HomeReportsBureau of Economic and Business Affairs2023 Investment Climate Statements…Cameroon

# 					2023 Investment Climate Statements: Cameroon			

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													EXECUTIVE SUMMARY											

                -  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
                -  1. Openness To, and Restrictions Upon, Foreign Investment                    -  Policies Towards Foreign Direct Investment 
                  -  Other Investment Policy Reviews 
                  -  Business Facilitation 
                  -  Outward Investment 
                -  2. Bilateral Investment and Taxation Treaties 
                -  3. Legal Regime                    -  Transparency of the Regulatory System 
                  -  International Regulatory Considerations 
                  -  Legal System and Judicial Independence 
                  -  Laws and Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment 
                  -  Competition and Antitrust Laws 
                  -  Expropriation and Compensation 
                  -  Dispute Settlement                      -  ICSID Convention and New York Convention   
                    -  Investor-State Dispute Settlement   
                    -  International Commercial Arbitration and Foreign Courts   
                  -  Bankruptcy Regulations 
                -  4. Industrial Policies                    -  Investment Incentives 
                  -  Foreign Trade Zones/Free Ports/Trade Facilitation 
                  -  Performance and Data Localization Requirements 
                -  5. Protection of Property Rights                    -  Real Property 
                  -  Intellectual Property Rights 
                -  6. Financial Sector                    -  Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment 
                  -  Money and Banking System 
                  -  Foreign Exchange and Remittances                      -  Foreign Exchange 
                    -  Remittance Policies 
                  -  Sovereign Wealth Funds 
                -  7. State-Owned Enterprises                    -  Privatization Program 
                -  8. Responsible Business Conduct                    -  Additional Resources 
                  -  Climate Issues 
                -  9. Corruption                    -  Resources to Report Corruption    
                -  10. Political and Security Environment 
                -  11. Labor Policies and Practices 
                -  12. U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), and Other Investment Insurance or Development Finance Programs 
                -  13. Foreign Direct Investment Statistics 
                -  14. Contact for More Information 

## EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Cameroon, the largest economy in the Central African Economic and Monetary Union (CEMAC), continues to recover from external economic shocks. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projects Cameroon’s real GDP growth to reach 4.6 percent in 2023, up from 3.4 percent in 2022, supported by higher oil prices and non-oil production. The current account deficit is expected to deepen to 3 percent in 2023 against 1.6 percent in 2022. Headline inflation is projected to reach 5.9 percent at end the of 2023, up from 5.3 percent in 2022. The overall fiscal deficit improved from 2.3 percent of GDP in 2022 to around 1.3 percent in 2023 reflecting higher oil revenues, while the non-oil primary deficit is estimated to improve from 4.5 percent of GDP in 2022 to 2.4 percent in 2023, mainly due to the phasing out of fuel subsidies.

Cameroon’s current National Development Strategy (NDS30) sets out to create an enabling environment for public-private partnerships which can spur job growth. The strategy also focuses on boosting local production, developing, infrastructure and leveraging technology for growth and employment.

Cameroon’s economy has faced major external shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, that have disrupted food commodity and fuel supplies, and placed upward pressure on prices. While some of the adverse effects of exogenous shocks are being weathered with support from the IMF’s three-year $689.5 million hybrid Extended Credit Facility (ECF) and Extended Fund Facility (EFF) arrangements, the upward pressure on fuel prices nonetheless forced the government to ease its fuel subsidies policy. This led to a rise in official fuel prices at the pumping stations. In January 2023, the IMF Executive Board completed the third review of the ECF-EFF program and approved a new disbursement of $73 million.

Cameroon’s 2023 budget totals $10.1 billion, an increase of 4 percent from the 2022 mid-term revised budget, largely funded by tax increases for businesses and households even as the cost of living for Cameroonians soars. The 2023 budget aligns with the National Development Strategy and the IMF program and sets a target to contain the budget deficit.

Cameroon maintains strong competitive advantages due to bilingualism in French and English, relative political stability, a diversified economy, and its location as a gateway to landlocked countries in the Central African region. It offers immense investment potential in infrastructure, agriculture and extractive industries, consumer markets, and modern communication technology (for example, internet broadband, fiber optic cable, and data centers). However, Cameroon’s telecommunication infrastructure needs significant investment for upgrade, as network outages are frequent. More investment opportunities exist in the financial sector as only 15 percent of Cameroonians have access to formal banking services. Governance challenges and administrative bottlenecks remain major setbacks to Cameroon’s investment climate.

							1. Openness To, and Restrictions Upon, Foreign Investment					

### Policies Towards Foreign Direct Investment

Cameroon has placed the creation of a conducive business environment for attracting FDI at the heart of its development strategy, and views FDI as a means to mobilize financing for its National Development Strategy and generate technology spillovers necessary for the nation’s industrialization and economic development. Law N° 2013/004 of April 18, 2013, established incentives for private investment in Cameroon. However, business associations assert that the law pits new entrants against already established businesses. They cite a 10-year tax waiver only applicable to new businesses and overly general incentives rather than targeting specific sectors. Moreover, the law does not facilitate technology transfer clauses, which is an objective of the National Development Strategy.

Decree No. 2005-310 of September 1, 2005, created an Investment Promotion Agency (CIPA), which became effective in 2010 following appointment of its executives. CIPA fosters an enabling environment for investments in Cameroon by: (i) promoting Cameroon’s brand image abroad; (ii) participating in the improvement of the Cameroon investment environment; (iii) proposing measures likely to attract investors to Cameroon as well as those likely to improve the implementation of the investment and other sectoral codes; and (iv) hosting a database of projects available to investors. CIPA also enters into joint ventures and public-private partnerships with other government and private entities, as necessary, with the objective of improving the business environment. CIPA offers investment incentives covering existing and emerging economic sectors. The agency also serves as a one-stop-shop, facilitating business through the assistance it provides to foreign and domestic investors. It processes application files for approval in compliance with its investment charter and assists in the alignment of projects with the general tax code. It can support potential foreign investors for visa applications. CIPA also monitors the implementation of commitments made by approved companies.

The government maintains dialogue with business associations such as the Groupement Inter-Patronal du Cameroun (GICAM), Enterprise Cameroun (ECAM) (GICAM and ECAM merged with in March 2022 to create a larger association) and Mouvement des Enterprise du Cameroon (MECAM)through the Cameroon Business Forum, which is sponsored by the World Bank. The government convenes the Cameroon Business Forum annually for an inclusive dialogue in key sectors of the economy and makes recommendations to improve the business landscape. The government also maintains dialogue with syndicates in all the sectors to find common ground on specific issues that would otherwise disrupt normal economic activity.Limits on Foreign Control and Right to Private Ownership and Establishment

Apart from the national defense and security areas, there are no sector-specific restrictions, limitations, or requirements applied to foreign ownership and control. Despite an active government presence in most sectors of the economy, private entities – both domestic and foreign – can create and own businesses that engage in all forms of legal remunerative activities. They can also enter joint ventures and public-private partnerships with the government.

Law N°2002/004 of April 19, 2002, on the Charter of Investments in the Republic of Cameroon, guarantees to any individual or corporate entity with established economic activity or wishing to establish an economic activity in Cameroon the freedom to repatriate foreign capital invested and profits made by the exploitation, as well as repatriation of salary savings made by expatriate staff. The same law, however, requires that foreign exchange and capital transfers be done in respect of the rules of the Central African Economic and Monetary Union (CEMAC), which places restrictions on the repatriation of foreign capital. Regulation N°02/18/CEMAC/CAMU/CM of December 2l, 2018, regulating foreign exchange in the CEMAC region, specifies that the import, issuance, advertisement, and sale of foreign currency for amounts exceeding CFAF 50 million are subject to BEAC authorization. Although there is no specific clause that prohibits transactions of any amount, the system of authorizations and associated foreign exchange controls indirectly affects cross-border transaction amounts.

Cameroon has no laws or regulations that expressly prohibit investment, equity caps, mandatory domestic joint venture partners, licensing restrictions, or mandatory intellectual property/technology transfer requirements. Cameroon has a screening process, which is applicable to all domestic and foreign investments.  This screening process ensures that investors meet the criteria, such as employment and export quantities, to qualify for private investment incentives.

### Other Investment Policy Reviews

The IMF completed the Third Review of its three-year, $689.5 million hybrid Extended Credit Facility and Extended Fund Facility arrangement in February 2023 and approved a further disbursement of $73.3 million. While macroeconomic performance is satisfactory, and efforts to promote good governance and transparency are advancing, progress on structural reforms is slow.

In December 2022, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) released the report of the Cameroon Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) that examines opportunities and constraints and makes recommendations that could increase private investment, contribute to growth, and support better living conditions for Cameroonians. The CPSD recommends the undertaking of reforms in energy, state-owned enterprise governance, and public-private partnership sectors. The CPSD maintains these reforms would increase private investments and improve access to essential physical and digital infrastructure. The CPSD also highlights the benefits of diversification and suggests a focus on select value chains such as cocoa and cereals. Concerning the urban economy, the report suggests enhancing investments in education, housing infrastructure, and retail, where demand is high. The full report can be read here.

GICAM, Cameroon’s largest private business association, noted that to significantly improve the business environment and impact the development of investments the government should focus reforms in four main areas: (i) real estate/land tenure management; (ii) energy development, especially green energy; (iii) telecommunications enhancement, and (iv) review of the tax base – using income/profit as tax base instead of turnover.

In a December 2022 report, the Nkafu Policy Institute, a Cameroonian think tank, examined the economic impacts of the 2023 fiscal measures that increased taxes and stamp duties. In its 2023 budget, the government of Cameroon significantly reduced fuel subsidies and increased stamp duties on administrative procedures; this was followed in February 2023 by a 24% average fuel price increase. The report notes that these measures would affect the competitiveness of the economy by: (i) increasing the prices of the consumer goods due to increased transport fares; and (ii) tightening of conditions for running and formalizing businesses or accessing land. These measures would slow down the efficient operation of transport networks, the development of the private sector and, by extension, economic growth.

### Business Facilitation

In Cameroon, anyone, national or foreign, is free to start and run a business. Entrepreneurs obtain a unique tax identification number issued by the Directorate General of Taxation, known as a Unique Identification Number (UIN).

While official business services are available, most companies including those from the United States operating in, or attempting to enter, the Cameroonian market have a local presence as operating a business requires frequent face-to-face interactions with public servants.

Government procurement is a long and arduous process in Cameroon, and understanding and enforcing legal agreements is painstaking work. In 2018, the government created an online procurement management system, Cameroon On-Line E-Procurement System (COLEPS). The e-procurement portal is an electronic procurement management tool for companies. It is part of the electronic management of purchases which includes actions for both upstream – selecting suppliers (e-sourcing), and downstream – placing and monitoring orders. Orders are placed electronically in catalogues. The online platform is now operational. Procurement related laws, decrees, orders, and other regulatory materials are available on this platform. The system now has information on procurement programming, involving, among others, budgeted projects, tender notices, and biddings. However, current laws does not compel use of the system to manage procurements and it is not widely used by government offices.

According to the World Bank, it takes 14 procedures and 82 days to establish a foreign-owned limited liability company in Douala, Cameroon’s largest city and economic capital. This process is longer and more complex than regional and global averages. For foreign investors, a declaration of foreign investment to the Ministry of Finance is mandatory 30 days prior to the beginning of operations. In addition, if the company wants to engage in international trade, registration in the importers’ file is required to obtain an automated customs systems number (Système Douanier Automatisé, or “sydonia”). This number facilitates the entry and exit of goods produced by the company. The authentication of the parent company’s documentation abroad is required only to establish a subsidiary. Foreign-owned resident companies that wish to maintain foreign currency bank accounts must obtain prior approval. The Minister of Finance issues such authorization, which is subject to approval from the Bank of Central African States (BEAC) as per Section 24 of the exchange control regulations. This approval takes on average 38 days to obtain. There is a minimum paid-in capital requirement of CFA 1,000,000 (~$1,800) for establishing LLCs.

In Cameroon, business registration is most often manual, although the Ministry of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises launched an electronic registration portal designed to automate the process at https://cameroun.eregistrations.org/. Due to internet access challenges, the website is not always operational. To manually register, entrepreneurs must go to a Ministry of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises regional center for the creation of enterprises, which can complete the registration procedure within one week.

In addition, to facilitate cross-border investments, a single window (one-stop shop) for foreign trade transactions (GUCE) has been established. Through this window, all cross-border transactions are registered in an online form and information is sent to all participating parties including technical ministries. Each transaction has a unique payment, a unique form for entering data, and a system for informing participating parties. The system is still being deployed and has yet to become fully operational.

### Outward Investment

The Cameroonian government does not promote or incentivize outward investment, nor does it restrict domestic investors from investing abroad.

							2. Bilateral Investment and Taxation Treaties					

Cameroon has 18 bilateral investment treaties in force, which can be found here. Cameroon signed a bilateral investment treaty with the United States in 1986, which entered into force in 1989. Most recently, Cameroon signed an Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom in 2021. Cameroon signed an interim Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Union which entered into force in August 2014. In August 2016, the President of Cameroon signed the implementing decree which allows for its effective implementation toward a progressive elimination of customs duties by 80 percent for European products over a period of 15 years.

Cameroon ratified the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) in 2020. The AfCFTA is expected to enable the creation of a continent-wide free trade area with the potential to unite Africa’s 1.2 billion people in a $2.5 trillion economic bloc and foster economic growth and development through trade creation, structural transformation, productive employment and poverty reduction.

Cameroon does not have a Bilateral Tax Treaty with the United States; it has tax treaties with Canada, France, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and other CEMAC members: Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Chad, and Central African Republic. Cameroon is a member of the OECD Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting and a party to the OECD Inclusive Framework Two-Pillar Solution to Global Tax Challenges, including a global minimum corporate tax.

In one of Cameroon’s most extensive tax incentive programs ever enacted to promote private investments, the 2023 Finance Law offers all companies investing in agriculture (including stock breeding and fisheries) tax exemptions at both the investment and operational phases of their businesses. At the investment phase, companies benefit from several tax exemptions, including on wages paid to employees, the acquisition of farm inputs, fees on loan agreements, and land acquisition. At the operational phase, waivers are provided for business and income taxes for the first five years of operation. After five years of operation, the business tax waiver is maintained, while a flat rate of 0.5 percent is levied on income, plus a 10 percent increase for the additional income tax. The 2023 finance law can be found here.

							3. Legal Regime					

### Transparency of the Regulatory System

Cameroon’s laws are consistent with international business and legal norms. Cameroon’s legal architecture is made up of national, regional CEMAC, and supra-national regulations, most of which are applicable to domestic and foreign businesses. Weak implementation and investigative capacity, a lack of understanding of international business practices, and corruption in the judiciary limit the effectiveness of the rule of law. In many circumstances, judicial loopholes persist, leading to arbitrary interpretations of the texts.

Some government ministries, though not all, consult with public and private sector organizations through targeted outreach with stakeholders, such as business associations or other groups. There is no formal process for such consultations. Ministries do not report the results of consultations, but there is no evidence that such processes disadvantage U.S. or other foreign investors.

Cameroon’s National Assembly and Senate pass laws. The Executive proposes bills and then executes laws. Though there is technically a separation of powers, the Presidency is the supreme rule-making and regulatory authority. Decentralized institutions in the regions and municipalities have little additional regulatory authority. Draft bills and regulations are not made available for public comment. The website for the Office of the Prime Minister (www.spm.gov.cm) contains PDF versions of most new regulatory actions published in the Cameroon Tribune, the country’s newspaper of record.

Ministries and regulatory agencies do not have a list of anticipated regulatory changes or proposals intended to be adopted/implemented within a specified period. Ministries do not have a legal obligation to publish the text of proposed regulations before their enactment. There is no period set by law for the text of the proposed regulations to be publicly available. There is no specialized government body tasked with reviewing and monitoring regulatory impact assessments conducted by other individual agencies or government bodies.

Cameroon has administrative courts that specialize in the application and enforcement of public laws. From a strictly legal perspective, the Supreme Court has oversight on enforcement mechanisms, but a lack of separation of powers prevents the judiciary from independently carrying out its responsibilities. There have been no new regulatory or enforcement reforms announced since the 2022 Investment Climate Statement.

Cameroon does not meet the minimum standards of fiscal transparency. This is partly because many of the state-owned enterprises do not have public accounts. Companies that are listed or aspire to be listed on the Central African Stock Exchange (CASE) have more stringent transparency requirements. There are only four publicly listed companies on the CASE. All four use the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) accounting system, which does not align completely with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Cameroon is a member of CEMAC and is thus subject to its regulations, though implementation remains weak. CEMAC’s central bank, the Bank of Central African States (BEAC), controls monetary policy and is the de facto finance sector regulator, in coordination with the Ministry of Finance.

The National Institute of Statistics (INS) conducts surveys and produces statistics, which are meant to inform policy decisions. Some of these statistics are cited in government documents when ministries are drafting legislative proposals or during parliamentary debates. Quantitative analysis conducted by the INS has often been used by multilateral lenders such as the IMF, the World Bank, and the African Development Bank. However, empirical evaluation and data-driven assessments of the impact of new and existing regulations are limited.

Similarly, public comments are not the main drivers of regulations. However, some consultations take place for the national budget, which is produced each year, but there is little oversight to ensure adherence to the document.

The government does not require companies to have environmental, social, or governance disclosures.

### International Regulatory Considerations

Cameroon is a CEMAC member state. CEMAC regulations supersede those of individual members, though areas such as the free movement of people, goods, and services are not respected by some states. Recent reforms by CEMAC’s central bank, BEAC, have met stiff resistance and delays in their application by individual member states, including Cameroon.

The government requires use of OHADA accounting standards, which are used by 14 African nations. No other norms or standards are referenced in the country’s regulatory system.

Cameroon joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 13, 1995, and was previously a member of the General Agreement on Taxes and Trade. Cameroon did not notify all draft technical regulations to the WTO Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) in 2020 and submitted eight notifications between 1995 and 2020.

### Legal System and Judicial Independence

The Cameroonian legal system is a legacy of French (Civil Law), German (Codified Laws), English (Common Law), and domestic national customs, which vary for each ethnic group. The government wants to harmonize these different legal traditions to equip Cameroon with laws that are applicable across the country and to reduce the need to navigate different legal opinions. This project, however, is being met with stiff resistance from English-speaking lawyers, who believe that the initiative will undermine the English system to which they are accustomed.

In terms of standards, Cameroon’s commercial legal system follows the OHADA rules, which are neither completely aligned with IFRS standards nor with GAAP principles.  Enforcement is weak, partly because of lack of capacity. There are not enough specialized judges in the commercial and economic fields. Consequently, poor enforcement of laws and accounting standards tend to create confusion for foreign investors. Despite efforts to align OHADA standards to international norms, government accounting regulations remain obsolete in the context of rapid developments in international finance and capital markets. To circumvent the problem, U.S. enterprises and investors often maintain two sets of accounting records, one in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or suitable international standards, and another set to address the OHADA standards and government reporting requirements.

Arbitration is becoming the solution of choice to solve business disputes in Cameroon.  Since OHADA is a supra-national law, Cameroon is bound by its decisions. In OHADA, regulations and enforcement of actions are appealable, and they can also be adjudicated in the national court system. In Cameroon, businesses mostly use the GICAM and Abidjan Arbitration Councils.

### Laws and Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment

Foreign direct investments are governed by Law No. 2013/004 of April 18, 2013, which defines incentives for private investment in Cameroon, while proposing generic and special incentives and affirming the government’s responsibilities towards private investors.  The law applies to both domestic and foreign investors.  Additional laws and regulations that refer to specific economic sectors are available on the website of the Ministry of Finance (http://www.minfi.gov.cm/index.php/en/documents).

The 2023 finance law is the newest legal instrument on public finance to have been published in the past year. The 2023 finance law reduced fuel subsidies, increased stamp duties, provided tax waivers for agricultural investments, while maintaining some existing exonerations, notably on value-added taxes and life insurance savings.

### Competition and Antitrust Laws

The National Competition Commission handles anti-competition and anti-trust disputes. In some cases, the regulator of a specific economic sector can play the anti-trust role. State-owned enterprises tend to have quasi-monopoly or monopsony status in their markets.

### Expropriation and Compensation

Decree N°.85-9 of July 4, 1985, and the subsequent implementation of Decree N°.87-1872 of December 16, 1987, outline the procedures governing expropriation for public purposes and conditions for compensation. Some of the provisions of these legal texts were repealed by Instruction N°005/I/Y.25/MINDAF/D220 of December 29, 2005. Essentially, for the public interest, the state may expropriate privately-owned land, with compensation based on the provisions of Articles 2 and 3 of Decree N°.87-1872 of December 16, 1987, above. The laws also explain the formalities to be observed within the context of the procedure, both at the central and local levels.

In recent years, the government of Cameroon has expropriated large infrastructure road and hydroelectric dam projects. The government has a compensation process in place to meet the losses of those affected by such decisions.

Compensation for expropriation generally follows a due process, albeit with prolonged delays. There are no cases of indirect expropriation, confiscatory tax regimes, or regulatory actions that deprive investors of substantial economic benefits from their investments. However, serious allegations of corruption have plagued compensation procedures over the last decade. These incidents, often carried out by civil servants, have undermined trust in the process.

### Dispute Settlement

#### ICSID Convention and New York Convention  

**Cameroon ratified the “International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes” (ICSID) Convention on January 3, 1967, and the New York Convention on February 19, 1988. There is no specific domestic legislation providing for enforcement under the 1958 New York Convention or for the enforcement of awards under the ICSID Convention.

#### Investor-State Dispute Settlement  

The OHADA signatory nations adopted a uniform act on arbitration (the Uniform Act) on March 11, 1999. The Uniform Act sets out basic rules applicable to any arbitration, where the seat of arbitration is in an OHADA member state. The Uniform Act is based on the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) as a model. It supersedes member states’ national laws on arbitration. Cameroon’s arbitration law is contained in its code of civil and commercial procedure in the third volume, Articles 576 to 601.

Cameroon has a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) with the United States. There have been no claims under the BIT since it came into force in 1989. While there have been disputes between Cameroonian partners and U.S. companies, few have risen to the level of requiring arbitration.

Local courts may recognize foreign arbitral awards issued against the government, but such awards might not be enforced, or implemented with significant delays, due to political influence and corruption. Several such awards against state-owned companies have not been enforced. In general, foreign investors complain more about administrative harassment or bottlenecks, and less about extrajudicial actions.

#### International Commercial Arbitration and Foreign Courts  

The OHADA system serves both as domestic and primary reference legislation for alternative dispute resolution. GICAM has an arbitration center based in Douala. In principle, local courts have the power to recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards issued against the government. OHADA standards prevail over domestic laws. An international arbitration award can prevail especially if operating through the OHADA framework. The Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) enforced under OHADA is both an arbitration institution and a judicial court, with jurisdiction overall OHADA states.

Judicial processes are bureaucratic, expensive, and lengthy. This is true even for domestic and state-owned companies, and more so for their foreign competitors, which suffer the effect of the weaknesses of the legal system and are not guaranteed fair treatment in case of dispute.

### Bankruptcy Regulations

Bankruptcy collection procedures and measures of execution are governed by the OHADA Insolvency Law, which establishes the right of creditors, the equity of shareholders, and other types of liabilities. Bankruptcy is not criminalized unless it can be proven that it is a deliberate collusion to avoid taxes or mislead investors. In bankruptcy situations, it takes 2.8 years on average and costs 33.5 percent of the debtor’s estate, with the most likely outcome being that the company will be sold piecemeal. The average recovery rate is 15.8 cents on the dollar.

							4. Industrial Policies					

### Investment Incentives

Cameroon’s investment incentives remain in place. The 2013 investment law lists several types of investment incentives for investors and specifies the conditions that they must meet to benefit from those incentives. This law specifies incentives available to Cameroonian and foreign corporate entities, whether established in Cameroon, conducting business therein, or holding shares in Cameroonian companies, to encourage private investment and boost national production. For example, during the establishment phase (which cannot exceed five years), the code provides for exemptions from VAT and duties on key services/assets (including an exemption from stamp duties on the lease of immovable property). During the operation phase (which cannot exceed 10 years), further exemptions from, or reductions of, other taxes (including a corporate tax), duties (such as a stamp duty on loans), and other fees are granted. Overall, the law seeks to facilitate, promote, and attract productive investment to develop activities geared towards strong, sustainable, and shared economic growth as well as job creation. In a context where businesses must navigate between national and regional incentives, U.S. companies and investors would be well-advised to seek local and regional expertise if they plan to operate in the CEMAC region.

Common incentives are granted to investors during the establishment and operation phases. During the operation phase, which may not exceed 10 years, the investor may enjoy exemptions from or reductions of payment of several taxes, duties, and other fees including corporate tax, tax on profit, and stamp duties on loans. In addition, any investor may benefit from a tax credit provided he or she meets one of the following criteria: (1) employs at least five graduates each year, (2) combats pollution, or (3) develops public interest activities in rural areas.

BEAC foreign exchange regulations govern how investors in Cameroon open foreign currency accounts and carry out transactions on such accounts. The regulations also stipulate how funds are transferred abroad. Notwithstanding BEAC regulations, the investor shall enjoy the following benefits during establishment phase, which may not exceed five years, with effect from the date of issuance of the approval:

- Exemption from stamp duty on establishment or capital increase;
- Exemption from stamp duty if immovable property used exclusively for professional purposes and that is part of an integral part of the investment program;
- Exemption from transfer taxes on the acquisition of immovable property, land, and buildings essential for the implementation of the investment program;
- Exemption from stamp duties on contracts for the supply of equipment and construction of buildings and installations that are essential for the implementation of their investment program;
- Full deduction of technical assistance fees in proportion to the amount of the investment made, calculated on the basis of the total amount of the investment;
- Exemption from VAT on the provision of services related to the execution of the project and obtained from abroad;
- Exemption from stamp duty on concession contracts;
- Exemption from business license tax;
- Exemption from taxes and duties on all equipment and materials related to the investment program;
- Exemption from VAT on the importation of equipment and materials;
- Immediate removal of equipment and material related investment program during clearance operations;
- The right to freely keep abroad dividends and proceeds of any kind from capital invested, as well as proceeds from the liquidation or sale of their assets;
- The right to directly pay abroad non-resident suppliers of goods and services essential for conduct of business; and,
- Free transfer of dividends and proceeds from the sale of shares in case of disinvestment.

With respect to foreign staff employed by the investor and resident in Cameroon, they shall enjoy free conversion and free transfer to their country of origin of all or part of amounts due them, subject to prior payment of various taxes and social security contributions to which they are liable in compliance with the regulations in force. The Regulation N°02/18/CEMAC/CAMU/CM of December 21, 2023, requires the presentation of the relevant supporting documents. Finally, the government shall institute facilities necessary for the establishment of a specific visa and a reception counter at all airports throughout the national territory for investors, subject to their presentation of a formal invitation from the body in charge of investment promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises. There are additional incentives in priority economic sectors. In addition to the above-mentioned incentives, specific incentives may be provided to enterprises that carry out investments that contribute to the attainment of the following priority objectives:

- Development of agriculture, fisheries, livestock, and plant, animal or fishery product packaging activities;
- Development of tourism and leisure facilities, social economy, and handicrafts;
- Development of housing, including social housing;
- Promotion of agroindustry, manufacturing industries, industry, construction materials, iron and steel industry, construction, maritime and navigation activities;
- Development of energy and water supply; encouragement of regional development and decentralization;
- The fight against pollution and environmental protection;
- Promotion and transfer of innovative technologies and research and development;
- Promotion of exports; and,
- Promotion of employment and vocational training.

The government does not offer incentives for businesses owned by underrepresented investors such as women.

### Foreign Trade Zones/Free Ports/Trade Facilitation

Foreign Trade Zones (FTZ) are demarcated and fenced geographic areas, with controlled access, where some standard trade barriers, tariffs, quotas, or other bureaucratic requirements are lifted or lowered to attract investments. Cameroon passed a special law instituting FTZs in 1990. An Industrial Free Zone (IFZ) is a type of FTZ in Cameroon. Applications for an authorization to establish an IFZ are submitted to the National Office for Industrial Free Zones. The Minister of Mines, Industry, and Technological Development grants authorization to establish an IFZ. To qualify for industrial free zone status, a company must export 80 percent of its products. The status of FTZs has not changed since the last reporting period.  Additionally, Law No. 2013/11 of December16, 2013 defines an economic zone as an area made up of one or more geographical areas that are serviced, developed, and equipped with infrastructure, with a view to enabling the entities located there to produce goods and services in optimal conditions. Decree No. 2019/195 of April 17, 2019, also establishes the modalities for the creation and management of economic zones in Cameroon. The ports of Douala and Kribi have economic zones.

The free trade zones are only for the use of companies that produce goods and provide services meant exclusively for export. There are many advantages for such companies , including: exemption from all licenses, authorization or quota limitation for both export and import, the possibility of being able to open a foreign currency account, no restrictions on sales operations, purchase of foreign currency, right to transfer profits abroad (25% has to be re-invested in Cameroon), tax and duty exemption for a period of 10 years from the beginning of operations and taxation at a general rate of 15% on profits starting the 11th year.

### Performance and Data Localization Requirements

The government of Cameroon encourages investors to create jobs and employ local labor. There are no compulsory or legal requirements on senior management and boards of directors either, although local managers can facilitate the understanding of the domestic business environment. Prospective investors and their employees can travel to Cameroon on standard international visas. The fees may vary per country of application. Once they settle in Cameroon, they can apply for long-term residence permits. The government of Cameroon applies the visa reciprocity rules to a limited extent, but companies have in the past complained about the difficulty of obtaining work permits or the fact that work visas expire after six months and frequently are single entry. Applications for longer term work permits can be included in residency work permit applications, which involve more complicated application procedures.

The government does not impose conditions on permission to invest in Cameroon. It gives incentives to investors to transform local raw materials, goods, and services in their production or their projects. There is no “forced localization” policy. Enforcement procedures for performance requirements are not yet standardized, but the government generally develops terms of reference on a case-by-case basis for contract performance. The government has not stated intentions to maintain, increase, or decrease performance requirements.

Investment incentives, described above, are available to both domestic and foreign investors.  Foreign information technology providers are not required to turn over source code and/or provide access to encryption, but they can be required to provide them in cases of cybercrime under the national cybercrime law. The U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is unaware of any measures designed to prevent or impede companies from freely transmitting customer or other business-related data outside of Cameroon.

							5. Protection of Property Rights					

### Real Property

Property rights are recognized by law, but Cameroon’s weak judiciary makes enforcement sporadic. For mortgage transactions between two private parties, a proper contract is required for the agreement to be binding and enforceable in the courts. Liens must be recorded in the contract. A registry of land title exists in Cameroon. The land rights of indigenous peoples, tribes, and farmers are recognized in the Constitution. Existing legislation does not discriminate against foreign landowners.

Records from the Ministry of State Property and Land Tenure indicate that land registration rates have not significantly increased since colonial times. Between 1884 and 2005, only 125,000 title deeds were issued.  On average, this represents approximately 1,000 titles per year, covering less than two percent of the land in Cameroon. In 2009, a study by the African Development Bank (AfDB) identified other distinctive patterns in land ownership. For example, formal land registration is more common in urban (60 percent) than in rural areas. According to the World Bank, the registration process can cost up to 13.7 percent of the property value.

Land disputes are common among Cameroonian citizens. The disputes are generally caused by non-respect of commercial sales contracts or by informal sales of land. Illegal occupation of property is also common.

### Intellectual Property Rights

The legal structure for intellectual property rights (IPR) and corresponding enforcement mechanisms are weak. IP infringement and theft are especially common in the media, pharmaceuticals, software, and print industries. To secure a trademark registration right, a Cameroonian attorney must prepare and file a trademark application with the African Organization for Intellectual Property (OAPI), which is headquartered in Yaoundé. The courts are responsible for enforcement.

There were no new IPR-related laws or regulations enacted during the previous year. The government seizes and publicly burns counterfeit goods. These actions are not documented systematically, and no cumulative data exist on the seizures. Cameroon is not listed in the United States Trade Representative (USTR) Special 301 Report or the Notorious Markets List. For additional information about national laws and points of contact at local IP offices, please see WIPO’s country profiles at http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/.

							6. Financial Sector					

### Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment

The Cameroonian government is open to portfolio investment. With the encouragement of the IMF and BEAC, Cameroon and other members of the CEMAC region have designed policies that facilitate the free flow of financial resources into the product and factor markets.

The Central African Regional Stock Exchange (BVMAC) is the result of the July 2019 fusion of the Douala Stock Exchange (DSX) with the Central African Regional Exchange. In its organization, the main parties are – (i) BEAC, the Central Bank of Central African States, which is the central depositor and settlement bank, (ii) COSUMAF (the Financial Markets Commission), based in Libreville, which is the central body of the financial market examines and approves investors, and (iii) Stock Exchange, which is the market enterprise, secondary market, and collects and carries out compensation, issues securities (state bonds).

Restructuring/re-creation of BVMAC is in process, with the elaboration of new rules and regulations, and public consultations ongoing. With a current market capitalization of less than $16 million, BVMAC comprises 8,500 securities accounts, 150 participants, and carries out quotations three times a week. Regional foreign exchange (forex) controls significantly impact BVMAC’s operations. While the market has experienced profitability, it is difficult to invest the profits due to the forex controls. As such, a mechanism that allows foreign investors to use their forex to invest in the BVMAC would be beneficial to the regional financial market.

The Financial Markets Commission of Cameroon merged operations with the Libreville-based Central African Financial Market Supervisory Board in February 2019. The merger has led to the establishment of a unique regional stock exchange called the Central African Stock Exchange (CASE). Cameroon’s financial sector is underdeveloped, and government policies have limited bearing on the free flow of financial resources into the product and factor markets. Foreign investors can get credit on the local market and the private sector has access to a variety of credit instruments. In 2016, Cameroon sought to encourage the development of capital markets through Law No 2016/010 of July 12, 2016, governing undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities in Cameroon.

Cameroon is connected to the international banking payment system. The country is a CEMAC member, which maintains a central bank, BEAC. CEMAC’s central bank works with the IMF on monetary policies and public finance reform. BEAC respects IMF Article VIII by refraining from restrictions on payments and transfers for current international transactions. Despite generally respecting Article VIII, BEAC has instituted several restrictions on payments to boost foreign exchange reserves. Financial institutions and importers complain of a backlog of requests for foreign exchange. BEAC is currently negotiating with several international oil companies on repatriation of revenues before external payments. Investors should be aware that timely repatriation of profits may be a stumbling block.

In 2020, with the support of the IMF, BEAC took steps to address the economic impact of COVID-19 in the region. The central bank eased monetary policy and introduced accommodative measures to ensure adequate liquidity in the banking system to supporting internal and external stability. Concomitantly, the regional banking sector controller (Commission Bancaire de l’Afrique Centrale or COBAC) eased prudential regulations to help banks delay pandemic-related losses.

### Money and Banking System

Only 15 percent of Cameroonians have access to formal banking services. The Cameroonian government has often spoken of increasing access, but no coherent policy or action has been taken to alleviate the problem. Mobile money, introduced by local and international telecom providers, is the closest tool to banking services that most Cameroonians can access. In its 2022 finance law, the government introduced a tax on electronic payment transfers, including the ubiquitously used “Mobile Money.” This tax remains in place.

The banking sector is generally healthy. Large, international commercial banks do most of the lending. One local bank, Afriland, operates in Cameroon and multiple other countries. Most smaller banks deal in small loans of short duration. Retail banking is not common. According to the World Bank, non-performing loans were 10.31 percent of total bank loans in 2016. The Cameroonian government does not keep statistics on non-performing assets. According to Cameroon’s National Credit Council, Afriland First Bank, Societe General Cameroun (SGC), Banque Internationale du Cameroun pour l’Epargne et le Credit (BICEC), and Societe Commerciale de Banque Cameroun (SCB) are the most important banks in the national banking system, accounting for 52 percent of the banking system’s total consolidated balance sheet, 54 percent of total loans, and 54 percent of customer deposits in 2020.

Foreign banks can establish operations in Cameroon. Most notably, Citibank and Standard Chartered Bank have operated in Cameroon for more than 20 years. They are subject to the same regulations as local banks. The U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is unaware of any lost correspondent banking relationships within the past three years. In 2022, Standard Chartered Bank announced it would be exiting the Cameroonian market and four other African countries, however no timeline for the exit is known. There are no restrictions on foreigners establishing bank accounts, credit instruments, business financing, or other such transactions.

The country has 412 registered microfinance institutions, 19 insurance companies, four electronic money institutions, and one Post Office bank. Two major money transfer operators are also present, essentially offering over-the-counter services. The Cameroonian market is at the startup stage for its digital financial system. This emerging market segment is currently provided by banks in partnership with telecom operators. According to a 2021 BEAC report on the state of electronic payments in the CEMAC zone, electronic money payments in the CEMAC region increased 21.8 percent from 2019 to 2020, totaling approximately $51 million in 2020 compared to $42 million in 2019. Cameroon represented the largest amount of electronic payment transfers, accounting for 73 percent of all CEMAC transactions and totaling over $20 million in 2020.

Financial inclusion is low despite some progress brought about by mobile telephony. The World Bank estimates there were 25 million mobile cellular subscriptions in Cameroon in 2020. Putting aside the effect of multiple sim card ownership, the penetration rate in terms of unique subscribers was about 50 percent at the end of 2019, which puts Cameroon in the lower end in the Central African region.

Local banks do not give enough credit and there are lengthy delays of up to 15 months in giving credit. Interest rates could be as high as 8.5 percent and taxes and commissions tack on another 35 percent approximately, forcing businesses to limit transaction volumes.

The liquidity of the banking system is high, but most funding goes to the government, as local banks are reluctant to fund the local private sector even if they present collateral.

### Foreign Exchange and Remittances

#### Foreign Exchange

In December 2022, BEAC reported that net foreign assets increased by 20 percent, compared to 11 percent in 2021, following disbursements of Cameroon’s IMF hybrid credit facility. On March 1, 2019, CEMAC members through BEAC adopted a foreign exchange currency regulation, that requires domiciliation of accounts in local banks for individuals and businesses who wish to execute cross-border transactions of significant amounts. All sectors of the economy without exception are subject to the regulations. Given the importance of the oil sector in the economy of the region and the challenges in the implementation, BEAC had allowed for a moratorium on implementation which ended on December 31, 2022. In addition, the bank has tightened administrative procedures. Each request for a foreign exchange transaction requires a “dossier” that would include various documents. The documents required vary based on the type of transaction to demonstrate the “legitimacy” of the planned purchase in foreign exchange that BEAC would approve. The formal list of required documents from BEAC is long. On December 23, 2021, CEMAC member countries adopted Regulation N°01/CEMAC/UMAC/CM easing certain provisions of the foreign exchange regulations for the resident extractive companies. This regulation allows extractive companies to open and operate onshore and offshore accounts in foreign currencies inside and outside the CEMAC zone.

Forex issues have been reported by the BVMAC as undermining foreign investments in the stock exchange. Local businesses that import and operate international businesses also face challenges with forex restrictions. Some use third parties to overcome forex limitations. Due to foreign exchange problems, most businesses are forced to reduce their quantities of imported goods.

The IMF has stated that forex transactions of less than $1 million only require approval by local BEAC representatives in each country and should take place in a matter of days. Forex transactions exceeding $1 million require approval from BEAC headquarters in Yaoundé and should occur in less than 48 hours. Banks and other financial institutions complain that requests are often rejected on minor technical grounds. In practice, approved requests often take more than two weeks to process.

Additionally, as of May 2020, BEAC requires international oil companies to repatriate 70 percent of proceeds from the sale of oil and gas and then apply to receive dollars or euros. In theory, funds associated with any form of investment can be freely converted into any world currency, but the current BEAC restrictions are causing currency conversion concerns at financial institutions and oil companies.

The Central African CFA Franc is the currency of six independent states in Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It is administered by BEAC and is currently pegged at roughly 662.64 CFA to one euro (April 13, 2023).

#### Remittance Policies

According to World Bank data, Cameroon received $430 million in remittances in 2021 and sent $40 million in 2021.

Apart from the tightening of foreign exchange and remittance rules in 2019, the U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is unaware of any recent changes or plans to change investment remittance policies that either tighten or relax access to foreign exchange for investment remittances. BEAC regulates remittance policies and banking transactions. Foreign investors can remit through convertible and negotiable instruments through legal channels recognized by BEAC, subject to the recent issues mentioned above.

### Sovereign Wealth Funds

Cameroon does not have a sovereign wealth fund.

							7. State-Owned Enterprises					

SOEs play a large role in the Cameroonian economy and are present in all main sectors. According to the 2022 IMF report, over 150 parastatal companies, including about 60 SOEs, deliver essential services such as energy, oil and gas, agriculture, finance, and transport. In total, Cameroon’s SOE assets amount to approximately $8 billion, which is about 20 percent of Cameroon’s GDP. SOEs employ around 40,000 people, about half of which in the agricultural sector. Many SOEs are so dominant in their markets that they act as de facto regulators, specifically in telecommunications and media.

In 2017, the National Assembly voted into law a new regulation to govern SOEs. The stated objective was to improve the performance and the competitiveness of public companies, in line with the country’s development objectives. Some of the innovations of this law include the diversification of the investment universe of SOEs, modern control through reporting requirements, and compliance with modern governance principles. The new SOEs statutes are ongoing and the creation, organization, functioning, dissolution, and liquidation of SOEs are done in accordance with new regulations. SOEs competing in the domestic market receive non-market-based advantages from the Cameroonian government, including taxpayer subsidies. They also have a history of accumulating unpaid tax arrears while at the same time benefitting from preferential access to land and to public funds through state interventions.

The Supreme Audit Chamber of Cameroon, a government entity, indicates in its annual reports that SOEs are not financially transparent. Only about 22 percent of these companies publish audited financial statements. Other reports have highlighted corruption cases involving managers of SOEs, inefficiencies, severe dysfunction, and opacity in the management of SOEs. These problems are exacerbated by the government’s non-imposition of any performance targets, productivity requirements, quality of service standards, or any significant budget constraints on SOEs. The governing boards and senior executive teams are political appointees and connected individuals. The SOEs have means to avoid tax burdens levied on private enterprises, receive specialized consideration for subsidies and enhanced operating budgets, and obtain generally preferential treatment from the government (including courts).

A March 2022 IMF report noted that SOEs’ high debt and poor performance pose significant fiscal risks. According to the report, Cameroon’s SOEs are financed in many ways, including via direct subsidies for operations, capital subsidies for investments, and government guarantees for commercial loans. High and increasing debt and poor performance of SOEs pose significant direct fiscal and financial risks and represent a drag to economic growth. Additionally, the IMF found differential taxation across sectors and inefficient regulatory policies distort production and slow down economic growth, indirectly causing a loss of fiscal revenues. According to the IMF, several SOEs are heavily indebted and total SOE debt stood at 12.6 percent of GDP in 2020.

### Privatization Program

In general, privatization appears to be on hold. The government favors public-private partnerships or some variations of outsourcing of contractual management, with the state retaining some ownership of assets or of the SOE, rather than outright privatization. The state retains control of infrastructure, and there are no indications that this situation will change soon. There have been calls for the government to list part of its stakes in state-owned companies on the Central African Stock Exchange (CASE).

Foreign investors can and do participate in the privatization programs. According to some analysts, of the 30 state-owned companies that were privatized before 2004, foreign bidders won the majority (22). For example, a British private equity firm owns the controlling share in ENEO, the country’s electricity monopoly. The public bidding on tender offers is transparent. They are advertised in the media, but the actual process of awarding contracts may still be tainted by corruption, particularly on large projects. The listing of public tenders in the Cameroon Tribune newspaper – the government-owned paper of record – and publication of which firms received the contract do not guarantee a fully transparent process of awards.

							8. Responsible Business Conduct					

The U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is unaware of a formal definition of responsible business conduct (RBC) within the Cameroonian government. It does not have a national ombudsman for stakeholders to get information or raise concerns about RBC. The government has not developed a national action plan on RBC nor does it factor RBC into its procurement decisions. The U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is not aware of any recent high-profile instances of private sector impact on human rights. Cameroon does not have laws that regulate responsible business conduct. However, the government of Cameroon has enacted laws that cover issues related to what is locally considered corporate social responsibility. There are additional initiatives in the private sector to foster a corporate social responsibility culture.

All major infrastructure projects in Cameroon are compelled to conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) to establish the impact of projects on people and nature. Cameroon’s ESIA law strives to follow World Bank standards. An August 1996 master law related to environmental management prescribes an environmental impact assessment for all projects that can cause environmental degradation.

The Cameroonian government struggles to enforce laws in relation to human rights, labor rights, consumer protection, and environmental protection. There is little corporate governance law in Cameroon, mostly since very few companies are open to portfolio investment. The Business Council for Good Governance, the American Chamber of Commerce, Rotary International, and Transparency International promote RBC in Cameroon, though their ability to monitor RBC is limited. The U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is unaware of any government efforts to adhere to the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Afflicted and High-Risk Areas. Cameroon participates in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Domestic transparency measures requiring the disclosure of payments made to governments are lacking.

The economy of Cameroon is modernizing, but most sectors experience disruptions from informal activities. The informal sector provides crucial livelihoods to the most vulnerable in urban environments; however, labor conditions are generally precarious. In the agricultural sector, the government estimates that 70 percent of labor is informal with instances of child labor in subsistence agriculture. In other sectors, for example mining, allegations of human or labor rights abuses by Chinese mining companies have surfaced in the recent past. Indigenous forest communities also complain the government does not enforce logging concession laws.

### Additional Resources

Department of State

- Country Reports on Human Rights Practices ( https://www.state.gov/reports-bureau-of-democracy-human-rights-and-labor/country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/ )
- Trafficking in Persons Report ( https://www.state.gov/trafficking-in-persons-report/ )
- Guidance on Implementing the “UN Guiding Principles” for Transactions Linked to Foreign Government End-Users for Products or Services with Surveillance Capabilities ( https://www.state.gov/key-topics-bureau-of-democracy-human-rights-and-labor/due-diligence-guidance/ )
- U.S. National Contact Point for the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises ( https://www.state.gov/u-s-national-contact-point-for-the-oecd-guidelines-for-multinational-enterprises/ )
- Xinjiang Supply Chain Business Advisory ( https://www.state.gov/xinjiang-supply-chain-business-advisory/ )

Department of the Treasury

- OFAC Recent Actions ( https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/recent-actions )

Department of Labor

- Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor Report ( https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/findings  )
- List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor ( https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods )
- Sweat & Toil: Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking Around the World ( https://www.dol.gov/general/apps/ilab )
- Comply Chain ( https://www.dol.gov/ilab/complychain/ )

### Climate Issues

Cameroon revised its nationally determined contributions in November 2021. Cameroon’s mitigation target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 35 percent by 2035. Mitigation targets are focused on forest management, energy, agriculture, and waste. Cameroon developed a National Adaptation Plan in 2015. Cameroon’s adaptation strategies include integrating adaptation planning into national sectoral strategies and policies, reducing the vulnerability of major economic sectors and agro-ecological zones to climate change, and raising awareness among the population. The U.S. Forest Service is building the capacity of government of Cameroon officials to collect, monitor, and analyze climate data in support of their national and international reporting needs. With U.S. government support, Cameroon published its first atlas of land coverage in 2021. Cameroon developed a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan in 2012 to integrate the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programs, and policies.

Cameroon does not have policies to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, but the government recognizes the huge role its forests, which are in the Congo Basin Forest region, play as a carbon sink and focuses mitigation targets on the forestry sector. Cameroon does not specify expectations on private sector contributions to achieving relevant climate targets. All infrastructure projects are compelled to conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment to establish the impact of projects on people and nature. The National Development Strategy has integrated environmental protection into its objectives.

There are no local Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) norms, so businesses and institutions align with global ESG norms and global climate adaptation and mitigation frameworks. The government through Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection (MINEPDED) is developing some directives, which are presented to businesses during seminars. There are no reports of enforcement of ESG norms.

							9. Corruption					

Corruption is punishable under sections 134 and 134 (a) of the Pena1 Code of Cameroon. Despite these rules, corruption remains endemic in the country. In 2022, Cameroon ranked 142 of 180 in Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index. Anti-corruption laws are applicable to all citizens and institutions throughout the national territory. Article 66 of the constitution requires civil servants and elected officials to declare their assets and property at the beginning and at the end of their tenure of office, but it has never been enforced since the adoption of the constitution in 1996. Similarly, the Civil Service Statute contains provisions and the procedures to be followed in the event of a conflict of interest. These provisions are enshrined in Law No. 003/2006 of April 25, 2006, which also created the Commission for the declaration of property and assets. Other codes of conduct in different public institutions have created gift registers to prevent bribes, but they are not implemented. In terms of public contracts, Decree N° 2018/0001/PM of January 5, 2018, created a portal called Cameroon Online E-procurement System (Coleps) for the digitalization, including application processing, award, and monitoring and evaluation of all tenders. Since the launch of the portal, technical issues and disregard by civil servants have curbed its effectiveness, leading to the parallel continuation of the bribe-prone paper-based procurement system. U.S. firms indicate that corruption is most pervasive in government procurement, award of licenses or concessions, transfers, performance requirements, dispute settlement, regulatory system, customs, and taxation.

Since its inception in 2006 (Presidential Decree No. 2006/088 of March 11, 2006), the National Anti-Corruption Commission (CONAC) has encouraged private companies to establish internal codes of conduct and ethics committees to review practices. The U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is unaware of how many companies have instituted either program. Bribery of government officials remains common. While some companies use internal controls to detect and prevent such bribery, the U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is unaware of how widespread these internal controls are.

Cameroon is signatory to the United Nations and the African Union anti-corruption initiatives, but the international initiatives have limited practical effects on the enforcement of laws in the country. The U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is unaware of any NGO’s involvement in investigating corruption. The government prefers the National Anti-Corruption Commission (CONAC) to investigate potential cases.

### Resources to Report Corruption   

Rev. Dieudonné MASSI GAMSChairmanNational Anti-Corruption CommissionB.P. 33200 Yaoundé Cameroon(+237) 22 20 37 32www.conac-cameroun.netinfos@conac-cameroun.net

Transparency International CameroonNouvelle route Bastos, rue 1.839, BP: 4562 Yaoundé(+237) 22 68 23 30ticameroon@yahoo.frhttps://ti-cameroun.org/

							10. Political and Security Environment					

Cameroon faces several security challenges. Violence by non-state armed groups against security forces and the local population is in its seventh year in the primarily English-speaking Southwest and Northwest Regions. Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa continue to attack civilians and security forces in the Far North Region. In the Adamaoua and East Regions, there are periodic waves of kidnappings from cross-border criminal gangs, amidst the presence of refugees from the Central African Republic, a strengthening of military presence by the Cameroon government. Terrorists and separatists alike have targeted economic assets and public infrastructure to effect political change.

In the Northwest and Southwest Regions, leaders of non-state armed groups have claimed responsibility on social media for the killing of government officials; arsons that destroyed hospitals, schools, bridges, and roads; and the seizure of state-run utilities. Non-state armed groups have also posted videos on social media of executions and beheadings of security officers while also claiming responsibility for multiple kidnappings for ransom of persons perceived to be against their cause. Human rights organizations and local citizens have accused soldiers and separatists of grave human rights abuses. In the Far North Region, Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa fighters have looted villages and cattle, kidnapped, and abused women. Consequently, several infrastructure projects have ground to a halt.

							11. Labor Policies and Practices					

The unemployment rate was 4.2 percent in 2021 according to World Bank data, although over 90 percent of the labor force works in informal economic activities. Most of the youth who possess skills that could be used in the formal economy are under-employed in informal activities, where unskilled labor is prevalent, especially in the agricultural and service sectors, manufacturing, commerce, technical trades, and mid-management jobs. Under-employment hovers around 75 percent for youth under 30. According to GICAM, the main driver of the informal economy are high taxes and other administrative costs which exists despite announced waivers for new businesses. To encourage more informal economic actors to formalize their businesses, GICAM proposes the government institute tax breaks and organize informal economic operators into cooperatives.

Other structural problems in the labor market include a chronic shortage of technical trade skills, for example for maintenance and repair of industrial machinery, in every sector of the economy. Truck and automotive maintenance are widely practiced in the informal sector, whilerudimentary or artisanal agriculture, fishing, and textile manufacturing make use mainly of unskilled labor.

The government of Cameroon does not require foreign companies to hire Cameroonian nationals. Foreign nationals are required, however, to obtain work permits prior to formal employment. While foreign nationals are automatically issued work permits for companies of the Industrial Free Zones regime, their number may not exceed 20 percent of the total work force of a company after the fifth year of operation in Cameroon.

Although union and contract agreements vary widely from sector to sector, in general, Cameroon functions as an “employment at will” economy, and labor laws differentiate between layoffs and firing. Layoffs are not caused by the fault of the employees and are often considered as alternative solutions to dismissing workers based on performance fault or economic grounds. There is no special treatment of labor in special economic zones, foreign trade zones, or free ports.

While the Labor Code applies to enterprises of the Industrial Free Zone regime, some matters are governed by special provisions under the 1990 law establishing Industrial Free Zones. These include the employer’s right to determine salaries according to productivity, free negotiation of work contracts, and automatic issuance of work permits for foreign workers. The Ministry of Labor and Social Security monitors labor abuses, health and safety standards, and other related issues, but enforcement is poor. Labor laws are waived within the framework of Industrial Free Zones to attract or retain investment.

There are independent labor unions and others affiliated with the government. Over 100 trade unions and 12 union confederations are active in the country. However, the labor union movement is highly fractured and somewhat ineffective in promoting workers’ rights. Some union leaders accuse the government and company managers of promoting division within trade unions to weaken them, as well as protecting non-representative trade union leaders with whom they can negotiate more easily.

Cameroon’s labor dispute resolution mechanisms are outlined in the labor code. The procedure differs depending on whether the dispute is individual or collective. Individual disputes fall under the jurisdiction of the civil court dealing with labor matters in the place of employment or residence of the worker. The legal procedure is initiated after the labor inspector fails to settle the dispute amicably out of the court system. Settlement of collective labor disputes is subject to conciliation and arbitration, and any strike or lock-out started after the procedures have been exhausted and have failed is deemed legitimate. While the conciliation procedure is conducted by the labor inspector, arbitration of any collective dispute that has not been settled by conciliation is handled by an arbitration board, chaired by the competent judicial officer of the competent court of appeal. Workers who ignore procedures to conduct a legal strike can be dismissed or fined.

Strikes, which are often due to lack of payment by the employer, occur regularly and are often repressed by the police. This is equally true for strikes by public sector employees. The National Potable Water Employee Union launched a strike in February 2022, citing management concerns of the state-owned water utility, CAMWATER. The union also cited concern about the absence of a plan for the construction of new water infrastructure, and a maintenance and rehabilitation plan for existing networks. In response, the Minister of Energy and Water Resources, which supervises CAMWATER, engaged the union directly in negotiations. In another public sector strike, teachers launched a broad, nation-wide strike in February 2022 to demand better working conditions and compensation for unpaid wages and benefits, totaling hundreds of millions of dollars. The government called for dialogue and offered to pay a portion of the amount teachers demanded, a commitment not completely honored by the government.

Cameroonian labor code lays down principles of labor laws regarding employment, dismissal, remedies for wrongful dismissal, compensation for industrial injuries, and trade unions. However, most jobs do not have binding contracts, and employers generally seem to have the upper hand in labor disputes. The lack of binding contracts is common even in modern, formal enterprises, and against the law. Because of this landscape, it is important for U.S. companies to ensure compliance with the local labor laws and to abide by international best practices. There were no new labor-related laws or regulations enacted during the last year. The U.S. Embassy in Yaoundé is unaware of any pending draft bills.

							12. U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), and Other Investment Insurance or Development Finance Programs					

The Government of Cameroon and OPIC signed an Investment Guarantee in 1967. DFC has one on-going operational program, an ophthalmology hospital, in Cameroon.

							13. Foreign Direct Investment Statistics