XX International Seaweed Symposium

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XX INTERNATIONAL

SEAWEED SYMPOSIUM

Organized by

lnternational Seaweed Association

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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XX International Seaweed Symposium

Ensenada Baja California México

February 22-26, 2010

Local Organizing Committee

Chairman: José A. Zertuche-González

Secretary: Isaí Pachecho-Ruíz

Treasurer: Guadalupe García y Lepe

Officers:

Luis Aguilar-Rosas (IIO, UABC)

Raúl Aguilar-Rosas (FCM, UABC)

Edgar Arroyo-Ortega (IIO, UABC)

Guillermo Ballesteros-Grijalva (FCM, UABC)

Ignacio Beamonte (La Milpa S.A.)

Héctor Bustos Serrano (FCM, UABC)

Alejandro Cabello-Pasini (IIO, UABC)

Alfredo Chee Barragán (IIO, UABC)

Jesús Galarza Plascencia (IIO, UABC)

Graciela Guerra-Rivas (FCM, UABC)

José M. Guzmán-Calderón (IIO, UABC)

Gustavo Hernández-Carmona (CICIMAR, IPN)

Enrique Hernández-Garibay (CRIP-INP)

Víctor Macías-Carranza (IIO, UABC)

Ignacio Sánchez-Rodríguez (CICIMAR, IPN)

Delegates:

Graciela De Lara-Isassi. UAM. D.F

 Margarita Casas-Valdez. CICIMAR, La Paz, BCS

Julio Espinoza-Avalos. ECOSUR, Chetumal, QR

Yolanda Freile-Pelegrín. CINVESTAV, Mérida, YUC

Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez. UABCS, La Paz, BCS

Daniel Robledo. CINVESTAV, Mérida, YUC

Elisa Serviere. CIB, La Paz, BCS

Erick Melling. UNISON, Hermosillo SON

Deni Rodríguez, UNAM, DF

International Delegates

Dr. Charles Yarish. USA. University of Connecticut.

PROGRAM EDITOR Alejandro Cabello-Pasini 

SYMPOSIUM SECRETARIAT Conference and Catering Office Ms Olga Peineman

ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Midalia I. Chávez Maldonado, María C. Flores 

García, Andrade León Hortencia, Rosa Trujillo Brambila, Yolanda Navarrete 

Gutiérrez, Suemy Franco Orlayneta, Magali Marisela Blanco Ceja,

Reymundo Verdugo Alonso

LOGO DESIGN Ixchel True Orozco WEB MASTER Axel Favela

PROGRAM DESIGNER Raúl Gutiérrez Espinoza
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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CONTENTS

WELCOME 4

AWARDS 5

SYMPOSIUM SPONSORS 6

GENERAL SYMPOSIUM INFORMATION 8

PROGRAM TABLES 11

DAILY PROGRAM 13

POSTER SESSION I 31

POSTER SESSION II 36

PLENARY LECTURES ABSTRACTS 41

ORAL ABSTRACTS 43

POSTER ABSTRACTS 111

INDEX BY AUTHOR 159

ADDRESSES OF DELEGATES 166

INDEX BY COUNTRY 185
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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WELCOME

Dear colleagues and guests,

On behalf of the Mexican Local Organizing Committee, it gives me great pleasure to welcome 

you to the XXth International Seaweed Symposium in Ensenada, Mexico. This is the first time 

that a conference of this relevance, dedicated to the study of seaweeds and their industrial 

applications, is held in our country. To date, we have over 360 registered delegates from 40 

countries. As you know, this conference is held under the auspices of the International 

Seaweed Association whose main mission is “to promote applied phycology on a global 

basis, and to stimulate interactions among research workers and industrialists in all relevant 

academic institutions and industries in all countries”.

This symposium offers you the opportunity to stay abreast of the most recent advances in 

applied phycology and industrial opportunities. You will be able to learn about new topics of 

global interest such as the use of genomic data in the development of new cultivars, 

advances in the understanding of plant and animal response mechanisms to seaweed 

extracts, and exciting advances in the understanding of the metabolism of algal 

polysaccharides. Other relevant topics will include the role of seaweeds as carbon sink, 

seaweeds as a source of biofuels, and the feasibility and implications of large-scale 

cultivation. The problems associated with the spread of non-indigenous species, seaweed 

diseases and their effects on seaweed farms, as well as the effect on the ecology of seaweed 

communities will also be discussed. 

We sincerely hope that you enjoy the excellent scientific program and get the chance to learn 

more about the seaweed resources in Mexico and the research and commercial opportunities 

our country has to offer the seaweed industry. The Local Organizing Committee is looking 

forward to being your host and welcomes you to experience Mexican hospitality.

José A. Zertuche González

Chairman for the XX International Seaweed Symposium.

XX INTERNATIONAL

 SEAWEED SYMPOSIUM
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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AWARDS

SCIENTIFIC AWARDS

The University of British Columbia Award for the best student paper

Three awards will be given to the three best graduate student papers presented at the XX ISS

from a fund established at The University of British Columbia, Canada, in 1989 (XIIIth ISS).

These awards are now administered by ISA. The awards are for graduate students only.

Applications will be evaluate by a committee appointed by the Local Organizing Committee

of the XX ISS

The Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Award for the best student poster

Three awards will be given to the three best student posters presented at the XX ISS. These

awards will be given in the memory of Prof. Raúl Aguilar-Rosas, distinguish Mexican

phycologist and member of the Local Organizing Committee that recently passed away.

Awards will be announced at the closing ceremony.
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SYMPOSIUM SPONSORS

The local Organizing committee of the XX International Seaweed Symposium gratefully

acknowledge the generous support of the following sponsors.

Silver Sponsor

FMC Bio Polymer

Sponsors

Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste

PCI Worldwide Inc

Eurogum A/S

 Carl Zeiss de México

Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG

Baja Kelp

Baja Pearls

Productos del Pacífico

Productores Artesanales Agropecuarios “Rancho Cortez”

Vinos Santo Tomás

Grupo Modelo SA de CV 

Government Sponsors

Secretaría de Pesca y Acuacultura del Estado de Baja California

Ayuntamiento de Ensenada

Proturismo de Ensenada
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The ISA extends it thanks to the following contributors:

Marinalg & members

CPKelco

Danisco

Cargill

Kerry

Ceamsa

Shemberg

MSC

Gelymar

TBK

Bright Moon

Marcel

pciworld

Setexam

Other Contributors

Alimex

Acadian Seaplants

Ingredients Solutions

Pampamar

Soriano SA

Vicente navarrete

Benson Dakay

Parker Laite

Pete Bixler

Wee Lee Hiong
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GENERAL SYMPOSIUM INFORMATION

Symposium venue

The XX ISS will take place from 22th to 26 th of February at the Marina Coral Hotel (see map).

The registration desk will be open Sunday afternoon from 11:00 to 17:00 and on Monday

from 8:00 to 16:00.

Oral presentations

People with oral presentation must provide the symposium organizations with their

presentation either on USB or CD one day before their presentations. People with

presentations for the Monday have to hand in their presentations on the Sunday at

registration (11:00 to 17:00). Presentations should be in Power Point Windows format.

Each day will start with a Plenary lecture of 45 min with no discussion time. All others

contributed papers will have a total duration of 15 min including discussion time. The

chairperson will be instructed to start on time each session and keep strictly within the

schedule. Please do not extend your allocated time as chairpersons will stop you to allow

enough time for the next speaker.

Mini symposia

Each day after the magisterial lecture, will start a series of mini symposiums. Each convener

will start with a brief introduction of the mini symposium followed by the oral presentations

of the invited speakers. Each presentation allowed 25 min. After all presentations will be 15

min for a general discussion and closing of the mini symposium. Please keep within your

allocated time limits. 

Poster sessions

Each poster has been allocated a specific number and a specific poster board. Please check

your poster number in this book and locate the appropriate stand at the concourse. Posters

will be displayed Tuesday and Thursday. The speaker must be present in that session (14:15

to 15:45). Please remove your poster on Friday before the closing ceremony. 

Meals

Lunches will be provided at the Venue at extra cost except for those staying at the hotel

venue. Dinners are not included in your registration fee, except for the symposium banquet

on Thursday night.

Symposium banquet

 The symposium banquet will take place on Thursday night from 19:00 to 23:30 at the gala

ball room in the Marina Coral Hotel. A served style meal, drink and Mexican entertainment

will be provided. Please bring your badge.

Seaweed Industry Exhibition

Several companies working with algae and regional products will be exhibiting in the Venue

Lobby and halls. You are invited to visit these companies.
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Mid Symposium Excursions

The following full day excursions (including lunch) will take place by bus on Wednesday, You

are invited to participate, in your preferred topic. Be aware that the tour options are subject

to changes due to climate conditions. 

1. Gray Whale Watching: In this tour you would have the opportunity to see Gray

Whales as they pass in front of Ensenada during their migration from the cold

northern waters of Alaska to the warm breeding grounds of Central Baja lagoon.

Navigating in sport-fishing vessels around Ensenada bay and Todos Santos Island

you would also have the opportunity to see sea lions, dolphins and beautiful

coastline.

2. The Blowhole The Blowhole is one of the three most important geysers in the

world; it is a natural crevice originating from erosion and connected to an

underwater canyon. When the waves reach the crevice a huge explosion of water

occurs, rising 20 meters high into the air and producing a peculiar sound, hence

its name La Bufadora (the blowhole). This popular and impressive site is located 22

miles south of Ensenada. You can also enjoy a delicious seafood meal and shop for

handcrafts and souvenirs while you are there.

3. The Wine Route: The wine route is a tour through the San Antonio de las Minas and

Valle de Guadalupe vineyards, designed to teach you everything about the regions

fantastic winemaking culture. This tour includes the large wine houses such as

Domecq, LA Cetto and Monte Xanic, and also the small family run cellars, where

you can witness the fascinating wine production process. They will teach you about

the harvest and the different varieties of grape, and show you around the cellars

where the huge barrels are stored. During your visit you will be able to taste a

diverse variety of wines and maybe purchase a bottle or two. In all the wineries

there are shops offering regional products and winemaking paraphernalia, for a

souvenir of your trip. The wine route is a voyage through the secrets of the

vineyards, giving you a chance to enjoy the marvelous landscape surrounding

Ensenada and some wonderful wines as well.

4. Seaweed Collection and abalone farm visit: In this tour you will visit the region of

Erendira where you would have the opportunity to see one of the richest and more

diverse seaweeds communities of the Mexican temperate Pacific cost. You would also

have the opportunity the visit abalone farms, one of them dedicated to the production

of abalone pearls. 
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Companion Program

Those registered as companions will be able to enjoy all the social and tourist events

available to the regular registers including: “ice-break” reception, mid-symposium tours and

banquet. 

Monday 22 Feb. 2010

From 9.00 am to 12.00 noon

Have a blast learning Mexican cooking at the University of Baja California Enology and

Gastronomy School, so when you get back home you can share your experience and cook for

your friends a real Mexican meal. 

Tuesday 23 Feb. 2010

From 9.00 am to 12.00 noon.

You must visit the Unique Art Center in Ensenada, you will be at the heart of the

Ensenadenses to enjoy the music, art, ballet, concerts, etc.

Wednesday 24 Feb. 2010

Mid-symposium Tours.

You can choose any of the mid-symposium tours.

Thursday 24 Feb. 2010

9.00 am to 12.00 noon

Ojos Negros valley. A visit to the country side where you will have an opportunity to taste

local cheese and wine right where is being produced.
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Program Tables

Sunday, 

21 February Monday February 22

11:00-17:00

Registration

Main Hall Ensenada 1 Ensenada 2 Ensenada 3 Acapulco y

La Paz

09:00-10:00 Opening Ceremony

18:00-20:00 

Welcome 

Reception

10:00-10:45 Plenary 1

10:45-11:00 Coffee/Tea

11:00-13:00 Mini-Symposium 1

INVASIVE SPECIES I

Mini-Symposium 14

INTEGRATED

MULTI-TROPHIC

AQUACULTURE 

Mini-Symposium 3

MANAGEMENT OF 

COMMERCIAL 

SEAWEED BEDS

Mini-Symposium 4

USES OF SEAWEEDS 

FOR FOOD

13:00-14:00 Lunch

14:00-15:15 Contributed 

Papers1

SEAWEED 

DIVERSITY 

 

Contributed Papers 2 

CULTIVATION 

TECHNIQUES 

Contributed Papers 3 

PATHOGEN AND 

HERBIVORE 

RESISTENCE 

15:15-15:30 Coffee/Tea

15:30-17:15 Contributed Papers 

4 

PHYLOGEOGRAPHY

Contributed papers 5 

INTEGRATED

MULTI-TROPHIC

AQUACULTURE 

Contributed papers 6 

SEAWEEDS HERBIVORY

Tuesday February 23 Wednesday 

Feb 24th

Mid-Symposium

Excursions

Main Hall Ensenada 1 Ensenada 2 Ensenada 3 Acapulco y La Paz 

08:30-09:15 Plenary 2

09:15-09:30 Coffee/Tea

09:30-11:30 Mini-Simposium 5 

INVASIVE SPECIES II

Mini-Symposium 6 

BIOFUELS AND

SEAWEEDS

Mini-Symposium 7 

SEAWEED EXTRACTS 

AND THEIR APPLICATION 

TO HIGHER PLANTS

Mini-Symposium 8 

KAPPAPHYCUS 

CULTIVATION 

AND IT ́S FUTURE

IN LATIN AMERICA 

11:30-11:45 Coffee/Tea

11:45-13:15

Contributed papers 7 

ECOPHYSIOLOGY I

Contributed Papers 8

MANAGEMENT OF 

COMMERCIAL SEAWEED 

BEDS

Contributed Papers 9 

HYDROCOLLOIDS

AND SEAWEED EXTRACTS 

13:15-14:15 Lunch

14:15-15:45 Poster Session I

15:45-17:15 Contributed Papers 10 

ECOPHYSIOLOGY II

Contributed papers 11

CLIMATE CHANGE & 

SEAWEEDS

 

Contributed Papers 12 

SEAWEED RESOURCES 

AND BIOMASS 

19:00 21:00 Social Event
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Thursday February 25 

Main Hall Ensenada 1 Ensenada 2 Ensenada 3

08:30-09:15 Plenary 1

09:15-09:30 Coffee/Tea

09:30-11:30 Mini-Symposium 9 

POPULATION ECOLOGY 

Mini-Symposium 10

CLIMATE CHANGE & SEAWEEDS

Mini-Symposium 11

SYSTEMATICS

11:30-11:45 Coffee/Tea

11:45-13:15 Contributed Papers 13 

BROADER IMPACTS

Contributed papers 14 

ECOPHYSIOLOGY 

Contributed papers 15 

PHARMACOLOGY 

13:15-14:15 Lunch

14:15-15:45 Poster Session II

15:45-17:30 Contributed Papers 16 

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY 

Contributed papers 17

ECOLOGY

(POPULATION & COMMUNITY)

Contributed papers 18

SECONDARY METABOLITES

19:30-23:00 Banquet

Friday 26 February 

Main Hall Ensenada 1 Ensenada 2 Ensenada 3

09:00-09:45 Plenary 4

09:45-10:00 Coffee/Tea

10:00-12:00

Mini-Symposium 12 

BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS 

AND CYCLES 

Mini-Symposium 13

SEAWEEDS FOR BIOFUEL

AND PAPER PULP 

Mini-Symposium 14

SEAWEEDS FODDER FOR MARINE

AND TERRESTIAL ANIMALS 

12:00:12:30 Closing Ceremony
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DAILY PROGRAM

ORALS

MONDAY FEBRUARY 22

OPENING CEREMONY

9:00-10:00

Main Hall

PLENARY LECTURE

10:00-10:45 

 

Main Hall

A DECADE OF CHANGE IN THE SEAWEED 

HYDROCOLLOIDS INDUSTRY 

Bixler H.J.P. and H. Porse 

10:45-11:00 Coffee/Tea break

11:00-13:00

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 1

INVASIVE SPECIES I

Ensenada 1

Conveners: Pedroche F. and K.A. Miller

64 EXOTIC OR NON-EXOTIC? THAT IS THE QUESTION. A 

CASE STUDY FOR SEAWEEDS IN BRAZIL

Oliveira E., B.T.N. Silva and C.E. Amancio 

138 MARINE MACROALGAE INTRODUCED SPECIES: WHY ARE 

SOME SPECIES SO INVASIVE?

Collado Vides L. 

197 TRACKING INTRODUCTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM 

POPULATION GENETIC DATA

Zuccarello G.C.

140 FEEDING RESPONSES OF NATIVE MACRO-INVERTEBRATES 

TO NON-INDIGENOUS SEAWEEDS

Murray S.N.,C.A. Navarro, S.C. Vogt and J.R. Smith

10:45-12:45

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 2

INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC 

AQUACULTURE 

Ensenada 2

Conveners: Chopin T. and R. Pereira

191 SEAWEEDS: THE INORGANIC EXTRACTIVE COMPONENT 

OF INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA) 

NOT ONLY PRODUCING A MULTIPLE-USE BIOMASS BUT 

ALSO RENDERING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR NUTRIENT/

CARBON CREDITS

Chopin T., M. Sawhney, E. Campbell, R. Shea, E. Belyea, 

S.J. Pang, G.K. Reid, S.M.C. Robinson, K. Haya, L. 

Burridge, F. Page, N. Ridler, M. Szemerda, F. Powell, J. 

Sewuster and S. Boyne-Travis

509 SOURCE-TRACKING THE DOMINATING ALGA OF THE 

DRIFTING GREEN TIDE IN THE YELLOW SEA REVEALS THE 

URGENCY AND IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED COASTAL 

ZONE MANAGEMENT IN CHINA

Pang S.J., Liu F., Shan T.F., Xu N., Zhang Z.H., Gao S.Q.,

Chopin T. and Sun S.
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502 THE STATUS OF GRACILARIA LEMANEIFORMIS 

CULTIVATION IN CHINA AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR 

CONTROLLING HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS

Yang Y., K. Sellner and C. Yarish

136 PRODUCTION OF SEAWEEDS IN INTEGRATEDMULTITROPHIC AQUACULTURE FOR APPLICATION AS 

INGREDIENTS IN FISH

Pereira R., H. Abreu, L. Valente, P. Rema and I. Sousa-Pinto

10:45-12:45

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 3

MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL 

SEAWEED BEDS

Ensenada 3

Conveners: Vásquez J. and J. Vea.

53 DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING OF KELP, 

LAMINARIA HYPERBOREA, IN NORWAY

Vea. J.

290 MANAGEMENT OF BROWN SEAWEED SPECIES IN 

NORTHERN CHILE

Vásquez J.A. and Z.P. Muñoz.

318 AN EVALUATION OF THE MORTALITY OF THE BROWN 

SEAWEED ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM (LE JOLIS) 

PRODUCED BY CUTTER RAKE HARVESTS IN SOUTHERN 

NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA

Ugarte R.A.

299 MANAGEMENT OF GELIDIUM SESQUIPEDALE NATURAL 

BEDS ALONG THE EAST ATLANTIC COAST, COMPARISON 

OF THE METHODS USED

Givernaud T., A. Mouradi, O. Barbaroux, A. Orbi and R. 

Kaas

10:45-12:45

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 4

USES OF SEAWEEDS FOR FOOD 

Acapulco y La Paz

Conveners: Kraan S. and M. Casas-Valdez

98 SEAWEEDS, A RICH SOURCE FOR FUNCTIONAL FOOD 

INGREDIENTS

Kraan S.

281 IN DEFENSE OF SEA VEGETABLES

Myslabodski D.E.

277 SARGASSUM SPP AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR REDUCING 

THE EGG CHOLESTEROL CONTENT

Bahena M.A.C., S. Carrillo-Domínguez, V.M.M. Casas, 

D.R.M. Castillo, J.M.E. Carranco and R.F. Pérez-Gil

152 PHLOROTANNIN RICH EXTRACT OF ASCOPHYLLUM 

NODOSUM AND HIMANTHALIA ELONGATA, DIRECT AND 

PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON CELLULAR OXIDATIVE MARKERS 

IN HUMAN HEPATOMA HEPG2

Queguineur B., S. Kraan, M.D. Guiry, S. Ramos, M.A. 

Martin, L. Goya, R. Mateos and L. Bravo

13:00-14:00 Lunch
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CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 1

SEAWEED DIVERSITY

Ensenada 1

Co-chairs: Serviere E. and S. Murray

14:00-14:15 124 COMPOSITION, RICHNESS AND DISTRIBUTION OF 

HUATULCO’S NATIONAL PARK (OAXACA, MEXICO) CORAL 

REEF ALGAE

León-Tejera H., A. Cruz, L. González, L. Sánchez, E. 

López, C. Calderón and C. Candelaria

14:15-14:30 142 VARIATIONS IN MACROALGAL COMMUNITY IN THE 

ALACRANES REEF NATIONAL PARK, OFF THE NORTHERN 

YUCATAN PENINSULA

Ramírez-Miss N., I. Ortegón-Aznar and A. Aguilar-Perera

14:30-14:45 78 BETA DIVERSITY IN MACROALGAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM 

THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Mazariegos-Villarreal A., H. Reyes-Bonilla, E.F. Balart 

and E. Serviere-Zaragoza

14:45-15:00 104 COMPOSITION OF MACROALGAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM A 

DISTURBED ROCKY REEF IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Chávez-Sánchez T., A. Mazariegos-Villarreal and E. 

Serviere-Zaragoza

15:00-15:15 

 

254 EVALUATION OF RHODOLITH BEDS AS HABITAT FOR A 

HIGH SPONGE BIODIVERSITY

Ávila E. and R. Riosmena-Rodríguez

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 2

CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES

Ensenada 2

Co-chair persons: Batista G. and A.Q.Hurtado 

14:00-14:15 18 WHAT IS THE BEST TECHNIQUE FOR KAPPAPHYCUS 

ALVAREZII FARMING AT THE SOUTH COAST BRAZIL?

Góes, H.G. and R.P. Reis

14:15-14:30 500 BREEDING AND CULTIVATION OF A NEW CULTIVAR OF 

SACCHARINA JAPONICA

Wang W.J., F.J. Wang and X.T. Sun

14:30-14:45 164 ECOFRIENDLY IN SITU AND IN VITRO CULTIVATION IN 

PANAMA OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII (DOTY) DOTY EX 

SILVA

Batista de Vega G., P. García-Jiménez and R.R. Robaina 

14:45-15:00 52 OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE MEDIA CONCENTRATIONS, 

PH-TEMPERATURE COMBINATIONS AND DENSITY OF 

SECTIONS FOR THE MASS PRODUCTION OF YOUNG 

PLANTS IN THE CULTIVATION OF KAPPAPHYCUS

Yunque D.A.T., K.R. Tibubos, A.Q. Hurtado 

and A.T. Critchley

15:00-15:15 

 

242 EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZERS ON THE 

GROWTH OF GRACILARIA CHILENSIS UNDER 

LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Mansilla A., C. Werlinger and S. Murcia
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CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 3

PATHOGEN HERBIVORY AND 

RESISTENCE

Ensenada 3

Co-chair persons: Espinoza J. and Santos R.O.

 

14:00-14:15 237 RESPONSE OF ECTOCARPUS SILICULOSUS TO BIOTIC 

STRESS: MOLECULAR INVESTIGATION OF THE 

INTERACTION WITH THE GENERALIST OOMYCETE 

PATHOGEN EURYCHASMA DICKSONII

Strittmatter M., C.M.M., M.N. Kostopoulou-Karadanelli, P. 

Van-West and F.C. Küpper

14:15-14:30 159 THE INVASIVE SARGASSUM MUTICUM MIGHT TALK 

NATIVE BROWN SEAWEEDS INTO CHEMICAL DEFENSE

H.Y., M. Molis, A.H. Engelen and R.O. Santos

14:30-14:45 257 DOMAIN-SPECIFIC POSITIVE SELECTION CONTRIBUTES TO 

THE EVOLUTION OF ECTOCARPUS ROCO-LRR AND NBARC-TPR GENES, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL ROLE IN 

IMMUNITY

Zambounis A., A. Exadactylos, N. Neofitou, M. Elias and 

C. Gachon

14:45-15:00 287 REPRODUCTIVE STUDY OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII 

(DOTY) DOTY AND EUCHEUMA DENTICULATUM 

(BURMAN) COLLINS AND HARVEY IN RELATION TO ICE-ICE 

DISEASE

Tisera W.L., H.P. Calumpong, M.R. Abdon-Naguit and O. 

De-Clerck

15:00-15: 15 

15:15-15:30 Coffee/Tea

 

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 4

PHYLOGEOGRAPHY

Ensenada 1

Co-chair persons: Rodriguez D. and J. Zuccarello

15:30-15:45 86 THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF SPECIATION IN THE NORTHEAST 

PACIFIC

Lindstrom S.C.

15:45-16:00 119 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS ISHIGE (ISHIGEALES, 

PHAEOPHYCEAE), WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

I. OKAMURAIE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN REGION

Lee K.M., E.C. Yang, R. Riosmena-Rodriguez and S.M. Boo 

16:00-16:15 280 RED ALGAE AS INDICATORS OF CONNECTIVITY AMONG 

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

Calumpong H.P., D.O. Payo, M.R.A. Naguit, and

J. Lucañas.

16:15-16:30 271 DIVERSITY OF THE GENUS DICTYOTA (DICTYOTALES, 

PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN NEW CALEDONIA (SOUTH PACIFIC)

Payri C.E., C. Ferret and L. Mattio

16:30-16:45 331 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF PORPHYRA HOLLENBERGII ALONG 

THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Muñiz-Salazar R., J.M. López-Vivas, I. Pacheco-Ruíz, R. 

Riosmena-Rodríguez, C. Yarish and J.A. ZertucheGonzález
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16:45-17:00 121 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENUS 

COLPOMENIA (PHAEOPHYCEAE) USING MITOCHONDRIAL 

COX1 AND COX3

Lee K.M., G.Y. Cho, R. Riosmena-Rodriguez, W.A. Nelson, 

A. Sherwood, K.A. Miller and S.M. Boo

17:00-17:15

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 5

INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC 

AQUACULTURE

Ensenada 2

Co-chair persons: Avila M. and D. Fujita 

15:30-15:45 125 GROWTH EXPERIMENTS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF 

SACCHARINA LATISSIMA IN AN INTEGRATED 

AQUACULTURE SYSTEM

Forbord S., X. Wang, H. Beesk, Y. Olsen, and K.I. Reitan

15:45-16:00 100 CULTIVATION OF THE RED ALGA CHONDRANCANTHUS 

CHAMISSOI

Avila M., M.I. Piel, J.H. Caceres and K. Alveal

16:00-16:15 160 SUSTAINABLE EXPLORATION OF A NON-INDIGENOUS 

SPECIES: THE CASE STUDY OF GRACILARIA 

VERMICULOPHYLLA (OHMI) PAPENFUSS IN PORTUGAL

Abreu M.H., R. Pereira, N. Korbee, F.L. Figueroa, A.H. 

Buschmann, C. Yarish and I. Sousa-Pinto

16:15-16:30 221 EVALUATION OF THE BROWN ALGA STYPOCAULON 

SCOPARIUM AS A CANDIDATE FOR INTEGRATED MULTITROPHIC AQUACULTURE

Silva B., R. Pereira, H. Abreu and I. Sousa-Pinto

16:30-16:45 92 NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND REDUCTION EFFICIENCY OF 

GRACILARIA BURSA-PASTORIS (S. GMELIN) AS A BIOFILTER 

OF RED SEA BREAM (PAGRUS MAJOR) CULTURE WASTES

Carton R.J., Y. Okuyama, H. Kimura, D. Fujita and M. 

Notoya

16:45-17:00 73 THE SEAWEED BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA

Akrim, D.H.

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 6

SEAWEED HERBIVORE 

INTERACTIONS

 Ensenada 3

Co-chair persons: Hernández G. and M.Graham 

15:30-15:45 105 GENOME EXPRESSION ANALYSIS TO UNDERSTAND ANTIHERBIVORE DEFENSE IN A ROCKWEED

Ehlers A., I. Kruse, U. John and F. Weinberger

15:45-16:00 201 GRAZING ON MICROSCOPIC STAGES OF THE GIANT KELP 

MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA

Pereda S.V., J.C. Cabrera, A.H. Buschmann, M.C. 

Hernández-González and K. González

16:00-16:15 66 THE ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF MICROSCOPIC STAGES 

FOR THE RECRUITMENT OF ANNUAL POPULATION OF 

MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYTA) IN SOUTHERN 

CHILE

Henríquez L., A.H. Buschmann, M. Maldonado, M.H. 

Graham, M.C. Hernández-González, M. Bobadilla, S.V. 

Pereda and J.C. Cabrera
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

18

16:15-16:30 179 BROWSING ON EISENIA, SARGASSUM AND ZOSTERA BEDS 

BY HERBIVOROUS FISH AT TATEYAMA COAST IN THE 

BOSO PENINSULA, PACIFIC COAST, JAPAN

Fujita D., T. Sadamatsu, J. Yokota, R. Watanabe and Y. 

Koike

16:30-16:45 224 FAUNA ASSOCIATED TO SARGASSUM FOREST IN THE 

SUBTIDAL ROCKY REEF FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN GULF 

OF CALIFORNIA

Suárez-Castillo A., R. Riosmena-Rodríguez and G. 

Hernández-Carmona

16:45-17:00 101 SIZE MATTERS! RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ECHINOID 

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND MACROALGAL 

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION ON A CARIBBEAN CORAL 

REEF

Lacey E.A., L. Collado-Vides and J. Fourqurean
XX International Seaweed Symposium

19

TUESDAY FEBRUARY 23

PLENARY

08:30-09:15 

Main Hall 

SEAWEED STIMULI IN PLANT SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE

Craigie J.S. 

09:15-09:30 Coffee/Tea break

09:30-11:30

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 5

INVASIVE SPECIES II

 Ensenada 1

Conveners: Oliveira E. and Aguilar-Rosas L.E.

212 CALIFORNIA'S NON-NATIVE SEAWEEDS: A CASE STUDY

Miller K.A.

82 IMPACTS OF INTRODUCED FURCELLARIA LUMBRICALIS ON 

THE CHONDRUS CRISPUS HARVEST OF PRINCE EDWARD 

ISLAND, CANADA

Sharp G. and J. Pringle

103 IMPACT OF AN INVASIVE RED ALGA UPON A NATIVE 

ROCKWEED

Hammann M., B. Buchholz, R. Karez, M. Wahl and F. 

Weinberger

247 POSSIBLE CASES OF INVASIVE SEAWEEDS IN THE MEXICAN 

PACIFIC COAST 

Aguilar-Rosas R., L. Aguilar-Rosas and F. Pedroche F.

09:30-11:30

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 6

BIOFUELS AND SEAWEEDS 

Ensenada 2

Conveners: Bushmann A. and A. Neori

87 MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS) FOR ENERGY AND FOR CO2 

CAPTURE: AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT ACTIVITIES IN THE 

WORLD

Neori A.

62 MASSIVE KELP PRODUCTION IN CHILE: FUTURE 

PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS

Buschmann A.H., M.C. Hernández-González, R. Flores, A. 

Gutierrez, D. Varela and P. Huovinen 

74 SEAWEED-TO-BIOFUELS. WHAT NOW?

Bakken P.A.

233 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: FUEL PRODUCTION FROM 

MACROALGAE

Yoshikuni Y. and Y. Kashiyama

09:30-11:30

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 7

SEAWEED EXTRACTS AND THEIR 

APPLICATION TO HIGHER PLANTS

Ensenada 3

Conveners: Critchley A. and J. Norrie

315 LIPOPHILIC COMPONENTS OF ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM 

IMPART FREEZING TOLERANCE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 

THROUGH PRIMING OSMOLYTE ACCUMULATION AND 

ENHANCING FATTY ACID UNSATURATION

Rayirath P., J. Zhang, C.W. Kirby, B. Benkel, M.D. Hodges, 

D. Hiltz, A.T. Critchley and B. Prithiviraj
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

20

317 COMMERCIAL EXTRACT FROM THE BROWN SEAWEED 

ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM REDUCES FUNGAL DISEASES IN 

CARROT AND GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER

Jayaraj J., J. Norrie and Z.K. Punja

325 THE COMMERCIAL ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM-BASED 

SEAWEED EXTRACT “STIMPLEX®” POSITIVELY AFFECTS THE 

YIELD AND QUALITY OF RED GLOBE AND SUPERIOR 

SEEDLESS TABLE GRAPES

Norrie J., J. Mansilla, G. Babelis, C. Mondino, J. Ferratto 

and R. Melgar 

26 EFFECT OF SEAWEED LIQUID FERTILIZER ON GROWTH AND 

YIELD OF LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM

 Reeta K., K. Inderdeep and A.K. Bhatnagar A. K.

09:30-11:30

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 8

KAPPAPHYCUS CULTIVATION AND 

IT ́S FUTURE IN LATIN AMERICA

Acapulco y La Paz

Conveners: Rincones R. and I. Neish

76 THE INTRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION OF THE RED 

ALGA KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII FOR THE PRODUCTION 

OF CARRAGEENAN IN THE CARIBBEAN AND THE WESTERN 

ATLANTIC: AN ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD FOR COASTAL 

COMMUNITIES

Rincones R.E.

187 PERSPECTIVES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF ECONOMIC 

IMPORTANT CARRAGENOPHYTES IN SOUTHEAST MEXICO

Robledo D. and Y. Freile-Pelegrin

183 KAPPAPHYCUS CULTIVATION AS A CATALYST FOR THE 

DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE, INTEGRATED SEAWEED 

FARMING ALONG TROPICAL SEASHORES

Neish I.C.

 and A.Q. Hurtado

150 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EXOTIC SPECIES KAPPAPHYCUS 

ALVAREZII (RHODOPHYTA, SOLIERIACEAE) IN THE 

COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN

Peña S.E.J. and P.M.L. Palacios

11:30-11:45 Coffee/Tea break

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 7

ECOPHYSIOLOGY I

Ensenada 1

Co-chairs: Figueroa F.L. and Deslandes E.

11:45-12:00 135 EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF THE 

PHOTOPROTECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROCYSTIS 

PYRIFERA

García-Mendoza E. and H. Ocampo-Álvarez

12:00-12:15 508 NITRATE UPTAKE AND NITROGEN RESERVES IN THE KELP 

EISENIA ARBOREA

Sánchez-Barredo M. and L. B. Ladah

12:15-12:30 158 INFLUENCE OF XANTHOPHYLL CYCLE PIGMENT POOL SIZE 

ON NON-PHOTOCHEMICAL QUENCHING PERFORMANCE 

OF MACROCYSTIS PYIRIFERA

Ocampo-Álvarez H. and E. García-Mendoza
XX International Seaweed Symposium

21

12:30-12:45 68 ACCUMULATION OF MYCOSPORINE-LIKE AMINO ACIDS 

UNDER N-ENRICHED SEAWATER IN SEAWEED: UVR 

INFLUENCE

Korbee N., C. Gil, J.B. Barufi, M.C. Oliveira, J.L. GómezPinchetti and F.L. Figueroa

12:45-13:00 263 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND IRRADIANCE ON 

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOMASS OF A GREEN-TIDE 

FORMING SPECIES (ULVA PROCERA) IN THE YELLOW SEA

Kim J. and K.Y. Kim

13:00-13:15 188 VARIABILITY IN PIGMENT COMPOSITION AND LEVELS IN 

THE INTERTIDAL BROWN SEAWEED ASCOPHYLLUM 

NODOSUM FROM WESTERN IRELAND

Stengel D.B., C. O’Rourke and S. Connan

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 8

MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL 

SEAWEED BEDS

Ensenada 2

Co-chairs: Avila M. and H. León 

11:45-12:00 106 RESTORATION OF NATIVE SEAWEED BEDS OF THE SPECIES 

GIGARTINA SKOTTSBERGII AND SARCOTHALIA CRISPATA

Avila M., A. Mansilla, J. Cáceres, M.I. Piel and D. 

Rodríguez

12:00-12:15 276 BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF HARVESTED LESSONIA 

TRABECULATA POPULATION IN SAN FERNANDO RESERVE, 

ICA, PERU

Zavala J., A. Gamarra, D. Flores, S. Huamani, R. Pasto, A. 

Tejada and J. Zevallos

12:15-12:30 332 ALGAL OVERGROWTH OF CORALS FROM THE MEXICAN 

CARIBBEAN

Quan-Young L.I., J. Espinoza-Avalos, N.P. Cetz-Navarro 

and A. Vega-Zepeda

12:30-12:45 126 MANAGEMENT OF A SPHAEROCOCCUS CORONOPIFOLIUS 

BED THAT CAUSES CONSIDERABLE ECONOMIC LOSSES

Santos R., R. Costa, J. Silva, H. Coelho and J.C. Leitão

12:45-13:00 141 ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MACROCYSTIS SPP; PURSUIT 

OF A SUSTAINABLE TECHNIQUE OF HARVESTING FOR 

CHILE

Borras Chávez R., M. Edwards and J. Vásquez

13:00-13:15

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 9

HIDROCOLOIDS AND SEAWEED 

EXTRACTS 

Ensenada 3

Co-chairs: Hernández E. and M. Ciancia

11:45-12:00 181 SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDES FROM BRYOPSIS PLUMOSA. 

COMPARISON WITH THOSE OF OTHER BRYOPSIDALES 

(CHLOROPHYTA)

Fernández P.V., A.S. Cerezo, J.M. Estevez and M. Ciancia

12:00-12:15 296 ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF 

ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE GREEN SEAWEED 

ULVA CLATHRATA

Hernández-Garibay E., J.A. Zertuche-González and I. 

Pacheco-Ruíz
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

22

12:15-12:30 59 STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF 

THE SODIUM ALGINATE ON THE GROWTH

Nissa S., N.K. Assia and M. Mohamed, M. Belkacem and A. 

Maya

12:30-12:45 173 COMPARISON OF TWO CLARIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR 

ALGAE PARTICLE SEPARATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF 

AGAR FROM GRACILARIA VERMICULOPHYLLA, AND THE 

USE OF THE RESIDUALS AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER.

García-Raymundo M.J., G. Hernández-Carmona, D. 

Benítez-Pardo, Y.E. Rodríguez-Montesinos, D.L. ArvizuHiguera and M. Muñoz-Ochoa

12:45-13:00 298 COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR FUCOIDAN 

EXTRACTION IN BROWN ALGAE

Brebion J., F. Hennequart and M.G. Tuohy

13:00-13:15 225 USAGE OF CARRAGEENAN (KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII ) 

FROM LOMBOK COAST AS MICROENCAPSULATING AGENT 

OF LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS WITH PH 2 AND PH 7 IN 

VITRO TREATMENT TO LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS 'S 

VIABILITY

Setijawati D. and M. Firdaus

13:15-14:15 Lunch

14:15-15:45

POSTER SESSION I

ROOM

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 10

ECOPHYSIOLOGY

Ensenada 1

Co-chairs: Ladah L. and C. Loretto 

15:45-16:00 114 ECOLOGY AND NUTRITION OF MACROALGAL BLOOMS IN 

COASTAL WATERS OF SOUTH FLORIDA

Lapointe B., B. Bedford and R. Baumberger

16:00-16:15 156 EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON UNDERSTORY SEAWEEDS 

DURING THE ENSO

Hernández-Carmona G., R. Riosmena-Rodríguez, E. 

Serviere-Zaragoza and G. Ponce-Díaz G.

16:15-16:30 216 NITROGEN UPTAKE BY THE OPPORTUNISTIC MACROALGA 

ULVA LACTUCA (LINNAEUS), DURING SEMIDIURNAL 

INTERNAL WAVE ACTIVITY

Pérez-Mayorga D.M. and L.B. Ladah

16:30-16:45 205 DIFFERENTIAL TOLERANCE TO DESICCATION IN 

INTERTIDAL SEAWEEDS

Thomas D., M.R. Flores, S. Callejas, J.A. Correa and L. 

Contreras

16:45-17:00 214 A POST-GENOMIC LOOK AT IRON UPTAKE AND STORAGE 

IN ECTOCARPUS SILICULOSUS

Carrano C.J. and F.C. Küpper

17:00-17:15 EFFECT OF UVA AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION ON 

PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, NITRATE REDUCTASE 

ACTIVITY AND PHENOLIC COMPOUND LEVELS OF Ulva 

rigida

 Cabello-Pasini A., V. Macías Carranza and F. L. Figueroa
XX International Seaweed Symposium

23

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 11

CLIMATE CHANGE & SEAWEEDS

Ensenada 2

Co-chairs: Hanisak D. and D. Robledo

15:45-16:00 57 STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SUBTIDAL VEGETATION IN 

BIZKAIA COAST (NORTHEN SPAIN): ARE THEY SIGNALS OF 

THE GLOBAL WARMING?

Díez I., N. Muguerza, A. Santolaria and J.M. Gorostiaga

16:00-16:15 77 LARGE-SCALE SHIFT FROM SUGAR KELP FOREST TO 

EPHEMERAL ALGAE ON THE COAST OF NORWAY

Moy F.E., H. Christie and L. Tveiten

16:15-16:30 264 FATE OF INVASION BY GREEN-TIDE FORMING SPECIES 

(ULVA COMPRESSA AND U. PROCERA) OFF THE 

SOUTHWEST COAST OF KOREA

Kim K.Y., H.G. Choi and J.H. Ryu

16:30-16:45 17 CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND IMPACT 

ON SEAWEED FARMING ON SONGOSONGO

Msuya F.E. and M. Porter

16:45-17:00 145 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION USING SEAWEED BED OF 

BIOSLAG IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Park K.S., H.S. Kim, H.W. Park, G.M. Sohn and H. Park

17:00-17:15

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 12

SEAWEED RESOURCES AND 

BIOMASS

Ensenada 3

Co-chairs: LIN Hanzhi and C. Candelaria

 

15:45-16:00 504 MARINE CYCLONIC EDDIES REFLECTING THE CONTRAIL 

OF FREE-FLOATING MACROALGAL BLOOM

Lin H., S. Qin, P. Jiang, J. Zhang and J. Wang 

16:00-16:15 278 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMERCIAL PERUVIAN BROWN 

SEAWEEDS

Zavala J., A. Gamarra,R. Pasto, A. Tejada, P. Carbajal, R. 

Castillo, J. Zevallos and A. Kameya 

16:15-16:30 180 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR 

MONITORING, MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATION OF 

SEAWEED BEDS

Fujita D., H. Kuwahara, K. Mori and F. Kusunoki

16:30-16:45 232 SEASONAL VARIATION OF BIOMASS AND AGAR FROM 

GRACILARIA VERMICULOPHYLLA AND THE EFFECT OF 

STORAGE AND ALKALI TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT STEPS

Vergara-Rodarte M.A., G. Hernández-Carmona,Y.E. 

Rodríguez-Montesinos, D.L. Arvizu-Higuera, R. 

Riosmena-Rodríguez and I. Murillo-Álvarez

16:45-17:00 505 GENETIC ENGINEERING IN SEAWEED BIOREFINERY: 

CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES

Qin S., P. Jiang, H. Lin, Y. Wang 

17:00-17:15 250 COMMERCIAL SEAWEEDS AND SEA GRASSES OF THE FAR 

EAST SEAS OF RUSSIA: BIOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION, STOCKS 

AND THEIR PROCESSING

Podkorytova A.V. and M.V.Sukhoveeva
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

24

THURSDAY FEBRUARY 25 

PLENARY 3

08:30-09:15 

Main Hall 

BIODEGRADATION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALGAL 

POLYSACCHARIDES: DECIPHERING STRUCTURAL AND 

FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION FROM COMPLETE 

GENOMES

Michel G.

09:15-09:30 Coffee/Tea 

09:30-11:30

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 9

POPULATION ECOLOGY

Ensenada 1

Conveners: Collado L. and B. Santelices 

38 THE EFFECTS OF COALESCENCE ON RECRUITMENT AND 

GROWTH OF MACROALGAL POPULATIONS

Santelices B.

267 CONTEXT-DEPENDENCY IN SEAWEED POPULATION 

ECOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL MODULATION OF SPECIES 

INTERACTIONS AFFECTING SURVIVAL

AND GROWTH DURING RECRUITMENT

Johnson L.E.

137 MACROALGAL INTRA-SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS AND 

THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON POPULATION PRODUCTION: 

A GENERAL OVERVIEW

Collado-Vides L.

213 IMPACTS OF COMPLEX ALGAL LIFE CYCLES ON ALGAL 

RECRUITMENT DYNAMICS

Thornber C.

09:30-11:30

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 10

CLIMATE CHANGE & SEAWEEDS

Ensenada 2

Conveners: Graham M. and M. Edwards

122 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PRODUCTIVITY 

POTENTIAL OF GLOBAL KELP SYSTEMS

Graham M.H. and B.P. Kinlan

285 THE ROLE OF KELP FORESTS IN REGULATING 

ATMOSPHERIC CARBON: A LARGE-SCALE PERSPECTIVE

Edwards M. and K.Y. Kim

226 IDENTIFYING AND ADDRESSING THE NEED FOR FIELD 

EXPERIMENTS IN CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY

Wernberg T.

185 PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSE OF ARCTIC KELP 

ZOOSPORES TO UV AND TEMPERATURE STRESS: 

POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

Roleda M.Y.

09:30-11:30

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 11

SYSTEMATICS

Ensenada 3

Conveners: Riosmena R. and P.W. Gabrielson 

107 A PHYLOGENETIC ASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION 

OF MARINE RED ALGAE BETWEEN PACIFIC SOUTH 

AMERICA AND PACIFIC NORTH AMERICA

Hommersand M.H. and J.R. Hughey
XX International Seaweed Symposium

25

229 MOLECULAR SEQUENCING OF TYPE SPECIMENS REVISES 

NORTHEAST PACIFIC CORALLINALES (RHODOPHYTA): 

LESSONS FROM BOSSIELLA

Gabrielson P.W., K.A. Miller K. A. and P.T. Martone 

274 DISTINGUISHING SPECIES OF CALLIARTHRON 

(CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) USING RBCL 

SEQUENCES OF TYPE SPECIMENS AND MORPHOMETRIC 

ANALYSIS OF MODERN FIELD COLLECTIONS

Martone P.T., K.A. Miller and P.W. Gabrielson

262 TAXONOMY OF SEAWEEDS FROM THE GULF

OF CALIFORNIA: AN OVERVIEW

Riosmena-Rodríguez R.

11:30-11:45 Coffee/Tea 

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 13

BROADER IMPACTS 

Ensenada 1

Co-chairs: Siqueiros D. and P. Ang

11:45-12:00 175 SARGASSUM AND BEACH MANAGEMENT ON THE GULF 

OF MEXICO SHORELINE OF TEXAS, USA

Adams J.S.

12:00-12:15 30 CYANOPHYTES, PRO-THROMBOLITES AND THE ORIGIN 

OF COASTAL LAGOONS

Siqueiros-Beltrones D.A.

12:15-12:30 99 TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF HEAVY METAL LEVELS 

AMONG THALLUS PARTS AND STRUCTURES OF 

SARGASSUM HEMIPHYLLUM ALONG A LATITUDINAL 

GRADIENT IN HONG KONG

Wong R.T.C., P.C.K. Cheung and P.O. Jr. Ang

12:30-12: 45 149 ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS BY EPIPHYTIC 

MANGROVE MACROALGAE TO USED AS INDICATORS 

OF ESTUARINE POLLUTION IN TROPICAL COASTAL 

WATERS

Peña E.J., Y. Lozano, R. Benitez and J.R. Cantera

12:45-13:00 127 IMPACTS OF LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED KELP 

CULTIVATION ON NATURAL PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

Broch O. J., I.H. Ellingsen, D. Slagstad, K.I. Reitan and 

Y. Olsen

13:00-13:15 94 SEAWEEDS IN EU'S WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE

Pedersen A.

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 14

ECOPHYSIOLOGY

Ensenada 2

Co-chairs: Figueroa F. and E. García

11:45-12:00 61 CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE AS INDICATOR OF 

PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MACROALGAE

Figueroa F.L., N. Korbee and R. Conde-Álvarez

12:00-12:15 79 UVA RADIATION INDUCES PHOTOPROTECTION 

MECHANISMS IN GRACILARIA TENUSTIPITATA 

(RHODOPHYTA) AGAINST UVB DAMAGE EFFECTS

Barufi, J.B., M.M. Momoli, N. Korbee, F.L. Figueroa and 

M.C. Oliveira

12:15-12:30 42 LIFE ON THE EDGE OF DARKNESS: ENERGETIC 

CONSTRAINTS ON ANOTRICHIUM GROWTH AND 

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Pritchard D., C. Hepburn, J. Beardall and C. Hurd
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

26

12:30-12:45 168 IMPACT OF SEAWEEDS ON FLUORESCENT 

PSEUDOMONAS AND THEIR ROLE IN SUPPRESSING THE 

ROOT DISEASES OF SOYBEAN AND CHILI.

Ehteshamul-Haque S., V. Sultana, J. Ara and M.T. 

Rajput

12:45-13:00 169 SEAWEED: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEMICAL PESTICIDES 

FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ROOT DISEASES OF 

SUNFLOWER AND TOMATO

Sultana V., J. Ara, S. Ehteshamul-Haque and M.T. 

Rajput

13:00-13:15 31 PHOTOPROTECTION AND ACCLIMATION TO UV-B 

RADIATIONS IN TWO MARINE PLANTS, THE BROWN 

SEAWEED PELVETIA CANALICULATA AND THE 

HALOPHYTE SALICORNIA RAMOSISSIMA

Hupel M.

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 15

PHARMACOLOGY

Ensenada 3

Co-Chairs: Muñíz R. and Y. Freile

11:45-12:00 255 SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THE 

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF THE 

CRUDE EXTRACT OF SARGASSUM POLYCYSTUM C. 

AGARDH

Thangaraju N. and Prasanna Venkatalakshmi, R. 

12:00-12:15 219 EXTRACTION, PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION, AND 

ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY OF FUCOIDAN FROM FOUR 

SPECIES OF BROWN SEAWEED.

Resendiz-Aguilar G., G. Hernández-Carmona, M. 

Muñoz-Ochoa, J.I. Murillo-Álvarez, E. HernándezGaribay

12:15-12:30 35 ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY IN 

MACROALGAE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED BACTERIA

Villarreal-Gomez L., I. Soria-Mercado, G. Guerra-Rivas 

and N. Ayala-Sánchez

12:30-12:45 335 ANTIGENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF SULPHATED 

POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE GREEN SEAWEED ULVA 

CLATHRATA ON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES 

EXPOSED TO SODIUM ARSENITE

Cárdenas-Bautista D., I. Pacheco-Ruíz, E. ArellanoGarcía, R. Muñiz-Salazar, R. Baptista-Rosas

12:45-13:00 289 SPECTROSCOPIC AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC 

APPROACHES:“TWENTY FIVE YEARS OF STUDIES ON THE 

RED MACROALGA SOLIERIA CHORDALIS”

Deslandes E., S. Bondu, F. Goulard, I. Fournet, E. Ar 

Gall., M. Diouris and J.Y. Floch

13:10-13:15

 13:15-14:15 Lunch
XX International Seaweed Symposium

27

14:15-15:45 POSTER SESSION II

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 16

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

Ensenada 1

Co-chairs: Pacheco I. and A.I. Neto

15:45-16:00 25 UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF GAMETE 

RELEASE IN SARGASSUM VULGARE

Inderdeep K.

16:00-16:15 36 GERMINATION OF THE BLADDER WRACK FUCUS 

VESICULOSUS UNDER THERMAL AND SALINITY STRESS

 Maczassek K.

16:15-16:30 240 OPTIMISATION OF LAMINARIA DIGITATA (HUDSON) J.V. 

LAMOUROUX GAMETOPHYTE GROWTH: EFFECTS OF 

PHOTOPERIOD AND CULTURE MEDIA

Ratcliff J., M. Edwards, A. Soler-Vila, D. Hanniffy and S. 

Kraan

16:30-16:45 88 STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND AQUACULTURE 

DEVELOPMENT OF GRATELOUPIA SPARSA

Yang C.Y. and H.N. Chou

16:45-17:00 28 LIFE-CYCLE OF SCINAIA INTERRUPTA (NEMALIALES; 

RHODOPHYTA)

León-Cisneros K., E.M. Nogueira, R. RiosmenaRodríguez and A.I. Neto

17:00-17:15 161 ONTOGENY OF CONCEPTACLES IN AMPHIROA 

(CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA)

Rosas-Alquicira E.F., R. Riosmena-Rodríguez, G. 

Hernández-Carmona and A.I. Neto

17:15-17:30

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 17

ECOLOGY (POPULATION & 

COMMUNITY)

Ensenada 2

Co-chair: Maneveltd G.W. and Sánchez I.

15:45-16:00 21 STANDING CROP AND REGENERATION OF SARGASSUM 

BEDS IN THE EAST COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR

Casas-Valdéz M., N. Águila-Ramírez, I. SánchezRodríguez and E. Serviere-Zaragoza

16:00-16:15 167 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SEAWEED 

CAULERPA TAXIFOLIA IN NEW SOUTH WALES, 

AUSTRALIA.

Bohorquez C. A. and M.J. Schreider

16:15-16:30 506 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF FREE-FLOATING 

ENTEROMORPHA FROM THE YELLOW SEA

Jiang P., J. Zhao, J.F. Wang, Z.Y. Liu, H.Z. Lin and S. Qin

16:30-16:45 41 PHENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE NON-GENICULATE 

CORALLINE RED ALGAE (CORALLINOPHYCIDAE 

RHODOPHYTA)

Maneveldt G.W. and WmJ. Woelkerling

16:45-17:00 145 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION USING SEAWEED BED 

OF BIOSLAG IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Park K.S., H.S. Kim, H.W. Park, G.M. Sohn and H. Park 
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

28

17:00-17:15 215 INDONESIAN SEAWEED BIODIVERSITY AND TAXONOMIC 

REAPPRAISAL OF EXOPHYLLUM WENTII WEBER-VAN 

BOSSE (RHODOMELACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) FROM BALI 

ISLAND, INDONESIA

 Indy J.R., N. Antoine, G. Grevo, L.A. Rodríguez, C.A. 

Álvarez-González, W.M. Contreras-Sanchez and Y. 

Hajime

17:15-17:30 

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 18

SECONDARY METABOLITES

Ensenada 3

Co-chairs: Soria I. and J. West 

15:45-16:00 171 MANGANESE AND IRON OXIDIZING BACTERIA ON 

MARINE MACROALGAE IN LABORATORY CULTURE

West J., G. Zuccarello and P. Kelly

16:00-16:15 258 SCREENING OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF 

IDENTIFIED COMPOUNDS FROM BROWN SEAWEED OF 

HYDROCLATHRUS CLATHRATUS

Anggadiredja J.T., I.M.D. Swantara and J.R. Rumampuk 

16:15-16:30 507 MASS CULTURE OF RHODOPHYCEAN FILAMENTS AS 

SOURCE MATERIAL FOR NEUTRACEUTICALS

Chou, H.N., J.M. Jeng, H.K. Lu, H.-K.

16:30-16:45 241 PROXIMATE NUTRITION, FATTY ACIDS PROFILE, 

MINERALS AND CHLOROPHYLL-A CONTENT OF 

REPRESENTATIVE GREEN, BROWN AND RED SEAWEEDS 

FROM THE PERSIAN GULF OF IRAN

Rohani-Ghadikolaei K., E. Abdulalian and

Wing Keong Ng

16:45-17:00 96 UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL VARIABILITY 

OF ULVAN

Robic A., J.F. Sassi M. Lahaye, Y. Lerat and P. Dion

17:00-17:15 34 PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PHENOL 

FRACTIONS IN FUCALES

Ar Gall E., S. Cérantola, F. Breton, L. Audibert, N. Blanc 

and D. Hauchard

17:15-17:30 170 CHARACTERIZATION OF CAULERPIN FROM 

SPATOGLOSSUM ASPERUM: A BROWN ALGA

Ara J., V. Sultana, S. Ehteshamul-Haque

and V.U. Ahmed
XX International Seaweed Symposium

29

FRIDAY FEBRUARY 26

PLENARY 4

09:00-09:45 

Main Hall

PORPHYRA: CROP TO MODEL SYSTEM

Brawley S.H.

09:45-10:10 Coffee/Tea break

10:00-12:00

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 12

BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS 

AND CYCLES

Ensenada 1

Conveners: Küpper F.C. and V. Camacho

102 IODIDE IN KELP: AN INORGANIC ANTIOXIDANT IN LIFE 

IMPACTING ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

Küpper F.C., L.J. Carpenter, G.B. McFiggans, C.J. Palmer, 

T.J. Waite, E.M. Boneberg, S. Woitsch, M. Weiller, R. Abela, 

D. Grolimund, P. Potin, A. Butler, G.W. Luther III, P.M.H. 

Kroneck, W. Meyer-Klaucke and M.C. Feiters 

292 ROLE OF ULVA SPP. ON NITROGEN CYCLING IN AN 

UPWELLING INFLUENCED COASTAL LAGOON

Camacho-Ibar V., J.A. Zertuche-González

265 ISOTOPE ANALYSIS TO TRACE NITROGEN SOURCES OF 

MACROALGAL BLOOMS.

Hanniffy D. and S. Kraan

270 RELATIONSHIP OF NITROGEN AND MACROALGAE IN THE 

INDIAN RIVER LAGOON, FLORIDA

Hanisak M.D.

10:00-12:00

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 13

 SEAWEEDS FOR BIOFUEL AND 

PAPER PULP

Ensenada 2

Conveners: Chung I.K. & A. Buschmann

144 PILOT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COASTAL CO2 

REMOVAL BELT (CCRB) IN KOREA

Chung I.K., J.H. Oak, K.S. Park and J.G. Kim

260 RED-ALGAE PULP AND PAPER, BIO-ETHANOL

You H.C., M. Sohn and G. Gerung

249 SEAWEEDS FOR SECOND GENERATION BIOETHANOL; CAN 

WE COMPETE WITH CORN?

Martin P., C. Mair and S. Kraan

83 CULTIVATION ON SOME SPECIES OF RED ALGAE 

(RHODOPHYTA): PRODUCING PULP AND BIO-ETHANOL

Gerung G.S. and H.C. You

251 MARINE BIOMASS – THE DANISH ULVA LACTUCA PROJECT

Bruhn A., M.B. Rasmussen, J. Dahl, L.S. Nikolaisen,H.B. 

Nielsen, A.B. Thomsen, B. Sander and E. Ravn
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

30

10:00-12:00

MINI-SYMPOSIUM 14

SEAWEEDS AS FODDER FOR 

MARINE AND TERRESTIAL 

ANIMALS

Ensenada 3

Conveners: Casas-Valdez M. and N. Aguila-Ramírez

39 EFFECT OF MACROALGAE DIETS ON GROWTH AND 

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF JUVENILE GREEN 

ABALONE HALIOTIS FULGENS PHILIPPI

Pérez-Estrada C.J., R. Civera-Cerecedo, A. HernándezLlamas and E. Serviere-Zaragoza

20 SARGASSUM MEAL AS NON-CONVENTIONAL INGREDIENT 

IN FORAGE DIETS FOR GOATS AND SHEEP

Casas-Valdez M., S. Rodríguez-Astudillo, N. AguilaRamírez, I. Sánchez-Rodríguez, H. Hernández-Contreras 

and S. Carrillo-Domínguez

19 PRODUCTION OF LOW CHOLESTEROL WHITE SHRIMP FEED 

SARGASSUM MEAL

Casas-Valdez M., G. Portillo-Clark, S. Rodríguez-Astudillo, 

E. Palacios-Mechetnov, I. Sánchez-Rodríguez, N. AguilaRamírez, P. Monsalvo-Spencer and S. Carrillo-Domínguez

279 EFFECT OF SEAWEEDS ON THE PHYSICAL QUALITY AND 

THE SENSORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EGGS ENRICHED 

WITH OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND STORED FOR LONG 

TIME UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

Ríos V.H., D.S. Carrillo, V.M. Casas, C.C. Calvo, J.M.E. 

Carranco and F. Pérez-Gil

12:30-13:00

CLOSING CEREMONY
XX International Seaweed Symposium

31

POSTER SESSION I

Tuesday 23 (14:00-15:30)

CATEGORY NUM. TITLE AND AUTHOR(S)

BIOFUELS & SEAWEEDS 16 ENHANCEMENT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT 

ALGAL SPECIES

Afify M.R. Abd El-Moneim, E. Shalaby and M.M. Shanab-Sanaa

195 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYVINYL 

ALCOHOL-AGAR FILMS

Madera-Santana T.J., D. Robledo and Y. Freile-Pelegrín

202 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MICROSCOPIC STAGES OF 

MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA: EFFECTS ON GRAZING PREFERENCES

Cabrera J.C., S.V. Pereda, A.H. Buschmann and M.C. HernándezGonzález

243 PHENOLOGY, FUCOIDAN AND ALGINATES FROM SARGASSUM 

CYMOSUM AND SARGASSUM SP. COLLECTED AT THE 

COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN

Camacho-Hadad O., G. Hernández-Carmona and M.G. AmadorMartínez

230 ISOLATION OF HIGH LIPID-CONTENT STRAINS OF MARINE 

MICROALGAE (TETRASELMIS SUECICA) FOR BIODIESEL (& BIOJETFUEL) PRODUCTION BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND SINGLE-CELL 

SORTING

Montero M., M. Aristizabal and G. García-Reina

LARGE SCALE CULTIVATION 143 INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH 

OF GRACILARIA BLODGETTII HARVEY (RHODOPHYTA) FROM 

OKINAWA PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Yamada S., Y. Sudo and M. Notoya

75 INCREASING FARMED TROPICAL CARRAGEENOPHYTE 

PRODUCTIVITY WITH A PURPOSE BUILT SEAWEED BOAT

Ask E. and S. Little

49 CULTIVATION OF A BROWN ALGA, UNDARIOPSIS PETERSENIANA 

(KJELLMAN) MIYABE ET OKAMURA AS A WARM TEMPERATURE 

SPECIES BY ARTIFICIAL SEED PRODUCTION IN KOREA

Hwang E.K., Y.G. Gong and C.S. Park

501 CULTIVATION OF SEAWEEDS IN CHINA

Wang F.J., X.T. Sun and W.J. Wang

CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES 32 N-UPTAKE AND GROWTH MONITORING OF THE MACROPHYTE 

ULVA

Ale M.T., A. Meyers and J.D. Mikkelsen
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

32

51 IMPACT OF AMPEP ON THE GROWTH AND OCCURRENCE OF 

NEOSIPHONIA INFESTATION ON TWO STRAINS OF 

KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS

Borlongan I.A.G., K.R. Tibubos, D.A.T. Yunque, A.Q. Hurtado

 and A.T. Critchley

261 VARIATIONS IN SEAWEED GROWTH AND CARRAGEENAN 

CONTENT OF DIFFERENT KAPPAPHYCUS STRAINS AS AFFECTED 

BY SEASONALITY AND DURATION OF CULTURE

Seguimbraud C., A.Q. Hurtado, M. Joe, T. Lampin, G. BleicherLhonneur and J. Mazoyer

266 MACROCYSTIS IN CHILE: CULTURE EXPERIENCES IN ENDEMIC, 

IMPROVED AND INTERESPECIFIC VARIETIES IN NORTHERN AND 

SOUTHERN COAST

Westermeier R., D. Patiño, P. Murúa and D.G. Muller

69 CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF AN OKINAWA WELL 

SEAWATER FROM RYUKYU LIMESTONE LAYER IN JAPAN

Kakita H., H. Kamishima, K. Sakane and D. Muraoka

85 EVALUATION OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 

CULTURE PLANTS OF CLADOSIPHON OKAMURANUS TOKIDA 

(PHAEOPHYTA) FROM SEVERAL COASTS OF THE OKINAWA 

ISLANDS

Sudo Y., S. Yamada and M. Notoya

148 CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES FOR SARGASSUM HORNERI 

(TURNER) C. AGARDH (PHAEOPHYCEAE, FUCALES) IN THE 

OFFSHORE OF FUKAURA, AOMORI PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Fujikawa Y., Y. Yamada, S. Kirihara, Y. Hayashi and M. Notoya

151 ESTABLISHEMENT OF A PILOT CULTIVATION OF CATENELLA 

IMPUDICA (RHODOPHYTA, RHABDONAECEAE,) IN SHRIMP 

POUNDS AT THE PACIFIC COAST OF COLOMBIA

Peña E.J., H. Marin and C.T. Aparicio

196 GROWTH ASSESSMENT OF CULTURED MACROCYSTIS SP. IN 

TWO SECTORS OF TONGOY BAY, COQUIMBO REGION, CHILE

Farias D., A. Gutiérrez, R. Flores, A.H. Buschmann, P. 

Fernández, D. Varela and J.A. Vásquez

209 INTRAESPECIFIC VARIATION IN GRACILARIA BIRDIAE 

(GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA): COLOR INHERITANCE AND 

PIGMENT CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO COLOR STRAINS

Plastino E.M. and V.L. Costa

208 EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF GRACILARIA BIRDIAE STRAINS 

(GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Carneiro M.A.A., C.A.A. Azevedo, G.L.G.P. Barros, A.H. Costa, 

A.B. Costa, E. Marinho-Soriano and E.M. Plastino
XX International Seaweed Symposium

33

268 CULTIVATION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF AHNFELTIA PLICATA 

(RHODOPHYTA): NEW ALTERNATIVE IN THE PRODUCTION OF 

PHYCOCOLLOIDS FOR THE REGION OF MAGALLANES AND 

CHILEAN ANTARCTICA

Mansilla A., M. Ávila, J. Cáceres, B. Matsuhiro,N.S. Yokoya, S. 

Murcia and M.I. Piel

INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC 

AQUACULTURE 

210 EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII 

(RHODOPHYTA) IN SANTA CATARINA STATE, BRAZIL

Hayashi L., A.A. Santos, G.S.M. Faria, B.G. Nunes, M.S. Souza, 

A.L.D. Fonseca, P.L.M. Barreto, E.C. Oliveira and Z.L. Bouzon

330 BREEDING AND CULTIVATION OF EISENIA ARBOREA IN A 

PROTECTED ZONE IN THE NORTHWESTERN COAST OF BAJA 

CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO

Guzmán-Calderón J.M., J.A. Zertuche-González, I. Pacheco-Ruiz 

and G. García-Lepe

222 INFLUENCES OF TEMPERATURE AND AMMONIUM AVAILABILITY 

ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOFILTRATION EFFICIENCY OF 

THREE MACROALGAE SPECIES (ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA, 

LAMINARIA JAPONICA AND PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS)

Kang Y.H., S.R. Park and I.K. Chung

93 THE CARRAGEENOPHYTE SOLIERIA PACIFICA (YAMADA) 

YOSHIDA AS A POTENTIAL BIOFILTER COMPONENT INTEGRATED 

WITH FISH CULTURE

Carton R.J., Y. Okuyama, H. Kimura and M. Notoya

236 MACROALGAE FOR ABALONE CULTURE IN EUROPE (SUDEVAB)

Soler-Vila A. and S. Kraan

334 GROWTH EVALUATION OF RED ABALONE (HALIOTIS RUFESCENS) 

CULTURE UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS INSIDE A COASTAL 

LAGOON AND FEED WITH DIFFERENT SEAWEED DIETS

Ruiz-Gómez A., J.M. Guzmán-Calderón, E. Hernández-Garibay, 

J.A. Zertuche-González

PHARMACOLOGY AND ACTIVE 

COMPOUNDS

91 EFFECT OF Halopithys incurva (CERAMIALES) AND Hypnea 

spinella (GIGARTINALES) ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES ON THE 

ACTIVITY OF RAW 264.7 MACROPHAGES

Abdala-Díaz R.T., M. Mariana-Chabrillón, B. López-Soler, J.L. 

Gómez-Pinchetti, R.M. Rico and F.L. Figueroa

189 IMPROVED ANTITUMORAL EFFECT OF PENICILLUS DUMETOSUS 

EXTRACTS BY OPEN TANK CULTURE

Moo-Puc R., D. Robledo, Y. Freile-Pelegrin

157 ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THE CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM FOUR 

RED SEAWEED SPECIES OF LAURENCIA

Stein E.M., P. Colepicolo and M.T. Fujii

178 ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC SCREENING OF ALGAL 

EXTRACTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

Muñoz-Ochoa M., J.I. Murillo-Álvarez, G.M. Molina-Salinas and J. 

Vargas-Villarreal
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

34

223 SCREENING FOR ANTICLOTTING ACTIVITY IN MARINE ALGAE 

FROM THE NORTHWEST MEXICAN PACIFIC COAST

Guerra G., G. Gómez, G. Alarcón, I. Soria and N. Ayala

184 RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY AND CUPPER REDUCING 

ACTIVITY OF ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE DERIVATES

Nakada R., and Yoshie-Stark Y.

MARINE HYDROCOLLOIDS 15 INFLUENCE OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON AGAR FROM 

GRACILARIOPSIS LONGISSIMA AND GRACILARIA 

VERMICULOPHYLLA

Orduña-Rojas J., R. Riosmena-Rodríguez, I. Pacheco-Ruiz, J.A. 

Zertuche-González and A.E. Meling-López

193 POLYSACCHARIDES FROM COMMON BROWN ALGAE FROM THE 

PENINSULA OF YUCATAN, MEXICO

García-Ríos V., D. Robledo, E. Ríos and Y. Freile-Pelegrin

248 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EUCHEUMA, KAPPAPHYCUS 

BIOMASS CULTIVATED IN VIET NAM AND PROPERTIES OF THEIR 

CARRAGEENANS

Phan K.V., A.V. Podkorytova, T.A. Ignatova and A.I. Usov

286 PRELIMINARY STUDY TO OBTAIN EXTRACTS OF LAMINARIN 

FROM THE PROCESSING OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF 

MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA IN SOUTHERN CHILE

De-La-Fuente L., R. Flores, A. Gutiérrez, M. Monje, P. Leal, D. 

Daniela-Farías and P. Arriagada

11 THE LAMINARAN AND SULFATED FUCAN FROM DESMARESTIA 

DISTANS (PHAEOPHYTA)

Torres R., A. Mansilla and B. Matsuhiro

12 PHYCOCOLLOIDS OF A NEW LESSONIA-MACROCYSTIS HYBRID 

SPECIES (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM MAGALLAN REGION CHILE

Leal D., A. Mansilla, B. Matsuhiro and I.O. Osorio-Roman

13 THE GALACTANS FROM GREEN VARIANTS OF CYSTOCARPIC 

AND TETRASPOROPHYTIC G. SKOTTSBERGII (RHODOPHYTE)

Barahona T., M.V. Encinas, B. Matsuhiro and A. Mansilla

SECONDARY METABOLITES 33 CITOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF SEAWEEDS IN THE GULF OF 

CALIFORNIA

Hernández-Guerrero C., J.A. Gutiérrez-Uribe and R.N. ÁguilaRamírez

200 PHLOROTANNIN LEVELS IN THE BROWN ALGAE FROM THE 

INTERTIDAL ZONE OF THE KATSURA BAY (JAPAN)

Graczyk-Raczyska M.Z. and J. Tanaka

29 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF MACROALGAE OF THE GULF OF 

CALIFORNIA

Arenas-González A., R.N. Águila-Ramírez, C. Hellio., K. Mason, 

C.J. Hernández-Guerrero and B. González-Acosta
XX International Seaweed Symposium

35

153 LIPID CLASSES, FATTY ACIDS, AND STEROLS OF DOMINANT 

MARINE FLORA SPECIES IN THE WESTERN COAST OF BAJA 

CALIFORNIA PENINSULA, MEXICO

Reza-Sánchez M., E. Palacios-Mechetnov and E. ServiereZaragoza

110 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUB ARCTIC MARINE PLANT RESOURCES 

OF UNGAVA BAY, NUNAVIK QUEBEC, CANADA

Allard M., G. Sharp, J-Guy Rochefort, V. Filion and Y. Bellefleur

228 BIOTECMAR: BIOTECHNOLOGICAL EXPLOITATION OF MARINE 

PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS

Soler-Vila A. and S. Kraan

SEAWEED EXTRACTS & THEIR 

APPLICATIONS TO HIGHER 

PLANTS

321 COMMERCIAL ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM EXTRACT ENHANCES 

PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANT CONTENT OF SPINACH (SPINACIA 

OLERACEA L) THAT IMPARTS PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON 

CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS AGAINST OXIDATIVE AND THERMAL 

STRESS

Fan D., D.M. Hodges, J. Zhang, G. Wang-Pruski, C.W. Kirby, X. 

Ji, S.J. Locke, A.T. Critchley and B. Prithiviraj

322 ANALYSIS OF A COMMERCIAL ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM 

EXTRACT INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME LEADS TO 

IDENTIFICATION OF A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF SALT 

TOLERANCE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

Narayanan J.N., R. Palanivelu, I. Manfield, A.T. Critchley, D. Hiltz 

and B. Prithiviraj

323 LAMBDA (λ) CARRAGEENAN REDUCES TOMATO CHLOROTIC 

DWARF VIROID (TCDVD) REPLICATION AND SYMPTOM 

EXPRESSION

Sangha J.S., R.P. Singh, A.T. Critchley, B. Prithiviraj

324 THE SULPHATED POLYSACCHARIDES, λ-CARRAGEENAN AND

I-CARRAGEENAN, DIFFERENTIALLY ALTER A MODEL PLANT’S 

(ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA) RESISTANCE TO SCLEROTINIA 

SCLEROTIORUM

Sangha J.S., S. Ravichandran, K. Prithiviraj, A.T. Critchley and B. 

Prithiviraj

326 IMPROVED METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR BETANIES IN 

ASCOPHYLLUM

MacKinnon S.L., D.A. Hiltz, R.A. Ugarte and C.A. Craft

328 ACCELERATING THE GROWTH OF AVOCADO (PERSEA 

AMERICANA) IN THE NURSERY USING A SOIL-APPLIED, 

COMMERCIAL EXTRACT OF THE BROWN ALGA ASCOPHYLLUM 

NODOSUM

Morales-Payan J.P. and N. Norrie

329 DETECTION OF CYTOKININ-LIKE ACTIVITY IN A COMMERCIAL, 

LIQUID EXTRACT OF ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM USING AN 

ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA CYTOKININ RESPONSE REPORTER 

PLANT

Khan W., D.A. Hiltz, A.T. Critchley and B. Prithiviraj
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

36

POSTER SESSION II 

Thursday 25 (14:00-15:30)

319 INDUCED RESISTANCE IN CARROTS TO FUNGAL PATHOGENS 

THROUGH APPLICATION OF COMMERCIAL SEAWEED EXTRACT

Jayaraj J. and Z.K. Punja

275 EFFECT OF THE USE OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA ON THE 

GERMINATION OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM MILL)

Briceño-Domínguez D.R. and G. Hernández-Carmona

CATEGORY NUM. TITLE AND AUTHOR(S)

SYSTEMATICS PHYLOGENY & 

PHYLOGEOGRAPHY

177 AN ACCOUNT OF ARTICULATED SPECIES OF THE TRIBE 

CORALLINOIDEAE (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM 

MEXICO

Mateo-Cid, L.E., A.C. Mendoza-González, L.E. Aguilar-Rosas and 

R. Aguilar-Rosas

55 REDEFINING THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF LAURENCIA 

DENDROIDEA (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) TO 

ACCOMMODATE THE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED RED ALGAE KNOW 

AS THE L. PHYLOFORMIS OBTUSA MAJUSCULA COMPLEX FROM 

BRAZIL AND THE CANARY ISLANDS

Fujii M.T., V. Cassano, Y. Metti, A. Millar, M.C. Gil-Rodríguez, A. 

Sentíes, J. Díaz-Larrea and M.C. Oliveira

27 DIAGNOSING CHARACTERS IN AMPHIROA (CORALLINALES) AND 

THE GENUS DIVERSITY EVALUATION IN THE AZORES

Rosas-Alquicira E.F., R. Riosmena-Rodríguez and A.I. Neto

71 TAXONOMY OF BANGIA (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM 

CHINA BASED ON THE RBCL GENE SEQUENCY

Jian-Yi ZHU, Li-En YANG, Song-Dong and SHEN Pu XU

80 COMMUNITY OF EPIPHYTESS ON SARGASSUM SINICOLA 

(FUCALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN MAGDALEN ISLANDS

Sánchez-Rodríguez I., L.E. Mateo-Cid and Y.E. RodríguezMontesinos

131 A NEW SPECIES OF MONOSTROMA (CHLOROPHYTA) FROM 

BRAZIL: MORPHOLOGICAL, ONTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR 

EVIDENCES

Pellizzari F.M., N.S. Yokoya, M.C. Oliveira and E.C. Oliveira

207 GELIDIUM GALAPAGENSE TAYLOR IS A SPECIES CONFIRMED TO 

THE MEXICAN TROPICAL PACIFIC COAST

Rodríguez D., M.E. Ponce-Márquez and N. López

108 GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC MACROALGAL BIODIVERSITY OF THE 

REGION OF IXTAPA-ZIHUATANEJO, MEXICO

Candelaria C., E. Vázquez, N. López and D. Rodríguez
XX International Seaweed Symposium

37

118 MORPHOLOGY, ULTRASTRUCTURE, AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF 

GELIDIUM ELEGANS (GELIDIALES)

Park J.K., K.M. Kim and S.M. Boo

163 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MEXICAN PADINA 

(DICTYOTACEAE) INFERRED FROM PSBA DNA SEQUENCES

Díaz-Martínez S., A. Ávila-Ortíz and G.A. Salazar 

84 SEASONAL VARIATION OF GREEN, RED AND BROWN ALGAE 

(CHLOROPHYTA, RHODOPHYTA & PHAEOPHYTA) IN ASCENSION 

BAY AND ESPIRITU SANTO BAY, QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO

Acosta-Calderón J.A., L.E. Mateo-Cid and A.C. Mendoza-González

97 STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND 

PHYLOGENY OF LAURENCIA SP. (CERAMIALES) FROM THE 

CANARY ISLANDS

Aylagas E., M.C. Gil-Rodríguez, V. Cassano, J. Díaz-Larrea, A. 

Sentíes, M.T. Fujii, A. Gutiérrez and M.L. Souto 

217 PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 

NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEANA AND EUALARIA FISTULOSA KELP 

FORESTS IN KACHEMAK BAY, ALASKA

Hondolero D. and M. Edwards

24 LAMINARIA LAMOUROUX AND SACCHARINA STACKHOUSE 

(LAMINARIALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM THE RUSSIAN PACIFIC 

COASTS

Selivanova O.N.

336 LIFE HISTORY OF PORPHYRA HOLLENBERGII DAWSON 

(BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, 

MEXICO

López-Vivas J.M., Pacheco-Ruiz I., Riosmena-Rodríguez R.

 and Yarish C.

245 MORPHOLOGIC AND GENETIC VARIABILITY IN POPULATIONS OF 

MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA IN THE SOUTH OF CHILE

Gutiérrez A., F. Winkler, D. Varela, G. Gajardo, P. Fernández,

D. Farias, P. Beristain and J. Paredes

ECOLOGY (POPULATION & 

COMMUNITY)

44 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEDIMENT 

PARTICLES SIZE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN ALGAL 

MATS (ENTEROMORPHA PROLIFERA) ON THE INTERTIDAL FLATS 

OF MUAN, KOREA.

Park C.S., K.Y. Park and E.K. Hwang

295 SEASONAL MACROALGAL BIODIVERSITY IN RÓBALO BAY AND 

ITS SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE IN THE CAPE HORN 

BIOSPHERE RESERVE, CHILE

Ojeda J., A. Mansilla, J. Marambio, S. Rosenfeld and R. Rozzi 

291 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MACROCYSTIS IN NORTHERN CHILE

Vega J.M.A. and J.A. Vásquez

235 SPAWNING EGG-MASSES OF THE JAPANESE SANDFISH 

ARCTOSCOPUS JAPONICUS ON FUCALEAN SPECIES ON THE 

COAST OF JAPAN SEA IN AOMORI PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Kirihara S., Y. Fujikawa, Y. Yamada and M. Notoya
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111 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF ASSOCIATED FAUNA IN THREE 

ALGAE SUBTIDAL CONTRASTING SITES IN ZIHUATANEJO, 

MEXICO

García M., N. López and D. Rodríguez

67 USING Δ15N IN BLOOM FORMING MACROALGAE TO 

DISCRIMINATE AMONG ANTHROPOGENIC NUTRIENTS

Piñón-Gimate A., M.F. Soto-Jiménez, M.J. Ochoa-Izaguirre, 

E. García-Pagés and F. Páez-Osuna.

128 A NEW SPECIES OF LAURENCIA FROM JAPAN

Suda M., T. Abe and M. Notoya 

333 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL OVERGROWTH ON THREE SMALL 

CORAL SPECIES IN TWO MEXICAN CARIBBEAN REEFS

Cetz-Navarro N.P., J. Espinoza-Avalos, A. Sentíes and P. 

Jorgensen

129 MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN SARGASSUM FULVELLUM 

(TURNER) C. AGARDH (PHAEOPHYCEAE, FUCALES) AT 

DIFFERENT GROWING DEPTHS ON THE COAST OF OKI ISLANDS, 

SHIMANE PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Suzuki H., R. Hosoya, K. Yokochi, Y. Hayashi and M. Notoya.

204 USING MACROALGAE TO TRACK EUTROPHICATION TRENDS IN 

THE GREAT BAY ESTUARINE SYSTEM

Nettleton J.C., C.D. Neefus, A.C. Mathieson and L. G. Harris 

ECOPHYSIOLOGY 22 MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RESPONSES OF PORPHYRA 

COLUMBINA TO DESICCATION STRESS

Contreras L., D. Thomas and J.A. Correa

238 ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF THE CELL WALLS ISOLATED 

FROM PHYLLOPHORA CRISPA (HUDSON) P.S. DIXON (=PH. 

NERVOSA (DC.) GREV.) (GIGARTINALES, RHODOPHYTA)

Popova N.I., N.R. Meychik, I.P. Yermakov, and A.N. Kamnev

70 EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITIES AND DISSOLVED INORGANIC 

CARBON ON PS II ACTIVITY OF BANGIA SP. CONCHOCELIS

 Jiang H., Yan Wang, Jianyi Zhu and Pu Xu

172 CAN A CORALLINE ALGA SURVIVE IN ACIDIFIED SEAWATER IF 

NOT OVERGROWN?

Watanabe R. and D. Fujita

40 CAPABILITY OF LONG-TERM CULTURED GAMETOPHYTES OF 

SEVERAL SPECIES OF LAMINARIALES TO FORM SPOROPHYTES

Muraoka D., T. Sakami and Y. Okumura

123 GROWTH OF SOLIERIA PACIFICA (YAMADA) YOSHIDA UNDER 

VARIOUS TEMPERATURE LEVELS, NUTRIENT SOURCE AND LIGHT 

VARIATIONS

Maeda T, R.J. Carton, S. Furufuji and M. Notoya

297 GROWTH, REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS, AND 

PROXIMAL COMPOSITION OF THE CYANOBACTERIUM 

GEITLERINEMA LEMMERMANNII

Sánchez-Alejandro F.G. and M.P. Sánchez-Saavedra
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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211 IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII 

(RHODOPHYTA) IN DIFFERENT SALINITIES

Hayashi L., G.S.M. Faria, B.G. Nunes, C.S. Zitta, L.A. Scariot, T. 

Rover, M.R.L. Felix and Z.L. Bouzon

283 KINETIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TWO PRIMARY PUMPS, H+– 

ATPASE AND NA+– ATPASE, IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE 

MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGA DUNALIELLA MARITIMA

Genatulina A., I. Andreev, L. Popova and Y. Balnokin

113 SEASONAL VARIATION IN NITROGEN POOLS FROM TWO HIGH 

LATITUDE, RED ALGAL SPECIES

Stekoll M.S., Buckley C. and Mapes A.

231 SPATIAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN NITRATE UPTAKE AND 

NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY AMONG POPULATION OF 

MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA

Varela D., P. Fernández, P. Leal and M. Maldonado

510 GROWTH IN THE FOLIAR PHASE OF A NEW SPECIES OF

PORPHYRA FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO.

Laparra-López S.J., López-Becerril P.D., Pacheco-Ruiz I., GálvezTélles A.

CLIMATE CHANGE & SEAWEEDS 246 EFFECTS OF VARIABLE TEMPERATURE AND NUTRIENTS ON KELP 

MICROSCOPIC STAGES AND FERTILIZATION SUCCESS

Muth A.F., S.V. Jeffries and M.H. Graham

284 MOLECULAR-PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF KALI L. SPECIES, 

MAPPING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF ORIGIN AND 

DISTRIBUTION AND INVASIONS MECHANISMS ON NEW 

HABITATS

Feodorova T. A.

192 CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGAL EMISSIONS INVOLVED IN AIR 

QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN WESTERN IRELAND

Stengel D.B., S. Connan, M. Zacharias, U. Nitschke

327 FUCOID FLORA OF THE ROCKY INTERTIDAL OF THE CANADIAN 

MARITIMES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE WITH RAPID 

CLIMATE CHANGE

Ugarte R.A., J.S. Craigie and A.T. Critchley

INVASIVE SPECIES 174 FIRST REPORT ON THE JAPANESE SPECIES GRATELOUPIA 

LANCEOLATA (OKAMURA) KAWAGUCHI AND GRATELOUPIA 

TURUTURU YAMADA (HALYMENIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) IN BAJA 

CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

Aguilar-Rosas R. and L.E. Aguilar-Rosas, Kawai Hiroshi and Win 

Ni-Ni

190 SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN PRODUCTIVITY, INVASIVE SUCCESS 

AND LIKELY IMPACTS OF SARGASSUM MUTICUM IN IRELAND

Baer J. and D.B. Stengel
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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SEAWEED HERBIVORE 

INTERACTIONS

54 EFFECTS OF FOOD AND INITIAL SIZE ON SURVIVAL AND 

SOMATIC GROWTH OF JUVENILES OFPURPLE URCHINS 

STRONGILOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS: A LABORATORY 

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH.

Sonnenholzner J., G. Montaño-Moctezuma, A. Salas-Garza and 

R. Searcy-Bernal 

206 USE OF THE SLIPPER LIMPET CREPIPATELLA FECUNDA AS 

SECONDARY SUBSTRATE BY THE GIANT KELP MACROCYSTIS 

PYRIFERA: IS THERE ANY EFFECT OF HAVING AN ALGA GROWING 

ON YOUR BACK?

Pereda S.V., F. Díaz-Rosas, J.C. Cabrera and A.H. Buschmann

272 FEEDING PREFERENCES OF NATIVE INVERTEBRATE CONSUMERS 

FOR NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SEAWEEDS IN BRAZILIAN WATERS

Vogt S.C., R.C. Pereira, J.R. Smith and S.N. Murray

81 IMPORTANCE OF MACROALGAE IN THE NATURAL DIET OF 

MEGATHURA CRENULATA (SOWERBY 1825)

Aguilar-Mora F., A. Mazariegos-Villarreal, M.A. Medina-López,

M. López-Yllescas and E. Serviere-Zaragoza

120 THE CaCO3 BIOMINERAL IN THE CORALLINE RED ALGAE OF 

MEXICAN COAST

Fragoso D., F. Ramírez-Cahero, A. Rodríguez-Galván, R. 

Hernández-Reyes, A. Heredia, M. Aguilar-Franco, D.C. 

Rodríguez-Vargas, L. Bucio and V.A. Basiuk

SEAWEEDS FOR FOOD & 

FUNCTIONAL FOODS

56 CULTIVE OF ULVA SP AN ALTERNATIVE FOR FOOD WHITE 

SHRIMP IN LA PAZ, B.C.S.

Sánchez Rodríguez I., M. Casas-Valdéz, A. Sánchez and M. 

Contreras-Holguin

112 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY FROM SEAWEEDS – A REVIEW

Rebours C., M. Novoa-Garrido and S.J. Pang

194 ARSENIC LEVELS IN SELECTED RED, GREEN AND BROWN 

MACROALGAE FROM WESTERN IRELAND

Durcan J., R. Cave, L. Tyrrell, E. McGovern and D.B. Stengel

236 MACROALGAE FOR ABALONE CULTURE IN EUROPE (SUDEVAB)

Soler-Vila A. and S. Kraan

165 ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OF MEFUCOIDAN PURIFIED FROM 

EDIBLE BROWN ALGA BY INTESTINAL BACTERIA

Maruyama H., F. Kawakami, K. Yosinaga, T. Nakano and H. 

Kitasato
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Plenary Lectures Abstracts

A DECADE OF CHANGE IN THE SEAWEED HYDROCOLLOIDS INDUSTRY

Bixler HJ1 and Porse H2

1Ingredients Solutions, Inc., 631 Moosehead Trail, Waldo, ME 04915; USA, 2InterColloids. Rodtjornevej 37, 2720 

Vanlose. Denmark

Seaweed hydrocolloid markets continue to grow on the order of 3%-5% per year, largely driven by emerging

markets in China, Eastern Europe, Brazil, etc. Sales of agar, alginates and carrageenans in the US and Europe, are

holding up reasonably well in spite of the recession. However, price increases to offset costs in 2008 and 2009

have begun to have a dampening effect on sales, especially in markets where substitution or extension with less

expensive ingredients is possible. These higher prices have been driven by higher energy, chemicals and seaweed

costs. The higher seaweed costs reflect seaweed shortages, particularly for carrageenan-bearing seaweeds. The

Philippines and Indonesia are the dominant producers of the farmed Kappaphycus and Eucheuma species upon

which the carrageenan industry depends and both countries are experiencing factors limiting seaweed

production. Similar tightening of seaweed supplies are beginning to show up in brown seaweeds used for

extracting alginates, and in the red seaweeds for extracting agar. The structure of the industry is also undergoing

change. Producers in China are getting stronger, and while they have not yet developed the marketing skills to

compete effectively in the developed world markets, they have captured much of their home market. China does

not produce the red and brown seaweeds needed for higher end food hydrocolloid production. Stocking their

factories with raw material has led to the supply problems. Sales growth continues to suffer from few new product

development successes in recent years; although some health care applications are showing some promise, i.e.

carrageenan gel capsules and alginate micro-beads. Excessive regulatory activities, unfounded anti-food additive

attitudes of consumers, particularly in the EU, continue to absorb human resources that otherwise could be

applied to problems limiting industry growth and profitability.

Porphyra: CROP TO MODEL SYSTEM

Brawley SH1, Blouin NA2, Zhang YY3, Yarish C4, Lin S5, Stiller JW6, Chan CX7, Bhattacharya D8 and 

Grossman AC9

1School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA, 2School of Marine Sciences, University of 

Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA, 3Dept. of Marine Science, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, 4Dept. of 

Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT 06901, 5Dept. of 

Marine Science, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, 6Department of Biology, East Carolina University, 

Greenville, NC 27858, 7Dept. of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, 

8Dept. of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, 9Department of Plant 

Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305

Porphyra spp. are part of an ancient eukaryotic lineage, the Bangiophyceae, which is represented by fossils 1.2

billion years in age. More than 115 species are known to science, and many cryptic species are being revealed by

molecular analyses. An alternation of generations is found between the commercially important blade

(gametophyte) and the microscopic, filamentous “conchocelis” (sporophyte). Porphyra spp. are prized for food by

humans, and a $1.4 billion/year aquaculture industry exists in Asia, made possible by breakthroughs in

understanding of the Porphyra life history. Attempts are now underway to develop other species of Porphyra as

aquaculture crops in the U.S., South America and Europe. One of these is Porphyra umbilicalis, which is now being

used by the Joint Genome Institute (U.S. Dept. of Energy) for whole genome sequence analysis. P. umbilicalis is

predominantly sexual in the northeastern Atlantic, but reproduces asexually on the Maine (USA) coast by neutral

spores; this feature has permitted the preparation of adequate quantities of DNA from a single genotype for

completing the genome sequence. Based on initial sequence analyses, the Porphyra genome is ~270 Mb and is GC rich. To complement our analysis of the full genome sequence and facilitate the development of accurate gene

models, EST sequences are being generated from P. umbilicalis and the closely related P. purpurea during

exposure to a variety of conditions (e.g., different reproductive phases, circadian times, nutrient regimes,

desiccation conditions, irradiances). This talk will review aspects of the biology and cultivation of Porphyra for

food and other products, and will include discussion of needed tool development in order that the genomic data

can lead to significant advances in research on stress tolerance, carbon metabolism, and evolution of the cell and

multicellular body plans. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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SEAWEED STIMULI IN PLANT SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE

Craigie JS

Acadian Seaplants Limited. Halifax, Canada

Both micro- and macroalgae have long been used to augment plant productivity and food production in various

regions of the world through their beneficial effects when applied to soils. The interactions of algae with the soil

community undoubtedly are complex and benefits are dependent on the crop and the local environmental

conditions. This has resulted in much speculation as to mechanisms involved and the validity of the results

reported. It is now just 60 years since the first commercial seaweed extract was manufactured for agricultural use.

These aqueous extracts allowed for the first time the direct application of soluble seaweed constituents to

specific plant organs such as leaves and roots. Advances made through improved analytical techniques and

instrumentation coupled with the use of molecular genetic tools are establishing that seaweed extracts can

modify plant and animal responses at a fundamental level. It therefore seems appropriate to examine key

developments over the years and to remark on novel findings of the past two decades. The earlier concept that

benefits of seaweeds and their extracts were due mainly to their manurial value or to their micronutrient suites is

no longer tenable. A new and exciting vista has opened for seaweed extracts in both animal and plant

applications. 

BIODEGRADATION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES: DECIPHERING 

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION FROM COMPLETE GENOMES

Michel G

Station Biologique de Roscoff. Roscoff, France.

Marine macroalgae synthesize a great diversity of polysaccharides, which are used as cell wall constituents and

energy storage. Like land plants, these photosynthetic eukaryotes produce neutral polysaccharides such as

cellulose and starch. However, seaweeds are characterized by their high contents of anionic polysaccharides and

notably sulfated polysaccharides, which have no equivalent in land plants. Red algae produce sulfated galactans,

agars and carrageenans, which are commercially used for their gelling properties, while the cell walls of brown

algae contain alginates and sulfated fucans. However, the metabolism of algal polysaccharides remains an

uncharted territory. Significant advances have been obtained on marine bacteria that use algal polysaccharides as

carbon sources. Those microorganisms degrade the cell walls of marine algae by secreting specific glycoside

hydrolases (GH). Some marine bacterial enzymes define new specificities within known GH families, such as betaagarases and kappa-carrageenases from the family GH16. The enzymes specific for algal polysaccharides mostly

constitute new protein families such as family GH82 iota-carrageenases, family GH96 alpha-agarases and family

GH107 fucanases. Crystallographic studies of several bacterial galactanases have established the molecular bases

for recognition of agarose, kappa-carrageenan, and iota-carrageenan. The study of algal carbohydrate metabolism

is now revolutionized by access to complete genome sequence of seaweeds and associated marine bacteria and

by medium-throughput protein expression approaches. First examples will be presented on the marine bacterium

Zobellia galactanivorans and on the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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Oral Abstracts

160

SUSTAINABLE EXPLORATION OF A NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES: THE CASE STUDY OF Gracilaria 

vermiculophylla (Ohmi) PAPENFUSS IN PORTUGAL

Abreu MH1,3,4, Pereira R1, Korbee N2, Figueroa FL2, Buschmann AH3, Yarish C4 and Sousa-Pinto I1

1CIMAR/CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental & Dpt. of Botany - Faculty of 

Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal, 2Dpt. of Ecology, University of Málaga, 29071- Málaga, 

Spain, 3Centro de Investigación I-mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile, 4Dept. of 

Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT. 06901-2315, USA. 

mhabreu@ciimar.up.pt

The expected impact of non-indigenous species (NIS) in a community may be negative. However, NIS may increase

local biodiversity and even become an exploitable resource. Gracilaria vermiculophylla, a NIS to European waters,

is the dominant macrophyte at Ria de Aveiro, Portugal. Studies on a population revealed that G. vermiculophylla is

abundant and reproductive throughout the year. Its germination and growth success was investigated, in a fully

factorial designed array of temperatures (5-25oC), photoperiods (S-8h:16h; N-12h:12h; L-16h:8h, light:dark) and

irradiances (40; 100 μmol m-2s-1). Germination occurred at all conditions, with 100% at 20oC. At 5oC, germination

was the lowest, with no posterior spore survival. 20oC L was the optimal growth condition for the sporelings (ca.

13%) and mature individuals (ca. 10%). Nitrogen (N) uptake studies tested N concentrations (50 to 600 mM) with

single and combined sources of NH4 and NO3. Preliminary results indicate an effective N removal capacity with a

preference for ammonia. The potential of this species as an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system

component was also evaluated. A year round experiment at a land-based flatfish aquaculture tested the influence

of stocking density and N availability on growth and biofiltration efficacy. Daily growth rates of 7% and a reduction

of up to 80% of the water total NH4

+-N were achieved. The high N-values found in the tissue (e.g. 8%), makes this

seaweed a potential ingredient for fish-feed and a source of raw material for grade agar. G. vermiculophylla also

synthesized mycosporine-like amino acids, but the effect of the cultivation conditions on MAAs content is still

under evaluation. G. vermiculophylla is possibly a new natural resource with a high potential for exploitation

either from abundant natural populations or as the extractive component of an IMTA system.

175

Sargassum AND BEACH MANAGEMENT ON THE GULF OF MEXICO SHORELINE OF TEXAS, USA

Adams JS

Conrad Blucher Institute for Surveying and Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, NRC., Suite 3400, 

6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412. jsahips@me.com

In the Gulf of Mexico, pelagic Sargassum sp. washes up on beaches and presents a maintenance and

management issue for the coastal communities in the state of Texas. The prevailing attitude of most coastal

communities in Texas is that the seaweed is a noxious intrusion that must be removed. Recent promotion of

ecotourism in Texas may change that perception, but for now, mechanical removal is the normal practice. Primary

method of seaweed removal currently is to have maintenance workers drive heavy machinery, such as front end

loaders and road maintainers, scraping up the seaweed off the beach. The loads are then pushed up against the

base of the dune system. This method has many flaws, least of which is that sand, associated with the seaweed, is

mechanically removed from the beach as the heavy machinery scrapes the seaweed, which has the effect of

lowering the beach profile. Other consequences include the burying of the coppice dunes at the base of the dune

system, trash moved into the dunes along with the sand/seaweed load, removal of a food source for foraging

shorebirds, and is an intrusion on beach users. Alternatives to daily Sargassum removal are the topic of a series

of workshops being proposed to the State of Texas. The main issue to be discussed is the need, real or perceived,

for Sargassum removal at all. Tourism industry representatives traditionally portray the coastal environment as

pristine, overlooking the fact that natural events are always occurring, and seaweed washing up on the beach

being one of those natural events. The goal of the workshops would be to demonstrate the value of allowing the

seaweed to accumulate, in selected areas of the Texas coast at first, with close monitoring of the responses of the

beach users in regards to the presence of the seaweed. An educational component showing the value, ecological

and financial, of leaving seaweed in place as it washed up on the beach, would be directed to both the tourism

industry and the coastal communities that devote large budgets to daily beach maintenance.
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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247

POSSIBLE CASES OF INVASIVE SEAWEEDS IN THE MEXICAN PACIFIC COAST 

Aguilar-Rosas R1, Aguilar-Rosas LE2 and Pedroche FF3

1Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, 2Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja 

California, km 107 Carretera Tijuana Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California. C. P. 22830. 3Universidad Autónoma 

Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apartado Postal 55-535, México, D.F. 09340, México & University Herbarium, 

University of California, 1001, VLSB, Berkeley, Ca 94720-2465, USA. ffp@xanum.uam.mx

Some algae are considered exotic species in Pacific Mexico. These taxonomic names are used to discuss whether

they should be treated as alien when our phycological knowledge is poor in many of these geographic areas. This

caution is necessary, because of the consequences of treating them as alien species (i.e. environmental

mitigation), but also has repercussion in taxonomic stability. If we take into account the type localities of the

'aliens', their morphological resemblance with taxonomic names already reported as invaders in others parts of

the world, then we have a better understanding for their occurrence in Pacific Mexico. Studies in Pacific Mexico

show 13 species not recorded previously for this area and related with names from other latitudes, 2 Chlorophyta,

6 Phaeophyta and 5 Rhodophyta. Particularly Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, Sargassum horneri (Turner)

C. Agardh, Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss and Gracilariopsis

longissima (S.G. Gmelin) M. Steentoft, L.M. Irvine & W.F. Farnham appear as candidates as alien or introduced

species. Almost all of them are reported from temperate waters in Baja California, tropical representatives are few

and in most cases could be misapplied names. A correct incorporation of nomenclatural history, type locality

information, detail morphological analysis, and molecular analysis, are crucial before claims of introduction are

made.

73

THE SEAWEED BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA

Akrim DH

Bantimurung Indah (Bosowa Corporation), Seaweed Industries, Maros 90511, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. 

bswindah@indosat.net.id

In the Indonesian oceanic area about 555 types of seaweed have been identified and 55 species is being

commercially utilized and have been successfully to cultivation with three various are macroalgae namely of

Eucheuma cottonii, Eucheuma spinosum and Gracilaria verucosa. The global financial crisis had reduced the

worldwide carrageenan demand by 20% - 30%. Recently Carrageenan business is still very slow and worldwide

demand is not yet picking up. Hopefully the demand would start to pick up on the 1st quarter of next year but not

the same as the demand in 2008. Based on the data survey that the potential cultivated area: 1,2 million Ha with

tropic beach line: 81,000 km in around 15 provinces. Where it is a kind of Eucheuma cottonii (Kappaphycus

alvarezii) and Eucheuma spinosum (Eucheuma denticulatum) with totally market share supply 42%. Due Seaweed

Business Development Indonesia in good prospective supported by natural potency resources and network of

coastal civilization.

258

SCREENING OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF IDENTIFIED COMPOUNDS FROM BROWN 

SEAWEED OF Hydroclathrus clathratus

Anggadiredja JT1, Swantara IMD2 and Rumampuk JR3

1The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jl. MH Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia, 

2Marine Biology Laboratory, Udayana University, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, 3Chemistry 

Department, Manado State University, Tondano-Minahasa, North Sulawesi 95618, Indonesia. 

jana@ceo.bppt.go.id

Acetone extracts of Hydroclathrus clathratus (brown seaweed) were fractionated and isolated using Column

Chromatography and Bioautographic Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) methods, and the compounds identified

using GC-MS. Mass spectra analysis of Hydroclathrus clathratus fractions yielded 15 compounds consisted of 8 of

fatty acids, 2 of steroids, 2 of hydrocarbons, 1 of alcohol, 1 of aldehyde, and 1 of ether. All isolated compounds
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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were tested for their antibacterial activities by the agar diffusion method against the Gram-positive bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecalis, and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium. Six compounds (4 fatty acids, 1 steroid, 1 ether) showed

activity against Gram-positive bacteria, especially Bacillus subtilis and only one compound (fatty acid) against

Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli. Five compounds (3 fatty acids, 1 steroid, 1 ether) against Staphylococcus

aureus, and only one compound (ether) against Streptococcus faecalis. All compounds were not active against

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium bacteria. This study indicated that there is indeed a

diversity in types and in molecular structures of the antibacterial substances.

170

CHARACTERIZATION OF CAULERPIN FROM Spatoglossum asperum: A BROWN ALGA

Ara J1, Sultana V2, Ehteshamul-Haque S3 and Ahmed VU4

1Post-harvest Technology Laboratory, Department of Food Science & Technology, 2Biotechnology & Drug 

Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, 3Agricultural Biotechnology & Phytopathology Laboratory, 

Department of Botany, 4HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. 

foodfulbright03@hotmail.com

Caulerpin, a dimmer of indole-3-acrylic acid, behaves much like the indole auxins, has been shown to be a plant

growth regulator. Caulerpinhas been reported from Caulerpales, green seaweeds and also from a red alga

Chondria armata. In our study, Spatoglossum asperum, a brown alga has shown significant nematicidal and

fungicidal activity against plant pathogenic fungi and parasitic nematode. The active fractions were found to be a

mixture of fatty acid ester. In screen house experiment, Spatoglossum asperum, besides, reducing the infection

of root rotting fungi and root knot nematode on tomato also improved plant growth. In this study, n-hexane

insoluble portion of ethanol extract of Spatoglossum asperum was chromatographed on a silica gel column (70-

230 mesh). The fraction eluted with hexane-chloroform (80-20) afforded an orange red crystals. The crystal was

characterized as caulerpin from its m.p., and other spectral data like UV, IR and 13C-NMR, that might be

responsible for improved plant growth as compared to non-seaweed control. Caulerpin was found to possess light

nematicidal activity against root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. 

34

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHENOL FRACTIONS IN FUCALES

Ar Gall E, Cérantola S, Breton F, Audibert L, Blanc N and Hauchard D

LEBHAM, EA 3877, IUEM, University of Western Brittany- UEB, Teknopol Brest-Hirwazh, 29280 Plouzane, Brittany, 

France, Laboratoire Sciences Chimiques, UMR CNRS 6226, ENSCR, Bali Général Leclerc, 35700 Roazhon, Brittany, 

France. erargall@univ-brest.fr

Native phenol pools have been extracted from Fucales growing on the coasts of Brittany. Two complementary

processes have been developed to fractionate phlorotannins, based on both their polarity and their molecular

size. Structural characterization has been carried out on the resulting fractions using both NMR and mass

spectroscopy. Their antioxidant activity has been evaluated by both colorimetric and electrochemical methods.

For the first time, pure polyphenol fractions could be isolated in Algae, i.e. poly-fucols and poly-fucophlorethols.

HPLC was used successfully to separate oligophenols below 2000 Da. Cyclic voltammetry was adapted to seaweed

extracts and electrochemistry results correlated with data obtained by both DPPH and ABTS. Overall, this work

opens new perspectives for both the mass production of phlorotannin fractions and the study of phenol

biosynthesis pathways in Phaeophyceae.

254

EVALUATION OF RHODOLITH BEDS AS HABITAT FOR A HIGH SPONGE BIODIVERSITY

Ávila E and Riosmena-Rodríguez R

Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja 

California Sur, Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz B.C.S., C.P. 23080, Mexico. kike@ola.icmyl.unam.mx

Rhodoliths are unattached non-geniculate coralline red macroalgae, which provide microhabitats and shelter to a

high biodiversity of plants and animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the community of

sponges associated to rhodolith beds from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Sponge species richness
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

46

and abundance was determined in four rhodolith beds from September 2008 to May 2009. In these beds

Lithophyllum margaritae was the dominant rhodolith forming species. Both, rhodolith density and branch density

varied significantly (p< 0.05) among sites. A total of 16 sponge species were identified belonging to 7 Orders and

9 Families. The most abundant associated sponges were Scopalina ruetzleri and Halichondria semitubulosa (until

62 ind.m-2 and 23 ind.m-2, respectively). At these beds the sponge species richness ranged between 2.6 and 5.5

species.m-2. A significant positive relationship (r = 0.96, p< 0.05) was found between sponge abundance and

rhodolith density. Most of the sponge species were found overgrowing live rhodoliths without apparent damage,

while others were boring species. This study in addition to contribute to the sponge biodiversity in the West coast

of Baja California peninsula also showed clear evidences that these fragile biogenic habitats constitute an

essential part of the benthic ecosystems of Bahia Magdalena.

106

RESTORATION OF NATIVE SEAWEED BEDS OF THE SPECIES Gigartina skottsbergii AND 

Sarcothalia crispata

Avila M1, Mansilla A2, Caceres J1, Piel MI1 and Rodriguez D1

1Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Arturo Prat, Ejercito 443, Puerto Montt. 2Av. Bulnes 01855, 

Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas. marcela.avila1@gmail.com

In Chile seaweeds have been harvested since 1950, mostly by artisanal fishermen, extracting this resource

directly from natural beds. With the increasing demand of raw materials by the industry, the usual areas of

operation are decreasing their production. Restoration trough massive cultivation could be the alternative that

would allow stable supply and sustainability. Cultivation technologies and the restoration techniques of Gigartina

skottsbergii (red luga) and Sarcothalia crispata (broad leaf) have been developed and proved at pilot scale. This

research considers scaling up the cultivation and restoration of two native species G. skottsbergii and S. crispata

in management areas, through direct and indirect seeding with spores and adding microthalli on substrates, in

order to ensure the production of biomass and increasing individuals’ density. An educational project for artisanal

fishermen and their families is included. The existing knowledge about farming technologies and restoration

techniques of red seaweeds will be built in harmony with the local culture of artisanal fishermen.

100

CULTIVATION OF THE RED ALGA Chondrancanthus chamissoi

Avila M1, Piel MI1, Caceres JH1 and Alveal K2

1Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Arturo Prat, Ejercito 443, Puerto Montt, 2Depto de Oceanografia, 

Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanograficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160, Concepción. 

marcela.avila1@gmail.com

The red alga Chondrancanthus chamissoi (C. Agardh) Kützing 1843 is an endemic species of south-central region

of South America. In the Pacific Ocean is distributed from north-central Peru to Chiloé Island. This species has

economic importance because it is edible and it is used for the production of carrageenan. Tetrasporophyte phase

was grown in laboratory obtaining male and female gametophytes that were incubated in different conditions of

photoperiod, pH, salinity and temperature. The gametophytes were developed and generate reproductive

structures, which matured in vitro. Fertilization occur and subsequent formation of cystocarpic. Carpospores were

released and sporophytes arise, completing under laboratory conditions the life cycle of this species. Growth

rates were recorded for each reproductive phases under different culture conditions used. Sporophytes reached

the highest daily growth rate (22%) while gametophytes daily growth rate was slower (9%). Life cycle of the species

is described and development of both phases is compared for large scale production.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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277

Sargassum spp AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR REDUCING THE EGG CHOLESTEROL CONTENT

Bahena MAC1,2, Carrillo DS1, Casas VMM3, Castillo DRM1, Carranco JME1 and Pérez-Gil RF1*

1Depto. Nutrición Animal, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., 2 Fac. 

de Química,UNAM, 3Laboratorio de Macroalgas, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, IPN, La Paz, Baja 

California Sur, México. rexprimero@hotmail.com

The egg is an excellent source of nutrients, however, many people reduce or avoid their use, due to its high

cholesterol content. Seaweeds have compounds (sterols and polysaccharides) with hypocholesterolemic

properties, therefore the objective of this study was to determine the effect of add Sargassum (MA) to the laying

hens diet on egg cholesterol content. 225 white Leghorn hens of 19 weeks of age were distributed in five

treatments: 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% MA with 5 replicates of 9 birds each. The experiment lasted 6 weeks. At the

end of the trial 40 eggs of each treatment were taken, mixed white and yolk. The cholesterol content was

measured by gas chromatography. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (P <0.05) to compare

means. The concentrations of cholesterol obtained were (mg/100g fresh egg): 510 (0% MA), 508 (2% MA), 462 (4%

MA), 379 (6% MA) and 424 (8% MA). The conclusion is that add Sargassum to laying hens diet reduce significantly

the cholesterol content in the egg.

74

SEAWEED-TO-BIOFUELS. WHAT NOW?

Bakken PA

Seaweed Energy Solutions AS, Pirsenteret 3 Etg. Oppgang D, Havnegaten 9, 7462 Trondheim, Norway. Postboks 

1262 Pirsenteret, 7462 Trondheim, Norway. bakken@seaweedenergysolutions.com

We know seaweed grows faster than any terrestrial plant, large areas are available (the ocean), large scale

traditional farming of seaweed is proven (millions of tons),basic conversion to biogas and ethanol has been tested

with reasonable yields, and we know that there is no conflict with food supplies, land use changes and demand

for fresh water. Also, in the ocean we have logistical cost advantages due to the buoyancy that works in our favor,

and less logistical limitations compared to land based operations. All this, fueled with the recent advances in

parallel industries such as aquaculture, marine offshore and subsea technology, and bioenergy processing

technologies-we believe the conclusion is clear-seaweed has a great potential as biomass for energy purposes.

With the mentioned advantages–how can it not be possible to cultivate seaweed at a competitive price? As for any

renewable energy project it is important to achieve sufficient subsidies in the start up faces to ensure a

technological neutral position. For seaweed, these subsidies, as well as a clarification regarding seaweed ́s

eligibility for carbon credits, must be set as soon as possible. Seaweed Energy Solutions AS (SES) is a Norwegian

company focused on the development of large-scale offshore cultivation of seaweed. SES is involved in various

R&D projects and a patent has been filed for an offshore cultivation system. The future direction of the emerging

seaweed-to-biofuels industry will be discussed.

79

UVA RADIATION INDUCES PHOTOPROTECTION MECHANISMS IN Gracilaria tenustipitata 

(RHODOPHYTA) AGAINST UVB DAMAGE EFFECTS

Barufi JB1, Momoli MM1, Korbee N2, Figueroa FL2 and Oliveira MC1

1Botany Department, University of São Paulo, 05422-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2Ecology Department, University 

of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain. jose_usp@yahoo.com.br

The photoprotection against UV radiation of the agarophyte Gracilaria tenuistipitata was evaluated.

Tetrasporophytes were cultivated at 25oC, 12:12-h light:dark cycle and 260 μmol photons.m-2.s-1 of PAR into

polycarbonate cylindrical vessels, containing 0.4L of seawater enriched with Von Stosch solution. Algae were pretreated under PAR, PAR+UVA and PAR+UVA+UVB (8.13W.m-2 UVA, 0.42W.m-2 UVB) during one week. Then algal

samples were transferred from PAR and PAR+UVA to PAR+UVA+UVB and PAR+UVB, or from PAR+UVA+UVB to PAR

and PAR+UVB. Furthermore, three control samples were performed in the same radiation of acclimation (PAR,

PAR+UVA and PAR+UVA+UVB). Photosynthesis, growth rates and the accumulation of UV-screen photoprotector,
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

48

i.e. mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were evaluated at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48h after transferring. On the

other hand, thymine-dimmers, photosynthetic pigments, C:N ratios and photolyase gene expression by real time

PCR were assessed at the beginning and after 48h of the experimental period. The highest MAA amount was

reached under PAR+UVA+UVB treatment, whereas MAA-content decreased under PAR+UVB. Photosynthetic

parameters and growth rates were higher when samples remained without UVB (PAR or PAR+UVA), while

PAR+UVB-treated samples showed a strong photoinhibition, formation of thymine-dimmers and the highest C:N

ratios. The relative photolyase gene expression, chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents were similar among

treatments. This study shows a clear negative effect of UVB on the physiological status of G. tenuistipitata, and an

effective activation of photoprotective mechanisms by UVA radiation. 

164

ECO FRENDLY IN SITU AND IN VITRO CULTIVATION IN PANAMA OF Kappaphycus alvarezii 

(DOTY) DOTY EX SILVA

Batista de Vega G1, Garcia-Jimenez P2 and Robaina RR2

1Vice-presidency of Research and Postgraduate of the University of Panama, 2Grupo de Fisiología y Biotecnología 

Vegetal Marina.Departamento de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran 

Canaria. Islas Canarias. España. Batistag@si.edu

Kappaphycus alvarezii has been cultured in Cativa located in the Caribbean coast of Panama, since 2004 for

commercial purposes. The cultivation was developed in two activities: the culture in situ (in the sea and in tanks),

and in vitro (in laboratory and acclimatization in tanks and aquariums). Both activities have the objective of having

a sustainable development in the coastal areas, getting an attractive product for the industry and which will give

economic opportunities to the cultivators. The results show that growth rate observed (4.0 to 5.0%) is constant all

year long and is independent of the selected sites, the two main seasons: dry and rainy, and the environmental

parameters. Among the plantation systems, the fixed structures cause less impact, are inexpensive and act in

favor of the growth. Kappaphycus alvarezii can be kept in tanks with similar growth rates as in natural conditions,

therefore can be used as a source of biomass for seeds. The dryer used, giving an estimated amount of 36 bags

of 11 kg dry biomass each, raw material per polygon (300 m2) year-1. Carrageenan production maintains a

constant (ca. 35%) pattern related to production, and molecular weight accepted by the industry (1.6 x 105 Da).

The production of different fractions, iota or kappa, varies with time in culture, being higher in young thalli for

the first and lower in the oldest. The techniques of in vitro culture of seaweeds have allowed the maintenance and

propagation of explants fragments stocks in the laboratory and acclimated in tanks and aquariums. The ex vitro

acclimatization has proved being feasible for the recovery and future spread of the explants maintained in the

laboratory to sites on the sea.

167

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SEAWEED Caulerpa taxifolia IN NEW SOUTH WALES, 

AUSTRALIA

Bohorquez CA and Schreider MJ

School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2250, Australia. 

carlosbohorquez46@yahoo.com

Caulerpa taxifolia is a green seaweed native in tropical countries. It has traditionally been used as decorative

plant in marine aquariums. Its occurrence in Australia was first registered in 1860 in Queensland. It was found in

temperate waters in the Mediterranean Sea, Europe in 1980, and has spread quickly along that coast. More

recently, in 2000 C. taxifolia has been discovered off the coasts of Australia (around the cities of Sydney and

Adelaide) and United States. It is considered a noxious weed, because it grows fast covering large areas, can

potentially displace seagrass and is toxic to majority of herbivores. The algae from different New South Wales

estuaries appear very different in form. This study analyzed these differences based on 22 morphological

characters. Some of those characters significantly differ among groups; e.g. ratio between numbers of Fronds and

Rhizoids clearly separates three groups of estuaries: the first is Lake Conjola with the highest value, the second

includes St Georges Basin, Narrawallee inlet and Burrill Lake with an intermediate value, and the third group

includes Booker Bay, Palm Beach and Cronulla. Only one location does not clearly group with any others (Botany

Bay). Cluster analysis of all morphometric characters together gives a different result: Cronulla and Palm Beach

present the highest similarity (>80%) whereas a group of southern locations clearly separates from those around

Sydney. It is planned to carry out in near future additional testing based on genetics to check out if algae from

different estuaries will form similar groupings.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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141

ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF Macrocystis spp; PURSUIT OF A SUSTAINABLE TECHNIQUE OF 

HARVESTING FOR CHILE

Borras Chavez R1, Edwards M1 and Vasquez J2

1Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 Unites States. 

2Departamento de Biologia Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Catolica del Norte. Larrondo 1281-

Coquimbo, CHILE. rborras@gmail.com

Success of sustainable kelp harvesting in countries such as the U.S. has been achieved by creating management

plans that consider the ecological impacts on the harvested species. In contrast, countries such as Chile have

never developed such techniques and as a result, recovery of kelp populations following extraction can be

delayed. Here, we evaluate three techniques of harvesting giant kelp Macrocystis spp in Chile and California.

Specifically, we compare kelp recruitment and new stipe addition between treatments where (1) half of all stipes

on every individual in an area were removed, (2) all stipes on half of the individuals in the area were removed, (3)

all stipes on all individuals were removed (complete removal of the resource), and (4) unharvested control areas.

Variation in juvenile kelp recruitment and the number of stipes in each area were measured every week for two

months. Although little variation in the number of accrued stipes was observed among harvesting treatments,

significant differences in new kelp recruitment was observed. Recruitment was greatest in areas where half of all

stipes were removed from each individual, and no recruitment was observed in unharvested areas or areas where

all stipes on all individuals were removed, reaffirming the ecological damage of this non-controlled harvesting

technique. Although the first two techniques are based on the actual technique of extraction in Chile and extract

the same amount of biomass, a small change in harvesting technique could enhance kelp recovery following

extraction.

298

COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR FUCOIDAN EXTRACTION IN BROWN ALGAE

Brebion J1, Hennequart F2 and Tuohy MG1

1Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, 

Galway, Galway City, Ireland. 2Oilean Glas Teoranta, Kilcar, Co. Donegal, Ireland

The use of seaweed polysaccharides as natural bioactive compounds has increased in recent years. Among these

polysaccharides, the fucoidans (sulphated polymers of fucose) extracted from brown seaweeds have a wide range

of applications from medicinal, to use as plant growth stimulators, to cosmeceutical. However, the bioactivity of

fucoidan varies and is linked to the size and composition of the polymer. In this study, two different

polysaccharide extraction methods have been compared in terms of yield, purity and composition of the

extracted fucoidan. Using each protocol, two polysaccharide fractions were obtained: a fucoidan-rich fraction and

an alginate-rich fraction using one method, and a fucoidan-rich fraction and a laminarin-rich fraction with the

second method. The purity, size and composition (relative proportion of monosaccharides and sulphates) of the

two fucoidan fractions were investigated, and the extraction yield of each methodology determined. To achieve an

acceptable level of purity for the fucoidan fractions (at least 7O% pure fucoidan), undesirable compounds like

polyphenols or pigments were removed. The purified fucoidans were then fractionated to characterise their

molecular size and composition, which is important to underpin potential bioactivity. The best extraction method

which was based on a compromise between extraction yield, purity and composition was then identified. The

bioactivity of the two fucoidan fractions will now be tested in a range of bioactivity tests (including prebiotic

effects).
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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127

IMPACTS OF LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED KELP CULTIVATION ON NATURAL PRIMARY 

PRODUCTIVITY

Broch OJ1, Ellingsen IH1, Slagstad D1, Reitan KI1 and Olsen Y2

1SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture, 2Department of biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 

(NTNU). ole.jacob.broch@sintef.no

Integrated aquaculture aims at reducing potentially negative environmental impacts of e.g. finfish farming - and

increasing profitability - by exploiting feed resources at more than one trophic level. Almost 40% of the feed

nitrogen input in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture is released to the environment through faeces and is

made available for uptake by micro- and macroalgae. Although nitrogen released from salmonic species farming

in Norway is of a magnitude of 35,000 mt year-1, it may be considered a resource since Norwegian coastal waters

generally experience a nitrogen deficit in late spring and summer. An ocean model has been established for the

open coastal water outside Trøndelag, Norway. This is a fully coupled 3D hydrodynamic and ecological model. A

model simulating growth of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) has been included. With the model, we may study

how released nitrogen from fish farming influences phytoplankton productivity, and how large-scale kelp farming

interacts in this picture. We will present results from simulations with and without extensive kelp farms and

nitrogen effluents. Thus we will get a picture of how integrated and non-integrated aquaculture might affect

natural primay production differently. This ongoing work is part of the INTEGRATE programme at SINTEF and

NTNU.

251

MARINE BIOMASS – THE DANISH Ulva lactuca PROJECT

Bruhn A1, Rasmussen MB1, Dahl J2, Nikolaisen LS3, Nielsen HB4, Thomsen AB4, Sander B5 and Ravn E5

1National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. 2Danish 

Technological Institute, Gregersensvej, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark. 3Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvangs 

Allé 29, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. 4Risoe National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of 

Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.5DONG Energy A/S. Kraftværksvej 53, Skærbæk, 7000 

Fredericia, Denmark. anbr@dmu.dk

The green marine seaweed Ulva lactuca is studied in order to describe the potential of this specific algae biomass

as a source of renewable energy. We aim at producing an integrated solution including all aspects from

optimising biomass production by utilising flue gas from power plants as growth stimulation, over harvest and

conditioning to optimisation of energy conversion to biogas, bioethanol or solid biomass for combustion and

gasification. The partners involved are The National Environmental Research Institute at Aarhus University, the

Danish Technological Institute, the utility company DONG Energy and the Risoe National Renewable Energy

Laboratory. Our results demonstrate that we are capable of producing a minimum of 45 tonnes of DW biomass

per hectare during a growth season of 200 days. Sparging the growth media with CO2 or flue gas was found to

increase the growth rate by up to a factor of 1.5. Light and temperature were not the limiting factors during

growth, indicating that a temperate climate is fully suited for cultivation of U. lactuca for energy production.

Preliminary results indicate that U. lactuca biomass can be pelletized for storage and transport, but that the

combustion properties are poor, due to high content of ash and alkali components. Biogas yields are – without

process optimisation - in between yields of land based energy crops and manure. We conclude that a high

production of biomass for energy production is feasible by cultivation of U. lactuca. Future focus is on optimising

energy conversion to biogas and bioethanol, as well as gasification.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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62

MASSIVE KELP PRODUCTION IN CHILE: FUTURE PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS

Buschmann AH, Hernández-González MC, Flores R, Gutiérrez A, Varela D and Huovinen P

i-mar Research Center, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile. 

abuschma@ulagos.cl

Nowadays, the aquaculture development in Chile is facing several environmental-sanitary constraints and

controversies. In this context, seaweed mariculture development appears not only as an interesting species to

help diversification of the industry, but also to enhance environmental benefits. In this study we analyze recent

developments of kelp aquaculture in Chile by studying from a biological, technical, and economical perspective.

In addition we establish possible products that have been or are being studied at the present such as: human food

products, premium abalone feeds, agronomic plant growth regulators, alginate and other special chemicals, and

biomass for biofuel production. In addition we introduce its use for N and CO2 bioremediation using integrated

multi-trophic aquaculture approaches for the salmon industry. Our results show that giant kelp (Macrocystis

pyrifera) can reach biomass production over 200 tons. per hectare per year in southern Chile, which implies a

high photosynthetic efficiency (between 1 and 2%) and non-limiting nutrient conditions. The costs of a floating

system depend strongly from the local prevailing oceanographic conditions, depth and dimension of the culture

unit. The profitability of kelp culture system will therefore be highly depended from the productivity achieved. For

this reason, issues like nutrient limitations at high production scale, genetics and pest management requires

research attention in the near future. 

EFFECT OF UVA AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, 

NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY AND PHENOLIC COMPOUND LEVELS OF Ulva rigida

Cabello-Pasini A1, Macías-Carranza V1 and Figueroa FL2

1Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, A.P. 453, Ensenada, Baja 

California 22800, México, 2Dept. Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario 

Teatinos, E-29071, Spain. acabello@uabc.mx

Seaweed species living on the intertidal zone are exposed to fluctuating nitrate and UVA levels. While it has been

shown that reduced nitrate concentrations and elevated UVA levels can reduce photosynthetic levels in seaweeds,

less is known about the compound effect of nitrate levels and UVA on the metabolism of intertidal species.

Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrate concentration and UVA treatments

on photosynthesis, respiration, nitrate reductase activity and phenolic compound levels of Ulva rigida. There was

a two- to three fold increase in Pmax values, the initial slope of oxygen evolution (αoxy), maximum fluorescence

and ETR values as nitrate in the media increased from 0 to 50 μM NO3. In contrast, optimum quantum yield

decreased linearly in tissue of U. rigida as nitrate levels in the media increased. Non-photochemical quenching

became negative in tissue incubated at low nitrate concentrations while it was always positive when tissue was

incubated at 50 μM NO3. This suggests that reduced nitrogen levels in the media decreases the heat dissipation

capacity of the PSII in U. rigida. Respiration, nitrate reductase activity and phenolic compound levels increased

linearly from low values in tissue incubated at 0 μM NO3 to high values in tissue incubated at 50 μM NO3.

However, respiration and nitrate reductase decreased in the same treatment when exposed to UVA. The recovery

of nitrate reductase activity after the UVA treatment was 50% greater in tissue incubated under high nitrate levels.

The impact of UVA and nitrate concentration on the metabolism of Ulva rigida will be discussed. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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280

RED ALGAE AS INDICATORS OF CONNECTIVITY AMONG MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

Calumpong HP1, Payo DO2, Naguit MRA3 and Lucañas J1

1Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines, 2Ghent 

University, Ghent, Belgium, 3Jose Rizal Memorial State College-Katipunan, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. 

hpcalumpong@yahoo.com

Genetic sequences of red algae belonging to Laurencia and Portieria obtained using Rubisco spacer primers were

analyzed to determine if they reflect connectivity among marine reserves in central Philippines where the algae

were collected. The clusters generated using Fst values were compared to those obtained using fish (Pterocaesio

pisang) and giant clam (Tridacna crocea) broadcast spawner species. Similarities in spatial structuring were

found which were congruent with the current data indicating source-sink relationships among the studied marine

reserves. 

292

ROLE OF Ulva spp. ON NITROGEN CYCLING IN AN UPWELLING INFLUENCED COASTAL 

LAGOON

Camacho-Ibar V1 and Zertuche-González JA1

1Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Apdo. Postal 453. 

Ensenada, Baja California, México 22830. vcamacho@uabc.mx

San Quintín Bay (SQB) is a hypersaline coastal lagoon located in NW Mexico, where nutrient cycling and primary

production are strongly influenced by upwelling events in the coastal ocean. SQB is a seagrass dominated system

but in recent years Ulva spp. is apparently increasing its standing stocks and areal coverage. High biomasses of

Ulva are observed near the mouth of the lagoon around late-spring and early summer, the period of upwelling

intensification in the adjacent ocean. Primary production in SQB is apparently limited by nitrogen availability,

thus, the distribution of Ulva is likely determined by the availability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the

water column and, in turn, Ulva seems to strongly determine the shape of DIN concentration distributions along

the bay during the upwelling intensification period. Nutrient budgets obtained with a box-modelling approach

(the LOICZ model) and the application of Ecological Network Analysis of N networks suggest that Ulva spp. plays

a significant role as a (temporary) DIN sink near the mouth of the lagoon. Depending on upwelling intensity and

tidal conditions, Ulva may limit the availability of DIN for vegetation at the inner arms of the lagoon thus playing

a significant role on primary production at the community level.

335

ANTIGENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF SULPHATED POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE GREEN SEAWEED 

Ulva clathrata ON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES EXPOSED TO SODIUM ARSENITE

Cárdenas-Bautista D1, Pacheco-Ruíz I2, Arellano-García E3, Muñiz-Salazar R1 and Baptista-Rosas R1

1Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd. Zertuche y Blvd. de Los Lagos s/

n, Ensenada, B.C., México. C.P. 22890, 2Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja 

California, Km 103 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, B.C., México. C.P. 22800, 3Facultad de Ciencias, 

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 103 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, B.C., México. C.P. 

22800

Arsenic is a well-known environmental pollutant and human carcinogen. Arsenic exposition damages the DNA and

produces cancer cells. Chemical substances in terrestrial and marine plants have sulphated polysaccharides that

may prevent and reverse the formation of cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the antigenotoxic effects of a

sulphated polysaccharide extract (SPE) from the green seaweed Ulva clathrata on human lymphocyte cultures

exposed to sodium arsenite. The analysis of micronuclei (MN) is a cytogenetic technique used to show

chromosomal damage caused by cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. The SPE was obtained from dry seaweed that

was triturated, diluted in hot water at 60oC for 1 h, filtered and precipitated in ethanol. Whole blood cultures were

incubated for 72 h and treated with concentrations of sodium arsenite (100–1000 μM) and SPE (0.1–1 mg L-1) for
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24 h. Three replicas in two experiments were made. Analysis of variance revealed that sodium arsenite is a

cytotoxic and genotoxic agent because it reduces cell proliferation. The SPE, however, did not show the same

result. The antigenotoxic effects of the SPE were not present because they did not reduce the number of MN to

normal (3.6±3.45) but deadened the effect of sodium arsenite, reducing the MN from 69.36±3.45 to 34.17 and

33.17±3.45 when the sulphated polysaccharide concentrations were at 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 and sodium arsenite was

1000 μM. The SPE was a deadening agent of the harmful effects of sodium arsenite.

214

A POST-GENOMIC LOOK AT IRON UPTAKE AND STORAGE IN Ectocarpus siliculosus

Carrano CJ1 and Küpper FC2

1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, 2Scottish 

Association of Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA Scotland, UK. 

carrano@sciences.sdsu.edu

Iron is a critical micronutrient for all plant species including those associated with the marine environment.

Indeed iron has been found to be the growth limiting nutrient with respect to the growth of phytoplankton in

large areas of the worlds oceans. Thus how this element is acquired, stored and processed is of critical

importance to such diverse areas as oceanic primary productivity, alternate energy sources and global carbon

sequestration. While marine microalgae have received some attention in this regard virtually nothing is known

about how the more conspicuous members of the marine plant community, the macroalgae (seaweeds) acquire

this vital element. Here we report our initial study of iron uptake and storage in the model "seaweed" Ectocarpus

siliculosus using a combined spectroscopic/biochemical/bioinformatics approach making use of the just

completed genome of this organism.

92

NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND REDUCTION EFFICIENCY OF Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (S Gmelin) AS A 

BIOFILTER OF RED SEA BREAM (Pagrus major) CULTURE WASTES

Carton RJ1, Okuyama Y2, Kimura H2, Fujita D1 and Notoya M1

1Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, 

Tokyo 108-8477 Japan, 2Fisheries Experimental Station, Wakayama Prefectural Research Center of Agriculture, 

Forestry and Fisheries, Kushimoto 1557-20, Kushimoto-cho, Higashimuro-gun, Wakayama 659-3503. 

rheajoycarton@gmail.com

This study demonstrates the biofiltering capacity of G. bursa-pastoris integrated with red sea bream (Pagrus

major) culture in an outdoor flow-through system. This species has been shown to have high growth rates (17.66

to 21.45% d-1) at high temperature (35°C) and oceanic salinity (35‰) and tolerance to lower irradiance. Laboratory

experiments on nutrient depletion using ammonium and nitrate as separate nitrogen sources showed that uptake

was 29% higher with ammonium than nitrate. In the fish-seaweed integrated system, maximum reduction

efficiency (76.78%) and nutrient uptake rates (1148.36 μmol kg wet weight-1h-1) were also highest for ammonium.

In both laboratory and outdoor experiments, we also observed the suppression of nitrate uptake by ammonium

and the capacity of the seaweed for dark uptake within the 48-hour incubation period. This higher affinity of the

species to ammonium which is the dominant form in the fish effluents and its capacity for dark uptake make it a

suitable biofilter component in IMTA systems. We estimate that about 395 kg of this seaweed will be needed to

strip the dissolved nitrogen released from a 1 ton fish biomass culture at 2.7% feed rate.
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21

STANDING CROP AND REGENERATION OF Sargassum BEDS IN THE EAST COAST OF BAJA 

CALIFORNIA SUR

Casas-Valdez M1, Aguila-Ramírez N1, Sánchez-Rodríguez I1 and Serviere-Zaragoza E2

1Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), 2Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste 

(CIBNOR). serviere04@cibnor.mx

The standing crop of Sargassum beds was estimated in the east coast of Baja California Sur in 2006. In addition,

the regeneration rate was evaluated in three beds: Califin, Tarabillas, and San Juan de la Costa. In every bed the

surface, biomass, and size structure of species were estimated. In total 87 Sargassum beds were located and

measured. The total surface calculated was 4 652 480 m2 and the standing crop was 21 180 t. The standing crop

per zone was of 2 821 t in La Paz bay, 1 964 t from Punta Cabeza de Mechudo to Puerto Escondido, 9 594 t in

Concepción bay and 6 801 t from Mulegé to Paralelo 28°. The biomass average was 3 kg m-2, 6 kg m-2, 4 kg m-2

and 9 kg m-2, respectively. The size range of the species found increased from 9-190 cm in La Paz bay to 132-

1900 cm from Mulegé to Paralelo 28°N. As for regeneration, the biomass obtained in Califin and Tarabillas beds in

2007 was higher than the one found in 2006 in both harvested and not harvested areas. In San Juan de la Costa, a

lower biomass was determined only in the area that was not harvested previously. Consequently, the biomass

reduction in this zone is not attributed to the effect of the harvest. The results of this study prove that in the east

coast of Baja California Sur there is a potential of Sargassum algae susceptible of sustainable exploitation. 

20

Sargassum MEAL AS NON-CONVENTIONAL INGREDIENT IN FORAGE DIETS FOR GOATS AND 

SHEEP

Casas-Valdez M1, Rodríguez-Astudillo S1, Aguila-Ramírez N1, Sánchez-Rodríguez I1, HernándezContreras H2 and Carrillo-Domínguez S3

1Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, 2Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, 3Instituto Nacional 

de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. srodrig@ipn.mx

Two validation tests were carried out with 24 Nubia female goats and 26 Peliguey male sheep, both with an

average metabolic weight of 9.6 kg. Goats and sheep were distributed randomly in two groups, one fed with a

control diet and another with a diet that included 25% of Sargassum meal. Each animal of every group was

assigned randomly in a rustic individual cage, provided with food and water containers. Feed and water intake

were measured daily during 90 days. Weight, size, length, abdominal, and thorax diameter were measured every

15 days. At the end of the experiments, metabolic weight and feed conversion factor were calculated. There was

no significant difference in feed intake, but water intake was higher in the diet with Sargassum meal, due to the

high mineral content of the algae. There were no significant differences in weight, metabolic weight, size, length,

abdominal, and thorax diameter between treatments in goats as well as in sheep. The feed conversion factor was

lower for the diet that included 25% of Sargassum meal in both experimental animals. It is concluded that it is

possible to include up to 25% of Sargassum meal as non-conventional feed in diets for goats and sheep. It is

recommended to supply the seaweeds together with conventional forages, such as alfalfa or in balanced food; or

ad libitum in feeders. 

19

PRODUCTION OF LOW CHOLESTEROL WHITE SHRIMP FEED Sargassum MEAL

Casas-Valdez M1, Portillo-Clark G, Rodríguez-Astudillo S1, Palacios-Mechetnov E2, Sánchez-Rodríguez 

I

1, Aguila-Ramírez N1, Monsalvo-Spencer P, Carrillo-Domínguez S3

1Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), 2Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste 

(CIBNOR), 3Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INNSZ). mcasasv@hotmail.com

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets that contain algae Sargassum spp. at 4 and 8% inclusion,

on the productive parameters and cholesterol concentration in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Three diets

were tested: a commercial diet (control treatment) (T1), a diet with 4% (T2), and a diet with 8% (T3) dry weight of
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Sargassum meal. Three 60 L tanks were used as replicas for each treatment. At the end of the experimental

treatment (45 days), shrimp were weighed and samples of muscle were freeze-dried and cholesterol content was

determined. There were no significant differences in weight gain, final size, feed conversion, and survival rate

among treatments. The cholesterol concentration in the white shrimp fed with the diet that contained 4% of

Sargassum was significantly (P<0.05) lower (86 mg/100 g) than in the shrimps fed with the control diet (118 mg/

100 g) and (114 mg/100 g) 8% Sargassum diet. These results show, that it is possible to include up to 8% of

Sargassum in the diet for white shrimp, without detrimental effects in the productive parameters, and that the

diet with 4% of Sargassum produces shrimp with reduced (27%) cholesterol levels. 

104

COMPOSITION OF MACROALGAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM A DISTURBED ROCKY REEF IN THE GULF 

OF CALIFORNIA

Chávez-Sánchez T1,2, Mazariegos-Villarreal A1 and Serviere-Zaragoza E1

1Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Mar Bermejo No. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La 

Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México. 2Universidad del Mar, Campus Puerto Ángel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puerto Ángel, 

Distrito de San Pedro Pochutla, Oax. 70902, México. iguanados4@hotmail.com

Macroalgal assemblages from Canal de San Lorenzo, a disturbed rocky reef in the southwest Gulf of California,

were studied in order to observe changes in the macroalgae composition two years after ship stranding and the

impact of Hurricane Juliette. Three areas with different degrees of disturbance were selected (site 1 to 3 from

highly disturbed to less disturbed), and seasonal samples were collected from 2005 to 2007. We found a total of

121 species, 24 Chlorophyta, 25 Pheophyta and 72 Rhodophyta. Filamentous macroalgae such as Cladophora,

Ectocarpus, Ceramium, and Polysiphonia were the main species that characterized the macroalgal assemblages of

the channel, but we also found species such as Sargassum, Padina and Dyctiota. The number of temperate and

tropical species was similar (38), 12 species could not determined and the rest where of wide distribution (33).

Species richness varied between sites (79 – 92) without clear relation to the degree of disturbance. The highest

number of species was found in the spring of 2007 (85) and the minimum in the autumn of 2006 (36), consistent

with seasonal changes observed in the region. The filamentous morphology and turf forming habit of the majority

of macroalgae species allow them to resist strong currents and substrate instability present in the area. Our

results showed that, after two years of the disturbance, macroalgal assemblages had similar species richness and

composition regardless of the degree of disturbance, showing similar patterns to the macroalgal assemblages in

the region.

191

SEAWEEDS: THE INORGANIC EXTRACTIVE COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC 

AQUACULTURE (IMTA) NOT ONLY PRODUCING A MULTIPLE-USE BIOMASS BUT ALSO 

RENDERING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR NUTRIENT/CARBON CREDITS

Chopin TM1, Sawhney M1, Campbell E1, Shea R1, Belyea E1, Pang SJ2, Reid GK1,3, Robinson SMC3, Haya 

K3, Burridge L3, Page F3, Ridler N1, Szemerda M4, Powell F4, Sewuster J5 and Boyne-Travis S6

1University of New Brunswick, Centre for Coastal Studies & Aquaculture, Centre for Environmental & Molecular 

Algal Research, P.O. Box 5050, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada, 2Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of 

Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, 3Department of Fisheries & Oceans, 531 Brandy Cove Road, 

St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L9, Canada, 4Cooke Aquaculture Inc., 874 Main Street, Blacks Harbour, NB E5H 1E6, 

Canada, 5Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1X8, Canada, 6Canadian Food 

Inspection Agency, 99 Mount Pleasant Road, St. George, NB E5C 3S9, Canada. tchopin@unbsj.ca

The aquaculture sector needs to develop more responsible practices to optimize its efficiency, create

diversification and ensure the mitigation of the consequences of its activities. One innovative solution for

environmental sustainability, economic stability and societal acceptability is integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

(IMTA). IMTA combines the cultivation of fed aquaculture species (e.g. finfish) with inorganic extractive

aquaculture species (e.g. seaweeds) and organic extractive aquaculture species (e.g. suspension- and depositfeeders) for a balanced ecosystem management approach. Extractive aquaculture not only produces a multipleuse biomass, it also renders ecosystem services. Through IMTA, some of the food, nutrients and by-products

considered lost in finfish monoculture are recaptured and converted into food, fertilizers and energy to produce

extractive crops of commercial value, while biomitigation takes place. In this way, the nutrient externalities of fed
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monoculture are internalized, hence increasing the overall profitability and resilience of IMTA farms. The

economic value of the environmental/societal services and benefits of extractive species needs to be recognized/

accounted for to establish the true value of these IMTA components. This would create even stronger incentives

for aquaculturists to develop IMTA systems, in which seaweeds and invertebrates should be traded for nutrient/

carbon credits and coastal eutrophication reduction, through long-term planning/zoning in the broader context

of integrated coastal zone management. The IMTA program in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, and the world’s largest

macroalgal green tide in the Qingdao region, China, are used to illustrate the need to consider ecosystem services

so that biomitigative solutions become an integral part of regulatory and management frameworks.

507

MASS CULTURE OF RHODOPHYCEAN FILAMENTS AS SOURCE MATERIAL FOR 

NEUTRACEUTICALS

Chou H-N1, Jeng J-M1 and Lu H-K2

1Institute of Fisheries Science and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt 

Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, 2Sport Science Research Center, National Taiwan College of Physical Education, 

Taichung 40046, Taiwan. unijohn@ntu.edu.tw

Biliproteins, such as phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, have been used in fluorescent labeling of antibodies applied

as diagnostic agents in immunological, clinical, cell biological and biochemical research. Recently they were

reported to be active in blocking the viral infection, in addition to their ability to regulate mammalian

immunological response and enhance immunity. Most of the biliproteins commercially available are from

Spirulina due to their existing aquaculture scope and being a source material of neutraceuticals. Biliproteins from

red algae have been very difficult because of the poor extractability from the thalloid plants and the inconsistent

content in the field collected samples. Rhodophycean filaments derived from spore germination or fragments of

pseudoparenchymatous tissue can be cultured in abundance under controlled conditions. Mass cultured filaments

of red algae applied as a source material for biliproteins have several advantages, such as consistent content,

extractability and easy harvesting of the filamentous plant. Filamentous cultures of red algae have been

successfully developed in large scale, both in an open pond or a closed photobioreactor. Mass production of the

filamentous biomass can be applied not only as source material for biliprotein extraction for coloring agent in

food, drink and cosmetics, but also neutraceutical source material. Filament cultures of various red algal species

are under development for bioactive natural product isolation. 

144

PILOT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COASTAL CO2 REMOVAL BELT (CCRB) IN KOREA

Chung IK1, Oak JH2, Park K-S3 and Kim JG4

1Div. Earth Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, 2Marine Research Institute, 

Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, 3Energy & Environ. Res. Div., RIST, Pohang 790-600, Korea, 

4RCC, 601 Jigok-dong, Pohang Technopark Ventrue Bldg #205, Pohang 790-834, Korea. ikchung@pusan.ac.kr

The Coastal CO2 Removal Belt (CCRB) idea is to set up kelp farms which fix a prodigious quantity of CO2 through

photosynthesis as primary producers in the marine ecosystem. We could develop the concept of temporary or

rented credits of carbon storage. Therefore, CCRB could be defined as a man-made marine plant community that

is managed by CDM Project participants. With this CCRB, we verify their mechanism as a CO2 sink and develop

seaweed CDM methodologies and expect lots of ecosystem services in the marine environment. 

138

MARINE MACROALGAE INTRODUCED SPECIES: WHY ARE SOME SPECIES SO INVASIVE?

Collado-Vides L

Department of Biological Sciences, and Southeast Environmental Research Center OE 167, Florida International 

University, Miami, FL 33199, USA. colladol@fiu.edu

Introduction of species to ranges outside their original distribution is a widespread biological problem. Seaweeds

have been introduced through different vectors, the main sources being hull-fouling and aquaculture, while

aquarium trade counts for 1% of documented invasive species. Not all introduced species are successful invaders;
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however, no general life histories have been documented to explain why some macroalgal species are more

invasive than others. A recent analysis of 407 introduction events, with a total of 277 introduced species,

documents that the two green algal families Caulerpaceae and Codiaceae have significantly more invader species

than expected by chance. Particular life history traits have been acknowledged to be shared by successful

terrestrial plant invaders. Using Caulerpa species as a model, we analyze the particular biological traits that make

some species of this genus successful invaders. Documented biological traits associated with the invasiveness of

Caulerpa taxifolia are: high growth rate; nutrient uptake from sediments; tolerance to low water temperature;

lack of consumers; and clonal growth form. Clonality allows Caulerpa to cover new areas through vegetative

growth, disperse by fragmentation, avoid senescence, and use resources opportunistically. These attributes have

been described for other Caulerpa species, which means that some of them are potential invaders. The genus

Caulerpa includes 73 species worldwide with several in the aquarium trade; therefore import policies are needed

in order to avoid future introductions.

137

MACROALGAL INTRA-SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON POPULATION 

PRODUCTION: A GENERAL OVERVIEW

Collado-Vides L

Department of Biological Sciences, and Southeast Environmental Research Center OE 167, Florida International 

University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.

Seaweed population interactions are critically important for the establishment and maintaining of populations.

The positive and negative intra-specific interactions that ultimately affect the production and mortality of

populations of algal species are different among stages/phases of the complex algal life cycles; moreover, the

outcome on those interactions will impact the population abundances at the next stage/phase. This review

explores theoretical and experimental studies focused on intra-specific interactions at the level of dispersal and

recruitment, post-recruitment, survivorship and reproduction and fecundity rates between haploids and diploids

of juveniles and adults. Most studies addressing the dynamics of macroalgal populations document the role of

inter-specific interactions, such as grazing effects on survivorship of haploid or diploid recruits, or the interaction

between tidal timing and the release of gametes. A relative good number of studies discuss the distribution and

abundance of populations as response to environmental variables; however, less attention has received the study

of intra-specific interactions. Positive and negative density-dependent interactions have been described under

different environmental scenarios including the analysis of clonal and non-clonal growth forms. G:S adult ratios

are variable among species, this might be responding to dispersal and spore production and recruitment

dynamics. Results of demographic studies highlight the need to understand the role of all different stage/phases

of algal life cycle to develop accurate population studies. At the present time we recognize that a better

knowledge of microscopic stages and the feedback through density-dependent reproductive processes, including

dispersal and settlementare necessary for understanding algal population dynamics.

289

SPECTROSCOPIC AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC APPROACHES: “TWENTY FIVE YEARS OF STUDIES 

ON THE RED MACROALGA Solieria chordalis”

Deslandes E1, Bondu S, Goulard F, Fournet I, Ar Gall E, Diouris M and Floch JY

1Lebham Ea 3877, European Institute for Marine Studies University of Western Brittany, Place Nicolas Copernic, 

29280, Plouzane, France. eric.deslandes@univ-brest.fr

The review is intended as an overview of 25 years of research carried on the red macroalga Solieria chordalis

(Gigartinales) with an emphasis on the metabolic aspects. The report summarizes results of four PhD works and

about fifteen published papers, wrote by the scientists at the LEBHAM group (France) during these last 25 years.

All these studies led us to provide a strong knowledge about the carbon metabolic pathways from the red alga S.

chordalis and its adaptation to face up environmental stresses. Purification and characterization experiments

allowed defining the components constituting the carbon metabolic pathway in this red alga. Three levels have

been investigated: the enzymes (ie epimerase and pyrophosphorylase), the nucleotides sugars and the final

products (ie floridean starch, low molecular weight carbohydrates, cell wall polysaccharides). Experiments with

algal cultures at the laboratory allowed studying the impacts of changes in light intensities, salinity and nutrients

on the algal carbon metabolism at its enzymatic regulation level and the consequences on the contents of

activated sugars and storage products. These studies have also provided a solid technical background. Covering

several fields ranging from algal culture techniques to purification and chemical structure elucidation, this study
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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required the use of various specific biotechnological equipments and instrumental methods. During the last

decades, analytical tools (ie chromatographic methods and different NMR techniques as well as mass

spectrometry) have never ceased to be improved and have made spectacular progress in the accuracy, efficiency

and sensitivity. A part of this work describes the use of high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy

in studies of whole plant sample (in-situ identification and in-situ quantification of algal Metabolites e.g. low

molecular mass glycosides).

57

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SUBTIDAL VEGETATION IN BIZKAIA COAST (NORTHERN SPAIN): 

ARE THEY SIGNALS OF THE GLOBAL WARMING?

Díez I, Muguerza N, Santolaria A and Gorostiaga JM

Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo. 

644 Bilbao 48080, Spain. jm.gorostiaga@ehu.es

Increases in sea surface temperature and irradiance have been documented for the Basque coast during the last

decades. These changes together with the evidence of changes in key structural phytobenthic communities

detected at local scale (few kilometers) let us to evaluate changes in species abundance and diversity along the

whole western Basque coast. For that purpose several locations studied in summer 1991 were revisited in 2008.

n-MDS ordination analysis applied to a network of 378 quadrats distributed in 18 sites revealed remarkable

structural changes in subtidal vegetation. Results showed a widespread increases of coralline algae (Corallina

spp., Mesophyllum lichenoides, Lithophyllum incrustans), filamentous species (Falkenbergia rufolanosa, Gayliella

flaccida, Herposiphonia sp.) and others species such as Zanardinia typus and Acrosorium ciliolatum. It was also

remarkable the disappearance of the kelp Laminaria ochroleuca. Likewise, strong changes in the distribution of

the main canopy species were recorded. The agarophyte Gelidium corneum decreased in clean transparent waters

whereas increased in those sites with a slight extra load of nutrients and turbidity (i.e. close to river mouths). The

macrophyte Cystoseira baccata suffered noticeable changes in distribution, but a clear trend for the whole coast

could not be established. On the other hand, species richness and diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices)

significantly increased at all locations studied. These changes in major primary producers and habitat formers

could significantly impact the Basque coastal ecosystem. Our results suggest that the global warming could be

responsible for these changes, although temperature would not be the only regulating factor, changes in

irradiance and nutrients could also be involved. 

285

THE ROLE OF KELP FORESTS IN REGULATING ATMOSPHERIC CARBON: A LARGE-SCALE 

PERSPECTIVE

Edwards M1 and Kim KY2

1Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive,

San Diego, CA, 92107. 2Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University,

Gwangju 500-757, KOREA. edwards@sciences.sdsu.edu

Increases in atmospheric CO2 have resulted in measurable global heat retention and ocean acidification. While

ocean waters play an important role in CO2 uptake from the atmosphere, increases in surface water pCO2 may

reduce the rate of additional CO2 uptake. Thus, processes that reduce surface water pCO2 may be crucial to

maintaining CO2 flux from the atmosphere. Much in the way terrestrial forests play a major role in the drawdown

of atmospheric CO2, marine forests are similarly important in the coastal environment. Working at sites in

California, coastal Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, we show that large kelp forests can reduce surface water pCO2

within the forests by 20-50% relative to adjacent waters, although small kelp beds show little-to-no ability to

reduce pCO2. In contrast, pCO2 levels near the bottom of the forests were higher inside the forests than outside,

likely due to lower photosynthetic activity and increased microbial activity. Lastly, we combine data on kelp

distribution and abundance, carbon uptake rates, and kelp tissue carbon data to show that coastal kelp forest can

play a major role in mitigating recent increases in atmospheric CO2.
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105

GENOME EXPRESSION ANALYSIS TO UNDERSTAND ANTI-HERBIVORE DEFENSE IN A ROCKWEED

Ehlers A1, Kruse I1, John U2 and Weinberger F1

1Dept. of Benthic Ecology, IFM-GEOMAR, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, 2Dept. of Ecological 

Chemistry, AWI, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. fweinberger@ifm-geomar.de

During the last years it has been established that Fucus vesiculosus is capable of induced defense in response to

herbivory. In this rockweed, grazing results in reduced palatability, which is due to a production of defensive

compounds. The nature of these compounds is largely unknown and subject to discussion, with phlorotannin as a

possible candidate substance. Similarly, the cues that trigger defense responses are poorly known, with

oligoguluronic acid and methyl jasmonate among the proposed molecular signals. As a new approach to tackle

these and related questions, we developed a transcript profiling tool for F. vesiculosus. Total RNA was extracted

from algae that were subject to grazing by the isopod Idotea baltica for up to 4 days and from ungrazed control

algae. Similarly, RNA was extracted after 0.5, 1 and 24 hours from specimens that had been challenged with

oligoguluronate or methyl jasmonate and from unchallenged controls. All treatments resulted in significantly

reduced palatability of F. vesiculosus to I. baltica. Both a normalized and a subtracted cDNA library were

constructed from pooled RNA. Subsequent sequencing and assembly resulted in over 33000 gene models. These

were used to design a cDNA microarray, which was then applied to analyze the genome expression of above

mentioned algal specimens. We here compare expression patterns over time and after different treatments, put

them into relation with algal palatability and phlorotannin concentration, and demonstrate for the first time that

the ecofunctional genomics approach allows to gain new insights into the underlying processes of defense in

rockweeds.

168

IMPACT OF SEAWEEDS ON FLUORESCENT Pseudomonas AND THEIR ROLE IN SUPPRESSING THE 

ROOT DISEASES OF SOYBEAN AND CHILI

Ehteshamul-Haque S1, Sultana V2, Ara J3 and Rajput MT2

1Agricultural Biotechnology & Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, 2Biotechnology & Drug 

Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, 3Post-harvest Technology Laboratory, Department of Food 

Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. ehtesham12@hotmail.com

Incorporation of organic matter in soil before the sowing of seeds or transplanting the seedling has been reported

to increased microbial activity in soil specially fluorescent Pseudomonas, that play a vital role in suppressing the

root rotting fungi and parasitic nematodes invading plant roots. In this study dry powder of seaweeds Sargassum

binderi, S. tenerrimum, Rhizoclonium implexum, Stoechospermum marginatum, Padina tetrastromatica, Stokeyia

indica and Solieria robusta were applied as soil amendment two weeks before the sowing of soybean seeds or

transplanting of chili seedlings in screen house and in field experiments. Application of some seaweeds and

topsin-M (fungicide) and carbofuran (nematicide) showed more or less similar suppressive effect on root rotting

fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and root knot nematode Meloidogyne

javanica on soybean and chili crops. Seaweed also showed a positive effect on plant growth by enhancing fresh

shoot weight and plant height. Incorporation of seaweeds in soil increased population of fluorescent

Pseudomonas around the roots of soybean and chili as compared to non-seaweed control. However the increased

population of fluorescent Pseudomonas around the roots did not correlate with disease suppression.
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181

SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDES FROM Bryopsis plumosa. COMPARISON WITH THOSE OF OTHER 

BRYOPSIDALES (CHLOROPHYTA)

Fernández PV1, Cerezo AS2, Estevez JM3 and Ciancia M1,2

1Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Dpto. de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, 

Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Dpto. de Química Orgánica, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 

3Dpto. de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. ciancia@agro.uba.ar

Polysaccharides from Bryopsis plumosa were characterized and their structure was studied by methylation

analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The major sulfated polysaccharide is a highly ramified (1®3)-b-D-galactan (molar

ratio Gal:sulfate 1:0.9), sulfated mainly on C-4, partially substituted on C-6; terminal pyruvilated galactose units

are present in important quantities. This structure is similar to that found for galactans from Codium sps. and was

obtained by extraction with water at room temperature together with a non-sulfated arabinan. In the latter

polysaccharide, the monosaccharide units are in the furanose form, a similar structure was found in small

amounts in C. fragile after fractionation by ion exchange chromatography. Nevertheless, this structure is

completely different to the main highly sulfated piranosic arabinan present in the same species, as well as in C.

vermilara. Besides, by hot water extraction a sulfated rhamnan was detected in significant amounts. Based in our

studies, cell walls in the green seaweeds of Bryopsidales group biosynthesize a great diversity of polysaccharides

structures; not only the fibrillar polysaccharides are different, but there are also important differences in the

acidic ones. A survey of these seldom studied structures will be presented.

61

CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE AS INDICATOR OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MACROALGAE

Figueroa FL, Korbee N and Conde-Álvarez R 

Department of Ecology.University of Málaga.29071-Málaga, SPAIN. felix_lopez@uma.es

Macroalgae have been used as good indicators of the water quality (ecological status) because their sedentary

condition, integrating the effects of long-term environmental changes. The macroalgae can acclimate to stress

conditions at photosynthetic level. The evaluation of the vulnerability requires the knowledge of the structurefunction of the aquatic ecosystems. Although one of the best indicators of human activity i.e urban sewage is the

decline of biodiversity, this decrease is not only related to species extinction but also the loss of genetic and

functional diversity at different levels of organization. In order to evaluate the physiological status of macroalgae

is necessary to use functional indicators as photosynthesis. Accurate determinations of algal photosynthesis by

oxygen evolution present difficulties in both short and long-term scale due to the diverse photoacclimation

mechanisms and complex regulation systems. The development of non-intrusive methodologies as pulse

amplitude modulated in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence (PAM) has led to rapid and sensitive measurements of

changes in the physiological status of marine macroalgae under both natural and artificial light conditions,

including macroalgae in aquaculture systems. In this study, technical aspects of the determination of effective

and maximum quantum yields and electron transport rate as indication of efficiency and photosynthetic capacity

respectively are discussed. The energy dissipation and non-photochemical quenching (as indicator of mechanisms

to acclimation to stress) are reviewed. Finally, the relation between chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution

in macroalgae submitted to different environmental conditions (irradiance, light quality and nutrients) is

presented.
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125

GROWTH EXPERIMENTS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Saccharina latissima IN AN 

INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE SYSTEM

Forbord S1, Wang X2, Beesk H3, Olsen Y2 and Reitan KI1

1SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, Trondheim. 2Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim. 

3Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften at the Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel (IFM-GEOMAR). 

silje.forbord@sintef.no.

Ropes with lab-grown Saccharina latissima plants were put out alongside a salmon farm in Trøndelag (Norway) to

see if the plants could take up excess nutrients released from the cages. Tissue samples for chemical analysis and

growth measurements were done every second month from April to October. The carbon, nitrogen and

phosphorus values and the stable isotope results differed from plants located downstream and upstream from

the plants in the middle of the fish farm. It was also a control station which was not affected by fish farming at all.

The growth rates of the sporophytes were poor in comparable to growth experiments done earlier that year,

supposedly due to the temperature at the time they were outplanted. The amount of epiphytes growing on the

kelp surface was extensive, especially on plants situated in between the cages and in the summer months. Plants

in the upper layer (0.5-2 m) were growing much poorer than the plants in the lower layer (4-5.5 m).

180

ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MONITORING, MAINTENANCE AND 

RESTORATION OF SEAWEED BEDS

Fujita D, Kuwahara H, Mori K and Kusunoki F

d-fujita@kaiyodai.ac.jp

In Japan, publish of a guideline (2007), a succeeding project (2007-2009) and the commencement of a new

support system (2009) refreshed the national policy of monitoring, maintenance and restoration of seaweed beds.

The guideline (written in Japanese but with full illustration), presented in the XIXth ISS, is now available from the

web site of Fisheries Agency, Japan. In the following project, policy and contents of the guideline were propagated

in local areas and restoration of seaweed beds were practiced in model areas. In the restoration trials, each

practice was obliged to follow the steps of adaptive management shown in the guideline, to record the process

and to announce the results for sharing information among participants and local residents. Introduction of a

chief supporter (organizer, specialist, diver, etc.) resulted in the successful recovery of algal communities in

several urchin barrens. The new financial support system was established to keep monitoring, maintenance and

restoration of seaweed beds (and tidal flats, coral reefs, etc.). The proposed activity plans, when admitted by the

local committee (prefectural level), can be supported by a combined grant from town/city (1/4), prefecture (1/4)

and nation (1/2) at least for five years. During the activities, applicants have the duty to measure and monitor the

seaweed beds in the target areas and record the process and results of their actions. 

179

BROWSING ON Eisenia, Sargassum AND Zostera BEDS BY HERBIVOROUS FISH AT TATEYAMA 

COAST IN THE BOSO PENINSULA, PACIFIC COAST, JAPAN

Fujita D, Sadamatsu T, Yokota J, Watanabe R and Koike Y

d-fujita@kaiyodai.ac.jp

In warm temperate Japanese coasts, destructive browsing on seaweed and seagrass communities by herbivorous

fishes has been recently reported though the occurrence of these fishes were known at least for > 300 years. On

the Pacific coast of Honshu, Boso Peninsula is the substantial northern limit of Siganus fuscescens. At Banda

(N34°58’, E139°46’) on the open coast in the suburb of Tateyama City, Eisenia/Ecklonia beds have decreased since

2005; most of Ecklonia beds (10 m in depth, 200 m from shore) disappeared. The detailed observations since

June 2007 revealed that subtidal Eisenia arborea and Sargassum ringgoldianum stands (> 5 m in depth) lost most

of their blades, leaving dear-horn like stipes except thalli inhabiting tide pools and exposed rocks. At Okinoshima

(N34°59’, E139°49’) in Tateyama Bay near city center, Eisenia/Ecklonia beds remained but leaves of Zostera

marina was pruned by browsing of S. fuscescens in September 2009. In the intertidal zone of both sites, apical
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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parts of Sargassum fusiformis leaves were lost frequently by browsing by juvenile S. fuscescens in the autumn.

These observations will provide a base for the future monitoring.

229

MOLECULAR SEQUENCING OF TYPE SPECIMENS REVISES NORTHEAST PACIFIC CORALLINALES 

(RHODOPHYTA): LESSONS FROM Bossiella

Gabrielson PW1, Miller KA2 and Martone PT3

1Herbarium, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA, 2Herbarium, University 

of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA, 94720-2465, USA, 3Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 

Vancouver, B.C. V6T 2Z1, Canada. drseaweed@hotmail.com

Molecular sequencing of type specimens and historically important specimens along with field-collected material

is rapidly changing our understanding of the Northeast Pacific red algal seaweed flora. This is especially true in

the order Corallinales (Rhodophyta) where historically there has been much disagreement about species and

generic concepts for both articulated and crustose taxa. A good example is the articulated coralline genus

Bossiella, common in the mid- to low intertidal and shallow subtidal zones from Southeast Alaska, USA to Baja

California, Mexico. Four species and two subspecies currently are recognized in this geographic area, but

molecular sequencing of type and field material has revealed much confusion. Evidence will be presented of

multiple species under a single name, e.g., Bossiella plumosa and Bossea frondifera, of single species with

multiple names, e.g., Bossiella dichotoma, of incorrect synonymies of names, e.g., Bossiella orbigniana subsp.

dichotoma, Bossiella interrupta, Bossiella ligulata and Bossiella saggitata, and of species that appear not to have

been named. Similar problems exist in nearly all of the other genera of articulated and crustose coralline algae in

the Northeast Pacific, and worldwide, and the general application of this method of sequencing type and

historically important specimens to resolve these problems will be discussed.

135

EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF THE PHOTOPROTECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF 

Macrocystis pyrifera 

García-Mendoza E and Ocampo-Álvarez H

Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica/ CICESE. Km 107 carr. Tij-Ens. Ensenada, Baja California, México. 

ergarcia@cicese.mx

M. pyrifera exhibits different photoacclimation and photoprotection responses related to the position of its

photosynthetic tissue in the water column. Of special importance for the regulation of the photosynthetic activity

is the high non-photochemical quenching of PSII chlorophyll a florescence (NPQ) capacity present in surface

blades. NPQ is the proxy to measure thermal dissipation of the excess energy in the photosynthetic apparatus.

This process is one of the most important photoprotection mechanisms of higher plants and algae. It is generally

assumed that the molecular control of NPQ is similar in all eukaryotic phototrophs that show xantophyll cycle (XC)

activity: the interconversion of the pigments diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin, or violaxanthin to zeaxanthin. Here,

we show that control of NPQ is different in M. pyrifera compared to higher plants. We found important differences

in PS II florescence changes between the alga and higher plants. Specifically, M. pyrifera does not present a “light

activation” phenomena defined as the fast induction of NPQ upon illumination when Zea is present in

preillumianted samples. Therefore, NPQ in M. pyrifera depends only on the activity of the xanthophyl cycle and

the transthylakoid proton gradient (DpH) does not influence NPQ beyond the activation of the XC. Beyond of its

physiological significance, a different control of NPQ among divergent groups of organisms has profound

evolutionary implications. We discuss in the present works how one of most important photosynthetic regulation

mechanisms might have evolved differently between groups of phototrophs. 
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173

COMPARISON OF TWO CLARIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR ALGAE PARTICLE SEPARATION IN THE 

PRODUCTION OF AGAR FROM Gracilaria vermiculophylla, AND THE USE OF THE RESIDUALS 

AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER

García-Raymundo MJ1, Hernández-Carmona G2, Benítez-Pardo D1, Rodríguez-Montesinos YE2, ArvizuHiguera DL2 and Muñoz-Ochoa M2

1Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Paseo Claussen s/n Col. Centro.Mazatlán, 

Sinaloa, 82000, México, 2Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, 

Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México. Bpckem@gmail.com

At present, little is known about the industrial clarification process during agar production. This is the first study

in Mexico to determine the best method for agar extraction from the red algae Gracilaria vermiculophylla at the

pilot plant scale. We experimented with two industrial systems for agar clarification: vacuum filter (ALAR)

modified with double jacket for steam supply, and centrifuge (Alfa Laval-Sharples). We tested those systems for

two different processes: without alkaline treatment and with alkaline treatment. The best method was the vacuum

filter, because it removed 100% of suspended solids, while centrifugation removed only 66%. This was due to the

increased viscosity in the agar solution that made separation difficult using only centrifugal force. The highest gel

strength was obtained using the alkaline treatment method and vacuum system. The residual material after

clarification was dried and milled to use as organic fertilizer for growth of white mangrove (Laguncularia

racemosa). The fastest growth rate (cm per month) after 6 months was obtained with the fertilizer obtained from

native agar and centrifuged (3.4). The second fastest was using the fertilizer from native agar and filtration (3.35)

and the least growth resulted from the material obtained from modified agar and filtration (3.0). These values

were significantly higher compared with mangrove growth with a control substrate composed of river sand (1.9

cm). Another observation suggests that organic fertilizer based on residues of algae and diatomaceous earth can

also help plants to resist low temperatures.

83

CULTIVATION ON SOME SPECIES OF RED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA): PRODUCING PULP AND BIOETHANOL

Gerung GS1 and You HC2

1Sam Ratulangi Univesity, Fac of Fisheries and Marine Science, Dep.of Marine Science, Manado 95115,Indonesia. 

Telp. +62-812-440-2797; Fax:+62-431-868027, E-mail: ggrevo@hotmail.com. 2Pegasus Int. Inc. 7F, Platinum Bldg, 

889-51, Dae-Chi Dong, Kang-Nam Ku, Seoul 135-839, Korea. Telp. +82-2-3452-6288; Fax. +82-2-3452-4288. 

pegasus1@pegasushomepage.com

Various solutions to the problem of against global warming have been proposed. Recently seaweed industry can

be replacing wood paper with seaweed paper containing red algal pulp and also produce ethanol. Seaweeds have

much faster growth-rates than forest tree. The idea was to set up algae farms covering thousands of square

kilometers from the coastline to the open ocean. Trial was beginning from four new cultivation species, Gelidium

amansii, Pterocladia capillacea sp, Porphyroglossum sp, and Ptilophora sp. All species have become economically

important seaweeds as sources of raw material for the extraction of agar and ethanol and the thallus consists of

much fiber for pulp. Except Gelidium amansii from Korea, others genera are abundant naturally in south coast of

Indonesia waters. As a new cultivated species, these genera were harvested from natural population then adapted

in indoor tank cultivation before transferred to the field cultivation ground by long line and off bottom methods.

Specimens show survived in the new cultivation area outside of their natural habitat. Growth rates of all genera

showed various from 1 to 3% and Gelidium amansii was higher than the others. Although all genera were the new

cultivated species, however may become the potentials seaweeds cultivation in the future. As the very large

marine area with 17,500 islands, Indonesia can be developing red algae industry as raw material of agar-agar,

pulp and ethanol to support algae as a CO2 sink and CDM program.
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299

MANAGEMENT OF Gelidium sesquipedale NATURAL BEDS ALONG THE EAST ATLANTIC COAST, 

COMPARISON OF THE METHODS USED

Givernaud T1, Mouradi A2, Barbaroux O3, Orbi A4 and Kaas R3

1Setexam, Km 7 route de Tanger; BP 210, 14000 KENITRA, MOROCCO; 2LBBE; Facult des Sciences, Universit Ibn 

Tofail, 3BP 133 14000 KENITRA, MOROCCO; 3PBA, IFREMER, Rue de l\'Ile d\'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 NANTES Cedex 

03 FRANCE; 4INRH Dept Oceanographie et Aquaculture, et 2 Rue de Tiznit, CASABLACA, MOROCCO

Gelidium sesquipedale is harvested along the east Atlantic coast from the South France to the South of Morocco.

This portion of coast supplies about 80% of the total Gelidium harvested worldwide for agar production. The

biology, reproduction and the regenerative ability after pulling or cutting have been studied for more than 40

years. The results of these researches have leaded to different methods of management of this natural resource.

In France and Spain, it is forbidden to harvest the seaweed by scuba diving. It is only possible to gather the

seaweed that has been naturally pulled out by the storm; they can be harvested on the sea shore or pumped

directly from the sea bottom. In Morocco and Portugal the seaweed are still harvested directly by divers. In

Portugal, the variation of the quantities of seaweed harvested per unit of effort measured every year is used to

determine the quantity of seaweed that can be harvested. In Morocco, the direct estimation of the biomass is used

to determine the quota to be harvested. These 2 methods are compared. And it is interesting to compare the

evolution of the harvested population to the evolution of Spanish and French population that have not to sustain

direct harvest.

122

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL OF GLOBAL KELP SYSTEMS

Graham MH1 and Kinlan BP2

1Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, 2Marine Science 

Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-6150. mgraham@mlml.calstate.edu

Debate on the causes of kelp deforestation-forestation cycles in global kelp systems has focused on differences in

top down (kelp-sea urchin-top predator trophic cascades) versus bottom-up (variability in oceanographic climate)

forcing. Although top-down/bottom-up processes are not mutually exclusive, little effort has been made to study

the structure of kelp systems using energetic approaches that address the balance between kelp productivity and

consumer pressure. Data from 25 kelp systems were used to study kelp productivity potential at a global scale.

We found that the productivity potential of global kelp systems can be well explained by spatial variability in

ocean climate (temperature, nutrients, light, etc), with regional differences in ocean climate explaining why some

kelp systems are more productive than others. Temperate zones had the most productive kelp systems, with

productivity potential generally decreasing with increasing latitude. Consequently, future ocean warming may

have positive effects on kelp systems in low productivity regions as productive kelp taxa expand their range or

conditions become more temperate, whereas high productivity systems may be negatively impacted if ocean

warming exceeds kelp tolerances, depending on associated changes in nutrient supply. Our understanding of

current and future kelp deforestation-forestation events at a global scale will benefit from studies that address

the causes of imbalance in kelp productivity, especially as it relates to herbivore consumption pressure.

18

WHAT IS THE BEST TECHNIQUE FOR Kappaphycus alvarezii FARMING AT THE SOUTH COAST 

OF BRAZIL?

Góes HG1,2 and Reis RP1

1Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, CEP 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, 

RJ, Brazil. rreis@jbrj.gov.br. 2Sete Ondas Biomar, Cultivo de Algas Marinhas Ltda., Av. Coletora s/no, lote 1 - A, 

quadra B, CEP 23810-000, Distrito Industrial de Itaguaí, Itaguaí, RJ, Brazil. rreis@jbrj.gov.br

Considering that advances of farming techniques resulted from research to improve production, a new farming

technique for Kappaphycus alvarezii (tubular netting technique - TN) on floating rafts at Brazilian southeastern
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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coast (23o02'25"S and 43o53'39"W) was compared with the current technique used (tie-tie technique -TT). After

47 days the daily growth rate (mean of 3.4±0.65%.day-1), carrageenan yield (mean of 36±1.33%), gel strength

(mean of 730±114.54 g.cm2) and viscosity (mean of 350±60.43 cP) values did not differ between the two

techniques (p>0.001). On the other hand, the time rates used to plant (TT = 30.16 ± 2.31min and TN = 13.33

±3.44min) and to harvest the seedlings (TN = 36.17 ± 2.71min and TN = 17.83 ± 3.71min) were lower in TN

(p>0.001). In spite of the daily growth rate, carrageenan yield and quality values were similar in both techniques,

the TN farming management (time rates used to plant and to harvest the seedlings) was more effective, since was

53% faster, no seedlings were lost and the overall cost was 20% less expensive.

103

IMPACT OF AN INVASIVE RED ALGA UPON A NATIVE ROCKWEED

Hammann M1, Buchholz B1, Karez R2, Wahl M1 and Weinberger F1

1IFM-GEOMAR, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany, 2Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und 

ländliche Räume des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburger Chaussee 24, 24220 Flintbek, Germany. 

mhammann@ifm-geomar.de

The red macroalga Gracilaria vermiculophylla has recently been introduced into the Western Baltic Sea. It

performs best under mesohaline conditions and appears well adapted to spread in the brackish Baltic Sea

environment. Fucus vesiculosus is the most common native perennial alga in this sea area, where it forms

important habitats. Gracilaria might have the potential to interfere with the development of Fucus in two different

ways. First, there could be a direct competition for resources like space and nutrients. Secondly, Gracilaria is a

preferred refuge for mesograzers whose favoured food is Fucus. If the abundance of herbivores increases due to

G. vermiculophylla providing them suitable shelter, individuals of F. vesiculosus in the proximity of Gracilaria

mats might be exposed to higher consumption. To test these hypotheses, mesocosm-experiments were

conducted between March 2008 and March 2009. Fucus was incubated with and without Gracilaria. Half of the

treatments contained high and half of them low grazer densities, in order to test the influence of grazers. These

experiments were supplemented by field experiments. Our studies show that high densities of G. vermiculophylla

inhibit the growth of F. vesiculosus through direct competition for resources. High grazer densities have a similar

effect. The half-life time of Fucus germlings is also reduced by high densities of Gracilaria, whereas a high

abundance of grazers increases it. Our results therefore suggest that G. vermiculophylla is able to modify certain

habitats in the Baltic Sea being a competitor of other macroalgae and also supporting their grazers. 

265

ISOTOPE ANALYSIS TO TRACE NITROGEN SOURCES OF MACROALGAL BLOOMS

Hanniffy D and Kraan S

Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland. 

declan.hanniffy@nuigalway.ie

Inputs of biodegradable organic matter such as, animal manure, sewage, and fertiliser run-off have many effects

on the quality of receiving waters and are a primary cause of eutrophication. In estuaries and shallow bays, this

can lead to blooms of vast green algal mats, known as ‘green tides’. These blooms consist predominantly of the

green alga Ulva spp. and can accumulate in large quantities of up to 27 kg wet weight m2. The blooms are cast

on shore or left drifting in shallow water where they are the cause of noxious-smelling and aesthetically

unpleasant views which can influence local fisheries, tourism and fundamentally alter ecosystems. Macro-algae

have shown to be good bio-indicators that can absorb and assimilate sewage-derived nitrogen causing their δ15N

tissue content to reflect the exposure over time. Analysis of δ15N in the macroalgal tissue has been proven

successful in differentiating sewage from agricultural inputs. High δ15N content represents sewage input whereas

low δ15N content is indicative of agricultural input from synthetic fertilizers. Average δ15N isotope values, for

macroalgal samples in our bloom affected bay were between 8.9% and 10.5%. These values are all in the range of

nitrogen from a sewage/animal waste source. Algae sampled from the site free from anthropogenic influences

had an average δ15N isotope of 6.05% which is in the range of soil nitrate, which is what is expected in an unenriched area. This indicates that the source of nitrogen enrichment in our bloom affected bay, is derived from

sewage/animal waste.
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270

RELATIONSHIP OF NITROGEN AND MACROALGAE IN THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON, FLORIDA 

Hanisak MD

Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA. 

dhanisak@hboi.fau.edu

The Indian River Lagoon system (IRL), the longest barrier island/tidal inlet system in the continental United States,

spans more than one third of Florida’s east coast. Water quality in the IRL has changed significantly over the past

eight decades due to watershed alteration and land drainage patterns. High-frequency water quality monitoring

was initiated in 2005 at four sites in the central lagoon near Vero Beach and Fort Pierce. While there has been

considerable interannual variability in absolute values of key water quality parameters (related to varying

precipitation and associated freshwater runoff), the water quality gradient has been consistent throughout the

study. From north to south, salinity increased, while turbidity, color, suspended solids, and chlorophyll a (all

attenuators of light) decreased, as did nutrients and K. Pulses of inorganic nitrogen were associated with the

initial onset of the wet season and following tropical storms/hurricanes and other major periods of freshwater

discharge. A series of in situ measurements of tissue nitrogen of the dominant macroalgal species in the IRL and

their in situ growth rates in 2007 indicated that the growth rate of the drift algal macroalgal community was

strongly related to the measured nitrogen gradient in this part of the lagoon. These findings suggest that, if

proposed reductions in anthropogenic loadings into the lagoon become a reality, macroalgal productivity and

abundance should significantly decline and lead to a reduced competition of macroalgae with seagrasses in the

lagoon.

66

THE ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF MICROSCOPIC STAGES FOR THE RECRUITMENT OF ANNUAL 

POPULATIONS OF Macrocystis pyrifera (PHAEOPHYTA) IN SOUTHERN CHILE

Henríquez L1, Buschmann AH1, Maldonado M1, Graham MH2, Hernández-González MC1, Bobadilla M1, 

Pereda SV3 and Cabrera JC3

1Centro i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile, 2 Moss Landing Marine 

Laboratories, Moss Landing, California, USA, 3 CIEN Austral, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, 

Chile.abuschma@ulagos.cl

The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera is widely distributed in the northern and southern hemisphere showing

distinct population dynamics. In general, this kelp present a perennial life history and the populations are

reproductive during the whole year. However, in southern Chile annual population has been described and in this

case the macroscopic sporophyte disappears for 3 to 4 month during winter and early spring. This particular

pattern arise new challenges to understand how the microscopic stages of M. pyrifera can couple the two

generation of sporophytes. Field experiments suggest that long dispersal do not explain recolonization and it is

highly probably that microscopic phases survive during this period; even though they are actively grazed by the

snail Tegula atra and sea urchins. Our field experiments also indicate that the slipper limpet Crepipatella fecunda

can enhance recruitment of the giant kelp during its sessile female stage but the small males can, in some cases,

reduce kelp recruitment due to grazing. Laboratory experiments showed that C. fecunda males can only graze on

microscopic kelp gametophytes and small sporopophytes (less that 250 μm) but reject larger sporophytes. On the

other hand the snail T. atra can graze on all the kelp stages. 
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156

EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON UNDERSTORY SEAWEEDS DURING THE ENSO

Hernández-Carmona G1, Risomena-Rodríguez R2, Serviere-Zaragoza E3 and Ponce-Díaz G1

1Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La 

Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México. 2Programa de Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, 

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23080, México. 3Centro de 

Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 

23090, México. gcarmona2007@gmail.com

The effect of artificial nutrient supply on understory algae during 1997 El Niño at the Mexican Pacific coast of Baja

California was studied. Twelve one square meter quadrats were placed on the sea bed. Six quadrats were used as

control and six were used to add artificial nutrients. Nutrients were supplied using PVC pipes filled with slowrelease inorganic fertilizer. The algae species composition and cover in each quadrat were estimated using the

random point quadrat method. The percent of cover by group was tested with an analysis of variance. The

seawater temperature was recorded, and compared with historical data. The bottom and surface seawater nitrate

concentration were measured. Tissue nitrogen concentration (%) was determined for Eisenia arborea. Twenty six

species of macroalgae and one seagrass were identified. The most abundant species was Corallina

vancouveriensis (30% cover). The other species had lower than 10% cover. No significant differences of species

percent cover between experimental groups was detected. In a second statistical analysis, we compared the

average cover of the three most abundant species in the quadrats with nutrients versus the same species in the

control quadrats for each month. Significant higher cover was obtained when nutrients were added for: Corallina

vancouveriensis (June and December); Colpomenia sinuosa and Eisenia arborea (June); Corallina officinalis

(August); Dictyota flabellata (September); Macrocystis pyrifera (October), and the seagrass Phyllospadix torreyi

(September and December). Only six species and one seagrass were able to store and use artificial nutrients

under high temperature-low nutrient conditions.

296

ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE 

GREEN SEAWEED Ulva clathrata

Hernández-Garibay E1,2,3, Zertuche-González JA2 and Pacheco-Ruíz I2

1Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, 

CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México. 2Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma 

de Baja California Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México. 3Centro 

Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Ensenada, Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 

97.5, CP 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, México. garibay58@yahoo.com

In order to obtain information on the polysaccharide content and composition of the water soluble

polysaccharides from Ulva clathrata, an extraction at 60oC, in different media was performed: water, EDTA and

HCl (F-1), each followed by a sequential extraction in NaOH 0.1 M (F-2). The extracts were recovered and analyzed

for Total Carbohydrates, Proteins, Rhamnose, Uronic acids and Sulphate content. Differences were obtained in the

yield and composition in both fractions of the different media (F-1 and F-2). Higher yields resulted in the first

fraction on all media, where HCl extraction was the best (14.83 ± 1.5 and 5.96 ± 1.1%, F-1 and F-2 respectively). In

all cases F-1 were more sulphated ranging from 27.87 to 35.8% and higher in Rhamnose content, whereas F-2 had

higher protein and slightly higher uronic acid content. FTIR spectra, shown that soluble polysaccharides from the

green seaweed U. clathrata are sulphated polysaccharides similar to those obtained from brown seaweeds.
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107

A PHYLOGENETIC ASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE RED ALGAE BETWEEN 

PACIFIC SOUTH AMERICA AND PACIFIC NORTH AMERICA

Hommersand MH1 and Hughey JR2

1Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA, 2Department of Science 

and Engineering, Hartnell College, 411 Central Ave., Salinas, CA 93901, USA. hommersand@bio.unc.edu

Morphological, phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence strongly support the opinion that red algae that were

distributed from the Tethan Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through gaps between North and South America in the

Late Cretaceous and other groups that were distributed from the Indian Ocean around South Africa to the Pacific

Ocean in the Paleocene and Eocene became established and diversified mainly in Pacific North America and only

subsequently were distributed to South America since Miocene. Examples are Sarcodiotheca (Solieriaceae) and

Chondracanthus (Gigartinaceae). A few groups of red algae that originated in the Southern Hemisphere reached

Pacific South America first and were only later distributed to Pacific North America. Examples are the genus

Mazzaella (Gigartinaceae) and Phycodry (Delesseriaceae). Phylogenetic data suggest that transfer might have

taken place around Oligocene at a time when the strength of the circumglobal equatorial current was restricted by

the presence of the Aves ridge just inside the Greater and Lesser Antilles Arc, which impeded the flow of

deepwater currents from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans in somewhat the same way that the closure of the

Panamanian passageway progressively blocked transfer of water between the two oceans later on. Though the

effects on currents are undefined, the boundary created by the Aves ridge may potentially have allowed transfer

of species from South America to North America. Our phylogenetic data based on rbcL sequences will be assessed

in the light of the impact of geological events on the biogeography of the North American and South American red

algae.

31

PHOTOPROTECTION AND ACCLIMATION TO UV-B RADIATIONS IN TWO MARINE PLANTS, THE 

BROWN SEAWEED Pelvetia canaliculata AND THE HALOPHYTE Salicornia ramosissima

Hupel M

Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie et de Biotechnologie des Halophytes et Algues Marines-EA 3877, Rue Dumont 

d'Urville, 29280 PLOUZANE, Brittany, France. melanie.hupel@univ-brest.fr

The brown seaweed Pelvetia canaliculata and the halophyte Salicornia ramosissima are two marine plants found

on rocky shores and coastal marshes, respectively. They grow in the upper intertidal zone and this location

implies long emersion periods that lead to both direct exposure to sunlight and potential photooxidative stress.

To protect themselves against harmful solar radiations, especially against UV-B, these plants produce

photoprotective compounds, including several kinds of both phenols and pigments. To investigate their

photoprotective strategies, a three-week co-culture of Pelvetia canaliculata and Salicornia ramosissima under UVB radiations was carried out with a weekly sampling of plants. Chlorophyll, carotenoid and phenol contents, and

antioxidant activity, were determined for each species in function of both light conditions and exposure time. The

results showed no significant decrease of chlorophyll contents under UV-B conditions for both species,

suggesting efficient photosynthesis and photoprotection. Based on their antioxidant activity, phenolic

compounds seemed to play a more important photoprotective role in Pelvetia canaliculata than in Salicornia

ramosissima. Given the poor antioxidant activity of Salicornia extracts, sunscreen compounds would rather get

involved in this species. Carotenoid contents are relatively stable in Pelvetia canaliculata, contrary to Salicornia

ramosissima, in which variable contents could suggest an implication in photoprotection.

25

UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF GAMETE RELEASE IN Sargassum vulgare

Inderdeep K 

SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India. inderdeep_botany@rediffmail.com

Sargassum vulgare shows on an average 12 unisexual conceptacles per receptacle that open by ostiole. Where

antheridia and oogonia lie interspersed with paraphyses in conceptacles. Since the output of eggs is extremely

low, Sargassum sp. ensures their survival under all eco-physiological conditions. The oogonium is ‘wrapped’ in
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wall layers rich in sulphated polysaccharides that provide protection against desiccation. The oogonia after being

‘squeezed’ out of the ostiole are ‘incubated’ on the receptacle which facilitates the search of spermatozoids for

their counterparts. The timing of gamete release is synchronized and simultaneous gamete release ensures high

rates of fertilization. The gametes are released during the 3 or 4 days flanking either a full moon or new moon,

when the tide is generally low. The release of gametes occurs first from the upper conceptacles, which are

exposed. It results in gamete release over a long period and reproductive isolation leading to recruitment of

germlings from upper conceptacles while the lower are yet to release the gametes. The zygote dispersal and

propagule recruitment also show adaptations selectively advantageous to the alga. Sargassum vulgare responds

to the eco-physiological stresses by adapting to the intertidal habitat, thereby enhancing its competitive

capabilities. The reproductive strategies in Sargassum sp. have evolved as a mechanism for populations to

increase the probability of fertilization and spread.

215

INDONESIAN SEAWEED BIODIVERSITY AND TAXONOMIC REAPPRAISAL OF Exophyllum wentii 

WEBER-VAN BOSSE (RHODOMELACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) FROM BALI ISLAND, INDONESIA

Indy JR1, Antoine N2, Grevo G1, Rodriguez LA4, Alvarez Gonzales CA4, Contreras-Sanchez WM4 and 

Hajime Y4

1Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia, 2Laboratoire Terre-Océan, 

Université de la Polynésie française, French Polynesia, 3Chair of Aquacultures Genetics and Genomics, Hokkaido 

University, Hokkaido, Japan, 4Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, 

Mexico. jeanerimberindy@yahoo.com

Indonesia is known as the largest Archipelgo country in the world, it has 81,407 km of coastline and 17,500

islands with warm water highly suited for seaweed production. It is surrounded by the Pacific and Indian Oceans,

and is located between the Asian and the Australian continents. However, very little critical works of seaweed in

Indonesia have been done, with the exception of Weber-van Bosse work (1899-1890). This study was done in Bali,

Lombok, and Sumbawa coast. The purpose of this study is to know the species diversity in Bali, Lombok, and

Sumbawa islands for aquaculture and for commercial purposes. Thirty-five families including 47 species of green

algae, 10 species of brown algae, 37 genera 58 species of red algae and new records of gametophytes of one rare

red alga Exophyllum wentii as a new information in the world. The little-known and rarely collected alga

Exophyllum wentii Weber-van Bosse is re-described in detail from the type material, as well as from new

collections from Indonesia, which for the first time reveal in detail the structure of cystocarpic and spermatangial

plants and the development of tetrasporangial stichidia under culture conditions. New morphological

reproductive information cofirms placemnet of the genus Exophyllum within the Rhodomelacea. Exophyllum is

distinguished from other related genera within the Rhodomelacea by its cartilaginous, non-trichoblastic

decumbent thallus with multiple holdfasts and its discoid spermatangial organs. Some Pacific material earlier

attributed to E. wentii was found to be missidentified and re-assigned to the Dasyaceae

317

COMMERCIAL EXTRACT FROM THE BROWN SEAWEED Ascophyllum nodosum REDUCES 

FUNGAL DISEASES IN CARROT AND GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER

Jayaraj J1,2, Norrie J3 and Punja ZK1

1Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada, 2Department of Life 

Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 3Acadian Seaplants Limited, Dartmouth, Nova 

Scotia, Canada. jaya@sfu.ca

Carrot plants grown in greenhouse were foliar treated with an extract of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum at

0.2% concentration and then inoculated with the fungal pathogens, Alternaria radicina and Botrytis cinerea.

Treated plants showed significantly reduced disease severity compared to control plants. Seaweed extract was

more effective than salicylic acid (100μM) in reducing infection. In seaweed extract treated plants, the activity of

defence-related enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chitinase and

β-1,3-glucanase, were significantly increased and plants also had higher transcript levels of pathogenesis-related

protein I, chitinase, lipid transfer protein, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, non-expressing

pathogenesis-related protein-1 and pathogenesis-related protein 5 genes compared to control plants. In a similar

study with greenhouse cucumber plants using the seaweed extract formulation, “Stimplex”, plants were either

sprayed or/and root drenched at 0.5 or 1% concentration. Treated plants were inoculated with cucumber fungal
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pathogens including, Alternaria cucumerinum, Didymella applanata, Fusariumoxysporum, Sphaerotheca

fuliginea, Botrytis cinerea. Stimplex application resulted in a significant reduction in disease incidence of all the

pathogens tested. Spray + root drenching with Stimplex-0.5% was more effective than spray or root drenching

alone. The integration of one fungicide application alternated with Stimplex application was highly effective and

found to be the best treatment in reducing the disease ratings. Similar to carrot, Stimplex application also

enhanced the transcript accumulation of various defense-related enzyme genes and triggered their enzyme

activities. These results suggest that seaweed extracts enhance disease resistance in carrot and cucumber likely

through an induction of defence genes or proteins.

506

MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF FREE-FLOATING Enteromorpha FROM THE YELLOW SEA

Jiang P, Zhao J, Wang JF, Liu ZY, Lin HZ and Qin S

Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. sqin@yi.ac.cn

In the summer of 2008, massive free-floating Enteromorpha bloomed in the Yellow Sea. Samples were collected in

a wide range. Sequence divergences of nuclear ITS, chloroplast rbcL and psbA data were calculated, with special

reference to the free-floating Enteromorpha samples from Qingdao in 2007 and Ulvaceae samples from Europe

and Japan. For ITS sequences of 22 Yellow Sea samples, there’s no difference among 19 free-floating samples and

the Qingdao sample of 2007, and the divergence values were very low (0.2%) between them and the other two

samples, indicating their high identity. Similar results were shown by pairwise distances of rbcL and psbA gene

sequences data, implying that the serious and extensively green tide bloomed in Yellow Sea for two years was

caused by a single species. A significant difference (8.1%~10.8%) of ITS sequences between the free-floating green

alga from the Yellow Sea and recorded blooming Enteromorpha or Ulva all over the world was demonstrated.

According to the phylogenetic analysis with ITS and rbcL sequences data, the morphological taxonomy

determination as E. prolifera was supported. Furthermore, an ISSR analysis was applied to both seven floating and

six attached E. prolifera samples collected from the north of Yellow Sea to the south of East Sea. Evidently lower

genetic diversity of the floating samples was detected than that of the attached samples. The UPGM and PCoA

results suggested that floating E. prolifera samples in Yellow Sea had a closely genetic relationship, and separated

from all the attached samples.

267

CONTEXT-DEPENDENCY IN SEAWEED POPULATION ECOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL MODULATION 

OF SPECIES INTERACTIONS AFFECTING SURVIVAL AND GROWTH DURING RECRUITMENT

Johnson LE1

1Département de biologie & Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec (QC) G1W 3B4 Canada. 

ladd.johnson@bio.ulaval.ca

Macroalgae require continual or periodic recruitment in order to maintain their populations, and both intraspecific and inter-specific interactions can affect this process in both positive and negative ways. Here I will

provide an overview of the influence of other organisms (sessile invertebrates, other algae, and herbivory) on the

recruitment processes, including both inhibitory and facilitatory effects at different developmental stages (i.e.,

spores, juveniles, adults). The focus will be on how environmental factors (e.g., water motion, desiccation) can

modulate these interactions using examples from the literature and my own research on the influence of water

motion and substratum characteristics on propagule settlement, the influence of conspecifics on growth and

survival, and environmental effects on grazer behavior. Rather than being a search for absolute truths, the

emphasis will be on the context-dependent nature of the impact of ecological factors on algal population

dynamics.
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263

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND IRRADIANCE ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOMASS OF A 

GREEN-TIDE FORMING SPECIES (Ulva procera) IN THE YELLOW SEA

Kim J and Kim KY

Department of Oceanograhy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KOREA. eicoast@gmail.com

Drifting green algal mats across the Yellow Sea appeared again in early summer of 2009. Green-tide has

possibility of invasive attacks to coastal region and often threatens coastal habitats and food webs. Free floating

‘green-tide’ forming species (Ulva procera) were collected from the Yellow Sea in July 2009. Experiments were

conducted to understand the physiological traits of temperature and irradiance at the late vegetative (wild thalli)

and at the early vegetative stages (laboratory-grown progenies). The maximum O2 production rate (Pmax) at each

temperature, there were no significant differences between experimental temperatures during 1 h of acclimation,

except at 10°C. The early vegetative samples showed higher Pmax than late vegetative stages. After 6 d of each

temperature acclimation, Chl-a and O2 production of both stages decreased at higher temperatures. The amount

of late vegetative biomass decreases at high temperatures, and this alga could not grow even low temperatures.

However, the growth rate of early vegetative thalli increased at low temperatures. After 6 d of exposure to various

irradiances, while the late vegetative biomass decreased under all irradiances, the early vegetative biomass

increased 19-79% at various irradiances. Our results suggest that increasing temperature and deteriorating

irradiance on green mats result in cellular senescence of late stage green algae. In contrast, early stage green

algae have potential possibility of extend their biomass under low temperature and irradiance conditions quickly.

These results provide valuable information on invasion by this green alga with eco-physiological evaluation of

response to temperature and irradiance.

264

FATE OF INVASION BY GREEN-TIDE FORMING SPECIES (Ulva compressa and U. procera) OFF 

THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF KOREA

Kim KY1, Choi H-G2 and Ryu J-H3

1Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.2Division of Polar 

Biology & Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.3 Korea Ocean Satellite 

Center, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (KORDI), Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 426-744, South Korea. 

kykim@chonnam.ac.kr

The occurrence of an ulvoid algal bloom resulting from anthropogenic activities is one of the annual events in the

Yellow Sea. The rbcL tree shows that the identity of bloom consists of two Ulva species (U. compress and U.

procera). Our phylogenetic trees based on rbcL gene sequences from drifting samples do not coincide with

previous reports that a green-tide forms a clade with representatives of the Ulva linza-procera-prolifera (LPP)

complex or U. prolifera. Although there was a large year-to-year variability, green algal bloom in the Yellow Sea

have occurred in the past few years (2006-2009). The images of high spatial-resolution optic satellites, MODIS,

Landsat, ALOS and Kompsat-2 data in spring/early summer show the extensive stripes of the green algae that

cover approximately 900 – 23,000 square kilometers. We collected thalli of floating U. procera from the middle of

Yellow Sea in July 2009. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the physiological effects of

temperature (five levels), irradiance (ten levels) and salinity (five levels) on these wild thalli and their laboratorygrown progeny as well. From short-term acclimation experiments, we found that temperature did not significant

impact maximum O2 production rates (PB

max) or photosynthesis efficiency (α), and nor did irradiance impact

photosynthetic saturation irradiance (Ek). Changes in photosynthetic rate of U. procera were observed at various

salinities, showing higher rates within the salinity range of 10 and 30 psu. These results are important to

understand and increase the knowledge on drift green-tide processes in the Yellow Sea.
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98

SEAWEEDS, A RICH SOURCE FOR FUNCTIONAL FOOD INGREDIENTS 

Kraan S

Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. 

stefan.kraan@nuigalway.ie

While food has long been used to improve health, our knowledge of the relationship between food components

and health is now being used to improve food. The combination of consumer desires, advances in food

technology, and new evidence-based science linking diet to disease and disease prevention has created an

unprecedented opportunity to address public health issues through diet and lifestyle. Marine macroalgae have

great potential for further development as products in the functional food markets and novel products based on

macroalgae have entered the market in recent years. Studies have shown that marine macroalgae are unrivalled

sources of compounds with the potential to maintain and improve health through inclusion in other foods or as

whole foods. An overview of seaweed bioactives as potential functional food ingredient together with current

macroalgae functional food products will be given. Furthermore some initial results of the Marine Functional

Foods Research Initiative (NutraMara) a program for marine based functional food development will be presented.

68

ACCUMULATION OF MYCOSPORINE-LIKE AMINO ACIDS UNDER N-ENRICHED SEAWATER IN 

SEAWEED: UVR INFLUENCE

Korbee N1, Gil C1, Barufi JB2, Oliveira MC2, Gómez-Pinchetti JL3 and Figueroa FL1

1Department of Ecology.University of Málaga.29071-Málaga, SPAIN, 2University of São Paulo, Biosciences 

Institute, Department of Botany.CEP 05422-970 São Paulo, BRAZIL, 3Centro de Biotecnología Marina. University of 

Las Palmas de G.C. 35 Telde, Las Palmas, SPAIN. nkorbee@uma.es

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are a family of intracellular water-soluble N-compounds involved in

photoprotection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The potential of MAAs in photoprotection can be considered

high due to a double function: (1) UV chemical screening with high efficiency for UVB and UVA regions of the solar

spectrum, and (2) their antioxidant capacity. MAAs have been reported in several aquatic organisms around the

world. Among macroalgae, Rhodophytes accumulate MAAs in different types and concentrations in function of

the species. Besides solar radiation, other environmental factors such as nutrient availability may affect MAAs

accumulation. In this study, the interactive effect of UVR and N availability on MAAs is investigated under different

cultured conditions in several Rhodophytes: Gracilaria tenuistipitata at laboratory conditions, and also in

Hydropuntia cornea and Jania adhaerens cultured in tanks exposed to PAR+UVR or only PAR under natural

seawater and nutrient enriched seawater (fishpond effluents). Under both cultured conditions and for all species,

positive effect of N availability and UVR on MAA accumulation was observed. MAAs versus nitrate concentration

followed a Michaelis-Menten function for G. tenuistipitata, reaching the saturation at nitrate concentration of

aprox. 300 μM. Algae with high MAA content (under high nitrogen supply treatments) were more photoprotected

(high maximal quantum yield of fluorescence) than algae grown under low nutrient supply conditions. A

competition by the use of N source among various physiological processes and interactive effect of light quality is

discussed.

102

IODIDE IN KELP: AN INORGANIC ANTIOXIDANT IN LIFE IMPACTING ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

Küpper FC1,2,3, Carpenter LJ4, McFiggans GB5, Palmer CJ4,6, Waite TJ7, Boneberg EM2,8, Woitsch S2, 

Weiller M2, Abela R9, Grolimund D9, Potin P10, Butler A3, Luther GW7, Kroneck PMH2, Meyer-Klaucke 

W11, and Feiters MC12

1Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK; 

2Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany; 3Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 

University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; 4Dept. of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, 

UK; 5School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, 

UK; 6now at Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; 7College of 
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Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA; 8Biotechnologie Institut Thurgau, Unterseestrasse 

47, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland; 9Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, 

Switzerland; 10Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, BP 74, F-29682 Roscoff, Bretagne, France; 11European 

Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany; 

12Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, 1 Toernooiveld, 

NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands. fck@sams.ac.uk

Brown algae of the Laminariales (kelps) are the strongest accumulators of iodine among living organisms. They

represent a major pump in the global biogeochemical cycle of iodine and in particular, the major source of

iodocarbons in the coastal atmosphere. Nevertheless, the chemical state and biological significance of

accumulated iodine have remained unknown to this date. Elucidation of these questions was the objective of this

study. Using an interdisciplinary array of techniques, chiefly relying on synchrotron X-ray absorption

spectroscopy, we show that the accumulated form is iodide, which readily scavenges a variety of reactive oxygen

species (ROS). We propose here that its biological role is that of an inorganic antioxidant, the first ever to be

described in a living system. Upon oxidative stress, iodide is effluxed. On the thallus surface and in the apoplast,

iodide detoxifies both aqueous oxidants and ozone, the latter resulting in the release of high levels of molecular

iodine and consequent formation of hygroscopic iodine oxides leading to particles, which are precursors to cloud

condensation nuclei. 

114

ECOLOGY AND NUTRITION OF MACROALGAL BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS OF SOUTH 

FLORIDA

Lapointe B, Bedford B and Baumberger R

Center for Marine Ecosystem Health, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, 5600 

US 1 North, Ft. Pierce, FL 34946. blapoin1@hboi.fau.edu

Coastal waters of South Florida have experienced unprecedented blooms of macroalgae during the past two

decades. On relatively oligotrophic coral reefs off Dade and Broward counties in southeast Florida, blooms of the

phaeophyte Dictyota spp., the calcareous chlorophyte Halimeda spp., and the cyanobacterium Lyngbya have

developed in recent years. On more northern reefs off Palm Beach County in southeast Florida, blooms of the

chlorophytes Codium spp. and Caulerpa spp. have recurred since 1990. In Lee County off Florida’s southwest

coast, massive blooms of the drift Rhodophytes Gracilaria, Hypnea, and Agardhiella have emerged since 2003.

Monitoring of the water column for dissolved inorganic and organic nutrients, combined with tissue analysis for

carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) ratios, suggests that the observed taxonomic shifts of these blooms is

related to N:P availability. Relatively high tissue N:P ratios (35:1-70:1) occur in Dade and Broward counties

compared to lower values in Palm Beach County (33:1) and Lee County (20:1). These differences in N:P ratio

result from both natural patterns in geological substrata as well as anthropogenic nutrient enrichment from

watershed sources.

121

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENUS Colpomenia (PHAEOPHYCEAE) USING 

MITOCHONDRIAL COX1 AND COX3

Lee KM1, Cho GY1, Riosmena-Rodríguez R2, Nelson WA3, Sherwood A4, Miller KA5 and Boo SM1

1Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea, 2Programma de Investigación 

en Botánica Marina, Departmento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 

23080, Mexico, 3National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington 6241, New Zealand, 

4Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, Manoa, USA, 5University Herbarium, University of California at 

Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. smboo@cnu.ac.kr

The Scytosiphonacean brown algal genus Colpomenia includes ten annual species that commonly occur in

temperate to tropical waters worldwide. We determined mitochondrial cox1 and cox3 from approximately 100

specimens of the genus collected over its distribution range. The genus Colpomenia was not monophyletic in

trees of the separate and combined data of both genes and was divided into four different clades; the first clade

included C. peregrina, C. expansa, and unidentified taxon. The second contained only C. tuberculata. The third

consisted of C. sinuosa with two well supported subclades. The last consisted of C. bullosa and C. phaeodactyla.

A new species, C. claytonii, is described based on samples collected from Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and the
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USA. It is distinguished by a larger, more irregular thallus frequently having a deeply infolded surface, extensive

irregular sori that lack cuticles, and 3–4 layers of colorless medullary cells. This species usually occurs on rock in

tidepools and in the lower intertidal and subtidal zones. The cox1 and cox3 trees reveal its sister relationship to

C. expansa.

119

PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS Ishige (ISHIGEALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE), WITH A SPECIAL 

REFERENCE TO I. okamurae IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN REGION

Lee KM1, Yang EC1, Riosmena-Rodriquez R2 and Boo SM1

1Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea & 2Programma de Investigación 

en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Apartado 

postal 19-B, La Paz B.C.S. 23080, Mexico. kmlee@cnu.ac.kr

A brown algal genus Ishige has a basal position in the phylogeny of the Phaeophyceae and includes three species

(I. foliacea, I. okamurae and I. sinicola) that occur in China, Japan and Korea, and Baja California. We examined

cox3 and rbcL and cox3 sequences from 265 specimens of the genus collected over its distribution range and

studied population structure and migration pattern. Both cox3 and rbcL sequence data strongly support the

sister-area relationship between the northeast Asian region and the Gulf of California. A likely explanation for this

pattern would be the presence of a species ancestral to contemporary species of Ishige in both regions during the

paleogeological period, with descendants later isolated by distance. As for I. okamurae, 17 haplotypes from 221

specimens collected in Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Southern China were identified. The network and

neutrality tests for cox3 support five geologically structured clusters; Korea, Western Japan, Eastern Japan,

Taiwan, and Hong Kong, and provide evidence for stability of each population except Taiwans. The level of gene

flow was high in Korea Taiwan (392.5), Korea Western Japan (975.5), and Hong Kong Taiwan (697.5)

direction. The results hypothesize that local populations of the species were influenced by climatic oscillations

and current flow in the northeast Asian waters. The divergence time of Ishige is estimated using molecular clock

method.

28

LIFE-CYCLE OF Scinaia interrupta (NEMALIALES; RHODOPHYTA)

León-Cisneros K1,2,3, Nogueira E M1,2, Riosmena-Rodríguez R3 and Neto A1,2

1CIIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 

289 - 4050-123 Porto, Portugal, 2 Secção Biologia Marinha, Departamento Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Rua 

Mãe de Deus 58, Apartado 1422, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Açores, Portugal, 3Programa de 

Investigación en Botánica Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, B. C. S., 23080México. 

kcisneros@uac.pt

In the present study the life-cycle of Scinaia interrupta (A.P. de Candolle) M. J. Wynne was investigated in vitro. A

triphasic heteromorphic life-cycle was observed. Carpospores released by cystocarps of gametophytes collected

in the field developed into filamentous tetrasporophytes, which produced tetrahedral tetrasporangia. Tetraspores

germinated into filamentous protonemal gametophytes, initially identical to the tetrasporophyte. Filamentous

gametophytes developed apical utricles and gave rise directly to the fleshy gametophyte. A new phase of the

gametophyte development, in which the filamentous gametophytes develop apical utricles, is firstly described for

the genus. The present study also reports for the first time for Scinaia the influence of the irradiance regime on

the initial tetrasporangia development.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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124

COMPOSITION, RICHNESS AND DISTRIBUTION OF HUATULCO ́S NATIONAL PARK (OAXACA, 

MÉXICO) CORAL REEF ALGAE

León-Tejera H, Cruz A, González L, Sánchez L, López E, Calderón C and Candelaria C

Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. México. hileont@gmail.com

Huatulco ́s National Park has fringing reef communities that have slightly different topographic as well as

ecological characteristics. The algal flora associated to five coral communities was studied: San Agustín, Cacaluta,

La India, El Maguey and el Violín. A stratified sampling design was used, including two transects of 25 m long and

five 0.25m2 squares per transect for each bay in three or four seasons. Additional general samples were taken in

each community to complete the floristic list. A total of 92 species was determined: 13 Chlorophyta, 71

Rhodophyta, 7 Phaeophyta and 1 Bacillariophyta. 6 of these species were found in all communities: Bryopsis

pennata var. minor, Ceramium affine, Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii, Hypnea pannosa, Sphacelaria rigidula y Ulva

flexuosa. 37 species were found exclusively in one community. The comparison of richness values and

composition revealed differences between cold-dry and warm-rainy seasons. The community with the highest

richness was San Agustín (63 spp) and the lowest richness was found in La India (34 spp.). P. sertularioides, Ulva

flexuosa and Cladophora sp. were the species with highest frequency values. Several species of Polysiphonia,

Porphyra, Predaea, Halymenia, Heterosiphonia and Kallymenia, that seldom have been reported for the Mexican

tropical Pacific region, were found in this study. These result conform the base line for the knowledge of coral

reef algae in the region.

504

MARINE CYCLONIC EDDIES REFLECTING THE CONTRAIL OF FREE-FLOATING MACROALGAL 

BLOOM

Lin H1,4, Qin S1,2, Jiang P1, Zhang J3 and Wang J1,4

1Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone 

Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 3Hokkaido University, Japan, 4Graduate University of 

Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Free-floating macroalgal blooms, mostly caused by egregious growth and proliferation of green algae from

Ulvaceae, occurred in many estuaries and coastal seas almost all over the world. The blooms, usually with a

relative large biomass, are altering the coastal floral and faunal community structure and creating rebarbative

odoriferous piles on beaches. In the summer of 2008, the largest macroalgal bloom in the world caused by

invasive Enteromorpha prolifera (Ulva prolifera), extraordinarily unexpected with a 3 million tons fresh weight

biomass and a 30,000 km2 temporary largest covered area, suddenly attacked Qingdao coastal sea at the end of

May and had a duration of approximate 2 months. This E. prolifera bloom was first detected by remote sensing

on May 15th and spent only 2 weeks covering the coastal line of Qingdao. It is interesting to invesitigate how E.

prolifera in Yellow Sea could form this huge bloom in such a short time without any detectable foreboding. Our

initial investigation on the relationship between marine cyclone eddies (cold eddies) and the contrail of free

floating alga might give a clue to explain the phenomenon that this free floating E. prolifera bloom is

overwhelming finally in Yellow Sea. Moreover, this finding extends our knowledge on how inshore macroalgal

blooms could bring a large biomass when emerging in coastal areas. The macroalgal bloom is no longer only the

problems of some estuaries or shallow coastal seas but needs to be considered in large marine ecosystem in the

current global-changing situation.

86

THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF SPECIATION IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC

Lindstrom SC

Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. sandracl@interchange.ubc.ca

The northeast Pacific region from California to the Aleutian Islands harbors one of the most diverse cool

temperate marine biotas in the world despite episodic glaciation through the Pleistocene from Puget Sound north

and west to the Aleutian Islands. Despite this diversity, there is no consensus on nearshore marine biogeographic
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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provinces or patterns in this region. Results of recent molecular studies of seaweeds in this region suggest that

(1) Cape Mendocino, California, provides a natural barrier to the distribution of high intertidal and possibly other

species of seaweeds, (2) the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca on southern Vancouver Island also provides

a barrier to genotype homogenization, (3) the northern Gulf of Alaska is a geographic endpoint for both eastern

and western distributions of species, some previously thought to be more widely distributed, as well as an area

with its own endemic species, (4) the Aleutian Islands offer examples of (a) stepping-stone distribution of species

between the eastern and western Pacific, (b) relictual populations and species, and (c) recent speciation, and (5)

additional cryptic diversity has been recognized along the California coast. Examples will be presented of species

or clades supporting these observations.

36

GERMINATION OF THE BLADDER WRACK Fucus vesiculosus UNDER THERMAL AND SALINITY 

STRESS

Maczassek K

IfM-Geomar, Benthic Ecology (FB3/EÖB), Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany. kmaczassek@ifmgeomar.de

Over the last decades, Fucus vesiculosus, an ecologically important macroalgae in the German Baltic Sea, has

shown a massive retreat from the deeper zones of its former distribution. But also in shallow water Fucus

vesiculosus may be exposed to stressful temperatures and salinity extremes. We investigated how thermal and

salinity stress affect early life stages of Fucus vesiculosus. To this end, germination success of fucoid zygotes

under a variety of naturally occurring temperatures - salinities scenarios was assessed by indoor climate

simulation experiments. Temperature and salinity affected the germination success of Fucus. The sensitivity

towards these stressors varied among genotypes and with provenance of the algae. The optimal conditions for

the germination of fucoid zygotes were found to be at 15°C and 17 psu. At 5°C the germination of Fucus

vesiculosus was significantly higher than at 25°C. The zygotes of algae from “high” salinity areas (17 psu) were

more affected by low salinity stress than zygotes from parents of low salinity regions (7 psu, 10 psu). We

conclude that hot summer seasons impact germination success of Fucus vesiculosus more than cold winter

temperatures and that zygote sensitivity towards low salinities depends on the pre-adaptation of the parents. 

41

PHENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE NON-GENICULATE CORALLINE RED ALGAE 

(CORALLINOPHYCIDAE, RHODOPHYTA)

Maneveldt GW1 and Woelkerling WmJ2

1Department of Biodiversity & Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, P. Bag X17, Bellville 7535, 

South Africa, 2 Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia. 

gmaneveldt@uwc.ac.za

Despite their ubiquity, non-geniculate coralline red algae are a poorly known group of organisms. Much of our

lack of knowledge of this group stems from a legacy of poor quality taxonomic work. Over the past 30 years,

however, we have made tremendous strides in understanding the taxonomy of these algae. The number of

researchers paying attention to the non-geniculate coralline red algae has increased in recent years, but notably

without any appreciable increase in the number of coralline taxonomists. The purpose of this research was to

provide assistance to this increasing number of researchers by developing an Internet-based tool that could assist

with coralline algal identifications. A phenetic character analysis of the non-geniculate coralline algal taxa

ascribed to the subclass Corallinophycidae was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative data. Here

individual taxa were regarded as Operational Taxonomic Units. Initially characters and character states were

identified and assigned numeric (gap) codes and a data matrix of the codes for all taxa were then tabulated. The

final tabulated codes were used to generate a phenogram as well as to write the software programme for the

online identifications. In addition to these outcomes, a key to the non-geniculate coralline algae belonging to the

Corallinophycidae was produced based on our current understanding of the taxonomy. It is envisaged that the

online tool will supplement coralline algal research and foster a greater interest in their systematics.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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242

EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH OF Gracilaria chilensis UNDER 

LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Mansilla A1, 2, Werlinger C3 and Murcia S1

1Av.Bulnes 01855, Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas. 

Chile 2Institute of Ecology & Biodiversity, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile, 3Departamento de Oceanografía, 

Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. silvia.murcia@umag.cl

Gracilaria chilensis, an agarophyte species endemic to Chile, is an intensively cultivated resource due to its

importance as a primary source of agar. In order to evaluate the response of this species to cultivation with

different agricultural fertilizers, apices of G. chilensis were grown in laboratory conditions with three different

products (Bayfolan, 3-P superphosphate 48% P, Urea 46% N). Bayfolan treatment produced a significant increase in

length (1.4% day-1) and growth rate (3.1% wet biomass per day) over the other treatments. The effects of 3-P

superphosphate and urea treatments on the increase in length were similar (0.74 and 0.85% day-1, respectively),

but growth rate was 2.5% wet biomass per daywith 3-P superphosphate, and only 1.9% wet biomass per day with

urea. Our results suggest that the use of agricultural fertilizers in the cultivation of G. chilensis is a promising

alternative for use in the cultivation of this species, with Bayfolan showing the highest-production effects.

249

SEAWEEDS FOR SECOND GENERATION BIOETHANOL; CAN WE COMPETE WITH CORN?

Martin P, Mair C and Kraan S

Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd, N17 Business Park, Milltown, Tuam, Co. Galway Ireland. stefan@oceanharvest.ie

The global demand for bio-fuels continues unabated. Driven by skyrocketing prices, rising concerns over

environmental pollution and global warming, and the movement to alternate fuels, the world ethanol market is

projected to reach 27.7 billion gallons per annum by the year 2012. However, the demand for ethanol needs to be

balanced by the problems associated with the supply of the raw material feedstock. Corn and sugar cane are the

major feed-stocks for the bio-ethanol industry, and the continued use of these crops will drive the food versus

fuels debate even more as demand for ethanol increases. Not only does the large-scale production of corn and

sugar damage the environment by the use of harmful pesticides, it uses two other valuable resources: arable land

and enormous quantities of water. The challenge is to find a feed-stock which is abundant and carbohydrate-rich.

This crop needs to be sustainable, use less or no agricultural inputs (pesticides, fertiliser, land, water), and not be

part of the human or animal food chain. Seaweed can be that feed stock. Current cultivation technologies

available will be examined and the economic aspects of using brown seaweeds for bio-ethanol production will be

presented together with some personal views on the feasibility of biofuel production from seaweed.

274

DISTINGUISHING SPECIES OF Calliarthron (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) USING RBCL 

SEQUENCES OF TYPE SPECIMENS AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MODERN FIELD 

COLLECTIONS

Martone PT1, Miller KA2 and Gabrielson PW3

1Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC CANADA 2University Herbarium, University of 

California, Berkeley, CA USA 3UNC Herbarium, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA

Coralline algae are notoriously difficult to identify to species. Because many taxa exhibit morphological plasticity,

it is difficult to discern where one species ends and another begins. This problem dates back to original

collections of “type” material: some phycologists designated distinct morphotypes as distinct species while others

recognized several morphotypes as one morphologically variable species. To examine species boundaries in

coralline algae, we have been extracting DNA from 70-year-old type specimens and comparing rbcL sequences.

We have also sequenced rbcL for recent collections of corallines, enabling us to recognize the range of

morphological variability and to identify characters that are useful for differentiating coralline species in the field.

Here we present results for the articulated coralline genus Calliarthron Manza. Sequence comparison suggests
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

78

that there are only two genetically distinct Calliarthron species: C. tuberculosum and C. cheilosporioides. We

conclude that C. regenerans and C. setchelliae are synonyms of C. tuberculosum, and we propose the transfer of

C. yessoense and C. latissimum to the Japanese genus Alatocladia; thus, the genus Calliarthron occurs only in the

eastern Pacific Ocean. Morphometric analyses identify several characters that differ significantly between the two

Calliarthron species and suggest that measures of intergenicular thickness and wingspan are sufficient to

distinguish the species in the field.

78

BETA DIVERSITY IN MACROALGAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Mazariegos-Villarreal A1,2, Reyes-Bonilla H2, Balart EF1 and Serviere-Zaragoza E1

1Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La 

Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México, 2Laboratorio de Sistemas Arrecifales, Dpto. de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma 

de Baja California Sur, Apdo. Postal 19-B, La Paz, B.C.S. 23080, México. amaza04@cibnor.mx

We evaluated the contribution of β diversity to the overall diversity of macroalgae assemblages in rocky reefs of

Loreto Bay, B.C.S. in the southwest coast of the Gulf of California. Seasonal samplings were taken in six sites from

2005 to 2008. We identified 196 species, with an average local richness (α diversity) of 30 ± 10 species. The

macroalgal assemblages were characterized by species with filamentous and foliose morphology, annual life

cycles, and the mixture of species with temperate and tropical affinities. The contribution of β diversity was

between 54% - 67% of γ diversity with a high species turnover between autumn and winter (62% - 76%), which

indicated that β diversity is a key diversity component in macroalgal assemblages along the region. The high β

diversity of macroalgal assemblages is probably due to the spatial heterogeneity of the rocky coast, the seasonal

pattern in seawater temperature and other oceanographic processes, and other sources of disturbance such as

grazing. This caused the presence of fast growing macroalgae with short life cycles which are continually leaving

and entering the assemblages; so other processes during the settlement may be also responsible for the observed

distinctness in species composition. These results should be used for the adequate management and

preservation of the rocky reefs of the Gulf of California, region recognized as important in the preservation of

global biodiversity. 

212

CALIFORNIA'S NON-NATIVE SEAWEEDS: A CASE STUDY

Miller KA

University Herbarium, University of California at Berkeley, 1001 Life Sciences Building #2465, CA 94720, USA. 

kathyannmiller@berkeley.edu

Non-native marine species are considered a threat because of their potential to compete with native species and

pre-empt their resources, to alter energy flow through communities, to facilitate the introduction of other nonnative species, and to homogenize regional biotic diversity. Marine Algae of California (Abbott and Hollenberg

1976) lists 669 species of red, brown and green seaweeds. About 14% are endemic to California, 44% are

restricted to the Pacific Coast of North America, 21% are restricted to southern California and adjacent Baja

California, Mexico, and 21% are so-called “cosmopolitan” species, with global distributions, that were described

from other parts of the world. Because the native range of many of the species in this latter group is unknown,

these species are known as “cryptogenic”, with hidden origins. Many may be ancient introductions. We also

share many genera and species with the western Pacific, especially Japan and Korea. These require critical

investigation to determine whether they are identical, sister species or introductions. To date, 27 non-native

seaweed species have been reported from the California coast: 4 green, 6 brown and 17 red species. This review

of non-native seaweeds in California includes inconspicuous, relatively rare species, species with limited

observations, well-established species and invasive or potentially invasive species. Many of these introductions

have been recorded recently, and may be correlated with climate change.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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77

LARGE-SCALE SHIFT FROM SUGAR KELP FOREST TO EPHEMERAL ALGAE ON THE COAST OF 

NORWAY

Moy FE, Christie H and Tveiten L 

Institute for Marine Research, moy@imr.no

Surveys of 650 sites along a 25.000 km coastline indicate more than 50% loss of the sugar kelp forest (Saccharina

latissima) during the last decade in Southern Norway. The large-scale shift is most severe in the sheltered

Skagerrak Sea were 80-90% of the kelp forest has been replaced by carpets of filamentous algae. The shift in

vegetation may be a result of long time eutrophication combined with recent climatic events causing increased

sea temperature and altered run-off from land. Also as a cascade effect of altered fish populations, a declining

grazer pressure may have enhanced growth of ephemeral algae. Thus, the situation has become favorable for the

fast growing opportunistic algae in competition with the perennial slow growing kelp. The shift to filamentous

algae is observed in the entire kelp vertical distribution zone, and the shift represents a change from a perennial

forest to a seasonal algal carpet. Kelp forests are highly productive and diverse communities, providing habitat

for many associated organisms, including feeding and nursery area for many species of fish. The consequences of

the observed ecosystem change are not fully understood, but are believed to include profound effects on the

food-webs, production and biodiversity, and on the ecological status of the water bodies over very large areas. As

Norway inhabits about 50% of the sugar kelp forests in Europe, we have a responsibility for the management of

this species.

17

CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND IMPACT ON SEAWEED FARMING ON 

SONGOSONGO 

Msuya FE1 and Porter M2

1Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar,

Tanzania, 2Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 2Z1, Canada

Tanzania, like other countries where Eucheumoid seaweeds are farmed, is experiencing die-offs of Kappaphycus

alvarezii. Production has fallen and in some areas no seaweed is produced at all affecting greatly the economy

and living standards of the farmers. This study was carried out on Songosongo Island, one of the most affected

areas in southern Tanzania during February-April 2009. Water temperature was higher (33-38.50C) than that

observed in seaweed farms in other areas. Salinity was the normal 34 to 35 ppt. In the abandoned areas, the

seaweed had whitish thalli and covered with slender whitish material, a sign of ice ice disease. Fouling and

epiphytic dark spots were also observed. Farmers have been moving from one area to the other when the

cultivation sites could no longer produce seaweed. Four sites have been abandoned. The number of farmers

changed from 809 during the production peak in 2003 to below 400 in 2008. Seaweed production decreased

from 84 MT worth 58 million Tsh. in 2003 to 26 MT in 2008 worth less than 10 million Tsh. (1US$=1200 Tsh.).

The percent of money that was paid to the village government by seaweed exporters was Tsh. 400,000 per

month. Nothing is paid now. People do not have enough food, with some who are considered better off, eating

not to be satisfied but to put something in their bellies. It can be concluded that Songosongo community is facing

an economic crisis that needs collaborative, focused effort to solve.

331

PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF Porphyra hollenbergii ALONG THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Muñiz-Salazar R1, López-Vivas JM1,2, Pacheco-Ruíz I3, Riosmena-Rodríguez R2, Yarish C4, ZertucheGonzález JA3

1Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico. Blvd. Zertuche y Blvd. De los 

lagos. s/n. Ensenada, B.C, México. C.P. 22890, 2Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Programa de 

Investigación en Botánica Marina, La Paz, Baja California Sur México. 3Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas. 

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California,. Carretera Tij-Eda. Km. 103. Ensenada, B.C, México. C.P. 22800, 

4Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, One University Place, Stamford, Connecticut 06901-

2315 USA.
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

80

Porphyra hollenbergii is endemic seaweed from the Gulf of California. P. hollenbergii is a monostromatic,

monoplastidial and dioecious seaweed showing a lanceolate form. Dawson (1944, 1953) described two endemic

species in the Gulf of California for the genus Porphyra: P. hollenbergii and P. pendula based on taxonomic

characters. However, there is not a current comprehensive work to understand if those species are the same or

different. According to taxonomic classification we sampled P. hollenbergii and P. pendulata at 15 sites along the

coast of the Gulf of California during the winter and spring from 2000 to 2008. Tree to ten individual of both

species were collected manually from each population during low tides. We analyzed 90 individuals by comparing

the nucleotide of the large subunit of rbcL and the 18S Ssu rRNA genes. Overall gene diversity was 0.011 and

0.0144, nucleotide diversity was 0.03497 and 0.0212 for rbcL and 18S gene, respectively. A total of 10 and 12

haplotypes were identified using rbcL and 18S genes, respectively. There are not significant differences between

sequences of P. hollenbergii and P. pendulata, therefore, is the same specie. However, analysis of molecular

variance (AMOVA) showed that sequences of P. hollenbergii and P. pendulata are geographically different. The

AMOVA showed 3 main groups. Individuals in the first group mainly inhabit the continental coast of the Gulf of

California, the second and the third group is in the northern and the southern area along the Peninsula of Baja

California inside the Gulf of California.

140

FEEDING RESPONSES OF NATIVE MACRO-INVERTEBRATES TO NON-INDIGENOUS SEAWEEDS

Murray SN, Navarro CA, Vogt SC and Smith JR

College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and Department of Biological Science California State University 

Fullerton, Fullerton, California, USA 92834-6850. smurray@fullerton.edu

Recently, much attention has been given to describing the spread of non-indigenous seaweeds and the pathways

leading to their introduction. However, less is known about the ecological roles of these introduced seaweeds in

their new habitats. A recent review reported that the ecological effects of only 6% of recorded seaweed invasions

have been studied. Little is known, for example, about the feeding responses of native consumers when

encountering new additions to their local seaweed flora. Yet, native consumers have the potential to feed on nonnative seaweeds at rates that may determine their success. Based mostly on studies performed in terrestrial

systems, cases have been made for both the selective consumption (Biotic Resistance Hypothesis) and avoidance

(Enemy Release Hypothesis) of non-indigenous seaweeds by native consumers. To improve understanding of

these feeding interactions, we performed a series of laboratory experiments in southern California USA using

native macro-invertebrates and introduced seaweeds. We determined feeding rates and performed two-choice

experiments with non-native (Caulacanthus ustulatus, Sargassum muticum, Sargassum horneri, and Undaria

pinnatifida) and native (Chondracanthus canaliculatus, Sargassum agardhianum, and Macrocystis pyrifera)

seaweeds and macro-invertebrate consumers. Native macro-invertebrates included the sea hare Aplysia

californica, the snail Chlorostoma aureotincta, the crab Pachygrapsus crassipes, and the urchin

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus; all are species with relatively broad field diets that include seaweeds. Our results

indicate that these native macro-invertebrates have diverse feeding responses that override native and non-native

considerations and that their impact on the success of a seaweed introduction must be evaluated on a case by

case basis. 

281

IN DEFENSE OF SEAVEGETABLES

Myslabodski DE

Great SeaVegetables, Consulting Services, 2 Park Dr STE 200, Rockland ME 04841 USA. 

DavidM@SeaVegetables.com

It seems counter-intuitive to defend marine plants as one of the best sources of food for humans, animals or the

soil. Regretfully today’s consumers are constantly bombarded with advertising promoting edible food-like

substances junk, convenience, processed, functional foods, nutraceuticals, etc] having this or that compound. A

recent characteristic of these products is the inclusion of dubious health claims. This has only added to the

present state of confusion where most consumers are not able to distinguishing between real food and food-like

substances. We propose that the best possible use of farmed and/or wild-harvested sea vegetables is as food.

This requires the re-evaluation of present and future uses of marine plants. How reasonable are the proposals to

farm marine plants used as sources of bio-fuels? How defensible is the cultivation of marine plants for the sole

manufacture of food-additives devoid of any nutritional value with the added production of pollutants? The classic

harvesting/farming and minimally processing of marine plants for the production of food not only is an excellent
XX International Seaweed Symposium

81

source of nutrients but, when properly executed, is also ecologically friendly requiring low energy processes and

producing very little emissions. Lastly we propose a revision to Michel Pollan’s statement. “Eat food. Not too

much. Mainly plants (land and marine)”.

183

Kappaphycus CULTIVATION AS A CATALYST FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE, 

INTEGRATED SEAWEED FARMING ALONG TROPICAL SEASHORES

Neish IC1 and Hurtado AQ2

1Seaplant.net Foundation S/O BaKTI, Jalan Dr. Sutomo No.26. Makassar, Sulaweso Selatan 90113, 2Seaweed 

Scientist-Consultant, Integrated Services for the Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries (ISDA), Iloilo City, 

Philippines. iain@seaplant.net

The farming of Kappaphycus (cottonii of the trade) is a rare example of aquaculture development that resulted

from market forces connecting to farmers in remote places. An industry that did not exist until the early 1970s

has become entrenched as a “traditional” source of livelihood for thousands of families in locations that present

few economic opportunities. Cottonii farming is technologically simple and it has been developed mainly by

farmers along tropical seashores. The cottonii crop is utilized primarily as a raw material for carrageenan which is

a performance chemical that serves as an ingredient in complex products from technologically advanced

manufacturers throughout the world. The present paper presents data that track these developments. Cottonii

farm development is explained with reference to models currently being applied to the development of

sustainable cultivation enterprises in impoverished regions. It is concluded that a major factor in successful

cottonii farming was that market forces were effectively linked to farmer communities in a reflexive manner that

directly linked farmers to market needs. Means are presented for extending the cottonii farming experience to

further development of sustainable seaweed aquaculture along tropical seashores.

87

MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS) FOR ENERGY AND FOR CO2 CAPTURE: AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT 

ACTIVITIES IN THE WORLD

Neori A

Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, P.O. Box 1212, Eilat 88112, 

Israel. aneori@gmail.com

Macroalgae (seaweeds) have significant advantages as fuel feedstock, related to their low cost and available

technologies for large-scale production. Macroalgal yields can be very high, making them suitable for biomass

production. Schemes for large macroalgae farms in deserts, on ocean rafts and integrated with offshore wind

farms have been proposed. Issues such as dewatering and processing at sea are under development. Energy

conversion processes, able to make use of wet biomass, have also been proposed, such as anaerobic digestion to

methane, fermentation to ethanol, and several processes of thermal decomposition. Quite a few efforts have

examined to different degrees the production and processing of macroalgae for energy and for CO2 capture. It

begun in earnest in the 1970's and 1980's in France (Souze, 1977) and in the U.S. (Department of Energy’s

Aquatic Species Program—Biodiesel from Algae). The history of this latter effort has been reviewed by Neushul

(1987) and the practicality of its results by Sheehan et al (1998). But these have been by no means the only

efforts. Scientists and engineers in many countries have examined this option. The motive seems obvious: huge

quantities of biomass that can be seen in coastal waters in the form of kelp forests and other macroalgae forests.

For instance, Russia has huge resources of naturally occurring macroalgae biomass along its shores, much of

which washes ashore as storm cast. A harvestable yield of 6 million tons fw a year has been estimated for the

Russian coast (Vilkova, O.Y., unpublished). In some cases, notably around the Brittany peninsula of France, in the

Venice Lagoon of Italy and recently (a 3-million ton "green tide") in the water off Qingdao of China, blooms have

resulted from the nutrification of the coastal waters by agriculture and urban waste. Producing energy from

macroalgae has been seen as a way to pay back a fraction of the cost of removing large algal blooms from coastal

waters. In China, Japan, Korea and Chile, countries that produce millions ton y-1 of macroalgae for food and

phycocolloids (agar, alginate and carrageen), energy seems as an additional use for the biomass, or fractions of it

that remain after the sought after phycocolloids have been extracted. However, like with microalgae, there is as

yet no known project that has produced energy from macroalgae on a full commercial scale. My talk will review

briefly plans, R&D efforts and pilot commercial operations involving energy from macroalgae, documented from

the following countries: Brazil, China, Canada, Chile, Denmark, European Union, France, Israel, Ireland, Italy,
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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Japan, Korea, Morocco, Norway, Soviet Union / Russian Federation, Scotland, South-East Asia, Thailand, Turkey,

UK and the USA.

59

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF THE SODIUM ALGINATE ON THE 

GROWTH

Nissa S1, Assia NK1, Mohamed M1, Belkacem M1 and Maya A2

1Nuclear research center of Algiers (CRNA). 02, Boulevard Frantz Fanon, BP.399-RP, Algiers.2University Saad 

Dahleb de Blida. saidaninissa@yahoo.fr

The sodium alginate with various molecular weights was obtained following the irradiation gamma. It was used

with various concentrations in the water of watering of two plants in sight to study its effect on stimulation of the

growth of these last. The molecular weights used in the present study were: 138, 55, 30, 15, 14 kDa. The tests

of stimulation of the growth were carried out in conditions controlled on the barley and chick-pea. The stimulative

effect of the sodium alginate on the growth of the plants was followed by the evaluation of the rate of increase of

three parameters, in fact, germination, the length of the roots and the height of the stems. It was observed that

the treatment of seeds, before sowing, with an aqueous solution with sodium alginate 20ppm of 30 kDa of

molecular weight, produces a rate of increase in germination, compared to the witness, of 20% at the barley and

16% at chick-pea. Concerning the vegetable growth, biometric measurements on samples of 12 days old

seedlings, showed that the alginate whose molecular weight east 14 kDa, brought to 20ppm, produces an

increase length of the roots of 16% and 46% at the barley and chick-pea, respectively. As for the growth of the air

part, it was observed an increase in 18% at the barley whose seeds were treated with alginate 50 ppm of 14 kDa,

and an increase 20% at chick-pea treated with alginate 30 kDa with the same concentration. The Avena test

carried out on the barley showed that it ya a lengthening of 7.87% of the coléoptiles of seeds treated with alginate

of 14 kDa compared to the witness (water). Even the content of dry matter of the samples treated with alginate is

in increase. 

325

THE COMMERCIAL Ascophyllum nodosum-BASED SEAWEED EXTRACT “Stimplex®” POSITIVELY 

AFFECTS THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF RED GLOBE AND SUPERIOR SEEDLESS TABLE GRAPES

Norrie J1, Mansilla J2, Babelis G2, Mondino C2, Ferratto J2 and Melgar R2

1Acadian Seaplants Limited, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, jnorrie@acadian.ca, 2Secretaría de Agricultura, 

Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentación, Instituto. Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Pergamino, Buenos Aires, 

Argentina. rjrmelgar@gmail.com

Commercially produced extracts from Ascophyllum nodosum have been used effectively as biostimulants and

fertilizers in crop management programs for many years. Over a two-year period in Argentina, the commercial

product Stimplex® was applied via multiple applications at 2.5 L/ha to table grapes using a RCB design. Yield and

quality data were collected to evaluate Stimplex® effects on fruit yield and market quality. In 2008, for Superior

Seedless grapes, following 4 applications of Stimplex®, total yields were 19.7 and 15.3 T/ha for the treated and

control plots, respectively, representing a 28.8% increase. Increases were also observed for 1st class (3.71 vs 0.86

T/ha) and 2ndclass (7.82 vs 4.73 T/ha) fruit, with a concurrent decrease in rejected fruit. No differences were

observed in soluble solids (Brix), but slight increases were found for berry weight and diameter. After 6

applications to Red Globe Grapes in 2009, yields were higher for total (8.75%) and 1st class fruit (35%), and

slightly higher for 2nd class fruit (3%), and lower for rejected fruit (22.9%). Brix was slightly elevated. No

differences were found for berry weight but berry diameter was significantly higher (27.3 vs 24.9 mm). Economic

data indicated significantly improved returns when compared to the control ($7267 vs $3387 USD in 2008; $9807

vs $7845 in 2009). These results corroborate previous results on table grapes from California and Chile and

suggest that Stimplex® can be used effectively to improve yield and/or fruit quality in table grapes resulting in

significant improvements in ROI.
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158

INFLUENCE OF XANTHOPHYLL CYCLE PIGMENT POOL SIZE ON NON-PHOTOCHEMICAL 

QUENCHING PERFORMANCE OF Macrocystis pyirifera

Ocampo-Alvarez H and Garcia-Mendoza E

Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Km 107 carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, 

Ensenada, B.C. 22860 México. hocampo@cicese.mx

Thermal dissipation, measured as NPQ, is one of the most important photoprotective mechanisms of plants and

algae. In Macrocystis pyrifera thermal dissipation is necessary to regulate the photosynthetic activity of blades

exposed to full sun light (surface). NPQ in M. pyrifera, in contrast to higher plants, depends only on the formation

of the carotenoid zeaxanthin (Zea) formed through the xanthophyll cycle (XC). As consequence, the rate of

formation of this photoprotective pigment is important to develop a fast response to potentially stress conditions.

In the present work we characterized the effect of the size of the xanthophyll pigment pool (SXC) on the deepoxidation kinetics of this cycle. We compared the formation of Zea on tissue acclimated to different light

conditions (blades collected from different depths) which have different SXC. The rate of Zea formation and

extend of NPQ formation were measured at four light intensities (1500, 900, 150, 75 μmol photons m-2s-1). We

found that the extent of NPQ induction and rates of Zea conversion were lower in blades with smaller SXC. Also,

we found two distinct kinetics of NPQ induction. A fast NPQ induction (t1/2=1~3 min) was linearly correlated to

the amount of antheraxanthin formed upon exposure to light. There was also a slow component related to the deepoxidation state of the SXC. These results show that in high light acclimation the increase in the size of the SXC

and the accumulation of preformed antheraxanthin represent a photoprotective strategy to respond faster to

potentially stress light conditions

64

EXOTIC OR NON-EXOTIC? THAT IS THE QUESTION. A CASE STUDY FOR SEAWEEDS IN BRAZIL

Oliveira E, Silva BTN and Amancio CE

Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de São Paulo. R. do Matão. Cidade Universitária. 05508-900. São Paulo, SP. 

Brazil. euricodo@usp.br

The introduction of marine species is a very recent concern in Brazil and marine algae are one of the least studied

groups. With the exception of Kappaphycus alvarezii, introduced on purpose, all the other putative introductions

are just hypothesis to be tested. Of the ten species of seaweeds suspected to be non-natives, only Caulerpa

scalpelliformis, be it a natural migrant from a hundred miles north, or an introduced strain from a remote place,

is the only species that is behaving as invasive. In most cases, the recognition of a species as non-native is a

complex issue. Species with spatially disjunctive distribution are view with suspicion; and, if they were not

detected in previous surveys they may be labeled as newcomers. But, when, in the past, we should draw a baseline

to consider a species as introduced? And what about the species that arrived without the concourse of men, i. e.,

by natural dispersion? Whatever the case the key issue is time. But, how far in time the baseline should go back?

To the year 1500 when the Portuguese arrived in Brazil? Or to the oldest biodiversity study available for a given

locality, that is 1950 in the case of Brazil? This problem is even more critic for rare and inconspicuous organisms,

not to talk of misidentification. Because of that, to be on the safe side, most of the 12 species of our list have to

be considered as cryptogenic, so far.
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509

SOURCE-TRACKING THE DOMINATING ALGA OF THE DRIFTING GREEN TIDE IN THE YELLOW 

SEA REVEALS THE URGENCY AND IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE 

MANAGEMENT IN CHINA

Pang SJ1, Liu F1, 2, Shan TF1, Xu N1, 2, Zhang ZH1, Gao SQ1, Chopin T3 and Sun S1

1Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, P.R.China, 2Graduate University of 

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R.China, 3University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 5050, Saint 

John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. sjpang@ms.qdio.ac.cn

Large-scale drifting green tides have occurred in the Yellow Sea consecutively for three years from 2007 to 2009.

We have conducted sampling of the algae and seawater at different sites along the Qingdao and Jiangsu coasts

and participated in 5 open-sea cruises in the Yellow Sea from 2008 to 2009. In total, 150 algal samples were

analyzed by use of ITS and rbcL gene comparison, 150 samples of surface seawater were cultured to quantify the

microscopic stages of the bloom-forming algae. Results showed that (1) microscopic stages of the green algae

were ubiquitous in land-based animal aquaculture ponds (AAPs) and in the Yellow Sea, and were present in the

absence of Porphyra farming structures; (2) the dominating algae were highly identical in both morphology and

sequences of ITS and rbcL genes over the three years; (3) intensive marine animal farming in AAPs resulted in

high levels of nutrients in coastal waters and constituted a potential triggering factor for occurrence of green

tides; (4) higher temperature and low salinities facilitated the growth and sporulation of the dominating alga, thus

helping it to win the competition with other algae in occupying the niche in the Yellow Sea; (5) prevention of largescale green tides in the Yellow Sea in the future depends on and calls for the establishment of a comprehensive,

integrated coastal zone management plan in which discharges of effluents are controlled and biomitigative

measures, such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), are implemented.

145

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION USING SEAWEED BED OF BIOSLAG IN THE MARINE 

ENVIRONMENT

Park K-S1, Kim H-S1, Park H-W1, Sohn G-M2 and Park H2

1Energy & Envion. Div., RIST, Pohang 790-600, Korea, 2Environ. & Energy Dept., POSCO, Pohang 790-600, Korea. 

kspark@rist.re.kr

Seaweed forest cultivation using BioSlag seaweed reefs made of steel-making slag would be an effective

adaptation measure. By this means, CO2 could be mitigated in a two-step process: carbonation of steel-making

slag aggregates in the BioSlag reefs, and photosynthesis by the seaweeds grown on the BioSlag reefs, creating a

natural CO2-storage site. The carbonation process of slag corresponds to that of mineral carbonation, and the

application of slag seaweed reefs falls under the CCS ocean storage method reported by the IPCC (2005).

Approval of this kind of seaweed-photosynthetic CO2 storage as a CO2 sink mechanism, by the UNFCC, is

anticipated. 

271

DIVERSITY OF THE GENUS Dictyota (DICTYOTALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN NEW CALEDONIA 

(SOUTH PACIFIC)

Payri CE, Ferret C and Mattio L

Dictyota is a worldwide distributed genus, with about 71 species. It colonizes a large range of habitats and is a

common inhabitant of the coral reefs. Specimen identification based on morphology is most of the time difficult

and only few species are morphologically clearly delimited. Aside from the well described Dictyota flora of the

Indian Ocean, Europe, South Africa and Southern Australia most of the specimens are difficult to identify. New

Caledonia which is part of the Gondwanaland is recognized as one of the terrestrial and marine biodiversity

hotspots. The marine flora display a large range of tropical, subtropical and temperate affinities and the genus

Dictyota is a good illustration of this high species diversity. Intensive sampling from shallow waters to deep reefs

(60 m) has brought tens of specimens. The study based on a combined approach using morpho-anatomical

examinations, statistical analyses of morphometry and DNA analyses based on cox1, partial rbcL and psaA

sequences, as well as combined sequence sets, hierarchical upward and molecular phylogenetic analyses
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confirmed morphotypes identified on morphological observations, and sustained the hypotheses of cryptic

species. In total, 16 species belonging to the genera Dictyota (13), Canistrocarpus (2) and Rugulopterix (1) were

revealed from the New Caledonian collections. Phylogenetic diversity and species biogeographical affinities in the

Indo-Pacific context are discussed.

94

SEAWEEDS IN EU'S WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE

Pedersen A

Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Lysaker, Norway. are@niva.no

EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) main goal is to protect and restore clean water within EU – i.e. ground-,

fresh-, transitional- and coastal waters. The Directive establishes a new holistic approach for water management

based on management of water basins, from mountain tops into coastal waters. Water quality assessment is

mainly based on biological indices, as opposed to the traditional hydro-chemical or pollutants criteria sets

previously used. The water quality is graded into five classes from high to Very Bad and the main goal is to obtain

at least Good water quality in all waterbodies within 2015. In transitional- and coastal waters, the main indices are

based on five different biological elements: Phytoplankton, Macroalgae, Angiosperms, Benthic invertebrate fauna

(soft bottom) and fish fauna (only in transitional waters). Every nation that shares similar water types have to

intercalibrate their indices, hence an uniform water basin management across nations. The tight schedule for the

implementation of the directive and the development of biological indices is, however, a challenge and probably

more so than the politicians in EU anticipated.

149

ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS BY EPIPHYTIC MANGROVE MACROALGAE USED AS 

INDICATORS OF ESTUARINE POLLUTION IN TROPICAL COASTAL WATERS

Peña EJ1, Lozano Y1, Benitez R2 and Cantera JR1

1Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360 Cali, Colombia, 2Departamento de Química, 

Universidad del Cauca, Popayan, Colombia. enripena@univalle.edu.co

Buenaventura bay, a tropical estuary at the Pacific Coast of Colombia has undergone to a gradual increase in

levels of contamination with heavy metals and other industrial wastes from the city of Buenaventura. This study

assessed the temporal and spatial variation of the concentration of two heavy metals in water, sediment and

tissues of two species of macroalgae, Bostrychia calliptera (Montagne) Montagne (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta)

and Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey (Chlorophyceae, Cladophorales) during one year. The results in algae

showed no differences (P> 0.05) among the months. In contrast, significant differences were found in metal

concentration among sampling sites. Cangrejo Island (Estuary middle sector), presented high levels of both

metals (copper: water 0.45 μg g-1, sediment 1.05 μg g-1, B. calliptera 3.61 μg g-1 and R. riparium 1.23 μg g-1;

Lead: Water 0.20 μg g-1 and R. riparium 0.81 μg g-1). Concentrations were higher in algal tissue compared to the

levels found in water column and sediment. The red algae B. Calliptera presented higher concentrations of

copper, while R. Riparium presented higher concentrations of lead. According to the results, the species of algae

can be considered as bioindicators of Cu and Pb accumulation. The differences among Bioconcentration factor,

among sites for each algae species, demonstrate that it is important to develop studies on the environmental

conditions that influence the accumulation of metals in tropical coastal areas.
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150

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EXOTIC SPECIES Kappaphycus alvarezii (RHODOPHYTA, 

SOLIERIACEAE) IN THE COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN 

Peña S EJ1 and Palacios PML2

1Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360 Cali, Colombia, 2Programa de Administración del 

Medio Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Km 2, vía Jamundi Cali, Colombia. 

malupa1130@yahoo.com

Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva is an economically important red seaweed highly demanded for its cell

wall polysaccharide, and it is considered one of the most important source of n-carrageenan in the tropics. The

species have been introduced to numerous parts of the world for the development of a commercial cultivation

industry. Strains of K. alvarezii were introduced in the northern Caribbean region of Colombia to start a pilot

cultivation project with local fishermen as an alternative livelihood for local communities. Plants were cultivated

for a period of 14 moths using the fixed off bottom monoline culture method, to determine the technical viability

of growing this seaweed in the tropical waters of Cabo de la Vela, a coastal town in the Guajira Peninsula. The

highest average growth rates obtained were 4.5 ± 1% day-1 for the dry season (between May and August). In

contrast, the lowest growth rate was observed during the rainy season (October to December), 3.1 ± 1% day-1.

During the study period other native species of red algae were growing in the pilot lines interacting with the algal

settlement of Kappaphycus. Species composition and algal cover in the cultivation areas were also observed as a

monitoring survey associated with the introduction and establishment of K. alvarezii in the study region. The

results demonstrated the importance of evaluate the feasibility of introduced species, prior to developed

commercial seaweed cultivation for conservation and management purposes in the Colombian Caribbean.

136

PRODUCTION OF SEAWEEDS IN INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE FOR 

APPLICATION AS INGREDIENTS IN FISH

Pereira R, Abreu MH, Valente L, Rema P and Sousa-Pinto I

CIIMAR/CIMAR - Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto. Portugal. 

rpereira@ciimar.up.pt

According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), aquaculture continues to grow more rapidly than all other

animal food-producing sectors, and is needed to provide fish due to the decrease in fisheries. On the other hand,

there is consensus that aquaculture development must be achieved based on sustainable practices. Specifically,

three important aquaculture problems need to be addressed: 1) the need for alternative protein sources for fishfeed, that is both economically viable and of good quality; 2) the need to improve the water quality in intensive

systems and 3) the need to improve the image of farmed fish with the consumers. Considerable effort has been

put into solving the first problem. However, alternative protein sources tested, and successfully adopted by the

industry, are essentially agricultural crops like soy, peas and corn. At a smaller scale, some research has been

performed on the use of microalgae. This work is part of a project to select and optimize the production of

seaweeds in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems, improving water quality and producing suitable

biomass to be used as high quality ingredient for fish feed. Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Porphyra dioica and Ulva

spp, were produced in IMTA system. Protein content of the seaweeds varied from 24 to 39%, with significant

increases when compared to wild harvested material. In particular conditions, however, protein in G.

vermiculophylla was higher than 40%. Lipid contents varied between 1.16 and 1.27% on a dry matter basis. The

potential use of these seaweeds as ingredients in fish-feed will be discussed.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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201

GRAZING ON MICROSCOPIC STAGES OF THE GIANT KELP Macrocystis pyrifera

Pereda SV1, Cabrera JC1, Buschmann AH2, Hernández-González MC2 and González K2

1CIEN Austral. Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n Pelluco, Casilla 1327, Puerto Montt, 

Chile, 2Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ambientes y Recursos Costeros ‘i ~mar’, Universidad de Los Lagos, 

Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile. sandra.pereda@cienaustral.cl

The effect of grazing by two marine snails, Crepipatella fecunda and Tegula atra, coexisting with Macrocystis

pyrifera could be a key factor on structuring the annual population of kelp in Southern Chile. Grazers may have a

high impact on the microscopic stages of the alga (i.e. gametophytes and early sporophytes) either by active

feeding or detachment of the reproductive structures from the substrate, with the consequent change in the alga

population. Laboratory experiments showed active grazing on the microscopic stages of the algae by both marine

snails. Grazing in males of C. fecunda (male are grazers/female are filter feeders) showed that 90% of individuals

prefer gametophytes with a grazing rate of 90 gametophytes h-1. Meanwhile only a 20% of males grazed

successfully on early sporophytes (12 sporophyte h-1), but can detached them to some extend from the substrate.

However, the males of the slipper limpet were unable to graze upon sporophytes bigger than 300 μm. On the

other hand, T. atra does not discriminate among reproductive stages or sizes of M. pyrifera (300 stages h-1).

Therefore, grazing by T. atra is more effective but less selective than C. fecunda, which is related to their feeding

strategies. The study also explores the possible effect of nutritional value of M. pyrifera on the marine snail

feeding preferences. 

39

EFFECT OF MACROALGAE DIETS ON GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF JUVENILE 

GREEN ABALONE Haliotis fulgens PHILIPPI

Pérez-Estrada CJ, Civera-Cerecedo R, Hernández-Llamas A and Serviere-Zaragoza E. 

Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 

23090, México. claudiap@cibnor.mx

Abalone Haliotis fulgens is one of the most important fishing resources in the western coast of the Baja California

peninsula, where several hatcheries are producing juveniles of the species; the macroalga Macrocystis pyrifera is

the most frequently used for feeding abalone in Mexico. Occasionally, and depending on availability, other

macroalgae, such as Ulva spp., Eisenia arborea, Egregia menziesii, Gracilaria spp. or Porphyra spp. are used as

feed substitutes. Considering the importance of feeding in the development and maintenance of juvenile H.

fulgens, five macroalgae, Ulva sp., E. arborea, E. menziesii, M. pyrifera, and Porphyra perforata were tested as rehydrated feeds. Growth, survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and biochemical composition of the digestive gland

and muscle were evaluated after 136-day feeding trial. Re-hydrated macroalgae promoted growth (M. pyrifera

18.1 μm·d–1, E. menziesii 17.5 μm·d–1 and P. perforata 15.1 μm·d–1), although, depending on the diet, there

were considerable differences in growth weight, FCR, and biochemical composition. Ulva sp. (1.6 μm·d–1) and E.

arborea (12.0 μm·d–1) produced the lowest growth rates. Protein, carbohydrates and lipid contents in the

digestive gland of juveniles ranged from 113–180 mg·g–1, 98.3–448 mg·g–1, and 17.2–23.3 mg·g–1,

respectively. In muscle, the ranges were 66.9–123 mg·g–1, 9.5–23.2 mg·g–1, and 2.8–3.9 mg·g–1, respectively.

This study showed that differences in the chemical composition of macroalgae result in different growth

responses, feed efficiencies, and biochemical composition of the digestive gland and muscle of juvenile H

fulgens. 
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216

NITROGEN UPTAKE BY THE OPPORTUNISTIC MACROALGA Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus), DURING 

SEMIDIURNAL INTERNAL WAVE ACTIVITY

Pérez-Mayorga DM and Ladah LB

CICESE, Department of Biological Oceanography, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, Ensenada, 22800 Baja California, 

Mexico. lladah@cicese.mx

Typically sources of nitrogen for seaweeds result from upwelling and from runoff from land, however little is

know about how macroalgae respond to nitrogen pulses in the field which are brought to shore by high frequency

mechanisms, such as internal waves, during periods of strong water column stratification. To determine if an

opportunistic macroalga could increase tissue nitrogen content as a response to high-frequency (minutes to

hours) nutrient pulses induced by internal waves, Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus) was transplanted for short continuous

deployments (3, 6 and 12 hrs) at three different depths (1, 5, and 10 meters) in the near-shore ocean near

Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, for an 8-day period. Concurrently, water column conditions (temperature and

nutrients) were measured to determine when internal waves occurred and how long they lasted. U. lactuca

showed a significant increase in dry-weight tissue nitrogen during cool (<16 °C), nitrogen-containing (>1μM NO3),

internal wave pulses, in short periods of time (12 h, 6 h and 3 h), even though cold water pulses were short and at

times lasted less than an hour (35 minutes). The data support the hypothesis that U. lactuca can increase tissue

nitrogen content in response to high frequency (hours) cool internal wave pulses. 

250

COMMERCIAL SEAWEEDS AND SEA GRASSES OF THE FAR EAST SEAS OF RUSSIA: BIOLOGY, 

DISTRIBUTION, STOCKS AND THEIR PROCESSING

Podkorytova AV1 and Sukhoveeva MV2

1Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), Moscow, 107140, Russia.2Pacific 

Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), Vladivostok, 690650, Russia. podkor@vniro.ru

In the Far East Seas there are about 552 species of macrophytic algae: 161, 318, 73 species of brown, red, green

algae, respectively, and 4 species of sea grasses. Their stocks are estimated at 40-45 million tons of raw biomass.

Laminariales are distributed in the coastal zone of all Far East Seas. From them 15 species harvested and use in

technology of foodstuff and products for functional nutrition and also hydrocolloids and biologically active

additives to food (BAA). Resourses of Fucales amount to 9200 – 10,475 th. tons. Algae belonging to the order

Fucales are of great value, as raw material for obtaining of pharmacological preparations and BAA. Among red

algae the greatest practical importance has Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Kanno et Matsubara) V. Mak. Its basic stocks

are concentrated in the lagoon Busse of Island Sakhalin, in the gulf of Izmena of the Kunashir Island and in the

Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan. Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis is indispensable raw material for manufacturing of

food and microbiological agars and also agarose. Other red algae - Odonthalia corymbifera, Tichocarpus crinitus,

Rhodymenia pertusa, Chondrus spp., Palmaria stenogona do not form independent thickets and are considered

to be potentially important commercial stocks. Chondrus armatus by its stocks and technological value is

perspective raw material for production of kappa-carrageenan. Stocksof Ulva fenestrata Post. et Rupr. in the

whole area amount to 45-50 th. tons. Ulva is used for salads. Sea grasses - Zostera marina L., Z. asiatica Miki.,

Z.japonica Aschers.& Graebn and Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino are widespread in the Sea of Japan; off the

western and eastern coasts of the Sakhalin Island, in the Sea of Okhotsk, off the Kuriles Island, in the Peter the

Great Bay. Their stocks are estimated as 450-1450 th tons. Sea grasses are used for production of zosterin. 
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42

LIFE ON THE EDGE OF DARKNESS: ENERGETIC CONSTRAINTS ON Anotrichium GROWTH AND 

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Pritchard D1, Hepburn C2, Beardall J3 and Hurd C1

1Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 2Department of Marine Science, University of 

Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.3School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. 

daniel.pritchard@botany.otago.ac.nz

Primary productivity is determined by light availability balanced against the energetic requirements for

physiological processes such as nitrogen and carbon uptake and assimilation. Anotrichium crinitum (Rhodophyta)

is a dominant component of subtidal rocky reefs below 10 m along the coast New Zealand’s South Island. In situ

light data, recorded continuously since December 2008, suggest that A. crinitum photosynthesis is light limited

89% of the time and growth is light limited on 80% of days. We hypothesised that the preferential use of less

abundant, but energetically less expensive, forms of inorganic carbon (as CO2) and nitrogen (as NH4

+) might

support growth of A. crinitum during periods of light limitation. While external carbonic anhydrase was shown to

support maximal photosynthetic rates, δ13C analyses and pH drift experiments indicated that A. crinitum does

not utilize an active carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM). This suggests that A. crinitum relies on diffusive

uptake of CO2. Under favourable conditions, A. crinitum takes up nitrate and shows high levels of nitrate

reductase activity, suggesting that it can utilize NO3

-

. However, field harvested A. crinitum shows a strong

preference for NH4

+, has low internal NO3-

 pools and growth rates four-fold higher when supplied with NH4

+

compared to NO3

-

. We suggest use of NH4

+ coupled with diffusive uptake of CO2 may support growth and primary

productivity of A. crinitum during periods of light limitation.

505

GENETIC ENGINEERING IN SEAWEED BIOREFINERY: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES

Qin S1, Jiang P2, Lin H2 and Wang Y1

1Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China, 2Institute of 

Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China

Genetic engineering of seaweeds started from early 1990s, with the main obstacle that it is in lack of enough

genetic background and vector/host system. In order to overcome the obstacle, the early development of

methodology mainly referred to either plant or microbial technology since the plants and microbes have similar

physiological and genetic characters, and considered the specific features of seaweeds at the same time in

practice. Some algae with a strong research background and fine growth characteristics were selected as

transformation models. Then the models were used in strain breeding and further experienced genetically

construction to be a seaweed bioreactor to express exogenous genes. By genetic and metabolic engineering, the

seaweed biorefinery is designed to utilize nearly all components of seaweeds with the purpose to produce

multiple products and maximize the comprehensive value derived from the seaweed biomass feedstock. This

presentation will give some examples on seaweed genetic engineering in China. The current problems, challenges

and perspectives on seaweed biorefinary are also discussed. 

332

ALGAL OVERGROWTH OF CORALS FROM THE MEXICAN CARIBBEAN

Quan-Young LI1, Espinoza-Avalos J2, Cetz-Navarro NP2 and Vega-Zepeda A3

1Universidad de Antioquia, Instituto de Biología, Medellín, Colombia; 2 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado 

postal 424, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77000, México; 3 CONANP Región Península de Yucatán y Caribe Mexicano, 

Av. Insurgente 445, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77039, México.

Coral reefs around the world but especially in the Caribbean Sea are being degraded at an alarming rate, shifting

from a dominance of live coral colonies to a state of dead corals with algae overgrowing them. In the southern

part of the Mexican Caribbean (MC), the tissue of large coral species (i.e. Montastraea spp., Diploria strigosa,
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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Acropora palmata) are mainly overgrown by mixed filamentous turf algae (MFTA), few millimeters in length,

which rarely become reproductive, while small coral species (i.e. Agaricia tenuifolia, Porites porites) are mainly

overgrown by algae larger than 5-10 cm, which may exhibit ten types of reproductive structures. Coral species

were overgrown by a different algal species composition irrespective of their size, and the number of macroalgae

and multicellular cyanobacteria species found in close proximity of coral tissue ranged from 56 in A. palmata

to107 in D. strigosa. MFTA, mainly composed of clonal algae species, stressed the tissue of M. faveolata by

reducing the tissue thickness, zooxanthellae density, and Chl a cm-2. Two clonal algae species (Gelidiella

trinitatensis and Polysiphonia scopularum var. villum) actively competed with the coral tissue by increasing the

spacer length (distance between erect axes) and the diameter of prostrate axes. A. palmata colonies with low

percentage of tissue overgrown by algae were found at sites from the southern MC with low pressure of human

activities but also at sites from the northern MC with high demographic and touristic pressures, revealing that

coral health it dependents on conservation actions and sustainable management.

152

PHLOROTANNIN RICH EXTRACT OF Ascophyllum nodosum AND Himanthalia elongata, 

DIRECT AND PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON CELLULAR OXIDATIVE MARKERS IN HUMAN HEPATOMA 

HepG2

Queguineur B1, Kraan S1, Guiry MD1, Ramos S2, Martin MA2, Goya L2, Mateos R2 and Bravo L2

1Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland, 2Department of 

Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frio (CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais, 10 Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 

Madrid, Spain. benoit.queguineur@nuigalway.ie

Over the last decade, phlorotannins in brown algae have received much attention both due to their ecophysiological importance and potential applications in the biotech and food industries. Antioxidant activity

studies of a wide range of seaweeds have mainly focused on in vitro assays; however there is a paucity of data

regarding the effect of brown algal phlorotannins on living cultured cells. The aim of this study is to investigate

both direct and protective effect of phlorotannin rich extracts on cell viability (Lactate deshydrogenase leakage)

and cellular oxidative status of cultured human hepatoma cells (HepG2) against oxidative stress induced by tertbutyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH). Aqueous methanolic extracts of both Ascophyllum nodosum and Himanthalia

elongata were submitted to gastrointestinal digestion prior to incubation for 20h within HepG2 culture at

physiological concentration (0.5-50 μg.mL-1). Various markers of cellular oxidative stress were then assessed,

such as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defenses (i.e. concentration of reduced

glutathione, activity of glutathione peroxidase and reductase enzymes), and levels of malondialdehyde as a

marker of cellular damage. The direct effect on the cellular markers was assessed immediately after the

incubation period, whereas for the protective effect, the incubation period was followed by 3h treatment with tBOOH. Results exhibit no variation in cell viability and both extracts showed reduced levels of ROS in the direct

treatment. Moreover, the extracts showed a significant protective effect against chemically induced oxidative

stress in HepG2 cells, hence encouraging the possibility of inclusion of brown algal extract in functional food

products.

142

VARIATIONS IN MACROALGAL COMMUNITY IN THE ALACRANES REEF NATIONAL PARK, OFF 

THE NORTHERN YUCATAN PENINSULA

Ramirez-Miss N, Ortegón-Aznar I and Aguilar-Perera A

Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y 

Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. ramirezmiss1@gmail.com

A community assessment was conducted in order to compare the macroalgae between islands from the Alacranes

Reef National Park, off the northern Yucatan Peninsula. During July 2009, the richness, abundance, and

percentage of cover were recorded from two 50m transects in ten 20 x 20 cm quadrats per side (wave exposure

vs. non exposure) of each of the five islands within the reef for a total of two hundred quadrats. The last

phycofloristic study was conducted more than 20 years ago by Huerta et al (1987) and the other before this was

done by Kim (1964) both find a large number species predominated by Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae. We

present Preliminary results of Marine Algae of Alacranes Reef National Park. At least 30 taxa of marine algae were

recorded at this moment. The class Rhodophyceae has the largest number of species and abundance over sandy

bottom and Phaeophyceae showing the higher percent cover, but the Chlorophyceae dominates over the other
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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class around the ridge. The highest richness has been detected at Isla Perez which is the largest island over the

area. We have detected at least 8 new records for the Alacranes Reef. At the moment no spatial patterns among

the islands were found but more work is needed to make conclusions. To detect any change within a community

we first need to understand the spatiotemporal patterns.

240

OPTIMISATION OF Laminaria digitata (HUDSON) J.V. LAMOUROUX GAMETOPHYTE GROWTH: 

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND CULTURE MEDIA

Ratcliff J1, Edwards M, Soler-Vila A, Hanniffy D and Kraan S

1Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Galway, Ireland. j.ratcliff1@nuigalway.ie

There is wide-scale interest in developing intensive sea-cultivation of various macroalgae with the idea of

supplying industry, with e.g. bioactive molecules or feed-stock for biofuel production, and in a sustainable way. In

Europe much of the focus has centred on a variety of kelp species (Laminariales). Laminariales have a

heteromorphic life-cycle alternating between microscopic small gametophytes and large sporophytes. For culture

purposes the microscopic stages - release of zoospores, growth of gametophytes, gametogenesis - are carried out

in the laboratory. These processes are labour and time intensive, hence the need to improve their efficiency. To

date little work has focussed on the cultivation potential of L. digitata. This work presents results of the effects of

different photoperiods and commercially available nutrients on the growth rate of gametophytes. A culture of two

week old gametophytes was thoroughly mixed and used to inoculate two different macroalgae culture media and

one medium of commercially available plant fertiliser with replicates of sterilised seawater inoculated as control.

Cultures were maintained in light regimes of 8:16, 12:12, 16:8(L:D) or continuous light and length of

gametophytes was measured weekly until week 5, after which biomass measurements were made until the end of

the experiment at week 9. Results will be presented and discussed. We acknowledge funding by EPSRC under the

Supergen Bioenergy Consortium, GR/S28204, and under SUDEVAB, by the financial support of the Commission of

the European Communities under the EC's (FP7, 2007-2013).

315

LIPOPHILIC COMPONENTS OF Ascophyllum nodosum IMPART FREEZING TOLERANCE IN 

Arabidopsis thaliana THROUGH PRIMING OSMOLYTE ACCUMULATION AND ENHANCING 

FATTY ACID UNSATURATION

Rayirath P1, Zhang J2, Kirby CW3, Benkel B1, Hodges MD4, Hiltz D5, Critchley AT5 and Prithiviraj B1

1Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS, Canada, B2N 

5E3, 2Institute for Nutrisciences and Health, National Research Council, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada, C1A 

4P3, 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4N6, 4Atlantic Food and 

Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada, B4N 1J5. 5Acadian 

Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Ave., Dartmouth, NS, Canada, B3B 1X8.

Lipophilic components of a brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum; LPC), commercial extract improves freezing

tolerance in Arabiodpsis thaliana. The physiological, biochemical and metabolic changes elicited by A.

nodosum extracts that impart stress tolerance, however, remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that

plants treated with LPC accumulate higher concentrations of proline and soluble sugars as compared to untreated

controls, when exposed to sub-zero temperatures. The extract treatment to an Arabidopsis mutant p5cs1

(defective in stress induced proline accumulation), did not improve freezing tolerance suggesting that proline is

an important biochemical component in LPC-induced freezing tolerance. The results presented in this paper

suggest that A. nodosum extract mediates freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis by priming the plants to accumulate

higher concentrations of osmoprotectants such as proline and soluble sugars, and by increasing the degree of

unsaturation of fatty acids which, in turn, alter the fluidity of cell membranes.
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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26

EFFECT OF SEAWEED LIQUID FERTILIZER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF Lycopersicon esculentum

Reeta K1, Inderdeep K2 and Bhatnagar AK1

1Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110 007, India, 2SGTB 

Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi. akb_du@rediffmail.com

Field experiments were conducted on Lycopersicon esculentum at the Botanical Garden of the Department of

Botany of the University of Delhi, India. The main objective was to study the effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF)

on growth, yield and biochemical constituents of tomato plants. Experimental plants were treated with seaweed

liquid extract in various forms such as foliar, soil and soil + foliar sprays in various concentrations (0.1, 0.4, 0.8,

2, 6, 8 and 10%; v/v). A vermicompost organic fertilizer was used to compare the effect of SLF. Extracts were

further analyzed for the presence/absence of PGRs, and macro and micro nutrients. A statistically significant

increase in growth (plant height, root length, shoot length and number of branches), reproductive parameters

(number of flowers and fruits) and biochemical constituents (proteins, photosynthetic pigments, starch, total

soluble sugars, ascorbic acid and lycopene) were recorded in all the treatments. However, soil + foliar spray

showed more significant increase over other treatments (foliar and soil spray, and vermicompost). This may be

ascribed to enrichment of soil with nutrients, essential for plant growth, and growth regulators in the extracts

which activate biochemical processes in plants leading to improved yield and quality.

219

EXTRACTION, PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY OF FUCOIDAN 

FROM FOUR SPECIES OF BROWN SEAWEED

Resendiz Aguilar G1, Hernández-Carmona G2, Muñoz-Ochoa M2, Murillo-Álvarez JI2, HernándezGaribay E3,4

1Instituto Tecnológico de La Paz. Blvd. Forjadores de Baja California Sur No. 4720. A.P. 43-B, C.P. 23080 La Paz, 

Baja California Sur, México, 2Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, 

Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México. A.P. 592, 3Centro Regional de Investigación 

Pesquera de Ensenada, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 97.5 

Ensenada Baja California, México, 4Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Baja 

California. Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, México.

The process to obtain fucoidan was analyzed for four species of phaeophyta: Sargassum sinicola, Macrocystis

pyrifera, Lessonia trabeculata and Lessonia nigrescens. Algae were extracted three times with water at three

temperatures (25, 55, and 85 oC), with constant agitation. After each extraction, the fucoidan was precipitated

with ethanol, recovered by centrifugation and dried at 55°C. Fucoidan yield (%) was computed for each fraction.

The residual material was used to extract alginate in order to evaluate the effect on the yield, viscosity and gel

strength for each experimental temperature. Fucoidan was tested as anticoagulant using the protombin time (PT)

and activated partial tromboplastin time (APTT) assays. Phenol-H2SO4 reaction was used to determine the total

sugars content. Infrared spectra were obtained to evaluate the sulfate content. At all temperatures, the higher

fucoidan percentage (60-80%) was recovered from the first fraction. The higher yield was obtained at 85°C,

however 55°C is recommended because alginate properties were not affected. Fucoidan content by species was as

follow: S. sinicola (11.86%), M. pyrifera (8.26%), L. trabeculata (4.38%), and L. nigrescens (3.20%). The PT (in

seconds) for the control was 27.8. PT when using the fucoidan at the maximum concentration tested (333 μg mL1) was: L. trabeculata 20.4, L. nigrescens 25.8, S. sinicola 31.2, and M. pyrifera 105.5. Same trend was obtained

for the APTT. Control time was 27.8 s, and when using the fucoidan, time increased significantly, ranging from

147 to > 300 s. The phenol-H2SO4 reaction detected sugars as the main component.
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76

THE INTRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION OF THE RED ALGA Kappaphycus alvarezii FOR THE 

PRODUCTION OF CARRAGEENAN IN THE CARIBBEAN AND THE WESTERN ATLANTIC: AN 

ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD FOR COASTAL COMMUNITIES

Rincones RE

Fundación Terrazul, Calle 5 Nro. 5-07, Riohacha Guajira, Colombia. agromarina@gmail.com

The cumulative experience in seaweed cultivation and utilization gained by individuals, companies and

institutions in the Caribbean and the Western Atlantic during the last 20 years is reviewed. Algal cultivation has

contributed to improve the standard of living of more than 120,000 of families in SE Asia, China, India and East

Africa whenever implemented under fair trade policies. Seaweed farming has been considered one of the most

sustainable and low impact aquaculture activities in the tropics. Kappaphycus alvarezii is a red algae originally

from the Indopacific, introduced to the Caribbean in the early 90’s for cultivation purposes as a market driven

initiative and as an alternative livelihood to poor coastal communities. K. alvarezii represents the main raw

material source for the production of carrageenan in the world. Carrageenan is a hydrocolloid or gum used in the

food and pharmaceutical industry mainly as thickener and stabilizer, with an annual global market of US$ 450

million. Any carrageenan industrial project demands a regular supply of raw material from reliable sources

capable to meet and maintain required volumes and qualities. The present situation indicates that the Chinese

industry and the development of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) processing plants in SE Asia are deeply affecting

the availability and quality of K. alvarezii (Eucheuma cottonii or cottonii of the trade) worldwide. As a result, any

new carrageenan venture will have to cope with a limit number of suppliers, most of them already committed to

long term agreements with the main processing factories, and/or rely on the long and sometimes complicated

chains of middlemen which not always offer good quality material and steady volumes. From all this, we foresee a

very interesting opportunity and a very bright future for the carrageenan industry, and at the same time, for the

promotion of alternative livelihoods as part of sustainable development initiatives and policies of many countries

of the Caribbean basin.

279

EFFECT OF SEAWEEDS ON THE PHYSICAL QUALITY AND THE SENSORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 

EGGS ENRICHED WITH OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND STORED FOR LONG TIME UNDER 

DIFFERENT CONDITIONS.

Ríos VH1,2, Carrillo DS1, Casas VM3, Calvo CC1, Carranco JME1 and Pérez-Gil F1

1Dept.Nutrición Animal, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., 

2Facultad de Química, UNAM, 3Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 

México. silvicarrillo3@hotmail.com

The aim of this study was to determine if the inclusion of seaweeds in laying hen diets contribute for maintaining

the physical quality and the sensorial characteristics of egg enriched with n3 fatty acids stored for long time

under different conditions. During 8 weeks 144 Leghorn laying hens were distributed in four treatments: T1

(control), T2 (2% fish oil+10% M.pyrifera), T3 (2% fish oil+10% Sargassum spp.) and T4 (2% fish oil+10%

Enteromorpha spp.). At the end of the trial 122 eggs were taken; 61 were storage at 20°C and other 61 at 4°C. The

egg physical quality was evaluated at 0, 15, 30 and 45 days of storagement; the sensorial characteristics (flavor

and yolk color) were evaluated at 0, 15 and 30 days. The results showed a low egg weight loss when the eggs

were stored at 4°C (P<0.05), mainly with M.pyrifera and Enteromorpha spp. Haugh Units were reduced (from 0

days until 45 days) when the eggs were stored at 20°C (87 vs 40 UH, respectively). However, when the eggs were

stored at 4°C a less reduction was observed (87 vs 63 UH, respectively), mainly with Sargassum spp. and

Enteromorpha spp. The flavour was no affected by the seaweeds. Treatment with Enteromorpha spp showed a

less acceptation for yolk colour because the egg yolk colour was low (8 Roche Color Fan). It is concluded, that the

egg weight and Haugh Units of eggs enriched with n3 fatty acids, are preserved when seaweeds are included in

laying hens diets. 
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262

TAXONOMY OF SEAWEEDS FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA: AN OVERVIEW

Riosmena-Rodríguez R1

1Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biologia Marina, UABCS, Km. 5.5 carretera al 

sur, La Paz BCS México. riosmena@uabcs.mx

An overview of the current taxonomic knowledge for seaweeds in the Gulf of California is presented. Using the

published records there are almost 1000 species names that has been used for in the Gulf of California but our

current reassessment of 16 genera (Caulerpa, Padina, Dictyota, Sargassum, Porphyra, Amphiroa, Ceramium,

Corallina Jania, Halymenia, Lithophyllum, Lithothamnion, Mesophyllum, Sporolithon, Spongites, Melobesia,

Scinaia) developed in the last decade using morphological, anatomical and molecular features have shown that

most of the analyzed genera have less morphological/anatomical species. However, using molecular tools and

detailed anatomical analysis we have found new species and range extensions in the area associated to a

particular habitat/depth (such rhodolith beds or rocky intertidal coast). Our results strongly suggest that the flora

has been described based on the most common species but the full recognition of the seaweeds biodiversity still

in progress.

961

UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL VARIABILITY OF ULVAN

Robic A1,2, Sassi JF1, Lahaye M2, Lerat Y1 and Dion P1

1Centre d'Etude et de Valorisation des Algues, Presqu’île de Pen Lan, BP3, 22610 Pleubian, France, 2Institut 

National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, UR1268, BIA, Rue de la 

Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France. algue@ceva.fr

Green chemicals based on agriculture & forestry productions are now widely studied and introduced at a steady

pace on the marketplace. Within this context, the potential of aquatic biomass is gaining interest. Marine

resources and especially algae exhibit a strong growth potential with respect to their industrial uses in the field of

sustainable chemicals. Green seaweeds, which are among the fastest growing organisms on Earth, are still largely

unexploited. Marine green algae such as Ulva sp. are very abundant. They can be easily cultivated and are

frequently involved in proliferations such as the “green-tides”. The polysaccharides contained in the cell wall of

Ulva sp. could be potential sources of new functional biopolymers & sugar-based chemical intermediates. Cell

wall polysaccharides in Ulva sp are essentially represented by ulvans, which are mainly composed of rhamnose 3-

sulfate and glucuronic acid or iduronic acid. Ulvans were shown to have many potential uses in pharmaceutical

and agronomical applications due to their biological properties, in food and feed conception as dietary fibers and

in applications were metal chelation or gelling ability is required. In spite of this strong application potential, little

is known about quantitative and qualitative consistency of ulvan depending on the harvesting and storage

conditions of Ulva biomass. Also, basic physico-chemical properties such as the association behavior of ulvan in

aqueous solution are still largely unexplored. In the work reported here, we will address these key questions and

present experimental results that are expected to foster future industrial exploitation of green seaweed biomass.

187

PERSPECTIVES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANT CARRAGENOPHYTES IN 

SOUTHEAST MEXICO 

Robledo D and Freile-Pelegrin Y

Department of Marine Resources; Cinvestav, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310, A.P. 73, 

Mérida, Yuc., Mexico

Carrageenan is a hydrocolloid or gum used in the food and pharmaceutical industry mainly as thickener and

stabiliser, with an annual global market of US$ 450 million. In Mexico imports as a commodity have doubled

during the last years reaching 4,400 tons in 2008. Any carrageenan industrial project demands a regular supply

of raw material from reliable sources capable to meet and maintain required volumes and qualities. Some

carragenophytes have been exploited traditionally in Baja California peninsula (i.e. Chondracathus canaliculatus),

however, the recent demand on carrageenan has increased the development of cultivation of economic important

seaweed mainly in the tropics. In the Yucatan peninsula experimental cultivation of native and exotic species has
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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been carried out during the last 10 years. Eucheuma isiforme, Solieria filiformis, Meristiella gelidium, Halymenia

floresia and the introduced Kappaphycus alvarezii represents potential raw material source for the production of

carrageenan. Nevertheless, besides problems in the domestication of selected cultivars from native species

demand on iota producing species is not a priority for the market. On the contrary kappa and lambda producing

species has been regarded as a necessity for the industry. The present situation indicates that the Chinese

industry and the development of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) processing plants in SE Asia are deeply affecting

the availability and quality of K. alvarezii worldwide. In this study, we analyze the perspectives for commercial

cultivation of tropical economic important seaweeds in the Yucatan peninsula.

241

PROXIMATE NUTRITION, FATTY ACIDS PROFILE, MINERALS AND CHLOROPHYLL-A CONTENT 

OF REPRESENTATIVE GREEN, BROWN AND RED SEAWEEDS FROM THE PERSIAN GULF OF IRAN

Rohani-Ghadikolaei K1, Abdulalian E and Wing Keong Ng.

1wkng@usm.my

The proximate composition, fatty acids, minerals and chlorophyll-a content of three groups of seaweed; green

(Ulva lactuca and Enthromorpha intestinalis), brown (Sargassum illicifolium and Colpomenia

sinuosa)andred(Hypnea valentiea and Gracilaria corticata) collected from the Persian Gulf in Iran was investigated

for the first time. Results showed that seaeeds were relatively high in carbohydrate, 31.0-59.1% (H. valentiea

andU. lactuca,respectively)and ash 12.4-29.9% (U. lactuca and S. illicifolium, respectively), but low in lipid 1.5-

3.6% (C. sinuosa and U. lactuca, respectively). Lipid content in green algae was significantly higher than both the

red and brown algae (P < 0.05). Similarly, the protein content of both red and green algae were notably higher

than brown algae (P < 0.05), ranging from9.2% (C. sinuosa) to 19.3% (G. corticata). Of twenty fatty acids identified,

myristic acid (4.5-12.3%), palmitic acid (37.8-59.4%), oleic acid (3.5-28.5%) and linolenic acid (0.4-8.4%) were the

predominant fatty acids. The red and green algae had the highest proportion of saturated fatty acids, while the

brown and red algae had highest proportion of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively.

The mineral compositions were found in the sequence of K>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Co. 

185

PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSE OF ARCTIC KELP ZOOSPORES TO UV AND TEMPERATURE 

STRESS: POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

Roleda MY

Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. 

Present Address: The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, Argyll 

PA37 1QA, Scotland, U.K. Michael.Roleda@sams.ac.uk

Zoospores of Arctic kelps Saccharina latissima (Sl), Laminaria solidungula (Ls), Laminaria digitata (Ld), Alaria

esculenta (Ae), and kelp-like Saccorhiza dermatodea (Sd) were exposed to different temperatures (2°C to 19°C)

and radiation (photosynthetically active radiation (PAR = P), PAR + UV-A (PA), and PAR + UV-A + UV-B (PAB))

conditions in the laboratory. Sensitivity to the combined light and temperature stress was observed in the order

Sl>Ls>Ld>Ae>Sd. The optimum temperature range for zoospore photosynthesis was between 7–13°C,

temperatures higher than in the natural environment. Short-term response to increasing temperature was nonlethal while moderate temperature increase had an ameliorating effect on the overall biological effect of UVR;

where the lowest photoinhibition under PAB was observed at 7°C in Sd and 12-13°C in all other species, while

higher photosynthetic recovery was observed in UVR-pre-exposed zoospores at 7–13°C compared to 2°C. Above

the temperature optima, continued cultivation under high temperature (17-19°C) had a negative impact on the

recovery of photoinhibition in all species investigated except in Sd. The investigated Arctic kelp species may be

able to locally survive under the influence of UVR at a certain range of temperature increase. However,

reproductive success may be compromised among the Arctic endemic kelp Laminaria solidungula and kelp-like

Saccorhiza dermatodea, and Arctic Saccharina latissima ecotype which may be more sensitive to temperature

increase and require lower temperature for gametogenesis.
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161

ONTOGENY OF CONCEPTACLES IN Amphiroa (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA)

Rosas-Alquicira EF1,2, Riosmena-Rodríguez R3, Hernández-Carmona G4 and Neto AI1,5

1Secção de Biologia Marinha, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Mãe de Deu 58 Ponta 

Delgada, São Miguel, Açores, Apart. 1422, P- 9502, Portugal. 2CIRN (Centro de Investigação de Recursos 

Naturais), Universidade dos Açores.3Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología 

Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur La Paz B. C. S., Apartado postal 19-B, 23080, México. 

4Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CICIMAR-IPN), Ap. Postal 592 La Paz 

Baja California Sur 23096, México.5CIIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental), 

Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, Porto, 289 - 4050-123, Portugal. 

alquicira@uac.pt

The development of bi-tetrasporangial, spermatangial and carposporangial conceptacles wer studied in six

Amphiroa J. V. Lamouroux species: A. beauvoisii J. V. Lamouroux, A. cryptarthrodia Zanardini, A. misakiensis

Yendo, A. rigida J. V. Lamouroux, A. valonioides Yendo and A. vanbosseae Me. Lemoine. The development of the

tetrasporangial conceptacles was found to be important in delimiting species within the genus. The present study

also confirmed the importance of the development of the carposporangial filament in species segregation.

Conceptacle senescence is here described and illustrated for the first time with four patterns observed, two for

sporangial, one for the spermatangial and one for the carposporangial conceptacles. The complete development

of the conceptacles pore is her also firstly described an illustrated. Two stalk cells were observed and illustrated

for the first time on the sporangia mother cell of A. misakiensis. Based on the location of sporangia on the cavity

floor, the number of stalk cells on the sporangia mother cell, and the initial por development, the studied species

can be organized in three distinct groups, one including A. beauvoisii, a second one including A. misakiensis and

a third one including A. rigida, A. valonioides and A. vanbosseae. The present results suggest that these groups

may represent different genera but further research is required. 

508

NITRATE UPTAKE AND NITROGEN RESERVES IN THE KELP Eisenia arborea

Sánchez-Barredo M1 and Ladah LB1

1CICESE, Department of Biological Oceanography Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana Ensenada 3918, Zona playitas CP 

22800 Baja California, Mexico

Eisenia arborea, the kelp with the southern-most distribution in the Northern hemisphere, survives for over two

months at its southern limit with low ambient nutrient conditions, whereas nearby populations of kelps die. E.

arborea tolerance to environmental nitrogen shortage was explored. Two hypotheses were proposed: 1) E.

arborea can consume nitrate from pulses of cool nutrient-rich water; or 2) E. arborea can form internal nitrogen

reserves that last for 2 months. The first possibility was explored by measuring nitrate uptake by E. arborea,

under controlled conditions. In order to explore the second possibility, two nitrogen reserve experiments were

performed under nutrient-poor conditions, and their recovery when exposed to weekly fertilizations of nitrate in

pulses (200μM; 5 h). Nitrate consumption by E. arborea followed a linear tendency for at least 3 hours and did not

exhaust the nitrate under any concentration. The nitrogen reserves of Eisenia fell to 1%, lasting up to 4 weeks.

The nitrogen reserve recovery experiments indicated that with weekly fertilizations, the average %N in E. arborea

blades remained constant at 1.3%, whereas without continuous fertilizations, it was reduced significantly to less

than 1%. We conclude that the reserves of E. arborea are not sufficient to allow the kelp to subsist two months

without input of nitrogen in the field. The results support the conclusion that E. arborea may take advantage of

the pulses of nitrate lasting on the order of hours to maintain or fill tissue nitrogen reserves for survival during

low ambient nutrient conditions. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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38

THE EFFECTS OF COALESCENCE ON RECRUITMENT AND GROWTH OF MACROALGAL 

POPULATIONS

Santelices B

Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-d, 

Santiago, Chile. bsantelices@bio.puc.cl

Coalescence is widespread in natural populations of red, green and brown seaweeds. Using the red alga

Mazzaella laminarioides as a model organism we have explored the costs and benefits of this interaction on

recruitment and growth. Coalescence requires a minimum inter-spore distance; therefore, its frequency increases

with increasing spore density. Germination does not exhibit crowding effects, but population incompatibilities

may increase spore mortality before fusion. Coalescence leads to increments in body size. The increment, is not

strictly additive due to reductions in the number of free marginal cells and due to fusions and exponential

increments of necrotic cells with increasing number of coalescing spores. However, the increments in body size,

due to coalescence, increase survival probabilities during recruitment. Since the time of differentiation and

formation of erect axes and the number of axes formed is a function of the number of spores coalescing to form

the sporeling, coalescence also accelerates axis formation at post recruitment stages. The numbers of initial

spores also has a significant effect on branching abundance at later (up to 20 months of age) stages of

development. This effect is associated with the persistence in the holdfast of clusters of initials and cell

derivatives, from the original spores, with the capacity to form erect axes. Since many of these axes may become

reproductive, coalescence also affects reproductive potential. Adequate handling of coalescence in culture might

reduce costs or increase benefits, maximizing recruitment, growth and production of the target species.

126

MANAGEMENT OF A Sphaerococcus coronopifolius BED THAT CAUSES CONSIDERABLE 

ECONOMIC LOSSES

Santos R1, Costa R1, Silva J1, Coelho H2 and Leitão JC2

1ALGAE-Marine Plant Ecology, Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal, 

2Hidromod, Av. Manuel da Maia, no 36, 3o esq., 1000-201 Lisboa, Portugal. rosantos@ualg.pt

Storm tossed seaweeds, mostly Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, are a threat to the most important power plant of

Portugal, as they obstruct the water intake of its cooling systems. Throughout the last decade considerable

economic losses have occurred during the Fall due to sporadic inoperative periods of the power plant. In order to

understand the dynamics of this phenomenon and to provide a management strategy to reduce it, including an

early warning system, we mapped the coastal area adjacent to the power plant, investigated the species biology,

including its population dynamics and production, implemented harvesting campaigns by commercial seaweed

harvesters and assessed the harvest impacts on the species population. The data obtained were used to develop a

production model integrated into a hydrodynamic transport model to assess the best management practices that

will reduce the probability of seaweeds reaching the power plant. An analysis of the hydrodynamics driven by

prevalent winds and waves was integrated with the above information to provide an early warning system that

allows the central to be prepared for the occurrence of events of storm tossed seaweeds.

82

IMPACTS OF INTRODUCED Furcellaria lumbricalis ON THE Chondrus crispus HARVEST OF 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, CANADA

Sharp G1 and Pringle J2

1Bedford Institute of Oceanography. 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, N.S.,Canada, B2Y 4A2. 2Institute of Ocean 

Science, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C.,Canada, V8L 4B2. glyn.sharp@gmail.com

The Chondrus crispus Stackhouse harvest off coastal Prince Edward Island (PEI),Canada, has markedly declined

after 60 years of continuous harvests. Since 1990 the landing declines were due to the invasion by Furcellaria

lumbricalis (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux on to the traditional C. crispus dragrake beds of western PEI. F. lumbricalis

may have been introduced to the Gulf of St Lawrence in the 1800s. Sufficient biomass occurred off eastern PEI in
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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the 1960s to support a commercial shore-based harvest. It, however, did not appear as a significant component in

the harvest from drag-raked C. crispus beds of western PEI until the 1990s.F. lumbricalis biomass increased, over

four years, from 84 + 32 g m-2 to 420 + 110 g m-2 in a suite of commercial C. crispus beds. In the early phaseof

the invasion harvesters could redirect their efforts to avoid concentrations of F. lumbricalis, maintaining C.

crispus yields at 75% purity. However, by 2002, the abundance and distribution of F.lumbricalis spread to all

commercial beds and the C.crispus harvest declined below market standards (40% to 50% purity). Directed harvest

experiments significantly reduced the biomass of F. lumbricalis by 50%, but recovery occured in two months. It

was concluded the resilience of F. lumbricalis to drag-raking was due to frond morphology, regeneration of

holdfasts and reproductive phenology. The dragrake selected for the three largest classes of fronds, but prerecruits were not impacted. Earlier non-science-supported concerns for the adverse impact by dragrakes on F.

lumbricalis were wrong. 

221

EVALUATION OF THE BROWN ALGA Stypocaulon scoparium AS A CANDIDATE FOR 

INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE.

Silva B, Pereira R, Abreu MH and Sousa-Pinto I

Cimar/Ciimar - Centre for Marine and Environmental Research and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 

Portugal. R. dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. isabel.sousa.pinto@gmail.com

Algae can be effective in minimizing the environmental impact of intensive aquaculture by transforming excess

nutrients in algal biomass. Although several algal species are already known as good candidates for integrated

multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), the selection of suitable native species for each region is needed to avoid the

introduction of exotic species. The objectives of the work presented here were to: a) select new species for IMTA

in Northern Portugal; b) determine the best conditions for cultivating this species; c) determine the ability of the

selected species to uptake N and P at concentrations that are common in the aquacultures effluents. Laboratory

cultivation and investigation of uses of algal biomass led to the selection of the brown alga Stypocaulon

scoparium. This species achieved growth rates up to 6% day-1 and was able to grow at a considerable range of

light intensities, salinities and culture densities. Nutrient uptake experiments showed up to 92% and 97% removal

of NO3

-

 and NH4

+, respectively, after 24h and was highest in algae previously deprived of N. During this time less

than 10% of PO4

3- was removed. Over a two week period there were always removal values of over 95% for high

concentrations of N (150 μmol/L) as NO3

-

 or NH4

+. When both sources of N were available S. scoparium removed

preferentially NH4

+. Efficiency in removing PO43- was 75-98%. We conclude that S. scoparium may be a good

candidate for IMTA and that further studies at a pilot scale should be carried out.

30

CYANOPHYTES, PRO-THROMBOLITES AND THE ORIGIN OF COASTAL LAGOONS

Siqueiros Beltrones DA

Dpto. Plancton y Ecología Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas – I.P.N. Av. IPN s/n, Col. Playa Palo 

de Santa Rita, La Paz, BCS, 23096. dsiquei@ipn.mx

Coastal lagoons show extensive benthic mats formed by filamentous cyanophytes, frequently associated to

mangrove systems. These mats could have played and may still be playing an essential role in the geomorphology

and origin of said lagoons through the development of pro-thrombolithic formations. Pro-thrombolites are the

non-lithified phase preceding thrombolite formation. They develop from cyanophyte mats which have grown and

continue to do extensively trapping and clotting sediments resulting in the accretion of lagoon margins including

spites that support the formation of sand bars. Stratigraphic evidence also supports the hypothesis that prothrombolithic processes are responsible for the extensive ground formation that is either populated or occupied

by mangrove forests. Furthermore, contrary to current acceptance, evidence shows that the ground where

mangroves are anchored is most likely formed by entrapment, precipitation and consolidation of sediments do to

the activity and growth of cyanophyte mats and their evolvement into pro-thrombolithic ground which is then

opportunistically occupied by mangrove recruits. Observations in several localities in of B.C.S. support the

hypothesis that pro-thrombolithic processes have promoted the formation of coastal lagoons throughout NW

México and that the cyanophyte species involved are the same. Most recently, the hypothesis that structures

representing a transition from soft cyanophyte mats to thrombolithic (consolidated clotted sediments) structures

ought to exist was confirmed. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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188

VARIABILITY IN PIGMENT COMPOSITION AND LEVELS IN THE INTERTIDAL BROWN SEAWEED 

Ascophyllum nodosum FROM WESTERN IRELAND

Stengel DB, O’Rourke C and Connan S

Botany, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway. dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

The intertidal brown fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum is known for its tolerance of environmental stresses, including

solar radiation, desiccation and temperature, largely due to its ability to adjust metabolic functions to ambient,

local and temporal conditions. Hand-harvested A. nodosum from the Irish west coast has industrial applications

ranging from the production of alginates, animal feeds and fertilizers, uses in pharmaceutical and cosmetics, to

potential applications in functional foods; however significant natural spatial and temporal variability exists,

particularly with regard to levels and composition of pigments, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates. Here

spatial variability in the pigmentation including carotenoid composition in relation to environmental factors was

investigated. After development of optimum extraction and storage protocols, levels of chlorophyll a and c2, and

several carotenoids were determined. Thalli were collected from a large range of sites representing environmental

regimes differing in salinity, nutrient levels and light penetration, all known to impact on pigment levels and

composition. At three sites differences in pigmentation at different shore levels within A. nodosum beds and

within individual thalli were studied in detail. In culture experiments, the adaptive capability of A. nodosum to

respond to different environmental parameters was assessed under controlled conditions. 

237

RESPONSE OF Ectocarpus siliculosus TO BIOTIC STRESS: MOLECULAR INVESTIGATION OF THE 

INTERACTION WITH THE GENERALIST OOMYCETE PATHOGEN Eurychasma dicksonii

Strittmatter M1, 2, Gachon CMM1, Kostopoulou-Karadanelli MN2, van West P3 and Küpper FC1

1The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland 

UK. 2University of the Aegean, Department of Marine Sciences, Marine Sciences Building, University Hill, 81100 

Mytilene, GR. 3University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, 

Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland UK. Martina.Strittmatter@sams.ac.uk

The intracellular, obligate-biotrophic pathogen Eurychasma dicksonii is the most widespread eukaryotic pathogen

of marine brown algae, and also the most basal member of the oomycete lineage. This algal parasite has the

broadest host range described so far for marine pathogens and occurs worldwide in cold and temperate waters.

Currently, nothing is known about the biology and the environmental consequences of the interaction between

this generalist pathogen and its brown algal host. Therefore we have established molecular tools to address the

questions of algal stress response and oomycete infection strategies using lab cultures of the brown algal

genome model Ectocarpus siliculosus and Eurychasma dicksonii. We established a Real-Time PCR assay which

assesses the infection severity and allows the discrimination between susceptible and resistant Ectocarpus

strains. Proteomics of the susceptible interaction between the brown alga and the pathogenrevealed a number of

proteins that are differentially expressed during the course of infection. These results thus represent first insights

into the response of Ectocarpus siliculosus upon biotic stress. Among the proteins up-regulated we found typical

stress markers (e.g. heat shock proteins), proteins involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species and

proteins with putative function in protein degradation and protein folding. We are also in the process of

reassessing the geographic distribution of Eurychasma and other algal pathogens with molecular methods. A

recent field study around the coast of Lesvos (Greece) revealed a number of intracellular pathogens infecting

brown alga (incl. Eurychasma dicksonii) pointing to a potentially high impact on brown algal populations.
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

100

224

FAUNA ASSOCIATED TO Sargassum FOREST IN THE SUBTIDAL ROCKY REEF FROM THE 

SOUTHWESTERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Suárez-Castillo A1, Riosmena-Rodríguez R1 and Hernández-Carmona G2

1Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina UABCS, La Paz, Baja California 

Sur 23080, México, 2Laboratorio Química de Algas Marinas, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN. La 

Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, México. protomono@hotmail.com

This research examine how the presence of the large fucalean Sargassum influenced on the community structure

of macrofauna, in the subtidal rocky reef from the southwestern Gulf of California. The composition and

abundance of epibenthic invertebrates was estimated from February to August 2008 in twenty fixed quadrats of 1

m2 with the presence of Sargassum and without Sargassum and other seaweeds (experimental removed) inside

the forest. We also studied the fish composition from August 2007 to August 2008 in presence and natural

absence of Sargasum forest in the locality. Fifty four taxa of epibenthic invertebrates and forty seven fish species

were founded in the rocky reef. The community structure of epibenthic invertebrates in quadrats with Sargassum

did not show a significant variation compared with quadrats without Sargassum. However, we found high values

of mean richness of species, abundance and diversity of epibenthic invertebrates in quadrats with Sargassum

plus other seaweeds. The mean richness of fish species in presence of the Sargassum forest show a significant

variation compared in absence of the forest in the locality. The results showed that the presence of Sargassum

adds complexity to rocky reef, increases the number of ecological niches and providing habitat for the

macrofauna community in this region. Therefore, this is a critical habitat for maintaining the biodiversity. Finally,

on base a bibliographic review we could identify the presence of species associated to Sargassum forest with

economic importance and ecological role with neighbor communities.

169

SEAWEED: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEMICAL PESTICIDES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ROOT 

DISEASES OF SUNFLOWER AND TOMATO

Sultana V1, Ara J2, Ehteshamul-Haque S3 and Rajput MT1

1Biotechnology & Drug Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, 2Postharvest Technology 

Laboratory, Department of Food Science & Technology, 3Agricultural Biotechnology & Phytopathology Laboratory, 

Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. viqarsultana@hotmail.com

With the rising popularity of organic farming, due to adverse effect of chemicals, the seaweed fertilizer industry is

growing rapidly worldwide. Seaweed act as natural plant growth stimulator and enable the plants to withstand

drought, disease or frost. Root diseases of tomato and sunflower caused by root rotting fungi, Fusarium spp.,

Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina, and root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp., are the major

constrains in tomato and sunflower production. In our studies, ethanol and water extracts of several seaweeds

showed significant nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne javanica. In this study, efficacy of three seaweeds

Spatoglossum variabile, Melanothamnus afaqhusainii and Halimeda tunawas compared with a fungicide topsin-M

and a nematicide carbofuran both in screen house and under field condition. Seaweed and pesticides showed

more or similar suppressive effect on root pathogens of tomato and sunflower by reducing fungal root infection

and nematode’s galls on roots and nematode’s penetration in roots. However, mixed application of S. variabile

with carbofuran caused maximum reduction in nematode’s penetration in roots and produced greater fresh shoot

weight, root length and maximum yield of tomato under field condition. Seaweeds offer a non-chemical means of

disease control, which would also protect our environment from the use of hazardous chemicals. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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255

SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THE ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER 

ACTIVITIES OF THE CRUDE EXTRACT OF Sargassum polycystum c. AGARDH

Thangaraju N and Prasanna Venkatalakshmi R 

1Marine Algal Research Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, School of Life Sciences, University of 

Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai - 600 025. Tamilnadu. India. nthangam@gmail.com

The potential of the methanolic extract of the seaweed, Sargassum polycystum in the synthesis of silver

nanoparticles was investigated. The extract synthesized appreciable quantities of silver nanoparticles of the size

5- 7 nm, in 48 hrs. The particles were characterized by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy and, SEM, TEM, XRD

analysis. The results indicated that the algal extract can be utilized as an eco-friendly system for the synthesis of

silver nanoparticles for various applications in the field of medicine. The methanolic extract of the alga and the

solution containing silver nanoparticles were tested for their antimicrobial activities against Pseudomonas

aeuroginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Anticancer activity of the extract

and the nanoparticles were evaluated against the breast cancer line MCF-7. Active compounds in the crude extract

of the alga were separated and identified as fatty acids by GC-MS analysis. These fatty acids together with the

silver nanoparticles exhibited anticancer activity against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Results are presented

and discussed in detail. 

205

DIFFERENTIAL TOLERANCE TO DESICCATION IN INTERTIDAL SEAWEEDS

Thomas D, Flores MR, Callejas S, Correa JA and Contreras L

Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ecología y Biodiversidad (CASEB) y Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de 

Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. lcontrer@uc.cl

In all organisms, stressful conditions trigger the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may lead to an

oxidative stress condition. During low tide, seaweeds experience stressful conditions due to desiccation, a

situation believed to determine the zonation patterns characteristic of the intertidal zones. This study examined

how desiccation, ROS and responses to oxidative stress is dealt with by Mazzaella laminarioides, Ulva compressa,

Scytosiphon lomentaria, Lessonia nigrescens and Gelidium rex. Algae were desiccated during 4 hours and then

rehydrated for 4 hours, and the formation of hydrogen peroxide, lipoperoxides, carbonyls and photosynthesis

efficiency (PE) was recorded. All species developed a ROS burst after desiccation, although those from the lower

intertidal displayed stronger responses than those from the upper intertidal. After 4h re-hydration, ROS levels in

all species decreased significantly, although never recovered the basal levels. In general, better recovery was

observed in species from the upper intertidal. Lipoperoxides and carbonyls increased with desiccation, with

higher levels in species from the lower intertidal. Like ROS, levels of lipoperoxides and carbonyls decreased after

re-hydration but did not reach the basal levels. In Lessonia both indicators increased even after re-hydration.

Consistent with the above, Mazzaella and Scytosiphon fully recovered their PE and Ulva did it only partially,

whereas Gelidium and Lessonia did not recover their PE after re-hydration. Photosynthesis responses revealed a

lack of relationship between RWC and PE and, together with the differential responses to desiccation-related

oxidative stress, help to explain the patterns of distribution of seaweeds in the intertidal zone.

213

IMPACTS OF COMPLEX ALGAL LIFE CYCLES ON ALGAL RECRUITMENT DYNAMICS

Thornber, C.

Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. 

thornber@uri.edu

Many species of algae have complex, biphasic life cycles. These species contain independent, free-living haploid

gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages that they either obligately or selectively cycle between. The inherent

complexities of these life cycles can provide opportunities to examine ecological dynamics and tradeoffs,

including reproductive allocation and subsequent recruitment dynamics. Some macroalgal species have

isomorphic life cycles, in which the two free-living phases are assumed to occupy the same, or similar, ecological

niches. By contrast, other species have distinctly heteromorphic life cycles (e.g. a small filament vs. large blades)
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

102

which have separate niches. These two alternate strategies are found in all three major groups of macroalgae,

indicating the repeated evolution of life cycles. A diverse assemblage of researchers has investigated population

demographics, from recruitment to reproduction, of species with biphasic life cycles around the globe. For

example, reproductive propagules may be similarly or differently sized, which may impact their ability to recruit

and their subsequent development. For logistical reasons, the majority of demography studies have focused upon

either heteromorphic species or isomorphic species whose phases can be distinguished (when reproductive or

through chemical testing), although novel techniques are being developed for other isomorphic species. In my

presentation, I assess studies on life cycle demography, including research from my laboratory. 

287

REPRODUCTIVE STUDY OF Kappaphycus alvarezii (DOTY) DOTY AND Eucheuma denticulatum 

(BURMAN) COLLINS AND HARVEY IN RELATION TO ICE-ICE DISEASE

Tisera WL1,2, Calumpong HP2, Abdon-Naguit MR3 and De Clerck O4

1Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana, Kupang-Indonesia.2Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Silliman 

University-Dumaguete City, Philippines .3Jose Rizal Memorial State College, Katipunan, Zamboanga del Norte. 

Philippines. 4Department of Biology. Ghent University, Belgium. wilson_tisera@yahoo.com

The life cycle of four forms belonging to two species of carrageenophytes, Kappaphycus alvarezii brown and

green, and Eucheuma denticulatum brown and green, were investigated in farming areas of Bais Bay, Negros

oriental and Rizal and Jose Dalman, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. Histological examination and resorcinol

test were used as tools for identification. All stages of life cycle were observed, with dominance of tetraspores

and infertile plants throughout the year. Sexual male and female plants existed seasonally with very low

frequency and short period. Reproductive stage is significantly more resistant to ice-ice disease compared to

infertile ones. Infertile Eucheuma denticulatum were found to be more resistant to ice-ice disease than infertile

Kappaphycus alvarezii. Genetic analysis showed that K. alvarezii and E. denticulatum in the farming areas has low

genetic variability.

318

AN EVALUATION OF THE MORTALITY OF THE BROWN SEAWEED Ascophyllum nodosum (Le 

Jolis) PRODUCED BY CUTTER RAKE HARVESTS IN SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA

Ugarte RA

Acadian Seaplants Limited. 30 Brown Ave. Dartmouth, N.S. Canada. B3B 1X8. rugarte@acadian.ca

Ascophyllum nodosum (rockweed) landings in the Atlantic Maritime provinces of Canada reached over 38,000 wet

tonnes in 2009. Due to the relative slow growth, stochastic recruitment, and the importance of habitat protection,

strict harvest regulations maintain the integrity of the resource. Special cutter rakes have been designed to cut

and not to dislodge the clumps and their holdfasts from the substratum. However, close to 6% of the biomass

harvested annually contains holdfast material, and from this we assume plant mortality. A study was carried out

to evaluate the impact of detachment on the Ascophyllum population of southern New Brunswick from 2003 to

2005. The structure of harvested A. nodosum clumps with associated holdfast material was analyzed and

compared to non-harvested clumps from the same harvested area. Results showed that when a cutter rake strips

a clump, it only detaches 17.4% of the holdfast surface, leaving 36.8% of the plant biomass and 80.3% of the

shoots intact. An analysis of storm-cast material from the same study area showed a clump structure very similar

to that of the harvested clumps, although the incidence of holdfast material in the storm-cast biomass could be as

high as 30%. This study concludes that neither the harvest nor the storms produce true mortality of the resource.

290

MANAGEMENT OF BROWN SEAWEED SPECIES IN NORTHERN CHILE

Vasquez JA and Muñoz P

Departamento de Biología Marina. Universidad Católica del Norte. Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones 

(CEAZA) Casilla 117, Coquimbo, CHILE. jvasquez@ucn.cl

Chile is an important producer of brown seaweeds for alginates extraction, representing 10% of world supply.

Until 2002, brown seaweed fishery was sustained by collection of plant cast ashore (natural mortality). Since then,

harvesting of intertidal Lessonia nigrescens and subtidal L. trabeculata and Macrocystissp population have been
XX International Seaweed Symposium

103

intensively harvested in northern Chile. National program of study on the abundance, distribution, fishing effort,

harvesting strategies and socioeconomic aspects of algal resources, have been key in the sustainability of brown

algae fishery in northern Chile. This program was financed by the Government and privates, with the active

participation of fishermen, governmental agencies, kelp companies and strong technical support from the

scientist. During 2008-2009 decrease of international value of cooper (main income in Chile), increase of local

unemployment, and decrease of other artisanal fisheries, determine the exponential increase of harvesting

pressure of brown seaweed species of economic importance. Nevertheless, the abundance and distribution of

natural population of kelp species were not strongly affected due to the implementation of management

strategies. These strategies consider harvesting methods, area rotation, local conditions, size of plants and

reproductive conditions. Usually, management of natural resources utilization starts right before imminent

collapse or after evident declination; this study program is an example that shows interesting results regarding

resources management, when concerted actions of government, scientists, fisherman and industry, are taken and

implemented on time. 

53

DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING OF KELP, Laminaria hyperborea, IN NORWAY

Vea J

FMC BioPolymer, P.O. Box 2045, N-5504 Haugesund, Norway jostein.vea@fmc.com

In Norway specially designed boats harvest annullay130 – 180 000 tons of Laminaria hyperborea for the alginate

industry. The harvesters, called trawlers, use a sled to collect the kelp. This started in November 1963 and the

boats, equipment and operation have been improved over the years. The kelp is harvested at depths between 2

and 20 m. Today the trawlers load form 50 – 150 tons per trip. The harvest is strongly regulated, and the

Department of Fisheries is responsible for the management with the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) as a

scientific adviser. The management is based on a Seaweed Management Plan approved in 2000, and from January

1st 2009 a new Sea Recourse Law regulates the harvesting of all living marine recourses in Norway. From 1972 the

harvesting of kelp has been based on specific harvesting fields, divided into a cycle where each field is harvested

every 4 years. From 1992 this was changed to a 5 years cycle, but from 2001 a small area in the south was

changed back to the 4 years cycle. During the first period of harvesting the trawlers and the industry controlled

the re-growth in the harvesting fields, combined with different studies from research institutions. The industry is

still doing so. Since 2004 the control is part of a program for the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) which covers

the whole coast where harvesting goes on and the nearest areas north of it and south of it as well. The industry

figures out harvesting plans and follows up with registration of all harvesting in each field. This shows that the

quantity is quite stable and predictable in the fields. Examples of this are given. Bad weather with large waves has

an important impact on the harvest activity and on the detachment of kelp as well. In the South we have

indications that high summer temperatures may cause some problems for the growth and die off. North of the

harvesting areas some of the kelp is grazed down by the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. In the

northern part of the harvesting areas there is quite a high population of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus in some

sheltered and semi exposed areas. We are not harvesting in these special areas. The key for the sustainable

harvesting, developed over years in Norway, is the strong regulation based on an ambulant 5 year cycle of

harvesting. The control makes it possible to avoid/be prepared for problems caused by natural changes.

232

SEASONAL VARIATION OF BIOMASS AND AGAR FROM Gracilaria vermiculophylla AND THE 

EFFECT OF STORAGE AND ALKALI TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT STEPS

Vergara-Rodarte MA1,2, Hernández-Carmona G1, Rodríguez-Montesinos YE1, Arvizu-Higuera DL1, 

Riosmena-Rodríguez R2 and Murillo-Álvarez I1

1Departamento de Desarrollo de Tecnologías, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN, Apdo. Postal 592, 

B.C.S., México 23000. 2Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, 

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México 23080. vrm491@hotmail.com

We assessed the total biomass and the post-harvest recovering of the seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla at

Laguna San Ignacio, B.C.S., México. A total weight of 1,300 wet tons ±516 ton were estimated, with a seasonal

maximum of 1,004 wet tons in spring. This amount could be increased using an appropriate harvesting regime,

as more than one harvesting per season. We also analyzed the seasonal variation (2007-2008) of the yield and

quality of native and alkaline agar in the laboratory. The highest yield with alkali treatment were obtained in
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summer (17%), highest gel strength in spring (1,132 g cm-2), highest melting temperature in winter (98°C) and

highest gelling temperature in summer (68 °C). We also experimented the effect of alkali treatment time with

NaOH at Pilot Plant level. We found that during the agar extraction step the best results were obtained at 30

minutes. The yield was significantly reduced if the algae are storage for more than three years. We developed a

new product named Pretreated Gracilaria Seaweed, which consist of Gracilaria treated with NaOH and dried. In

order to test the stability, we sampled the PGS during one year of storage. The PGS showed stability in both yield

and agar quality during the storage year, this suggested that alkali treatment could be a good method to avoid

the agar hydrolysis during storage.

35

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY IN MACROALGAE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED 

BACTERIA

Villarreal-Gomez L1, Soria-Mercado I1, Guerra-Rivas G1 and Ayala-Sánchez N2

1Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, 2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 107 

Carretera Tijuana- Ensenada, Ensenada, BC., México. iesoria@uabc.mx

Marine algae and bacteria are an inexhaustible source of chemical compounds useful to produce a wide variety of

biologically active secondary metabolites. Marine bacteria are becoming crucial in biotechnology industry because

only recently have we discovered the great amount of bioactive compounds available from them. This research

considers the evaluation of antibacterial and anticancer activities of extracts of six species of seaweed from Bahía

de Todos Santos, B.C. Mex. and their associated bacteria. Pathogen strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella

pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to test for antibacterial activity and HCT116 cancer colorectal cells for anticancer activity. 35 bacterial strains were isolated from seaweed surfaces and

identified as belonging to the families Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The strains Cc51 from

Centroceras clavulatum, Sm36 isolated from Sargassum muticum, and Eb46 isolated from Endarachne

binghamiae showed anticancer activity with an IC50 of 6.492, 5.531, and 2.843 μg/ml respectively. These results

indicate that seaweed associated bacteria produce compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of cancer

colorectal cells HCT-116 as well as inhibiting the growth of Gram negative bacteria Proteus mirabilis, offering

opportunities for innovation in drug discovery.

252

THE CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEAWEED RESOURCES IN RUSSIA

Vilkova O1

1Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography (VNIRO), 17, V.Krasnoselskaya, 107140, 

Moscow, Russia. ovilk@mail.ru

Seaweeds can be an important element in the food safety of the Russian Federation, with its huge coastline. In a

shoreline of about 50,000 kilometers long, not counting the islands of the northern seas, it is estimated that at

least 15,000 km may be suitable for growth of kelp. Not enough is known about the true magnitude of this

natural renewable resource. Only about 40% of the regions with available commercial algae have been surveyed.

Much harvestable and commercially valuable seaweed biomass is left unaccounted for and little used in Russian

seas. Only a small fraction of Russia's natural seaweed production is commercially harvested. It includes only 4

species of Fucales in European Russia, and 11 species of Laminariales and one red alga in the Far East. We

estimate the amount available for commercial harvesting at about 6 million mt a year. The actual commercial

harvest in some regions is less than 0,1% of total available biomass. The Russian seaweed sector suffers from the

cost of energy for transportation from remote coasts, from the climate limitations and from the lack of processing

plants near the algal stocks. The utilization of the natural seaweed resource can increase for food, chemicals,

cosmetics and even biofuel. Farms for the culture of even larger quantities can be developed along the coastline.

Such developments require a unified system of regional and national policy for research and the creation of

favorable know-how, conditions and incentives that can attract the commercial sector.
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500

BREEDING AND CULTIVATION OF A NEW CULTIVAR OF Saccharina japonica

Wang WJ, Wang FJ and Sun XT

Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. 

wjwang@ysfri.ac.cn

Saccharina japonica has been cultured in China since the 1950’s. China was responsible for 89% of the global

farmed Saccharina yield in 2002 according to FAO data. Nowadays, the output is over 7.755 × 105 tons and about

80% plants are used for food in China. The existing Saccharina japonica cultivars fail to meet the requirements

for use in food processing and related industrial applications. Aiming to solve this problem, a new cultivar has

been obtained by using an integrated breeding method (selective breeding and cross breeding). This cultivar can

endure high temperatures and zoosporangia are formed at above 20oC, resulting in a longer period for plant

growth. Mean blade length, width and wet weight is 373 cm, 62.5 cm and 2.44 kg, respectively, all significantly

higher than those of the other cultivars. It is noteworthy that the blade width of this cultivar is over 2 times higher

than that of the others. Moreover, the blade thickness at the margins is similar to that in the centre so that the

efficiency of food processing has been largely improved. It has been cultured for 3 years and testified to be

hereditarily stable. In the last year, the cultured area reached 50 000 acres in southern China and 30000 acres in

northern China.

226

IDENTIFYING AND ADDRESSING THE NEED FOR FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN CLIMATE CHANGE 

ECOLOGY

Wernberg T

Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia, School of Plant 

Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. wernberg@graduate.uwa.edu.au

Ecological impacts of global climate change have been extensively documented in terrestrial ecosystems, but

substantially fewer examples exist from the marine realm – not because these have not been affected, but

because of limited time series and broad-scale data sets. I will present an analysis of >50,000 herbarium records

from Australia which suggests that several temperate marine macroalgae have undergone range-shifts and shifts

in reproductive phenology over the past ~50 years. Confidently forecasting further changes will require a

mechanistic understanding of the underlying drivers of change, which can best be achieved through experiments.

A review of climate change experiments (n=95 papers) revealed that only 18% were concerned with benthic

primary producers and only 13% included a field component. The apparent under-representation of experiments

on benthic primary producers and lack of focus on field conditions, are worrying given the ecological importance

of macroalgae as food, habitat and ecosystem engineers, and because laboratory and mesocosm experiments are

highly artificial and often suffer problems of scale (both in space and time). Moreover, problems with the

experimental design (particularly pseudo-replication) were identified in more than half of the climate change

experiments. A key problem is, of course, that primary climate change variables cannot easily be manipulated in

situ. An alternative approach is the comparative experimental approach, where identical experiments are

conducted in different locations characterised by different ‘climates’. Using an example from Australian kelp beds

found along a latitudinal gradient in ocean temperature, I will show how physiological adjustment to warmer

water was linked to reduced ecological performance in situ. Studying the links between physiological and

ecological processes along latitudinal gradients is particularly relevant in relation to climate change because the

primary responses are likely to be distribution shifts along these gradients. Advantages and limitations of this

approach will be discussed.
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171

MANGANESE AND IRON OXIDIZING BACTERIA ON MARINE MACROALGAE IN LABORATORY 

CULTURE

West J1, Zuccarello G2 and Kelly P3

1School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia. 2School of Biological Sciences, Victoria 

University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand. 3Geotrack International Pty Ltd, 37 Melville Road, 

Brunswick West 3055 VIC, Australia. jwest@unimelb.edu.au

Manganese and iron oxidizing bacteria of various taxonomic groups (e.g. Siderocapsaceae, Leptothrix) are

widespread in soil, freshwater and marine habitats where they play a major role in forming manganese and iron

deposits. However, we have no published records for their presence in laboratory cultures of marine algae. For

many years we have frequently observed these bacteria on the algae and glass surfaces in culture. They are

variable in form and size, often small hemispherical or filamentous cells with conspicuous thick brown to black

walls clearly visible with bright field light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Elemental analyses using

energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) on a scanning electron microscope show the walls to be composed

largely of manganese (about 37% by weight) although the precise oxidized state is not known. Iron oxidizing

forms are much less frequent in culture. About 15% of the 1500 cultures primarily of mangrove-associated red,

green and brown algae contain Mn-oxidizing bacteria. Most have minimal negative effects on the algae but some

have caused dieback or death particularly of male red algae. DNA molecular data shows that bacteria of several

lineages are found in these cultures, with some possibly related to Mn-oxidizing bacteria. The causes and

significance of these associations are unknown at present. 

99

TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF HEAVY METAL LEVELS AMONG THALLUS PARTS AND STRUCTURES 

OF Sargassum hemiphyllum ALONG A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT IN HONG KONG

Wong RTC, Cheung PCK and Ang PO Jr

Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, CHINA

Samples of the brown alga Sargassum hemiphyllum from four sites in Hong Kong, China were examined over

time (Jan to May 2000 and 2001) for their heavy metal contents (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). Those from

Repulse Bay and Stanley Bay in the south exhibited relatively lower metal levels than those from Tung Ping Chau

and Clearwater Bay in the northeast. In general, all metal levels in S. hemiphyllum found from the study sites

fluctuated during the study period in 2000 and 2001 but without showing any particular temporal patterns. Those

in Tung Ping Chau showed the highest levels of Cd (1.92 μg g-1 dry wt in January), Cr (2.34 μg g-1 dry wt in

January), Cu (8.31 μg g-1 dry wt in March), Fe (656.7 μg g-1 dry wt), Mn (131.4 μg g-1 dry wt), Ni (2.78 μg g-1 dry

wt), and Pb (4.29 μg g-1 dry wt) among the other sites. In most cases, there were significant differences in various

metal levels among different thallus parts (lower, middle and upper parts) of S. hemiphyllum. The various metal

levels also differed significantly among different structures, with the highest levels recorded in the receptacles,

followed by those in the vesicles, leaves and branches. Temporal variations of various metal levels in different

parts and structures of the algae may be related to their changing bioaccumulation capacities of various metals as

the thalli aged.

88

STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT OF Grateloupia sparsa

Yang CY and Chou HN 

Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. 

r96b45008@ntu.edu.tw

The worldwide demand for macroalgae, since their first introduction as food, confectionery and pharmaceutical

products has inspired many people to investigate the culture technologies in order to enhance their production.

In this research, Grateloupia sparsa thalli collected from off-shore sublittoral were examined by free hand section

and microscope for any reproductive organs to distinguish the thalli of gametophyte or sporophyte. Either

carpospores or tetraspores were treated to release and to germinate at different temperature, 20, 25, and 30oC.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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It was found the germination of tetraspore formed more crust along with the decrease of temperature, but not the

germination of carpospores, they formed more nodular filaments than tetraspores at either temperatures, but

more at 25 oC. It was also found the crusts from tetraspore differentiated to form more young thalli at lower

temperature. The crusts formed after spore germination were usually in larger size and formed more thalli from

tetraspore than from carpospores and less extention of filaments from the outer margin. Instead, smaller crusts

gave more filamentous extension from the outer margin and formed so-called nodular filaments. Light intensity

showed an enhancement on the growth of nodular filaments and thalloid differentiation from crusts. We have

developed methodologies to grow the nodular filaments in abundance and applied them for the crust

regeneration and seedling differention on nylon rope afterwards. Nodular filaments from carpospores

germination have given us not only evidences to show the life cycle stages during the year but also tools to

propagate seedlings of Grateloupia.

502

THE STATUS OF Gracilaria lemaneiformis CULTIVATION IN CHINA AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR 

CONTROLLING HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS

Yang Y1, Sellner K2 and Yarish C3

1College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China, 2Chesapeake Research 

Consortium, Inc., Edgewater, MD 21037, USA, 3Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University of 

Connecticut, Stamford, CT 06901-2315, USA. tyyf@jnu.edu.cn

The rhodophyte Gracilaria lemaneiformis, a high quality raw material for the agar industry and good fodder for

abalone cultivation in China. It is also a very promising species for reducing ambient nutrient concentrations from

fed aquaculture. Nanao, Guangdong Province is an area in southern China which is seeing a rapid increase in

production of cultivated Gracilaria. Farmed areas rose from 0.06 ha in 1999 to now more than 1400 ha, which

accounts for 23% of China’s Gracilaria acreage. Since 2000, Gracilaria cultivation has also spread to areas of

Fujian, Shandong, Zhejiang and other provinces along the coastal waters of China. Recent research demonstrates

that this seaweed has potential algicidal effects on algal bloom species, such as Alexandrium tamarense,

Amphidinium carterae, Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Scrippsiella trochoidea and Prorocentrum

donghaiense. Authors suggest that large-scale cultivation of G. lemaneiformis could be an environmentally

beneficial industry for localized reductions in coastal eutrophication and in particular for HABs in Chinese coastal

waters.

233

SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: FUEL PRODUCTION FROM MACROALGAE 

Yoshikuni Y and Kashiyama Y

604 Bancroft Way Suite C, Berkeley CA 94706. yoshikuni@ba-lab.com

Bio Architecture Lab, Inc (BAL), located in Berkeley, CA, USA, is developing a novel microbial platform able to

ferment the carbohydrates (or sugars) in seaweed (macroalgae) into commercially viable biofuels/chemicals

through engineered biosynthetic pathways. Today, BAL has developed a strain of E. coli integrated with a

biosynthetic pathway to ferment ethanol from seaweed. This strain E. coli strain achieved a yield of ethanol from

seaweed was achieved in 36 hours comparable to the current ethanol yield seen from corn. This same microbial

platform can be used to produce more advanced biofuels such as diesel fuel as well as chemicals, using seaweed

as the feedstock. By using seaweed as the sole carbon source which does not compete with land and water usage

for food production, the BAL microbial system is able to produce biofuels competitive to biofuels produced from

Brazilian sugar cane. Costs can be reduced further through extraction of valuable byproducts.
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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260

RED-ALGAE PULP AND PAPER, BIO-ETHANOL

You H-C1, Sohn M1 and Gerung G2

1Pegasus International Inc. 7F, Platinum Bldg, 889-51, Daechi-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-839, Korea, 2Faculty 

of Fish.& Marine Sci., Sam Ratulangi Univ., J1. Kampus Bahu Mando, 95115, Indonesia. 

Pegasus1@pegasushomepage.com

The manufacture of pulp and paper from Gelidiaceae red-algae was first developed by Pegasus International Inc.

The advantages are; (1) red-algae pulp and paper can replace wood pulp and paper and conserve forests, (2) agar,

which is a by-product of the pulping process, can be a source of bio-ethanol, and (3) mass aquaculture of

Gelidiaceae can uptake CO2 much more efficiently than forests because of a higher per-unit growth rate. In these

advantages, there is not only a high economical efficiency but also the possibility for a Clean Development

Mechanism. It is well known that the manufacture of wood pulp is a high-CO2-emission process, but red-algae

pulp and paper can reduce 70-80% of such CO2 emissions. Industrial-scale production of red-algae pulp and paper

requires mass aquaculture, and so the development of mass aquaculture will signal the beginning of the red-algae

pulp and paper era. Pegasus International Inc. has cultured Gelidiaceae in Indonesia owing to the good and

sustainable underwater conditions there. 

159

THE INVASIVE Sargassum muticum MIGHT TALK NATIVE BROWN SEAWEEDS INTO CHEMICAL 

DEFENSE

Yun HY1, Molis M1, Engelen AH2 and Santos RO2

1Alfred Wegener Institute, Kurpromenade, D-27498 Helgoland (Building C-54), Germany, 2ALGAE – Marine Plant 

Ecology Research Group, CCMAR Centro de Ciências do Mar, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, FCMA, Universidade do 

Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. aengelen@ualg.pt

The brown seaweed Sargassum muticum is probably one of the most invasive seaweeds known. The species

benefits from high population growth rates that increase and stabilize as the species becomes established. Fauna

associated with S. muticum differs in the native and introduced range as well as from fauna on competing

seaweeds, in both ranges. Many meso-herbivores in Portugal prefer native seaweeds over the invader, which may

facilitate invasion. In this study, we tested whether the observed low preference for the invader is due to chemical

defense. Therefore, we studied the induction of chemical defense of the invader and two closely related native

seaweeds, as well as the possibilities of chemical communication among seaweeds, through multiple food choice

experiments of both fresh and constituted food assays. Neither direct grazing nor water-borne cues from grazed

conspecifics induced chemical defences in S. muticum, but did so for both native brown seaweeds Cystoseira

humilis and Fucus vesiculosus. Interestingly, water-borne cues from grazed S. muticum induced chemical

defenses in both native brown seaweeds, whereas this did not work the other way around. We conclude that the

low preference for S. muticum by grazers does not seem to be caused by the induction of chemical defenses in S.

muticum, although native grazers were able to induce chemical defenses in confamiliar native seaweeds as well as

water-borne cues from grazed S. muticum.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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52

OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE MEDIA CONCENTRATIONS, pH-TEMPERATURE COMBINATIONS 

AND DENSITY OF SECTIONS FOR THE MASS PRODUCTION OF YOUNG PLANTS IN THE 

CULTIVATION OF Kappaphycus

Yunque DAT1, Tibubos KR1, Hurtado AQ1,2* and Critchley AT3

1Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021 Philippines. 

2Integrated Services for the Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries (ISDA), McArthur Highway Tabuc Suba 

Jaro 5021 Iloilo City, Philippines.3Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1X8, Canada. 

aqhurtado@gmail.com

Three color morphotypes (brownish yellow, purple and green) of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii were

used as explants. Different concentrations of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP; (viz. 0.001, 0.01, 0.1,

1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg L-1)) with and without Plant Growth Regulator (PGR-PAA + Zeatin at 1mgL-1) were

used to produce young plants for nursery purposes using tissue culture techniques. Enriched Sterile Seawater

(ESS/2) served as Control. The rate and quality of production of young Kappaphycus plants for nursery stock is

improved through the use of AMPEP with optimized culture media concentration, pH- temperature combination

and density conditions. Specific conditions will be discussed in this presentation.

257

DOMAIN-SPECIFIC POSITIVE SELECTION CONTRIBUTES TO THE EVOLUTION OF Ectocarpus 

ROCO-LRR AND NB-ARC-TPR GENES, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL ROLE IN IMMUNITY

Zambounis A1, Exadactylos A1, Neofitou N1, Elias M2 and Gachon C3

1University of Thessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, 

Fytokou str., Nea Ionia 384 46, Volos, Greece. 2Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of 

Botany and Department of Parasitology, Benatska 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic. 3Scottish Association for 

Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, United Kingdom. claire.gachon@sams.ac.uk

All living organisms are plagued by a number of pathogens whose initial recognition is a crucial key component

towards the establishment of defense. The pathogen recognition involves the onset of a range of well- regulated

and orchestrated molecular signalling transduction interactions mediated mainly by a wealth of fast-evolving

receptors and multigenic families, many of which contain ligand-binding and signal transduction domains, such

as leucine-rich or tetratricopeptide repeat- (LRR/TPR) and NB-ARC domains, respectively. In this study, we focused

on the marine brown algae Ectocarpus genome, being recently fully sequenced, for homologues of these genes;

the evolutionary pressures acting upon them and their functional divergence were also assessed. We annotated

269 LRR-containing genes, in particular a subfamily of ROCO LRR-GTPases, as well as a group of 24 NB-ARC-TPR

proteins. Their clustering is typical one of fast-evolving families; whilst the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate

ratio (dN/dS) estimations indicate that diversifying selection is acting on their LRR (respectively TPR) domains,

mainly among their repetitive short length exons. Their sequence variability is underpinned by a remarkable

intron-exon organisation, whereby an individual LRR (respectively TPR) module is encoded by an exon, associated

to signs of active exon shuffling. Therefore, our data set suggest that positive selection acting on the ligandbinding sites of these members of the Ectocarpus ROCO-LRR and NB-ARC-TPR families promoted a tremendous

diversification of specificities and hereby constitute them as good candidates for being involved in recognition/

transduction events linked to immunity. 

276

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF HARVESTED Lessonia trabeculata POPULATION IN SAN 

FERNANDO RESERVE, ICA, PERU

Zavala J, Gamarra A, Flores D, Huamani S, Pasto R, Tejada A and Zevallos J

jzavala@imarpe.gob.pe 

The aim of this study was to determine biological indicators to assess the impact of harvest activities over

Lessonia trabeculata populations and its associated communities in the recently stablished Reserved Zone San
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

110

Fernando, Ica, Peru; in order to establish measures that assure the sustainability of this resource. We considered

as the biological indicators: (1) allowed captures estimations, (2) longest diameter of the holdfast, (3) plants

density and (4) richness species associated to the holdfast. We discuss the usefullness and validation of these

indicators as tools for identifying L. trabeculata population condition.

278

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMERCIAL PERUVIAN BROWN SEAWEEDS

Zavala J1, Gamarra A, Pasto R, Tejada A, Carbajal P, Castillo R, Zevallos J and Kameya A

jzavala@imarpe.gob.pe

Commercial brown macroalgae Lessonia nigrescens, L. trabeculata and Macroscystis spp. were distinctly

distributed along a latitudinal gradient from ~ 11o to 18o S. L. nigrescens distributed from 17o 30' to 15o 30' S,

and was mainly found in the lower-middle intertidal, although it also formed dense patches up to 5m depth (17o

S). L. trabeculata ranged from 14o to 18o 05’S, showing higher densities at 5-10m (17o S) and 15-20m (16o to 14o

S) depth levels, but it was also recorded in the low intertidal zone (16o S). Macroscystis spp, distributed from 16o

to 11o S, where it mainly colonized the low intertidal zone (16o to 14o S) and subtidal zone at a depth of 10m (11o

S). We conclude that the current latitudinal distribution of these species along the Peruvian coast is the result of

climatic events that regulated the latitudinal distribution recorded in previous decades (06o 26’S to 17o 42’S,

Acleto, 1980), however their northernmost and southernmost distribution limits could be affected by fishery

activities. Consequently, we propose that the vertical distribution of macroalgae depends upon: (1) fishing

pressure, that creates free space for other species settlement, (2) success settlement of the macroalgae, and (3)

favorable adaptive morphological plasticity against extraction pressure.

197

TRACKING INTRODUCTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM POPULATION GENETIC DATA

Zuccarello GC

School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand. 

joe.zuccarello@vuw.ac.nz

The anthropogenic introduction of seaweeds around the world is a growing concern. While mitigation measures

are essential, a lot can be learned about pathways of introduction and dispersal using molecular data. These

molecular studies also give us insights into algal evolution in general. Of several important considerations in

understanding the distribution and diversity of algae are markers appropriate for the question addressed, and

sufficient sampling both within populations and covering the full range of the species. Markers that are highly

variable within species usually show low levels of gene flow between populations, although long distance

dispersal by mature thalli can be important. Genetic evidence reveals cryptic introductions, multiple introductions

and cryptic spread of seaweeds into native populations. For example, Eucheuma mariculture has lead to the

spread of cultured genotypes into neighboring native populations. Populations in Africa, in which a native

genotype is found now mostly contain cultivated genotypes. What the consequences of this will be to native

populations is not yet known. While the history of a species can be inferred by the distribution and variation in

molecular markers, sampling is very important. Hypotheses draw from wide sampling of species, but with low

within population sampling can lead to different conclusions if sampling is intensified. An example is the red alga

Bostrychiamoritziana in which early hypotheses suggested low variation and a recent introduction into the east

Pacific, while a more intense sampling design indicates a different historical pattern. 
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Posters Abstract

91

EFFECT OF Halopithys incurva AND Hypnea spinella ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES ON THE 

ACTIVITY OF RAW 264.7 MACROPHAGES

Abdala-Díaz RT1, Chabrillón M2, López-Soler B2, Gómez-Pinchetti JL3, Rico RM1 and Figueroa FL1

1Department of Ecology. Faculty of Sciences.University of Málaga.29071, Campus de Teatinos. Málaga, Spain, 

2Mediterranean Centre of Photobiology, c/Prosper Merimeé 7, 29007, Málaga, Spain, 3Centro de Biotecnología 

Marina, Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C., Muelle de Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Las Palmas, Spain. 

abdala@uma.es

In recent years, the interest to produce alternative seaweed species in intensive or poly-aquaculture systems is

high. The genus Hypnea is an economically interesting group of red macroalgae with some species, i.e. H.

musciformis, being reported as cultured under different conditions. In this study, the culture of Rhodophyta

Hypnea spinella and Halopithys incurva in tanks by using fishpond effluents as nutrients source is presented,

resulting in average annual yields close to 30 g dry weight m-2 d-1 (109 t DW ha-1 y-1) and mean ammonium

biofiltration efficiencies close to 70%. The internal composition of biomass (protein, carbohydrates, pigments,

ash, moisture, C/N ratio, total lipid and fatty acid profile) under N-ammonium enriched conditions is analyzed.

The immunological effect of acid polysaccharides, characterized by FT-IR, was studied. Their effect on the activity

of RAW 264.7 macrophages (mice) was examined by quantification of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and

interleukin (IL)-6 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Concentration of polysaccharides and

cytokines IL 6 were positively correlated in contrast to TNF –a. These results indicate that polysaccharides are

strong cytokine IL-6 inducers.

84

SEASONAL VARIATION OF GREEN, RED AND BROWN ALGAE (CHLOROPHYTA, RHODOPHYTA & 

PHAEPHYTA) ASCENSION BAY (BAS) AND ESPIRITU SANTO BAY (BESTO),QUINTANA ROO, 

MEXICO

Acosta-Calderón JA1, Mateo-Cid LE2 y Mendoza-González AC2

1Universidad del Mar. Campus Puerto Ángel, C.U. Carretera Puerto Ángel-Zipolite Km. 1.5, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca. 

70902, 2Departamento de Botánica, Laboratorio de Ficología, ENCB-IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 

México D.F 11340. 

jaac_hello@hotmail.com

A study on the benthic marine algae of the Ascension Bay (BAS) and Espiritu Santo Bay (BESTO), Quintana Roo,

Mexico was conducted during the months of September-October 2008 (rainy season) and March-April 2009 (dry

season). In each bay five sampling stations settled down, each one of them of 60 m2. Marine algae were collected

by reef-walking or snorkeling. Samples were preserved in 4% formalin/seawater; they were labeled and carried out

to the laboratory of Phycology of the ENCB. Until now, 138 species of benthic marine algae (68 Rhodophyta, 54

Chlorophyta and 16 Phaeophyceae) have been determined. 90 species were identified for the rainy season (41

Rhodophyta, 44 Chlorophyta and 5 Phaeophyceae) and 108 species for the period of dry (57 Rhodophyta, 37

Chlorophyta and 14 Phaeophyceae). The best represented families are Rhodomelaceae with 21 species,

Udoteaceae with 20 species, Dictyotaceae with 11, Ceramiaceae with 10 and Caulerpaceae with 6 species. We

have been obtained 26 new records for BAS; while in BESTO have located 84 new records. The bay, with highest

species richness in both seasons was BESTO with 73 and 98 species, while the BAS, ranked 58 and 36 species

respectively. The highest species richness occurred in the stations located toward the outside of the bays.

Although the sand substratum is dominant in both bays, the highest species richness is presented in hard

substrates and/or as epiphytes.
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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16

ENHANCEMENT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT ALGAL SPECIES

Afify MR Abd El-Moneim1, Shalaby E1 and Shanab MM Sanaa2

1Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

2Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. dremad2009@yahoo.com

Eight algae species were used for the production of biodiesel (4 Rhodo, 1 chloro and 1 phaeophycean macroalgae,

1 cyanobacterium and 1 green microalgae) using two extraction solvent systems (Hexane/ether (1:1, v/v)) and

(Chloroform/methanol (2: 1, v/v)). Biochemical evaluations of algal species were carried out by estimating

biomass, lipid, biodiesel and sediment (glycerin and pigments) contents as well as percentages. Hexane / ether

extraction solvent system produced low lipid content and percentage (0.024 to 0.035 g/g dry wt and 2.3-3.0%)

while, chloroform/methanol extraction solvent system was proved to be more efficient in lipid and biodiesel

production (0.025 – 0.125 g/g D wt and 2.5 – 12.5% respectively) depending on algae species. The green

microalga Dictyochloropsis splendida extract produced the highest lipid and biodiesel content and percentages

(0.125 g/g D. wt and 12.5%) followed by the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima (0.092 g/g dry wt and 9.2%), while

the macroalgae (red, brown and green) produced lower biodiesel percentages (2.5 – 4.4%). The green microalga

Dictyochloropsis splendida Geitler (the promising algae), was cultivated under different salt concentration and

nitrogen deficiency conditions led to an inhibition of both algal growth and pigments content, while carotenoids

synthesis was highly stimulated. Lipids, biodiesel and glycerol productional were markedly enhanced by either

increasing salt concentration or nitrogen deficiency with maximum production at nitrogen starvation condition

(0.0 g/l).

81

IMPORTANCE OF MACROALGAE IN THE NATURAL DIET OF Megathura crenulata (SOWERBY 

1825)

Aguilar-Mora F1,2, Mazariegos-Villarreal A1, Medina-López MA3, López-Yllescas M1,4 and ServiereZaragoza E1

1Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 

23090, México, 2Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, 

Morelia, Mich. 58030. 3Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur KM 5.5, 23080, La Paz, 

BCS, 4Universidad del Mar, Campus Puerto Ángel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puerto Ángel, Oax. 70902, México. 

amaza04@cibnor.mx

Megathura crenulata is a marine gasteropod known as keyhole limpet. From this species "Keyhole limpet

hemocyanin-KLH” which is used in treating certain cancers is obtained. In this study we describe the natural diet

of M. crenulata from the analysis of stomach content of organisms collected from three rocky reefs in the Pacific

coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico on three dates. We identified 81 food components as part of their diet, which

included brown algae (4), red algae (26), one seagrass, hydrozoa (6), bivalves (5), gastropods (18), crustaceans

(8), bryozoans (4), and urochordates (2) among others. The Index of Relative Importance highlighted as the most

important component a tunicate (60%) followed by the hydrozoan Eudendrium sp. (9%) and the algae species:

Rhodymenia sp. (6%), Pterosiphonia sp. (5%), Corallina sp. (5%), Cystoseira osmundacea (5%), and Cryptopleura

(4%). Although, M. crenulata has a varied diet that includes several species of algae and animals, the diversity

index of food components (H'=1.5 - H'=2.8), and the trophic niche breadth (Bi=0.1- Bi=0.6.) places this gasteropod

as a specialist predator, which consumes few components in a higher percentage.

174

FIRST REPORT ON THE JAPANESE SPECIES Grateloupia lanceolata (OKAMURA) KAWAGUCHI 

AND Grateloupia turuturu YAMADA (HALYMENIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) IN BAJA CALIFORNIA, 

MEXICO 

Aguilar-Rosas R1, Aguilar-Rosas LE2, Kawai Hiroshi3 and Win Ni-Ni4

1Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, km 107 Carretera Tijuana Ensenada, 

Ensenada, Baja California 22830, 2Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja 
XX International Seaweed Symposium

113

California, km 107 Carretera Tijuana Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22830, 3Kobe University Research 

Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan, 4Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe 

University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan. raguilar@uabc.mx

The Japanese red algae species Grateloupia lanceolata (Okamura) Kawaguchi and Grateloupia turuturu Yamada

(Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) are reported for the first time as introduced to the Pacific coast of Mexico.

Populations of these species were found in the Ensenada Harbor at the Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, growing

attached to the docks, ropes, buoys and boat hulls, in November 2008. Identification was based on a revision of

their morphological and reproductive characters, as well as a comparative analysis of nuclear rbcL sequences with

specimens from Japan and Mexico. Grateloupia lanceolata has been recently reported in the coast of southern

California, USA, which extends the southern limit of its geographical distribution in the Pacific coast of North

America. In the case of G. turuturu, this is its first report in the western coast of North America. Maritime traffic

between Asia and America seems to play an important role in the introduction of these species to Baja California. 

32

N-UPTAKE AND GROWTH MONITORING OF THE MACROPHYTE Ulva

Ale MT, Meyers A and Mikkelsen JD

Center for Bioprocess Engineering (Bioeng), Department of Chemical and biochemical Engineering – DTU, Søltofts 

Plads, Building 229 DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark. mta@kt.dtu.dk

Utilization of seaweed such as Ulva sp. for different applications e.g. food ingredients, integrated aquaculture and

biofuels has a potential. Most methods for growth monitoring of Ulva lactuca, requires sub-sampling to

determine the initial and final weight of the seaweed samples after the removal of surface moisture either by

wiping with filter cloth or centrifugation. This method requires direct contact on algal tissue especially when

measuring similar samples periodically. The objective of this work was to monitor the growth of benthic

macrophyte Ulva lactuca including nutrient uptake over time without destructing the seaweed growth

development. A simple and non-destructive growth monitoring technique based on photo-scanning was

developed. 

110

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUB ARCTIC MARINE PLANT RESOURCES OF UNGAVA BAY, NUNAVIK 

QUEBEC, CANADA

Allard M1, Sharp G2, Rochefort J-Guy1, Filion V1 and Bellefleur Y1

1Nunavik Biosciences Inc., 1111 Dr. Frederik-Philips Blvd., Ville St-Laurent, Quebec, H4M-2X6, Canada. 2KCME, 44 

Duffy Drive, McGrath's Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada B3Z-4B9. mallard@nunavikbiosciences.com

Ungava Bay, Canada has a Sub Arctic marine environment dominated by the impacts of annual heavy ice cover.

Large tidal amplitudes in restricted bays and inlets result in currents speeds of 3 to 10 km h-1. Stable sub tidal

substrates support extensive beds of Laminariales and inter tidal algal beds are dominated by Fucales in niches

protected from ice scour. Commercial development has focused on Fucoids following remote sensing of cover

and direct assessment of biomass. Thirty five thousand wet tons of harvestable Fucoid biomass exists within 10

km of the village of Kangirsuk, Nunavik. Nunavik Biosciences Inc., an Inuit owned enterprise, began pilot scale

harvesting and processing of Fucoids in 2007 using hand harvest methods at an exploitation rate of 10% per

shoreline sector. The harvest strategy is conservative leaving sufficient cover, 50% to 80% to protect the habitat of

the associated benthic community and permits re-harvest within 4 to 5 years. The project faced challenges of

logistics, weather and labour but has produced high quality dried material as a starting point for further

processing. Final products being developed from this resource range from traditional foods to cosmetics.

Recently the project has examined the potential for aquacultured Alaria esculenta (Linnaeus) Greville and

Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Kuntze as an aquacultured traditional food stuff. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

114

291

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF Macrocystis IN NORTHERN CHILE

Alonso JM and Vasquez J

Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones. 

Universidad Católica del Norte. Casilla 117 Coquimbo CHILE

Abundance and distributional patterns of brown seaweeds are highly dependent of local conditions.

Environmental factors such as nutrients and light, coastal topography, wave exposure, are keys on the

distribution and abundance of coastal bed of Macrocystis pyrifera in northern Chile. To test this hypothesis, tree

different exposed and shelter beds were monthly sampled between 2000-2004. Water temperature, nutrient,

density of juvenile and adult sporophytes, plant growth and reproductive phenology were measured in each study

site. Density, growth, and recruitment are more variable in time, in contrast with the spatial variability of kelp

beds. Reproductive events occur all year round, with continuous and low density recruitment of juvenile

sporophytes. Exposed sites with high density of adult, shows hazardous high recruitment of juvenile plants. The

longevity of Macrocystis beds is higher in sheltered areas than protected ones. Growth rate and fronds production

varied between localities, mainly related with water temperature and nutrients availability. Although the local

variability of growth rate and fronds production, the population dynamics of Macrocystis show strong seasonal

patterns. This seasonal dynamics of Macrocystis beds in northern Chile would be modified by regional

oceanographic events as El Niño Southern Oscillation.

29

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF MACROALGAE OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA 

Arenas González A1, Aguila Ramírez RN1, Hellio C2, Mason K2, Hernández Guerrero CJ1 and González 

Acosta B1

1Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Av. IPN S/N. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita. La Paz, Baja California 

Sur, 2Universidad de Portsmouth, Reino Unido. raguilar@ipn.mx

Seaweeds are a promising source of bioactive compounds that can be used in the treatment of human diseases or

to control and prevent the colonization of fouling organisms. These two problems are now solved with the use of

conventional antibiotics, which microorganisms are becoming increasingly resistant, and with insulating paints,

which main compounds includes heavy metals and some other toxic compounds. It becomes necessary to develop

research to: first, identify promising algae species and second, to characterize and identify substances of

particular interest to pharmaceutical and marine industries in order to optimize the resources of many species

from which their possible applications are still unknown. This study evaluated 1) the antibacterial potential of six

species of seaweed from the Gulf of California by testing organic extracts against strains of Staphylococcus

aureus and Escherichia coli and 2) the antifouling ability against different marine organisms (bacteria, fungi and

microalgae). Laurencia johnstonii, Ulva lactuca and Dictyota flabellata showed a moderately active bacterial

antibiosis, being the ethereal extracts more active against the bacterial strain S. aureus (19, 8.5 and 7.5 mm). The

best results were obtained with antifouling Ulva lactuca and Laurencia johnstonii, which presented the greatest

range of inhibition (0.1-1 mg/ml) against all strains tested.

75

INCREASING FARMED TROPICAL CARRAGEENOPHYTE PRODUCTIVITY WITH A PURPOSE BUILT 

SEAWEED BOAT

Ask E and Little S

erick_ask@fmc.com

For over a decade, carrageenophyte farmers of the Western Indian Ocean have seen their productivity limited by

various bottlenecks. FMC has worked to develop improved farming systems, protocols and technologies to

increase productivity and income of professional carrageenophyte farmers. As productivity per meter of farm line

increased, an obvious bottleneck was the transport of harvest from farm to the beach. In many cases, farmers

were carrying harvest over 500m in sacks on their head. When they had made one trip, the tide had already come

in, not allowing for a second and third trip. Local boats are hollowed out tree trunks from hard wood trees and

consumed by marine worms in a few years. In addition, they are expensive (US$500+), extremely heavy and
XX International Seaweed Symposium

115

difficult to move and maneuver in the shallow farming area. Their construction also leads to deforestation. FMC

worked with KL Industries to create a purpose built seaweed boat. It carries 500kg of harvest, weighs about 20kg

and can be carried by two people, is made of low maintenance, long lasting HDPE plastic and costs roughly

US$220 when purchased in bulk. The use of this boat has enabled farmers to increase productivity six fold, to

roughly 1MT dry per month. The KL Industries’ seaweed boat is an excellent example of an appropriate

technology having an immediate and beneficial impact on the lives of coastal inhabitants.

97

STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHYLOGENY OF Laurencia sp. 

(CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS

Aylagas E1, Gil-Rodríguez MC1, Cassano V2, Díaz-Larrea J3, Sentíes A3, Fujii MT4, Gutiérrez A5 and 

Souto ML5

1Dpto. Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain, 2Dpto. Biologia Vegetal, 

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3Dpto. Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – 

Iztapalapa, Mexico, 4Seção de Ficologia, Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, Brazil, 5Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain. eva.biologia@gmail.com

At present, as part of a tri-national project with the Canary Islands (Spain), Mexico, and Brazil participating

“Diversidad y relaciones filogenéticas de algas marinas bentónicas con potencial farmacológico: el complejo

Laurencia (Rhodophyta) en las costas del Atlántico tropical y subtropical”, morphological, phytochemical and

molecular studies have been carried out on the Laurencia complex. In recent surveys around the Canary littoral,

an unnamed species of the genus Laurencia was collected in the north of Fuerteventura Island on June of 2009.

The specimens are pale pink, reaching up to 15 cm and form an abundant population from the lower intertidal to

subtidal zone in exposed and semi-exposed sites. The taxon shows four pericentral cells per axial segment,

cortical cells neither projected near apices nor in a palisade arrangement with secondary pit-connections and one

or two corps en cerise per cell, medullary cells with lenticular thickenings and tetrasporangia produced from the

third and fourth pericentral cells showing a parallel arrangement. This taxon differs from all other reported from

the Canary Islands and it is currently maintained as of uncertain status. Preliminary chemical composition data are

shown, and a molecular comparative study is also presented based on analysis of the chloroplast-encoded rbcL

gene sequences in an attempt to clarify its taxonomic and phylogenetic position.

190

SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN PRODUCTIVITY, INVASIVE SUCCESS AND LIKELY IMPACTS OF 

Sargassum muticum IN IRELAND

Baer J and Stengel DB

Botany, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway. dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

The invasive Pacific macroalga Sargassum muticum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) has expanded its distribution rapidly

since it was first recorded from the Irish west coast in 2001. While its actual ecological and economic impacts are

currently not well documented, local displacement of native flora has been reported due to its rapid dispersal and

high growth rates, and population densities. This study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the

ecological and ecophysiological functioning of S. muticum in Ireland, knowledge which is vital for future

management and ecological risk assessment. In situ seasonal growth rates, reproductive development, biomass

production, morphology and survival of S. muticum were compared at sites characterized by different degrees of

wave exposure. Significant local variations were observed between populations, with site-specific impacts on

native flora. Results also suggested a suppressed development of S. muticum populations in some locations due

to heavy epiphytic growth, and the effects of epiphyte coverage on recruitment and growth of introduced and

native macrophytes were studied further in detail. In addition, in the light of potential future climate change

scenarios, S. muticum germlings were exposed in culture to different temperature, salinity and UV-radiation

regimes. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

116

13

THE GALACTANS FROM GREEN VARIANTS OF CYSTOCARPIC AND TETRASPOROPHYTIC 

Gigartina skottsbergii (RHODOPHYTA)

Barahona T1, Encinas MV1, Matsuhiro B1 and Mansilla A2

1Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago. 

2Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile, Ave. Bulnes 

01855. Instituto de Ecologia, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. tamara.barahona@gmail.com

The carrageenans are sulfated galactans, synthesized by seaweeds of the Rhodophyta division, principally by

members of Gigartinaceae family. These algae synthesize different types of carrageenans depending on the life

cycle phases. The cystocarpic and gametophytic reproductive stages produce kappa-type carrageenans and the

tetrasporophytic stage produced lambda-type carrageenans. Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) is

located in south end of South America. In Chile this algae is the highest commercial important carragenophyte.

Recently it has been found in the region of Magallanes (North Fuerte Bulnes 53°37'54'' S; 70°55'17'' W) a green

variant of this seaweed that grows close to the wild type. FT-IR spectrum showed characteristic signals of kappatype carrageenan in individuals of cystocarpic phase (bands at 845 and 930 cm-1). The phycocolloid synthesized

by cystocarpic plants of the green variant was similar to that the produced by wild type individuals of the same

phase. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis showed galactose as the only monosaccharide in the biopolymer from

the tetrasporophytic phase of the green variant and it showed a very different composition compared to lambda

carrageenan. This polysaccharide would be constituted by a neutral galactan (it contains ~9% of sulfate); in few

cases has been isolated a polymer in Gigartinaceae with these characteristic. Furthermore, the antioxidant

capacity of both polysaccharides was measure by ORAC method. The antioxidant capacity was 30% higher in the

polysaccharide from cystocarpic individuals than the polysaccharide from tetrasporophytic plant, indicating that

this activity is related to the difference in the degree of sulfation. 

51

IMPACT OF AMPEP ON THE GROWTH AND OCCURRENCE OF Neosiphonia INFESTATION ON 

TWO STRAINS OF Kappaphycus alvarezii AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS

Borlongan IAG1, Tibubos KR1, Yunque DAT1, Hurtado AQ1,2, and Critchley AT3

1Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021 Philippines, 

2Integrated Services for the Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries (ISDA), McArthur Highway Tabuc Suba 

Jaro 5000 Iloilo City, Philippines, 3Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1X8, Canada. 

aqhurtado@gmail.com

Two strains of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (Tungawan -TUNG) and giant tambalang -GTAM) from

Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines were used to test the efficacy of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP – a

commercial extract of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum) as source of nutrients for growth, and to determine

the percentage occurrence of an epiphytic infestation of Neosiphonia at four different depths in the sea. Results

showed that the use of AMPEP significantly (P<0.05) affected both the growth rate and percentage occurrence of

Neosiphonia infection on the two strains of Kappaphycus. Growth rates of the two strains dipped in AMPEP were

significantly higher than the control (without AMPEP). The percentage occurrence (10-53% at all depths) of

Neosiphonia infection of both strains dipped in AMPEP were significantly lower than the control (17-85% at all

depths). Both growth rate and Neosiphonia percentage incidence decreased as the cultivation depth increased.

Symptoms of Neosiphonia infection began to appear after 21 days of culture during the months of June – August.

Although seaweeds grown with AMPEP at 0cm had the highest growth rate (3.6% - TUNG, 4.50% - GTAM) after 45

days of culture, those without AMPEP had the highest percentage cover of Neosiphonia infection (viz. 80-83%).

The occurrence of Neosiphonia infestation at each depth observed was correlated with extreme changes in

seawater temperature and salinity. The carrageenan characteristics of the two strains grown at different depths

will be discussed. The results suggested that both strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii are best grown initially at a

depth of 0cm and then lowered to 50-100cm after 21 days in order to obtain the highest growth rate and least

Neosiphonia infection. These observations are important for the management of Kappaphycus for commercial

farming. Furthermore, the use of AMPEP for growth enhancement and control of Neosiphonia infection is

encouraging.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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275

EFFECT OF THE USE OF Macrocystis pyrifera ON THE GERMINATION OF TOMATO 

(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill)

Briceño-Dominguez DR and Hernández-Carmona G

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La 

Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México. monchob@gmail.com

In Mexico, macroalgae remain an underexploited resource, including Macrocystis pyrifera which is harvested and

used for abalone feed. However, other uses of this alga are possible, such as fertilizer. Some studies have shown

the presence of plant growth regulators in brown algae. In this research, we experimented on the effect of

powdered M. pyrifera mixed with a commercial horticultural substrate (vermiculite) on the germination of the

tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill). The alga was added in the following concentrations: 0.4, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

and 20% (w/w). Triple 17 fertilizer was compared at the same concentrations. The control was also evaluated with

vermiculite and water alone. After saturating the mixture with water, tomato seeds were placed on polypropylene

trays for germination in 1 cm2 by 5 cm deep cavities. The change in soil texture was analyzed by measuring the

stickiness using a texture analyzer TA. XT.plus. One seed was planted per hole and placed in black plastic bags

for three days. After this time period, the trays were placed in sunlight under 50% shade conditions. Ten days

after seeding we determined the percentage of germination. The stickiness was significantly increased as the

concentration of algae was increased, but it did affect adversely until reaching an algae concentration of 6%. Also,

the fertilizer affected the plants above 6% concentration.

202

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MICROSCOPIC STAGES OF Macrocystis pyrifera: EFFECTS ON 

GRAZING PREFERENCES

Cabrera JC1, Pereda SV2, Buschmann AH1 and Hernández-González MC1

1Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ambientes y Recursos Costeros ‘i ~mar’, Universidad de Los Lagos, 

Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile, 2CIEN Austral. Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n 

Pelluco, Casilla 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile. Sandra.pereda@cienaustral.cl

The influence that nutritional value of food can have on grazing selectivity in marine organisms is one of the

foundations in optimal foraging. However, animals not always choose the food with the best quality. In Southern

Chile, the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera coexists with two marine snails, Crepipatella fecunda and Tegula atra,

that have proved to graze on the microscopic reproductive stages of M. pyrifera. However, these grazers have

different strategies for feeding and also show some degree of selectivity among gametophyte and sporophyte. To

determine if the preferences observed are related to the nutritional value of the reproductive structures, we

quantified protein, carbohydrate and lipid content, also we estimated energy content in gametophytes and

sporophytes. We observed significant differences (p<0.05) in lipid and carbohydrate content, being higher in

sporophytes. Protein and energy did not show differences among the reproductive stages. C. fecunda prefers to

feed on gametophyte while T. atra does not have any preferences, feeding on the both stages indistinctively. The

lack of selectivity in T. atra suggests no preference due to nutritional value of food. The strategy in this grazer

seems to be not allocating energy in searching for food, utilizing what is available. On the other hand, the marked

preference shown by C. fecunda in feeding on gametophytes seems to be more related with the size of the

reproductive structure of M. pyrifera than the nutritional value of it; however this remains to be tested. 

243

PHENOLOGY, FUCOIDAN AND ALGINATES FROM Sargassum cymosum AND Sargassum sp. 

COLLECTED AT THE COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN

Camacho-Hadad O1, Hernández-Carmona G2 and Amador-Martínez MG3

1 Programa de Biología Marina, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Cra. 2 No. 11-68, Santa Marta, 

Colombia.2 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Playa Palo de 

Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México.3 Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Industrial y de 

Servicios No. 230. Sonora S/N, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23040, México. gcarmona2007@gmail.com, 

olgacamacho76@yahoo.com
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

118

The genus Sargassum form large beds associated with rocky shores of the Colombian Caribbean, however, it

shows large annual variations of biomass. This study describes the fucoidan, alginate concentrations, and gelling

properties of two benthic species of Sargassum from Colombia. We describe their phenology in the region, to

assess its potential as an exploitable resource. Samples were collected in 2008 in Colombia and the extractions of

alginates were performed in the Mexico. Sargassumsp. reaches its highest biomass (410 ± 108 g m-2) and

presence of receptacles (44.5% of branches) in April. In May the senescence stage begins, and between June and

February the alga is found in low quantities. S. cymosum showed higher biomass and persists longer on the coast

with values of 595 g m-2 (± 211) in April, decreasing to 4.71 (± 3.58) g m-2 in August. The reproductive peak is

found in May (53.4%). The fucoidan yield was similar for both species (5.3-5.5%). The alginate yield was lower inS.

cymosum (15.9%) than for Sargassum sp. (20.8%), despite this, the values are high compared with other species.

The viscosity (7-14 mPa.s) is very low and may have few applications in industry, however, the gel strength was

similar for the two (709-866 g cm-2) and is considered an acceptable value. This study suggest that these two

species are a good option for commercial application, however, the marked seasonality and few peaks of biomass

and reproduction suggest a high caution for their sustainable exploitation in the Colombian Caribbean.

108

GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC MACROALGAL BIODIVERSITY OF THE REGION OF IXTAPAZIHUATANEJO, MEXICO

Candelaria C, Vázquez E, López N and Rodríguez D

Sección de Algas del Herbario y Laboratorio de Ficología de la Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional 

Autónoma de México. A.P. 70 592, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, México, D.F. 

cf_candela@yahoo.com.mx

The present work concerns the integration of available information on the macroalgae of the Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo

region at Guerrero State, México, covering a period of 67 years, to develop a diagnostic study and define the

current state of knowledge. The first report of macroalgae in the region was of Hollenberg (1942) and the latest is

Ponce-Márquez et. al. (2009). The work included specific report evaluation in the region using frequencies of

records, localities, months of the year, and deep intervals of species presence. A useful methodological tool was

elaborated to assess each species, and to obtain a Biological Knowledge Index (BKI). At present the records

reached 225 species, 135 of Rhodophyta, 41 of Phaeophyceae, and 49 Chlorophyta. The BKI values showed that

the five most important species are Padina durvillae, Caulerpa sertularioides, Jania tenella, Amphiroa beauvoisii

and Dictyopteris delicatula. The use of BKI allows determining collect strategies, species inventory integration, to

make decisions respect biodiversity conservation and management, and to count with reliable data for further

studies at different space and temporal scales.

208

EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF Gracilaria birdiae STRAINS (GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA) 

IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Carneiro MAA1, Azevedo CAA2, Barros GLGP2, Costa AH2, Costa AB2, Marinho-Soriano E2 and Plastino 

EM1

1Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, 2Departamento de Oceanografia e 

Limnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. 

marcellamaral@hotmail.com

Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & E.C. Oliveira is the main species exploited for agar production in Brazil;

consequently, studies related to its cultivation and selection of more productive strains become extremely

necessary. The aim of this work was to compare the growth of different strains of G. birdiae cultivated in the sea

(Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil) in three different depths (30 cm, 50 cm, and 80 cm). Four strains of

tetrasporophytic plants were used: two of them coming from wild populations (red, rd-CE, and rd-RN) and the

others, color variants isolated in vitro, brown-green (bwg-CE) and green (gr-CE). The experiment was conducted

for four months and the biomass was obtained monthly. All strains showed the highest growth rates after 30 days

of cultivation in the depth of 30cm (rd-CE=5.13±0.06%d-1; bwg-CE=4.63±0.77%d-1; gr-CE=3.42±0.84%d-1; and rdRN=1.40±0.51%d-1). During the study, the salinity showed a significant reduction from 33.5±0.15 to 23.2±0.2

PSU (p<0.05), caused by the inflow of fluvial waters close to the place of the experiment. Moreover, herbivory
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signs were observed in all tested strains, resulting in a significant decrease in the growth rates in the last days of

cultivation (p<0.05). Although the cultivation has been conducted during the least favorable season (winter), the

growth rates are encouraging. However, the monitoring of the cultivation during the summer is indispensable, as

well as the study of the agar quality for the choice of the most productive strain for cultivation in this area. 

93

THE CARAGEENOPHYTE Solieria pacifica (YAMADA) YOSHIDA AS A POTENTIAL BIOFILTER 

COMPONENT IN INTEGRATED FISH CULTURE

Carton RJ1, Okuyama Y2, Kimura H2, Notoya M1

1Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, 

Tokyo 108-8477 Japan, 2Fisheries Experimental Station, Wakayama Prefectural Research Center of Agriculture, 

Forestry and Fisheries, Kushimoto 1557-20, Kushimoto-cho, Higashimuro-gun, Wakayama 659-3503. 

rheajoycarton@gmail.com

We investigate the feasibility of incorporating Solieria pacifica as a biofilter component in an integrated fish

culture system based on nutrient reduction efficiency and uptake rates as indices. Using a flow-through tank

culture system at 6 volumes d-1, effluent from a red sea bream (Pagrus major) was used as a nutrient source for

S. pacifica within a 42-hour incubation period under ambient temperature and irradiance conditions in September

2009. Red sea bream was fed once ad libitum and the algal material stocked after 4 hours. Comparisons with

control tanks showed that seaweed treatment significantly reduced the dissolved nitrate and ammonium

concentration in the fish effluent. Maximum reduction efficiency of S. pacifica was at 65.69% and 89.47% for

nitrate and ammonium fractions, respectively, while maximum uptake rates for nitrate and ammonium was at

1489.45 and 2696.90 μmol h-1 kg wet weight-1, respectively. In both indices, higher values were obtained for

ammonium which was the dominant N-form in the fish effluent compared to nitrate. Furthermore, we also

obtained positive uptake rates and reduction efficiency even during dark periods. Dissolved oxygen levels in the

effluent water were likewise significantly improved with seaweed treatment. Our study shows that S. pacifica can

be an efficient biofilter in integrated fish-seaweed systems. 

333

THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL OVERGROWTH ON THREE SMALL CORAL SPECIES IN TWO 

MEXICAN CARIBBEAN REEFS

Cetz-Navarro NP1, Espinoza-Avalos J1, Sentíes A2 and Jorgensen P1

1El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado postal 424, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77000, México; 2Universidad 

Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Apartado postal 55-535, México 09340, D.F.

Coral reefs in the Caribbean Sea are experiencing an alarming rate of degradation, becoming dominated by

macroalgae. Overgrowth by macroalgae was studied in the Mexican Caribbean using a semi-hierarchic sampling

design with three-factors: 1) site (Xcalak and Chinchorro Bank, with high and low anthropogenic pressure), 2)

coral species (Agaricia tenuifolia, Millepora complanata and Porites porites), and 3) zone (three levels for each

site). Overgrowth by macroalgae was more frequent on corals from the site with high pressure of human

activities, with M. complanata being the least overgrown coral species. Algal species composition (of 143 taxa

registered) was significantly different between sites, and similar between coral species. The relatively small coral

species used in this study were mainly overgrown by algae larger than 5-10 cm that showed ten types of

reproductive structures.

22

MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RESPONSES OF Porphyra columbina TO DESICCATION 

STRESS

Contreras L, Thomas D and Correa JA

Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de 

Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago. lcontrer@puc.cl

Macroalgal species, especially those occurring along the intertidal zone, are exposed to a wide range of

environmental stressful conditions, including desiccation, radiation, and temperature fluctuation. However, the

responses of the algal tissue to these stressors have been poorly studied despite the crucial ecological role of
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these primary producers. Along the Chilean coast and in comparison with other macroalgal species, Porphyra

columbina grows abundantly at the high intertidal zone, where the plants are normally exposed for long periods

to air-drying. Thus, P. columbina provides a unique model to address the relationship between desiccation and

the cascade of interconnected events involving oxidative stress, morphological changes, and molecular

responses. Using plants from Central Chile and mimicking in vitro the periods of low tides, we have characterized

the physiological features associated with desiccation in P. columbina. Desiccation triggers an oxidative burst

caused by a drastic diminution of the water in the tissues (ca. 97%), accompanied by changes in the structure of

the cell wall, reduction of the cell volume (ca. 50%), ultraestructural alteration, decay of the maximal

photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and activation of antioxidant enzymes. However, these changes are rapidly

reversible to the basal state of naturally hydrated plants when the tissues are re-hydrated. In summary, this study

unravels relevant aspects of algal physiology operating during an abiotic oxidative stress and from an ecological

point of view it helps to understand the distribution of P. columbina in the intertidal zone. 

286

PRELIMINARY STUDY TO OBTAIN EXTRACTS OF LAMINARIN FROM THE PROCESSING OF 

NATURAL POPULATIONS OF Macrocystis pyrifera IN SOUTHERN CHILE

De la Fuente L1, Flores R2, Gutiérrez A2, Monje M1, Leal P2, Farías D2 and Arriagada P2.

1Centro de Análisis de los Alimentos CEAL (Food Analysis Center), Universidad de Los Lagos, 1305 Fuchslocher Av. 

Osorno, Chile. 2 Centro de Investigaciones i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Km. 6 Chinquihue road, Pto. Montt, 

Chile.

This study is part of a larger project to establish the immunostimulatory effect of laminarin oligosaccharides

obtained from Macrocystis pyrifera.It shows the results of the extraction process at a smaller scale in the

laboratory. Laminarin was obtained from natural populations of Macrocystis in southern Chile. Laminarin

extraction protocol was based on the Deville et al. (2004), and modified as the study progressed. In the first

phase 7 treatments were assessed, in which we studied the proportion hydrochloric acid/seaweed. In the second

stage we worked with three variables: two temperatures, three times of incubation and two algae/alcohol

relations, which led to 12 treatments. The extracts were assessed by weight and the amount of laminarin

concentration by HPLC with IR detector. In the fronds we obtained a greater weight in extract than in the stipes.

To higher temperature more extract is achieved. The incubation period is the process variable that affects the

least the performance extract, while the proportion algae/alcohol is the most influential variable. The next steps

are related to analytical and economic criteria, linked to energy factors, which are essential to select a better

interaction of process to move forward in designing the infrastructure for the incoming phase.

163

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MEXICAN Padina (DICTYOTACEAE) INFERRED FROM PSBA 

DNA SEQUENCES 

Díaz-Martínez S1, Avila-Ortiz A1 and Salazar GA2

1Herbario FEZA, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Apartado Postal 9-020, 09230 Mexico, D.F., 

Mexico, 2Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado 

Postal 70-367, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico. sergiodiazmartinez@live.com.mx

Macroalgae systematics traditionally has been based on morphology. However, the meager original descriptions,

the morphological variation and the possible convergent or parallel evolution shown by some characters make

identification and phylogeny reconstruction difficult. Molecular data could provide additional information for the

solution of these problems. In this study we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of eight species of Padina

distributed in Mexico: P. boergesenii, P. durvillei, P. gymnospora, P. haitiensis, P. sanctae-crucis, P. antillarum

(new record for the Mexican Atlantic coast), P. sp.1 (10-layered) and P. sp.2 (two-layered). We produced DNA

sequences of protein-encoding plastid gene psbA of 40 accessions, and 15 additional sequences were obtained

from GenBank. This marker has been used previously, together with psaA and rbcL, for phylogeny reconstruction

in other groups of Phaeophyceae. Our data matrix consists of 961 characters and 55 terminals; it was analyzed

using parsimony and Bayesian inference. Results from both analyses support monophyly of Padina and the

distinction of five of the eight Mexican species included. Nevertheless, the relationships among the distromatic

species were not clearly resolved. The accessions of P. gymnospora form two subclades, which are in general

consistent with their geographical distribution; one of these includes the individuals from the northern and

central portion of the coast of Veracruz, and the other encompasses the accessions from the Yucatan Peninsula
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plus one specimen from central Veracruz and another from Brazil. The phylogenetic relationships among the

Mexican species of Padina inferred from psbA DNA sequences are congruent with previous taxonomy based on

morphology.

194

ARSENIC LEVELS IN SELECTED RED, GREEN AND BROWN MACROALGAE FROM WESTERN 

IRELAND

Durcan J1,2,3, Cave R2, Tyrrell L3,2, McGovern E3 and Stengel DB1

1Botany, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, 2Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of 

Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, 3Environment and Food Safety, Marine Institute, Rinville, 

Oranmore, Galway, Ireland. dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

Arsenic occurs naturally as both organic and inorganic species in marine waters and sediments and is

incorporated into the food web by a range of marine biota. Seaweeds have a strong tendency to accumulate

arsenic, among other metals, and as a result the concentrations of total arsenic in seaweeds may be over one

hundred times greater than maximum permissible concentrations applied to other foods under Irish legislation.

The majority of marine biota consumed by humans have complex uptake and metabolic systems which

concentrate, but also detoxify, arsenic to the extent that the predominant form (arsenobetaine in fish) is

considered to be virtually non-toxic. However, this natural safeguard mechanism operates to a lesser extent in

primary producers, and as a result the speciation of arsenic in seaweeds differs greatly to that in animal tissues.

Arsenosugars account for a large proportion, but inorganic arsenic may predominate in some seaweeds (e.g.

Hizikia sp.). Here, a number of red, green and brown algae were selected with a view to identifying those species

with elevated proportions of inorganic arsenic, as well as estimating the potentially toxic load from the species

most commonly consumed in Ireland. Seasonal and intra-specific variation in levels in the brown alga

Ascophyllum nodosum were also investigated. Total and inorganic arsenic were assessed using fully validated

methodologies (HPLC-HG-AFS). A novel data set for arsenic in Irish seaweed species is presented.

321

COMMERCIAL Ascophyllum nodosum EXTRACT ENHANCES PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANT 

CONTENT OF SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea L.) THAT IMPARTS PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON 

Caenorhabditis elegans AGAINST OXIDATIVE AND THERMAL STRESS

Fan D1, Hodges DM2, Zhang J3, Wang-Pruski G, Kirby CW4, Ji X3, Locke SJ3,Critchley AT5, Prithiviraj B1

1Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, 58 River Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, 

NS, B2N 5E3, Canada, 2Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food 

Canada, Kentville, NS, B4N 1J5, Canada, 3Institute for Nutrisciences and Health, National Research Council of 

Canada, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada, 4Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food 

Canada, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4N6, Canada, 5Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS, 

B3B 1X8, Canada. 

There is considerable interest to enhance the nutritional quality of fresh produce especially vegetables. The

effects of root treatment of spinach with commercial extracts of the brown macroalga, Ascophyllum nodosum,

(ANE) on the antioxidant level of spinach were studied. At the concentration of 1.0 g/L, ANE significantly

increased the total phenols, flavonoids, and total antioxidant activity as measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1–

picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging capacity of spinach leaves whereas ascorbate concentration was not affected.

There was a significant increase in the activity of chalcone isomerase (CHI) and a concomitant increase in the

concentration of flavinoids. The increased antioxidant activity thus appears to be largely associated with

flavonoids, a result supported by 1H NMR and LC-MS analyses. The biological effect of ANE-enhanced polyphenols

was tested using a Caenorhabditis elegans model. The extracts of spinach treated with ANE and that of untreated

plants increased the life span of non-stressed C. elegans similarly. In contrast, extracts from ANE treated spinach

improved the survival of the animals under oxidative stress by 50% and high temperature stress up to 61% as

compared to extracts from untreated plants (0 and 38%, respectively). Taken together, the results suggest that

ANE may induce an adaptive response in spinach through stimulation of flavonoid synthesis. Furthermore, the

increased flavonoids content exert beneficial effects in C. elegans against oxidative and heat stresses via different

mechanisms.
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196

GROWTH ASSESSMENT OF CULTURED Macrocystis sp. IN TWO SECTOR OF TONGOY BAY, 

COQUIMBO REGION, CHILE

Farias D1, Gutiérrez A1, Flores R1, Buschmann AH1, Fernández P1, Varela D1 and Vásquez JA2

1i-mar Research Center, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile. Casilla 557, 

2Facultad Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, CEAZA, Coquimbo, Chile. dfarias@mail.ulagos.cl

To transfer algae growing technology to the Tongoy artisanal fishermen, and to strengthen the alginate market

and supplying the abalone farms, two sectors of the Tongoy bay were evaluated to establish which is most

suitable for Macrocystis sp. culture. In May 2009 a Macrocystis experimental seeding was performed in two

locations in a Bay with different characteristics, including an area close to the coast and another more exposed. In

each location a 110 mt length long-line with buoys separating 20 mt each was installed and 1000 hatchery

produced seedlings 8 cm in length were seeded, each seedling was separated by a 10 cm distance in the main

rope that was installed at 5 mt deep. Seedlings growth, detachment and morphometric characteristics were

evaluated every 50 days. According to the evaluations it was determined that the plants seeded in both places

have no difference in the plants length at 100 days of culture open location of the bay 286, 38 ± 27.75 cm and

the area near the Coast 294.46 ± 17.16 cm in length. In relation to the detachment it was around 30% which is

associated with the area where the markers buoys are found, is deduct that both sectors are suitable for

cultivation.

284

MOLECULAR-PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF Kali L. SPECIES, MAPPING AND RECONSTRUCTION 

OF ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION AND INVASIONS MECHANISMS ON NEW HABITATS

Feodorova TA

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Department of Higher Plants, Leninskie Gory, d. 1, str. 12, 

Moscow, Russia

Kali L. species (=Salsola p.p.) are considered to be one of the world’s most serious weeds. These species are

invaders in South Africa, North and South America and Australia on the coast and other environments. The aims

of study are molecular-phylogenetic analysis of Kali species, mapping and reconstruction of origin and

distribution and invasions mechanisms on new habitats. The phylogenetic analysis tests hypotheses about origin

and dispersal of Kali group. We confirm M.M. Iljin’s hypothesis about origin of Kali species on the littorals of

epicontinental Tethys see of Older Miditerraneae regions on Iberian Peninsula and North Africa littorals. The

distribution ofKali species on internal Asian territory to Far Eastern has two explanations. The first agree with

Russian botanist V.I. Grubov opinion (1966), who follows by E.P. Korovin (1935) hypothesis about old autochtonic

(indigenous) genesis of Chenopodiaceae in Central Asia; the second – the new territory of internal Asia was

occupied by Chenopodiaceae after Tethys recession. After the recession of the Tethys water had taken place and

vast areas of dry land were formed. The former littoral species occupied similar habitats - sulfate chloride crusted

solonchak, solonetz-solonchak (sodic soil).

120

THE CaCO3 BIOMINERAL IN THE CORALLINE RED ALGAE OF MEXICAN COAST

Fragoso D1, Ramírez-Cahero F2, Rodríguez-Galván A2, Hernández-Reyes R3, Heredia A2, Aguilar-Franco 

M4, Rodríguez D1, Bucio, L5 and Basiuk VA2

1Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología y laboratorio de Ficología Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM Circuito 

Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria 04510. México D.F., 2Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional 

Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico, 3Instituto de Física, 

Departamento de Materia Condensada, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria 01000, México, D. F., 

4Instituto de Física, Depto de Fisicoquímica, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 01000 México D.F., 

5Instituto de Física, Depto de Fisicoquímica, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 01000 México D.F. 

dalila_f@live.com.mx
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The cell walls of the coralline red algae are constituted of micro- and nanostructured carbonate mineral, mainly

calcite and aragonita with hierarchical ordered structural design. We performed a characterization of the

biomolecular content as well as the biomineral crystalline structure of coralline red algae from Mexican Pacific

coasts, by means of X ray Diffraction analysis, scanning electron and tunneling microscopies and Fourier

transform infrared spectroscopy. With our results we come to the first preliminary conclusion that this sort of

calcite-aragonita biomineral has a very low organic content occluded within in the crystals. By the presence of the

FT-IR bands at 2945 and 2889 cm-1 the most probable organic molecules are carbohydrates with no detection of

peptide bond bands (amide I ~1640 and amide II ~1540 cm-1), suggesting that less proteins are related to mineral

synthesis or its stabilization. X rays study shows two main mineral phases, calcite and aragonite with very similar

to structural parameters to the inorganic mineral counterparts. The crystallite shapes were found as plates and

needles with different sizes seen by STM between 20-100 nm

148

CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES FOR Sargassum horneri (TURNER) C. AGARDH (PHAEOPHYCEAE, 

FUCALES) IN THE OFFSHORE OF FUKAURA, AOMORI PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Fujikawa Y1, Yamada Y1, Kirihara S2, Hayashi Y3 and Notoya M4

1Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Tsukidomari 10, Moura, 

Hiranai, Aomori, 039-3381 Japan, 2Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Tanaka 82-9, 

Kuroishi, Aomori, 036-0552 Japan, 3Okabe Company Limited, Narihira 3-14-4, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-002 Japan, 

4Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, 

Tokyo, 108-8477 Japan. yoshikazu_fujikawa@aomori-itc.or.jp

The seedling clip, cultivation facility and out-planting season of Sargassum horneri were examined in the Japan

Sea for food and raw material of seaweed biofuel. The clip of a cable tie was shown to be a suitable seedling clip

for S. horneri, due to easier adjustment of seed density and outplanting of seeds compared to previous materials

such as chemical strings or Fiber-Reinforced Plastic plates which were used for brown algae. S. horneri seeds of

about 2.5 cm in blade length was outplanted in each month from September 2006 to January 2007. The

outplanted seeds in September grew best and reached 334 to 431 cm in stem length on June 2007. According to

wave analyses (design wave: 9.2 m, wave-period: 12.5 sec, tidal current: 1 m/sec), four sets of 30-ton anchor

blocks and polypropylene ropes of 40 mm diameter would be needed to hold a 25 x 25 m cultivation area under

rough waves. The seeds outplanted on September 2008 at a depth of 3 m and 5 m offshore reached a stem length

of 2.1 m and 1.4 m on June 2009, respectively. From these results, it is considered that S. horneri can be mass

produced in the open sea of the northern Japan Sea regardless of the rough waves in winter.

55

REDEFINING THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF Laurencia dendroidea (CERAMIALES, 

RHODOPHYTA) TO ACCOMMODATE THE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED RED ALGAE KNOWN AS THE L. 

filiformis-obtusa-majuscula COMPLEX FROM BRAZIL AND THE CANARY ISLANDS

Fujii MT1, Cassano V2, Metti Y3, Millar A3, Gil-Rodríguez MC4, Sentíes A5, Díaz-Larrea J5 and Oliveira 

MC6

1Seção de Ficologia, Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Estéfano, 3687, 04301-012 São Paulo, Brazil, 2Dept. Biologia 

Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, 

Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia, 4Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain, 

5Dept. Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Iztapalapa, Mexico, 6Dept. Botânica, Universidade de 

São Paulo, Brazil. mutue.fujii@gmail.com

Morphological and molecular studies were carried out on several populations of Laurenciadendroidea from the

type locality (Brazil) and the Canary Islands, Spain. The species display all characters typical of the genus

Laurencia, including the production of the first pericentral cell underneath the basal cell of the trichoblast, one

fertile pericentral cell (the fourth) without production of additional pericentral cell, spermatangial branches

produced from one of two laterals on the suprabasal cell of trichoblasts, and the procarp-bearing segment with

five pericentral cells. The phylogenetic position of this species was inferred by analysis of the chloroplast-encoded

rbcL gene sequences from 37 taxa, using three other Rhodomelacean taxa and one Ceramiaceae as outgroups. All

the phylogenetic analyses showed that the taxa previously referred to the Brazilian coastline as Laurencia
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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arbuscula, L. filiformis, L. majuscula and L. obtusa, and as L. majuscula from the Canary Islands are all

misidentifications of the one species, L. dendroidea. The genetic variation among the rbcL sequences from

Brazilian samples ranged from 0 to 0.6% (0-8 nt), and between Brazil and Canary Islands samples ranged from 0.7

to 1% (9-14 nt). Laurencia obtusa from the Northern Atlantic is a distinct species from Brazilian and Canarian

samples, confirmed by the molecular data showing high genetic divergence: 5.6-6.1% (69-76 nt). Therefore, L.

dendroidea must be considered as an independent species and not as a variety of L. obtusa.

111

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF ASSOCIATED FAUNA IN THREE ALGAE SUBTIDAL CONTRASTING 

SITES IN ZIHUATANEJO, MEXICO

García M, López N and Rodríguez D

Laboratorio de Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. A. P. 70-592, Ciudad 

Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, México D.F. 56224837, 56224874. denirodrigues@ciencias.unam.mx

This study determined the community structure of macroinvertebrates associated with algae assemblage in

Zihuatanejo, Mexico. Seasonal samples in the field, sediment traps were used to collect samples while abiotic

variables were recorded, 192 samples of algae were collected and the macrofauna for six phyla were recorded.

The highest diversity, evenness and low dominance, were observed consistently in the “Externo”, four phyla had

the highest densities and intermediate values were found for sedimentation-resuspension and higherhydrodynamics. “Interno” had the lowest diversity and evenness, high dominance for families of mollusks and the

phylum Annelida, and the higher values for sedimentation and intermediate hydrodynamics. “Las Gatas”

presented intermediate values of diversity, evenness and dominance as well as high abundance of phylum

Arthropoda, sedimentation was always the lowest as well as hydrodynamics. General dynamics were observed for

sediments, increasing gradually from spring, summer and autumn to fall sharply in the winter.

193

POLYSACCHARIDES FROM COMMON BROWN ALGAE FROM THE PENINSULA OF YUCATAN, 

MEXICO

García-Ríos V1, Robledo D1, Ríos E2 and Freile-Pelegrín Y1

1Department of Marine Resources; Cinvestav, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310, A.P. 73, 

Mérida, Yuc., Mexico, 2Departament of Biotechnology and Bioengeeniering, Cinvestav, Av. IPN 2508, Col. San 

Pedro Zacatenco, México D. F. 07360, México. freile@mda.cinvestav.mx

Brown algae contain a wide variety and structural complex acidic polysaccharides. In particular alginic acids,

consisting exclusively of uronic acids; homo fucans, consisting of sulfated fucan; and heterofucans, that contain

portions of other neutral sugars and uronic acids have been pointed out for their biological activity. In this work,

quantitative determination of polysaccharides extracted from brown algae commonly found in the Yucatan

peninsula (Padina perindusiata, Dictyota caribaea, Sargassum flipendula and Turbinaria turbinata) were studied.

The seaweeds were treated with selective solvents to extract both fucoidan and alginate. Chemical analyses were

performed to determine sulphate, mannitol, uronic acid content and the molecular weight of polysaccharides. The

neutral sugar composition was based on fucose, galactose and glucose residues. The polysaccharide composition

was shown to depend substantially on the algal species. The fucoidan content was maximal in T. turbinata

(32.1±3.3 %) and minimal in P. perindusiata (21.6±2.5%). At the same time, the alginate content was higher in T.

turbinata (24.6±0.5%) and Sargassumsp (17.4±1.6 %) with lowest yield found for Padina perindusiata (5.4±0.2%)

and D. caribaea (7.4±1.1%). Fucose was the main sugar present in P. perindusiata, D. caribaea and T. turbinata.

In contrast Sargassum flipendula contained galactose as the main sugar. 
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283

KINETIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TWO PRIMARY PUMPS, H+-ATPase AND Na+-ATPase, IN THE 

PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGA Dunaliella maritima.

Genatulina A, Andreev I, Popova L and Balnokin Y

K.A.Timiryazev Institute of plant physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow, 

127276, Russia. ailagr@rambler.ru

Marine unicellular alga Dunaliella maritima attracts considerable interest as a model plant organism inhabiting a

saline medium and suitable for investigating the cellular mechanisms of Na+ homeostasis. In this non-vacuolated

and cell-wall-less microalga the main ion-transporting systems controlling D. maritima tolerance to high NaCl

concentration in the environment are resided at the plasma membrane (PM). By now, three ion-transporting PM

proteins are known to be responsible for Na+ homeostasis in D.maritima cells: H+-ATPase, Na+/H+-antiporter and

Na+-ATPase. Na+-ATPase is a primary Na+-pump exporting Na+ from the cell interior to the external medium. It

has been found in D.maritima not so long ago (Popova et al., 2005). We studied transport characteristics of the

two D.maritima ATPases. The ion-pumping activities of H+-ATPase and Na+-ATPase in sealed inverted membrane

vesicles isolated from D. maritima cells was detected using optical probes, ∆pH-sensitive dye acridine orange and

voltage-sensitive dye oxonol VI. Both ATPases are electrogenic enzymes operating in a broad pH range, maximal

activity of the H+-ATPase being observed at pH 6.5-7.0 and that of the Na+-ATPase at pH 7.5-8.0. Electrogenic

activities of both enzymes are appreciably stimulated by Na+. Except, the ATPases belong to the class of P-type

ATPases and they are MgATP-dependent enzymes. Consequently, we investigated the dependencies of the

enzyme activities on [Na+], [Mg2+], [ATP]. For both ATPases the dependencies were found could not be

satisfactorily described by the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The results of the kinetic investigations allowed to

suggest that there are several isoforms of H+- and Na+-ATPases in D. maritima PM. 

200

PHLOROTANNIN LEVELS IN THE BROWN ALGAE FROM THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF THE 

KATSURA BAY (JAPAN)

Graczyk-Raczynska MZ and Tanaka J J

Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 

Konan, Minato-ku, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan. zabamonika@gmail.com

Phlorotannins are polyphenolic compounds found exclusively in brown algae and having putative role in detering

herbivory, absorbing ultraviolet radiation and as a cell wall component. Due to their promising potential use in

therapeutics, medicine and antifouling applications phlorotannins are gaining popularity among the scientists

from various fields. Phlorotannin concentration vary among and within the specimens (age and length

dependency) but can also change due to various extrinsic factors, like grazing activity or nitrogen availability. The

present study is a preliminary research – a first step in full analysis of brown algae of Katsuura Bay (Japan) – and

focuses on the species and place dependency of phlorotannin levels. Samples of 10 species were taken during the

low tide at the intertidal zone both from the tidal pools and surfacing areas exposed to the wave action. The

results show strong species dependency with Fucales having the highest and Laminariales – the lowest

phlorotannin concentrations. Additionally specimens exposed to strong wave activity contain rather higher levels

then those from less influenced areas. The results of this research give a good insight into chemical and

ecological differences among Phaeophyceae of the Katsuura Bay and so are a good start in further research and

planning exploitation possibilities of those seaweeds.
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223

SCREENING FOR ANTICLOTTING ACTIVITY IN MARINE ALGAE FROM THE NORTHWEST 

MEXICAN PACIFIC COAST

Guerra G, Gomez G, Alarcon G, Soria I and Ayala N

Facultad de Ciencias Marinas. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Km. 104 Carr. Ens.-Tij. Ensenada, B. C. 

México. gguerra@uabc.mx

Disorders in blood coagulation can lead to an increased risk of bleeding (hemorrhage) or clotting (thrombosis).

These illnesses have increased over last decades and no useful new substances have been discovered to

remediate them. In search of new compounds from marine natural resources, macroalgae from the Northwest

Mexican Pacific coast were investigated in order to detect anticoagulant activity. Egregia menziessi, Ulva

neumatoidea, Porphyra perforata, Silvetia compressa and Codium fragile were collected from Ensenada coasts.

Collected materials were cleaned, dried, milled and stored until use. Proximate chemical composition and

sulphate content was determined in dried powder. Hot and cold aqueous extracts were obtained from the dried

algae in order to isolate polysaccharides. Methanol soluble compounds were separated by means of Soxhlet

extraction. Organic and aqueous extracts were screened for anticoagulant activity in both intrinsic and extrinsic

pathways of clot formation. Clotting activity was studied by standardized plasma coagulation tests (activated

partial thromboplastin time, aPTT and PT, prothrombin time). Heparin, a sulphated glycosaminoglycan widely

used in anticoagulant therapy, was used as reference. Effects were defined either as aPTT index (Sample aPTT/

Control aPTT ratio) or PT Index (Sample PT/Control PT ratio). Some of the fractions showed anticoagulant activity

over intrinsic pathways, whereas they were found to be coagulants on the extrinsic pathway. The highest aPTT

index was 1.8 for Ulva nematoidea (1 mg mL-1). Hot aqueous extracts from Egregia menziessi (10 mg mL-1),

showed the highest activity, with an aPTT index of 1.4. Sulphate content and anticoagulant activity were not

correlated.

245

MORPHOLOGIC AND GENETIC VARIABILITY IN POPULATIONS OF Macrocystis pyrifera IN THE 

SOUTH OF CHILE

Gutiérrez A1, Winkler F3, Varela D1, Gajardo G2, Fernández P1, Farias D1, Beristain P2 and Paredes J1

1i~mar Research Center, 2Laboratorio de Genética y Acuicultura, Universidad De Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue 

km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile. 3Facultad de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 

Coquimbo, Chile. agutierrez@ulagos.cl

Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales; Phaeophyta) is found along the Chilean Pacific coast, from Cape Horn

(55°59 ́S) to Valparaíso (33°02 ́S), in both inner sea (channels and Fjords) and waves expose coast. Similar

contrasting environment are known to affect the morphology of several species, including kelps. In Chile,

manifest differences in density, fertility and recruitment have been describe between populations of M. pyrifera

inhabit at expose and non-expose environment. Considering these reported differences the present work attempt

to describes morphologic and genetic variation (through AFLP marker) in population from both distinct

environments. Thus, the plant morphology (through the follow parameters: weight and length of plants, diameter

and weight of holdfast, width, length and basal angle of blade and pneumatocyst, blade angle and substantiality)

and genetic differences (through AFLP markers) were characterized in plant collected from distinct population of

these contrasting environments from southern Chile. As expected, the results show significant differences

between several morphological traits as compared between sites (K. Wallis p < 0.005) and a differential AFLP

banding pattern. We discuss and evaluate the environmental characteristics of areas under study and its

relationship to morphological and genetic variability obtained.
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330

BREEDING AND CULTIVATION OF Eisenia arborea IN A PROTECTED ZONE IN THE 

NORTHWESTERN COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO.

Guzmán-Calderón JM1, Zertuche-González JA1, Pacheco-Ruiz I1 and García-Lepe G2

1Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. AP 453. Ensenada, B.C. 

México 22860, 2Universidad del Noroccidente de Latinoamérica. Av. Revolución # 782, Col. Bustamante. 

Ensenada, B.C. México

The kelp Eisenia arborea has huge potential to be used in integrated aquaculture in the northwestern coast of

Baja California. Its commercial exploitation, however, has been limited by the high-energy environment where is

usually present. It has been achieve, for the first time for this species, a successful culture in a protected zone in

Todos Santos Bay. The gametophytes were developed on nylon lines enrolled in PVC tubes that were incubated at

temperature of 16±2° C, photoperiod 12:12 L:D and an irradiance of 60± 10 μE m-2 s-1. The sporophytes attached

to the robes (between 2-6 mm) were trespassed to exterior tanks were they growth to an approximated size of 1

cm. It has been used a long line in the protected coastal zone (20 m x 3 m) about 4.5 m depth. After tree moths

we still have the plants in the sea with sizes up to 56 cm. These results demonstrate the possibility to cultivate

this kelp of high-energy environment in protected zones more accessible and safe to work. 

211

IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF Kappaphycus alvarezii (RHODOPHYTA) IN DIFFERENT SALINITIES

Hayashi L1, Faria GSM1, Nunes BG1,2, Zitta CS1,3, Scariot LA1,3, Rover T1,3, Felix MRL1,2 and Bouzon 

ZL1

1Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, 88040-900, Florianópolis-Santa 

Catarina-Brazil; 2UFSC, Departamento de Aquicultura, 88034-001, 3UFSC, Departamento de Botânica, 88010-

970. leilahayashi@hotmail.com

Kappaphycus alvarezii was cultivated in vitro in salinities between 15 and 55 psu for 35 days, with the purpose of

observing their effects on the growth rate, carrageenan yield and cellular structure. Plants cultivated at the lowest

15 psu level died after 3 days, while those cultivated at highest 55 psu level showed inferior growth rates (0.26%

d-1). Growth rates normally reported to this species (between 3 and 4% d-1) were observed at intermediate salinity

levels of 25, 35 and 45 psu. Significant differences were observed in carrageenan yield of plants cultivated in 25

psu, which presented higher yields. Cell turgidity and cell wall thickening were observed by light microscopy at 15

psu, probably in response to hyposaline conditions, besides ultrastructural disorganization, as verified by

transmission electron microscopy. Cells kept the chloroplasts integrity at 55 psu despite the intense plasmolisis

process. High concentrations of floridean starch grains were observed in subcortical and medullar cells at high

salinity levels, indicating a possible influence of these grains in the osmoregulation. It was possible to establish

the salinity tolerance range of Kappaphycus alvarezii between 25 and 45 psu, in in vitro cultivation conditions,

according to the results obtained by the present work. 

210

EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF Kappaphycus alvarezii (RHODOPHYTA) IN SANTA CATARINA 

STATE, BRAZIL

Hayashi L1, Santos AA2, Faria GSM1, Nunes BG1,3, Souza MS1, Fonseca ALD4, Barreto PLM5, Oliveira 

EC6, Bouzon ZL1

1Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, 88040-900, Florianópolis-Santa 

Catarina-Brazil; 2Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, Itacorubi, 88110-970, 

3UFSC, Departamento de Aquicultura, Itacorubi, 88034-001, 4UFSC, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, 88040-

900, 5UFSC, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, 88034-001, 6Universidade de São Paulo, 

Instituto de Biociências, C.P. 11461, 05422-970, São Paulo-Brazil. leilahayashi@hotmail.com
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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Four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii were cultivated in the subtropical waters of Sambaqui Beach, Florianópolis,

Santa Catarina, Brazil, between February and July 2009. Seaweeds were cultivated in a floating raft near to mussel

farms (Perna perna), where salinity ranged from 29 to 36 psu and temperature, 17.1 to 28.5°C. Evaluations were

performed during three cultivation periods of respectively, 36, 42 and 97 days. The observed average growth

rates in these periods were 4.7%, 3.3% and 1.2% d-1, respectively. The lowest growth rate was the result of

biomass loss produced by strong currents and lower temperature. Alkali-treated carrageenan yielded 25%, 28%

and 25% of dry weight. Viscosity increased with the increase of cultivation period: 400 mPa.s, 2,932 mPa.s and

32,454 mPa.s. Significant differences among strains were observed only in the cultivation periods of 36 and 42

days. No tetrasporangia and cystocarps were observed, and also, any lost fragments attached outside the raft.

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phaeophytin concentration decreased around the cultivation area as compared

to the water in the mussel farm. Results show that cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii is technically feasible in

the region and can be associated with the traditional mussel farming, mitigating the eutrophication caused by this

activity, eventually increasing therefore the economic return the farmers.

33

CITOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF SEAWEEDS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Hernández-Guerrero C, Gutierréz-Uribe JA, Aguila-Ramírez RN

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa 

Rita. La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. C.P. 23090. Tecnológico de Monterrey, Departamento de Biotecnología e 

Ingeniería de Alimentos. Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. C.P. 64849. 

cguerrer@ipn.mx

Almost all studies in bioactivity of seaweed ́s secondary metabolites have been focused on the antimicrobial

activity, but recently some have been found with significant inhibitory effects against the growth of cancer cell

lines. The organic extracts (ether and butanol) of six marine seaweed (Laurencia johnstonii, Gymnogongrus

martinensis, Ulva lactuca, Codium fragile, Dictyota flabellata and Padina concrescens) collected from the offshore

waters of Gulf of California, México were in vitro screening for anticancer activity. First, all samples were tested at

concentrations equivalent to 1 mg/ml to evaluate their inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cell lines such as

MCF-7 (drug-sensitive breast-tumor), HepG2 (human hepatocellular liver carcinoma), Caco2 (Human colonic

carcinoma) and PC3 (Human prostate cancer) and compared to the observed on non-transformed cells such as

NIH 3T3 (murine fibroblasts) to evaluate specificity against cancer cell lines. Only the ethereal extracts showed

inhibitory activity to cancer cells growth. The samples that reduce the viability to less than 50% were tested again

to evaluate the IC50 (concentration of extract in media that reduce 50% of cell viability). The extracts of L.

johnstonii, C. fragile and D. flabellata showed significative activity with IC50 values lower than 0.06 mg/ml. 

217

PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Nereocystis luetkeana AND Eualaria 

fistulosa KELP FORESTS IN KACHEMAK BAY, ALASKA

Hondolero D and Edwards M

Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92107. 

hondoler@rohan.sdsu.edu

Kelps provide mid-water structure in hard-bottom, temperate marine ecosystems. These kelp forests harbor

diverse communities of invertebrates, providing nursery conditions for juveniles and refuges for adults. Due to

their mid-water structure, kelp forests can dampen wave energy and modify currents passing through them. The

canopy formed by kelps also attenuates the amount of light reaching the bottom. These physical characteristics

can influence the biological composition of the communities found within them, including biodiversity, spatial

distribution of organisms, and the nature of species interactions. A series of surveys within forests of two

canopy-forming kelps, Eualaria fistulosa and Nereocystis luetkeana, in Kachemak Bay, Alaska during 1977 found

that Eualaria had a wider distribution than Nereocystis in the shallow, sublittoral zone. In contrast, surveys

during 2009 found that Nereocystis has a wider distribution pattern. These two kelps have dissimilar

morphologies that may result in differential modulation of current speeds within the two forest types. The goal of

our research is to characterize the physical and biological characteristics of these different forest types and

examine how species replacements are impacting biodiversity in the Kachemak Bay ecosystem. During the initial

field season we gathered data to compare benthic biodiversity, larval settlement, and light attenuation between

the two kelp forest types. Significant differences were found in distribution patterns of macroalgae. Future

fieldwork will focus on comparing current modulation in addition to collecting more biodiversity and larval

settlement data.
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70

EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITIES AND DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON ON PS II ACTIVITY OF 

Bangia sp. conchocelis

Jiang H, Yan Wang, Jian-Yi Zhu, Pu Xu

Department of Biology and Food Technology, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changsu 215500, China. 

hxjiang10@163.com

Effect of light intensities (10, 20, 40, 80 μmol m-2 s-1) and dissolved inorganic carbon (2.2, 6.6, 11 mmol/L) on

the effective quantum yield of PS II (∆F/F'm) of Bangia sp. conchocelis was studied. In the 11 d of continuous

culture, PS II activity of conchocelis decreased at the first day, and then recovered with time and remained stable.

The decrease extent was greater and the recovery time was longer for those cultured under higher light. Under

low light intensities (10, 20 μmol m-2 s-1) different concentration of inorganic carbon didn’t show any influence,

while under high light intensities (40, 80 μmol m-2 s-1) activity of PS II was the highest at 6.6 mmol/L of inorganic

carbon.

49

CULTIVATION OF A BROWN ALGA, Undariopsis peterseniana (Kjellman) MIYABE ET OKAMURA 

AS A WARM TEMPERATURE SPECIES BY ARTIFICIAL SEED PRODUCTION IN KOREA

Hwang EK1, Gong YG1 and Park CS2

1Seaweed Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Mokpo 530-831, Korea, 

2Department of Marine and Fisheries Resources, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea. 

ekhwang@nfrdi.go.kr, ekhwang@hotmail.com

Undariopsis peterseniana (Kjellman) Miyabe et Okamura is an endangered annual brown alga in Udo, Jeju island,

Korea. There are current interest in the commercial scale of aquaculture of this species for a warm temperature

species development in Korea. Growth and maturation were investigated from January to December 2007 in their

natural habitat. Zoospores transplanted into intensive seaweed culture ground in Wando (34°26 ́18.68”N,

127°05 ́43.88”E), southern coast of Korea for mass cultivation of this species. Indoor and outdoor cultivation

were conducted from June 2007 to May 2008. Mean production obtained from the zoospore seeding was

31.1±1.5 kg wet wt m-1 of culture rope during the cultivation period in situ. Transplanted F1 thalli showed that

length growth facilitated 1.7 times larger than their parents in Udo (33°30 ́08.65”N, 126°55 ́39.02”E). And their

maximal growth period changed from June (at 18.9 in Udo of natural habitat) to April (at 15.0 in Wando of

culture ground).

319

INDUCED RESISTANCE IN CARROTS TO FUNGAL PATHOGENS THROUGH APPLICATION OF 

COMMERCIAL SEAWEED EXTRACT

Jayaraj J1 and Punja ZK1,2

1Dept. Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies, 2Dept. of Biological 

Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada

Carrot plants were sprayed with salicylic acid (SA) (100 μM)or a commercial extract (0.2%) of the seaweed,

Ascophyllum nodosum (SW, obtained from Acadian Seaplants Limited) and then inoculated with the fungal

pathogens Alternaria radicina and Botrytis cinerea, under greenhouse conditions. Additional applications of

elicitor compounds were made 10 and 20 days after inoculation. Elicitor-treated plants showed significantly

reduced disease severity at 10 and 25 days after inoculation compared to control plants. Commercial SW

application was superior to salicylic acid (SA) in reducing disease. Activities of certain defense-related enzymes,

including peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were

significantly increased in plants treated with elicitors compared to the control 12 h after treatment. The treated

plants also had higher transcript levels of chitinase (Chi), pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR-1), lipid transfer

protein (Ltp), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (Pal), chalcone synthase (Chs2), non-expressing pathogenesis-related

protein-1 (NPR-1) and pathogenesis-related protein-5 (PR-5) genes compared to control plants. Elicitor-treated
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

130

plants accumulated higher amounts of total phenolics, 6-methoxymellin and H2O2 compared to the control. Our

results demonstrate the augmentation of disease resistance in carrot through application of commercial SW is

likely through induction of defense genes or proteins.

71

TAXONOMY OF Bangia (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM CHINA BASED ON THE rbcL GENE 

SEQUENCES

Jian-Yi Zhu1, Li-En Yang1,2, Song-Dong Shen2, Pu Xu1

1Department of Biology and Food engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, 

China).2Department of Cell Biology, Soochow University, Soochow 215123, China. zhujianyint@sina.com

The rbcL sequence was amplified, sequenced and analyzed of six population of Bangia in present study. Five

marine population of the materials were collected from the coastline of China including: Dongying (37°55'N,

118°36'E), Tsingtao (36°22'N, 120°15'E), Lvsi (32°05'N, 121°35'E), Putian (25°11'N, 119°28'E) and Nan'ao Islands

(23°22'N, 116°53'E) while one freshwater populations was collected from Yangquan (37°58'N, 113°52'E). The

sequences obtained were firstly analyzed through multi-alignment, computing of distance matrix and

construction of phylogeny tree with different methods. Then these sequences were analyzed together with

sequences downloaded from GenBank. The results showed the length of rbcL sequences of Bangia from different

regions were basically identical which was about 1400bp consisting between freshwater and marine Bangia. The

mean homology index of Bangia from Lvsi, Putian and Shantou was 99.5% which is a little larger than that

between them and Bangia from Dongying as 98.3%. What's important is that the population from coastline of

Tsingtao which has different type of life history with other marine populations showed high homology index.

However, all of these varieties were within the variety range of intraspecies. Phylogeny trees showed marine

Bangia from different regions were clusterd in the same calde suggested that there is at least one wide

distribution species along coastline of China. The homology index between freshwater Bangia and marine Bangia

was just 90.6% indicating large sequence variety between them. Moreover, freshwater Bangia from China was

clustered closely with all of that from other regions of the world while distinct from marine Bangia of China.

These evidences suggested that freshwater Bangia from China was a distinct species from marine Bangia. The

results of phylogeny trees supported the opinion that freshwater Bangia have separated from marine Bangia for a

long-term.

69

CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF AN OKINAWA WELL SEAWATER FROM RYUKYU 

LIMESTONE LAYER IN JAPAN

Kakita H1, Kamishima H1, Sakane K1 and Muraoka D2

1Health Technology Research Center, AIST Shikoku, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and 

Technology, 2217-14, Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan, 2Tohoku National Fisheries Research 

Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 3-27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-0001, Japan. 

h-kakita@aist.go.jp

Discovery of a new medium suitable for algal culture is one of the important parts in developing algal cultivation

techniques. Algal culture medium aptitude of an Okinawa well seawater (OWSW) was evaluated. An Okinawa well

seawater was pumped up from a Ryukyu limestone layer in Okinawa Island, Japan. The pH, salinity, seawater

temperature of OWSW and Okinawa surface seawater (OSSW) were measured. The microorganism biomass in

OWSW was compared to those in OSSW. The nutrient concentrations in seawater were determined by colorimetric

methods [e.g. the indophenol blue method for ammonium ion, the naphthylethylenediamine method coupled with

reduction by Cu-Cd column for nitrate (nitrite), the molybdenum blue method for phosphate, and the

molybdenum yellow method for silicate] with a continuous-flow analyzer Model QuAAtro. Growths of three red

algae, Gracilaria salicornia, G. blodgettlii, G. chorda, a green alga, Ulva pertusa, a brown alga, Undaria

pinnatifida, were investigated using OWSW. The pH, salinity, water temperature of OWSW are considered within

acceptable limits for culture media of macroalgae. The microorganism biomass in OWSW was much smaller than

that in OSSW. Although OWSW contained a small amount of nitrate compared with OSSW, the concentration of

ammonium ion in OWSW was higher than that in OSSW. The culture experiment results indicated that growths of

G. salicornia, G. blodgettlii, G. chorda and U. pertusa in OWSW were faster than those in OSSW. The results

indicated that OWSW seems to have an aptitude for a macroalgal culture medium. 
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222

INFLUENCES OF TEMPERATURE AND AMMONIUM AVAILABILITY ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND 

BIOFILTRATION EFFICIENCY OF THREE MACROALGAE SPECIES (Enteromorpha compressa, 

Laminaria japonica AND Porphyra yezoensis)

Kang YH1, Park SR2 and Chung IK3

1Marine Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea, 2Department of Biological 

Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, 3Division of Earth and Environmental System, Pusan 

National University, Busan 609-735, Korea. unirang@pusan.ac.kr

Selection of optimal seaweed species in an integrated aquaculture system is crucial for sustainable

environmentally-friendly aquaculture. In this study, the effects of temperature and ammonium availability on

photosynthesis and biofiltration efficiency of three potential seaweed species (Enteromorpha compressa,

Laminaria japonica and Porphyra yezoensis) were investigated to evaluate optimal culture conditions. Biofiltration

efficiency, tissue nutrient contents, and carbon:nitrogen ratio of the species were measured at 10, 17, and 25oC.

In addition, photosynthetic activity of three species was determined by chlorophyll fluorescence of PSII (∆F/F’m

and relative ETRmax) using an underwater fluorometer. The ammonium (NH4

+) uptake rate of each species

increased with increasing NH4

+ concentration. The Vmax of E. compressa was the highest (140.3 mmol g-1 DW h1), whereas that of L. japonica was the lowest value (22.2 mmol g-1 DW h-1). The NH4

+ filtration efficiency of L.

japonica and P. yezoensis were significantly affected by water temperature. However, there was no significant

difference in the NH4

+ filtration efficiency of E. compressa at the three water temperatures. At the end of the

experiment, tissue nitrogen content of E. compressa was significantly higher than the initial value at all

temperatures, and tissue N contents of L. japonica and P. yezoensis were higher than the initial value at 10 and

17oC. However, the thalli of L. japonica and P. yezoensis seriously damaged at 25oC. The ∆F/F’m and relative

ETRmax of L. japonica and P. yezoensis, but not E. compressa, were dependent on water temperature.

329

DETECTION OF CYTOKININ-LIKE ACTIVITY IN A COMMERCIAL, LIQUID EXTRACT OF 

Ascophyllum nodosum USING AN Arabidopsis thaliana CYTOKININ RESPONSE REPORTER 

PLANT

Khan W1, Hiltz DA2, Critchley AT2 and Prithiviraj B1

1Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College,Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada B2N 5E3; 

2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Ave., Dartmouth, NS, Canada. B3B 1X8.

The extracts of the brown macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis, are amongst the most widely used in

crop production. The presence of cytokinin-like activity derived from the application of a commercial liquid

extract concentrate from A. nodosum (ANLC) harvested from the cold waters of the North Atlantic was

investigated. ARR5 (Arabidopsis Response Regulator 5) is a cytokinin primary response gene of Arabidopsis. ARR5

mRNA was shown to accumulate rapidly in response to the presence of cytokinin. We used an ARR5 transgenic

line of Arabidopsis carrying the ARR5 promoter fused to the reporter gene ß-glucuronidase (GUS) for qualitative

and quantitative estimation of cytokinin-like activity after application of ANLC. A significant increase in GUS

activity was detected in Arabidopsis plants treated with ANLC at a concentration of 3mL.L-1 in liquid assay

treatment, whereas a foliar spray treatment showed significant GUS activity at a 5mL.L-1 concentration.

Histochemical staining revealed localization of GUS activity in both leaf and root tissues. The GUS activity in spray

treated leaf tissues was quantified. The results showed that in foliar spray treatments 5 mL.L-1 ANLC showed a

16% increase in the GUS activity as compared to a water treated control suggesting an increase in the cytokinin

concentration in planta. Taken together, our bioassay results demonstrate in planta cytokinin responses further

to the application of liquid A. nodosum extract and that this method could be used for rapid detection and

quantification of cytokinin activity derived from algal extracts.
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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235

SPAWNING EGG-MASSES OF THE JAPANESE SANDFISH Arctoscopus japonicus ON FUCALEAN 

SPECIES ON THE COAST OF JAPAN SEA IN AOMORI PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Kirihara S1, Fujikawa Y2, Yamada Y2 and Notoya M3

1Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Tanaka 82-9, Kuroishi, Aomori, 036-0552 Japan, 

2Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, 10 Tsukidomari, Moura, 

Hiranai, Aomori, 039-3381 Japan, 3Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and 

Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477 Japan. shinji_kirihara@aomori-itc.or.jp

Spawning egg-masses of the Japanese sandfish Arctoscopus japonicus on fucalean species was monitored in order

to clarify the contribution of each fucalean species on the sandfish resources. The monitoring was done on a 1 m

× 78 m quadrate at a depth of 2 m to 5 m on the coast of Aomori Prefecture, Japan in January (just after spawning)

and in February (hatching climax) in 2004, respectively. Egg-masses of 14,007 and 5,719 were observed on a

total frond of eight fucalean species of 1,360 and 816 in January and February 2004, respectively. No plants with

egg-masses were observed without fucalean species. The largest number of egg-masses (10,866) was observed

on Sargassum siliquastrumfronds which dominated the fucalean species in January 2004. Forty-eight percent of

egg-masses was laid on the fronds of S. siliquastrum and survived until hatching period, while 24% or less

survived on the seven other fucalean species. The highest density of egg-masses was laid on the fronds of S.

siliquastrum just after the spawning (average of 11.4 egg-masses/frond) and the hatching climax (average of 7.8

egg-masses/frond). Seventy-eight percent of the spawned egg-masses adhered to the branch and stem which is

about 7 cm from the holdfast of S. siliquastrum. The spawning egg-masses ratio was double in percentage

compared to the other fucalean species. These results show that S. siliquastrum community has an important

contribution as a spawning ground of A. japonicus on the coast of Japan Sea, Aomori Prefecture, Japan.

510

GROWTH IN THE FOLIAR PHASE OF A NEW SPECIES OF Porphyra FROM THE GULF OF

CALIFORNIA, MEXICO.

Laparra-López SJ1, López-Becerril PD1, Pacheco-Ruiz I2, Gálvez-Télles A1

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California.

2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California

Growth in the foliar phase of a new species of Porphyra recently found in the Gulf of California was measured

under controlled conditions. Archeospores released after one week (600-1800 μm in area) were used. They were

placed in Petri dishes with Provasoli medium and left in temperature- and photoperiod-controlled incubators; a

plastic mesh was used to regulate irradiance during each trial. Weekly growth was measured per area taking

photographs of the fixed material in the Petri dishes. The area of each specimen was then calculated using

Axiovision 4.8 software. The experiment with three replicas was conducted under four temperatures (5, 10, 15

and 20 oC), six irradiances (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 300 μmol quanta m-2 s-1) and a 8L:16O photoperiod, during

five weeks. The results indicate that Porphyra sp is a winter thallus and that it is most commonly distributed in

the subtidal zone, since total mortality was detected at 20 oC after 35 days under five irradiances (10, 20, 40, 160

and 300 μmol quanta m-2 s-1) and survival was only observed at 80 μmol quanta m-2 s-1, with a mean growth

below 7% day-1 area. At low temperatures (5 and 10 oC), mortality only occurred at low irradiances (10, 20 and 40

μmol quanta m-2 s-1). Best growth (7-10% day-1 area) was observed at 10 oC and at 160 and 300 μmol quanta m-2

s-1.

101

SIZE MATTERS! RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ECHINOID POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND 

MACROALGAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION ON A CARIBBEAN CORAL REEF

Lacey EA, Collado-Vides L and Fourqurean J

elacey@fiu.edu
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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Coral reef ecosystems worldwide are classically defined by the dominant species found within the system, the

majority of reefs having experienced a phase shift from coral to algal dominated status following effects from

both bottom-up and top-down forces. An example of the top-down portion of this dichotomy is through the

recovery of the herbivore Diadema antillarum, yet the effects of this recovery on most coral reef ecosystems is

unknown. To identify these effects, data was collected in Akumal, Mexico on macroalgal abundance and the

distribution of D. antillarum and Echinometra lucunter throughout the coral reef structure. Decreased macroalgal

biomass occurred adjacent to the more rugose habitats of the reef crest, rather than portions of the reef with less

vertical relief. Additionally, adult-sized D. antillarum had a significantly positive relationship to crustose coralline

algae, a known coral larvae settlement cue, and a significantly negative relationship to algal cover, a known space

competitor with corals. These results would indicate a potentially positive effect on coral reef resilience through

increased coral cover. Unexpectedly, there was a significantly different distribution of echinoids on the reef, with

more recruit-sized urchins on the forereef and more adult-sized urchins on the backreef. This distribution, and

the related effects on macroalgal abundance, can have subsequent effects on coral resilience as the higher

percent macroalgal cover on the forereef influences space available for coral recruitment and cover. Further work

is necessary to fully understand these resulting influences of echinoid population feedback on coral recruitment

and algal biomass.

12

PHYCOCOLLOIDS OF A NEW Lessonia-Macrocystis HYBRID SPECIES (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM 

MAGELLAN REGION, CHILE

Leal D1, Mansilla A2, Matsuhiro B1 and Osorio-Román IO1

1Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 

USACH, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile. 2Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de 

Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile.

david.leal.r@gmail.com

The major structural polysaccharide of brown seaweeds (Pheophyta) is alginic acid, a lineal copolymer of (1¬4)-

linked β-D-mannopyranuronic acid (M) and (1¬4)-linked δ-L-gulopyranuronic acid (G) residues arranged in

heteropolymeric and homopolymeric blocks. Along with this, a series of low and high molecular weight

carbohydrates like D-mannitol, laminarans and sulfated fucans are present in these species. The proportion of

uronic acids in alginic acid, the content and position of sulfated ester groups in fucans and the contents of

carbohydrates vary with species, habitat, seasonality and tissues types. Lessonia-Macrocystis hybrid samples

(LMH) were collected at 3-5 meter depth near Cabo de Hornos, Chile. Alkaline extraction of LMH blades and

stipes, followed by purification, gave sodium alginate in 14.7% and 8.5%, respectively. D-mannitol (3.0%) and

sulfated fucans (6.0%) were also obtained by sequential extraction of LMH blades with ethanol and CaCl2

solutions, respectively. CaCl2 extract were fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography on a Sephadex A-50

columns by elution with distilled water, followed by increasing concentration of sodium chloride solutions. The

main fraction eluted at 2.5 M NaCl. No neutral polysaccharides were obtained. Structural characterization of

alginic acid was performed by FT-IR, RAMAN and SERS spectroscopy. The spectra showed the characteristic

vibrations of hetero- and homo-polymeric blocks. The presence of the structures was corroborated by 1H and 13C

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in one and two dimensions.

336

LIFE HISTORY OF Porphyra hollenbergii DAWSON (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE 

GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

López-Vivas JM1, 2, Pacheco-Ruiz I

2, Riosmena-Rodríguez R3 and Yarish C4

1Facultad de Ciencias Marinas and 2*Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja 

California, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, A.P. 458, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, México. 

3Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de 

Biología Marina, Km 5.5 Carretera al Sur, A.P. 19-B, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23080, México, 4Ecology and 

Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, One University Place, Stamford, Connecticut 06901-2315, USA. 

isai@uabc.mx

The life history of Porphyra hollenbergii Dawson, endemic species of the Gulf of California, was analyzed in

relation to the environmental features that might control it. Our hypothesis was that the life history is controlled
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

134

by extreme weather (<10oC to >30oC, low/high light) conditions. Experiments were conducted in a culture

chamber using a factorial 5x5x3 design with five irradiance levels (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 μmol photons m-2 s-1),

five temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and three photoperiods (8:16, 12:12, and 16:8 h light:dark). In the

foliar phase, the optimal release of zygospores occurred at 15°C, 60 μmol photons m-2 s-1, and 16L:8D (long

photoperiod); they germinated abundantly into Conchocelis filaments at 20°C, 60 μmol photons m-2 s-1, and

16L:8D (long photoperiod). The archeospores of the filament phase were significantly different at 20°C, 40 μmol

photons m-2 s-1, and 12L:12D (neutral photoperiod). The conchosporangial branches and conchosporangia were

significantly different at 20°C, 20 μmol photons m-2 s-1, and 8L:16D (short photoperiod). Conchospore release

occurred after six weeks at 10°C, 20 μmol photons m-2 s-1, and 8L:16D (short photoperiod). The combination of

high irradiances and high water temperatures are the environmental conditions that control the life history of P.

hollenbergii. Major oceanographic events strongly control the survival of this and most likely other species in the

Gulf of California.

326

IMPROVED METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR BETAINES IN Ascophyllum

MacKinnon SL1, Hiltz DA2, Ugarte RA2 and Craft CA1

1Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada,1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada 

B3H 3Z1. 2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Ave., Dartmouth, NS, Canada B3B 1X8. shawna.mackinnon@nrccnrc.gc.ca

Beneficial effects of seaweeds and their extracts on crop performance have been attributed to a variety of

compounds, including the betaines which are quaternary ammonium betaines. Methods of analysis of betaines

published thus far suffer from low sensitivity, lack of baseline separation of individual betaines and from

interference from other sample constituents. A rapid cleanup protocol and a sensitive LC-MS/MS method of

analysis were developed to afford baseline separation of four betaines in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum

and its commercial seaweed extract. Using this method, the presence of glycine betaine, δ-aminovaleric acid

betaine, γ-aminobutyric acid betaine and laminine in A.nodosum, and commercial extracts derived from A.

nodosum, were confirmed and quantified. The major betaine present was γ-aminobutyric acid betaine accounting

for 0.008–0.014% of the dry weight of the seaweed and 0.014–0.027% of the dry weight of the commercial

extracts. Seasonal variation in betaine content was observed.

195

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYVINYL ALCOHOL-AGAR FILMS

Madera-Santana TJ, Robledo D and Freile-Pelegrín Y

Departament of Marine Resources, Cinvestav, Unidad Mérida. Km. 6 Carr. Antg. a Progreso, Mérida, Yuc., 97310 

México. freile@mda.cinvestav.mx

Agar extracted from Hydropuntia cornea during two seasons (rainy and dry) was blended with polyvinyl alcohol

(PVOH), in order to produce films using solution-cast technique at different agar concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and

100% wt). Optical, mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of PVOH-agar films were analyzed. The

tensile strength of PVOH-Agar films showed an increase as the agar content augmented; formulations with 25 and

50% of agar extracted from rainy season material shown higher tensile strength in comparison with those

formulated with agar from dry season. The thermal analysis showed that melting temperature decrease even at

25% of agar content. Films of PVOH-Agar from both seasons did not show differences at naked eye however, some

formulations of agar from dry season showed phase separation at microscopic scale. In conclusion PVOH-Agar

films have promising applications in the biodegradable packaging industry due to the mechanical and

transparency characteristics of the films with agar from rainy season.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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123

GROWTH OF Solieria pacifica (YAMADA) YOSHIDA UNDER VARIOUS TEMPERATURE, NUTRIENT 

SOURCE AND LIGHT VARIATIONS

Maeda T1, Carton RJ1, Furufuji S2, Notoya M1

1Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, 

Tokyo 108-8477, Japan, 2Yokohama Technical Center, Stanley Electric Co., Ltd., 2-14-1 Edanishi, Aoba-ku, 

Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 225-0014, Japan. jjgky265@ybb.ne.jp

A series of experiments were conducted on S. pacifica to determine the effects of various parameters on growth.

The use of NO3

-

 and NH4

+ as nutrient sources produced similar results on the growth rates. Meanwhile, growth

was not significantly different under temperature-light interaction but was significant under the independent

effects of temperature and light. The highest growth rate was obtained at 20°C and at 40 μmol photons m-2 s-1.

This preference for low irradiance on S. pacifica growth was further investigated using light of different spectral

widths: white, blue, green and red at 40 μmol photons m-2 s-1 and yellow at 20 μmol photons m-2 s-1. Length of

plantlets in white, blue and green color light were at 10.7 ± 2.6 mm, 8.6 ± 2.0 mm and 9.9 ± 2.7 mm,

respectively. Under red and yellow light, increments in length were relatively slower. There was no difference with

the growth rates until the 4th week but from the 5th week onwards, fastest growth rate was observed under white

light. Growth rate of the plants under red and yellow light fields were also slower. This results show the higher

preference of S. pacifica for low wavelength green and blue light which makes it adaptable in deeper waters.

268

CULTIVATION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF Ahnfeltia plicata (RHODOPHYTA): NEW 

ALTERNATIVE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHYCOCOLLOIDS FOR THE REGION OF MAGALLANES 

AND CHILEAN ANTARCTICA

Mansilla A1,3, Avila M2, Cáceres J2, Matsuhiro B3, Yokoya NS4, Murcia SM1 and Piel I2

1Av. Bulnes 01855, Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas. 

Chile. 2 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Arturo Prat, Ejercito 443, Puerto Montt. Chile. 3Instituto de 

Ecología y Biodiversidad. Institute of Ecology & Biodiversity, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. 

andres.mansilla@umag.cl

In the Region of Magallanes and Chilean Antartica, the overexploitation of marine resources by fishermen has led

to their depletion. In this region seaweeds have been also exploited from natural beds since 1996, for instance

harvesting of Gigartina skottsbergii (Rhodophyta) has increased due to high demand for phycocolloids. In 2008

15.000 t of dry seaweed were harvested from this region for the production of carrageenans. Ahnfeltia plicata

represents an alternative resource not only for artisanal fishermen, but also to supply the increasing demand of

agar industry for raw materials. Sustainable harvesting of A. plicata, and effective, large-scale culturing

techniques requires knowledge about ecology, biology, and characterization of the polysaccharides of the

species. This research have been focused to study the population dynamics, growth and reproductive potential,

and development of culturing techniques (using spores and tissue culture of thalli) to the production at large

scale, ensuring sustainability of the resource. Furthermore, the culturing techniques will be available for fishery

agencies and organizations of fishermen, as well as for agar-producing companies (e.g. consulting programs) to

ensure applicability and access. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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165

ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OF MEFUCOIDAN PURIFIED FROM EDIBLE BROWN ALGA BY 

INTESTINAL BACTERIA

Maruyama H1, Kawakami F2, Yosinaga K3, Nakano T3 and Kitasato H4

1Dept. of Cytopathology, 2Dept. of Signal Biology and 4Dept. of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 

Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555; and 3Riken Vitamin, Co., Ltd., Misakicho 

2-9-18, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8370, Japan. maruyama@ahs.kitasato-u.ac.jp

Previously, we reported that sulfated polysaccharide (meFucoidan) purified from the extract of Undaria

pinnatifida sporophylls highly enhances the Th1 cell and NK cell responses when mice are administrated P.O. with

meFucoidan. There are no repots concerning fucosidase-like enzymes to specifically digest fucoidan in vivo.

Therefore, it is an interesting to characterize the enzymes, which digest meFucoidan by intestinal bacteria, E. coli.

E. coli was previously cultured with meFucoidan for at least a month. The lysate of E. coli cultured with 1%

polypepton containing 1% meFucoidan or absence of meFucoidan (control) for 3 days at 37  were separately

fractionated by DEAE-sepharose column (HPLC). The different elution profiles of the polypeptides in these two

medium preparations were observed. By MALDI-TOF MS analysis, at least five polypeptides [isoleucyl-tRNA

synthase (p110), phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase β-chain (p98), succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit (p69)

pyruvate kinase I (p50) and glutamine synthetase (p48)] were identified as metabolic gene products altered in the

E. coli cultured with meFucoidan. These proteins in the medium of E. coli-cultured with meFucoidan were

significantly higher than those observed in the control. Our provided results suggest that (i) fucosidase-like

enzymes is detectable to digest meFucoidan in the E. coli cultured with meFuciodan; (ii) the fragments generated

from meFucoidan may be absorbed from intestine, and act as effectors for the intestinal immunity; and (iii)

glutamine synthetase may play an important physiological role in the metabolic regulation and protein synthesis

in E. coli cultured with meFuoidan.

177

AN ACCOUNT OF ARTICULATED SPECIES OF THE TRIBE CORALLINOIDEAE (CORALLINALES, 

RHODOPHYTA) FROM MEXICO

Mateo-Cid LE1, Mendoza-González AC1, Aguilar-Rosas LE2 and Aguilar-Rosas R3

1Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N. Col. Santo 

Tomás. México, D.F. 11340, 2Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, 3Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, 

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km. 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, 

México 22830.

laguilar@uabc.mx

A detailed revision was carried out of the inventory of Mexican representatives of articulated species of Tribe

Corallinoideae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Tribe Corallinoideae includes articulated coralline algae characterized

by thalli featuring extensive crustose holdfasts bearing one to several erect, pinnate or dichotomous branched

articulate fronds; conceptacles originate from the cortical tissue and are present on lateral intergenicular surfaces

or originating in medullar meristems at branch apices in line with intergenicular axes (axial conceptacles). Singletiered genicula of long, straight, unbranched, cells are not calcified. This taxonomic recount is based on

specimens newly collected in Mexico and material currently housed at ENCB (Escuela Nacional de Ciencias

Biológicas, México), CMMEX (Universidad Autónoma de Baja California) and UC (Berkeley, California, USA). Instead

of fourteen Corallinoideae species currently recognized for Mexico, we counted only twelve species, plus two

subspecies. As a result of the present study, the record of the Tribe Corallinoideae is represented in Mexico by

three genera: Bossiella (Manza) Silva with five species, Calliarthron Manza with two species, and Corallina

Linnaeus with five species. Morphological, reproductive and anatomical descriptions are provided in detail.

Bossiella and Calliarthron are restricted to the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula, whereas genus

Corallina commonly occurs both inside the Gulf of California and the Pacific coast of Baja California Peninsula. In

addition, the gametangial thalli of eight species of these genera are reported for the first time in Mexico.
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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230

ISOLATION OF HIGH LIPID-CONTENT STRAINS OF MARINE MICROALGAE (Tetraselmis suecica) 

FOR BIODIESEL (& BIOJET-FUEL) PRODUCTION BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND SINGLE-CELL 

SORTING

Montero M, Aristizabal M and García Reina G

Centro de Biotecnología Marina, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Muelle de Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, 

Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. ggreina@inventia.es

Biodiesel from algae is considered an alternative for a 3rd generation of biofuels. However, seaweeds are notlipogenic. Also, most microalgae are not lipogenic during fast growing, but high lipid content occurs at resting

stages. Microalgae for biodiesel need large amount of neutral lipid (mainly stored as triglycerides, TG). These two

contradictory characteristics are equivalent to searching for an “obese marathon runner”, a goal that can be

achieved by using the cell-sorting capabilities of flow cytometers in combination with the use of the vital stain Nile

Red. Our selection process started with wild samples of fast-growing Tetraselmis suecica (strain BNA 10_037)

cultured in a Fotovortex Ô under direct sunlight. Fluorescence signal FL3 (575/25 nm) was previously correlated

with TG content. A first sorting of 8% of the wild population (15-20 Mcells/mL) cultured in a Fotovortex Ô,

exhibited a mean FL3 of 0.5 (29.8 HPCV). After 26 days from the first sorting event, the algae yielded (for 1.2

Mcells) a mean FL3 of 1.0 (17.3 HPCV). A subsequent second sorting event yielded a mean FL3 of 2.3 (10.3 HPCV)

after 38 days. The use of plain seawater, instead isotonic sheath-fluid, during cell sorting increased cell viability

and accelerated the recovery of strains with high lipid content, and was an essential step in the successful

isolation of a “fatty marathon algae”. To our knowledge this is the first report of such success, and might also

open its application for the selection for “fatty seaweeds” through somatic cell (pseudo-protoplast) cultures.

189

IMPROVED ANTITUMORAL EFFECT OF Penicillus dumetosus EXTRACTS BY OPEN TANK 

CULTURE

Moo-Puc R, Robledo D and Freile-Pelegrín Y

Department of Marine Resources; Cinvestav, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310, A.P. 73, 

Mérida, Yuc., Mexico. robledo@mda.cinvestav.mx

In the last three decades the discovery of metabolites with biological activities from marine algae has increased

significantly. These organisms are subject to a competitive environment that can induce chemical defenses, many

of these chemicals are biologically active and some possess pharmacological activity. Our previous studies on

extracts from wild Penicillus dumetosus showed that this specie has antiproliferative activity in several cancer

cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of the green alga Penicillus dumetosus cultured

under contrasting light conditions. An open culture tank shaded to obtain different solar irradiation was used; P.

dumetosus individuals were seeded in the tank and cultured for 30 days. After 10, 20 and 30 days samples were

collected and organic extracts were prepared. Lipids and phenol content were evaluated by standardized

methods, whereas the biological activity was assayed in four cancer cell lines to analyze its antiproliferative

activity. The cytotoxic activity of extracts on normal cell lines (MDKC) was also estimated. The results indicated

that total phenol content in organic extracts does not change after culture conditions; however polyunsaturated

fatty acid were modified under light treatments. Extracts from plants after 10 days cultivation showed the best

antiproliferative activity on human carcinoma nasopharynx (KB) and laryngeal (Hep-2) cell lines; this activity was

related to induction of apoptosis. All the extracts showed lower cytotoxicity on normal cells. Penicillus dumetosus

extracts have been selected for fractionation and isolation of active compounds.
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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328

ACCELERATING THE GROWTH OF AVOCADO (Persea americana) IN THE NURSERY USING A 

SOIL-APPLIED, COMMERCIAL EXTRACT OF THE BROWN ALGA Ascophyllum nodosum

Morales-Payan JP1 and Norrie J2

1Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto RicoMayaguez Campus. Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, Nova 

Scotia, B3B 1X8, Canada

Research was conducted in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, to assess the effect of Stimplex® (Acadian Seaplants Limited),

a commercial extract from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, on the growth of recently grafted ‘Wilson

Popenoe’ avocado, under nursery conditions. Aqueous solutions of the extract were applied as a drench at several

rates (0 - 5 ml of extract per L of water, 150 ml of solution per plant, per application), starting three weeks after

grafting and repeating the applications every 14 days until the plants reached the adequate transplantation stage

(ATS). In general, increasing the rate of Stimplex® extract resulted in an increased leaf area, plant height and

chlorophyll concentration and also reduced the time necessary to attain the ATS. These results indicate that this

commercial extract of A. nodosum may be useful to accelerate the production of grafted ‘Wilson Popenoe’

avocado transplants.

178

ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC SCREENING OF ALGAL EXTRACTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, 

MEXICO

Muñoz-Ochoa M, Murillo Álvarez JI, Molina Salinas GM and Vargas Villarreal J

mmunozo@ipn.mx

The need for new and potent antibacterial drugs has been widely recognized all around the world, in particular

new anti-tubercular drugs. In this study sixty two algal samples belonging to the 3 divisions of macroalgae

collected along the coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) were subjected to biological screening. Algal material was

individually extracted with ethanol, and tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and

Escherichia coli by the agar disk-diffusion method at 2 mg disk-1. Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

H37Rv was tested by the Alamar blue method and MIC values were determined. Extracts with MIC values < 100

mg mL-1 against M. tuberculosis were additionally subjected to the cytotoxicity assay against VERO cells. 77% of

all extracts were active against, at least, one of the target microorganisms. Extracts from Sargassum horridum,

Laurencia johnstonii, L. pacifica and Pterosiphonia bipinnata showed MIC values between 12.5 and 3.13 μg mL-1

against M. tuberculosis. S. horridum extract showed a TC50 value of 19.05 μg mL-1, while, extracts from L.

johnstonnii and L. pacifica showed a TC50 < 2 μg mL-1.

40

CAPABILITY OF LONG-TERM CULTURED GAMETOPHYTES OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF 

LAMINARIALES TO FORM SPOROPHYTES

Muraoka D, Sakami T and Okumura Y

Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency 3-27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Miyagi 

985-0001, JAPAN. dmuraoka@affrc.go.jp

The capability of long-term cultured strains (gametophytes) of several species of Laminariales to produce viable

sporophytes was assessed. 40 stock culture strains of 3 annual species (Undaria pinnatifida, Undaria undarioides

and Undaria peterseniana) and 27 strains of 9 perennial species (Eisenia bicyclis, Ecklonia cava, Saccharina

japonica, Eckloniopsis radicosa, etc.) which have been maintained at the Tohoku National Fisheries Research

Institute were used for the experiment. Male and female gametophytes that generated from the same adult

sporophyte were mixed in the same culture vessel. Cultivations were carried out at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30°

C, under

light condition of 50μmol/m2/s and 12L:12D photoperiod. PESI medium was used throughout the cultivation.

After 45 days cultivation, the maturation capability was determined as whether juvenile sporophytes were

generated or not. In 48 strains (71.6% of the total number examined) the generation of juvenile sporophytes was
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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confirmed. Generation of juvenile sporophytes were observed in most of the short-term (within 5 years) cultured

strains. On the other hand, several strains that had been long-term (over 20 years) cultured did not generate

juvenile sporophytes under any of the conditions. The generation of juvenile sporophytes was observed mainly

under the 10 to 20°

C conditions. The decrease of the maturation capability caused by long-term cultivation was

observed especially in the perennial species. In annual species, many strains generated juvenile sporophytes even

though cultured over a long-term. These results indicate that the maturation ability of cultured gametophytes is

related to the period of cultivation and to the species.

246

EFFECTS OF VARIABLE TEMPERATURE AND NUTRIENTS ON KELP MICROSCOPIC STAGES AND 

FERTILIZATION SUCCESS

Muth AF1, Jeffries SV2,1 and Graham MH1

1Moss Landing Marine Labs 8272 Moss Landing Rd. Moss Landing, CA 95039. 2California State University 

Monterey Bay 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA 93955. amuth@mlml.calstate.edu

Culture experiments were conducted on four kelp species (Macrocystis pyrifera, Alaria marginata, Laminaria

ephemera, Postelsia palmaeforis) native to the central California coast to test the effects of temperature and

nutrients on fertilization success. Cultures were grown under three nutrient levels (1, 5, and 10 μmol nitrate) and

two temperature levels (12°C and 18°C) at 40 μM photons m-2s-1 and a 14:10 h light:dark photoperiod. Settlement

density and germination success were estimated after 24 and 48 hrs, and cultures were monitored weekly for

sporophyte production. All species produced sporophytes in the 12°C temperature treatment only and all 12°C

cultures produced sporophytes at all nutrient levels, demonstrating the primary effect of temperature on

sporophyte production. The effect of nutrients on settlement densities, 7-day survivorship and sporophyte

densities in the 12°C temperature treatments varied significantly among the different microscopic stages of the

three species. These results suggest that temperature variability may be the primary factor driving fertilization

success in kelp taxa, and that the effect of nutrients is secondary and species-specific.

184

RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY AND CUPPER REDUCING ACTIVITY OF ACIDIC 

POLYSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVES 

Nakada R and Yoshie-Stark Y

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan. n_ray26@yahoo.co.jp

Seaweeds were used to extract polysaccharides such as alginate and carrageenan. Alginate is a polysaccharide

from brown seaweeds consists of α-L-guluronic acid and β-D-mannuronic acid. Carrageenan is a sulphated

polysaccharide from red seaweeds consists of 1,4-linked α-D-galactose, 1,3-linked-β-D-galactose and sulfate

groups. In this study, the changes of antioxidative activities by chemical modification of seaweed polysaccharides

were evaluated in vitro. They are hydrolyzed with acid, and then hydrolyzed polysaccharides were esterified to

have methyl or ethyl ester. The esters were further reacted with alkaline and HCl-hydroxylamine to obtain

hydroxamic acid. Molecular weights of these delivatives were determined by GPC-HPLC. Sugar and uronic acid

contents were determined spectrophotometrically using glucose and galacturonic acid as standards. DPPH radical

scavenging activity and cupper reducing activity were analyzed as antioxidant markers. Glucose did not show the

antioxidative activities and small antioxidant activities were observed from galacturonic acid. Hydrolyzed

polysaccharides showed both DPPH radical scavenging activity and cupper reducing activity. It is assumed that

acidic group(s) of alginate or carrageenan expressed these functions. Following the chemical treatment steps, the

methyl/ethyl esters had stronger activities than hydrolyzed polysaccharides. After the treatment with alkaline and

HCl-hydroxylamine, they showed the strongest activities. Since seaweeds include polysaccharides of acidic

group(s), they may be useful source pharmaceutical compounds. These results indicate the possibilities to use

seaweed polysaccharides not only as food ingredient but also as anti-oxidant material.
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322

ANALYSIS OF A COMMERCIAL Ascophyllum nodosum EXTRACT INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME 

LEADS TO IDENTIFICATION OF A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF SALT TOLERANCE IN Arabidopsis 

thaliana

Narayanan JN1, Palanivelu R2, Manfield I3, Critchley AT4, Hiltz D4 and Prithiviraj B1

1Department of Plant and Animal Science, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada. 

2Department of Plant Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, AZ 85721, USA, 3Centre for Biomolecular 

Interactions, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. 4Acadian 

Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1X8, Canada. atc@acadian.ca

Chemical components commercially extracted from the large brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, induced

salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to understand the molecular mechanism(s) of this induced

NaCl tolerance, we evaluated the effect of the chemical components on the model plant Arabidopsis using whole

genome transcriptome by microarray analysis. Besides inducing many positive regulators of NaCl tolerance, the

commercial seaweed extract also caused many genes to be down regulated. Using insertional mutants in these

down regulated genes, NaCl tolerance was screened to identify novel regulators of NaCl stress response in

Arabidopsis. Using this approach, we identified a T-DNA insertion mutant of Arabidopsis (Col-O) with an insertion

event in the promoter of a putative pectin methyl esterase inhibitor (pmei) (At1g62760) which was tolerant to

NaCl stress. This mutant was designated as pmei1-1. pmei transcript abundance was substantially reduced in

pmei1-1 plants. The NaCl tolerant phenotype, exhibited by pmei1-1 seedlings included increased primary root

growth in a root bend bioassay and improved biomass accumulation under NaCl stress. External supplementation

with purified pectin methyl esterase in wild type Col-0 Arabidopsis was found to revert NaCl toxicity. Interestingly,

the results of anti-co-expression analysis revealed an over representation of genes with functional roles in ion and

trans-membrane transport aided by ATPases. Therefore, it appears that NaCl tolerance in pmei1-1 plants might be

at least it part, be affected by the differential regulation of co-expressed genes. 

204

USING MACROALGAE TO TRACK EUTROPHICATION TRENDS IN THE GREAT BAY ESTUARINE 

SYSTEM

Nettleton JC, Neefus CD, Mathieson AC and Harris LG

University of New Hampshire, Department of Biological Sciences, G28 Spaulding Life Science Center, 38 College 

Road Durham, NH 03824, USA. jeremy.nettleton@unh.edu

Monitoring macroalgae populations can be an effective means of detecting long term water quality changes in

estuarine systems. New Hampshire’s Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve has identified the need to

monitor water quality parameters through the use of indicator organisms. To investigate the environmental

status of the system, this study set out to: assess the abundance/distribution of macrophytes, particulary

Gracilaria and Ulva species, relative to patterns of eutrophication within this system; compare historical (1980s)

and current biomass/percent cover measurements for algal populations at several previously studied sites;

compare the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in Ulva and Gracilaria tissues to those in the surrounding water;

to evaluate historical and current water quality measurements for each study site. Compared with historical

records, algal population data gathered in year one showed significant increases in biomass and cover by Ulva

and Gracilaria species. Cover by Ulva species, at seasonal maxima, was measured at 90 times the levels found in

the 1980s. Sequencing of ITS2, rbcL and CO1 genes has revealed the presence of previously undetected Ulva and

Gracilaria species, including Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss, an invasive species of Asian origin.

Molecular examination of historical voucher specimens from Great Bay has shed light on regional introduction

dates of these previously undetected Ulva and Gracilaria species.
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295

SEASONAL MACROALGAL BIODIVERSITY IN RÓBALO BAY AND ITS SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL 

IMPORTANCE IN THE CAPE HORN BIOSPHERE RESERVE, CHILE. 

Ojeda J1,2,3, Mansilla A1,2,3, Marambio J1, Rosenfeld S1 and Rozzi R1,2

1Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas. Chile. 2Parque 

Etnobotánico Omora, Puerto Williams, Chile. 3Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Chile. 

jaimeojedavillarroel@yahoo.es

The University of Magallanes, the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity and the Omora Foundation have established

the Omora Ethnobotanical Park and Róbalo Bay as the continent’s southernmost site of Long-Term SocioEcological Research, integrating science and society in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. This site links

biodiversity research to the local community’s wellbeing. The present study examined macroalgal species

richness and seasonal abundance on the rocky intertidal of Róbalo Bay (55oS) in Navarino Island, Beagle Channel.

Macroalgae samples were collected seasonally along two transects perpendicular to the coast line in six areas of

different substrate type. Along each transect three zones (low, medium and high intertidal) were established.

Samples were fixed in 5% formalin for later identification and analysis. Of the 51 species identified 31.4% were

Chlorophyta, 23.5% Ochrophyta and 45% Rhdophyta. In terms of annual abundance Ceramium rubrum had the

highest contribution at 17%, and the summer had significantly higher total macroalgal biomass (P <0.05). Among

the commercially important species, presence of Porphyra columbina, Mazzaella laminarioides, Ulva lactuca and

Sarcothalia crispata was remarkable. This study provides important basis of information that can be used by the

local community and fishermen given the species nutritional and commercial value, as well as for ecotourism and

conservation.

15

INFLUENCE OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON AGAR FROM Gracilariopsis longissima AND Gracilaria 

vermiculophylla

Orduña-Rojas J1, Riosmena-Rodríguez R2, Pacheco-Ruiz I3, Zertuche-González JA3 and Meling-López AE4

1CIIDIR-IPN, Unidad Sinaloa. B. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes # 250. C. P. 81000 Guasave, Sinaloa, México. 

2Programa de investigación en Botánica Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, A.P. 19-B, La Paz, 

B.C.S. 23080. 3Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, IIO. A.P. 453, Ensenada B. C., México, C.P. 

22800.4DICTUS-Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Niños Héroes s/n, Hermosillo Sonora.

The effect of alkali treatment on agar yield, sulfate content, and 3,6 anhydrogalactose content from two

agarophyte species (Gracilariopsis longissima and Gracilaria vermiculophylla) was analyzed. In addition, gel

strength was measured in each agar extract as well as gelling and melting temperatures. Agar was extracted after

pretreatment with different concentrations of NaOH (3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%). Pre-treatment with alkali reduced

significantly agar yield from G. longissima from 13.2% in non treated agar (native agar) to 5.4% in 5% NaOH

whereas in G. vermiculophylla it diminished from 25.2 to 9.6% in 9% NaOH treatment. Statistically significant

differences were observed for native and all alkali treatments in G. longissima, whereas in G. vermiculophylla

significant differences were only revealed among native and high 7 and 9% NaOH treatments (p < 0.05). Sulfate

content from G. longissima diminished gradually with increasing alkali concentration from high (3.9%) in native

agar to low (3.1%) in 7% alkali treatment, and was negatively correlated with gel strength (r = - 0.92). G.

vermiculophylla sulfate content in native agar was twice as high as that found in G. longissima (7.8%) and did not

show statistically significant differences with low alkali treatments, but it did with high NaOH treatments. Higher

contents of 3,6 anhydrogalactose were found with 9% NaOH treatment in G. longissima (40.9%) and G.

vermiculophylla (43%), and were significantly correlated with gel strength (r = 0.89; r = 0.91, respectively.
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44

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEDIMENT PARTICLES SIZE AND THE 

DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN ALGAL MATS (Enteromorpha prolifera) ON THE INTERTIDIAL FLATS 

OF MUAN, KOREA

Park CS1, Park KY1 and Hwang EK2

1Department of Marine and Fisheries Resources, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729,Korea.

2Seaweed Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Mokpo 530-831, Korea. 

cspark85@mokpo.ac.kr

The relationship between median grain size of sediments and the abundance in the wild of green algal mats

(Enteromorpha prolifera) on the intertidal flats of Muan, Korea were investigated. The impact of substrate particle

size on the growth and survival of germlinges was examined in the laboratory. In the wild, the average annual

density of algal mats was 7,950 ind m-2. The algal mats mainly occurred in sands and exhibited patchy

distribution. Statistical indicates significant spatial analysis differences and a significant relationship between

density and ratio of sands to silts, suggesting that the distribution and density of this species were related to

particle size. In laboratory experiments the survival rate of E. prolifera germlinges was the lowest value (22%) on

sediments with a median grain size of 63-125μm. Laboratory experiments have generally shown positive

relationship between attachment or survival of the alga and substrate particles size. Our laboratory results

indicate a clear link between germling settlement / survival and substrate particle size. These results explain the

spatial differences in abundance observed in the field in relation to the distribution and ratio of sands to silt on

the Muan flats. 

118

MORPHOLOGY, ULTRASTRUCTURE, AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Gelidium elegans 

(GELIDIALES)

Park JK, Kim KM and Boo SM

Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. pjk1717@naver.com

Gelidium elegans Kützing, previously named as G. amansii, is the most common species in the Gelidiales in

northeast Asia and is harvested for agar production in Korea, Japan and China. Thalli grow up to 18cm in the field

and have main branches with slightly sympodial branchlets, which are compressed to cylindrical. Rhizoidal

filaments are produced from the outer cortical cells and became abundant between cortical and medullar layers.

They look tadpole cells in the beginning and later become elongate filaments. They have very thick walls under

SEM and nuclei and plastids under TEM. We also analyzed mitochondrial cox1 and plastid rbcL genes from more

than 200 samples along all coast of Korea, nine localities in Japan and four localities in China. G. elegans

consisted of two clades in the phylogenetic tree of both genes. The first clade contained specimens from Korea,

China and western Japan, and the second clade had specimens on the Pacific side of Japan. In the first clade, 25

haplotypes of cox1 were identified. The same haplotype occurred in Korea, China and west of Japan. The

haplotype diversity was 0.645±0.035 and the nucleotide diversity was 0.0008±0.00007. The western populations

in Korea had high haplotype diversity (h=0.701±0.00335) and the southern populations in Korea had high

nucleotide diversity (π=0.00098±0.00014). On-going analysis of the remaining specimens will give us a better

understanding of the distribution pattern of G. elegans.

131

A NEW SPECIES OF Monostroma (CHOLOROPHYTA) FROM BRAZIL: MORPHOLOGICAL, 

ONTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR EVIDENCES 

Pellizzari FM1, Yokoya NS2; Oliveira MC3 and Oliveira EC3

1UNESPAR (Universidade Estadual do Paraná) campus FAFIPAR. Comendador Correa Júnior, 117. 83203-280. 

Paranaguá. PR. Brazil. francianep@yahoo.com, 2Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 3005. 01061-970. São Paulo, 

SP, Brazil. nyokoya@pq.cnpq.br, 3Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão. 277. Cidade 

Universitária. São Paulo. SP. mcdolive@usp.br, euricodo@usp.br
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The species has monostromatic blades, 1-9 cm broad, bright green color in natural habitat and dark olive green

after drying. Liberation of zooids occurs by disintegration of zooidangium wall, releasing four biflagellate cells (9-

13 μm) with prominent eyespot and positive phototaxis. Fusion of zooids were not observed. After attachment,

cell division is perpendicular to the substratum, giving rise to uniseriate filament which develops gradually into a

monostromatic blade. Propagation probably occurs only through asexual recycling of the blades by biflagellate

zooids settlements. Codiolum, saccate or tubular phases were not observed. After 30-40 days in culture plantlets

reached ±300 μm. Fronds show cells around 8 ± 3 μm and thickness 25 ± 1.8 μm. Cells in upper region with

irregular polygonal shape, becoming more elongate toward base. Long rhizoidal projections join to form a minute

holdfast. In surface view cells in groups of two. Cells uninucleate with large central vacuole, parietal chloroplast,

one or two pyrenoids. The phylogenetic position of Brazilian species has been inferred based on ribosomal ITS

regions. Monostroma sp. shows a distinct sister-lineage to all other monostromatic green species analyzed and

deposited in GenBank showing a higher identity with M. nitidum. Monostroma does not present a saccate stage,

however it has some overlapping characters on morphology and life history if compared to Gayralia oxysperma,

but the molecular features are quite distinct from this species and from other Monostroma species justifying this

new proposal. Monostroma occurs on mangrove roots in outer sectors of estuaries and on rocky shores in marine

habitats.

151

ESTABLISHMENT OF A PILOT CULTIVATION OF Catenella impudica (RHODOPHYTA, 

RHABDONAECEAE) IN SHRIMP PONDS AT THE PACIFIC COAST OF COLOMBIA

Peña EJ1, Marin H1 and Aparicio CT2

1Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360 Cali, Colombia, 2Sociedad Agropecuaria de 

Occidente, Edif. Siglo XXI Of. 501, Cali Colombia. hernelmarin@gmail.com

Catenella impudica (Montagne) Agardh is one of the common red algae growing on mangrove prop roots in the

Pacific coast of Colombia, and in the recent years has been used as bioindicators of euthropication conditions in

different estuarine habitats in the pacific region. In most of the mangrove habitats this species commonly grows

attached to roots, tree trunks and mud surfaces, and it is demonstrated its ecological importance due to the

contribution in the primary production of these estuarine ecosystems. This study describes the use of the

suspended lines technique for mass cultivation of Catenella on ropes inoculated with spores. The experimental

cultivation system included: induction of sporulation and evaluation of spore settlement on the ropes. Mature

carposporic plants were collected in the Bay of Tumaco, Colombian Pacific, drained to remove excess water and

taken to the laboratory. The plants were washed with seawater, and then cleaned of visible epiphytes. The

cultivation is currently evaluated, and ropes were planted to old shrimp pounds of about 5000 m2. The technique

will allow the establishment of commercial farms using the stock of induced polypropylene ropes to promote the

cultivation of native macroalgal species in the region. 

206

USE OF THE SLIPPER LIMPET Crepipatella fecunda AS SECONDARY SUBSTRATE BY THE GIANT 

KELP Macrocystis pyrifera: IS THERE ANY EFFECT OF HAVING AN ALGA GROWING ON YOUR 

BACK?

Pereda SV1, Díaz-Rosas F1,2, Cabrera JC and Buschmann AH3

1CIEN Austral. Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n Pelluco, Casilla 1327, Puerto Montt, 

Chile. 2Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Acuáticos. Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile. 3Centro de 

Investigación y Desarrollo en Ambientes y Recursos Costeros ‘i ~mar’, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, 

Puerto Montt, Chile. sandra.pereda@cienaustral.cl

The slipper limpet Crepipatella fecunda is normally found cohabiting with the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in

Southern Chile. The effect of this marine snail in the alga population is currently under study and some of the

findings show that the mobile males can control to some extend the recruitment of microscopic stages of the alga

by grazing. However, this is not the only interaction among these two species; the annual population of M.

pyrifera also can grow on the sessile females, using the C. fecunda beds as secondary substrate. A plethora of

literature is found on the effect of marine snails grazing on seaweeds but little is found about the effects that

overgrown alga can have on sessile organisms. This study is trying to understand the effects of this interaction

(kelp overgrowing on the limpet’s shell). We assumed that the limpet will be forced to a mechanical stress that will

have effects (positive/neutral/negative) on the animals. Also the effect that the alga can have on C. fecunda
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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feeding processes could be reflected on these biochemical constituents. Our preliminary data showed some slight

differences arising in protein content; no significant changes can be seen in lipids and carbohydrates. We are

currently estimating the energy that the limpets allocate in the foot when finding the alga attached to it. 

248

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Eucheuma, Kappaphycus BIOMASS CULTIVATED IN VIETNAM 

AND PROPERTIES OF THEIR CARRAGEENANS

Phan KV1, Podkorytova AV2, Ignatova TA2 and Usov AI3

1Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology, 33 Talalichina, Moscow 109316, Russia. 2Russian Federal 

Research Institute of Fisheries Oceanography, 17 V.Kranoselskaya, Moscow, 107140, Russia. 3 N.D.Zelinsky 

Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 117913, Russia. 

podkor@vniro.ru

The chemical composition of Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus striatum (2 varieties-Sacol green, Sacol

brown), Eucheuma denticulatum, cultivated in 4 regions (Khanh Hoi, Khanh Nhon, Phuong Cu, Cam Ranh) with

period cultivation 45 days; in Cam Ranh - 60 days and properties of native carrageenans extracted from these

carrageennophytes were studied. Monosaccharide composition was determined by reduction hydrolysis and gasliquid chromatography. The carrageenan content was calculated by the yield of monosaccharide composition. For

the samples with 45 days cultivation, generally, there is no significant influence of these regions cultivation on

monosaccharide composition of 3 species. The sulphate content of kappa-carrageenan, iota-carrageenan in

different regions was quite similar (ranged from8.07% - 9,8%; 12,5%-12,7% respectively). The carrageenan content

varied from 40,7% to 50,0%, in which the carrageenan content of K. alvarezii (Phuong Cu), K. striatum,Sacol green

(Cam Ranh) was highest (48,8%; 50,0% respectively). In comparison of two varieties of K. striatum, there is no

substantial distinction of carbohydrate composition, except for pigment system.Molar ratio A/G, varied from

0,65-0,75 (Kappaphycus spp), 0,42-0,43 (E. denticulatum) was lower than etalon, It is most likely that, this value

will be improved by alkali treatment for carrageenan. However, the yield of native kappa-carrageenan (KCl

precipitation) and the gel strength of 2% kappa-carrageenan were high (32%- 37%, 550-1100 g/cm2 respectively).

For the samples with 60 days cultivation, the yield of kappa-carrageenan was higher, but the gel strength was a

little lower than that of 45 days cultivation (36% - 41,5%, 640-708 g/cm2 respectively).These results suggest that

both carrageenophyte (45 days) and (60 days), cultivated in Viet Nam are perspective raw material for the

manufacture of carrageenan without alkali treatment. 

67

USING δ15N IN BLOOM FORMING MACROALGAE TO DISCRIMINATE AMONG ANTHROPOGENIC 

NUTRIENTS

Piñón-Gimate A1,2, Soto-Jiménez MF3, Ochoa-Izaguirre MJ1,4, García-Pagés E1 and Páez-Osuna F3

1Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica 

Mazatlán, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82040, México, 2Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar 

Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México, 3Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y 

Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82040, 

México, 4Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, Mazatlán, 

Sinaloa 82000, Mexico. apinon04@cibnor.mx

Macroalgae blooms of Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Hypnea spinella and Spyridia filamentosa have been found in

coastal lagoons in the SE Gulf of California. Agriculture, livestock, shrimp and poultry farms and sewage are the

major contributors of anthropogenic nitrogen to the systems. The δ15N values of these sources, water column and

macroalgae were studied in order to identify the N supply for macroalgae blooms from 6 sites in three coastal

lagoons. δ15N values of three species of macroalgae (4.3-13.6‰) were enriched compared to the water column

(δ15N-NO3

-

 3.7 - 6.8‰), probably as a result of fractioning from the macroalgae. On the other hand δ15N of POM

(1.4 - 10.3‰) showed no statistical differences with the water column signal, but the relationship was unclear.

Macroalgae showed different δ15N values depending on site, which can be explained by the variations in the

proportions of N inputs for each contributor of the associated watershed, the different chemical species of N in

these sources and macroalgae species, probably because of their physiological differences. Macroalgal δ15N
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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values adjacent to extensive agriculture and urban areas ranged from 2.0 to 3.5‰ and 9.5 to 13.1‰, respectively,

implying that agricultural and sewage N drives the wide-spread macroalgae blooms in these coastal lagoons.

209

INTRAESPECIFIC VARIATION IN Gracilaria birdiae (GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA): COLOR 

INHERITANCE AND PIGMENT CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO COLOR STRAINS

Plastino EM and Costa VL

Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. emplasti@usp.br

Previous reports have shown the importance of laboratory studies to improve mariculture. In Brazil, many

attempts of macroalgal mariculture have failed and one of the reasons would be the absence of previous studies

in control conditions. In laboratory, different culture conditions are available and can lead to knowledge of the

tolerance limits of a species. Moreover, laboratory techniques allow strain selection with desirable characteristics

such as higher growth rates, better quality and quantity of phycocolloids, and/or better nutrient composition for

food. In our laboratory, we have studied different species of Gracilaria, including the most important marine red

algae exploited for the production of agar in Brazil, G. birdiae Plastino & E.C. Oliveira. Different color strains have

been isolated and physiologically characterized. They arose spontaneously in culture or were collected from

natural populations. Crosses were performed to determine the mode of color inheritance. We present the pigment

characterization and the inheritance studies of two color strains. Recessive nuclear inheritance was found in the

brown-green strain and cytoplasmatic maternal inheritance was found in the green strain; both had lower

contents of phycobiliproteins than the wild-type (red strain). Chlorophyll-a contents were similar among strains.

The global analyses of these results have provided information about the intraespecific diversity, which is an

essential step when one intends to preserve or manage a species. Furthermore, these results have been essential

to select strains to be tested in experimental sea cultivation.

282

PRIMARY SODIUM PUMPS IN MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE

Popova LG and Balnokin YV

K.A.Timiryazev Institute of plant physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow, 

127276, Russia.

All living cells inhabiting saline substrates exclude excess Na+ from the cytoplasm using variety of membrane

transport proteins localized to the plasma membrane and/or tonoplast. Presently, a wide diversity of primary

sodium ion translocating enzymes operating in the cell membranes has been described for representatives of all

three life domains: Eucaryota, Bacteria and Archaea. In eukaryotes, Na+-translocating ATPases of the P-type

resided in plasma membranes mediate active sodium export from the cells. The Na+,K+-ATPase of mammalian

cells was the first to be investigated and most extensively studied representative of this class of ATPases. More

recently, Na+-translocating ATPase of P-type was also discovered in fungi. In halotolerant plants and algae the

existence of a primary Na+-transporter was debated for a long time. Nevertheless, during the last decade primary

Na+-pumps, Na+-ATPases, have been found in two marine unicellular alga species belonging to the kingdom

Plantae, Tetraselmis (Platymonas) viridis (Balnokin et al., 1997) and Dunaliella maritima. The experiments on the

Na+-ATPases functional identification were performed using inverted plasma membrane (PM) vesicles isolated

from these alga species. We demonstrated that the PM vesicles were able to accumulate Na+ in an ATP-dependent

and H+-independent manner.This fact supports the idea that the primary Na+-pumps, Na+-ATPases function in the

PM of these organisms. Both ATPases shares common traits, namely: they are electrogenic pumps belonging to

the family of P-type ATPases and possess the optima at pH 7.5 - 8.0. Ecophysiological relevance of these enzymes

for alga surviving under salt conditions is under discussion.
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238

ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF THE CELL WALLS ISOLATED FROM Phyllophora crispa 

(HUDSON) P.S. DIXON (=Ph. NERVOSA (DC.) GREV.) (GIGARTINALES, RHODOPHYTA)

Popova NI1, Meychik NR, Yermakov IP and Kamnev AN

meychik@mail.ru

Ion-exchange properties and swelling capacity of cell walls from thalii red seaweeds were investigated by the

potentiometric method. The thalli of Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S. Dixon collected at northeastern part of

Black sea (capes Maliy and Bolshoy Utrish) and peninsula the Crimea in July 2008-2009. Thalii examples were

collected at a depth of 4.5 and 8 meters with using underwater equipment. The ion-exchange capacity and the

swelling coefficient of the red alga cell walls ware estimated at various pH values (from 2 to 12) and at constant

ionic strength of a solution (10 mM NaCl). To analyse the polysigmoid titration curves, the Gregor’s equation was

employed. It was shown that the Gregor’s model fits well the experimental data. The total amount of the cation

exchange and the anion exchange groups were determined in the cell walls. The amount of the functional group

of each type was estimated, and the corresponding values of pKa were calculated. It was found that there are 2

cation-exchange groups and one anion exchange group (amine group) in red algae cell wall. It can be assumed

that ionogenic groups with pKa ~ 5 are carboxyl groups of uronic acid, and ionogenic groups with pKa ~ 7.5 are

carboxyl groups of proteins. It was shown that the swelling of the cell walls does not change with pH. The results

reveal that the ion-exchange properties of the cell wall strongly depend on growth depth. This work is supported

by the Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research (Grant No. 08-04-01398).

112

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY FROM SEAWEEDS – A REVIEW

Rebours C1, Novoa-Garrido M1 and Pang SJ2

1Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Arctic Agriculture and Land Use 

Division, Torggården, 8049 Bodø, Norway. 2Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, 

Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China. celine.rebours@bioforsk.no

Worldwide antibiotics are used for treatments of bacterial diseases, and for non-therapeutic purposes such as

growth promoters. Frequent use of antibiotics has been shown to result in the development of antibiotic resistant

bacteria, and to exert acute and chronic ecological effects on non-targeted organisms and the European Union

banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in 2006. Norway aims to produce 15% of its food production

under organic certification that prohibits antibiotic use by 2015. There is therefore an urgent need to identify

alternative technologies that reduce or replace the antibiotics currently used in agriculture and aquaculture.

Seaweeds have shown antibacterial effects on diverse pathogens, especially Gram-positive bacteria, although their

mechanism of action is yet to be established in most cases. Diverse in vivo studies with seaweeds show reduced

amount of intestinal Escherichia coli, decreased pH of rumen fluid and alteration of the fermentation pattern in

the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. Seaweeds also exhibit antibacterial effects that reduce the virulence of fish

pathogens, and biofilm formation. For example, the red alga Grateloupia turuturu has been reported to turn

Vibrio parahaemoluticus into non-culturable state in live culture and hampers the bacterial settlement. The

identification and development of antimicrobial activity in seaweeds may have significant economic potential for

both the agriculture and aquaculture industries in Norway and worldwide. This review will present a list of

seaweeds with known antibacterial activity and some of the mechanisms of the use of seaweeds as prebiotics will

been examined both in aquaculture and agriculture.

207

Gelidium galapagense TAYLOR IS A SPECIES CONFIRMED TO THE MEXICAN TROPICAL PACIFIC 

COAST

Rodríguez D, Ponce-Márquez ME and López N

maedithpm@ciencias.unam.mx

In seaweeds species records for the tropical Mexican Pacific, Gelidium galapagense has been mentioned only

three times over the past 30 years and according to the latest revision this species has remained as a doubtful
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record. This study presents evidences that this species is in Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico. This work includes a

morphological analysis, a kariotype determination, and the chromosomes description applying the usual stain

and squashed techniques. The RAPDs-PCR technique was used for the molecular identification and

characterization of this species. Bands-sharing analysis was carried out following Nei and Li Similarity Coefficient.

Besides, the RuBisCo intergenic spacer region was amplified by the PCR technique and compared among different

species. The results include a taxon description; the kariotype showing spherical chromosomes, with 2n=4. Also

differences were observed in fragmentation pattern of DNA respect other species just like that with the intergen

RuBisCo, but showing closer relationships with G. sclerophyllum.

27

DIAGNOSING CHARACTERS IN Amphiroa (CORALLINALES) AND THE GENUS DIVERSITY 

EVALUATION IN THE AZORES

Rosas-Alquicira EF1,2, Riosmena-Rodríguez R3and Neto AI1

1CIIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 

289 - 4050-123 Porto, Portugal, 2CIRN (Centro de Investigação de Recursos Naturais), Universidade dos Açores, 

Rua Mãe de Deus 58, Apart. 1422, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Açores, Portugal, 3Programa de 

Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California 

Sur, Km. 5.5 Carretera. al Sur. Apdo. Postal 19-B. C.P. 23080 México. aneto@uac.pt

A critical review of the published characters used in species diagnosis within the genus Amphiroa (Corallinales,

Rhodophyta) and an evaluation of the diversity of this genus in the Azores were made based on detailed

morphological and anatomical studies of vegetative and reproductive characters and comparisons with published

information. Morphological and anatomical features selected as diagnosing characters to delimit species of

Amphiroa include shape of the thallus, branching origin, the apical intergenicula in cross section, number of cell

tiers per mature geniculum, and pattern of long vs. short intergenicular tiers of cells. A. beauvoisii Lamouroux, A.

cryptarthrodia Zanardini and A. fragilissima (Linnaeus) Lamouroux were confirmed to occur in the Azores. A

morphological and anatomical account is provided for the three species and comparisons established with type

material and material from other regions.

334

GROWTH EVALUATION OF RED ABALONE (Haliotis rufescens) CULTURE UNDER NATURAL 

CONDITIONS INSIDE A COASTAL LAGOON AND FEED WITH DIFFERENT SEAWEED DIETS 

Ruiz-Gómez A1, Guzmán-Calderón JM2, Hernández-Garibay, E1,2,3 and Zertuche-González JA2

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, 

CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México. 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma 

de Baja California Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México. 3Centro 

Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Ensenada. Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, Carretera Tijuana Km 97.5 CP 

22760, El Sauzal de Rodríguez, Ensenada, B.C. México

Red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) was culture under natural conditions inside Bahía San Quintin, a coastal lagoon

off the temperate Mexican Pacific. Animals were fed using three of the most abundant species in the lagoon.

Seaweeds were provided as mono- and mixed diets. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of

culturing red abalone inside this coastal lagoon and determine the best diet for growth. The species used were:

Ulva lactuca (Ul), Eisenia arborea (Ei) and Chondracanthus pectinatus (Ch). Seven different diet treatments were

evaluate: (I: Ch); (II: Ch + Ul); (III: Ei); (IV: Ei + Ul); (V: Ul); (VI:Ch + Ei) and (VII: Ch + Ei + Ul) each with three

replicates. The experiment began with 500 organisms with initial shell size of 26.24±2.62 mm and average

weight 1.26 ± 0.5 g. For each treatment 23 abalones (n=23) were placed in 20 L containers maintained near the

surface. The abalones were feed once a week and the weight and size was recorded monthly during 6 months. In

order to evaluate the composition of the feed, each week, samples of the seaweeds used in the experiment, were

kept for proximal analysis. The best growth resulted with the treatment IV (Ei + Ul) and III (Ei). Abalones reached

30.9 ± 6.35 mm shell size weight of 4.4 ± 2.53 g and 33.3 ± 3.56 mm shell size, 4.33 ±1.41 g weight

respectively. The best growth obtained coincided with the higher protein content of the seaweeds used. 
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153

LIPID CLASSES, FATTY ACIDS, AND STEROLS OF DOMINANT MARINE FLORA SPECIES IN 

THE WESTERN COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA PENINSULA, MEXICO

Reza-Sánchez M, Palacios-Mechetnov E and Serviere-Zaragoza E

Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR). Mar Bermejo 195. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La 

Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico. serviere04@cibnor.mx

Lipid classes, fatty acids, and sterol composition of green (Ulva lactuca), brown (Eisenia arborea, Macrocystis

pyrifera), and red algae (Gelidium robustum) and one seagrass (Phyllospadix torreyi) from the western coast of

Baja California peninsula, Mexico were analyzed. Large quantities of polar lipids (more than 70%), followed by

monoglycerides were detected in most species, with the exception of E. arborea, that only had 58% of polar lipids

but 8% of tryacilglycerides. Free fatty acids differed significantly among species, with a high proportion in G.

robustum, E. arborea and U. lactuca, and almost undetected levels in M. pyrifera and P. torreyi. The fatty acid

composition in phospholipids was typical of each division, with the brown algae showing no 22:6n-3 but a high

proportion of 20:4n-6 (9-18%) and 18:4n-3 (7-11%), while the other divisions had less than 3% of 20:4n-6 or

18:4n-3. The green algae and the seagrass had 18:0 dimethylacetal, which was not detected in the other algae. All

species had abundant 16:0. The composition of fatty acids in the acylglycerides differed from phospholipids, with

a higher proportion of 20:4n-6 except in green algae and seagreass. G. robustum had more than 20% of 20:5n-3.

The sterol composition differed among the analyzed algae, with G. robustum presenting as the major sterol

cholesterol. Brown algae had mostly β-sitosterol + fucosterol, while U. lactuca had more aprox. 50% of cholesterol

followed by isofucosterol, while the seagrass had a similar proportion of cholesterol, β-sitosterol + fucosterol and

brasicasterol. Finally, the comparison between fresh and lyophilized samples showed significant differences in

lipid classes, with lesser quantities in lyophilized samples in most species, with the exception of E. arborea. It was

concluded that fresh samples should be used when analyzing lipids in macroalgae.

56

CULTURE OF Ulva sp AN ALTERNATIVE FOR FOOD WHITE SHRIMP IN LA PAZ, B.C.S

Sánchez Rodríguez I, Casas Valdez M, Sánchez A and Contreras-Holguin M

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, col. Playa Palo de Santa 

Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur. isrnacho@hotmail.com, isanchez@ipn.mx

Due to the high density of growth of the algae green, Ulva sp. (Enteromorpha sp) has been necessary to use them

for human consumption, animals, and in the diets of shrimp post- larvae remain susceptible to cultivation. This

seaweed has a large global market demand for high protein content (25-40%), minerals, calcium, phosphorus,

fatty acids Ω 3 and Ω 6. The culture of Ulva sp inoculums using artificial substrate (clay-tiles) in 4 aquariums with

indirect light and constant aeration, allowed monitor its growth, as well as salinity, pH, environmental and water

temperature, oxygen and nutrients. After 3 weeks, a dozen juvenile white shrimp were placed in one-aquarium.

This species of seaweed were selected for cultivation in the laboratory according the following criteria. (1) High

nutritional value of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins to properly feed shrimp postlarval; (2) Algae growth is

controlled and simple in controlled environment (aquarium); (3) easy digested by the shrimp post- larvae; y (4)

Nutrients need a medium to encourage them. The results of environmental variables were environmental

temperature between 22°C - 30°C, water temperature had interval between 21°C at 26°C, salinity between 35 to 44

ppm, oxygen concentration 79% to 96%, pH was stable with 8.2 to 8.4. The nutrients concentrations were 68 mM

for nitrates and 0.64 mM for phosphates. The growth of Ulva sp was from 0.1 to 2 cm each week. The digestive

tract in white shrimp presenting a greenish color due to food consumed, in this case Ulva sp.
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80

COMMUNITY OF EPIPHYTES ON Sargassum sinicola (FUCALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN 

MAGDALENA ISLANDS

Sánchez-Rodríguez I1, Mateo-Cid LE2 and Rodríguez-Montesinos YE1

1Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN, Apdo. Postal 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México 23000, 

2Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación 

de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Santo Tomás, México, D.F., 11340. isanchez@ipn.mx

Epiphytic algae seasonal variation on the brown macroalgae Sargassum sinicola (Phaeophyceae) at Margarita and

Magdalena Islands, Baja California Sur, México was studied. The sampled were collected in six sites during 1987

and 1988. We found 54 epiphytic algae, of these 43 are Rhodophyta (79.6%), 6 Phaeophyceae (11.1%) and 5

Chlorophyta (9.2%). The order Ceramiales was represented with 31 taxa. Ceramium and Polysiphonia were genera

with more species. The Sargassum sinicola thallus had the highest number (36) of epiphytic species for winter;

this coincides with decline of populations of Sargassum sinicola and the decrease in water temperature. In this

work was founded a greater number of epiphytes in Margarita and Magdalena Island’s.

297

GROWTH, REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS, AND PROXIMAL COMPOSITION OF THE 

CYANOBACTERIUM Geitlerinema lemmermannii

Sánchez-Alejandro FG and Sánchez-Saavedra MP

Departamento de Acuicultura, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE). 

Carretera Ensenada – Tijuana Número 3918. Zona Playitas. Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860 México. 

psanchez@cicese.mx

Geitlerinema lemmermannii (Cyanophyceae) is a cosmopolitan species highly adapted to different environmental

conditions, and is common in eutrophic ecosystems. To evaluate the growth rate, proximal composition, and

nutrient use of G. lemmermanii in eutrophic ecosystems it was cultivated in a artificial wastewater medium. The

artificial wastewater medium was made with two different nutrient concentrations (F and 2F). The cultures were

made in batches in triplicate and maintained under white light, 110 μE m-2 s-1, and 24.4 ± 0.5  ̊C for 168 h.

Geitlerinema lemmermannii showed similar maximum growth rates (μmax) in either medium at the end of the

experiment for F (0.15 ± 0.08) and 2F (0.09 ± 0.02). The removal of orthophosphates was more efficient in the F

(91%) than in the 2F (64%) medium at 96 h. The nitrate removal was 6.8% in the F medium at 24 h and 19.3% in the

324

THE SULPHATED POLYSACCHARIDES, λ-CARRAGEENAN AND Ι-CARRAGEENAN, 

DIFFERENTIALLY ALTER A MODEL PLANT’S (Arabidopsis thaliana) RESISTANCE TO 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sangha JS1, Ravichandran S1, Prithiviraj K1, Critchley AT2 and Prithiviraj B1

1Department of Plant and Animal Science, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, PO Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, 

Canada; 2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1X8, Canada.

The effect of the macroalgal polysaccharides I- and λ-carrageenan (differing levels of sulphation), were examined

on the resistance of the model plant Arabidopsis to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Pre-treatment of Arabidopsis with highly sulfated λ-carrageenan induced resistance to S. sclerotiorum resulting in

smaller leaf lesions; by contrast, the less-sulfated I-carrageenan enhanced susceptibility. λ-carrageenan induced

resistance correlated with increased expression of jasmonic acid related genes AOS, PDF1.2, PR3 and as well as

glucosinolate biosynthetic genes, CYP83B1 and OBP2. Further, treatments with λ-carrageenan reduced the

concentration of the fungal virulence factor, oxalic acid (OA), in planta and also resulted in an increase in oxalate

oxidase activity. λ-carrageenan also induced resistance in the salicylic acid deficient Arabidopsis mutant ics1, but

only partially rescued susceptibility of jar1plants. The difference in the bioactivity of carrageenans is due, at least

part, to differences in the degree of sulphation of the polysaccharide.
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323

LAMBDA (λ) CARRAGEENAN REDUCES TOMATO CHLOROTIC DWARF VIROID (TCDVD) 

REPLICATION AND SYMPTOM EXPRESSION.

Sangha JS1, Singh RP1, Critchley AT2 and Prithiviraj B1

1Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, 58 River Road, Truro, B2N5E3, 

Canada, 2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1X8, Canada.

Some members of the genus Pospiviroid have a wide host-range that causes significant economic losses in crops

like tomato and potato. We tested the effect of commercial extract of a brown marcroalga, Ascophyllum nodosum

(ANE) and commercial sources of sulfated polysaccharide carrageenans isolated from red macroalgae on Tomato

chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) replication and symptom expression in the tomato variety ‘Sheyenne’. Three week

old tomato seedlings were spray-treated with ANE (1g/L, w/v), three carrageenans [iota (i), lambda (λ), and kappa

(k)] (1g/L) and inoculated with TCDVd 48 h after spray treatment. The test plants were monitored for symptom

development until maturity and leaf tissue was collected at weekly intervals to monitor the viroid by RT-PCR using

viroid specific primers. Pre-treatment of tomato plants with λ-carrageenan significantly reduced symptom

expression eight weeks after inoculation. The characteristic “bunchy-top” symptom was observed in 25% of the

λ-carrageenan treated plants as compared to 83% in the untreated controls. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of

TCDVd transcripts in diseased plants, which were absent in the healthy plants. A reduction in viroid

concentrations was observed when infected shoots were incubated in a solution of λ-carrageenan while the viroid

concentration slightly increased in the i-carrageenan treatment during the same period. Taken together, the

results suggest that λ-carrageenan is a potential inducer of resistance in tomato plants against TCDVd.

261

VARIATIONS IN SEAWEED GROWTH AND CARRAGEENAN CONTENT OF DIFFERENT 

Kappaphycus STRAINS AS AFFECTED BY SEASONALITY AND DURATION OF CULTURE

Seguimbraud C1, Hurtado AQ2, Joe M3, Lampin T1, Bleicher-Lhonneur G1 and Mazoyer J1

1Cargill Texturizing Solutions, 50500 Baupte, France.2Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries 

Development Center, Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021 Philippines. 3Kasangyangan Nursery Seaweed Enterprise, Arena 

Blanco, Zamboanga City 7000, Philippines. clementine_seguimbraud@cargill.com

Three color morphotypes of K. alvarezii and two color morphotypes of K. striatum have been investigated in

Zamboanga City, Philippines, in terms of cultivation growth, production and carrageenan content and quality.

Daily growth rate, production and carrageenan properties were assessed based from color morphotypes, duration

of culture (30, 45 and 60 days) and seasonality. The environmental conditions (temperature and salinity) and the

perennial occurrence of typhoons greatly affected the seasonality of the cultivars tested. Though results of the

present study have missing data due to unstable weather, it was evident that the different color morphotypes of

tambalang grew faster and produced a heavier biomass than the sacol ones. It is demonstrated further in the

present study that tambalang purple is a highly acceptable morphotype for massive expansion since it showed

the highest growth rate and production. The 45-60 day culture period yielded heavier biomass, which induced

losses due to thallus breakage, but lower growth rate. This study showed that tambalang and sacol morphotypes

demonstrated similar carrageenan yield and quality. Generally, carrageenan yield increased with duration of

culture and the highest viscosities were measured for 60-day duration of culture. Results of this study describe

the influence of cultivation parameters on several color morphotypes of Kappaphycus which may help farmers in

farming management.
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24

Laminaria Lamouroux AND Saccharina Stackhouse (LAMINARIALES,PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM 

THE RUSSIAN PACIFIC COAST

Selivanova ON 

Kamchatka Branch of Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 

683000, Petropavlovsk-Kamchtaskii, Russia, oselivanova@mail.ru

Algae of the order Laminariales represent main seaweed resource of Russia. Most important are the species

formerly placed in Laminaria Lamoroux. However taxonomic revision of this genus and resurrection of

Saccharina Stackhouse based on phylogenetic studies resulted in transfer of major part of the Far Eastern

Laminaria species to Saccharina that now includes 10 species. Taxonomic status of the remaining Laminaria

species was unchanged: Laminaria longipes Bory, L. solidungula J. Agardh, L. yezoensis Miyabe, their placement

within this genus supported by genetic studies. Three endemic species from the Sea of Okhotsk were also left in

Laminaria: L. appressirhiza Petrov et Vozzhinskaya, L. inclinatorhiza Petrov et Vozzhinskaya, L. multiplicata

Petrov et Suchoveeva. However their status remains uncertain because they were unstudied genetically.

Presumably these species should be attributed to Saccharina. The reason is that all studied Far Eastern species of

Saccharina possess haptera in the form of rhizoids, whereas members of Laminaria have disk-like holdfasts (L.

solidungula, L. yezoensis), or creeping haptera (rhizomes) (L. longipes). The species from the Sea of Okhotsk have

rhizoids, so they most probably belong to Saccharina. Consequently there are only three true Laminaria species

at the Russian Pacific coasts. This morphological criterion is inapplicable to Atlantic Laminaria since the type

species of the genus L. digitata (Hudson) Lamouroux has rhizoidal system.

228

BIOTECMAR: BIOTECHNOLOGICAL EXPLOITATION OF MARINE PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS

Soler-Vila A and Kraan S

Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, Ireland. annasolervila@yahoo.com.

www.biotecmar.eu

Marine biological resources such as seaweeds, fish and shellfish products, by-products and extracts are sources

of valuable ingredients and bioactive molecules. Marine resources from fisheries, aquaculture and seaweed

harvesting sectors generate important direct and indirect economic activities. These sectors produce a large

amount of waste and by-products, which should be considered as raw materials for the production of valuable

ingredients for food, animal and human nutrition, cosmetics and health. The main objective of Biotecmar is to set

up and incorporate a fully integrated chain for the production of value added compounds derived from the

Atlantic Marine resources. Biotecmar's overall aim is to help the companies of the Atlantic Area (which are mainly

SMEs) to take advantage of the use of modern biotechnological tools and contribute to a diversification of the

activities derived from marine biomass exploitation within the strict framework of sustainable management of

marine natural sources. A three years action plan (2009-2011) will include: Identification and quantification of

marine by-products; training sessions, practical workshops; creation of a database of marine stakeholders;

cooperation between labs and SMEs/industry and SMEs support for launching innovative projects. This project is

co-financed with the support of the European Union ERDF, Atlantic Area Programme.

236

MACROALGAE FOR ABALONE CULTURE IN EUROPE (SUDEVAB)

Soler-Vila A and Kraan S

Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, Ireland. annasolervila@yahoo.com

www.sudevab.eu

Haliotis tuberculata, the European abalone, is a herbivorous gastropod with juveniles and adults grazing mainly

on drifting macroalgae. Due to an abundance of macroalgae on the shores of Western Europe, farmed abalone are

usually fed fresh macroalgae, the quality and abundance varying according to season. Various macroalgae in the

European seascape could provide their nutritional requierements such as Palmaria palmata, Ulva lactuca and

Laminaria digitata, however their usage will be determined by their availability and harvesting cost. SUDEVAB

(SUstainable DEVelopment of European SMEs engaged in ABalone aquaculture) brings together the main
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producing SMEs and leading RTD providers from the abalone aquaculture sector in Europe, for a project that will

have a significant impact on developing sustainable abalone aquaculture in Europe. The core of the research work

of SUDEVAB is aimed at solving the main technical problems encountered by abalone growers in Europe in the

areas of: pathology, genetics, nutrition and sustainable culture technology. Other areas that will be addressed

include legislation, hygiene and food safety together with marketing issues. SUDEVAB is funded by the financial

support of the Commission of the European Communities under the EC's (FP7, 2007-2013) in the grant-funded

Capacities Programme — Research for the Benefit of Specific Groups (in particular SMEs). The project runs from

June 2008 to December 2010.

54

EFFECTS OF FOOD AND INITIAL SIZE ON SURVIVAL AND SOMATIC GROWTH OF JUVENILES OF 

THE PURPLE URCHIN, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: A LABORATORY EXPERIMENTAL 

APPROACH

Sonnenholzner J1, Montaño-Moctezuma G2, Salas-Garza A2 and Searcy-Bernal R2

1Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, 2Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja 

California, AP# 453, CP 22800,Ensenada, Baja California, México. jorge.sonnenholzner@gmail.com

Recently recruited urchins from the same brood, but with different initial average sizes may respond different to

similar environmental factors. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of starvation and food availability (in

amount and type of algae) on the survivorship, growth rates (in size and weight) and gonad index of juvenile

purple urchins. Two independent experiments were performed. In the first experiment, the urchins were fed ad

libitum with Egregia menziesii for 22 weeks and for 1 d mo-1 during 22 wk. In the second experiment, the urchins

were fed ad libitum different diets: E. menziesii (E), Bosiella spp (B), Phyllospadix scouleri (P), and all algae species

together (EBP). In both experiments, each treatment was applied to small (7.5± 0.5 mm) and large urchins (13.5 ±

0.4 mm). Under abundant food availability, small urchins grew faster (1.3 ± 1.2 mm mo-1) and attained larger final

sizes than large urchins (27.5 ± 1.7 mm). Under low food availability, mortality was high (70%), and gonad grow

was negligible in small urchins. The best food quality for increase in size, weight and gonad index was E.

menziesii. Urchins fed P. scouleri decreased sharply in size and weight. Our results provide insights about the

effect of a relative shortage of food (in amount and quality) in growth rates, final size and gonad index of urchins

less than one year of age.

157

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THE CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM FOUR RED SEAWEED SPECIES OF 

Laurencia

Stein EM1, Colepicolo P2 and Fujii MT3

1Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/Brazil, 2Departamento 

de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo/Brazil, 3Seção de Ficologia, 

Instituto de Botânica, 01061-970, São Paulo/Brazil. erikastein18@yahoo.com.br

Currently, multiple drug resistance in human pathogenic microorganism have been developed due to

indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs, commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases.

This situation forces the searching for new, more specific and better adapted antimicrobial substances. The

marine environment constitutes vast potential source of new bioactive molecules. The genus Laurencia is known

to produce interesting active metabolites which possess important pharmacological potential. Laurencia

aldingensis (LA), Laurencia catarinensis (LC), Laurencia filiformis (LF) and Laurencia intricata (LI) were collected

in Espírito Santo State/Brasil. The dried materials were extracted with hexane, chloroform, methanol and water,

subsequently. Three strains of fungal pathogens Candida albicans (CA), Candida parapsilosis (CP) and

Cryptococcus neoformans (CN) were used in the experiment. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the

plant extracts were performed in the 96-well plates by serial dilution method in RPMI Medium 1640 according to

the NCCLS. Microbial growth was determined by absorbance at 492nm. Minimum fungicidal concentrations

(MFCs) were determined by subculturing 10μL from each well in Sabouraud Agar. MIC of LF-EC and LF-EM were

31.25μg/mL for CA and the MFC of LC-EC were 1000μg/mL for CA and CN. MICs of LA-EH were 250μg/mL for CA,

125μg/mL for CN and the MFC were 125μg/mL for CP. MFC of LA-EC were 125 μg/mL for CP and MIC 125μg/mL

for CN. Our results suggest that apolar extracts of Laurencia species possess antifungal properties that should be

explored to be used as agents in new drugs for therapy of infectious diseases.
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113

SEASONAL VARIATION IN NITROGEN POOLS FROM TWO HIGH LATITUDE, RED ALGAL SPECIES

Stekoll MS1, Buckley C2 and Mapes A1

1University of Alaska Southeast, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK USA 99801, 2Molec.Bioscience & 

Bioengineering, Center of Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa. msstekoll@alaska.edu

Seaweeds may play an important role in nutrient recycling in the near shore marine environment by their ability to

efficiently uptake and store nitrogen. We investigated the seasonal variation of major nitrogen pools in two red

algal species: an annual, Palmaria mollis, and a perennial, Constantinea spp., near Juneau, Alaska. Samples were

collected from two intertidal sites in 2005 and 2008 over the spring and summer growing seasons. Thalli were

freeze dried, extracted and analyzed for total nitrogen, protein, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and chlorophyll

content in 2005 and for total protein in 2008. Seawater samples were collected from each site at the time of

sampling, as well as, water temperature and salinity. For Palmaria mollis, the levels of protein and total nitrogen

tracked together over the growing season. The highest levels of protein and total nitrogen occurred in early

spring (March – April). There was a marked decrease in protein and total nitrogen in late spring. Protein and total

nitrogen had peak values of approximately 20% and 5% of the dry weight, respectively. The protein to nitrogen

ratio was found to be 3.92 (R2 = 0.71). At higher nitrogen values, this relationship was not as strong (R2 = 0.05).

Phycoerythrin content values tracked with phycocyanin. The combined phycobilin concentrations peaked at 6.06

mg/g in early February and 6.44 mg/g in early April in 2005. Auke Bay Palmaria showed a pulse of high nitrogen

and protein levels in early April 2005, whereas, Sunshine Cove showed comparatively high levels from early

February to late April. For Constantinea spp. the protein levels increased from February to March and then leveled

off at about 7% dry weight. But total nitrogen over the same period decreased from 3.5 to 2.5%. The protein to

nitrogen ratio was quite variable over this time period. Further analysis of the amino acid content may help to

clarify the fate of nitrogen in these algae.

192

CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGAL EMISSIONS INVOLVED IN AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE 

IN WESTERN IRELAND

Stengel DB, Connan S, Zacharias M and Nitschke U

Botany, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway. dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

The impact of marine algae on the air-sea exchange of aerosols and ozone is generally recognized as significant,

but is poorly quantified. As main marine primary producers, algae play a key role in biogeochemical cycling in

coastal and off-shore waters, with their basic functions directly influenced by ambient, local and short-term

fluctuations, in environmental conditions. Recent research has focused on algal physiological and chemical

responses to climate change but algae-environment interactions are complex. In Atlantic waters, marine organic

aerosol mass enrichment follows a seasonal cycle linked to biological activity, and atmospheric aerosols such as

isoprene and alkyl halides previously measured near Mace Head, western Ireland, are thought to be linked to algal

biomass; particularly high concentrations in coastal areas suggest that macroalgae have an important role to play.

Also, emissions of iodocarbons and different forms of iodine, including I2, from brown macroalgae contribute to

the nucleation and production of new aerosol particles. Additionally, the release of algal metabolic (stress)

compounds into the water significantly contributes to the DOM pool, thus potentially contributing to marine

aerosol formation. Current research projects on the Irish west coast aim to characterize seaweed and

phytoplankton responses under different environmental scenarios and to evaluate the release (exudation and

emission) of organic compounds; impacts of PAR and UV, temperature and salinity on algal productivity and

emissions and exudation of organic compounds are measured under controlled laboratory experiments. Iodine

release (emission and discharge into water) from selected species of seaweeds exposed to different

environmental conditions is also being assessed. 
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128

A NEW SPECIES OF Laurencia FROM JAPAN

Suda M1, Abe T2 and Notoya M3

1Iwaki-Midorinomori High School, Iwaki, Fukushima 973-8403, Japan, 2The Hokkaido University Museum, 

Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan, 3Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Marine and Technology, Tokyo, 

108-8477, Japan. 

s-masahi@nexyzbb.ne.jp

A new species of Laurencia was found in Japan on the Pacific coast of Honshu (latitude 36°56 ́N,

longitude140°54 ́E). This species resembled Laurencia pinnata Yamada in its gross morphology: obviously flat

with pinnate branches and with a parallel type of tetrasporangia present. However, the formation of the terminal

stichidia of the L. pinnata sporophyte was relatively denser. In the new species, the terminal stichidia was less

sparse and wider at 615-923μm in width (360-640 μm width in L. pinnata). Furthermore, the tip of the terminal

stichidia of this species had forked or triple-forked branches and the tetrasporangia was larger with a diameter of

120-227μm (76-160 μm in L. pinnata). Compared to the longitudinal section, the terminal stichidia appeared

undulated on the surface. In the transverse section of the main branch, the side was some what sharp. Each

superficial cortical cell usually contained a corps en cerise, some times two. The corps en cerise in each superficial

cortical cell of the main branch of the tetrasporophyte was 10-16 μm in diameter (14-22 μm in L. pinnata). The

cystocarp of this species was ovoid and was 700-1240 μm in diameter (500-1000 μm in L. pinnata,). Furthermore,

the terminal stichidia of the carposprophyte of this species was wide at 666-1166 μm in width (400-1060 μm in L.

pinnata).

85

EVALUATION OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE PLANTS OF 

Cladosiphon okamuranus TOKIDA (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM SEVERAL COASTS OF THE OKINAWA 

ISLANDS

Sudo Y1, Yamada S1 and Notoya M2

1Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries and Ocean Research Center, Nishizaki 1-3-1, Itoman, Okinawa, 901-0305, Japan, 

2Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan. 

sudouysk@pref.okinawa.lg.jp

Evaluation of the morphological characteristics of culture plants of Cladoshiphon okamuranus Tokida were

conducted on 16 samples obtained from the 7 cultivars collected on May 7 to 13, 2009 along the coasts of

Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The plant length, diameter of main and lateral branches, densities of produced lateral

branches (within 10 cm length), fracture intensity of the main and lateral branches, and color (b value*) of the

plants were measured as morphological indices. The observed variation of each index within the samples were as

follows: 11.2-41.7 cm in plant length, 1.5-2.9 mm in diameter for the main branch, 1.3-1.8 mm in diameter for

the lateral branch, 1.9-16.0 branches produced from the main branch, 10.9-16.3 N and 5.4-9.0 N in fracture

intensity of the main and lateral branches, respectively and 8.4-11.5 in color. Plants obtained from a cultivar from

an isolated northern island possess a plant length of 41.7(±13.5) cm, a main branch diameter of 2.9 (±0.5) mm

and a lateral branch diameter of 1.9 (±0.6) mm and was thereby considered to be a potential high-quality culture

plant. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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129

MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN Sargassum fulvellum (TURNER) C. AGARDH 

(PHAEOPHYCEAE, FUCALES) AT DIFFERENT GROWING DEPTHS ON THE COAST OF OKI 

ISLANDS, SHIMANE PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Suzuki H1, Hosoya R1, Yokochi K1, Hayashi Y2 and Notoya M1

1Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan, 2Okabe 

Company Limited, Narihira 3-14-4, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-002 Japan. haru_02072004@yahoo.co.jp

 Morphological differences on the various parts of Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh frond were observed

in the growing communities at water depths of 3, 7 and 14 m in Toyoda port, Ama, Oki Islands, Shimane

Prefecture from 17 July to 14 August, 2009. Total length, stem length and width, primary branches length and

number, life number, growing densities and clonal juvenile fronds were measured. The total frond length of 6-39

cm was observed. The growing densities of the communities at 3 m, 7 m and 14 m were observed at 62.4, 11.2

and 8.8 indiviuals/m2, respectively. The frequency distribution of fronds, primary branch length, stem diameter,

stem length and volume, total number of leaf and total leaf area of plants in the community gradually increase in

size as water depth increases. However, the mean area per leaf and the number of clonal juvenile fronds from the

mother plant at the deep water communities were found to be bigger than that in shallower water. 

11

THE LAMINARAN AND SULFATED FUCAN FROM Desmarestia distans (PHAEOPHYTA)

Torres R1, Mansilla A2 and Matsuhiro B1

1Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 

Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile, rtorresdelafuente@yahoo.es. 2Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos 

Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes 01885, Punta Arenas, Chile. Instituto de Ecologia y 

Biodiversidad, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile

The laminarans and the sulfated fucans are two important polysaccharides synthesized by brown seaweeds

(Phaeophyceae). Laminaran is a polysaccharide mainly composed of D-glucose residues linked β 1-3, it acts as

food reserve source. Sufated fucans are composed by substantial percentages of L-fucose and sulfate ester

groups. Sulfated fucans are responsible of cation exchange in a saline medium and the prevention of desiccation

in plants exposed by tides. Desmarestia distans (Phaeophyta) was collected in Reserva de Biosfera Cabo de

Hornos, Chile. Blades of Desmarestia distans were extracted with 3% CaCl2 solution affording a white solid with

30% of carbohydrate content. The extract was chromatographed on a Sephadex A-50 where two principal

fractions were obtained. The major fraction (33% of extract) was eluted with distilled water and the second

fraction (7.2% of extract) using 0.2M NaCl as eluant. The FT-IR spectrum of the major fraction showed a band at

890 cm-1 assigned to β configuration in the polysaccharide chain, indicating that the major fraction correspond to

laminaran. NMR analysis corroborated the results. The FT-IR spectrum of the second fraction showed a band at

817.5 cm-1 due to C-O-S vibration which corresponds to sulfate group linked to equatorial secondary alcoholic

group and a band at 928.6 cm-1 assigned to β configuration in the polysaccharide chain. Also a band was found

at 1622.8 cm-1 due to symmetric carboxylate group vibration. These results together with chemical analysis

indicated that the second fraction corresponds to a sulfated fucan containing uronic acids.
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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327

FUCOID FLORA OF THE ROCKY INTERTIDAL OF THE CANADIAN MARITIMES: IMPLICATIONS 

FOR THE FUTURE WITH RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE

Ugarte RA, Craigie JS1 and Critchley AT

Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, B3B1X8, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1Present address : 

National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, B3H 3Z1, 

NS, Canada

Fucoid species, particularly the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (rockweed), are key habitat formers and

energy producers, and their responses to climate change can have significant population, community and even

ecosystem consequences in the Canadian Maritime Provinces. From an economic point of view, these changes

could seriously affect a 50-year old seaweed industry that currently provides hundreds of jobs and injects millions

of dollars into the local economy. The objective of this poster is to outline the potential changes in the fucoid

flora of the Maritime Provinces that could result from the predicted increases in air and surface seawater

temperature due to future climate change. The predictions take into consideration the current biological and

ecological information of these species in the region. The work is part of a forthcoming publication edited by

(Israel, A., Einav, R. & Seckbach, J.): Seaweeds and Their Role in Globally Changing Environments. Springer

(Spring 2010).

231

SPATIAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN NITRATE UPTAKE AND NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY 

AMONG POPULATION OF Macrocystis pyrifera

Varela D1, Fernández P, Leal P and Maldonado M

1Centro imar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.

dvarela@ulagos.cl

Macrocystis pyrifera is distributed along Chilean coast from 37o S down to Patagonia (55o S). In the southern

part, its populations inhabiting at inner sea (channels and Fjords) have showed a clear seasonal behavior

regarding their density, fertility and recruitment. By contrast, populations growing in Pacific waves expose coast

have perennial-type life strategy. Environmental factor variations have been hypostatized to explain theses

differences. In this context, as Nitrate environmental availability could be particularly relevant the seasonal

strategy in algae, the present work attempt to describe the Nitrate intake physiology in these contrasting

populations. Considering this aim, Nitrate uptake and Nitrate Reductase (NR) activity were measured in plants

collected, from inner sea (from Bahía Metri and Estero Huito) and expose coast (from Pucatrihue and Bahía Mansa)

populations. Additionally, Nitrate uptake and NR activity were measured in plants from these different

populations in different season, acclimated in laboratory at distinct temperatures (10o and 15o C). The results

make evident not only the seasonally variation, but also significant differences among population. However, the

differences observed in Nitrate uptake and NR activity were not all related with contrasting environment in which

the populations inhabits. Even more, the NR activity in acclimated plants evidences responses beyond

physiological plasticity, suggesting differential thermal adaptation among populations.

291

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF Macrocystis IN NORTHERN CHILE

Vega JMA and Vásquez JA1

1Departamento de Biología Marina, Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones CEAZA. Universidad Católica del 

Norte, Casilla 117 Coquimbo – CHILE. jvasquez@ucn.cl

Abundance and distributional patterns of brown seaweeds are highly dependent of local conditions.

Environmental factors such as nutrients and light, coastal topography, wave exposure, are keys on the

distribution and abundance of coastal bed of Macrocystis pyrifera in northern Chile. To test this hypothesis, tree

different exposed and shelter beds were monthly sampled between 2000-2004. Water temperature, nutrient,

density of juvenile and adult sporophytes, plant growth and reproductive phenology were measured in each study

site. Density, growth, and recruitment are more variable in time, in contrast with the spatial variability of kelp
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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beds. Reproductive events occur all year round, with continuous and low density recruitment of juvenile

sporophytes. Exposed sites with high density of adult, shows hazardous high recruitment of juveniles plants. The

longevity of Macrocystis beds is higher in sheltered areas than protected ones. Growth rate and fronds production

varied between localities, mainly related with water temperature and nutrients availability. Although the local

variability of growth rate and fronds production, the population dynamics of Macrocystis show strong seasonal

patterns. This seasonal dynamics of Macrocystis beds in northern Chile would be modified by regional

oceanographic events as El Niño Southern Oscillation.

272

FEEDING PREFERENCES OF NATIVE INVERTEBRATE CONSUMERS FOR NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE 

SEAWEEDS IN BRAZILIAN WATERS

Vogt SC1, Pereira RC, Smith JR and Murray SN

SVAlgae@yahoo.com

Non-indigenous species (NIS) are threats to global biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Numerous NIS of

seaweeds have been established on rocky shores, yet little is known about their interactions with native

organisms, including the role these seaweeds play in local food webs. Based on the enemy release hypothesis,

native consumers might feed less intensely on NIS because of the absence of co-evolved predators in their new

habitats. In contrast, the biotic resistance hypothesis predicts that native consumers will feed preferentially on

introduced seaweeds, which lack co-evolved defenses to their new predators. The purpose of this research was to

examine the feeding preferences of native invertebrate consumers commonly found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,

waters for two morphologically and taxonomically similar pairs of native and non-native seaweeds: the non-native

Kappaphycus alvarezii, recently introduced for cultivation, paired with the native Hypnea musciformis, and the

exotic Caulerpa scapelliformis,paired with the native C. sertularioides. Five seaweed-eating invertebrates (the

seahare Aplysia juliana, the snail Astraea tecta, the urchins Echinometra lucunter and Lytechinus variegatus, and

the crab Pachygrapsus transversus) were offered native and non-native seaweed samples in two-choice laboratory

feeding bioassays. Differential consumption rates were compared with autogenic weight changes in control

replicates to determine food choice. A consistent pattern of choosing native or non-native seaweeds was not

revealed. Only two of the ten bioassays resulted in significant preferences (Lytechinus and Echinometra for C.

scapelliformis and Hypnea, respectively); two others (Aplysia for C. scapelliformis and Astraea for Kappaphycus)

showed trends towards preferential consumption of non-native seaweeds.

501

CULTIVATION OF SEAWEEDS IN CHINA

Wang FJ, Sun XT and Wang WJ

Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Qingdao 266071, China 

wangfj@ysfri.ac.cn

The cultivated and utilized seaweeds mainly include Laminaria, Undaria, Porphyra, Eucheuma, Gracilaria,

Gelidium, Sargassum and Macrocystis in China. In 2006, the commercial seaweed aquaculture production was

1,502,804 tons dry weight. In 2007, the yields of Laminaria, Undaria, Porphyra, Gracilaria are 775471, 140227,

90417, 99451 tons respectively. Laminaria culture laid a foundation for Chinese aquaculture industry. Since

summer Laminaria seedlings were successfully produced in cool water in glasshouse, Laminaria cultivation area

and yield have been wildly increased. Now Laminaria cultivate along seacoast from the north (Liaoning province)

to the south (Fujian province), with a total of about 41,000 ha cultivation area. Although Laminaria can’t

distribute in south part of China owing to high water temperature in summer, they are artificially cultivated in

Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces by adopting some techniques, such as technique for parent plant

maturing, technique for summer seedling production, technique for intermediate culture, technique for floatingraft cultivation. Now, 80% Laminaria is used for human food consumption, and about 20% Laminaria is used to

extract algin, iodine and mannitol for industry purposes. Laminaria also can polyculture with scallop or abalone,

even polyculture with Undaria or Gracilaria. Other commercial seaweeds productions are also adopted floatingraft culture method, similar to Laminaria’s. 
XX International Seaweed Symposium 

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172

CAN A CORALLINE ALGA SURVIVE IN ACIDIFIED SEAWATER IF NOT OVERGROWN?

Watanabe R and Fujita D

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Recent scenario of ocean acidification reminds us the importance of coralline algae as CO2 reserve because their

survivals are threatened by the low pH (pH 7.8-8.0 by 2100). Previous reports demonstrated the overgrowth by

non-calcareous algae was critical for the coralline survival but little is known on the response by corallines in the

low pH seawater. In the present study, an epiphytic Pneophyllum species attached on seagrass was used as a

‘model coralline’ to compare their growth rates in deep seawater (DSW, pumped from Toyama Bay, Sea of Japan,

pH 7.6), alkalized DSW (Al-DSW, pH 8.0), surface seawater (SSW) and modified Grund medium (MGM) at 15 and

20°C and MGM containing a quarter concentration of phosphate (MGM-1/4P, in which P. zostericola culture was

successful) at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C. Spores grew and formed circulate or fan-shaped discs bearing trichocytes in

every medium. Higher growth rates were obtained in DSW at 15°C and in Al-DSW at 20°C. Maturation occurred

after losing trichocytes in SSW, DSW and Al-DSW at 15 and 20°C though the thalli reduced the reddish color. These

results suggest that at least thePneophyllum species can survive in the low pH seawater. Furthermore, in spite of

low pH, DSW is a recommendable culture medium for the species.

266

Macrocystis IN CHILE: CULTURE EXPERIENCES IN ENDEMIC, IMPROVED AND INTERESPECIFIC VARIETIES IN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN COAST

Westermeier R, Patiño D, Murúa P and Muller DG

rwesterm@uach.cl

It was postulated that kelps of genus Macrocystis present in Chile: Macrocystis pyrifera L.C. Agardh and

Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, don ́t differ enough to be classified as different species, where those differences

are based only on morphological characters. To answer this question were realized intraspecific (Pyr-Pyr/Int-Int)

and interspecific (Pyr-Int) crosses of M. pyrifera and M. integrifolia varieties with their respective controls, which

were cultured under laboratory conditions and at sea, evaluating growth and morphological features (frond and

holdfast shape) in two locations, in northern and southern Chile. Statistical differences were detected in

laboratory grown among M. pyrifera, M. integrifolia and hybrids, which were maintained in cultivation at sea, with

a strong influence of culture location. As expected, M. integrifolia and M. pyrifera showed their best growth in

areas where they originated, reaching 1.92 m and 3.06 m in 4 months in long-line culture, respectively, with

biomasses of 2.0 kg thalli-1 and 4.77 kg thalli-1. In localities where there weren’t endemic, both species showed

high survivals but low productive parameters. Within the intraspecific Pyr-Pyr crosses, a highly productive variety

was obtained with 8.26 m and 11.1 kg thalli-1 in 5 months. In the other hand, Pyr-Int hybrid showed excellent

length and final biomass of 6.0 m and 7.07 kg thalli-1 in the north, and 3.18 m and 4.93 kg thalli-1 in the south,

at same culture time. Furthermore, the hybrids morphology was different, showing intermediate characteristics

from both species. Heterosis effect and the possibility that Macrocystis species are monospecific is discussed,

beside of its great potential in abalone and alginates industry.

143

INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF Gracilaria blodgettii HERVEY (RHODOPHYTA) FROM OKINAWA PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Yamada S1, Sudo Y1 and Notoya M2

1Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries and Ocearn Research Center, Nishizaki 1-3-1, Itoman, Okinawa, 901-0305 Japan, 

2Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan. 

yamadasn@pref.okinawa.lg.jp

Edible seaweed of the tetrasporophytes of Gracilariablodgettii Harvey was cultured at various nutrients (PES,

KW21, PC) and it concentration (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% in PES; 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200% in PC; 0, 10, 20, 40, 60,

80 and 100% in KW21), and temperatures (20oC, 25oC and 30oC) and photon flux density of 144 μmol m-2 s-1 to

observe its good growth conditions for mass culture. The good daily growth rate was obtained at 75% in PES,

150% in PC, and 20% in KW21 after 5-8 weeks of culture. The good growth was obtained at 25oC in each nutrient

of PES, KW21 and PC after 5-8 weeks of culture. Maturation of cultured tetrasporophyte was observed after 16, 17

and 28 days culture at 25oC, 30oC and 20oC under PES, respectively. Continuous liberation of tetraspores was

observed for 6 weeks at 25oC and 30oC under the nutrient of PES. The morphological differences were observed

with the kind and concentration of nutrient. From these results, it is considered that the condition of 25oC with

PES is good for mass culture of the tetrasporophyte of G. blodgettii.
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Abdala-Díaz RT...................................................... 111

Abdon-Naguit MR .................................................. 102

Abdulalian E ............................................................ 95

Abe T .................................................................... 154

Abela R.................................................................... 72

Abreu MH .................................................... 43, 86, 98

Acosta-Calderón JA ................................................ 111

Adams JS ................................................................. 43

Afify MR Abd El-Moneim......................................... 112

Aguila-Ramírez RN................................... 54, 114, 128

Aguilar-Franco M ................................................... 122

Aguilar-Mora F....................................................... 112

Aguilar-Perera A....................................................... 90

Aguilar-Rosas LE ...................................... 44, 112, 136

Aguilar-Rosas R ....................................... 44, 112, 136

Ahmed VU ............................................................... 45

Akrim DH................................................................. 44

Alarcon G .............................................................. 126

Ale MT................................................................... 113

Allard M................................................................. 113

Alonso JM .............................................................. 114

Alvarez Gonzales CA................................................ 69

Alveal K ................................................................... 46

Amador-Martínez MG............................................. 117

Amancio CE ............................................................. 83

Andreev I............................................................... 125

Ang PO Jr............................................................... 106

Anggadiredja JT....................................................... 44

Antoine N ................................................................ 69

Aparicio CT............................................................ 143

Ar Gall E ............................................................ 45, 57

Ara J .......................................................... 45, 59, 100

Arellano-García E ..................................................... 52

Arenas González A ................................................ 114

Aristizabal M ......................................................... 137

Arriagada P............................................................ 120

Arvizu-Higuera DL............................................ 63, 103

Ask E ..................................................................... 114

Assia NK.................................................................. 82

Audibert L ............................................................... 45

Ávila E ..................................................................... 45

Avila M ............................................................ 46, 135

Avila-Ortiz A .......................................................... 120

Ayala-Sánchez N .................................................... 104

Aylagas E............................................................... 115

Azevedo CAA......................................................... 118

Babelis G ................................................................. 82

Baer J..................................................................... 115

Bahena MAC ............................................................ 47

Bakken PA ............................................................... 47

Balart EF .................................................................. 78

Balnokin YV ................................................... 125, 145

Baptista-Rosas R ...................................................... 52

Barahona T ............................................................ 116

Barbaroux O ............................................................ 64

Barreto PLM ........................................................... 127

Barros GLGP........................................................... 118

Barufi JB............................................................. 47, 72

Basiuk VA .............................................................. 122

Batista de Vega G..................................................... 48

Baumberger R.......................................................... 73

Beardall J ................................................................. 89

Bedford B................................................................. 73

Beesk H ................................................................... 61

Belkacem M ............................................................. 82

Bellefleur Y ............................................................ 113

Belyea E................................................................... 55

Benitez R ................................................................. 85

Benítez-Pardo D....................................................... 63

Benkel B .................................................................. 91

Beristain P ............................................................. 126

Bhatnagar AK........................................................... 92

Bhattacharya D ........................................................ 41

Bixler HJ .................................................................. 41

Blanc N.................................................................... 45

Bleicher-Lhonneur G .............................................. 150

Blouin NA ................................................................ 41

Bobadilla M.............................................................. 66

Bohorquez CA ......................................................... 48

Bond S..................................................................... 57

Boneberg EM ........................................................... 72

Boo SM ...................................................... 73, 74, 142

Borlongan IAG ....................................................... 116

Borras Chavez R ...................................................... 49

Bouzon ZL ............................................................. 127

Boyne-Travis S ......................................................... 55

Bravo L .................................................................... 90

Brawley SH............................................................... 41

Brebion J.................................................................. 49

Breton F................................................................... 45

Briceño-Dominguez DR.......................................... 117

Broch OJ .................................................................. 50

Bruhn A ................................................................... 50

Buchholz B .............................................................. 65

Bucio, L ................................................................. 122

Buckley C............................................................... 153

Burridge L................................................................ 55

Buschmann AH .............. 43, 51, 66, 87, 117, 122, 143

Butler A ................................................................... 72

Cabello-Pasini A....................................................... 51

Cabrera JC ......................................... 66, 87, 117, 143

Cáceres JH ....................................................... 46, 135

Calderón C .............................................................. 75

Callejas S............................................................... 101

Index by author
XX International Seaweed Symposium

160

Calumpong HP .................................................52, 102

Calvo CC ..................................................................93

Camacho-Hadad O .................................................117

Camacho-Ibar V........................................................52

Campbell E...............................................................55

Candelaria C ....................................................75, 118

Cantera JR ................................................................85

Carbajal P...............................................................110

Cárdenas-Bautista D .................................................52

Carneiro MAA.........................................................118

Carpenter LJ .............................................................72

Carranco JME......................................................47, 93

Carrano CJ................................................................53

Carrillo-Domínguez S ...................................47, 54, 93

Carton RJ..................................................53, 119, 135

Casas-Valdez M....................................47, 54, 93, 148

Cassano V ......................................................115, 123

Castillo DRM ............................................................47

Castillo R ...............................................................110

Cave R....................................................................121

Cérantola S ..............................................................45

Cerezo AS ................................................................60

Cetz-Navarro NP...............................................89, 119

Chabrillón M ..........................................................111

Chan CX...................................................................41

Chávez-Sánchez T ....................................................55

Cheung PCK ...........................................................106

Cho GY.....................................................................73

Choi H-G ..................................................................71

Chopin TM .........................................................55, 84

Chou HN ..........................................................56, 106

Christie H.................................................................79

Chung IK..........................................................56, 131

Ciancia M .................................................................60

Civera-Cerecedo R ....................................................87

Coelho H..................................................................97

Colepicolo P ...........................................................152

Collado-Vides L ..........................................56, 57, 132

Conde-Álvarez R.......................................................60

Connan S .........................................................99, 153

Contreras L ....................................................101, 119

Contreras-Holguin M ..............................................148

Contreras-Sanchez WM.............................................69

Correa JA........................................................101, 119

Costa AB ................................................................118

Costa AH................................................................118

Costa R ....................................................................97

Costa VL ................................................................145

Craft CA.................................................................134

Craigie JS .........................................................42, 156

Critchley AT.... 91, 109, 116, 121, 131, 140, 149, 150, 

156

Cruz A, González L .................................................. 75

Dahl J....................................................................... 50

De Clerck O ........................................................... 102

De la Fuente L........................................................ 120

Deslandes E ............................................................. 57

Díaz-Larrea J .................................................. 115, 123

Díaz-Martínez S ..................................................... 120

Díaz-Rosas F.......................................................... 143

Díez I....................................................................... 58

Dion P...................................................................... 94

Diouris M................................................................. 57

Durcan J................................................................. 121

Edwards M........................................... 49, 58, 91, 128

Ehlers A ................................................................... 59

Ehteshamul-Haque S .................................. 45, 59, 100

Elias M................................................................... 109

Ellingsen IH.............................................................. 50

Encinas MV ............................................................ 116

Engelen AH............................................................ 108

Espinoza-Avalos J............................................. 89, 119

Estevez JM ............................................................... 60

Exadactylos A ........................................................ 109

Fan D..................................................................... 121

Faria GSM .............................................................. 127

Farías D ................................................. 120, 122, 126

Feiters MC ............................................................... 72

Felix MRL............................................................... 127

Feodorova TA ........................................................ 122

Fernández PV................................... 60, 122, 126, 156

Ferratto J ................................................................. 82

Ferret C ................................................................... 84

Figueroa FL.............................. 43, 47, 51, 60, 72, 111

Filion V .................................................................. 113

Floch JY ................................................................... 57

Flores D................................................................. 109

Flores MR............................................................... 101

Flores R ................................................... 51, 120, 122

Fonseca ALD.......................................................... 127

Forbord S................................................................. 61

Fournet I.................................................................. 57

Fourqurean J.......................................................... 132

Fragoso D.............................................................. 122

Freile-Pelegrín Y............................... 94, 124, 134, 137

Fujii MT ................................................. 115, 123, 152

Fujikawa Y ..................................................... 123, 132

Fujita D...................................................... 53, 61, 158

Furufuji S............................................................... 135

Gabrielson PW.................................................... 62, 77

Gachon CMM ................................................... 99, 109
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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Gajardo G .............................................................. 126

Gálvez-Télles A ...................................................... 132

Gamarra A ..................................................... 109, 110

Gao SQ .................................................................... 84

García M ................................................................ 124

García Reina G ....................................................... 137

Garcia-Jimenez P...................................................... 48

García-Lepe G ........................................................ 127

García-Mendoza E .............................................. 62, 83

García-Pagés E ....................................................... 144

García-Raymundo MJ................................................ 63

García-Ríos V ......................................................... 124

Genatulina A.......................................................... 125

Gerung GS ....................................................... 63, 108

Gil C ........................................................................ 72

Gil-Rodríguez MC........................................... 115, 123

Givernaud T............................................................. 64

Góes HG .................................................................. 64

Gomez G ............................................................... 126

Gómez-Pinchetti JL........................................... 72, 111

Gong YG................................................................ 129

González Acosta B ................................................. 114

González K .............................................................. 87

Gorostiaga JM .......................................................... 58

Goulard F................................................................. 57

Goya L ..................................................................... 90

Graczyk-Raczyñska MZ .......................................... 125

Graham MH ............................................... 64, 66, 139

Grevo G ................................................................... 69

Grolimund D............................................................ 72

Grossman AC........................................................... 41

Guerra G................................................................ 126

Guerra-Rivas G....................................................... 104

Guiry MD ................................................................. 90

Gutiérrez A.............................. 51, 115, 120, 122, 126

Gutierréz-Uribe JA.................................................. 128

Guzmán-Calderón JM ..................................... 127, 147

Hajime Y.................................................................. 69

Hammann M ............................................................ 65

Hanisak MD ............................................................. 66

Hanniffy D ......................................................... 65, 91

Harris LG ............................................................... 140

Hauchard D ............................................................. 45

Haya K..................................................................... 55

Hayashi L............................................................... 127

Hayashi Y ...................................................... 123, 155

Hellio C ................................................................. 114

Hennequart F........................................................... 49

Henríquez L............................................................. 66

Hepburn C............................................................... 89

Heredia A .............................................................. 122

Hernández Guerrero CJ.......................................... 114

Hernández-Carmona G... 63, 67, 92, 96, 100, 103, 117

Hernández-Contreras H ........................................... 54

Hernández-Garibay E ................................. 67, 92, 147

Hernández-González MC...................... 51, 66, 87, 117

Hernández-Guerrero C ...........................................128

Hernández-Llamas A ................................................87

Hernández-Reyes R ................................................122

Hiltz DA ...........................................91, 131, 134, 140

Hodges MD .......................................................91,121

Hommersand MH .....................................................68

Hondolero D ..........................................................128

Hosoya R................................................................155

Huamani S .............................................................109

Hughey JR ................................................................68

Huovinen P...............................................................51

Hupel M ...................................................................68

Hurd C .....................................................................89

Hurtado AQ......................................81, 109, 116, 150

Hwang EK.......................................................129, 142

Ignatova TA ...........................................................144

Inderdeep K .......................................................68, 92

Indy JR .....................................................................69

Jayaraj J............................................................69, 129

Jeffries SV ..............................................................139

Jeng J-M ...................................................................56

Ji X.........................................................................121

Jiang H...................................................................129

Jiang P .........................................................70, 75, 89

Jian-Yi Zhu .....................................................129, 130

Joe M .....................................................................150

John U......................................................................59

Johnson LE...............................................................70

Jorgensen P............................................................119

Kaas R......................................................................64

Kakita H.................................................................130

Kameya A...............................................................110

Kamishima H..........................................................130

Kamnev AN ............................................................146

Kang YH.................................................................131

Karez R ....................................................................65

Kashiyama Y ..........................................................107

Kawai Hiroshi.........................................................112

Kawakami F............................................................136

Kelly P....................................................................106

Khan W ..................................................................131

Kim H-S....................................................................84

Kim J........................................................................71

Kim JG......................................................................56

Kim KM ..................................................................142

Kim KY...............................................................58, 71

Kimura H .........................................................53, 119

Kinlan BP..................................................................64

Kirby CW..........................................................91, 121

Kirihara S .......................................................123, 132

Kitasato H ..............................................................136

Koike Y ....................................................................61

Korbee N................................................43, 47, 60, 72

Kostopoulou-Karadanelli MN ....................................99

Kraan S ....................................65, 72, 77, 90, 91, 151

Kroneck PMH ...........................................................72
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Kruse I ..................................................................... 59

Küpper FC.................................................... 53, 72, 99

Kusunoki F............................................................... 61

Kuwahara H ............................................................. 61

Lacey E................................................................... 132

Ladah LB ............................................................ 88, 96

Lahaye M ................................................................. 94

Lampin T ............................................................... 150

Laparra-López SJ .................................................... 132

Lapointe B................................................................ 73

Leal D .................................................................... 133

Leal P............................................................. 120, 156

Lee KM............................................................... 73, 74

Leitão JC .................................................................. 97

León-Cisneros K....................................................... 74

León-Tejera H .......................................................... 75

Lerat Y ..................................................................... 94

Li-En Yang.............................................................. 130

Lin HZ.......................................................... 70, 75, 89

Lin S ........................................................................ 41

Lindstrom SC ........................................................... 75

Little S ................................................................... 114

Liu F ........................................................................ 84

Liu ZY ...................................................................... 70

Locke SJ ................................................................. 121

López E.................................................................... 75

López N ................................................. 118, 124, 146

López-Becerril PD................................................... 132

López-Soler B ......................................................... 111

López-Vivas JM................................................. 79, 133

López-Yllescas M.................................................... 112

Lozano Y.................................................................. 85

Lu H-K...................................................................... 56

Lucañas J ................................................................. 52

Luther GW................................................................ 72

Macías-Carranza V ................................................... 51

MacKinnon SL ........................................................ 134

Maczassek K ............................................................ 76

Madera-Santana TJ ................................................. 134

Maeda T................................................................. 135

Mair C...................................................................... 77

Maldonado M ................................................... 66, 156

Maneveldt GW .......................................................... 76

Manfield I............................................................... 140

Mansilla A.................. 46, 77, 116, 133, 135, 141, 155

Mansilla J ................................................................. 82

Mapes A................................................................. 153

Marambio J ............................................................ 141

Marin H.................................................................. 143

Marinho-Soriano E.................................................. 118

Martin MA................................................................ 90

Martin P ................................................................... 77

Martone PT ........................................................ 62, 77

Maruyama H........................................................... 136

Mason K................................................................. 114

Mateo-Cid LE.......................................... 111, 136, 149

Mateos R ................................................................. 90

Mathieson AC ........................................................ 140

Matsuhiro B ................................... 116, 133, 135, 155

Mattio L................................................................... 84

Maya A .................................................................... 82

Mazariegos-Villarreal A.............................. 55, 78, 112

Mazoyer J .............................................................. 150

McFiggans GB.......................................................... 72

McGovern E ........................................................... 121

Medina-López MA .................................................. 112

Melgar R.................................................................. 82

Meling-López AE.................................................... 141

Mendoza-González AC................................... 111, 136

Metti Y................................................................... 123

Meychik NR ........................................................... 146

Meyer-Klaucke W ..................................................... 72

Meyers A ............................................................... 113

Michel G .................................................................. 42

Mikkelsen JD.......................................................... 113

Millar A.................................................................. 123

Miller KA ............................................... 62, 73, 77, 78

Mohamed M ............................................................ 82

Molina Salinas GM ................................................. 138

Molis M ................................................................. 108

Momoli MM ............................................................. 47

Mondino C............................................................... 82

Monje M ................................................................ 120

Monsalvo-Spencer P................................................. 54

Montaño-Moctezuma G.......................................... 152

Montero M............................................................. 137

Moo-Puc R ............................................................. 137

Morales-Payan JP.................................................... 138

Mori K ..................................................................... 61

Mouradi A................................................................ 64

Moy FE..................................................................... 79

Msuya FE ................................................................. 79

Muguerza N............................................................. 58

Muller DG .............................................................. 158

Muñiz-Salazar R................................................. 52, 79

Muñoz P ................................................................ 102

Muñoz-Ochoa M ........................................ 63, 92, 138

Muraoka D..................................................... 130, 138

Murcia S .................................................................. 77

Murcia SM.............................................................. 135

Murillo-Álvarez JI ..................................... 92, 103, 138

Murray SN........................................................ 80, 157

Murúa P................................................................. 158

Muth AF................................................................. 139

Myslabodski DE ....................................................... 80

Naguit MRA ............................................................. 52

Nakada R............................................................... 139

Nakano T............................................................... 136

Narayanan JN......................................................... 140

Navarro CA.............................................................. 80

Neefus CD ............................................................. 140

Neish IC................................................................... 81
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Nelson WA............................................................... 73

Neofitou N............................................................. 109

Neori A.................................................................... 81

Neto AI ...................................................... 74, 96, 147

Nettleton JC ........................................................... 140

Nielsen HB ............................................................... 50

Nikolaisen LS ........................................................... 50

Nissa S .................................................................... 82

Nitschke U............................................................. 153

Nogueira E M ........................................................... 74

Norrie J...................................................... 69, 82, 138

Notoya M......... 53, 119, 123, 132, 135, 154, 155, 158

Novoa-Garrido M.................................................... 146

Nunes BG............................................................... 127

Oak JH ..................................................................... 56

Ocampo-Álvarez H............................................. 62, 83

Ochoa-Izaguirre MJ ................................................ 144

Ojeda .................................................................... 141

Okumura Y ............................................................ 138

Okuyama Y ...................................................... 53, 119

Oliveira EC............................................... 83, 127, 142

Oliveira MC........................................ 47, 72, 123, 142

Olsen Y.............................................................. 50, 61

Orbi A...................................................................... 64

Orduña-Rojas J....................................................... 141

ORourke C............................................................... 99

Ortegón-Aznar I....................................................... 90

Osorio-Román IO ................................................... 133

Pacheco-Ruíz I ............. 52, 67, 79, 127, 132, 133, 141

Páez-Osuna F......................................................... 144

Page F ..................................................................... 55

Palacios PML ............................................................ 86

Palacios-Mechetnov E....................................... 54, 148

Palanivelu R ........................................................... 140

Palmer CJ................................................................. 72

Pang SJ ...................................................... 55, 84, 146

Paredes J................................................................ 126

Park CS.......................................................... 129, 142

Park H ..................................................................... 84

Park H-W.................................................................. 84

Park JK................................................................... 142

Park K-S............................................................. 56, 84

Park KY.................................................................. 142

Park SR .................................................................. 131

Pasto R .......................................................... 109, 110

Patiño D................................................................. 158

Payo DO .................................................................. 52

Payri CE ................................................................... 84

Pedersen A .............................................................. 85

Pedroche FF............................................................. 44

Pellizzari FM .......................................................... 142

Peña EJ ...................................................... 85, 86, 143

Pereda SV .......................................... 66, 87, 117, 143

Pereira R...................................................... 43, 86, 98

Pereira RC.............................................................. 157

Pérez-Estrada CJ....................................................... 87

Pérez-Gil F ..........................................................47, 93

Pérez-Mayorga DM....................................................88

Phan KV..................................................................144

Piel MI ..............................................................46, 135

Piñón-Gimate A.......................................................144

Plastino EM.....................................................118, 145

Podkorytova AV ................................................88, 144

Ponce-Díaz G ............................................................67

Ponce-Márquez M E ................................................146

Popova LG ......................................................125, 145

Popova NI...............................................................146

Porse H.....................................................................41

Porter M ...................................................................79

Portillo-Clark G .........................................................54

Potin P......................................................................72

Powell F....................................................................55

Prasanna Venkatalakshmi R ....................................101

Pringle J....................................................................97

Pritchard D ...............................................................89

Prithiviraj B.......................91, 121, 131, 140, 149, 150

Prithiviraj K.............................................................149

Pu Xu..............................................................129, 130

Punja ZK...........................................................69, 129

Qin S ............................................................70, 75, 89

Quan-Young LI..........................................................89

Queguineur B ...........................................................90

Rajput MT.........................................................59, 100

Ramírez-Cahero F ...................................................122

Ramirez-Miss N.........................................................90

Ramos S ...................................................................90

Rasmussen MB .........................................................50

Ratcliff J....................................................................91

Ravichandran S.......................................................149

Ravn E ......................................................................50

Rayirath P.................................................................91

Rebours C ..............................................................146

Reeta K.....................................................................92

Reid GK ....................................................................55

Reis RP .....................................................................64

Reitan KI.............................................................50, 61

Rema P .....................................................................86

Resendiz Aguilar G ...................................................92

Reyes-Bonilla H.........................................................78

Reza-Sánchez M......................................................148

Rico RM ..................................................................111

Ridler N ....................................................................55

Rincones RE..............................................................93

Ríos E .....................................................................124

Ríos VH ....................................................................93

Riosmena-Rodríguez R 45, 67, 73, 74, 79, 94, 96, 

100, 103, 133, 141, 147

Robaina RR...............................................................48

Robic A.....................................................................94

Robinson SMC ..........................................................55

Robledo D ........................................94, 124, 134, 137

Rochefort J-Guy ......................................................113
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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Rodríguez D.............................46, 118, 122, 124, 146

Rodriguez LA ...........................................................69

Rodríguez-Astudillo S...............................................54

Rodríguez-Galván A................................................122

Rodríguez-Montesinos YE.........................63, 103, 149

Rohani-Ghadikolaei K ...............................................95

Roleda MY................................................................95

Rosas-Alquicira EF ............................................96, 147

Rosenfeld S ............................................................141

Rover T ..................................................................127

Rozzi R ..................................................................141

Ruiz-Gómez A ........................................................147

Rumampuk JR...........................................................44

Ryu J-H.....................................................................71

Sadamatsu T ............................................................61

Sakami T ................................................................138

Sakane K ................................................................130

Salas-Garza A .........................................................152

Salazar GA .............................................................120

Sánchez A ..............................................................148

Sánchez L.................................................................75

Sánchez-Alejandro FG.............................................149

Sánchez-Barredo M...................................................96

Sánchez-Rodríguez I.................................54, 148, 149

Sánchez-Saavedra MP .............................................149

Sander B...................................................................50

Sangha JS .......................................................149, 150

Santelices B..............................................................97

Santolaria A..............................................................58

Santos AA ..............................................................127

Santos RO ........................................................97, 108

Sassi JF.....................................................................94

Sawhney M...............................................................55

Scariot LA...............................................................127

Schreider MJ.............................................................48

Searcy-Bernal R.......................................................152

Seguimbraud C ......................................................150

Selivanova ON ........................................................151

Sellner K.................................................................107

Sentíes A................................................115, 119, 123

Serviere-Zaragoza E..........54, 55, 67, 78, 87, 112, 148

Sewuster J ................................................................55

Shalaby E ...............................................................112

Shan TF....................................................................84

Shanab MM Sanaa ..................................................112

Sharp G............................................................97, 113

Shea R......................................................................55

Sherwood A..............................................................73

Silva B ......................................................................98

Silva BTN..................................................................83

Silva J .......................................................................97

Singh RP.................................................................150

Siqueiros Beltrones DA.............................................98

Slagstad D................................................................50

Smith JR ...........................................................80, 157

Sohn G-M .................................................................84

Sohn M...................................................................108

Soler-Vila A.......................................................91, 151

Song-Dong Shen.....................................................130

Sonnenholzner J .....................................................152

Soria-Mercado I ...............................................104,126

Soto-Jiménez MF.....................................................144

Sousa-Pinto I ................................................43, 86, 98

Souto ML................................................................115

Souza MS ...............................................................127

Stein EM .................................................................152

Stekoll MS ..............................................................153

Stengel DB........................................99, 115, 121, 153

Stiller JW...................................................................41

Strittmatter M...........................................................99

Suárez-Castillo A ....................................................100

Suda M...................................................................154

Sudo Y ...........................................................154, 158

Sukhoveeva MV ........................................................88

Sultana V....................................................45, 59, 100

Sun S........................................................................84

Sun XT ...........................................................105, 157

Suzuki H ................................................................155

Swantara IMD ...........................................................44

Szemerda M .............................................................55

Tejada A.........................................................109, 110

Thangaraju N .........................................................101

Thomas D ......................................................101, 119

Thomsen AB.............................................................50

Thornber, C............................................................101

Tibubos KR.....................................................109, 116

Tisera WL ...............................................................102

Torres R .................................................................155

Tuohy MG ................................................................49

Tveiten L ..................................................................79

Tyrrell L .................................................................121

Ugarte RA...............................................102, 134, 156

Usov AI...................................................................144

Valente L..................................................................86

van West P................................................................99

Varela D ...........................................51, 122, 126, 156

Vargas Villarreal J ...................................................138

Vásquez J .................................................................49

Vásquez JA.....................................102, 114, 122, 156

Vázquez E ..............................................................118

Vea J ......................................................................103

Vega JMA................................................................156

Vega-Zepeda A .........................................................89

Vergara-Rodarte MA ...............................................103

Vilkova O ...............................................................104

Villarreal-Gomez L..................................................104

Vogt SC............................................................80, 157

Wahl M.....................................................................65

Waite TJ....................................................................72

Wang FJ..........................................................105, 157

Wang J......................................................................75

Wang JF....................................................................70
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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Wang WJ ........................................................ 105, 157

Wang X .................................................................... 61

Wang Y .................................................................... 89

Wang-Pruski G ....................................................... 121

Watanabe R...................................................... 61, 158

Weiller M ................................................................. 72

Weinberger F ..................................................... 59, 65

Werlinger C.............................................................. 77

Wernberg T............................................................ 105

West J .................................................................... 106

Westermeier R ....................................................... 158

Win Ni-Ni ............................................................... 112

Wing Keong Ng........................................................ 95

Winkler F ............................................................... 126

Woelkerling WmJ...................................................... 76

Woitsch S................................................................. 72

Wong RTC.............................................................. 106

Xu N ........................................................................ 84

Yamada S....................................................... 154, 158

Yamada Y ...................................................... 123, 132

Yan Wang .............................................................. 129

Yang CY................................................................. 106

Yang EC................................................................... 74

Yang Y................................................................... 107

Yarish C....................................... 41, 43, 79, 107, 133

Yermakov IP........................................................... 146

Yokochi K .............................................................. 155

Yokota J................................................................... 61

Yokoya NS ..................................................... 135, 142

Yoshie-Stark Y........................................................ 139

Yoshikuni Y ........................................................... 107

Yosinaga K............................................................. 136

You HC ............................................................ 63, 108

Yun HY .................................................................. 108

Yunque DAT .................................................. 109, 116

Zacharias M ........................................................... 153

Zambounis A ......................................................... 109

Zavala J.......................................................... 109, 110

Zertuche-González JA........... 52, 67, 79, 127, 141, 147

Zevallos J ....................................................... 109, 110

Zhang J...................................................... 75, 91, 121

Zhang YY................................................................. 41

Zhang ZH................................................................. 84

Zhao J...................................................................... 70

Zitta CS.................................................................. 127

Zuccarello GC ................................................ 106, 110
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Addresses of Delegates

Abdala-Díaz Roberto

University of Malaga

Campus Universitario Teatinos s/n

SPAIN

abdala@uma.es

Abdellatif Orbi

INRH

2 rue de TIZNIT

MOROCCO

orbi@inrh.org.ma

Abreu Maria

CIIMAR- Center for Marine and Environmental Research

Rua dos Bragas, 289

PORTUGAL

mhabreu@ciimar.up.pt

Acosta Julio

Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto 

Politécnico Nacional

Carpio y Plan de Ayala Col. Santo Tomas

MEXICO

jaac_hello@hotmail.com

Adams John

Center for Progressive Studies and Culture

307 katherine drive

USA

jsahips@me.com

Aguila Ramirez Ruth Noemi

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas

Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N

MEXICO

raguilar@ipn.mx

Aguilar-Rosas Luis

Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC

Km 103 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada

MEXICO

laguilar@uabc.mx

Aguilar-Rosas Raúl

Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, UABC

Km. 103 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada

MEXICO

raguilar@uabc.mx

Akintayo Ramoni

Central Penn College, PA USA

PO BOx 27078

NIGERIA

akinrindetayo@live.com

Akrim Djusdil

PT. Bantimurung Indah - seaweed industries

Jl. Sam Ratulangi Km.31, Maros

INDONESIA

bswindah@indosat.net.id

Ale Marcel Tutor

Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical, Denmark 

Technical University (DTU)

Soetoft Plads Bldg. 229

DENMARK

mta@kt.dtu.dk

Allard Marc

Nunavik Biosciences Inc.

1111De. Frederik-Philips Blvd.,3rd Floor

CANADA

mallard@makivik.org

Alquati Monica

ALIMEX S.A.

Isidora Goyenechea 3621 17th Floor

CHILE

malquati@alimex.cl

Ang Put

Department of Biology, The Chinese University of 

Hong Kong

Shatin, N.T.

HONG KONG

put-ang@cuhk.edu.hk

Ang Isidro

Martsons Food Corporation

P.O. Box 81323, Bugac, Ma-a

PHILIPPINES

admin@martsonsfoodcorp.com

Anggadiredja Jana

The Agency for the Assessment and Application of 

Technology

Jl. MH Tamrin no. 8

INDONESIA

jana@ceo.bppt.go.id
XX International Seaweed Symposium

167

Ar Gall Erwan

University of Western Brittany, Brest

LEBHAM, IUEM

FRANCE

erargall@univ-brest.fr

 Ara Jehan

Department of Food Science & Technology, 

University of Karachi

University road, Karachi-75270

PAKISTAN

foodfulbright03@hotmail.com

Aruga Yusho

Japan Seaweed Association

Nishikamata 2-4-21, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan

JAPAN

arugay@mx4.ttcn.ne.jp

Ask Erick

FMC Corporation. Philadelphia, Penn.

1735 Market St.

USA

erick_ask@fmc.com

Ávila Enrique

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur

Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz B.C.S., C.P. 23080

MEXICO

kike@ola.icmyl.unam.mx

Avila-Ortiz Alejandrina

Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM

Batalla 5 de Mayo S/N esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Col. 

Ejercito de Oriente

MEXICO

agao@xanum.uam.mx

Ayala Pablo

Seaweed export company, S.A.

Camino Mirasol 1459-D

CHILE

payala@secosa.cl

Aylagas Eva

Universidad de La Laguna

Facultad de Farmacia. Dpto. Biología Vegetal 

(Botánica)

SPAIN

eva.biologia@gmail.com

Ayrault Lance

BAL Chile S.A.

Coimbra 110, Of. 1102

CHILE

lance@ba-lab.com

Azanza Rhodora

The Marine Science Institute

University of the Philippines, Diliman

PHILIPPINES

rhodaazanza@yahoo.com

Bakken Paal

Seaweed Energy Solutions AS

Pirsenteret 3 Etg. Oppgang D, Havnegaten 9

NORWAY

bakken@sapo.pt

BarahonaTamara

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Alameda #3363

Chile

tamara.barahona@gmail.com

Baricuatro Farley

FMC

FMC Marine Colloids Phils, Ouano Cpd, Looc

PHILIPPINES

farley.baricuatro@fmc.com

Barufi José

University of Sao Paulo

Rua do Matao, 277 Travessa 14

BRAZIL

jose_usp@yahoo.com.br

Beamonte Ignacio

Bajakelp

PO BOX 431740

USA

bajakelp@ensenada.net

Beck Claus

FMC BioPolymer

Looc, Mandaue, Cebu

PHILIPPINES

claus.beck@fmc.com

Benzheng Wang

IMPORT Y EXPORT GUANGJIN LTDA

DOCTOR JOHOW 672

CHILE

benlatina@gmail.com

Berraho Abdellatif

INRH

2 rue de TIZNIT

MOROCCO

berraho@inrh.org.ma
XX International Seaweed Symposium

168

Bhatnagar Ashok

Environmental Biology Laboratory, 

Department of Botany, University of Delhi, 

Delhi - 110007

INDIA

akb_du@rediffmail.com

Bitan Friedlander Naomi

Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research

8 Mordechai St.

ISRAEL

naomib@macam.ac.il

Bixler Harris Pete

Marinalg International

631 Moosehead Trail

USA

pbixler@isinc.to

Blas Enrique

Import y Export Guangjin Ltda

Doctor Johow 672

CHILE

gustavoblas@benlatina.cl

Bleicher-Lhonneur Genevieve

Cargill France Sas

Cargill Texturizing Solutions

FRANCE

genevieve_bleicher-lhonneur@cargill.com

Bohorquez Rueda Carlos

University of Newcastle

PO Box 127 Ourimbah Campus

AUSTRALIA

Nicole.Day@newcastle.edu.au

Bondu Stephanie

Lebham-University of Brest

Place Nicolas Copernic Technopole de Brest Iroise

FRANCE

stfbondu@yahoo.fr

Boo Sung Min

Chungnam National University

220 Gungdong, Yuseonggu

KOREA

smboo@cnu.ac.kr

Borras Chavez Renato

San Diego State University

5500 Campanile Drive

USA

rborras@gmail.com

Bragg Aline

Exportaciones Pampamar S.A.

Av. Las Condes 8060 - Dpt. 203

CHILE

alinebragg@pampamar.cl

Breathnach Noreen

Arramara Teo

Kilkieran, Connemara, Co Galway

IRELAND

n.breathnach@arramara.ie

Brebion Jeremy

NUI, Galway

University Road

IRELAND

jeremy.brebion@gmail.com

Briceño-Dominguez Diego

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas IPN

Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N 

Playa Palo de Santa Rita.

MEXICO

monchob@gmail.com

Broch Ole

SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture

NO-7465 Trrondheim

NORWAY

ole.jacob.broch@sintef.no

Bruhn Annette

National Environmental Research Institute, 

Aarhus University

Vejlsa ̧vej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, 

DENMARK

Annette.Bruhn@biology.au.dk

Buschmann Alejandro

Centro i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos

Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt

CHILE

abuschma@ulagos.cl

Butterworth Adam

The South Australian Oyster Hatchery

PO BOX 1579

AUSTRALIA

adam.78@windowslive.com

Cabello-Pasini Alejandro

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California

Ensenada, B.C.

MEXICO

acabello@uabc.mx
XX International Seaweed Symposium

169

Cabrera Juan Carlos

CIEN Austral

Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, 

Los Pinos S/N Pelluco

CHILE

juancarlos.cabrera@cienaustral.cl

Calumpong Hilconida

Sillimn University-Institute of Environmental 

and Marine Sciences

Dumaguete City, Philippines

PHILIPPINES

hpcalumpong@yahoo.com

Candelaria Carlos

Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma 

de México

Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán

MEXICO

cf_candela@yahoo.com.mx

Carneiro Marcella

Universidade de Sao Paulo

Departamento de Botanica -IBUSP. Rua do Matao 277 - 

Cidade Universitaria - Butanta - SP

BRAZIL

marcellamaral@hotmail.com

Carney Laura

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

UCSD/SIO/IOD 0218, 9500 Gilman Drive

USA

lcarney@ucsd.edu

Carranco Ma. Elena

Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición 

Salvador Zubirán

Vasco de Quiroga No. 15. Tlalpan

MEXICO

rexprimero@hotmail.com

Carrano Carl

San Diego State University

5500 Campanile Dr.

USA

carrano@sciences.sdsu.edu

Carrillo Silvia

Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición 

Salvador Zubirán

Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Tlalpan

MEXICO

silvicarrillo3@hotmail.com

Carton Rhea Joy

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

4-5-7 Konan

JAPAN

rheajoycarton@gmail.com

Cetz-Navarro Neidy

El Colegio de la Frontera Sur

Apartado postal 424

MEXICO

ncetz@ecosur.mx

Chak Ching Wong

Hong Kong Sheli Ltd/Yantai Sheli Hydrocolloids Co.,LTD

Room B, 37/F.,Tower 3, Queen’s Terrace, No. 1 Queen 

Street, Hong Kong

CHINA

konjac.wong@sheli.com.cn

Chapman Anthony

Botanica Marina

285 Duncans Cove Road

CANADA

achapman123@gmail.com

Chávez Sánchez Tonatiuh

Centro de Investigaciones del Noroeste

Mar Bermejo No. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita 

Apdo. Postal 128; La Paz, BCS 23090, 

MEXICO

iguanados4@hotmail.com

Chopin Thierry

University of New Brunswick

Dept. of Biology, P.O. Box 5050

CANADA

tchopin@unbsj.ca

Chou Hong-Nong

National Taiwan University

IFS, NTU, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road

TAIWAN

unijohn@ntu.edu.tw

Christie Hartvig

Norwegian Institute for Water Research

Gaustadalleen 21

NORWAY

hartvig.christie@niva.no

Chung Shuk

TACARA

2nd Fl Blk D Bandaran Baru II

MALAYSIA

tacara@tm.net.my
XX International Seaweed Symposium

170

Chung Ik Kyo

Pusan National University

San #30, Jangjun-dong, Geumjung-gu

KOREA

ikchung@pusan.ac.kr

Ciancia Marina

Universidad de Buenos Aires

Facultad de Agronomía

Av San Martín 4453

ARGENTINA

ciancia@agro.uba.ar

Collado-Vides Ligia

Florida International University

11200 SW 8th Street Department of Biology OE 167

USA

colladol@fiu.edu

Contreras Loretto

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Alameda 340

CHILE

lcontrer@puc.cl

Correa Zzabi

UNAM

Col. Alemán entre 16 y 18 calle23

MEXICO

zzabimar@gmail.com

Craigie James

Acadian Seaplants Limited

30 Brown Avenue

CANADA

jcraigie@ns.sympatico.ca

Critchley Alan

Acadian Seaplants Limited

30 Brown Avenue

CANADA

atc@acadian.ca

Díaz-Martínez Sergio

Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM

Batalla 5 de mayo S/N Col. Ejército de Oriente

MEXICO

sergiodiazmartinez@live.com.mx

Dakay Benson

Shemberg Corporation

Paknaan

PHILIPPINES

pierre.dakay@shemberg.com.ph

Dakay Pierre

Shemberg Corporation

Pakna-an

PHILIPPINES

pcd4921@attglobal.net

Dakay Marie

Shemberg Corporation

Pakna-an

PHILIPPINES

qpl001@attglobal.net

Dan Akinori

Tokushima Prefectural Fisheries Research Institute

Naruto Tokushima

JAPAN

dan_akinori_1@pref.tokushima.lg.jp

De La Fuente Lucia

UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS LAGOS

AVDA FUCHSLOCHER 1305

CHILE

ldelaf@ulagos.cl

De La Piedra Pablo

ALIMEX S.A.

Isidora Goyenechea 3621 17th Floor

CHILE

pdelapiedra@alimex.cl

Deslandes Eric

European Institute for Marine Studies University of 

Western Brittany

Place Nicolas CopernicFRANCE

eric.deslandes@univ-brest.fr

Deslandes Catherine

LEBHAM IUEM University of Western Brittany

Place Nicolas Copernic

FRANCE

cathy.desl@yahoo.fr

Deveau Jean-Paul

Acadian Seaplants Limited

30 Brown Avenue

CANADA

lcarroll@acadian.ca

Deveau Louis

Acadian Seaplants Limited

30 Brown Avenue

CANADA

ledeveau@acadian.ca
XX International Seaweed Symposium

171

Dionson Evie

Shemberg Corporation

Paknaan

PHILIPPINES

liza.sotto@shemberg.com.ph

Driouich Zakia

Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Pêches maritimes.

Quartier administratif Rabat Agdal

MOROCCO

driouich@mpm.gov.ma

Dupuy Juan

PSW SA

Av. Paul Poblet D 19, Lt 19, Luran

PERU

juan.dupuy@pswsa.com

Edwards Matthew

San Diego State University

Department of Biology MC 4614

USA

Edwards@sciences.sdsu.edu

Ehteshamul-Haque Syed

Department of Botany, University of Karachi

University road, Karachi-75270 

PAKISTAN

ehtesham12@hotmail.com

El-Shora Hamed

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, 

Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

MEXICO

shoraem@yahoo.com

Engelen Aschwin

CCMAR Univ. do Algarve, 

FCT, Campus de Gambelas

PORTUGAL

aengelen@ualg.pt

Enrique Peña

Universidad del Valle 

Depto de Biologia

Calle 13 # 100-00 A.A. 25360

COLOMBIA

enripena@univalle.edu.co

Eriksen Mikael

EUROGUM A/S

Romancejev 27

DENMARK

me@eurogum.dk

Espinoza-Avalos Julio

El Colegio de la Frontera Sur

Apartado postal 424

MEXICO

jespino@ecosur.mx

Evans La Kenya

San Diego State University

5405 Baltimore Dr. #18

USA

evansl@rohan.sdsu.edu

Faria Gabriel Soares

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Centro de Ciencias Biologicas, Depto. BEG

BRAZIL

gabrielmattar@uol.com.br

Farias Aqueveque Daniela

Centro de Investigaciones i-mar, 

Universidad de Los Lagos

Caino a Chinquihue km 6

CHILE

dfarias@mail.ulagos.cl

Fazal Murtaza

C-Weed Corporation

P. O. 9712

TANZANIA

morty@fazal.com

Feodorova Tatiana

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of 

Higher Plants

Leninskie Gory, 1

RUSSIA

torreya@mail.ru

Fernandez Pamela

Centro i-mar, Universidad de los Lagos

Camino chinquihue Km 6

CHILE

p.fernandez@ulagos.cl

Figueroa Felix

University of Malaga

Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n

SPAIN

felixlfigueroa@yahoo.es

Forbord Silje

SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture

SINTEF Sealab

NORWAY

silje.forbord@sintef.no
XX International Seaweed Symposium

172

Fragoso Tejas Dalila

Universidad de la Sierra

Carretera Moctezuma-Cumpas km 2.5

MEXICO

dalila_f@live.com.mx

Freile-Pelegrin Yolanda

Department of Marine Resources. Cinvestav

Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex AP 73

MEXICO

freile@mda.cinvestav.mx

Friedlander Michael

Israel Ocanographic and Limnological Research

8 Mordechai St.

ISRAEL

michael@ocean.org.il

Fujii Mutue

Instituto de Botánica

Av. Miguel Estéfano, 3687

BRAZIL

mutue.fujii@gmail.com

Fujikawa Yoshikazu

Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research 

Center, Fisheries Rese

Tsukidomari 10, Moura

JAPAN

yoshikazu_fujikawa@aomori-itc.or.jp

Fujita Daisuke

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Konan 4-5-7, MInato

JAPAN

d-fujita@kaiyodai.ac.jp

Gabrielson Paul

Herbarium, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Coker Hall, CB 3280

USA

drseaweed@hotmail.com

Galvez Alberto

UABC-IIO

Km 107 Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada

MEXICO

galvez@uabc.mx

Garcia Raymundo Maria De Jesus

Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Mazatlán

Privada Crotos #4010 Entre calle 6 Col. Azaleas

MEXICO

BpGarciackem@gmail.com

Garcia-Mendoza Ernesto

Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica/ CICESE

Km 107 carretera Ensenada Tijuana 3918

MEXICO

ergarcia@cicese.mx

Genatulina Aila

Institute of Plant Physiology

Botanicheskaja str., 35

RUSSIA

ailagr@rambler.ru

Georgiev Anton

lomonosov Moscow State University

The Faculty of Biology of MSU, Building 12, house 1, 

Vorobiyovy Gory Str., Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA

semga@yandex.ru

Gerung Grevo

Sam Ratulangi University, Fac. of Fisheries and Marine 

Science

Kampus Bahu

INDONESIA

ggrevo@hotmail.com

Givernaud Thierry

STECOF

5 lot Johara, Bir Rami Est

MOROCCO

givernaud@gmail.com

Gloria Batista De Vega

Universidad de Panamá

Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, 

Campus Universitario

PANAMA

gloriabv@cwpanama.net

Gorostiaga Jose M.

Universidad del País Vasco, 

Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología

Barrio Sarriena s/n

SPAIN

jm.gorostiaga@ehu.es

Graczyk-Raczyå Ska Monika

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku

JAPAN

zabamonika@gmail.com

Graham Michael

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories

8272 Moss Landing Road

USA

mgraham@mlml.calstate.edu
XX International Seaweed Symposium

173

Guerra Graciela

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California

Km 106 Carr Tijuana-Ensenada

MEXICO

gguerra@uabc.mx

Guillermo Garcia

Universidad de Las Palmas, Centro de Biotecnología 

Marina

Muelle de Taliarte, S/N

SPAIN

ggreina@inventia.es

Gutiérrez Venegas Alfonso

Centro i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos

Camino Chinquihue, km 6, casilla 557

CHILE

agutierrez@ulagos.cl

Guzmán José

Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas

Km. 103 Carret. Tijuana-Ensenada

MEXICO

jmguzman@uabc.mx

Hafting Jeff

Acadian Seaplants Ltd.

98 Conestoga Street

CANADA

jhafting@acadian.ca

Hammann Mareike

Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften

IFM-GEOMAR

Düsternbrooker Weg 20

GERMANY

mhammann@ifm-geomar.de

Hanisak Dennis

Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida 

Atlantic University

5600 US 1 North

USA

dhanisak@hboi.fau.edu

Hanniffy Declan

Irish Seaweed Centre

Killeen, Castlegar, Galway, Ireland

IRELAND

declan.hanniffy@nuigalway.ie

Hayashi Leila

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Centro de Ciencias Biologicas, 

Depto. BEG

BRAZIL

leilahayashi@hotmail.com

Hennequart Franck

Oilean Glas T

176 Cartur Mor Clybaun Rd

IRELAND

fhennequart@hotmail.com

Henriksen Berit

Solliveien 18

NORWAY

areped@online.no

Hernández-Guerrero Claudia

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN

Av. IPN S/N. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita

MEXICO

cguerrer@ipn.mx

Hernandez Gustavo

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas

Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. S/N. 

Ap. Postal 592

MEXICO

gcarmona2007@gmail.com

Hernandez-Garibay Enrique

Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura-CRIP Ensenada

Km 97.5 Carr. Tijuana -Ensenada Parque Industrial 

FONDEPORT El Sauzal

MEXICO

garibay58@yahoo.com

Holdt Susan

DTU National Food Institute

Sa ̧ltofts Plads building 221

DENMARK

suho@aqua.dtu.dk

Holdt Henrik

DTU National Food Institute

Sa ̧ltofts Plads building 221

DENMARK

henrik571@hotmail.com

Holz Jose

Atlantic Pearl Chile Ltda

Angol 436, Of 1204

CHILE

atlanticpearls@yahoo.com

Hommersand Max

Dept. of Biology, University of North Carolina

Coker Hall, North Caroline, 27599-3280

USA

hommersand@bio.unc.edu
XX International Seaweed Symposium

174

Hondolero Dominic

San Diego State University

5500 Campanile Drive

USA

hondoler@rohan.sdsu.edu

Hosoya Reina

Tokyo university of Marine Science and Technology

Miyanogidai 1-7-1-315

JAPAN

haru_02072004@yahoo.co.jp

Hupel Mélanie

IUEM-LEBHAM

Rue Dumont D'Urville

FRANCE

melanie.hupel@univ-brest.fr

Hurst Dermot

Marine Institute

Rinville,

IRELAND

dermot.hurst@marine.ie

Hurtado Anicia

Aquaculture Department SEAFDEC

Tigbauan, Iloilo

PHILIPPINES

aqhurtado@gmail.com

Hwang Eun Kyoung

Seaweed Research Institute

1101 Okamdong, Mokpo 530-831, Korea

KOREA

ekhwang@nfrdi.go.kr

Indy Jeane

Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia

Jln. Kampus Bahu, Manado 95115

INDONESIA

jeanerimberindy@yahoo.com

Iri Tadao

Proagar S.A

Vicente Rosares 800

CHILE

tiri@proagar.cl

Iwamoto Katsuaki

MARINE SCIENCE CO.,LTD.

2-1-11-7F,Higashi-Kanda

JAPAN

Iwagen@marine-science.co.jp

Iwamoto Kazuyo

MARINE SCIENCE CO.,LTD.

2-1-11-7F, Higashi-Kanda

JAPAN

kazuyo@marine-science.co.jp

Jayaraman Jayaraj

Department of Life Sciences

The University of West Indies

TRINIDAD

jaya1965@hotmail.com

Jeffries Sarah

CSU Monterey Bay

252 Barbee Ct

USA

SJeffries@csumb.edu

Jiang Hongxia

Changshu institute of technology

99 southern sanhuan road

CHINA

hxjiang10@163.com

Johnson Ladd

Laval University

Department of Biology & Quebec-Oceann

CANADA

ladd.johnson@bio.ulaval.ca

Jostein Vea

FMC BioPolymer

P.O. Box 2045

NORWAY

jostein.vea@fmc.com

Kakita Hirotaka

AIST Shikoku, National Institute of Advanced Industrial 

Science and Tech

2217-14, Hayashi

JAPAN

h-kakita@aist.go.jp

Kandjengp Lineekela

University of Namibia

Private Bag 13301, Windhoek

NAMIBIA

lkandjengo@unam.na

Kashiyama Yuki

Bio Architecture Lab, Inc

604 Bancroft Way

USA

kashiyama@ba-lab.com
XX International Seaweed Symposium

175

Khalid El Alloussi

Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Pêches Maritimes.

Quartier administratif Rabat Agdal

MOROCCO

elalloussi@mpm.gov.ma

Kim Ju-Hyoung

Chonnam National Univeristy

Chonnam National University, Gwangju

KOREA

eicoast@gmail.com

Kim Kwang Young

Department of Oceanography

Chonnam National University

KOREA

kykim@chonnam.ac.kr

Kim Jong Seok

MSC CO., LTD

439-13, Soju-Dong Yangsan-City, Kyeongnam

KOREA

exp@msckorea.com

Kim Sung Hoon

MSC CO., LTD

439-13, Soju-Dong Yangsan-City, Kyeongnam

KOREA

mscjp@msckorea.com

Klinger Markus

Danisco A/S

Edwin Rahrs Vej 38

DENMARK

markus.klinger@danisco.com

Korbee Nathalie

University of Malaga

Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n

SPAIN

nkorbee@uma.es

Kraan Stefan

Ocean Harvest Technology

Mausrevagh, Kilcoona, Headford, Ireland

IRELAND

stefan@oceanharvest.ie

Kradolfer Paul

PSW SA

Av. Paul Poblet D 19, Lt 19, Luran

PERU

paul.kradolfer@pswsa.com

Kuepper Frithjof

Scottish Association for Marine Science

Scottish Marine Institute 

(Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory)

SCOTLAND

fck@sams.ac.uk

Kushnirak Denis

8988 Marshall Road

CANADA

denis2@shaw.ca

Kusnowirjono Soerianto

Agarindo Bogatama PT

Jl. Jelambar Selatan II No. 4 - Graha Sakura

INDONESIA

soerianto@agarindo-bogatama.co.id

Lankhuizen Nico

CP Kelco

Ved Banen 16

DENMARK

nico.lankhuizen@cpkelco.com

Lapointe Brian

Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute

5600 US 1 North

USA

blapoin1@hboi.fau.edu

León-Tejera Hilda

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Circuito exterior, Cd. Universitaria 

Coyoacán

MEXICO

hileont@gmail.com

Leal David

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Avenida Alameda Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363

CHILE

david.leal.r@gmail.com

Lebbar Rachid

SETEXAM

Km 7 route de Tanger BP 210

MOROCCO

rlebbar@setexam.com

Lee Kyung Min

Chungnam National University

220 Gungdong, Yuseonggu

KOREA

kmlee@cnu.ac.kr
XX International Seaweed Symposium

176

Lee Andrew

AFI/CMBI

125 North Robertson Boulevard

USA

alee48@gmail.com

Lee Antonio

Solomon Seaweed

P.O.Box 138

SOLOMON ISLANDS

lkk@business.com.sb

León-Cisneros Karla

Universidade dos Açores

Sec. Biologia Marinha, Depart. Biologia. 

Rua MÃ£e de Deus 58, Apart. 1422

PORTUGAL

kcisneros@uac.pt

Liddle Larry

Long Island University

30 Cooper Lane

USA

larry.liddle@gmail.com

Lindstrom Sandra

University of British Columbia

Dept of Botany, #3529 - 6270 University Blvd

CANADA

sandracl@interchange.ubc.ca

Macaya Erasmo

School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of 

Wellington, New Kirk Building, PO Box 600, Wellington, 

6140

NEW ZEALAND

erasmo.macaya@vuw.ac.nz

Maczassek Kerstin

IfM-Geomar Kiel; benthic ecology

Düsternbrooker Weg 20; 24105 Kiel

GERMANY

kmaczassek@ifm-geomar.de

Maeda Takashi

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku

JAPAN

jjgky265@ybb.ne.jp

Malmezat Barbara

CARGILL FRANCE SAS - Cargill Texturizing Solutions

18 - 20 rue des Gaudines

FRANCE

bernard_cerles@cargill.com

Maneveldt Gavin

University of the Western Cape

Department of Biodiversity & Conservation Biology

SOUTH AFRICA

gmaneveldt@uwc.ac.za

Mansilla Andrés

Universidad de Magallanes

Av. Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas

CHILE

andres.mansilla@umag.cl

Mantri Vaibhav

Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute

Gijubahi Badheka Road

INDIA

vaibhav@csmcri.org

Marcos Roberto

Algas Marinas, S.A. de C.V.

Bahía Tortugas 834 Lomas San Marino

MEXICO

rmarcos@grupoalgamar.com

Marec Erick

DANISCO

ZI La grande Palud

FRANCE

erick.marec@danisco.com

Marsano Carlos

PSW SA

Av. Paul Poblet D 19, Lt 19, LurÃn

PERU

carlos.marsano@laviga.com

Martone Patrick

University of British Columbia

6270 University Blvd

CANADA

pmartone@interchange.ubc.ca

Marty Edith

Universidad de Concepción

5 Norte 430, Dept.52

CHILE

edithmarty@gmail.com

Maruyama Hiroko

Dept. of Cytopathology, Graduate School of Medical 

Sciences, Kitasato Un

Kitasato 1-15-1

JAPAN

maruyama@ahs.kitasato-u.ac.jp
XX International Seaweed Symposium

177

Mateo-Cid Luz Elena

Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN

Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N. Col. Santo Tomas

MEXICO

luzmcyd@gmail.com

Matsuoka Masayoshi

Kaiyo Doboku Co.LTD

Tokushima

JAPAN

yukio_ueta_2@pref.tokushima.lg.jp

Mazariegos-Villarreal Alejandra

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur

Guillermo Prieto 2212

MEXICO

amaza04@cibnor.mx

McDonald John

AFI/CMBI

125 North Robertson Boulevard

USA

jwmcdonald@telus.net

Mcronald Stuart

FMC BioPolymer

Ladyburn Works

SCOTLAND

stuart.mcronald@fmc.com

Mendola Dominick

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

UCSD/SIO/IOD 0218, 9500 Gilman Drive

USA

mary@spg.ucsd.edu

Michel Gurvan

Station Biologique de Roscoff

Place Georges Teissier, BP74

FRANCE

gurvan@sb-roscoff.fr

Mikkelsen Jorn Dalgaard

Technical University of Denmark

Soltofts Plads, Building 229

DENMARK

jdm@kt.dtu.dk

Miller Kathy Ann

Herbarium, University of California at Berkeley

1001 Valley Life Sciences Building #2465 University of 

California

USA

kathyannmiller@berkeley.edu

Misbakhun Mukhamad

Agar Sehat Makmur Lestari, PT.

Jl. Raya Purwosari-Pasuruan km.5, Desa Bakalan, 

Purwosari

INDONESIA

m.misbakhun@yahoo.com

Mishra Babita

Department of Science & Technology

Flat No.8 D-64, Paryavaran Complex Saket

New Delhi

INDIA

banita52@hotmail.com

Morales-Payan J. Pablo

University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Campus

Dept. Crops and Agro-Environmental Sciences

PUERTO RICO

morales.payan@upr.edu

Moreno Gustavo

Inova Foods, S.A. de C.V.

Gustavo Baz No.61 Mz47 Lt11, 

Col. México Nuevo, Atizapán de Zaragoza

MEXICO

gmoreno@innovafoods.com.mx

Morre Roger

C-Weed Corporation

P. O. Box 2118

TANZANIA

roger@cweed.com

Mouradi Aziza

LBBE Universite Ibn Tofail Faculte des Sciences

Universite Ibn Tofail BP 133

MOROCCO

mouradi14@gmail.com

Mouritsen Lone

Ocean Centre Denmark

Fogevej 4

DENMARK

lm@havetshus.dk

Moy Frithjof

Institute for marine research

Flodevigen

NORWAY

moy@imr.no

Msuya Flower

Institute of Marine Sciences, 

University of Dar es Salaam

P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar

TANZANIA

flowereze@yahoo.com
XX International Seaweed Symposium

178

Muñoz Mauricio

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas

Avenida IPN s/n

MEXICO

mmunozo@ipn.mx

Muniz-Salazar Raquel

Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma 

de Baja California

Blvd. Zertuche y Blvd. De Los Lagos S/N Fracc. Valle 

Dorado

MEXICO

ramusal@yahoo.com.mx

Muraoka Daisuke

Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries 

Research Agency

3-27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama,Miyagi 985-0001

JAPAN

dmuraoka@affrc.go.jp

Murcia Muñoz Silvia

Universidad de Magallanes

Patagona 672

CHILE

silvia.murcia@umag.cl

Murray Steve

California State University Fullerton

College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics

USA

smurray@fullerton.edu

Park Chan Sun

Department of Marine and Fisheries Resources

61 Dorymri, Muangun, Jeonnam 534-729

KOREA

cspark85@mokpo.ac.kr

Park Jeong Kwang

Chungnam National University

220 Gungdong, Yuseonggu

KOREA

pjk1717@naver.com

Park Kwang-Seok

Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology 

(RIST)

San 32, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu

KOREA

kspark@rist.re.kr

Pedersen Are

Norwegian Institute for Water Research

Gaustadalleen 21

NORWAY

are@niva.no

Pedersen Olav

Solliveien 18

NORWAY

olavped@hotmail.com

Pedroche Francisco

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa

Av. San Rafael Atlixco # 186

MEXICO

ffp@xanum.uam.mx

Pellizzari Franciane

State University of Parana

Padre Anchieta 2204 ap 501 Bigorrilho

BRAZIL

francianep@yahoo.com

Pereda Sandra

CIEN Austral

Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, 

Los Pinos s/n Pelluco

CHILE

sandra.pereda@cienaustral.cl

Pereira Rui

CIIMAR - Centre for Marine and Environmental Research

Rua dos Bragas, 289.

PORTUGAL

rpereira@ciimar.up.pt

Perez Estrada Claudia Jeannette

Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C.

Mar Bermejo 195

MEXICO

claudiap@cibnor.mx

Perez-Mayorga Diana

CICESE

Carr. Ensenada-Tijuana 3918. Zona Playitas

MEXICO

diaperez@gmail.com

Pesce Andrea

San Diego State University

5500 Campanile Drive

USA

dreapesce@gmail.com

Piñón Alejandra

Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas 

del Noroeste, S.C.

Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita

MEXICO

apinon04@cibnor.mx
XX International Seaweed Symposium

179

Piantini Rene

PRODALMAR LTDA.

General Velasquez No.890 Oficina 602

CHILE

rpiantini@prodalmar.cl

Pinto Blaña María Alejandra

Subsecretaría de Pesca

Bellavista 168, Piso 14, Valparaíso

CHILE

alejandra.pinto@subpesca.cl

Plastino Estela

Instituto de Biociencias – 

Universidade de Sao Paulo

Rua do Matao 277 - Cidade Universitaria

BRAZIL

emplasti@usp.br

Pochukaev Andrey

Omega group

3, Signalny pr.

RUSSIA

paa@omega-tech.ru

Podkorytova Antonina

Russian Federal Research Institute

 of Fisheries & Oceanography

17, V. Krasnoselskaya

RUSSIA

podkor@vniro.ru

Polo-Avila Laura

Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM

Batalla 5 de Mayo S/N Esq. Fuerte de Loreto

Col. Ejército de Oriente

MEXICO

lau_poav@hotmail.com

Popova Nataliya

lomonosov Moscow State University

The Faculty of Biology of MSU, Building 12, house 1, 

Vorobiyovy Gory Str., Moscow, Russia, 119991

RUSSIA

n.i.popova86@gmail.com

Popova Larisa

K.A.Timiryazev Institute of plant physiology, 

Russian Academy of Science

Botanicheskaya str., 35RUSSIA

lora_gp@mail.ru

Porse Hans

InterColloids

Roedtjoernevej 37

DENMARK

navicello@yahoo.com

Pritchard Daniel

University of Otago

464 Great King St

NEW ZEALAND

daniel.pritchard@botany.otago.ac.nz

Prithiviraj Balakrishnan

Nova Scotia Agricultural College

Department of Plant and Animal Science

CANADA

bprithiviraj@nsac.ca

Qin Huang Esther

Hong Kong Ltd/Yantai Sheli Hydrocolloids Co.,Ltd

Room B,37/F., Tower3, Queen's Terrace, No.1, 

Queen Street, Hong Kong

CHINA

esther@sheli.com.cn

Queguineur Benoit

Irish Seaweed Centre, MRI, National University of 

Ireland Galway

University road

IRELAND

benoitqueguineur@yahoo.fr

Raja Rathinam

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Department of Biotechnology

INDIA

rraja307@yahoo.co.in

Ramirez Noemi

Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán

60a street #633 between 75 and 77

MEXICO

ramirezmiss1@gmail.com

Rasmussen Michael

National Environmental Research Institute

 Aarhus University

VejlsÃ ̧vej 25, 8600 Silkeborg

DENMARK

mir@dmu.dk

Ratcliff Jessica

Irish Seaweed Centre

Martin Ryan Institute. National University of Ireland, 

Galway

IRELAND

j.ratcliff1@nuigalway.ie

Rath Jnanendra

Visva-bharati (A Central University)

Dept. of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan

INDIA

jnanendra@gmail.com
XX International Seaweed Symposium

180

Reis Renata

Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botánico do Rio de Janeiro

Rua Pacheco Leao, 915

BRAZIL

rreis@jbrj.gov.br

Resendiz Guillermo

Instituto Tecnológico de La Paz

Josefa O de Dominguez No. 3930, 

Col.Las Arboledas

MEXICO

omme_eco26@hotmail.com

Rivera Javier

Subsecretaria de Pesca

Bellavista 168, piso 14, Valparaiso

CHILE

jrivera@subpesca.cl

Robledo Daniel

Department of Marine Resources Cinvestav

Km 6 carretera antigua a Progreso Cordemex

MEXICO

robledo@mda.cinvestav.mx

Rodríguez Deni

Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma 

de México

Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, 

Copilco el Bajo, Coyoacan

MEXICO

denirodriguez@ciencias.unam.mx

Rodriguez Sonia

CICIMAR-IPN

Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n Col Playa Palo de 

Santa Rita

MEXICO

srodrig@ipn.mx

Rojas Ramiro

Algas Marinas S.A. Algamar

Fidel Oteiza 1956, Piso 14Â°

CHILE

rrojash@surnet.cl

Rojas Ramiro

Acuícola del Sur SAC

Jose del Llano Zapata

PERU

ramiroperu@gmail.com

Roleda Michael

The Scottish Association for Marine Science,

 Dunstaffnage Marine Lab.

Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll

SCOTLAND

Michael.Roleda@sams.ac.uk

Rosas-Alquicira Edgar

Universidade dos Azores, Departamento de Biologia

Rua Mae de Deus 58, Sao Miguel

PORTUGAL

alquicira@uac.pt

Ruiz-Gomez Ariadna

UABC-IIO

Km 107 Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada

MEXICO

ariad882@yahoo.com

Salgado / Hernel Antonio Marin

Universidad del Valle

Calle 13 No 100-00 Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez

COLOMBIA

hernelmarin@gmail.com

Salling Peter

ISAC

Torre Bermeja 1801, Guadalmansa

SPAIN

psalling@msn.com

Sanchez Flor

CICESE

Carr. Ensenada-Tijuana 3918. Zona Playitas

MEXICO

florgsa@gmail.com

Sánchez-Barredo Mariana

CICESE

Carr. Ensenada-Tijuana 3918. Zona Playitas

MEXICO

mariana_szb@yahoo.com

Sánchez-Rodríguez Ignacio

Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN.

Av: IPN. S/N Col.Playa Palo de Santa Rita C.P. 23096

MEXICO

isrnacho@hotmail.com

Sankaran Sonya

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories

8272 Moss Landing Road

USA

ssankaran@mlml.calstate.edu

Santelices Bernabe

P. Universidad Católica De Chile

Alameda 340

CHILE

bsantelices@bio.puc.cl

Santelices/Etchegaray Julia

Faculty of Biology, P. Universidad Catolica

Alameda 340

CHILE

jetchega@gmail.com
XX International Seaweed Symposium

181

Santos Rui

Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR

University of Algarve

PORTUGAL

rosantos@ualg.pt

Sassi Jean-François

CEVA

Presqu'ile de Pen Lan, BP 3

FRANCE

algue@ceva.fr

Schipper Job

Hortimare

E. de Boer-van Rijkpark 20

NETHERLANDS

job.schipper@hortimare.com

Schirp Alejandro

UNAM

Calle 5b #564 x 54 y 56 colonia residencial pensiones

MEXICO

asg_3527@hotmail.com

Schoeffter Conrad

AFI/CMBI

6880 Alta Loma Terrace

USA

cervin@earthlink.net

Seguimbraud Clementine

Cargill

Rue de Seves 50500, Baupte

FRANCE

clementine_seguimbraud@cargill.com

Seisun Dennis

IMR International

3585 Front St.

USA

dseisun@hydrocolloid.com

Sentosa Herson

PT. Wahyu Putra Bimasakti

Jl. Kima Raya X T-2B

INDONESIA

herson.sentosa@gmail.com

Serviere Zaragoza Elisa

Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas 

del Noroeste, S.C.

Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita

MEXICO

serviere04@cibnor.mx

Setijawati Dwi

Brawijaya University Malang-Indonesia

Veteran Malang-East Java Indonesia

INDONESIA

setijawati_dwi@yahoo.com

Shalaby Emad

Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, 

Cairo University

1 El-Ashreen, Faysel, Giza,

EGYPT

dremad2009@yahoo.com

Sharp Glyn

Bedford Institute of Oceanography

1 Challenger Drive

CANADA

glyn.sharp@gmail.com

Siqueiros David

CICIMAR - IPN

Av. IPN, s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita

MEXICO

dsiquei@ipn.mx

Skjermo Jorunn

SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture

Brattorkaia 17C

NORWAY 

jorunn.skjermo@sintef.no

Sohn Munho

Pegasus International Inc.

#161 Macheon Dong, Jinhae Si, 

Kyeongsangnam Do

KOREA

mhsohn@pegasushomepage.com

Solante Marcial

Shemberg Corporation

Pakna-an

PHILIPPINES

jun.solante@shemberg.com.ph

Soler-Vila Anna

Irish Seaweed Centre

Martin Ryan Institute. National University of Ireland, 

Galway

IRELAND

annasolervila@yahoo.com

Sonnenholzner Jorge

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California

Km 77, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Apartado Postal 

453

MEXICO

jorge.sonnenholzner@gmail.com
XX International Seaweed Symposium

182

Soria-Mercado Irma

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California

Km. 103 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada

MEXICO

iesoria@uabc.mx

Soriano Gonzalo

Soriano SA

J C Evans 40

ARGENTINA

gonza@soriano-sa.com.ar

Sousa Pinto Isabel

Centre for Marine and Environmental Research

 and FC University of Porto

R. dos Bragas, 289,

PORTUGAL

ispinto@ciimar.up.pt

Stein Erika

USP - Universidade de Sao Paulo

Av. Nossa Senhora da Assunçao, 647 apt 71 - Bloco B

BRAZIL

erikastein18@yahoo.com.br

Stekoll Michael

University of Alaska

11120 Glacier Highway

USA

msstekoll@alaska.edu

Stengel Dagmar

National University of Ireland, Galway

Botany, School of Natural Sciences

IRELAND

dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

Strittmatter Martina

The Scottish Association for Marine Science

Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory

SCOTLAND

Martina.Strittmatter@sams.ac.uk

Suarez Alvin

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur

Carretera al sur km 5.5 s/n. Col. El Mezquitito

MEXICO

protomono@hotmail.com

Suda Masahiro

Iwaki-Midorinomori High School

Shiken-machi 6-5 Taira Iwaki-shi Fukushima-ken, 970-

8026

JAPAN

s-masahi@nexyzbb.ne.jp

Sudo Yusuke

Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries and Ocean Research 

Center

Nishizaki 1-3-1

JAPAN

sudouysk@pref.okinawa.lg.jp

Sultana Viqar

Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi

University road, Karachi-75270,

PAKISTAN

viqarsultana@hotmail.com

Thomas Ceballos Daniela

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Alameda 340

CHILE

dfthomas@uc.cl

Thornber Carol

University of Rhode Island

Dept. of Biological Sciences, 120 Flagg Road

USA

thornber@uri.edu

Tisera Wilson

Silliman University

Silliman Beach, Bantayan

PHILIPPINES

wilson_tisera@yahoo.com

Torres Rodrigo

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

alameda #3363

CHILE

rtorresdelafuente@yahoo.es

Tuohy Maria

NUI, Galway

University Road

IRELAND

maria.tuohy@nuigalway.ie

Tveiten Lise

Norwegian Institute for Water Research

Televeien 3

NORWAY

lis@niva.no

Ugarte Raul

Acadian Seaplants Limited

30 Brown Ave.

CANADA

rugarte@acadian.ca
XX International Seaweed Symposium

183

Ukabi Shimrit

Bar Ilan university

Ramat Gan Israel

ISRAEL

shimrit_y@hotmail.com

Van Der Meer John

Pan-American Marine Biotechnology Association

145 Brook Street

CANADA

john.vandermeer@gmail.com

Vasquez Julio

Universidad Católica del Norte

Larrondo 1281

CHILE

jvasquez@ucn.cl

Vea Berit Haugland

Private

Veamyr 43

NORWAY

berit.vea@gmail.com

Vergara Rodarte Mario

CICIMAR-IPN

Avenida IPN s/n Col. Palo de Santa Rita

MEXICO

vrm491@hotmail.com

Villavicencio Christian

Samsung Corporation Mexico Office

Sierara candela # 111 despacho 306

MEXICO

c.villavicencio@samsung.com

Villena Gunter

PSW SA

Av. Paul Poblet D 19, Lt 19, Luran

PERU

gunter.villena@pswsa.com

Vo Triet

Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology

2 Hung Vuong, Nha Trang,

VIETNAM

voduytriet@gmail.com

Vogt Sean

Cal State University, Fullerton

1201 N. Mosswood dr.

USA

svalgae@yahoo.com

Watanabe Riri

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Konan 4-5-7,Minato

JAPAN

riri-bon@feel.ocn.ne.jp

Wee Lee Hiong

PCI Worldwide, Inc.

2/F, W Tower, 39th Street, Bonifacio Triangle,

 Bonifacio Global City

PHILIPPINES

winston@rico.com.ph

Weinberger Florian

Benthic Ecology Dept., IFM-GEOMAR

DÃ1⁄4sternbrooker Weg 20

GERMANY

fweinberger@ifm-geomar.de

Wernberg Thomas

Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan 

University

270 Joondalup Drive

AUSTRALIA

wernberg@graduate.uwa.edu.au

West John

School of Botany, University of Melbourne

Grattan Street

AUSTRALIA

jwest@unimelb.edu.au

Westermeier Renato

Universidad Austral de Chile

Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco

CHILE

rwesterm@uach.cl

Wijmenga Gerrit

Omega Group

3 Signalny proesd

RUSSIA

gew@omega-tech.ru

Yakub Olanrewaju

Central Penn College, PA USA

PO Box 27078

NIGERIA

olanrewaju.yakub@mymail.centralpenn.edu

Yamada Saneyuki

Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries and Ocean Research 

Center

Nishizaki 1-3-1

JAPAN

yamadasn@pref.okinawa.lg.jp

Yang Chia-Ying

Institute of Fisheries Science

No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Daan District

TAIWAN

r96b45008@ntu.edu.tw
XX International Seaweed Symposium

184

Yarish Charles

University of Connecticut

Departsment of Ecol. & Evol. Biology and Marine 

Sciences

USA

charles.yarish@uconn.edu

Yasir Suhaimi

Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

MALAYSIA

ysuhaimi@ums.edu.my

Yoshikuni Yasuo

Bio Architecture Lab, Inc

604 Bancroft Way, Suite C

USA

yoshikuni@ba-lab.com

You Hack-Churl

Pegasus International Inc.

7F, Platinum Building, 889-51, Dae-Chi Dong, 

Kang-Nam Ku, Seoul

KOREA

pegasus1@pegasushomepage.com

Zambounis Antonios

University of Thessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences

Fytokou str., Nea Ionia 384 46, Volos,

GREECE

antbio@yahoo.gr

Zertuche Jose

UABC-IIO

Km 107 Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada

MEXICO

zertuche@uabc.mx

Zeyan He Hope

Hong Kong Ltd/Yantai Sheli Hydrocolloids Co.,Ltd

Room B,37/F., Tower3, Queen's Terrace, No.1, 

Queen Street, Hong Kong

CHINA

hope@sheli.com.cn

Zhu Jianyi

Changshu institute of technology

99 Southern Sanhuan Road, Changshu Jiangsu

CHINA

zhujianyint@sina.com

Zuccarello Giuseppe

School of Biological Sciences, 

Victoria University of Wellington

PO BOx 600

NEW ZEALAND

joe.zuccarello@vuw.ac.nz
XX International Seaweed Symposium

185

Index by country

ARGENTINA

Ciancia Marina

Soriano Gonzalo

AUSTRALIA

Bohorquez Rueda Carlos

Butterworth Adam

Wernberg Thomas

West John

BRAZIL

Barufi Jose

Carneiro Marcella

Faria Gabriel Soares

Fujii Mutue

Hayashi Leila

Oliveira Eurico

Pellizzari Franciane

Plastino Estela

Reis Renata

Stein Erika

CANADA

Allard Marc

Chapman Anthony

Chopin Thierry

Craigie James

Critchley Alan

Deveau Jean-Paul

Deveau Louis

Hafting Jeff

Johnson Ladd

Kushnirak Denis

Lindstrom Sandra

Martone Patrick

Norrie Jeff

Prithiviraj Balakrishnan

Sharp Glyn

Ugarte Raul

van der Meer John

CHILE

Alquati Monica

Ayala Pablo

Ayrault Lance

Barahona Tamara

Benzheng Wang

Blas Enrique

Bragg Aline

Buschmann Alejandro

Cabrera Juan Carlos

Contreras Loretto

De La Fuente Lucia

De La Piedra Pablo

Farias Aqueveque Daniela

Fernandez Pamela

Gutiérrrez Venegas Alfonso

Holz Jose

Iri Tadao

Leal David

Mansilla Andrés

Marty Edith

Murcia Muñoz Silvia

Olivares Pura

Paredes Osvaldo

Pereda Sandra

Piantini Rene

Pinto Blaña Maíra Alejandra

Rivera Javier

Rojas Ramiro

Santelices Bernabe

Santelices-Etchegaray Julia

Thomas Ceballos Daniela

Torres Rodrigo

Vasquez Julio

Westermeier Renato

CHINA

Chak Ching Wong

Jiang Hongxia
XX International Seaweed Symposium

186

Pang Shao

Qin Huang Esther

Zeyan He Hope

Zhu Jianyi

COLOMBIA

Hernel Antonio

Palacios Martha

Peña Enrique

Salgado Marin

DENMARK

Ale Marcel Tutor

Bruhn Annette

Eriksen Mikael

Holdt Susan

Holdt Henrik

Klinger Markus

Lankhuizen Nico

Mikkelsen Jorn Dalgaard

Mouritsen Lone

Nielsen Anne Jette

Porse Hans

Rasmussen Michael

EGYPT

Shalaby Emad

FRANCE

Ar Gall Erwan

Bleicher-Lhonneur Genevieve

Bondu Stephanie

Deslandes Eric

Deslandes Catherine

Hupel Mélanie

Malmezat Barbara

Marec Erick

Michel Gurvan

Sassi Jean-François

Seguimbraud Clémentine

GERMANY

Hammann Mareike

Maczassek Kerstin

Weinberger Florian

GREECE

Zambounis Antonios

HONG KONG

Ang Put

INDIA

Bhatnagar Ashok

Mantri Vaibhav

Mishra Babita

Nallamuthu Thangaraju

Natarajan Mangaiyarkarasi

Raja Rathinam

Rath Jnanendra

INDONESIA

Akrim Djusdil

Anggadiredja Jana

Gerung Grevo

Indy Jeane

Kusnowirjono Soerianto

Misbakhun Mukhamad

Neish Iain

Sentosa Herson

Setijawati Dwi

IRELAND

Breathnach Noreen

Brebion Jeremy

Hanniffy Declan

Hennequart Franck

Hurst Dermot

Kraan Stefan

Queguineur Benoit

Ratcliff Jessica

Soler-Vila Anna

Stengel Dagmar

Tuohy Maria

ISRAEL

Bitan Friedlander Naomi

Friedlander Michael

Neori Amir

Ukabi Shimrit
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JAPAN

Aruga Yusho

Carton Rhea Joy

Dan Akinori

Fujikawa Yoshikazu

Fujita Daisuke

Graczyk-Raczyñska Monika

Hosoya Reina

Iwamoto Katsuaki

Iwamoto Kazuyo

Kakita Hirotaka

Maeda Takashi

Maruyama Hiroko

Matsuoka Masayoshi

Muraoka Daisuke

Nakada Reiko

Notoya Masahiro

Suda Masahiro

Sudo Yusuke

Watanabe Riri

Yamada Saneyuki

KOREA

Boo Sung Min

Chung Ik Kyo

Hwang Eun Kyoung

Kim Ju-Hyoung

Kim Kwang Young

Kim Jong Seok

Kim Sung Hoon

Lee Kyung Min

Lee Kyung Min

Oh Jung Hoon

Park Chan Sun

Park Jeong Kwang

Park Kwang-Seok

Sohn Munho

You Hack-Churl

MALAYSIA

Chung Shuk

Pang Kyun

Yasir Suhaimi

MEXICO

Acosta Julio

Aguila Ramirez Ruth Noemi

Aguilar-Rosas Luis

Aguilar-Rosas Raúl

Ávila Enrique

Avila-Ortiz Alejandrina

Briceño-Dominguez Diego

Cabello‐Pasini Alejandro

Candelaria Carlos

Carranco Ma. Elena

Carrillo Silvia

Cetz-Navarro Neidy

Chávez Sánchez Tonatiuh

Correa Zzabi

Díaz-Martí¬nez Sergio

El-Shora Hamed

Espinoza-Avalos Julio

Fragoso Tejas Dalila

Freile-Pelegrin Yolanda

Galvez Alberto

Garcia Raymundo Maria De Jesus

Garcia-Mendoza Ernesto

Guerra Graciela

Guzmán José

Hernandez Gustavo

Hernandez-Garibay Enrique

HernándezGuerrero Claudia

León-Tejera Hilda

Marcos Roberto

Mateo-Cid Luz Elena

MazariegosVillarreal Alejandra

Moreno Gustavo

Muniz-Salazar Raquel

Muñoz Mauricio

Ocampo Hector

Orduña-Rojas Javier

Pacheco Isai

Pedroche Francisco

Perez Estrada Claudia Jeannette

Perez-Mayorga Diana
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Piñón Alejandra

Polo-Avila Laura

Ramírez Noemi

Resendiz Guillermo

Robledo Daniel

Rodriguez Sonia

Rodríguez Dení

Ruiz-Gomez Ariadna

Sanchez Flor

Sánchez Rodríguez Ignacio

Sánchez-Barredo Mariana

Schirp Alejandro

Serviere Zaragoza Elisa

Siqueiros David

Sonnenholzner Jorge

Soria-Mercado Irma

Suarez Alvin

Vergara Rodarte Mario

Villavicencio Christian

Zertuche-González Jose

MOROCCO

Abdellatif Orbi

Berraho Abdellatif

Driouich Zakia

Givernaud Thierry

Khalid El Alloussi

Lebbar Rachid

Mouradi Aziza

NAMIBIA

Kandjengp Lineekela

NETHERLANDS

Schipper Job

NEW ZEALAND

Macaya Erasmo

Pritchard Daniel

Zuccarello Giuseppe

NIGERIA

Akintayo Ramoni

Oladejo Mayowa

Yakub Olanrewaju

NORWAY

Pedersen Are

Bakken Paal

Broch Ole

Christie Hartvig

Forbord Silje

Henriksen Berit

Jostein Vea

Moy Frithjof

Pedersen Olav

Skjermo Jorunn

Tveiten Lise

Vea Berit Haugland

PAKISTAN

Ara Jehan

Ehteshamul-Haque Syed

Sultana Viqar

PANAMA

Batista De Vega Gloria

PERU

Dupuy Juan

Kradolfer Paul

Marsano Carlos

Rojas Ramiro

Villena Gunter

PHILIPPINES

Ang Isidro

Azanza Rhodora

Baricuatro Farley

Beck Claus

Calumpong Hilconida

Dakay Benson

Dakay Pierre

Dakay Marie

Dionson Evie

Hurtado Anicia

Solante Marcial

Tisera Wilson

Wee Lee Hiong

PORTUGAL

Abreu Maria
XX International Seaweed Symposium

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Engelen Aschwin

León-Cisneros Karla

Neto Ana

Pereira Rui

Rosas-Alquicira Edgar

Santos Rui

Sousa Pinto Isabel

PUERTO RICO

Morales-Payan J. Pablo

RUSSIA

Feodorova Tatiana

Genatulina Aila

Georgiev Anton

Pochukaev Andrey

Podkorytova Antonina

Popova Nataliya

Popova Larisa

Wijmenga Gerrit

SCOTLAND

Kuepper Frithjof

McRonald Stuart

Roleda Michael

Strittmatter Martina

SOLOMON ISLANDS

Lee Antonio

SOUTH AFRICA

Maneveldt Gavin

SPAIN

Abdala-Díaz Roberto

Aylagas Eva

Figueroa Felix

Gorostiaga Jose M.

Guillermo Garcia

Korbee Nathalie

Salling Peter

TAIWAN

Chou Hong-Nong

Yang Chia-Ying

TANZANIA

Fazal Murtaza

Morre Roger

Msuya Flower

TRINIDAD

Jayaraman Jayaraj

USA

Adams John

Ask Erick

Beamonte Ignacio

Bixler Harris Pete

Borras Chavez Renato

Carney Laura

Carrano Carl

Collado-Vides Ligia

Edwards Matthew

Evans La Kenya

Gabrielson Paul

Graham Michael

Hanisak Dennis

Hommersand Max

Hondolero Dominic

Jeffries Sarah

Kashiyama Yuki

Lapointe Brian

Lee Andrew

Liddle Larry

McDonald John

Mendola Dominick

Miller Kathy Ann

Murray Steve

Murray Nancy

Muth Arley

Neefus Chris

Nettleton Jeremy

Palmer Jenefer

Pesce Andrea

Sankaran Sonya

Schoeffter Conrad

Seisun Dennis

Stekoll Michael

Thornber Carol

Vogt Sean

Yarish Charles

Yoshikuni Yasuo

VIETNAM

Vo Triet