## COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICTOFTEXAS FORT WORTH NO . 2- 07- 146- CR
T ODD W AY NE S W AF F AR AP P E L L ANT V . TH E STA TE O F TEXA S STA TE

----- ----- -- FR O M CO UN TY CRI M I NA LCO URT NO . 2 OF DENTO N CO UN TY

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### OP I NI ON

----- ----- -- A ju ryf o u n d A p p e lla n t T o d d W a y n e S w a f f a rg u ilt yo fd r iv in g w h ile in t oxi cat ed ( D W I ) , and t he t r i al courtsent enced hi m t o f i ft een days’
con f i nem entan d a $2, 000 f i ne. O n a ppe al , A ppe l l ant con t end s i n a s i ngl e p oi nt t h a tt h e t r ia l c o u rte r r e d b yd e n y in g h ism o t io n t o s u p p r e s s . B e c a u s e w e h o ld t hatno r ea so nab l e s us pi ci on s upport ed t he st op a nd t hatt h e S ta te d i d not p ro v e th a t th e s to p w a sj u s ti fi e d a sa c o m m u n i tyc a re ta k i n g fu n c ti o n , w e2

r eve r se t he t r i al cou rt ’ s j udgm ent and r em and t hi s ca se t o t he t r i al c o u rt f or fu rth e r p ro c e e d i n g sc o n s i s te n t w i th th i so p i n i o n . I. B ACKGROUND F ACTS Acc or di ng t o hi st e s t i m on y, du r i ng t hel a t e n i gh th ou r so fM a y 20, 2006 , O f f i cerJose Fl or es of t he Lew i svi l l e Pol i ce D epart m ent “[ r ] ecei ved a di spat ch on a possi bl e di st ur bance t hatoccur r ed ata lo c a tio n of fofPi er12 1 M ar i na. W e w er e a dvi se d t hata ca l l er ca l l ed i n s ayi ng t her e w asa m al e p us hi ng a r ound a f em al e i n t he par ki ng l ot . ” The cal l err ef used t o gi ve her nam e and i nsi st ed
on r em ai ni ng ano nym ous. O f f i cerFl or es t est i f i ed, “[ W ]e w er e t ol d t hat[ t he anon ym ous cal l ] w as
r el at ed t o a m a r oon vehi cl e t hatw as occupi ed by a m al e and a f em al e, t hat t hey had j ustl eftt he ar ea aft ert he di spat ch cam e out . ” O f f i cer F lor es w as f am i l i arw i t h t he ar ea i n w h i c h th e t w o pe opl e w er e p ur port edl y l oca t ed and kne w t hat , bec aus e of r oad co ns t r uct i on, t her e w asonl y on e w ay i nt o a nd ou t oft he par ki ng l ot . Ther ef or e, O f f i ce r Fl or es , w ho w as al r ea dy l oca t ed nea r by, dr ove do w n t he r oad t ow ar d t he par ki ng l o t, k n o w i ng t hati fa vehi cl e w as l ea vi ng f r om t he ar ea he w oul d qui ck l y pas s i t . W i t hi n onem i nut e o fr ec ei vi ng t he di sp at ch ca l l , O f f i ce rFl or espa ss ed a m ar oo n H o n d a f our - doorca rw i t h a
m al e d r i veran d a f em al e p as se ng e rex i t i ng t he ar ea . He t ur ned ar ound and fo l l o w e d th e c a r.3

W hen he r eached t he vehi cl e, O f f i cerFl or es began t o vi deotape i tbecause he “w as advi sed al so t hat t he dr i verw as possi bl y i nt oxi cat ed. ” O f f i cerFl or es c o u ld n o ts e e in s id e t h e c a r w it h g r e a t d e t a il b e c a u s e it w a s t o o d a r k . H e c o u ld t e ll t h a tt h e m a n a n d w o m a n w e r e “ o c c u p ie d ,” b u th e s a w n o f ig h t in g . W h ile he w asf ol l ow i ng t he ca r , O f f i ce rFl or ess aw t he ca r sw erve w i t hi n i t s ow n l ane oft r af f i c, buthe di d not noti ce t he dr i vercom m i tany t r aff i c i nf r act i ons, al t hou gh he t est i f i ed t hat w hen he l at er r evi ew ed t he i n- carvi deo, he not i ced th a t A p p e l l a n t h a d ru n a s to p s i g n . O f f i cerFl or es cont i nued t o f ol l ow t he car , and w hen A ppel l antr eached St and r i dgeD r i ve t o t r ave l t ow ar d H i ghw ay 121 , t he of f i ce r ac t i vat ed hi s r oof l i ghts because he w ant ed t o st op t he carbef or e i tgott o H i ghw ay 12 1. W hen t he carst opp ed ata r ed l i ght, nei t her t he dr i ver nor t he passengert r i ed t o get
o u t o f th e c a r. O f f ic e rF lo r e sf o llo w e d t h e c a ra n o t h e r1 ,0 0 0 f e e ta ft e rh e a c t iv a t e d h is lig h t s . W h e n t h e c a rre a c h e d t h e lig h ta tH ig h w a y1 2 1 , O f f ic e rF lo r e sh ith is si r en a f ew t i m es, and A ppel l antevent ually st opp ed af t erhe had t r avel ed
a n o th e r 1 ,0 0 0 fe e t. Des pi t e t he f a c t t ha t O f f i c e r Fl or e s m a de no e f f ort t o s t op the ca r t o i nve st i gat e t he w om an’ s sa f et y u n ti l aft erheha d t ur ned on h i s ca m er a a nd4

f ol l ow e d t hec a rf r om t heo r i gi na l l oc a t i on o f fPi e r121 M a r i na t o Hi gh w a y 121 bec aus e h e h ad bee n t ol d t he dr i verm i ghtbei nt oxi ca t ed, t he of f i ce rt es t i f i ed,

Q . N ow , O f f i cer , w hen you appr oached t he vehi cl e, w as i tyou ri nt entt o pe r f or m a D W I i nve st i gat i on? A . N o. M y i nt ent f or t he st op w a s i n re l a ti o n to t he di st ur bance. Q . O ka y. And aga i n r em i nd t he C ourt w h att ypeof d i stu rba n c e w a s i t? A . Itw a s p o s s ib ly a d o m e s t ic d is t u r b a n c e b e t w e e n a m a le and a f em al e. Q . O ffice r, w e re y o u c o n c e rn e d fo r th e p e o p l e ’sw e l fa re i nsi de t he vehi cl e? A . Y e s , s i r. W h e n th e c a r fi n a l l y d i d p u l l o v e r, th e o ffice r a p p ro a c h e d t h e v e h i c l e ’s dr i veran d i m m edi at el y det ec t ed a m ode r at e o dorofal coh ol on h i s br ea t h. The
c a r’sd ri v e r w a sA p p e l l a n t. A t t r i al , A ppel l ant m oved t o suppr ess evi dence of t he st op, ar gui ng t hat t he ano nym oust i p a l ong w i t h t he of f i ce r ’ s f ai l ur e t o i n d e p e nde nt l y ob se rve A p p e l l a n t co m m i t an ytr a ffi c l a w v i o l a ti o n s p r o v id e d an i n su ffi c i e n t ba sis to i n i ti a te th e s to p . T h e tri a l c o u rt d e n i e d A p p e l l a n t’sm o ti o n . A f t ert he t r i al c o u rt ’ s r ul i ng, a j ur y hear d t he evi dence and convi ct ed A ppe l l antofD W I , and t he t r i al cou rt se nt enc ed hi m . A ppe l l antnow ap pea l s t he1 ... A m a do r v. S tate , 2 2 1 S .W .3 d 6 6 6 , 6 7 3 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 7 );

G uzm a nv. S tate , 9 5 5 S .W .2 d 8 5 , 8 9 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 7 ).

2 ... Ro m ero v. S tate , 8 0 0 S .W .2 d 5 3 9 , 5 4 3 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 0 ); Best v. S tate , 1 1 8 S .W .3 d 8 5 7 , 8 6 1 (T e x . A p p .— F o rt W o rth 2 0 0 3 , n o p e t.).

3 ... W i e dev. S tate , 2 1 4S .W .3 d 1 7 , 2 4

– 2 5 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 7 ); S tate v. Ro ss , 3 2 S .W .3 d 8 5 3 , 8 5 5 ( T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 0 ), m odif i ed on other groun ds by S tate v. Cul len , 1 9 5 S .W .3 d 6 9 6 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 6 ).
4 ... A m ado r, 2 2 1 S .W .3 d a t 6 7 3 ; Mo n tan ez v. S tate , 195 S. W . 3d 101, 5 t r i al court ’ s deni al of hi s m ot i on t o suppr ess. I n hi s sol e poi nt , he cont ends t hat t he t r i a l c o u rt er r ed by d eny i ng hi s m ot i on t o s uppr es s w hen t he ar r es t i ng of f i ce rde t ai ned h i m on t he so l e b as i s ofan an onym oust i p w hi ch w asnot
su f f i ci ent l y c or r obor at ed. II. S TANDARD OF R EV I EW W e r evi ew a t r i al court ’ s r ul i ng on a m ot i on t o suppr ess evi dence un der
a b i f u r c a t e d s t a n d a r d o fr e v i e w. I n r evi ew i ng t he t r i al cou rt ’ s dec i si on, w e d o 1
n o te n g a g e i n o u r o wn f a c t u a l r e v i e w. The t r i al j udg e i s t he sol e t r i eroff act 2
a n d ju d g e o ft h e c r e d ib ilit yo ft h e w i t n e s s e sa n d t h e w e ig h tt o b e g iv e n t h e ir t es t i m ony. T h e re fo re , w e g i v e a l m o s t to ta l d e fe re n c e to th e t r i a l c o u rt’s

3
r ul i ngson ( 1) que st i ons of hi st or i ca l f ac t , ev en i ft he t r i alco urt ’ s det er m i nat i on of t hos e f ac t s w as not bas ed on an eva l uat i on ofcr edi bi l i t y a nd de m ea nor , an d (2 ) a p p l i c a ti o n -of-l a w -t o -f a c t q u e sti o n s th a t t u rn o n an ev a l u a ti o n o f cred i b i l i ty
a n d d e m e a n o r. But w hen app l i ca t i on- of

- l aw - t o- f ac t que st i ons do no tt ur n on 41 0 8

– 0 9 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 6 ); Jo hn so nv. S tate , 68 S . W . 3d 644, 652– 53

(T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 2 ).

5 ... A m ado r, 2 2 1 S .W .3 d a t 6 7 3 ; E strada v. S tate , 154 S . W . 3d 604, 607 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 5 ); Johnson , 68 S . W . 3d a t652– 53.

6 ... W i ede , 2 1 4S .W .3 d a t 2 4 ; S ta tev. Kelly , 204 S . W . 3d 808, 818 ( Tex. C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 6 ).

7 ... Kelly , 2 0 4S .W .3 d a t 8 1 9 ; se e Am ado r, 2 2 1 S .W .3 d a t 6 7 3 ; W i ede , 2 1 4S .W .3 d a t 2 5 .

8 ... Kelly , 204 S. W . 3d a t819. 6 th e c re d i b i l i tya n d d e m e a n o r o f th e w i tn e s s e s , w e re v i e w th e tri a l c o u rt’s
r ul i ngson t hos e q ues t i onsdenov o. 5 St at ed ano t herw ay, w hen r evi ew i ng t he t r i al cou rt ’ s r ul i ng on a m ot i on t o suppr ess, w e m ustvi ew t he evi dence i n t he l i ght m ostf avor abl e t o t he t r i al
cou rt ’ s r ul i ng. W h e n th e re c o rd i ss i l e n t o n t h e r e a s o n sfo r th e tri a l c o u rt’s 6
r u lin g , o rw h e n t h e r e a r e n o e x p lic itf a c tf in d in g sa n d n e it h e r p a r t y t im e ly
re q u e s te d fi n d i n g sa n d c o n c l u s i o n sfro m th e tri a l c o u rt, w e i m p l y th e n e c e s s a ry f actf i ndi ngs t hat w oul d suppo rtt he t r i al court ’ s r ul i ng i ft he evi dence, vi ew ed i n t he l i ght m ostf avor abl e t o t he t r i al court ’ s r ul i ng, support s t hose f i ndi ngs. 7 W e t hen r evi ew t he t r i al court ’ s le g a l r ul i ng de no vo un l ess t he i m pl i ed f act f i ndi ngss upport ed by t he r ec or d a r e a l s o d i s p o s i t i ve oft he l ega l r ul i ng. 8 W e m us t uphol d t he t r i al cou rt ’ s r ul i ng i f i t i s su pport ed by t he r ec or d a nd
c o rre c t u n d e r a n yth e o ryo f l a w a p p l i c a b l e to th e c a s e e v e n i f th e tri a l c o u rt9 ... State v. Stevens , 235 S. W . 3d 736 , 740 ( Tex. C r i m . A pp. 2 0 0 7 );

A rm en da ri

z v. S tate , 1 2 3 S .W .3 d 4 0 1 , 4 0 4 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 3 ), c ert. denied, 5 4 1 U .S . 9 7 4(2 0 0 4 ).

10 ... Terryv. O h io , 3 9 2 U .S . 1 , 2 2 , 8 8 S . C t. 1 8 6 8 , 1 8 8 0 (1 9 6 8 ); Ca rm o u ch ev. S tate , 10 S . W . 3d 323, 328 ( Te x. Cr i m . App . 2000 ) .

11 ... F o rd v. S tate , 1 5 8 S .W .3 d 4 8 8 , 4 9 2 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 5 ).
12 ... Id . a t492– 93.
13 ... Id . a t 4 9 2 . 7 gav e t he w r ong r ea so n f ori t s r ul i ng. 9 III. T HE S TOPI S N O T J US T I F I EDON T HE B ASI S OF R EAS ONAB L E S U S P I C I ON A det ent i on, as opposed t o an ar r est , m ay be j ust i f i ed on l ess t han pr oba bl e c aus e i fa per so n i s r ea so nab l y su sp ec t ed of cr i m i nal ac t i vi t y bas ed on speci f i c, art i cul abl e f act s. A n of f i ce rco nduc t s a l aw f ul t em por ary de t ent i on 10

w h e n h e o rs h e h a sre a s o n a b le s u s p ic io n t o b e lie v e t h a t a n in d iv id u a l is
v i o l a t i n g t h e l a w. Reas ona bl e su sp i ci on exi st s w hen , ba se d on t he t ot al i t y of 11 t he ci r cum st ances, t he of f i c e r has speci f i c, art i cul abl e f act s t hatw hen
c o m b i n e d w i th rati o n a l i n fere n c e s from t h o s e f a c ts w o u l d l e a d h i m to
r ea so nab l y c onc l udet hata p a rti cul arpe r so n i s, ha s bee n, ors oon w i l l be eng age d i n c r i m i nalac t i vi t y. Thi s i s an obj ec t i ve st and ar d t hatdi sr ega r dsan y 12 subj ect i ve i nt ent of t he of f i cer m aki ng t he st op and l ooks sol el y t o w het heran obj ect i ve basi s f ort he st op exi st s. In d e t e r m in in g w h e t h e rre a s o n a b le 13 suspi ci on supp ort s a s t op, w e l ook on l y at t hose f act s know n t o t he of f i cerat14 ... S tate v. Gr if f ey , 241 S. W . 3d 700, 704 ( Te x. App . — Aus t i n 2007, p e t. re f’d ). 8 t he i nce pt i on oft he st op. 14 I n t he ca se bef or e us , an ano nym ous t i p t r i gge r ed t he pol i cei nve st i gat i on. A s ours i st erco urti n Aust i n ha s exp l ai ned , A n anon ym ous t i p usual l y w i l l j ust i f y t he i ni t i at i on o fa pol i ce i nve st i gat i on. How eve r , an ano nym ous t i p or t el eph oneca l l al one rarely w i l l es tab l i sh t h e r e q u i sit e l e v e l o f su sp i c i o n n e c e ss a ry to j us t i f y an i nve st i gat i ve det ent i on. N or m al l y, t her e m us t be s om e f urt heri ndi ci a of r el i abi l i t y— addi t i onal f act s f r om w hi ch a pol i ce of f i ce rm ay r ea so nab l y c onc l udet hatt he t i p i s r el i abl e a nd a det ent i on i s j ust ifie d. To j ust i f y a pol i ce of f i cer ’ s concl usi on t hat a c r im e h a sb e e n o risb e in g c o m m it t e d , t h e o f f ic e rg e n e r a lly c a n n o tre lya lo n e o n a p o lic e b r o a d c a s to fa n a n o n y m o u sp h o n e c a ll to e s ta b l i s h p ro b a b l e c a u s e o r re a s o n a b l e s u s p i c i o n . W hen an i nvest i gat i ve det ent i on i s based s o le ly on an ano nym o u s ti p , t he cou rtoft en hasno w ay ofev al uat i ng t he r el i abi l i t y oft he i nf or m at i on f r om th e a n onym ous sour ce. I fan a n o n y m o u st ip h a s a lo w d e g r e e o fre lia b ilit y , m o r e in f o r m a t io n w ill be r equi r ed t o est abl i sh t he r equi si t e l evel of suspi ci on t o j ust i f y an i nve st i gat i ve det ent i on. An anony m oust i p m ay, how eve r , be su f f i ci enti fi tco nt ai nss uf f i ci ent“ i ndi ci a o fr el i a bi l i t y”ori fs om e as pec t s ofi tar e s uf f i ci ent l y c or r obor at ed. A n o f f ic e r ’s p r io rk n o w le d g e , h ise x p e r ie n c e , a n d h is cor r obor at i on oft he det ai l s oft he t i p m ay be con si der ed i n gi vi ng t he ano nym oust i p t he w ei ght i t des erves . M er e c or r obor at i on of det ai l s, how eve r , t hatar e e as i l y ob t ai n abl e a tt he t i m e t he i nf or m at i on i s pr ovi ded w i l l not suppo rta f i ndi ng of pr obab l e cause norf ur ni sh t he bas i s f orr ea so nab l e s us pi ci on. I n Glennv. S tate , t he [ A m ar i l l o] co urtf oun d t hat“ t he f o l l o w in g a r e s ig n if ic a n tin d e t e r m in in g w h e t h e rre a s o n a b le su sp i ci on e xi st s f ora t em por ary det ent i on ba se d upo n i nf or m at i on15 ... D a vi s v. S tate , 989 S. W . 2d 859, 863– 864 ( Te x. App . — Aus t i n 1999, p e t. re f’d ) (c i ta ti o n so m i tte d ).

16 ... D o wler v. S tate , 4 4 S .W .3 d 6 6 6 , 6 7 0 ( T e x . A p p .— A u sti n 2 0 0 1 , p e t. re f’d ). 9 f r om an unk now n t i ps t er : ( 1) ac cur at el y pr edi ct i ng f ut ur e b eha vi or o f th i rd p a rt i e s; ( 2 ) c o rr o b o rati o n o f a d e tai l l i n k i n g the ac c u se d to t he st at ed cr i m i nalac t i vi t y; a nd ( 3) a part i cul ar i z ed and obj ec t i ve re a s o n to s u s p e c t th e a c c u s e d .” 15 A t i pst er ’ s accur at e descr i pt i on of a per son’ s l ooks and w her eabou t s m ay hel p t he pol i ce cor r ect l y i denti f y t he per son as t he one w h o m th e t i pst er i nt end ed t o a cc us e, buti tdoe s not hi ng t o s how t hatt he t i ps t erha d i nf or m at i on t hatt he per so n w asi nvol ved i n c r i m i nalac t i vi t y. 16 The c al l eri n t hi s ca ser ef us ed t o gi ve herna m e a nd i ns i st ed on r em ai ni ng ano nym ous , al t hough O f f i ce r Fl or ess ugge st ed t hatt he pol i ces om eho w f ound outhe r nam e. I ti s unc l ea rf r om hi s t es t i m ony w het hert he pol i cel ea r ned t he
nam e o ft h e a c t u a l c a l l e r o r o n l y t h e n a me o f t h e p e r s o n c o n n e c t e d wi t h t he te l e p h o n e o n w h i c h th e c a l l w a sm a d e . The a nony m ousca l l w asnot m a d e by so m eon e w ho r em ai ned on t he
scene or w ho r em ai ned t her e l ong enou gh t o m ake sur e t hatth e o ff i cer det ai ned t he cor r ec t veh i cl e. To O f f i ce r Fl or es ’ s kno w l edg e, t he ca l l erdi d not
m ake her sel fr eadi l y avai l abl e t o be cal l ed t o court , and he di d not have her te l e p h o n e n u m b e r, h e r a d d re s s , o r a d e s c ri p ti o n o f h e r.17 ... S eeT EX . P EN AL C ODE A NN . § 2 2 .0 1 (V e rn o n 2 0 0 7 ). 10 T h e c a l l e r d i d n o t p ro v i d e a l i c e n s e p l a te n u m b e r, a m a k e o f c a r , o r a des cr i pt i on oft he peo pl e i nvol ved exc eptge nde ran d num ber . Not hi ng i n t he ti p s u g g e s ted a re l a ti o n sh i p b e tw e e n the m a n an d w o m a n tha t w o u l d sa ti sfy th e req u i sit e s o f a d o m e sti c v i o l e n c e as sa u l t. I ndeed , O f f i cer Fl or es descr i bed 17 th e c a l l e r’sd e s c ri p ti o n o f th e b e h a v i o r s h e v i e w e d a so n l ya “ p o s s i b l e a s s a u l t.” O n c r os s- exa m i nat i on, het es t i f i ed, Q . Sur e. O ka y. I gue ss w hat I ’ m ge t t i ng a ti s, you di dn’ tha ve a s p e c i fi c re p o rt, h e y , I j u s t s a w a m a n h i t a w o m a n i n th e fa c e , I sa w a m an pus h a w om an t o t he gr ound and ki ckhe r , s om et hi ng l i k e tha t? A . C o rr e c t. Q . You had so m et hi ng t o i nve st i gat e, r i ght ? But you di dn’ tha ve a speci f i c r eportofa cr i m e? A . True. W e t her ef or e hol d t hatt he ano nym ous t i p w as i nsuf f i ci entt o est abl i sh
r ea so nab l e s us pi ci on f ort he st op. Furt her , O f f i cerFl or es di d not obser ve any f i ghti ng. W hen t he car st oppe d a ta r ed l i ght , ne i t herA ppe l l antnort he pas se nge rt r i ed t o getoutof t h e c a r . A d d it io n a lly , O f f ic e rF lo r e sd id n o t s e e A p p e lla n tc o m m ita n yt r a f f ic vi ol at i onsbe f or e t he st op. The of f i ce r ’ s t es t i m ony t hatw hen her evi ew ed t he i n- ca rvi deo t ape , henot i ce d t hatA ppe l l antha d r un a s t op s i gn i s ofno18 ... S ee Gr if f ey , 241 S. W . 3d a t704.
19 ... Mi nce y v. A r

i zona , 437 U. S. 385, 392, 98 S . Ct . 2408 , 2413 (1 9 7 8 ). 11 si gni f i ca ncebe ca us e t he of f i ce r adm i t t ed t hat he di d nots eeA ppe l l antr un t he st op si gn. W e t her ef or e canno t consi der t hi s evi dence i n det er m i ni ng w het her th e o ffi c e r h a d rea so n a b l e su sp i c i o n to s to p A p p e l l a n t. W h ile t h e o f f ic e rd id 18 t es t i f y t hathes aw A ppe l l ants w erve w i t hi n hi s ow n l ane and t hatt he am ount oft i m e t hatA ppel l ant used t o st op i n r esponse t o t he of f i cer ’ s si gnal and si r en
w a s n o tn o r m a l, t h e s e o b s e rv a t io n s d o n o tris e t o t h e le v e l o fre a s o n a b le
s u s p i c i o n . B a s e d o n th e to ta l i tyo f th e c i rc u m s ta n c e s , w e h o l d th a t O ffice r F l o re s ’s i ndep enden tobservat i ons coup l ed w i t h t he anon ym ous t i p di d not es ta b l i sh
re a s o n a b l e s u s p i c i o n fo r th e s to p .

I V. T HE S TOPI S N O T J US T I F I EDON T HE B A S IS OF T HE C O M M UN ITY C AR ETAKI NG D OCTRI NE “[ T] he Fourt h Am end m en t d o esnotba rpol i ceof f i ce r s f r om m ak i ng
w ar r ant l es s ent ri e s and s ea r che s w hen t heyr ea so nab l y be l i evet hata per so n
w i th i n i s i n n e e d o f i m m e d i a t e a i d .” T h e r e f o r e , “ e v e n w it h o u tre a s o n a b le 19 suspi ci on o r p ro b abl e cause t hatan of f ense has been com m i t t ed, a pol i ce o f f i c e rm a yre a s o n a b lys e iz e a n in d iv id u a l t h r o u g h t h e e x e r c is e o fh is20 ... Co rbin v. S tate , 8 5 S .W .3 d 2 7 2 , 2 7 6 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 2 ); W r i ght v. S tate , 7 S .W .3 d 1 4 8 , 1 5 1

– 5 2 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 9 ).

21 ... Co r b in , 85 S. W . 3d at276 ( quot i ng W r i ght, 7 S .W .3 d a t 1 5 1

– 5 2 ).
22 ... See i

d. a t277.
23 ... Id.
24 ... Id.
25 ... Ca dyv. Do mb ro wski, 413 U. S. 433, 441, 93 S . Ct . 2523 , 2528 (1 9 7 3 ). 12 c o m m u n i tyc a re ta k i n g fu n c ti o n .” Thus , unde rt he com m uni t y c ar et ak i ng 20 d o c tri n e , “ [a ]s p a rt o f a n o ffice r’s d u tyto ‘se rv e a n d p ro te c t,’ a n o ffice r 'm ay st op a nd a ss i stan i ndi vi dua l w ho m a r ea so nab l e p er so n, gi ven t he t ot al i t y of th e c i rc u m s ta n c e s , w o u l d b e l i e v e i si n n e e d o f h e l p .’” D et er m i ni ng w het her 21 an of f i cerhas pr oper l y i nvoked hi s com m uni t y car et aki ng f uncti on i s a t w o- st ep pr ocess. Fi r st , t he r evi ew i ng court m ust det er m i ne w het her t he of f i cerw as

22 pr i m ar i l y m ot i vat ed by a com m uni t y car et aki ng pu r pose. S e c o n d , th e c o u rt 23
m ustdet er m i ne w het h e r t he of f i cer ’ s bel i eft hathi s ass i st ance w as r equi r ed
w as r easonabl e. 24 T h e f ir s ts t e p re c o g n iz e st h a tt h e c o m m u n it yc a r e t a k in g f u n c t i o n is “t ot al l y di vor ced f r om t he det ect i on, i nvest i gat i on, oracqui si t i on of evi dence
re l a ti n g to a v i o l a ti o n o f a c ri m i n a l s ta tu te .” I ft he r evi ew i ng cou rtdet er m i nes 25 t hatt he of f i ce rw aspr i m ar i l y m o ti vat ed by a non- com m uni t y c ar et ak i ng26 ... Co r b in , 8 5 S .W .3 d a t 2 7 7 . 13 p u r p o s e , t h e n t h e c o m m u n it yc a r e t a k in g d o c t r in e isin a p p lic a b le t o ju s t i f yh is i nt r us i on. 26 W hen h e r e a c h e d t h e v e h i c l e , Of f i c e r F l o r e s b e g a n t o r e c o r d i t as he f ol l ow ed i t , notbe ca us e h e w asco nce r ned f ort he s a fe ty oft he w om an, but b e c a u s e h e w a sa d v is e d b yt h e a n o n y m o u sc a lle rt h a tt h e d r iv e rw a sp o s s ib ly in t o x ic a t e d . A lt h o u g h O f f ic e rF lo r e sc o u ld h a v e s t o p p e d t h e v e h ic le i m m edi at el y t o c hec k o n t he w el f ar e o fth e w om an, hech os e n ott o do so . I ns t ea d, hef ol l ow ed t he veh i cl e w i t h hi s ca m er a r ec or di ng A ppe l l ant ’ s dr i vi ng. Taki ng as t r ue ever yt hi ng t hat O f f i cer Fl or es sai d, he w as not concer ned t hatA ppel l antorhi s passengerw as i n need of assi st ance. H e w as concer ned t h a ta n a s s a u lth a d o c c u r r e d , a n d h e s t o p p e d A p p e lla n tt o in v e s t ig a t e a n a s s a u lt
ca l l ed i n by an ano nym ousca l l er . O f f i ce rFl or est es t i f i ed on di r ec tex am i nat i on,

Q . N ow , O f f i cer , w hen yo u appr oached t hatvehi cl e, w as i tyou ri nt entt o pe r f or m a D W I i nve st i gat i on? A. N o. M y i n t e n tf o rt h e s t o p wa si n r e l a t i o n t o t he di st ur bance. Q . O ka y. And aga i n r em i n d t he cou rtw hatt ypeof d i stu rba n c e w a s i t? A . Itw a s p o s s ib ly a d o m e s t ic d is t u r b a n c e b e t w e e n a m a le and a f em al e.14 Q . O ffice r, w e re y o u c o n c e rn e d fo r th e p e o p l e ’s w e l fa re i nsi de t he vehi cl e? A . Y e s , sir. O n c r os s- exa m i nat i on, O f f i ce rFl or est es t i f i ed,

Q . O f f i c e r, y o u r r e a so n for sto p p i n g tha t ca r w a s to i n v e sti g a te a p o ss i b l e as sa u l t; i s th a t co rr e c t? A . Y e s , sir. Q . A n d y o u h a d n o o th e r r e a so n to s to p th a t c a r, co rr e c t? A . C o rr e c t.

. . . . Q . O ka y. And i n t hi s ca seyou d i d nots t op hi m f or run n i n g a s to p si g n , y o u sto p p e d h i m to i n v e sti g a te a n as sa u l t? A . C o rre c t, s i r. Q . A nd t he as sa ul tw as— t her e w asa ca l l i n by w hatyou sa i d w a s a n an o n y m o u s c a l l e r; i s th a t co rr e c t? A . Y es. Q . A nd w hatw asr el aye d t o yo u w as t hat t he ano nym ous ca l l erha d s ai d t her e t ha t [s i c ] w asa m an pus hi ng a r ound a w o m a n — A . Y es.

. . . . Q . B u t t h a t’ s n o t a sp e c i fi c d e sc ri p ti o n o f an as sa u l t, i s i t? A . I t ’ s notspeci f i cal l y st at i ng w hati ti s.27 ... Cady, 413 U. S. a t441, 93 S . Ct . a t2528 . 15 Q . I m ea n a m an cou l d be pus hi ng ar ound a w o m a n for r ea so nst hatar e n ota cr i m e ? I m ea n i tm i ghtnotad d up t o a c ri m e , ri g h t?

. . . . A . Y e s . O f f ic e rF lo r e s t e s t if ie d t h a th e s t o p p e d A p p e lla n tt o in v e s t ig a t e a n a s s a u lt
a n d , i n re s p o n s e to th e p ro s e c u to r’sl e a d i n g q u e s ti o n re g a rd i n g th e o ffice r’s “pr i m ary concer n w hen [h e ] a ppr oached t he vehi cl e, ” r espond ed t hati tw as

“ [t ]o m ake sur e t hatt he peop l e i n t he vehi cl e w er e noti nvol ved i n an al t er cat i on. ” By t he t i m e he f i nal l y pul l ed t he m ar oon carover , he knew t hat anyas sa ul tw asove r . H e h ad se en i ns i de t he ca r , de t er m i ned t hata m an and
a w om an w er e i nsi de , a n d knew t hat , al t hou gh t hey w er e “occupi ed, ” t hey
w er e n otf i ght i ng. Af t ert he of f i ce rs t oppe d t he ca r , hei nve st i gat ed t he p u rp o rte d a s s a u l t a n d l e a rn e d th a t n o a s s a u l t h a d o c c u rre d . The c om m uni t y ca r et ak i ng f unc t i on m us tbe“ t ot al l y di vor ce d f r om t he det ec t i on, i nve st i gat i on, orac qui s i ti on ofev i den cer el at i ng t o t he vi ol at i on of
a c ri m i n a l s ta tu te .” Becau se t he evi dence show s t hatO f f i cerFl or es w as 27 i n v e s ti g a ti n g a c ri m e a n d th a t th e c ri m i n a l i n v e s ti g a ti o n w a si n fa c t th e p ri m a ry pur pos e f ort he st op, t he com m uni t y c ar et ak i ng d o c tri n e ca nnotj us t i f y t he sto p . W e su sta i n A p p e l l a n t’ s s o l e p o i n t.16 V. C ON C L U S I ON Beca us e w e h ol d t hatt he st op w asnotj us t i f i ed by r ea so nab l e s us pi ci on ort he com m uni t y ca r et ak i ng doc t r i ne, w e r eve r se t he t r i al cou rt ’ s j udgm entan d
r em and t hi s ca set o t he t r i al cou rt f or pr oce edi ngs con si st entw i t h t hi s opi ni on.

L E E AN N D AUP HI NOT J U S T I C E PA N EL M : D A U PH I N O T, H O LM A N , an d W A LKER, JJ. PUBL I SH DEL I VERE D: J un e 12, 2008