[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 13-10720

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 2:12-cv-14380-JEM

CURTIS NETTLES, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus 

NEW HORIZONS OF THE TREASURE COAST, INC., 

DR. MENDOZA,

NURSE CATHY,

SERGEANT JACKSON,

DEPUTY FERENCZ,

DEPUTY HARLESS,

DEPUTY SHERIFF JOHN DOE,

ST. LUCIE COUNTY, SHERIFF,

Defendants-Appellees.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(March 27, 2014)

Before TJOFLAT, WILSON, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

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PER CURIAM:

Curtis Nettles, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, appeals the District 

Court’s dismissal of his complaint in this case, a civil rights action for injunctive 

relief and damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that he suffered cruel and 

unusual punishment at the hands of the defendants while a pretrial detainee in the 

St. Lucie County, Florida, jail on March 12, 2011, in violation of the Due Process 

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.1

 .

The District Court dismissed Nettles’s complaint under the Prison Litigation 

Reform Act (“PLRA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Under the PLRA, § 1915(e)(2), a 

district court may dismiss an action at any time if it determines that the action, 

filed by a person proceeding in forma pauperis, fails to state a claim. 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915(e)(2). We review the dismissal under the standard that governs the 

dismissal of a complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure 

to state a claim. Farese v. Scherer, 342 F.3d 1223, 1230 (11th Cir. 2003). To state 

a claim, a plaintiff must “provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement to relief’

[which] requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of 

the elements of a cause of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 

 

1

 The complaint seeks relief for a violation of the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth 

Amendment is applicable to the States under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth 

Amendment. See Thomas v. Bryant, 614 F.3d 1288, 1303 (11th Cir. 2010). We thus treat the 

claim as having been brought under the Due Process Clause, since pretrial detainees enjoy under 

that clause the protection convicted prisoners enjoy against cruel and unusual punishment. 

Cottrell v. Caldwell, 85 F.3d 1480 (11th Cir. 1996). 

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555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964-65, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). The facts as plead in a 

complaint must state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face to avoid 

dismissal for failure to state a claim. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79, 129 

S.Ct. 1937, 1949-50, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

Nettles’s complaint alleges the following facts: On March 12, 2011, he was 

confined in the St. Lucie County Jail. (Id. at 5). While conducting an observation 

of Nettles, Deputy John Doe saw him rip off a piece of his mattress and attempt to 

tie it around his neck. Deputies John Doe, Ferencz, and Harless then entered the 

cell and removed the mattress. At that point, Deputy John Doe observed Nettles 

pick up an item from behind his cell wall and rub the item against the wall. 

Deputy John Doe ordered Nettles to give him the item, a screw. (Id.). When he 

refused, the deputy radioed for Sgt. Jackson, who had been informed that Nettles 

was to be given a shot of medication by Nurse Cathy, as ordered by Dr. Mendoza. 

(Id. at 5-6). Once at Nettles’s cell, Sgt. Jackson ordered him to hand over the 

screw, and he complied. (Id. at 6). Sgt. Jackson and deputies John Doe, Ferencz, 

and Harless then entered the cell and forcibly pinned down Nettles, who was nude. 

(Id. at 6-7). Nurse Cathy entered the cell and asked him if she could give him an 

injection. (Id. at 7). At that point, he became “very upset and started to cry and 

scream, ‘No!’” Nurse Cathy then performed the injection, and he was escorted to 

another cell while his cell was searched for contraband. (Id.).

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The complaint alleges that Nettles was denied due process of law in the 

following ways: (1) Sgt. Jackson and deputies John Doe, Ferencz, and Harless 

used excessive force against him, causing “pain, suffering, physical injury, fear, 

shock and emotional distress”; (2) Sgt. Jackson witnessed the deputies’ actions and 

failed to correct their misconduct; (3) Nurse Cathy injected Nettles against his will

with non-court-ordered, non-prescribed medication; and (4) Dr. Mendoza ordered

the injection of a psychotropic medication. (Id. at 8-9). 

To survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, “a plaintiff’s obligation to 

provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires more than labels and 

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not 

do.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964-65, 

167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). The facts as pleaded in a complaint must state a claim for 

relief that is plausible on its face to avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim. 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949-50, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 

(2009). 

The use of force against a pretrial detainee is deemed excessive if it “shocks 

the conscience,” meaning that it is applied “maliciously and sadistically to cause 

harm.” Fennell v. Gilstrap, 559 F.3d 1212, 1217 (11th Cir. 2009). We evaluate 

five factors in ascertaining whether force was used maliciously and sadistically: (1) 

the extent of the injury; (2) the need for the use of force; (3) the relationship 

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between that need and the amount of force used; (4) efforts made to temper the 

severity of a forceful response; and (5) the extent of the threat to the safety of staff 

and inmates, as reasonably perceived by officials. Id. Additionally, the forcible 

injection of medication into a non-consenting person’s body creates a substantial 

interference with that person’s liberty. Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210, 229, 

110 S.Ct. 1028, 1041, 108 L.Ed.2d 178 (1990). Under the Due Process Clause, 

detainees possess “a significant liberty interest in avoiding the unwanted 

administration of antipsychotic drugs.” Id. at 221-22, 110 S.Ct. at 1036. 

Nevertheless, because of the requirements of the prison setting, prison officials are 

permitted to forcibly treat a mentally ill inmate with antipsychotic drugs “if the 

inmate is dangerous to himself or others and the treatment is in the inmate’s 

medical interest.” Id. at 227, 110 S.Ct. at 1039-40. 

Nettles’s complaint alleges that he suffered “pain, suffering, physical injury, 

fear, shock and emotional distress” when jail officers used excessive force to hold 

him down while a nurse gave him an injection, as ordered by a doctor. Assuming 

that the allegations are true, the defendants’ conduct fails to plausibly rise to the 

level of excessive force, that is, force intended to maliciously and sadistically 

cause harm. Fennell, 559 F.3d at 1217. First, the complaint does allege various 

injuries, they are described in general terms that, without more detail beyond 

“physical injury” and “emotional distress,” do not establish anything beyond de 

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minimis injuries. Fennell, 559 F.3d at 1217; see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 

127 S.Ct. at 1964-65 (holding that pleadings must include more than labels and 

mere conclusions). Second, the complaint indicates that the jail officers forcibly 

restrained him for a legitimate medical purpose, as a medical professional, Dr. 

Mendoza, had ordered an injection of medication on account of Nettles’s earlier 

attempt to tie a piece of mattress around his neck and his initial refusal to hand 

over a screw to jail officers. Third, the jail officers restrained Nettles solely for the 

injection, as the pleadings stated that he was escorted to another cell once the 

injection had been performed. Fennell, 559 F.3d at 1217. Fourth, the complaint 

shows that the defendants made efforts to temper the severity of any use of force, 

as Nurse Cathy initially sought Nettles’s cooperation by asking him whether she 

could give him an injection. Fennell, 559 F.3d at 1217. Finally, based on 

Nettles’s own behavior as the complaint describes it, the defendants reasonably 

would have perceived that Nettles threatened harm to himself or the prison’s staff. 

Fennell, 559 F.3d at 1217.

In his brief on appeal, Nettles argues that he had been complying with the 

jail officers prior to being restrained, thus making the officers’ conduct an 

unnecessary use of force. Appellant’s Br. at 21. However, while the complaint 

suggests that Nettles did not put up a struggle following his surrender of the screw, 

his initial refusal to give up the screw—coupled with his earlier attempt to tie a 

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piece of mattress around his neck, and his screaming and crying during the 

injection—could have given the defendants a reasonable belief that Nettles could 

harm himself or the prison staff. Fennell, 559 F.3d at 1217. Hence, in light of the 

five factors stated above, the defendants’ efforts to restrain Nettles do not “shock 

the conscience,” and the complaint therefore failed to state a claim for an 

unconstitutional use of excessive force. Fennell, 559 F.3d at 1217.

The District Court properly dismissed Nettles’s complaint. It also denied 

Nettles’s leave to amend his complaint. We find no abuse of discretion in that

ruling.

Nettles’s proposed amendment shows that his amended complaint would be 

subject to dismissal because it does not state plausible claims for which he would 

be entitled to relief. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79, 129 S.Ct. at 1949-50. First, the 

proposed amendment includes statements of fact alleging that he had complied 

willingly with the jail officers when surrendering the screw, that he had not posed a 

threat to anyone’s safety while in his cell, that he had been ordered to lie down on 

the floor by the officers, and that he had been “forcibly, unreasonably restrained.” 

While these statements further clarify that Nettles was not physically struggling 

against the officers immediately prior to being restrained, his original pleading still 

demonstrates that he presented a threat to himself that reasonably justified such 

restraint, in particular his prior attempt to tie a piece of mattress around his neck, 

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and his crying and screaming when Nurse Cathy prepared to give him an injection. 

Further, he has an obligation to offer more specific facts beyond such conclusory 

descriptions as “forcibly, unreasonably restrained.” See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 

127 S.Ct at 1964-65. Hence, these amendments would fail to demonstrate that the 

officers’ actions were uses of excessive force, or that his due process rights had 

been violated. See Harper, 494 U.S. at 229, 110 S.Ct. at 1041; Fennell, 559 F.3d 

at 1217. 

The proposed amendment attempts to further describe the injuries he 

allegedly suffered at the hands of the defendants, stating that: (1) the injected 

medication was an unreasonable risk because it had been administered when he no 

longer posed a threat; (2) the defendants’ actions caused pain and suffering; (3) he 

experienced fear of an attack; and (4) the assault resulted in a “serious enough 

amount” of pain and suffering to qualify as a constitutional violation. However, as 

before, the amendment would not prevent Nettles’s complaint from being 

dismissed for failure to state a claim. Regarding his claim of excessive use of 

force, the new allegations merely provide conclusory statements rather than 

specific details as to the extent of the injuries involved. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 

555, 127 S.Ct at 1964-65; Fennell, 559 F.3d at 1217. Finally, the additional 

claim—that his arbitrary and unfair treatment at the hands of the defendants 

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deprived him of due process in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment—would be 

redundant.

Concluding that the complaint failed to state a claim for relief and that the 

District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Nettles’s leave to amend, its 

judgment is

AFFIRMED.

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