NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARK MONJE and BETH MONJE, 

individually and on behalf of their minor 

son R.M.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.

SPIN MASTER INCORPORATED, a 

Delaware corporation; et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 15-16480

D.C. No. 2:09-cv-01713-JJT

MEMORANDUM*

MARK MONJE and BETH MONJE, 

individually and on behalf of their minor 

son R.M.,

Plaintiffs-Appellees,

 v.

SPIN MASTER INCORPORATED, a 

Delaware corporation; et al.,

Defendants,

and

No. 15-16567

D.C. No. 2:09-cv-01713-JJT

 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

FEB 14 2017

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
 2 

MOOSE ENTERPRISES PROPRIETARY 

LIMITED, an Australian company,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Arizona

John Joseph Tuchi, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted February 1, 2017 

University of Arizona – Tucson, Arizona

Before: LEAVY, MURGUIA, and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges.

This appeal follows an eight-day jury trial that resulted in a verdict for

Plaintiffs-Appellants Mark and Beth Monje. The Monjes sought and were 

awarded compensatory damages on behalf of their minor son, R.M., for injuries he 

sustained after ingesting “Aqua Dots,” toy beads designed, distributed, and sold by 

Defendants-Appellees Spin Master Inc., Spin Master Ltd., Moose Enterprises 

Proprietary, Ltd., and Toys “R” Us, Inc. (collectively, “Defendants”). The Monjes 

appeal several pretrial rulings that prohibited them from seeking additional 

damages at trial. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.1

1. The district court did not err in granting partial summary judgment for 

 

1 Because we affirm all of the rulings challenged by the Monjes, we need not 

address the issues raised in the contingent cross-appeal filed by Moose Enterprises. 
 3 

Defendants on punitive damages. To recover punitive damages in Arizona, a 

plaintiff must show that the defendant acted with an “evil mind.” Thompson v. 

Better-Bilt Aluminum Prods. Co., 832 P.2d 203, 209 (Ariz. 1992) (in banc). An 

“evil mind” requires either intentional conduct or conscious disregard of an 

unjustifiably substantial risk of harm to others. Id. 

There is no evidence from which a reasonable juror could conclude that 

Defendants acted with an “evil mind.” Defendants were not aware that Aqua Dots 

posed a toxicological risk before R.M.’s ingestion. Defendants submitted the 

product for testing, and independent laboratories repeatedly certified the toy as 

compliant with global and U.S. safety standards. The Monjes contend Defendants 

could have discovered that Aqua Dots were toxic if they had performed more or 

different testing, but “negligence, or even gross negligence” cannot establish the 

requisite “evil mind.” Volz v. Coleman Co., 748 P.2d 1191, 1195 (Ariz. 1987) (in 

banc). Accordingly, Defendants were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on 

the issue of punitive damages. 

2. The district court did not abuse its discretion in holding that Mr. Monje 

was judicially estopped from asserting claims for loss of consortium, emotional 

distress, and R.M.’s past and future medical expenses. See Hamilton v. State Farm 
 4 

Fire & Cas. Co., 270 F.3d 778, 782 (9th Cir. 2001) (stating that the district court’s 

application of the doctrine of judicial estoppel to the facts of a case is reviewed for 

abuse of discretion). Mr. Monje omitted his claims in this action from the asset 

disclosure schedule in his Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding. A party is judicially 

estopped from asserting a cause of action that was not disclosed in a previous 

bankruptcy proceeding. Id. 

Mr. Monje seeks to escape that well-established rule by claiming that his

omission was inadvertent. The district court found Mr. Monje’s claim of 

inadvertence to be conclusory and not credible; that determination was not illogical 

or unreasonable.2 Mr. Monje also argues that barring his claims will deprive his 

innocent creditors of a potential source of recovery. Given that the integrity of the 

entire bankruptcy system is undermined when debtors fail to fully and honestly 

disclose their assets, Hamilton, 270 F.3d at 785, the district court did not abuse its 

 

2

Inadvertence also fails to explain Mr. Monje’s failure to reopen the bankruptcy 

case as soon as Defendants raised judicial estoppel. In fact, Mr. Monje did not 

move to reopen the bankruptcy case until nearly five months after the district 

court’s adverse judicial estoppel ruling. In light of those circumstances, the district 

court did not abuse its discretion by refusing relief from its judicial estoppel ruling 

after Mr. Monje reopened the bankruptcy case. See Harvest v. Castro, 531 F.3d 

737, 741 (9th Cir. 2008) (stating that Rule 60(b) motions for relief from judgment 

are reviewed for abuse of discretion). 
 5 

discretion by concluding that competing policy interests weighed in favor of 

applying the doctrine of judicial estoppel. 

To the extent the Monjes are attempting to challenge the district court’s 

denial of the bankruptcy trustee’s motion to intervene or to assert claims on behalf 

of the bankruptcy creditors, they lack standing to do so. See Estate of Spirtos v. 

One San Bernardino Cty. Super. Ct. Case Numbered SPR 02211, 443 F.3d 1172, 

1175-76 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding that the trustee alone has standing to assert claims 

on behalf of a bankruptcy estate).

3. The district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the Monjes’ 

expert witness from opining that Aqua Dots caused R.M. to suffer permanent brain 

injuries. See Stilwell v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 482 F.3d 1187, 1191 (9th Cir. 2007) 

(stating that a district court’s decision to exclude expert testimony is reviewed for 

abuse of discretion). The Monjes’ expert witness advanced two causation theories. 

One theory was not disclosed until the expert’s deposition and was excluded as a 

discovery sanction for untimely disclosure.3 The other theory was excluded as 

 

3 The Monjes later tried to revive this theory under a different name; however 

characterized, the theory was not disclosed in the expert’s report, and it was not an 

abuse of discretion to impose the attendant automatic discovery sanction. See 

Goodman v. Staples The Office Superstore, LLC, 644 F.3d 817, 827 (9th Cir. 

2011); accord Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). 
 6 

unreliable after the expert witness unambiguously disavowed the theory at his 

deposition, stating repeatedly and explicitly that there was no supporting evidence. 

It was well within the district court’s broad discretion to exclude both theories. See 

Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 142 (1999). 

AFFIRMED.