| The              Library of Congress>>Especially              for Researchers>>Research              Centers   Home >> Country                Studies >> AfghanistanFindinFederal Research                      Division PagesResearchers                      Web PagesAll Library of Congress PagesA Country Study: Afghanistan- Afghanistan  Preface     - Chapter                       1 - Historical Setting 
  The                         Pre-Islamic Period
Achaemenid                             Rule, ca. 550-331 B.C.
- Alexander                             and Greek Rule, 330-ca. 150 B.C.  Central                             Asian and Sassanian Rule, ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D.Islamic                         Conquest
Ghaznavid                             and Ghorid Rule
- Mongol                             Rule, 1220-1506  Mughal-Safavid                             Rivalry, ca. 1500-1747Ahmad                         Shah and the Durrani Empire
- The                         Great Game    - The                             Rise of Dost Mohammad  The                             First Anglo-Afghan WarThe                             Second Anglo-Afghan War
- Abdur                         Rahman Khan, "The Iron Amir", 1880-1901    - Consolidation                             of the Modern State  Modernization                             and Development of InstitutionsThe                         Reign of King Habibullah, 1901-1919
- The                         Reign of King Amanullah, 1919-29    - Third                             Anglo-Afghan War and Independence  Reform,                             Popular Reaction, and Forced AbdicationTajik                         Rule, January - October 1929
- Muhammad                         Nadir Shah, 1929-33  Mohammad                         Zahir Shah, 1933-73- Zahir                             Shah and His Uncles, 1933-53  The                             Pashtunistan IssueEarly                             Links with the Soviet Union
- Experiment                             with Liberalized Politics  Daoud                             as Prime Minister, 1953-63The                             King Reigns: The Last Decade of the Monarchy, 1963-73
- Daoud's                         Republic, July 1973- April 1978  Communism,                         Rebellion, and Soviet Intervention- Chapter                       2 - The Society and Environment    - The                           Natural Environment      - Mountains  RiversRegions
- Climate   PopulationSocial                           Structure
Ethnic                               Groups
Pashtun
- Tajik  HazaraUzbek
- Turkmen   Other                               Groups- Aimaq  ArabKirghiz
- Wakhi  FarsiwanNuristani
- Baluch  BrahuiQizilbash
- Kabuli  JatNon-Muslims
- Interethnic                               Relations  TribesModes                           of Subsistence
Pastoralism
- Mixed                               Subsistence Patterns   FamilyGender                           Roles 
- Religion    - Early                               Development of Islam      - Sunni                                   and Shia Islam  SufismTenets                               of Islam
- Islamic                               Expression in Afghanistan    - Sunnis                                   of the Hanafi School  Ithna                                   Ashariya (Twelver or Imami) ShiaIsmailis
- Sufis   Meaning                               and PracticePoliticized                               Islam
- Education    - Literacy  Administrative                               StructureEnrollment
- Curriculum  Teacher                               TrainingHigher                               Education
- Adult                               Literacy  Current                               ActivitiesHealth
- Refugees                           and Repatriation  Warefare                           and Civic Culture- Chapter                       4 - Government and Politics    - The                           Attempt to Modernize: 1953-73      - The                               Decision to Accept Soviet Economic and Military                               Assistance  The                               Constitutional Period, 1964-73Disenchantment                               with the Reforms
- The                               Shafiq Government: A Last Attempt at Reform   Daud's                           Republic: 1973-78Usurpation,                           Invasion and War: 1978-92
The                               April 1978 Coup d'etat and the Democratic Republic                               of Afghanistan
- Soviet                               Control and Marxist Government, 1980-89  Government                               OrganizationThe                               Search for Popular Support
- Internal                               Refugees: Flight to the Cities  FactionalismNajibullah's                               Leadership, 1986-92
- The                               Soviet Decision to Withdraw, 1986-88  The                               Geneva Accords, 1987-89The                               Failure to Bring Peace
- Pakistan's                               Attempt at a Political Solution, 1987-88  Stalemate:                               The Civil War, 1989-92The                           Afghan Resistance
Its                               Social Basis, A Segmented Society
- The                               Role of Islam  The                               Path to Victory and Chaos: 1979-92The                               Islamist Factor
- The                               Mujahidin Parties  Emergence                               of Modern Islamic Thought in AfghanistanThe                               Islamic Youth Movement
- Pakistan's                               Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975-79  Khalis                               and the Moderate PartiesAbdul                               Rasul Sayyaf
- Disinterest                               in Unity  The                               Controversy Over Weapons DistributionThe                               Ghilzai Factor
- Expatriate                               Misperceptions  Pakistan's                               Policies and MisperceptionsInternecine                               Violence
- The                               Council of Commanders, 1990-92  Neighboring                               Governments: Involvements and Interference- Pakistan  Saudi                                   ArabiaIran
- Mujahidin                           Victory: The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan    - The                               Demise of the Soviet Union, 1991  The                               Fall of Kabul, April 1992The                               United Nations Plan for Political Accommodation
- The                               Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Since 1992  The                               Peshawar Accord, April 25, 1992The                               Struggle for Kabul
- Mujahidin                               Attempts to Govern, 1992-95  The                               Islamabad and Jalalabad Accords, March-April 19931995:                               A Changed Situation
- Afghanistan's                           Prospects      
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