w ith**  **p erformance**  **c haracteristics** 

**( including**  **r eliability),**  **f eatures,**  **sizes, capacities,**  **and v**  **olumes t**  **hat a**  **re**

**s ubstantially**  **t he**  **s ame**  **a s**  **p roducts**  **g enerally**  **a vailable**  **i n**  **t he**  **U nited**  **S tates**  **a t**  **t he** 

**t ime,**  **i t**  **w ill**  **n ot**  **c onsider**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **f urther.** 

**4­1 4.**  Adverse i mpacts o n h ealth o r s afety. **I f**  **D OE**  **d etermines**  **t hat**  **a technology**  **w ill** 

**h ave**  **s ignificant**  **a dverse**  **i mpacts**  **o n**  **h ealth**  **o r**  **s afety,**  **i t**  **w ill**  **n ot**  **c onsider**  **t his** 

**t echnology**  **f urther.** 

**S ection**  **4 .2**  **discusses t**  **he t**  **echnology op**  **tions D**  **OE sc**  **reened o**  **ut f**  **rom f**  **urther**

**c onsideration.**  **S ection**  **4 .3**  **summarizes t**  **hose op**  **tions. S**  **ection 4**  **.4 lists**  **t he**  **r emaining** 

**d esign**  **op tions**  **D OE**  **c onsidered**  **i n**  **i ts**  **a nalyses.** 

4 .2 SCREENED-OUT T ECHNOLGIES

**Th is**  **s ection**  **a ddresses**  **t he**  **t echnologies**  **t hat**  **D OE**  **s creened**  **o ut,**  **h aving**  **c onsidered** 

**t he**  **f ollowing**  **f our**  **f actors:**  **( 1)**  **t echnological**  **f easibility;**  **( 2)**  **p racticability**  **t o**  **m anufacture,** 

**i nstall,**  **a nd**  **s ervice;**  **( 3)**  **a dverse**  **i mpacts**  **o n**  **p roduct**  **u tility**  **t o**  **c onsumers;**  **a nd**  **( 4)**  **a dverse** 

**i mpacts**  **o n**  **h ealth**  **o r**  **s afety.** 

4 .2.1 General S ervice F luorescent L amp S creened-Out T echnologies

**D OE**  **h as**  **s creened**  **o ut**  **t he**  **f ollowing**  **t echnologies**  **i n**  **i ts**  **a nalyses**  **o f**  **G SFL.** 

**A lthough**  **t hese**  **t echnologies**  **w ere**  **n ot**  **c onsidered**  **i n**  **t he**  **s ubsequent**  **a nalyses,**  **DOE d**  **oes**

**n ot**  **d iscourage**  **t heir**  **u se**  **b y**  **m anufacturers.**  **Th ese**  **te chnologies**  **m ay**  **b e**  **c apable**  **o f** 

**r educing**  **e nergy**  **c onsumption**  **o r**  **p roviding**  **a dditional**  **benefits t**  **o c**  **onsumers, even**  **t hough** 

**t hey**  **d o**  **n ot**  **c urrently**  **m eet**  **t he**  **r equirements**  **f or**  **D OE’s**  **c onsideration.** 

4 .2.1.1 Multi-Photon P hosphors

**Th eoretically,**  **t he**  **u se**  **o f**  **m ulti­photon**  **p hosphors,**  **o r**  **q uantum­splitting**  **p hosphors,** 

**c ould**  **s ignificantly**  **i mprove**  **l amp**  **e fficacy.**  **B y**  **e mitting**  **m ore**  **t han**  **o ne**  **v isible**  **p hoton**  **f or** 

**e ach**  **u ltraviolet**  **p hoton,**  **a lamp**  **w ould**  **b e**  **a ble**  **t o**  **e mit**  **m ore**  **l ight**  **f or**  **t he**  **s ame**  **a mount**  **o f** 

**p ower.**  **H owever,**  **d evelopment**  **o f**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **r emains**  **i n**  **t he**  **r esearch**  **p hase**  **a nd** 

**D OE**  **i s**  **u naware**  **o f**  **a ny**  **p rototypes**  **o r**  **c ommercialized**  **p roducts**  **t hat**  **i ncorporate**  **m ulti** 

**1 photon**  **p hosphors. Thus,**  **DOE s**  **creened o**  **ut t**  **his t**  **echnology op**  **tion b**  **ased o**  **n t**  **he f**  **irst**

**c riterion,**  **t echnological**  **f easibility.**  **A dditionally,**  **b ecause**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **i s**  **s till**  **i n**  **t he** 

**r esearch**  **p hase,**  **D OE**  **believes t**  **hat i**  **t w**  **ould n**  **ot b**  **e p**  **racticable, o**  **r e**  **ven p**  **ossible, t**  **o**

**m anufacture,**  **i nstall,**  **a nd**  **s ervice**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **o n**  **t he**  **s cale**  **n ecessary**  **t o**  **s erve**  **t he** 

**r elevant**  **m arket**  **a t**  **t he**  **t ime**  **o f**  **t he**  **e ffective**  **d ate**  **o f**  **a n**  **a mended**  **s tandard.**  **I t**  **i s**  **n ot** 

**p ossible**  **t o**  **a ssess**  **w hether**  **t he**  **t echnology**  **w ill**  **h ave**  **a dverse**  **i mpacts**  **o n**  **u tility**  **t o** 

**c onsumers,**  **availability, o**  **r c**  **onsumer h**  **ealth o**  **r s**  **afety. Th**  **erefore, D**  **OE w**  **ill n**  **ot c**  **onsider**

**m ulti­photon**  **p hosphors**  **a s**  **a design**  **op tion**  **f or**  **i mproving**  **t he**  **e fficacy**  **o f**  **G SFL.** 

4 .2.2 Incandescent R eflector L amp S creened-Out T echnologies

**D OE**  **s creened**  **o ut**  **t he**  **f ollowing**  **t echnologies**  **f or**  **I RL.**  **A lthough**  **D OE**  **d id**  **n ot** 

**c onsider**  **t he**  **f ollowing**  **t echnologies,**  **D OE**  **d oes**  **n ot**  **d iscourage**  **t heir**  **u se**  **s ince**  **t hey**  **m ay** 

**r educe**  **e nergy**  **c onsumption**  **o r**  **p rovide**  **o ther**  **b enefits**  **t o**  **c onsumers.** 

**4­2**4.2.2.1 Microcavity F ilaments

**B y**  **f abricating**  **m icrocavities**  **o n**  **t he**  **i ncandescent**  **l amp**  **f ilament,**  **i t**  **i s**  **t heoretically** 

**p ossible**  **t o**  **i ncrease**  **a lamp’s**  **e missivity,**  **a nd**  **t herefore**  **i ts**  **e fficacy.**  **Th e**  **m arket**  **a nd** 

**t echnology**  **a ssessment**  **( Chapter**  **3 )**  **n otes**  **t hat**  **S andia**  **Na tional**  **L aboratories**  **r esearchers** 

**e xamined**  **m icrocavity**  **r esonance**  **i n**  **a tungsten**  **p hotonic**  **l attice**  **a nd**  **f ound**  **m ultiple**  **p atents** 

**r eferencing**  **t his**  **t echnology.**  **S ince**  **r esearch**  **p rototypes**  **o f**  **m icrocavity**  **f ilaments**  **d o**  **e xist,** 

**D OE**  **d etermined**  **t hat**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **op tion**  **i s**  **t echnologically**  **f easible.**  **H owever,** 

**r esearch**  **i ndicates**  **t hat**  **m aterials**  **p atterned**  **a t**  **t he**  **s ubmicron**  **l evel**  **m ay**  **e xperience** 

**2 problems**  **w ith**  **s tability. Because**  **s uch**  **i nstability**  **c ould**  **n egatively**  **a ffect**  **lamp l**  **ifetime,**

**D OE**  **believes t**  **he t**  **echnology i**  **s n**  **ot y**  **et p**  **ractical t**  **o i**  **mplement o**  **n a**  **wide s**  **cale. F**  **or t**  **his**

**r eason,**  **D OE**  **s creened**  **o ut**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **op tion**  **b ased**  **o n**  **t he**  **t hird**  **c riterion,**  **i mpacts**  **o n** 

**p roduct**  **u tility**  **t o**  **c onsumers.**  **D OE**  **i s**  **a lso**  **u naware**  **o f**  **a ny**  **c ommercialized**  **l amps**  **t hat** 

**i ncorporate**  **m icrocavity**  **f ilaments,**  **and i**  **s c**  **oncerned t**  **hat m**  **ass­manufacturing t**  **echniques**

**f or**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **w ould**  **b e**  **p roblematic.**  **F or**  **t his**  **reason, D**  **OE d**  **oes n**  **ot b**  **elieve t**  **hat t**  **his**

**t echnology**  **w ould**  **b e**  **p racticable**  **t o**  **m anufacture,**  **i nstall,**  **a nd**  **s ervice.**  **Th erefore,**  **D OE** 

**w ill**  **n ot**  **c onsider**  **f ilaments**  **w ith**  **m icrocavities**  **a s**  **a design**  **op tion**  **f or**  **i mproving**  **t he** 

**e fficacy**  **o f**  **I RL.**  **D OE**  **d oes**  **n ot**  **h ave**  **e nough**  **i nformation**  **t o**  **a ssess**  **w hether** 

**i mplementation**  **o f**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **w ill**  **h ave**  **a dverse**  **i mpacts**  **o n**  **c onsumer**  **h ealth**  **o r** 

**s afety.** 

4 .2.2.2 Novel F ilament M aterials

**No vel**  **f ilament**  **m aterials**  **s uch**  **a s**  **n itrides**  **a nd**  **c arbides**  **h ave**  **t he**  **p otential**  **t o** 

**i mprove**  **l amp**  **e fficacy**  **b y**  **e mitting**  **m ore**  **l ight**  **i n**  **t he**  **v isible**  **s pectrum**  **a t**  **a given** 

**t emperature**  **t han**  **t raditional**  **t ungsten**  **f ilaments.**  **B ecause**  **s everal**  **p atents**  **o n**  **s uch** 

**f ilaments**  **e xist,**  **D OE**  **believes t**  **hat t**  **his t**  **echnology op**  **tion i**  **s t**  **echnologically f**  **easible.**

**H owever,**  **D OE**  **i s**  **u naware**  **o f**  **a ny**  **l amps**  **a vailable**  **t oday**  **t hat**  **u se**  **s uch**  **f ilaments.** 

**F urthermore,**  **D OE**  **u nderstands**  **t hat**  **t echnological**  **b arriers,**  **such a**  **s p**  **rohibitive b**  **rittleness**

**o f**  **t he**  **f ilament,**  **l imit**  **i mplementation**  **o f**  **t his**  **t echnology.**  **F inding**  **a practical**  **w ay**  **t o** 

**i ncorporate**  **n ovel**  **f ilament**  **m aterials**  **i nto**  **i ncandescent**  **r eflector**  **l amps**  **w ould**  **r equire** 

**f urther**  **r esearch,**  **a s**  **w ould**  **m aking**  **s uch**  **l amps**  **p ractical**  **f or**  **g eneral**  **s ervice**  **a pplications.** 

**D OE**  **believes t**  **hat i**  **t w**  **ould n**  **ot b**  **e p**  **racticable t**  **o m**  **anufacture t**  **his t**  **echnology o**  **n t**  **he s**  **cale**

**n ecessary**  **t o**  **s erve**  **t he**  **r elevant**  **m arket**  **a t**  **t he**  **t ime**  **o f**  **t he**  **e ffective**  **d ate**  **o f**  **a n**  **a mended** 

**s tandard.**  **Th erefore,**  **D OE**  **w ill**  **n ot**  **c onsider**  **n ovel**  **f ilament**  **m aterials**  **a s**  **a design**  **op tion** 

**f or**  **i mproving**  **t he**  **e fficacy**  **o f**  **I RL.**  **D OE**  **i s**  **u naware**  **o f**  **a ny**  **r esearch**  **o n**  **t he**  **p otential** 

**i mpact**  **o f**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **o n**  **c onsumer**  **h ealth**  **o r**  **s afety.** 

4 .2.2.3 Crystallite F ilament C oatings

**D OE**  **s creened**  **o ut**  **c rystallite**  **f ilament**  **c oatings,**  **which a**  **re o**  **xide­covered m**  **icron**

**o r**  **s ub­micron**  **c rystallites**  **c omprised**  **o f**  **t horium,**  **t antalum,**  **o r**  **n iobium.**  **Th ese**  **c oatings** 

**c an**  **b e**  **u sed**  **t o**  **i ncrease**  **t he**  **l ight**  **e missivity**  **o f**  **a lamp’s**  **f ilament.**  **B ecause**  **s everal**  **p atents** 

**o n**  **s uch**  **f ilament**  **c oatings**  **e xist,**  **D OE**  **believes t**  **hat this**  **t echnology**  **op tion**  **i s** 

**t echnologically**  **f easible.**  **H owever,**  **D OE**  **w as**  **u nable**  **t o**  **l ocate**  **a ny**  **d ata**  **o n**  **t he** 

**i ncorporation**  **o f**  **c rystallite**  **f ilament**  **c oatings**  **i nto**  **p rototype**  **o r**  **c ommercially**  **a vailable** 

**p roducts.**  **U sing**  **c rystallite**  **f ilament**  **c oatings**  **m ay**  **r equire**  **a dditional**  **m anufacturing** 

**4­3 techniques,**  **such a**  **s c**  **hemical v**  **apor d**  **eposition. D**  **OE u**  **nderstands t**  **hat t**  **hese t**  **echniques**

**a re**  **n ot**  **i n**  **u se**  **i n**  **t he**  **m ass­production**  **o f**  **i ncandescent**  **r eflector**  **l amps.**  **D OE**  **believes t**  **hat**

**i t**  **w ould**  **n ot**  **b e**  **p racticable**  **t o**  **m anufacture**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **o n**  **t he**  **s cale**  **n ecessary**  **t o**  **s erve** 

**t he**  **r elevant**  **m arket**  **o f**  **I RL**  **a t**  **t he**  **t ime**  **o f**  **t he**  **e ffective**  **d ate**  **o f**  **a n**  **a mended**  **s tandard.**  **D OE** 

**s creened**  **o ut**  **t his**  **op tion**  **b ased**  **o n**  **t he**  **s econd**  **c riterion.**  **I t**  **i s**  **a lso**  **n ot**  **p ossible**  **t o**  **a ssess** 

**w hether**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **w ill**  **h ave**  **a dverse**  **i mpacts**  **o n**  **u tility**  **t o**  **c onsumers,**  **a vailability,**  **o r** 

**c onsumer**  **h ealth**  **o r**  **s afety.**  **Th erefore,**  **D OE**  **w ill**  **n ot**  **c onsider**  **c rystallite**  **f ilament**  **c oatings** 

**a s**  **a design**  **op tion**  **f or**  **i mproving**  **t he**  **e fficacy**  **o f**  **I RL.** 

4 .2.2.4 Luminescent G as

**L uminescent**  **g ases**  **e ncompass**  **g aseous**  **f ills**  **f or**  **i ncandescent**  **l amps**  **t hat**  **r eact**  **w ith** 

**c ertain**  **w avelengths**  **o f**  **t he**  **f ilament**  **e mission**  **a nd**  **g enerate**  **v isible**  **l ight.**  **D OE**  **i s**  **u naware** 

**o f**  **a ny**  **e xisting**  **c ommercially**  **a vailable**  **p roducts**  **o r**  **p rototypes**  **o f**  **i ncandescent**  **l amps** 

**i ncorporating**  **l uminescent**  **g ases.**  **D OE**  **s creened**  **o ut**  **l uminescent**  **g ases**  **b ased**  **o n** 

**t echnological**  **f easibility.**  **To the**  **b est**  **o f**  **D OE’s**  **k nowledge,**  **l uminescent**  **g as**  **f ills**  **a lso** 

**h ave**  **n ot**  **b een**  **i ncorporated**  **i nto**  **r esidential,**  **c ommercial,**  **o r**  **i ndustrial**  **p roducts,**  **so D**  **OE**

**c annot**  **a ssess**  **t he**  **p racticability**  **t o**  **m anufacture,**  **i nstall,**  **a nd**  **s ervice**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **o n**  **t he** 

**s cale**  **n ecessary**  **t o**  **s erve**  **t he**  **r elevant**  **m arket**  **a t**  **t he**  **t ime**  **o f**  **t he**  **e ffective**  **d ate**  **o f**  **a n** 

**a mended**  **s tandard.**  **I t**  **i s**  **n ot**  **p ossible**  **t o**  **a ssess**  **w hether**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **w ill**  **h ave**  **a dverse** 

**i mpacts**  **o n**  **u tility**  **t o**  **c onsumers,**  **availability, o**  **r c**  **onsumer h**  **ealth o**  **r s**  **afety. Th**  **erefore,**

**D OE**  **w ill**  **n ot**  **c onsider**  **l uminescent**  **g as**  **f ills**  **a s**  **a design**  **op tion**  **f or**  **i mproving**  **t he**  **e fficacy** 

**o f**  **I RL.** 

4 .2.2.5 Non-Tungsten-Halogen R egenerative C ycles

**Th e**  **r egenerative**  **c ycle**  **o f**  **f ilament**  **e vaporation**  **a nd**  **r edeposition**  **c an**  **b e**  **u sed**  **t o** 

**g reatly**  **i ncrease**  **t he**  **l ife**  **o f**  **a n**  **i ncandescent**  **l amp**  **a nd**  **i mprove**  **l umen**  **m aintenance.**  **Th e** 

**f ilament**  **c an**  **b urn**  **a t**  **a higher**  **t emperature**  **t han**  **c onventional**  **i ncandescent**  **l amps**  **w hile** 

**m aintaining**  **a useful**  **s ervice**  **l ife.**  **Th e**  **m arket**  **a nd**  **t echnology**  **a ssessment**  **( Chapter**  **3 )** 

**d iscusses**  **t he**  **u se**  **o f**  **a regenerative**  **c ycle**  **f or**  **t ungsten­halogen**  **l amps.**  **D OE**  **u nderstands** 

**t hat**  **o ther**  **r egenerative**  **c ycles**  **a lso**  **m ay**  **b e**  **p ossible**  **f or**  **o ther**  **f ilament**  **m aterials**  **a nd**  **a re** 

**c onsidered**  **t echnologically**  **f easible.**  **H owever,**  **a s**  **n oted**  **a bove,**  **D OE**  **h as**  **s creened**  **o ut**  **t he** 

**u se**  **o f**  **n ovel**  **f ilament**  **m aterials**  **o n**  **t he**  **b asis**  **o f**  **t he**  **s econd**  **a nd**  **t hird**  **s creening**  **c riteria.** 

**B ecause**  **u se**  **o f**  **t he**  **n on­tungsten­halogen**  **r egenerative**  **c ycles**  **w ould**  **d epend**  **o n** 

**i ncorporating**  **a non­tungsten**  **f ilament,**  **D OE**  **i s**  **s creening**  **o ut**  **s uch**  **c ycles**  **f rom** 

**c onsideration**  **b ased**  **o n**  **t he**  **s ame**  **t wo**  **c riteria.**  **D OE**  **b elieves**  **t hat**  **i t**  **w ould**  **n ot**  **b e** 

**p racticable,**  **a nd**  **m aybe**  **n ot**  **e ven**  **p ossible,**  **t o**  **m anufacture**  **n ovel**  **f ilament**  **m aterials**  **l amps** 

**w ith**  **a ssociated**  **r egenerative**  **c ycles**  **o n**  **t he**  **s cale**  **n ecessary**  **t o**  **s erve**  **t he**  **r elevant**  **m arket**  **a t** 

**t he**  **t ime**  **o f**  **t he**  **e ffective**  **d ate**  **o f**  **a n**  **a mended**  **s tandard.**  **A lso,**  **t he**  **u se**  **o f**  **o ther**  **f ilament** 

**m aterials,**  **and t**  **herefore t**  **heir a**  **ssociated r**  **egenerative c**  **ycles, may**  **h ave**  **a n**  **a dverse**  **i mpact** 

**o n**  **u tility.**  **I n**  **a ddition,**  **because t**  **his t**  **echnology h**  **as n**  **ot b**  **een i**  **ncorporated i**  **nto**

**c ommercially**  **a vailable**  **p roducts,**  **DOE i**  **s u**  **nable t**  **o a**  **ssess w**  **hether i**  **t w**  **ill h**  **ave a**  **dverse**

**i mpacts**  **o n**  **c onsumer**  **h ealth**  **o r**  **s afety.**  **Th erefore,**  **D OE**  **w ill**  **n ot**  **c onsider**  **n on­tungsten** 

**halogen r**  **egenerative c**  **ycles a**  **s a**  **design op**  **tion f**  **or i**  **mproving t**  **he e**  **fficacy o**  **f I**  **RL.**

**4­4**4.2.2.6 Infrared P hosphor G lass C oating

**W hen**  **u sed**  **a s**  **a coating**  **o n**  **t he**  **b ulb**  **s urface,**  **i nfrared**  **p hosphors**  **h arvest**  **t he** 

**e mitted**  **i nfrared**  **e nergy**  **a nd**  **c onvert**  **i t**  **t o**  **v isible**  **l ight,**  **potentially i**  **ncreasing l**  **amp**

**e fficacy.**  **B ecause**  **p atents**  **o n**  **s uch**  **i nfrared**  **p hosphor**  **c oatings**  **e xist,**  **D OE**  **believes t**  **hat**

**t his**  **t echnology**  **op tion**  **i s**  **t echnologically**  **f easible.**  **H owever,**  **D OE**  **w as**  **u nable**  **t o**  **l ocate** 

**a ny**  **d ata**  **o n**  **t he**  **i ncorporation**  **o f**  **i nfrared**  **p hosphor**  **c oatings**  **i nto**  **c ommercially**  **a vailable** 

**p roducts.**  **B ecause**  **u sing**  **i nfrared**  **p hosphor**  **c oatings**  **i n**  **i ncandescent**  **r eflector**  **l amps**  **m ay** 

**r equire**  **r etooling**  **o f**  **t he**  **m anufacturing**  **p rocess,**  **D OE**  **b elieves**  **t hat**  **i t**  **w ould**  **n ot**  **b e** 

**p racticable**  **t o**  **m anufacture**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **o n**  **t he**  **s cale**  **n ecessary**  **t o**  **s erve**  **t he**  **r elevant** 

**m arket**  **a t**  **t he**  **t ime**  **o f**  **t he**  **e ffective**  **d ate**  **o f**  **a n**  **a mended**  **s tandard.**  **Th erefore,**  **D OE**  **s creened** 

**o ut**  **t his**  **op tion**  **b ased**  **o n**  **t he**  **s econd**  **c riterion.**  **I t**  **is a**  **lso i**  **mpossible t**  **o a**  **ssess w**  **hether t**  **he**

**t echnology**  **w ill**  **h ave**  **a dverse**  **i mpacts**  **o n**  **u tility**  **t o**  **c onsumers,**  **availability, o**  **r c**  **onsumer**

**h ealth**  **o r**  **s afety.**  **Th erefore,**  **D OE**  **w ill**  **n ot**  **c onsider**  **i nfrared**  **p hosphor**  **c oatings**  **a s**  **a design** 

**op tion**  **f or**  **i mproving**  **t he**  **e fficacy**  **o f**  **I RL.** 

4 .2.2.7 Integrally B allasted L ow V oltage L amps

**I ncandescent**  **f ilaments**  **t hat**  **a re**  **d esigned**  **t o**  **op erate**  **a t**  **a lower**  **v oltage**  **a re**  **b oth** 

**s horter**  **i n**  **l ength**  **a nd**  **t hicker**  **i n**  **c ross­sectional**  **a rea**  **t han**  **i ncandescent**  **f ilaments**  **d esigned** 

**t o**  **op erate**  **a t**  **a line**  **v oltage**  **f rom**  **1 15**  **t o**  **1 30V.**  **I ncreasing**  **t he**  **t hickness**  **o f**  **t he**  **f ilament** 

**c an**  **i mprove**  **i ts**  **e fficacy**  **b y**  **a llowing**  **t he**  **l amp**  **t o**  **op erate**  **a t**  **h igher**  **t emperatures.** 

**Th erefore,**  **u sing**  **a n**  **i ntegral**  **b allast**  **a llows**  **t he**  **e fficacy**  **o f**  **a lamp**  **t o**  **i ncrease**  **b y**  **op erating** 

**i ts**  **f ilament**  **a t**  **a lower**  **v oltage**  **( e.g.,**  **12 v**  **olts) t**  **han s**  **tandard U**  **.S. h**  **ousehold l**  **ine v**  **oltage**

**1 (i.e.,**  **120 v**  **olts). A**  **lthough t**  **his t**  **echnology i**  **s c**  **ommercially a**  **vailable i**  **n Eu**  **rope and**

**e lsewhere**  **i n**  **t he**  **w orld**  **w here**  **t he**  **s tandard**  **h ousehold**  **l ine**  **v oltage**  **i s**  **2 20­240**  **v olts,**  **DOE**

**i s**  **u naware**  **o f**  **a ny**  **c ommercially**  **a vailable**  **p roducts**  **o r**  **p rototypes**  **o f**  **t his**  **t echnology** 

**op tion**  **t hat**  **op erate**  **o n**  **U .S.**  **h ousehold**  **l ine**  **v oltage**  **o f**  **1 20**  **v olts.**  **A ccordingly,**  **D OE**  **i s** 

**s creening**  **o ut**  **i ntegrally**  **b allasted**  **l ow**  **voltage l**  **amps b**  **ased o**  **n t**  **he f**  **irst c**  **riterion,**

**t echnological**  **f easibility.**  **Th erefore,**  **D OE**  **w ill**  **n ot**  **consider i**  **ntegrally b**  **allasted l**  **ow**

**v oltage**  **l amps**  **a s**  **a design**  **op tion**  **f or**  **i mproving**  **t he**  **e fficacy**  **o f**  **I RL.** 

4 .2.2.8 Trihedral C orner R eflectors

**Tr ihedral**  **c orner**  **r eflectors**  **i ncorporated**  **i nto**  **t he**  **c over**  **g lass**  **o f**  **I RL**  **h ave**  **t he** 

**p otential**  **t o**  **i ncrease**  **l amp**  **e fficacy**  **b y**  **r edirecting**  **i nfrared**  **r adiation**  **b ack**  **o nto**  **t he** 

**f ilament.**  **B ecause**  **p atents**  **o n**  **t rihedral**  **c orner**  **r eflectors**  **e xist,**  **D OE**  **believes t**  **hat t**  **his**

**t echnology**  **op tion**  **i s**  **t echnologically**  **f easible.**  **H owever,**  **D OE**  **w as**  **u nable**  **t o**  **l ocate**  **a ny** 

**d ata**  **o n**  **t he**  **i ncorporation**  **o f**  **t his**  **t echnology**  **i nto**  **c ommercially**  **a vailable**  **p roducts.**  **U sing** 

**t rihedral**  **c orner**  **r eflectors,**  **w hich**  **e ntail**  **a n**  **a dditional**  **d isc**  **r equiring**  **e xternal**  **f abrication** 

**a nd**  **i nstallation**  **i n**  **t he**  **l amp,**  **m ay**  **n ecessitate**  **m anufacturing**  **t echniques**  **n ot**  **c urrently** 

**a vailable**  **f or**  **m ass**  **p roduction.**  **F or**  **t his**  **r eason,**  **D OE**  **believes t**  **hat i**  **t w**  **ould n**  **ot b**  **e**

**Philips E**  **lectronics Press**  **R elease**  **( 2007).**  **A vailable**  **at**

**h ttp://www.lighting.philips.com/gl_en/news/press/product_innovations/archive_2007/press_new_mastercla** 

**ssic_lamp.php.**

**4 ­5**  **1 practicable**  **t o**  **i mplement**  **t he**  **n ew**  **manufacturing t**  **echnique f**  **or t**  **his t**  **echnology o**  **n t**  **he**

**s cale**  **n ecessary**  **t o**  **s erve**  **t he**  **r elevant**  **m arket**  **o f**  **I RL**  **a t**  **t he**  **t ime**  **o f**  **t he**  **e ffective**  **d ate**  **o f**  **a n** 

**a mended**  **s tandard.**  **Th erefore,**  **D OE**  **s creened**  **o ut**  **t his**  **option b**  **ased o**  **n t**  **he s**  **econd**

**c riterion.**  **I t**  **i s**  **n ot**  **p ossible**  **t o**  **a ssess**  **w hether**  **t he**  **t echnology**  **w ill**  **h ave**  **a dverse**  **i mpacts**  **o n** 

**u tility**  **t o**  **c onsumers,**  **availability, o**  **r c**  **onsumer h**  **ealth o**  **r s**  **afety. Th**  **erefore, D**  **OE w**  **ill n**  **ot**

**c onsider**  **t rihedral**  **c orner**  **r eflectors**  **a s**  **a design**  **op tion**  **f or**  **i mproving**  **t he**  **e fficacy**  **o f**  **I RL.** 

4 .3 SUMMARY OF T ECHNOLOGY O PTIONS S CREENED OUT

**Th e**  **f ollowing**  **t ables**  **s ummarize**  **t he**  **t echnology**  **op tions**  **D OE**  **s creened**  **o ut**  **f rom** 

**f urther**  **c onsideration**  **a nd**  **n ote**  **t he**  **s creening**  **c riteria.** 

T able 4 .3.1 GSFL T echnology O ptions S creened O ut o f t he A nalysis

Design O ption E xcluded S creening C riteria

**Multi­Photon P**  **hosphors T**  **echnological f**  **easibility**

**P racticability**  **to manufacture,**  **in stall,**  **and s**  **ervice**

Table 4 .3.2 IRL T echnology O ptions S creened O ut o f t he A nalysis

Design O ption E xcluded S creening C riteria

**Microcavity F**  **ilaments P**  **roduct u**  **tility to**  **consumers**

**P racticability**  **to manufacture,**  **in stall,**  **and s**  **ervice**

**N ovel**  **F ilament**  **M aterials**  **Practicability to**  **manufacture, in**  **stall, and**  **s ervice;**  **p roduct** 

**u tility**  **to consumers** 

**C rystallite**  **Filament C**  **oatings P**  **racticability to**  **manufacture, in**  **stall, and**  **s ervice** 

**L uminescent**  **G as**  **T echnological**  **f easibility** 

**N on­Tungsten­Halogen**  **R egenerative** 

**C ycles**  **P racticability**  **to manufacture,**  **in stall,**  **and s**  **ervice**

**P roduct**  **u tility**  **to consumers** 

**I nfrared**  **P hosphor**  **G lass**  **C oating**  **P racticability**  **to manufacture,**  **in stall,**  **and s**  **ervice**

**I ntegrally**  **B allasted**  **L ow**  **V oltage**  **H alogen**  **T echnological**  **f easibility** 

**T rihedral**  **C orner**  **R eflectors**  **P racticability**  **to manufacture,**  **in stall,**  **and s**  **ervice**

4.4 REMAINING T ECHNOLOGIES

**A fter**  **s creening**  **o ut**  **t hose**  **t echnologies**  **i n**  **a ccordance**  **w ith**  **t he**  **p olicies**  **s et**  **f orth**  **i n** 

**1 0**  **C FR**  **P art**  **4 30,**  **S ubpart**  **C**

**, A**  **ppendix A** 

**, (**  **4)(a)(4) a**  **nd 5**  **(b), D**  **OE i**  **s c**  **onsidering t**  **he**

**d esign**  **op tions**  **i n**  **t he**  **f ollowing**  **l ist**  **a s**  **v iable**  **m eans**  **f or**  **i mproving**  **e fficacy.**  **Th e**  **m arket** 

**a nd**  **t echnology**  **a ssessment**  **( Chapter**  **3 )**  **p rovides**  **a detailed**  **d escription**  **o f**  **t hese**  **d esign** 

**op tions.** 

4 .4.1 General S ervice F luorescent L amps D esign O ptions

• **Highly Em**  **issive El**  **ectrode C**  **oatings**

• **Higher­Efficiency L**  **amp F**  **ill G**  **as C**  **omposition**

• **Higher­Efficiency P**  **hosphors**

• **Glass C**  **oatings**

• **Higher­Efficiency L**  **amp D**  **iameter**

**4­6**4.4.2 Incandescent R eflector L amps D esign O ptions

• **Higher­Temperature O**  **peration**

• **Thinner F**  **ilaments**

• **Efficient F**  **ilament C**  **oiling**

• **Efficient F**  **ilament O**  **rientation**

• **Higher­Efficiency I**  **nert F**  **ill G**  **as**

• **Tungsten­Halogen L**  **amps**

• **Higher­Pressure Tu**  **ngsten H**  **alogen L**  **amps**

• **Infrared G**  **lass C**  **oatings (**  **thin­film)**

• **Higher­Efficiency R**  **eflector C**  **oatings**

• **Efficient F**  **ilament P**  **lacement**

**D OE**  **w ill**  **c onsider**  **t hese**  **op tions**  **i n**  **t he**  **e ngineering**  **a nalysis.**  **A s**  **d iscussed**  **i n** 

**C hapter**  **5**

**, D**  **OE based**  **i ts**  **e ngineering**  **a nalysis**  **t o**  **t he**  **g reatest**  **e xtent**  **p ossible**  **o n** 

**c ommercially**  **a vailable**  **p roducts,**  **which i**  **ncorporate o**  **ne o**  **r m**  **ore o**  **f t**  **hese d**  **esign op**  **tions.**

**B y**  **d oing**  **t his,**  **DOE u**  **ses c**  **atalog d**  **ata t**  **o d**  **etermine b**  **oth p**  **rices a**  **nd p**  **erformance a**  **ttributes**

**m ore**  **e fficacious**  **l amps.** 

**4­7**REFERENCES

**1 U.S.**  **D epartment**  **o f**  **En ergy**  C **Office o**  **f B**  **uilding Te**  **chnologies. U**  **.S. L**  **ighting M**  **arket**

**C haracterization,**  **V olume**  **I I:**  **En ergy**  **Ef ficient**  **L ighting**  **Te chnology**  **O ptions.**  **S eptember,** 

**2 005.**  **W ashington,**  **D .C.** 

**< www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/ee_lightingvolII.pdf**  **>**

**2** Ibid.

**4­8**