COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Humphreys and Senior Judge Willis 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

NANCY A. HEY 

 

v. Record No. 2795-07-4 

 

ARLINGTON COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

 OF HUMAN SERVICES 

CHRISTOPHER SLITOR 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION BY*

v. Record No. 2796-07-4 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS 

DECEMBER 30, 2008 

ARLINGTON COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

 OF HUMAN SERVICES 

LOUISE HEY 

 

v. Record No. 2840-07-4 

 

ARLINGTON COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

 OF HUMAN SERVICES 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ARLINGTON COUNTY 

James F. Almand, Judge 

 Thomas P. Sotello (Carl A.S. Coan, III; Thomas P. Sotello PLC; 

Coan & Lyons, on briefs), for appellant Nancy A. Hey. 

 

 Christopher Slitor, pro se. 

 Raymond B. Benzinger (Law Office of Raymond B. Benzinger, 

P.C., on brief), for appellant Louise Hey. 

 Jonnise M. Conanan; Mary Ellen Slugg, Guardian ad litem for the 

minor child (Office of the County Attorney; Ragland and Slugg, on 

briefs), for appellee. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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 Nancy A. Hey (“mother”), Christopher Slitor (“Slitor”) and Louise Hey (“grandmother”) 

appeal from a decision of the Circuit Court of Arlington County, which terminated mother’s 

residual parental rights in her child (“child”). Mother claims that the circuit court erred (1) in 

holding that she failed to remedy the conditions that required child to be placed in foster care, 

(2) by allowing child’s guardian ad litem, Janell Wolfe (“Wolfe”), to testify and to do so in 

narrative form and (3) by allowing Dr. Robert Marvin to testify. Mother, joined by Slitor and 

grandmother, also argues that the circuit court failed to properly consider child’s relatives as a 

reasonable alternative to foster care or adoption. For the following reasons, we affirm the 

decision of the circuit court. 

ANALYSIS 

A. The Testimony of the Guardian Ad Litem

 Mother argues that the circuit court erred by allowing Wolfe to testify about what she 

observed while she was child’s guardian ad litem. Mother argued that Wolfe’s testimony 

violated the Supreme Court of Virginia’s “Standards to Govern the Performance of Guardians ad 

litem for Children.” Those standards state, “The [guardian ad litem] acts as an attorney and not a 

witness, which means that he or she should not be cross-examined and, more importantly, should 

not testify.” Standards to Govern the Performance of Guardians Ad Litem for Children, Intro. 

Com’t. (2003), at http://www.courts.state.va.us/gal/gal_standards_children_080403.html. We 

decline to address that issue, because even if the trial court erred by allowing Wolfe to testify, 

and to do so in narrative form, that error was harmless. 

 Virginia’s harmless error statute, Code § 8.01-678, states: 

When it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at 

the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and 

substantial justice has been reached, no judgment shall be arrested 

or reversed . . . [f]or any . . . defect, imperfection, or omission in 

the record, or for any error committed on the trial. 
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Accordingly, “‘[i]f, when all is said and done, [it is clear] that the error did not influence the [fact 

finder], or had but slight effect, the verdict . . . should stand.’” Clay v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 

253, 260, 546 S.E.2d 728, 731 (2001) (quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 764 

(1946)). Furthermore, when a court improperly admits evidence that is “merely cumulative” of 

other evidence that was properly admitted, such error is harmless. Freeman v. Commonwealth, 

223 Va. 301, 316, 288 S.E.2d 461, 469 (1982). 

 Here, it is clear that Wolfe’s testimony was merely cumulative and did not influence the 

fact finder. Other witnesses testified to everything that Wolfe testified to. The court made one 

reference to Wolfe’s testimony in its holding. When holding that DHS made reasonable and 

appropriate efforts to strengthen mother’s relationship with child, the court noted that Wolfe 

testified that, “the County had provided more services than she had ever seen.” While the court 

may have relied on Wolfe’s opinion, the record is full of testimony from numerous witnesses 

detailing the extensive services offered by DHS. Leslie Moran, a DHS social worker, 

specifically testified that DHS provided mother with more visitation opportunities than it 

provides in similar cases. Wolfe’s opinion regarding the amount of services provided was 

merely cumulative of the other evidence properly in the record. Thus, it is clear that Wolfe’s 

testimony “‘did not influence’” or “‘had but slight effect’” on the court’s decision. Clay, 262 

Va. at 260, 546 S.E.2d at 731 (quoting Kotteakos, 328 U.S. at 764). 

B. The Testimony of Dr. Marvin

 Mother next argues that the court erred by allowing Dr. Marvin to testify. Mother first 

argues that Dr. Marvin should not have been allowed to testify because DHS did not timely 

notify her of its intent to call Dr. Marvin as an expert witness. Pursuant to Rule 4:1(b)(4)(A)(i), 

A party may through interrogatories require any other party to 

identify each person whom the other party expects to call as an 

expert witness at trial, to state the subject matter on which the 

expert is expected to testify, and to state the substance of the facts 
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and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify and a 

summary of the grounds for each opinion. 

Furthermore, Rule 4:1(e) provides that, 

A party who has responded to a request for discovery is under a 

duty to supplement or correct the response to include information 

thereafter acquired in the following circumstances: 

(1) A party is under a duty promptly to amend and/or supplement 

all responses to discovery requests directly addressed to . . . the 

identity of each person expected to be called as an expert witness 

at trial, the subject matter on which the expert is expected to 

testify, and the substance of the expert’s testimony, when 

additional or corrective information becomes available. 

Prior to the hearing, mother filed an interrogatory asking DHS to identify any experts that they 

intended to call at the hearing. DHS did not include Dr. Marvin in its response to mother’s 

request, and it did not notify mother of its intent to call Dr. Marvin until over a month after the 

hearing began. Thus, mother argues that DHS violated its duty to notify her of expert witnesses. 

 Assuming arguendo that mother’s position is correct and that DHS violated Rule 4:1, the 

circuit court’s error in allowing DHS to present Dr. Marvin’s testimony was harmless. During 

the argument as to whether Dr. Marvin should be allowed to testify, Mary Ellen Slugg (“Slugg”), 

child’s guardian ad litem, stated that, should the court exclude Dr. Marvin’s testimony, she 

would call him as an expert witness on behalf of child. Slugg explained that mother had not 

made any discovery requests to her and, thus, she was not bound to provide notice of her intent 

to call an expert witness under Rule 4:1. Slugg’s argument is correct. Rule 4:1(b)(4)(A)(i) does 

not require parties to disclose all expert witnesses that they intend to call at trial. Rather, it only 

requires a party to disclose an expert if the other party has requested that they do so in an 

interrogatory. Mother never served Slugg with an interrogatory, and, thus, Slugg was not 

required to disclose her intent to call an expert witness. The Standards to Govern the 

Performance of Guardians Ad Litem for Children provides “The GAL should prepare, present 
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and cross-examine witnesses, offer exhibits, and provide independent evidence as necessary.” 

Standards to Govern the Performance of Guardians Ad Litem for Children, Com’t on Std. F 

(2003), at http://www.courts.state.va.us/gal/gal_standards_children_080403.html. Because 

Slugg could have presented Dr. Marvin as her own witness, the circuit court did not err in 

allowing him to testify without prior notice to mother. 

 Next, mother argues that the circuit court erred by allowing Dr. Marvin to testify in 

violation of Code § 8.01-375. Code § 8.01-375 provides that “[t]he court trying any civil case 

may upon its own motion and shall upon the motion of any party, require the exclusion of every 

witness.” Prior to the hearing, both parties moved the court to exclude all witnesses. Mother 

argues that Dr. Marvin violated the rule by reviewing transcripts of another witness. 

 However, assuming that mother is correct, and that reviewing the transcript of a witness’ 

testimony violates Code § 8.01-375, that violation does not automatically disqualify Dr. Marvin 

as a witness. “[A] circuit court has discretion to decide whether a witness who violates an 

exclusion order should be prohibited from testifying.” Wolfe v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 193, 

213, 576 S.E.2d 471, 483 (2003). “Factors to be considered in resolving the question include 

whether there was prejudice to the defendant and whether there was intentional impropriety 

attributable to the prosecution. It is also pertinent whether the out-of-court comments concerned 

any substantive aspect of the case and whether they had any effect on the witness’ testimony.” 

Bennett v. Commonwealth, 236 Va. 448, 465, 374 S.E.2d 303, 314 (1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 

1028 (1989). 

 In light of the Bennett factors, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by allowing 

Dr. Marvin to testify. Mother conceded below that neither DHS nor Dr. Marvin acted in bad 

faith when Dr. Marvin reviewed the transcript of Dr. Doyle’s testimony. Furthermore, there is 

no evidence that Dr. Marvin’s review of Dr. Doyle’s testimony prejudiced mother in any way. 
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All the questions posed to Dr. Marvin regarding Dr. Doyle’s testimony could have been asked in 

the form of a hypothetical question regardless of whether Dr. Marvin had ever reviewed the 

testimony. Moreover, the circuit court offered to allow mother to recall Dr. Doyle as a witness 

after Dr. Marvin testified. Mother declined to do so. In light of those circumstances, we cannot 

say that the circuit court abused its discretion by allowing Dr. Marvin to testify. 

C. The Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights

It is well settled that “[w]hen addressing matters concerning a child . . . the paramount 

consideration of a trial court is the child’s best interests.” Logan v. Fairfax County Dep’t of 

Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460, 463 (1991). “In matters of a child’s 

welfare, trial courts are vested with broad discretion in making the decisions necessary to guard 

and to foster a child’s best interests.” Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 328, 387 S.E.2d 794, 795 

(1990). “Statutes terminating the legal relationship between parent and child should be 

interpreted consistently with the governmental objective of preserving, when possible, the 

parent-child relationship.” Weaver v. Roanoke Dep’t of Human Resources, 220 Va. 921, 926, 

265 S.E.2d 692, 695 (1980). The circuit court’s judgment, ‘“when based on evidence heard ore 

tenus, will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” 

M.G. v. Albemarle County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 41 Va. App. 170, 181, 583 S.E.2d 761, 766 

(2003) (quoting Peple v. Peple, 5 Va. App. 414, 422, 364 S.E.2d 232, 237 (1988)). 

 Code § 16.1-283(C) provides in pertinent part: 

The residual parental rights of a parent or parents . . . may be 

terminated if the court finds, based upon clear and convincing 

evidence, that it is in the best interests of the child and that . . . 

(2) [t]he parent or parents, without good cause, have been 

unwilling or unable within a reasonable period of time not to 

exceed twelve months from the date the child was placed in foster 

care to remedy substantially the conditions which led to or required 

continuation of the child’s foster care placement, notwithstanding 

the reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental 

health or other rehabilitative agencies to such end. 
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Thus, in order to terminate mother’s residual parental rights, the court must make three separate 

findings: (1) that termination is in the child’s best interest, (2) that, without good cause, mother 

failed to remedy substantially the conditions that led to the child’s foster care placement and 

(3) that DHS made reasonable and appropriate efforts to help her remedy those conditions. 

The circuit court found that it is in child’s best interests to terminate mother’s residual 

parental rights. That finding is inherently intertwined with the court’s finding that mother failed 

to remedy the circumstances that led to child’s removal. Mother has a developmental disorder 

that prevents her from adequately responding to child’s needs. Witnesses testified that mother’s 

condition cannot be cured. Instead, she must learn techniques to compensate for her deficit. In 

the nearly two years leading up to the hearing, mother received extensive training from several 

social services groups and had even gone through an intensive, in-home training with social 

workers that she chose. At times, mother worked with social workers as much as 25 hours per 

week. During that time, mother was able to learn simple tasks like feeding and diapering. 

However, despite her best efforts, she was unable to learn how to respond to child’s changing 

needs. An expert testified that, due to mother’s developmental disorder, she is incapable of 

serving as child’s primary caretaker. Other witnesses testified that, in order to keep up with 

child’s development, mother would need constant, intense training. A DHS social worker 

explained that, by the time mother was able to master parenting child at one stage of 

development, child would have already progressed to the next stage of development. 

In order to remedy mother’s problems, DHS worked with mother and Slitor to identify 

and develop a primary caretaker for child. DHS suggested that mother and Slitor hire a full-time 

nanny who could assist mother and act as child’s primary caretaker, but mother and Slitor failed 

to do so. 
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Although initially hesitant, Slitor eventually agreed to work towards becoming child’s 

primary caregiver. However, the circuit court found that Slitor had not adequately shown that he 

was capable of providing the care that child requires. That finding is supported by the fact that 

Slitor admittedly has an anger problem and has struggled with severe depression and a drinking 

problem. Mother told a DHS social worker that, in the past, a dispute over his parents’ estate 

had caused Slitor “to drink more and get angry.” That incident led to him being hospitalized for 

three days for depression. Another DHS social worker testified that in order to provide adequate 

care to child, Slitor would still need “consistent and ongoing” instruction. 

By failing to identify an adequate primary caregiver or hire a nanny, mother failed to 

remedy the problem that led to child’s initial removal. That failure supports the circuit court’s 

holding that the child’s interests would best be served by the termination of mother’s parental 

rights.1

Mother argues that her developmental disorder constituted “good cause” preventing her 

from remedying the circumstances that led to child’s removal. However, we have previously 

addressed that issue in Richmond Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. L.P., 35 Va. App. 573, 584, 585, 546 

 1

 In its holding, the circuit court specifically discussed the bond that child had formed 

with her foster parents and the trauma that might occur if child was taken from them. Mother 

argues that this type of “comparative best interests test” is improper when determining whether 

to terminate a biological parent’s residual parent rights. It is true that “in custody disputes 

between a natural parent and a nonparent, the law presumes the best interests of the child will be 

served when in the custody of the natural parent,” Mason v. Moon, 9 Va. App. 217, 220, 385 

S.E.2d 242, 244 (1989) (emphasis added), and, to overcome the presumption favoring the parent, 

the non-parent must prove by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) the parents are unfit; (2) a 

court previously has granted an order of divestiture; (3) the parents voluntarily relinquished 

custody; (4) the parents abandoned the child; or (5) special facts and circumstances constitute 

extraordinary reasons to take the child from the parents, Bailes v. Sours, 231 Va. 96, 10, 340 

S.E.2d 824, 827 (1986). However, Virginia courts have never addressed whether it is improper 

for a court to consider a child’s attachment to her foster family in termination of parental rights 

cases under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). It is not necessary to address that issue in this case, because 

the evidence was sufficient to support the circuit court’s finding without considering child’s 

relationship with her foster family. 
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S.E.2d 749, 754, 755 (2001), where we held that “a parent’s mental deficiency that prevents her 

from caring for her child” does not constitute “‘good cause’ under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2).” 

Accordingly, we likewise hold that mother’s developmental disorder does not constitute good 

cause. 

Finally, mother argues that the circuit court erred in holding that DHS made “reasonable 

and appropriate efforts” to assist her in remedying her problems. “‘Reasonable and appropriate’ 

efforts can only be judged with reference to the circumstances of a particular case. Thus, a court 

must determine what constitutes reasonable and appropriate efforts given the facts before the 

court.” Ferguson v. Stafford County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 14 Va. App. 333, 338-39, 417 S.E.2d 

1, 4 (1992). 

The record is replete with evidence that DHS made reasonable and appropriate efforts to 

assist mother. DHS initially arranged for mother to visit child twice per week, which is more 

often than in the typical case. DHS provided social workers from its office and from 

Comprehensive Health Investment Project to work with mother and Slitor during those visits to 

teach them parenting skills. When those visits became impractical because of child’s 

uncontrollable crying, DHS attempted several different things to facilitate productive visits. 

DHS moved the visits to a local café, to mother’s home, and to the foster parents’ home. It also 

brought in an infant massage therapist to attempt to calm child. DHS continued trying new 

things until the J&DR court ordered it to stop the visits. DHS then worked with social workers 

chosen by mother who conducted intensive home training with mother and Slitor. That training 

began with visits twice per week and progressively increased until mother was receiving training 

for up to 25 hours per week. DHS discussed mother’s developmental disorder with mother and 

Slitor and worked to help them identify a primary caretaker for child. In light of all of those 
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services offered by DHS, we cannot say that the circuit court was plainly wrong in finding that 

DHS made “reasonable and appropriate efforts” to assist mother. 

For all of the foregoing reasons, we hold that evidence in the record supports the circuit 

court’s findings (1) that the termination of mother’s parental rights was in the best interests of 

child, (2) that mother failed to substantially remedy the circumstances that caused child’s 

removal, and (3) that DHS made reasonable and appropriate efforts to assist mother. Therefore, 

we hold that the circuit court did not err by terminating mother’s parental rights. 

D. The Consideration of Mother’s Relatives as an Alternative to Adoption

 Finally, mother, joined by Slitor and grandmother, argues that the circuit court failed to 

give proper consideration to granting custody of child to child’s relatives. Code § 16.1-283(A) 

provides that, in a termination of parental rights case, “the court shall give a consideration to 

granting custody to relatives of the child, including grandparents.” “Before the court grants 

custody of a child, under the provisions of Code § 16.1-283(A) the Department has a duty to 

produce sufficient evidence so that the court may properly determine whether there are relatives 

willing and suitable to take custody of the child, and to consider such relatives in comparison to 

other placement options.” Logan, 13 Va. App. at 131, 409 S.E.2d at 465. DHS met its duty in 

this case, and the circuit court properly considered child’s relatives. 

 After child was removed from mother’s custody, DHS inquired with mother about 

relatives who could potentially serve as guardians for child. Grandmother was the only person 

that mother suggested. DHS presented extensive information about grandmother at the hearing. 

Grandmother was 79 years old at the time of the hearing in this case. She lives in Maine for half 

of the year and in Maryland during the rest of the year. While she is in Maryland, grandmother 

resides in an assisted living home that does not allow children. DHS ordered an “interstate 

compact home study” of grandmother’s Maine home. That study recommended against placing 
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a child in that home. Grandmother is a cancer survivor and has also had a series of minor 

strokes. When a DHS worker asked grandmother who could care for child if grandmother was 

unable to do so, grandmother was unable to identify anyone, other than to ask if she could just 

give child back to mother. We do not conduct a de novo review of the circuit court’s decision 

with respect to custody. See Sutherland v. Sutherland, 14 Va. App. 42, 44, 414 S.E.2d 617, 618 

(1992). The circuit court clearly considered the question of whether child’s best interests would 

be best served by granting custody to Slitor or grandmother. There is evidence in the record to 

support the trial court’s findings in this regard, and, thus, we must affirm that decision. 

 Slitor also filed a petition for custody of child, and the circuit court considered him as an 

alternative guardian as well. As noted above, DHS presented extensive evidence regarding 

Slitor’s fitness to serve as child’s primary caretaker. In its holding, the circuit court specifically 

cited Slitor’s anger, his depression, and his alcohol abuse as reasons why it did not believe that 

child’s best interests would be served by being placed with Slitor. In light of the evidence 

presented and the court’s holding, it is clear that the circuit court considered Slitor as a potential 

guardian. 

 Based on the foregoing, we hold that DHS presented sufficient evidence to the court so 

that the court could properly evaluate child’s relatives as alternatives to foster care. The circuit 

court considered that evidence as it was required to do. Thus, the court did not abuse its 

discretion by failing to consider child’s relatives as alternatives to foster care. 
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CONCLUSION 

 For these reasons, we hold that evidence supports the circuit court’s decision to terminate 

mother’s parental rights and to refuse to place child with Slitor or grandmother. Therefore, we 

hold that the court was not plainly wrong and we affirm its decision.2

Affirmed.

 

 2

 Mother’s motion to strike DHS’s brief and DHS’s motion to strike Slitor’s reply brief 

are denied.