IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

NICHOLAS KROLL,

Plaintiff,

v.

CITY OF WILMINGTON, CITY OF 

WILMINGTON POLICE 

DEPARTMENT, and MICHAEL 

PURZYCKI, Mayor of the City of 

Wilmington,

Defendants.

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C.A. No. 2019-0969-KSJM

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Date Submitted: June 30, 2023

Date Decided: September 15, 2023

Robert C. McDonald, Adrienne M. McDonald, SILVERMAN McDONALD & 

FRIEDMAN, Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Plaintiff Nicholas Kroll.

Robert M. Goff, Jr., CITY OF WILMINGTON LAW DEPARTMENT, Wilmington, 

Delaware; Counsel for Defendants City of Wilmington, City of Wilmington Police 

Department, and Michael Purzycki.

McCORMICK, C.
This action involves a dispute between the City of Wilmington (the “City”) and 

Nicholas Kroll, a police officer terminated by the Wilmington Police Department (the 

“WPD”) for an alleged violation of the residency requirement that the City imposed as a 

condition of his employment. According to the plaintiff, he complied with the residency 

requirement as it was written when he started working for the City, and for many years, 

there was no issue. But in 2017, the City updated its definition of residency and 

retroactively applied it to him. The plaintiff was not in compliance with the revised 

definition, so the WPD terminated him through a series of administrative proceedings. In 

addition to charging the plaintiff with violating the residency requirement, the WPD 

charged him with dishonesty for stating in paperwork that he complied with the residency 

requirement.

After initially attempting to appeal the WPD’s decision through the certiorari 

process in the Superior Court, the plaintiff voluntarily withdrew the Superior Court action 

and filed this action. Here, he challenges the basis for his termination and seeks damages, 

declaratory judgment, and injunctive relief, including reinstatement. While this case was 

pending, this court held in a separate action brought by the Wilmington Fraternal Order of 

Police Lodge No. 1, Inc. (the “FOP”) that the City violated the collective bargaining 

agreement by altering the definition of residency. This holding had the indirect effect of 

eliminating one basis for the plaintiff’s termination—noncompliance with the residency 

requirement. 

The defendants moved to dismiss this action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction 

and failure to state a claim, and the court granted the defendants’ motions to dismiss for 
2

lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The Delaware Supreme Court reversed and remanded

on appeal, instructing the court to reconsider the subject matter jurisdiction arguments 

previously advanced by the parties. Message received. On remand, the court grappled

with the parties’ arguments by holding several telephonic hearings, requesting

supplemental briefing, and conducting outside research to fill in the gaps. 

Properly conceived, the defendants advance three arguments for why the plaintiff’s 

requests for injunctive relief are insufficient to establish subject matter jurisdiction here. 

First, the defendants contend that the plaintiff has failed to adequately allege a basis for 

injunctive relief in the form of reinstatement because the dishonesty charge was an 

adequate and independent basis on which to terminate him. Second, they maintain that the 

plaintiff has an adequate remedy at law available to him in the Superior Court through the 

certiorari process. Third, they argue that the plaintiff has waived any further arguments in 

support of his jurisdictional theory by failing to plead them in the complaint. The court 

rejects these arguments and finds that the plaintiff has pled a basis for injunctive relief. 

Namely, the plaintiff has adequately alleged his request for reinstatement, which renders

alternative resolution mechanisms like certiorari inadequate. 

The parties’ briefing raises interesting issues on the fault lines between this court’s 

jurisdiction and the Superior Court’s exclusive powers to review certain administrative 

decisions through the writ of certiorari. After raising these issues, however, the briefing 

did not offer much in the way of a resolution. And the answer is messy—there seems to 

be no clear rule for deciding whether certiorari presents an adequate remedy relative to 
3

injunctive relief under circumstances like these. As such, the court has added independent 

research into its analysis, not to disregard the parties’ arguments, but to do them full justice. 

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

On a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, parties may rely on documents outside of the complaint, 

which the court may look to in its discretion. The court draws upon those documents when 

noted. Otherwise, the facts are drawn from the Amended Verified Complaint for 

Declaratory Judgment and Injunctive Relief and the documents it incorporates by 

reference.1 

The WPD hired the plaintiff as a full-time police officer in March 2013.2 As a 

condition of employment, the plaintiff was required to establish and maintain a residence 

within the City for a period of at least sixty months.3 To satisfy this requirement, he 

purchased a home within the City in July 2013.4 In November 2014, he purchased a second 

home in Middletown to serve as the primary residence of his wife and children, because 

one of his children sought to benefit from the specialized educational programs of the 

Appoquinimink School District.5 

To ensure compliance with the residency requirement, the City mandates that its 

police officers fill out a declaration of residency form annually. In April 2017, the City’s 

1 C.A. No. 2019-0969-KSJM, Docket (“Dkt.”) 7 (“Am. Compl.”).

2

Id. ¶ 15.

3

Id. ¶ 16.

4 See id. ¶ 17.

5

Id. ¶¶ 18–19.
4

Human Resources department noticed inconsistencies in the plaintiff’s 2015 and 2017 

annual residency affidavits. According to the plaintiff, he transposed a house number on 

the 2015 affidavit and added a newly identified apartment number on the 2017 affidavit.6 

In October 2017, the City’s Administrative Board adopted a more restrictive 

definition of residence and altered its forms. Before October 2017, the form required 

officers to aver that their qualifying residence was where they “actually live.”

7

 After the

October revision, however, the form required officers to prove that the qualifying residence 

was their “domicile,” defined as their “true, fixed, and permanent home” and the place at 

which “[i]n the absence of a marital separation, . . . an employee’s spouse and children, if 

any, reside.”8

In November 2017, the plaintiff was notified by the WPD that his annual affidavits 

were the product of fraud and dishonesty in violation of the WPD’s rules and regulations.9 

A disciplinary panel was convened, and the panel heard evidence on January 11, 2018.10 

During the disciplinary panel hearing, the City applied the residency definition adopted in 

October 2017, which required the plaintiff to live with his spouse and children to satisfy 

the residency requirement.11 

6

Id. ¶¶ 22–23. 

7

Id. ¶ 25. 

8

Id. ¶ 26.

9

Id. ¶ 30.

10 Id. ¶ 32.

11 Id. ¶ 37.
5

The panel recommended terminating the plaintiff’s employment.

12

 An internal 

appeal held on April 11, 2018 affirmed that decision.13 The plaintiff was terminated 

effective that date.

14

The plaintiff filed an action in the Superior Court on December 18, 2018, which he 

stylized as a Notice of Appeal.

15

 The City moved to dismiss on the basis that the plaintiff’s 

Superior Court action was effectively a certiorari proceeding and that the plaintiff missed 

the accompanying 30-day deadline.16 Before the Superior Court could rule on the motion, 

however, on October 24, 2019, the parties stipulated to dismissal.

17

Meanwhile, in early 2018, the City police officers’ exclusive bargaining 

representative, the FOP, filed a grievance challenging the City’s modification of the 

definition of “residence” under the Police Officers and Firefighters’ Employment Relations 

Act (the “Act”).

18

 The FOP pursued the action through the complex grievance procedure 

12 Id. ¶¶ 37–38.

13 Id. ¶ 38.

14 Id. ¶ 2.

15 See Nicholas Kroll v. City of Wilm. and Dep’t of Police, C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC, 

Dkt. 1 (Del. Super. Dec. 18, 2018) (Notice of Appeal).

16 See C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC, Dkt. 13 (Del. Super. July 30, 2019); see also, e.g., 

Schafer v. Kent Cty. Dep’t of Plan. Servs., 2023 WL 3750390, at *7 (Del. Super. May 31, 

2023) (“Delaware courts have begun imposing a thirty-day requirement by analogy so as 

to mirror a typical (although far from uniform) statutory appeal period.” (citations 

omitted)); McIntosh v. City of Newark, 2006 WL 1134894, at *1 (Del. Super. Mar. 31, 

2006) (“The period of time for filing a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari has been set by

decisions in this Court at 30 days.” (citations omitted)). 

17 C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC, Dkt. 33 (stipulation of dismissal).

18 Am. Compl. ¶¶ 39–40.
6

established by the Act and the collective bargaining agreement, ultimately obtaining an 

arbitrator’s award sustaining its grievance.19 The City filed suit in this court to vacate the 

arbitration award (the “FOP Action”).

20

 On January 22, 2021, the court resolved the 

parties’ cross-dispositive motions in favor of the FOP.

21

 

Meanwhile, the plaintiff filed this suit against the City and the WPD on December 

4, 2019, seeking the following relief: a declaration that the defendants breached the 

collective bargaining agreement and violated the plaintiff’s due process rights when it 

misapplied the definition of “residence” to him, resulting in his termination; an order 

preliminarily and permanently enjoining the defendants from taking any action against the 

plaintiff based on the erroneous definition of “residence”; an order reinstating the plaintiff

to his position with the WPD; and damages in the amount of back pay, lost wages, pension 

allotments, and benefits for the period of his termination.22

Given the overlap with the FOP Action, this suit was stayed pending resolution of 

that action.

23

 This case ultimately resumed. The defendants moved to dismiss the 

Amended Complaint under Court of Chancery Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6).

24

 On August 

19 Id. ¶¶ 40–41.

20 City of Wilm. v. Wilm. Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 1, Inc., 2021 WL 11715655, 

at *1 (Del. Ch. Jan. 22, 2021). 

21 Id. at *14. The City did not appeal this decision. See C.A. No. 2019-0506-KSJM, Dkt. 

22 Dkt. 1 at 9–10. 

23 Dkt. 21.

24 Dkt. 10 at 1. 
7

16, 2021, the court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss.

25

 On appeal, the Supreme 

Court reversed the dismissal decision and remanded the action.

26

 The Supreme Court 

further held that this court should have the opportunity to address the defendants’ 

alternative arguments for dismissal in the first instance.27 

On remand, this court prompted the parties to identify their remaining legal 

arguments, which the defendants did by a letter dated September 14, 2022.28 After 

grappling with the parties’ positions, the court held a status conference on December 16, 

2022, identifying the remaining issues and requesting supplemental briefing on topics that 

the court viewed as both critical and underdeveloped.29 Supplemental briefing concluded 

on May 1, 2023.30 The court held an additional status conference on June 30, 2023.31

II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

A party may move to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction.32 This court “will dismiss an action for want of subject matter jurisdiction ‘if 

25 Dkt. 25.

26 Kroll v. City of Wilm., 276 A.3d 476, 479 (Del. 2022).

27 Id.

28 Dkt. 34 (“Sept. 14, 2022 Letter”).

29 Dkt. 36 (“Dec. 16, 2022 Hr’g Tr.”).

30 Dkt. 40 (“Defs.’ Suppl. Opening Br.”); Dkt. 41 (“Pl.’s Suppl. Answering Br.”); Dkt. 42 

(“Defs.’ Suppl. Reply Br.”). 

31 Dkt. 44. 

32 Ct. Ch. R. 12(b)(1).
8

it appears from the record that the Court does not have jurisdiction over the claim.’”33 In 

considering a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, the Court “need not accept [the plaintiff’s] factual 

allegations as true and is free to consider facts not alleged in the complaint.”34 

This court has subject matter jurisdiction where a plaintiff states an equitable claim, 

where a plaintiff seeks equitable relief in the absence of an adequate remedy at law, or 

where the General Assembly has vested this court with jurisdiction by statute.35 Once 

subject matter jurisdiction is established as to a portion of a complaint, the court may assert 

jurisdiction over the other aspects of the complaint under the “clean-up doctrine.”36

33 Medek v. Medek, 2008 WL 4261017, at *3 (Del. Ch. Sept. 10, 2008) (quoting AFSCME 

Locs. 1102 & 320 v. City of Wilm., 858 A.2d 962, 965 (Del. Ch. 2004)). 

34 Appriva S’holder Litig. Co., LLC v. ev3, Inc., 937 A.2d 1275, 1284 n.14 (Del. 2007) 

(citation omitted); see also Nelson v. Russo, 844 A.2d 301, 302–03 (Del. 2004) (“In 

deciding whether the [trial] Court has subject matter jurisdiction, however, we must look 

beyond the language in the complaint . . . .” (citing Diebold Computer Leas., Inc. v. Com. 

Credit Corp., 267 A.2d 586, 588 (Del. 1970)). 

35 Mock v. Div. of State Police, Dep’t of Safety and Homeland Sec., 2022 WL 1744439, at 

*5 (Del. Ch. May 31, 2022); see also Del. Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council, AFL-CIO v. 

Univ. of Del., 2014 WL 2218730, at *1 (Del. Ch. May 29, 2014) (“The Court of Chancery 

is a court of limited jurisdiction, and can acquire subject matter jurisdiction over a case in 

three ways: (1) the invocation of an equitable right; (2) the request for an equitable remedy 

when there is no adequate remedy at law; or (3) a statutory delegation of subject matter 

jurisdiction.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

36 See Organovo Hldgs., Inc. v. Dimitrov, 162 A.3d 102, 113 (Del. Ch. 2017) (“[T]he cleanup doctrine provides that if this court would have equitable jurisdiction over a part of a 

controversy, then it can address the remaining portions of the controversy as well.”); Kraft 

v. WisdomTree Invs., Inc., 145 A.3d 969, 974 (Del. Ch. 2016) (stating that the clean-up 

doctrine “provides the Court of Chancery with jurisdiction to resolve purely legal causes 

of action that are before it as part of the same controversy over which the Court originally 

had subject matter jurisdiction in order to avoid piecemeal litigation” (citation omitted)). 
9

The plaintiff argues that the court has subject matter jurisdiction over this case

because he seeks equitable remedies. Of the plaintiff’s four categories of requested relief, 

the plaintiff relies on two for subject matter jurisdiction: his request for preliminary and 

permanent injunctive relief foreclosing the City from applying the erroneous definition of 

“residence” to him (the “Residency Requirement Injunction”) and his request to be 

reinstated (the “Reinstatement Injunction”).37 

Injunctive relief is a form of equitable relief that, if properly asserted, gives rise to 

equitable jurisdiction.38 “[W]hat matters is whether there is a basis for equity to act, namely 

the absence of an adequate remedy at law.”39 When evaluating whether a request for 

injunctive relief gives rise to equitable jurisdiction, the court looks at the substance and not 

37 It bears noting that the plaintiff’s request for declaratory relief does not give rise to 

subject matter jurisdiction because declaratory judgment is available in other Delaware 

courts for actions properly within their jurisdiction. 10 Del. C. § 6501. That is, this court 

has jurisdiction in a declaratory judgment action only “if there is an underlying basis for 

equity jurisdiction measured by traditional standards.” Abbott v. Vavala, 2022 WL 

3642947, at *5 (Del. Aug. 22, 2022) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see

also id. (holding that because the “request for injunctive relief did not confer jurisdiction 

on the Court of Chancery in this case, the court also lacked jurisdiction over [the] request 

for a declaratory judgment”). Nonetheless, the court may hear claims for declaratory relief 

under the clean-up doctrine as long as the complaint establishes an independent basis for 

jurisdiction. See Kraft, 145 A.3d at 974. The plaintiff’s subject matter jurisdiction 

arguments thus rise or fall with his request for equitable relief. 

38 See Kraft, 145 A.3d at 985; E. Shore Env’t, Inc. v. Kent Cty. Dep’t of Planning, 2002 

WL 244690, at *4 (Del. Ch. Feb. 1, 2002). 

39 In re COVID-Related Restrictions on Religious Servs., 285 A.3d 1205, 1230 (Del. Ch. 

2022); see also Richard Paul, Inc. v. Union Improvement Co., 91 A.2d 49, 54 (Del. 1952)

(“We think the case presents a proper situation for equitable relief, viz., the unwarranted 

invasion of a legal right for which there is no adequate remedy at law.”). 
10

the mere form of the claims.40 This precludes the court from asserting jurisdiction based 

on “the incantation of magic words.”

41

“If a realistic evaluation leads to the conclusion 

that an adequate legal remedy is available, this court . . . will not accept jurisdiction over 

the matter.”

42

 

“A practical analysis of the adequacy of any legal remedy, then, must be the point 

of departure for each matter which comes before this Court.”43 “To be adequate, a legal 

remedy must be available as a matter of right, be full, fair and complete, and be as practical 

to the ends of justice and to prompt administration as the remedy in equity.”44

In that vein, “[a]n injunction improperly seeking to preclude a theoretical future 

wrong cannot anchor subject matter jurisdiction in this Court.”45 “For forward-looking 

relief to be warranted, the plaintiff must establish a reasonable apprehension of a future 

wrong.”46 “An unsupported, subject[ive] concern about a future harm is insufficient to 

40 Candlewood Timber Gp., LLC v. Pan Am. Energy, LLC, 859 A.2d 989, 997 (Del. 2004) 

(“In deciding whether or not equitable jurisdiction exists, the Court must look beyond the 

remedies nominally being sought, and focus upon the allegations of the complaint in light 

of what the plaintiff really seeks to gain by bringing his or her claim.” (citations omitted)).

41 Organovo Hldgs., Inc., 162 A.3d at 113 (quoting McMahon v. New Castle Assocs., 532 

A.2d 601, 603 (Del. Ch. 1987)). 

42 McMahon, 532 A.2d at 603.

43 Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp. v. Comdisco, Inc., 602 A.2d 74, 78 (Del. Ch. 1991). 

44 United BioSource LLC v. Bracket Hldg. Corp., 2017 WL 2256618, at *4 (Del. Ch. May 

23, 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

45 Mock, 2022 WL 1744439, at *10 (citing Crown Castle Fiber LLC v. City of Wilm., 2021 

WL 2838425, at *6 (Del. Ch. July 8, 2021)).

46 Organovo Hldgs., Inc., 162 A.3d at 115 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
11

meet this test.”47 “Put differently, equity will not issue an injunction merely to allay fears 

or apprehensions absent some showing that the wrongs complained of are likely to be 

continued unless restrained.”48 

To defeat the plaintiff’s claim to subject matter jurisdiction, the defendants advance 

three arguments, discussed in turn below. 

A. The Plaintiff Has Adequately Alleged His Request For Injunctive Relief. 

The defendants argue that the plaintiff has not adequately pled bases for the 

Residency Requirement Injunction or the Reinstatement Injunction, preventing each from 

supporting jurisdiction. 

1. The Residency Requirement Injunction

With the Residency Requirement Injunction, the plaintiff requests that the court 

enjoin the Defendants from taking any action, based on the October 2017 modified 

definition of residence.

49

 The defendants argue that the Residency Requirement Injunction 

“seeks to enjoin that which has already occurred,” and in any event functions as an 

impermissible obey-the-law injunction to a government agency.50 

As stated above, “[a]n injunction improperly seeking to preclude a theoretical future 

wrong cannot anchor subject matter jurisdiction in this Court.”51 Forward-looking relief 

47 In re COVID, 285 A.2d at 1233. 

48 Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

49 See Am. Compl. at 10. 

50 See Sept. 14, 2022 Letter at 2 (citations omitted). 

51 Mock, 2022 WL 1744439, at *10 (citation omitted). 
12

requires a “reasonable apprehension of a future wrong.”52 One way to show future harm 

is to show a “threat of continuing harm in the future for which an injunction could issue.”53

A plaintiff faces unique obstacles when seeking an injunction against government 

agencies or officials. “[T]he court cannot assume noncompliance by a government agency 

as the basis for a reasonable apprehension of a future wrong.”54 For this reason, 

“[p]rospective injunctive relief is generally unavailable where the plaintiff’s proposed 

injunction merely seeks to prospectively compel a government to conform with the 

interpretation of the law reflected in [a separately] proposed declaratory judgment.”55 As 

this court summarized in Christiana Town Center, LLC v. New Castle County: 

It would be anathema to our form of government to believe, as 

a baseline principle, that after a court renders a declaratory 

judgment another governmental agency would not follow that 

decision. It may actually be the case that a particular agency 

does not follow such a judgment, but a party should only seek 

52 Organovo Hldgs., Inc., 162 A.3d at 115 (citation omitted); see also In re COVID, 285 

A.3d at 1210 (“[W]hen a plaintiff seeks to ground jurisdiction in a court of equity based on 

the potential need for a permanent injunction, the pled facts must support a reasonable 

apprehension that the defendant will act in a manner that will necessitate the injunction’s 

issuance.”). 

53 Hamby v. Richard L. Sapp Farms, LLC, 2021 WL 4429855, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 27, 

2021), adopting report and recommendation, 2021 WL 4789092 (Del. Ch. Oct. 13, 2021); 

see, e.g., Gordon v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 1997 WL 298320, at *7 (Del. Ch. Mar. 

19, 1997) (applying the concepts of “continuing harm” or “continuing trespass” in the 

context of a nuisance claim). 

54 Crown Castle Fiber LLC, 2021 WL 2838425, at *5. 

55 Id.; see also In re COVID, 285 A.3d at 1233.
13

injunctive relief if that agency actually refuses to comply with 

the judicial declaration.56

Thus, where alternative review mechanisms like declaratory judgment or certiorari 

are available, this court will often presume that an injunction is unnecessary to compel the 

government to obey.57 That said, a plaintiff can receive an injunction against a government 

agency that refuses to comply with a judicial declaration: “[w]here there is a real chance 

that relief will not be forthcoming absent [an] injunction”; “[w]here the right requires a 

remedy bespoke to the facts”; or “[w]here an ongoing deprivation of rights needs a remedy 

by interim relief.”58 

The Residency Requirement Injunction seems to presuppose a world in which the 

plaintiff has already been reinstated. In such a world, there is no basis to believe that the 

City would continue to enforce the modified definition generally or specifically against the 

plaintiff. Put simply, it is hard to imagine the City making the effort to reinstate the 

plaintiff, only to then bring a second set of residency-related charges against him re56 2003 WL 21314499, at *4 n.19 (Del. Ch. June 6, 2003) (emphasis in original), aff’d, 841 

A.2d 307 (Del. 2004) (TABLE); see also Gladney v. City of Wilm., 2011 WL 6016048, at 

*4 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2011) (“The Courts of this State understandably presume that 

governmental agencies and actors will follow the law.” (emphasis in original) (citation 

omitted)). 

57 See Delta Eta Corp. v. City of Newark, 2023 WL 2982180, at *16–17 (Del. Ch. Feb. 2, 

2023) (finding that an injunction was not warranted in part because the plaintiff had “not 

demonstrated that an injunction is necessary to enforce a declaratory judgment” against the 

government defendants, citing the general judicial presumption “that a defendant will 

comply with a declaratory judgment” and noting that “this presumption is even stronger 

when the defendant is a government entity” (citations omitted)). 

58 Birney v. Del. Dep’t of Safety and Homeland Sec., 2022 WL 16955159, at *2 (Del. Ch. 

Nov. 16, 2022). 
14

litigating the same issues. And because the harm against which the plaintiff seeks 

protection is speculative, the Residency Requirement Injunction may not serve as a basis 

for this court to assert subject matter jurisdiction. 

In re COVID-Related Restrictions on Religious Services is instructive.59 There, two 

religious leaders challenged COVID-19-related restrictions the governor imposed on 

houses of worship during the pandemic on a range of constitutional grounds. They sought 

a permanent injunction against various health-related restrictions, including restrictions on 

in-person religious worship, how speech from the pulpit should occur, how baptisms 

should be performed, and the like.60 The plaintiffs based subject matter jurisdiction on 

their request for injunctive relief.61 By the time the plaintiffs brought suit, however, the 

Governor had already removed the restrictions that they sought to challenge.62

The court held that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction because the plaintiffs had 

not established a reasonable apprehension of a future harm. The court observed: (1) that 

the “continuing reality of life under COVID-19 is not a sufficient consideration”; (2) that 

the plaintiffs could litigate their constitutional challenges to the past order in a court of law 

by seeking a declaratory judgment; and (3) that the Governor had entered into a separate 

agreement not to reimpose restrictions that “specifically target Houses of Worship.”63 

59 285 A.3d 1205. 

60 Id. at 1221–22. 

61 Id. at 1224 (“The plaintiffs ground the existence of equitable jurisdiction on their request 

for a permanent injunction.”). 

62 Id. at 1222. 

63 Id. at 1233–35. 
15

Although it was “theoretically possible” that the Governor could “impose something akin 

to the Challenged Restrictions,” the court found it “not sufficiently likely,” and thus 

insufficient to invoke equitable jurisdiction.64

Similarly, here, it is theoretically possible that the City would reinstate the plaintiff 

only to harass him with continued disciplinary charges, but that outcome is not sufficiently 

likely. For this reason, the plaintiff’s Residency Requirement Injunction does not serve as 

a basis for subject matter jurisdiction. 

2. The Reinstatement Injunction

The defendants next contend that the Reinstatement Injunction does not give rise to 

jurisdiction, arguing that any mandatory injunction would not require the City to reinstate 

the plaintiff.65 The defendants concede that if the request for the Reinstatement Injunction 

is adequately alleged, then this court has equitable jurisdiction over the complaint.

66

 The 

defendants argue, however, that the plaintiff fails to allege a basis for the Reinstatement 

Injunction because the City terminated the plaintiff for the independent reason that he was 

dishonest. Specifically, the defendants argue that the hearing board found, and the 

appellate board affirmed, that the plaintiff “falsely stated in an interview with [WPD’s 

Office of Professional Standards (“OPS”)] that he stayed in Wilmington during certain 

64 Id. at 1235. 

65 See Dkt. 15 (“Defs.’ Opening Br.”) at 12–13. 

66 Dec. 16, 2022 Hr’g Tr. at 9:1–24 (counsel for the defendants stating that the subject

matter jurisdiction analysis “brings in and mirrors” the defendants’ argument that the 

claims for injunctive relief are not well-pled, and that the argument on the merits is 

“subsumed” within the subject matter jurisdiction inquiry in this case). 
16

work shifts when, in fact, surveillance of [the plaintiff] demonstrated that he was at his 

Middletown property.”67

In supplemental briefing, the plaintiff responded that the charge of dishonesty was 

inextricably intertwined with the residency issue. He pointed out that the City charged the 

plaintiff with dishonesty before the plaintiff was interviewed, so the charge could not relate 

to statements the plaintiff made during that interview.68 He also pointed to OPS’s 

Investigative Report dated November 27, 2017, in which Master Sergeant Fray Lynch 

stated that the plaintiff had acted dishonestly by “document[ing] his address as 3203 West 

2

nd Street on the annual residency form and sign[ing] the annual residency declaration form

from 2013 to present acknowledging that the address of 3203 W 2nd St. is his primary 

residence.”69 The plaintiff therefore reasons that the dishonesty charge is ancillary to the 

residency requirement.70 

67 Defs.’ Opening Br. at 12; see also Dkt. 19 (“Defs.’ Reply Br.”) at 4–5; C.A. No. 266, 

2021, Dkt. 18 (“Defs.’ Appellate Br.”) at 28–29 (citing the OPS’s findings and results at 

8). The OPS’s findings and results document is attached to the plaintiff’s supplemental 

answering brief as Exhibit D. Dkt. 41, Ex. D. 

68 Pl.’s Suppl. Answering Br. at 17 (citing Dkt. 41, Ex. H (“Notification of Complaint”) 

at 1). The complaint was received on May 2, 2017, and the plaintiff was notified of the 

complaint on May 31, 2017. Notification of Complaint at 1. The complaint stated that the 

plaintiff “ha[d] failed to comply with the employment residency requirement of the 

Wilmington City Charter,” and thus was being investigated for violating the residency 

requirement and dishonesty. Id. The plaintiff was interviewed by OPS on June 9, 2017. 

Dkt. 41, Ex. I (“OPS Investigative Report”) at 3. 

69 Pl.’s Suppl. Answering Br. at 18 (quoting OPS Investigative Report at 6). 

70 See Id. at 11–12. 
17

The defendants’ argument effectively imports the Rule 12(b)(6) standard into this 

jurisdictional analysis by disputing the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s allegation.71 Drawing 

all reasonable inferences from the facts alleged, however, it is reasonably conceivable that 

the dishonesty charge was in fact inextricably intertwined with the residency charge. 

Although the defendants cast this point in terms of a Rule 12(b)(6) argument, they 

draw upon facts beyond the pleadings for support, and the plaintiff followed suit. Even 

looking beyond the pleadings, the plaintiff prevails. It is unclear, at this stage, whether the 

City inferred dishonesty from the plaintiff’s bare averment that 3202 West 2nd Street was 

his residence—a statement that might simply have been made from confusion over which 

residency definition was supposed to apply to him. And although it may prove true, as the 

defendants contend, that the plaintiff lied during the investigation itself, it also seems that 

the dishonesty charge preceded that investigation. In all events, the plaintiff adequately 

alleged that the City originally charged him with dishonesty because of the address he listed

as his residence. 

The defendants concede that if the Reinstatement Injunction is adequately alleged, 

then this court has subject matter jurisdiction.72 Based on this concession, the analysis 

could end here. 

71 Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 

2011) (establishing reasonable conceivability as the pleading standard). 

72 The defendants did not challenge the plaintiff’s standing to sue under the collective 

bargaining agreement, and this decision does not address that issue. See Meades v. Wilm. 

Housing Auth., 2003 WL 939863, at *3 (Del. Ch. Mar. 6, 2003) (“Because [the plaintiff] 

was not a party to the [collective bargaining agreement] or to the arbitration, he has no 
18

But adequately alleging a basis for injunctive relief against a government agency, 

standing alone, is not enough to open the doors to this court. That is so because, as 

discussed above, government agencies are presumed to obey the law unless there is “a real 

chance that [the plaintiff’s requested] relief will not be forthcoming absent [an] 

injunction.”73 That showing is satisfied as to the Reinstatement Injunction. 

In the FOP Action, this court upheld an arbitration award that found the revised 

definition of residency “materially altered” the collective bargaining agreement between 

the City and the FOP, thus “constitut[ing] a unilateral alteration to the conditions of 

employment” in violation of the agreement.74 The collateral effect of this decision was 

that the City could not rely on the modified definition of residency as a basis to terminate

the plaintiff. Despite this knock-on effect, the City has not budged in its position. In this 

rare circumstance, at least as pled, the court cannot conclude that a declaratory judgment 

or certiorari review concerning the residency requirement would suffice. 

The plaintiff’s request for the Reinstatement Injunction thus facially meets the 

hurdles of Rule 12(b)(1). To the extent the defendants press their Rule 12(b)(6) motion, 

the complaint adequately alleges the request for the Reinstatement Injunction. 

standing to challenge the arbitration award, unless an independent basis for conferring 

standing can be found.”).

73 Birney, 2022 WL 16955159, at *2. 

74 Wilm. Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 1, Inc., 2021 WL 11715655, at *5, 13–14

(citing the arbitrator’s opinion and award). 
19

B. The Defendants’ Certiorari Argument 

The defendants argue that the plaintiff has an adequate legal remedy available in the 

form of a certiorari proceeding in the Superior Court.75 The plaintiff cannot dispute that 

certiorari is available to him; indeed, before bringing this suit, the plaintiff petitioned for a 

writ of certiorari in the Superior Court.76 The plaintiff argues, however, that the availability 

of a writ of certiorari in the Superior Court does not, standing alone, eliminate the potential 

for equitable jurisdiction.

The Delaware Code confers exclusive jurisdiction upon the Superior Court to 

“frame and issue all remedial writs, including . . . certiorari” and provides that writs “shall 

be granted of course.”

77

 As this court stated in Gladney v. City of Wilmington, 

The writ of certiorari is a writ of error that lies from the 

Superior Court to an inferior tribunal to review errors of law. 

It is available where an aggrieved party has no right of appeal 

from an adverse decision of an administrative body. Exclusive 

jurisdiction to issue the writ is reserved to the Superior Court.78 

75 Sept. 14, 2022 Letter at 2. 

76 See C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC, Dkt. 1. Although stylized as an appeal, the lack of a 

direct right of appeal under the Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of Rights warrants treating

the plaintiff’s initial action in the Superior Court as a petition for a writ. See generally 11 

Del. C. §§ 9200–9209. The writ that is the closest logical fit, as discussed below, is 

certiorari. 

77 10 Del. C. § 562. 

78 2011 WL 6016048, at *5 (cleaned up).
20

“Under principles of law well established in this State, certiorari involves a review 

of only such errors [that] appear on the face of the record being considered.”79 In light of 

the restrictive scope of certiorari review, the Superior Court “will ‘not consider the merits 

of the case. It considers only those issues historically considered at common law; namely, 

whether the lower tribunal (1) committed errors of law, (2) exceeded its jurisdiction, or (3) 

proceeded irregularly.’”80 It is the limited scope of certiorari proceedings, presumably, that 

makes that option more appealing to the defendants. Alternatively, the defendants may 

wish to have the case sent back to the Superior Court to argue that the plaintiff missed the 

deadline for certiorari.

81

In a limited respect, certiorari functions like an equitable remedy. The writ of 

certiorari may issue only where an appellant has no other “adequate remedy at law.”

82

 

79 Castner v. State, 311 A.2d 858, 858 (Del. 1973) (citations omitted); see also Mell v. New 

Castle Cty., 2003 WL 1919331, at *8 (Del. Ch. Apr. 11, 2003) (“The writ of certiorari is 

a writ of error. The writ lies from the Superior Court to inferior tribunals, such as a county 

council, to review proceedings that determine legal rights and are capable of legal error. 

The writ exists to review only errors of law, not errors of fact. The review is confined to 

the record, and the Court must not re-decide the merits of the case.” (citing 1 Victor B. 

Woolley, Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings in the Law Courts of the State of 

Delaware §§ 895–897 (1906) [hereinafter, “Woolley”]).

80 Haden v. Bethany Beach Police Dep’t, 2014 WL 2964081, at *7 (Del. Super. June 30, 

2014) (quoting Maddrey v. Just. of the Peace Ct. 13, 956 A.2d 1204, 1213 (Del. 2008)).

81 See C.A. No. N18A-12-005 RRC, Dkt. 13 ¶¶ 5–6 (Del. Super. July 30, 2019)

(defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s administrative appeal on the basis that it is a de 

facto certiorari petition falling outside certiorari’s 30-day deadline). 

82 See, e.g., Delta Eta Corp., 2023 WL 2982180, at *10 (“A writ of certiorari is available 

only where . . . there is no other adequate remedy at law.” (citing In re Petition of Howell, 

2007 WL 1114123, at *1 (Del. 2007)); Goldstein v. Mun. Ct. for City of Wilm., 1991 WL 

53830, at *11 (Del. Super. Jan. 7, 1991) (“Delaware has established four criteria for the 
21

According to one source, certiorari’s remedy-of-last-resort function emerged in the United 

States because American courts typically have discretion on whether to issue the writ.83 

But even in Delaware, where the writ of certiorari “shall be granted of course”84 rather than 

through judicial discretion, courts look to the adequacy of competing remedies. This is 

similar to the standard for awarding equitable remedies.

Yet one difference (among many) between equitable relief and certiorari is that the 

Court of Chancery may not generally invoke its equitable jurisdiction to collaterally review

review of constitutional issues on a Writ of Certiorari: (1) the act of the lower tribunal must 

be final; (2) there must be no right of appeal, (3) a question of grave public policy and 

interest must be involved; and (4) there must be no other basis for review available.” (citing 

Shoemaker v. State, 375 A.2d 431, 438 (Del. 1977), 375 A.2d at 438; Becker v. State, 185 

A. 92, 96 (Del. Super 1936), overruled on other grounds, Downs v. Jacobs, 272 A.2d 706 

(Del. 1970))); Maddrey, 956 A.2d at 1213 (stating that, for the Superior Court to review a 

lower tribunal’s decision on certiorari, “the judgment must be final and there can be no 

other available basis for review” (citing In re Butler, 609 A.2d 1080, 1081 (Del.1992); 

Woollley § 895)); see also In re Pet. of Howell, 925 A.2d 503, 2007 WL 1114123, at *1

(Del. 2007) (TABLE) (denying certiorari to the Supreme Court because a direct right of 

appeal was available). 

83 Frank J. Goodnow, The Writ of Certiorari, 6 Pol. Sci. Q. 493, 501–02 (Sept. 1891) 

[hereinafter, “Certiorari”]. Other jurists and secondary sources have discussed more 

comprehensively the development of the writ of certiorari in Anglo-American law, its 

complex relationship with equitable jurisdiction, and the role of equity generally. See 

generally Delta Eta Corp., 2023 WL 2982180; see also Woolley §§ 894–896, at 623–25; 

William T. Quillen, Michael Hanrahan, A Short History of the Delaware Court of 

Chancery—1792-1992, 18 Del. J. Corp. L. 819 (1993); XRI Inv. Hldgs. LLC v. Holifield, 

283 A.3d 581 (Del. Ch. 2022), rev’d on other grounds, --- A.3d ---, 2023 WL 5761367 

(Del. Sept. 7, 2023). This jurist has nothing to add to these recitations and refers persons 

to those sources for greater detail.

84 10 Del. C. § 562. 
22

other tribunals’ judgments.

85

 By contrast, the whole point of certiorari is that the Superior 

Court may reverse a lower tribunal’s decision. So, one can view injunctive relief and 

certiorari as serving parallel remedy-of-last-resort functions, but in markedly different

contexts.

86

The traditionally parallel tracks on which certiorari and injunctive relief run 

converge in the context of administrative proceedings. Going back to at least the early 

20th century, the Superior Court has used writs of certiorari to review decisions not only 

of inferior tribunals, but also of administrative officials and local legislatures.

87

 As long as 

85 See, e.g., Troy Corp. v. Schoon, 959 A.2d 1130, 1133–34 (Del. Ch. 2008); Briddell v.

Hanuschak, 2015 WL 3649591, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 12, 2015) (explaining the conditions

under which collateral estoppel prevents persons from relitigating decided issues after a

final judgment has been rendered); but see Henry L. McClintock, McClintock on Equity §§ 

169–175, at 456–79 (2d ed. 1948) [hereinafter, “McClintock”] (describing how, 

traditionally, courts of equity retained jurisdiction to stay or overrule contrary decisions in 

other courts in order to preserve their jurisdiction, enjoin judgments obtained by fraud, and 

in other narrow scenarios).

86 There are similar parallels to other writs, such as the writ of prohibition, which also 

performs a similar review-of-last-resort function. See Mell, 2003 WL 1919331, at *8 

(“Superior Court may issue a writ of prohibition when there is no other adequate remedy. 

The purpose of this writ is to prevent an inferior tribunal or agency from acting when it 

lacks the authority or jurisdiction to act.” (citation omitted)). The court focuses on 

certiorari in part to avoid opening a can of writ-related worms. 

87 See Woolley § 896 at 624–25 (“[T]he scope of the remedy [of certiorari] is in no sense 

limited to [review of justices of the peace], but extends to and embraces other inferior legal 

tribunals having the power to determine legal rights and being capable of committing legal 

error. Thus the writ lies to the judgments of The Municipal Court of the City of 

Wilmington; likewise to review the proceedings of commissioners appointed for the 

condemnation of land, and in certain cases to review the proceedings of town councils.” 

(citations omitted)). Other jurisdictions have used the writ of certiorari to review decisions 

of municipal councils and local commissioners since the 19th century. See Certiorari at 

513. Legal historians may wish to dig deeper into the origins of this practice in Delaware, 

but it is not relevant for present purposes. 
23

a legislature or administrative agency (i) acts in “quasi-judicial capacity” where there is

neither (ii) a “right to appeal” nor (iii) an adequate remedy at law, a person may seek 

certiorari to review that decision.

88

 A governmental “entity acts in a quasi-judicial capacity 

where it applies existing laws to a set of facts before it.”89 

Thus, certiorari has become an avenue for judicial review of administrative issues—

ranging from topics such as land use90 to employment disputes between local governments 

and employees.

91 But injunctive relief has also emerged as a check on government action 

where other remedies such as damages would be inadequate.92 An injunction might be 

necessary to enjoin an official’s prospective “violation of a plain official duty”93 or where 

there is a “reasonable apprehension” that a government official “will act in a manner that 

will necessitate the injunction’s issuance.”94 Similar doctrines have emerged in the federal 

system from the early 20th century, allowing federal courts to issue injunctions that prevent 

executive officials from violating persons’ constitutional rights.95 Courts have also 

88 Delta Eta, 2023 WL 2982180, at *10 (citations omitted). 

89 Id. at *11 (citations omitted). 

90 See id. at *11–19 (collecting cases in the context of special use permit challenges); see 

also, e.g., Schafer, 2023 WL 3750390, at *6–10 (allowing leave for motion to amend an 

administrative appeal to request a writ of certiorari regarding the Kent County Department 

of Planning Services’ decision to approve a subdivision application). 

91 See, e.g., State, Office of Mgmt. and Budget v. Public Empl. Rels. Bd., 2011 WL 1205248, 

at *1 (Del. Super. Mar. 29, 2011). 

92 See generally In re COVID, 285 A.3d at 1228–29.

93 4 Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence § 1744, at 4050 (4th ed.) [hereinafter, “Pomeroy”]. 

94 In re COVID, 285 A.3d at 1210. 

95 See generally Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 163–68 (1908). 
24

invoked equitable powers to intervene in administrative decision-making where there is a 

“clear abuse of discretion.”96

The apparent availability of certiorari and injunctive relief as dueling review 

mechanisms of last resort for administrative decisions raises a complicated jurisdictional

analysis for the Court of Chancery. 

For instance, in Mell v. New Castle County, taxpayers sued the New Castle County 

government in the Court of Chancery to enjoin it from paying local politicians’ attorneys’ 

fees in connection with federal investigations.97 The politicians were under federal 

investigation in connection with their use of government employees and office space for 

work on their primary election campaigns.98 New Castle County Code established a 

process letting officials request reimbursement of legal fees through the County Attorney’s 

office for such investigations based on a five-factor balancing test, which under certain 

circumstances was subject to review of the County Council.

99

 The Court of Chancery

96 Pomeroy § 1751, at 4065; see also McClintock § 174 at 474–75 

Courts of equity have never manifested the same hesitancy 

with respect to injunctions which interfere with proceedings 

before administrative officers or tribunals that they have with 

respect to injunctions as to judicial proceedings. An injunction 

will issue against administrative orders or proceedings 

wherever the plaintiff has a legal right which is adversely 

affected by the proceedings and there is no adequate remedy at 

law, or otherwise prescribed by statute.

(citations omitted).

97 2003 WL 1919331, at *1–2.

98 Id.

99 See id. at *5–6. 
25

declined to rule on whether to enjoin the County from paying the defendants’ legal fees, 

reasoning that the County Attorney had “yet to make a determination as to whether legal 

representation at County expense would be proper.”100 

The court then assessed whether it would have jurisdiction over the ultimate 

resolution of the case. After canvassing authority on various writs and concluding that 

none were adequate, the court found it had subject matter jurisdiction because the only 

remedy remaining for the plaintiffs was an injunction.101 The court reasoned that certiorari 

was inadequate because “the determinations made by the County Attorney” or County 

Council on appeal “rest solely on the specific facts of each case.”

102

 Because the writ 

would not allow review of factual errors, the court viewed certiorari as “ineffectual” for 

whatever challenges the plaintiff would bring.103 Although the Mell court did not state it 

outright, it seemed to view certiorari as an available remedy—just not one that was 

adequate in light of what the plaintiffs sought relative to the administrative review 

mechanism at issue. Mell thus illustrates the highly fact-intensive nature of the adequate 

remedy inquiry, especially when deployed to assess the utility of certiorari relative to

injunctive relief. 

100 Id. at *7. Nonetheless, the court granted a permanent injunction barring the defendants 

from using government office space to prepare their defense, requiring that these activities 

be conducted “off-site and outside work hours.” See id. at *5. 

101 Id. at *7–9. 

102 Id. at *8. 

103 Id. 
26

Even where the court has found itself devoid of subject matter jurisdiction because 

certiorari was available, it has avoided announcing a categorical rule to that effect and has 

always paid special attention to the relief sought by the plaintiff.

• In Delta Eta Corporation v. City of Newark, the Court of Chancery held that 

certiorari was adequate to review a city council’s denial of a special use 

permit to a fraternity house.104 The court reasoned that approving or denying 

a special use permit application was a quasi-judicial act because the 

availability of such a permit to applicants was “circumscribed by ordinance,”

and so certiorari was available.105 The fraternity house argued that certiorari 

was inadequate because it preferred “a proceeding supported by discovery 

and applying a more lenient standard of review.”106 The court reasoned that 

the fraternity house had merely “point[ed] out that the certiorari standard of 

review is different” from equitable review, but failed also to “demonstrate 

that the standard is so limited in scope as to be incapable of affording full 

and fair relief.”107 

• In Gladney v. City of Wilmington, a legislative assistant sued the City in the 

Court of Chancery on the basis that she had been wrongfully terminated for 

failing to comply with the City’s residency requirement.108 The legislative 

assistant sought a permanent injunction “enjoining the City from denying her 

employment with the City because of her failure to comply with the 

residency requirement.”109 The court reasoned that the legislative assistant’s 

requested injunction failed to establish equitable jurisdiction because it 

“s[ought] only to enjoin the City from denying” her “employment on the 

ground that she failed to comply with the City’s residency requirement” and 

“would not require the City to reinstate” her.110 The court reasoned that 

certiorari would be an adequate remedy instead, because the relief she sought 

104 2023 WL 2982180, at *14–15. 

105 Id. at *13 (citations omitted). 

106 Id. at *14. 

107 Id. at *16 (citations omitted). 

108 2011 WL 6016048, at *1. 

109 Id. at *2. 

110 Id. at *4. 
27

“effectively amounts to an appeal” of her dismissal “or, alternatively, a 

wrongful termination claim for damages against the City.”111

• In Christiana Town Center, LLC v. New Castle County, a developer sought 

to enjoin the New Castle County government from applying an “unclean 

hands” provision of the local code against the developer’s application for a 

permit to perform finishing work and improvements on a building.112 The 

court sua sponte found itself lacking jurisdiction. The court reasoned that all 

the plaintiff “realistically” sought was a “declaratory judgment as to the 

meaning and scope” of the relevant code provisions.

113

 The court also 

observed that the plaintiff had failed to exhaust administrative remedies in 

the form of an appeal to the New Castle County Planning Board, which in 

turn could “be appealed by writ of certiorari to the Superior Court.”114 

• In Hundley v. O’Donnell, the plaintiff sought an injunction in the Court of 

Chancery barring the New Castle County, Department of Land Use’s denial 

of his subdivision proposal. But in so doing, the plaintiff failed to show why 

administrative appellate remedies or certiorari were insufficient.115 The court 

reasoned that a “strong presumption exists” in favor of requiring plaintiffs to 

exhaust administrative remedies before invoking equitable jurisdiction and 

that the plaintiff had not shown why the circumstances warranted that form 

of relief.

116

 The court also rejected the plaintiff’s argument that certiorari 

was an inadequate remedy because the plaintiff only sought to correct an 

alleged error of law. The court also stated that “[w]ere there some factors 

pleaded here to suggest” that certiorari was inadequate, “the result might be 

quite different.”

117

 

• In Bramble v. Dannemann, a retired state police officer brought suit against 

the state in the Court of Chancery, arguing that the State Board of Pension 

Trustees had arbitrarily and capriciously denied his application for a service 

connected disability pension.

118

 The court expressed “doubt” that certiorari 

111 Id. at *5. 

112 2003 WL 21314499, at *1–2.

113 Id. at *4.

114 Id. (citing 10 Del. C. § 562).

115 1998 WL 842293, at *1, 5 (Del. Ch. Dec. 1, 1998). 

116 Id. at *2 (citation omitted). 

117 Id. at *3. 

118 1980 WL 6366, at *1 (Del. Ch. Jan. 10, 1980). 
28

“provides an adequate legal remedy in this situation,” even though the State 

Board of Pension Trustee’s decision was “quasi judicial in nature” and thus 

reviewable in the Superior Court through certiorari.119 The court reasoned 

that the plaintiff’s argument “is based on the charge that the Board ignored 

the weight of the evidence as well as its previous decisions in similar 

matters,” so the purely legal review one would receive upon certiorari was 

inadequate.120 The court nonetheless dismissed the case for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction, reasoning that the related writ of mandamus was 

available and adequate because the plaintiff sought “review of the denial of 

a pension where the applicant is basing his claim to a pension on the alleged 

fulfillment of the necessary conditions fixed by statute.”121

These and other cases illustrate a general preference for certiorari or similar 

procedures as ways to review administrative decisions in comparison with equity.122 But 

each decision stopped short of establishing a bright-line rule rendering the availability of 

certiorari an independently sufficient impediment to equitable jurisdiction.

123

 In each case, 

119 Id. at *2. 

120 Id. 

121 Id. at *3. “The writ of mandamus is an extraordinary ‘remedial writ used to compel 

officers and other officials to perform their duties as required by law.’” Mock, 2022 WL 

1744439, at *6 (quoting Mell, 2003 WL 1919331, at *8). Mandamus applies only to correct 

“nondiscretionary and ministerial wrong[s]” and “can compel reinstatement” where 

appropriate. Id. at *6, 11 (citations omitted). Neither party has argued that mandamus is 

available or adequate to remedy the plaintiff’s termination. 

122 See, e.g., Citizens Against Solar Pollution v. Kent Cty., 2023 WL 2199646, at *2–3 (Del. 

Ch. Feb. 24, 2023) (“Based on a realistic evaluation of their complaint, Plaintiffs seek 

reversal of the Levy Court’s quasi-judicial decision granting Freepoint a conditional use 

permit. As explained in Delta Eta, a writ of certiorari would adequately achieve that 

objective. Accordingly, I lack jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims.”); Middlecap Assocs., 

LLC v. Town of Middletown, 2023 WL 2981893, at *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 2, 2023) (holding 

that a writ of certiorari was “available” and “capable of affording an adequate remedy at 

law” for a challenge to a town council’s denial of a conditional use permit, a “quasi-judicial 

act”). 

123 See 1 Donald J. Wolfe, Jr. & Michael A. Pittenger, Corporate and Commercial Practice 

in the Delaware Court of Chancery § 2.03[b][3], at 2-62 (2d ed. 2022) (describing the 
29

the court instead weighed the adequacy of writs like certiorari and mandamus against 

injunctive relief based on the facts alleged.

124 Importantly for present purposes, no case 

law suggests that certiorari is an adequate mechanism for reinstating government 

employees.

125

 On that basis, along with the particular facts of this case—including the 

City’s failure to meaningful grapple with this court’s previous decision—the plaintiff’s

requested Reinstatement Injunction renders certiorari an inadequate remedy. 

At oral argument, counsel for the defendants stated that, as a practical matter, the 

City would reinstate the plaintiff if he prevailed in a certiorari proceeding.126 But that is 

cold comfort given the procedural posture of this case for reasons discussed above. As 

injunctive relief subject matter jurisdiction inquiry as “necessarily fact-intensive and, thus, 

peculiar to each asserted claim”). 

124 Distilled to hornbook form, the attack outline for “Bucket Two” of this court’s subject 

matter jurisdiction inquiry can be framed as follows: (i) ask whether there is an adequate 

remedy at law (in the administrative review context, this might be an appeal); (ii) ask 

whether a writ (like certiorari) is available; (iii) if a writ is available, ask whether it is 

adequate and balance what the plaintiff stands to obtain versus an injunction (bearing in 

mind that in certain circumstances the plaintiff must still show a reasonable likelihood of 

a future harm for an injunction); (iv) if a writ is unavailable, ask whether there is a 

reasonable likelihood of future harm and follow the comprehensive analysis from In re 

COVID. See 285 A.3d 1205. 

125 See, e.g., Gladney, 2011 WL 6016048, at *4 & n.23 (determining that certiorari was 

adequate in part because the plaintiff’s sought-after injunction did not seek reinstatement, 

thus, implying that reinstatement is not available through certiorari); see also Stevens v. 

Steiner, 1988 WL 40178, at *1 (Del. Super. Apr. 26, 1988) (stating that “this Court cannot 

order reinstatement of back pay or benefits within the context of a writ of certiorari”), aff’d 

in part and rev’d on other grounds, 574 A.2d 263, 1990 WL 38277, at *8 (Del. 1990) 

(TABLE); see also Clark v. Smith, 250 A.D. 233, 238 (N.Y. App. Div. 1937) (stating that, 

upon certiorari review, “[t]he court does not attempt to compel performance of the duty it 

defines, but leaves the aggrieved parties to pursue such further remedy as the law gives 

them” (citations omitted)). 

126 Dec. 16, 2022 Hr’g Tr. at 14:15–17:5. 
30

such, it does not appear that here certiorari is an adequate path to address the plaintiff’s 

request for reinstatement. The defendants’ argument to this effect fails. 

C. The Defendants’ Waiver Argument

The defendants contend that the plaintiff has waived his ability to argue that the 

Reinstatement Injunction gives rise to an independent basis for this court to exercise subject 

matter jurisdiction. This argument also fails. 

“When determining whether there is equitable jurisdiction, the Court of Chancery 

must look at the face of the complaint as of the time of filing.”127 “The subject-matter 

jurisdiction of the Chancery Court depends solely . . . upon the allegations of the complaint 

and a determination of what the plaintiff really seeks by the complaint.”

128

 Thus, 

“[j]urisdiction over the subject matter of a complaint is to be determined by an examination 

of the allegations in the complaint viewed in the light of what the plaintiff actually seeks 

and not necessarily what is pleaded.”129

Subject matter jurisdiction concerns this court’s powers, not the parties’ rights. 

Therefore, parties may not waive the existence or non-existence of subject matter 

jurisdiction.130 Accordingly, “subject matter jurisdiction arguments, cannot be waived,”

127 Shearin v. Mother AUMP Church, 755 A.2d 390, 2000 WL 975117, at *1 (Del. 2000)

(TABLE) (citation omitted). 

128 Diebold Computer Leas., Inc., 267 A.2d at 588.

129 Chateau Apartments Co. v. City of Wilm., 391 A.2d 205, 207 (Del. 1978) (citation 

omitted). 

130 See, e.g., Athene Life & Annuity Co. v. Am. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 2019 WL 3451376, at *4

(Del. Ch. July 31, 2019) (“This is a court of limited jurisdiction, and as such may not waive 

subject matter jurisdiction.” (citing Ct. Ch. R. 12(h)); Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 602 A.2d at
31

either.131 Even a “tardily” raised argument whose delay might appear to “result in waiver,” 

is not waivable “to the extent the argument would affect this court’s subject matter 

jurisdiction.”132 

The defendants cite two cases that discuss waiver broadly, but neither addresses the 

overlay of the subject matter jurisdiction inquiry.

133

 Nor is this jurist aware of a case 

finding such a waiver when evaluating subject matter jurisdiction arguments. Although it

is true that as a general matter, “[i]ssues not briefed are deemed waived,”134 the 

jurisdictional inquiry does not require such a result here. 

But even were the court to entertain a waiver argument, the defendants’ argument

would still fail. Delaware courts use a “notice pleading standard” that aims to put a

77 n.5 (“[U]nlike many jurisdictions, judges in the Delaware Court of Chancery are 

obligated to decide whether a matter comes within the equitable jurisdiction of this Court 

regardless of whether the issue has been raised by the parties.” (citations omitted)); Bruno 

v. W. Pac. R. Co., 498 A.2d 171, 172 (Del. Ch. 1985) (“[I]n the absence of subject matter 

jurisdiction, a decision in this proceeding would be a nullity. . . . The parties to an action 

may not confer subject matter jurisdiction by agreement.” (citations omitted)); see also 

Maxwell v. Vetter, 311 A.2d 864, 866 (Del. 1973) (“Lack of jurisdiction may be raised at 

any time in the proceedings.”). 

131 Jung v. El Tinieblo Int’l, Inc., 2022 WL 16557663, at *10 (Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2022)

(emphasis added) (citation omitted). 

132 Delawareans for Educ. Opportunity v. Carney, 2018 WL 4849935, at *11 (Del. Ch. 

Oct. 5, 2018) (denying the defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction, which the defendants had partially advanced on the basis that mandamus 

would be available in the Superior Court, but leaving open the chance for the defendants 

to renew tardily raised standing arguments on the basis that their jurisdictional heft renders 

such arguments non-waivable). 

133 See Defs.’ Suppl. Reply Br. at 4–5 (citing Bocock v. Innovate Corp., 2022 WL 15800273 

(Del. Ch. Oct. 28, 2022); In re Mobilactive Media, LLC, 2013 WL 297950 (Del. Ch. Jan. 

25, 2013)). 

134 Emerald P’rs v. Berlin, 726 A.2d 1215, 1224 (Del. 1999) (citations omitted). 
32

defendant on “notice of the claim being brought against it and prevent unfair surprise.”135

“An allegation, though vague or lacking in detail, is nevertheless ‘well-pleaded’ if it puts 

the opposing party on notice of the claim being brought against it.”136 Arguments are thus 

waived when they are “not fairly or timely presented”137 and so fail to put the other party 

on notice. 

Here, the Amended Complaint pleads facts relating to the plaintiff’s dismissal, 

including statements to the effect that the WPD told the plaintiff that “information 

contained within his residency affidavits were the product of fraud and dishonesty, in 

violation of the WPD’s rules and regulations.”138 The Amended Complaint describes the 

genesis of the revised residency definition, describes how the City applied it to the plaintiff, 

and requests the Reinstatement Injunction. The Amended Complaint also incorporates by 

reference the arbitration award rendered on March 4, 2019, in which an arbitrator “returned 

a decision finding that the City’s unilateral modification of the definition of ‘residence’ 

was in violation of the Collective Bargaining Agreement.”

139

 Although an ideal complaint 

would have directly linked these allegations to the plaintiff’s requested injunctive relief, 

135 Meyers v. Intel Corp., 2015 WL 227824, at *4 (Del. Super. Jan. 15, 2005) (citations 

omitted); see also VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 611–12 (Del. 

2003) (stating that Delaware deploys a “notice pleading” standard). 

136 VLIW Tech., 840 A.2d at 611 (citations omitted). 

137 Winshall v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 55 A.3d 629, 642 (Del. Ch. 2011) (citations omitted). 

138 See Am. Compl. ¶ 30. 

139 Id. ¶ 41. 
33

taken holistically, the defendants have sufficient notice of the plaintiff’s bases for invoking 

this court’s jurisdiction. 

The defendants also argue that the plaintiff impermissibly relies upon additional 

documents outside the Amended Complaint to show that the dishonesty charge is 

inextricably intertwined with the residency charge. The defendants specifically reference

the December 16, 2022 hearing in which this court asked counsel for the plaintiff to clarify 

his basis for the intertwinement theory in the record, and counsel for the plaintiff said he 

had none in the record to date.

140

It is true that the court had to do work to get the plaintiff to tease out his argument. 

It is also true that the plaintiff relied upon additional record evidence beyond the Amended 

Complaint to make his inextricably-intertwinement argument. That is not fatal in the 

context of a Rule 12(b)(1) argument.141 Moreover, the plaintiff only advanced the 

inextricably-intertwinement argument in response to the defendants’ argument that the 

dishonesty charge was an “independent and sufficient basis for his dismissal.”

142 The 

defendants themselves reached for supplemental documents outside the Amended 

Complaint for support on this point.

143 Indeed, one of the documents the plaintiff invokes 

to support his intertwinement theory is the same document the defendants added to the 

140 See Defs.’ Suppl. Reply Br. at 1–3 (citing Dec. 16, 2022 Hr’g Tr. at 33:13–35:17). 

141 See supra n.34.

142 See Defs.’ Opening Br. at 12–13. 

143 See id., Ex. A. 
34

record themselves.144 In context, it is hard to see how the plaintiff’s addition of disciplinary 

files to the record is inappropriate or prejudicial to the defendants. 

The defendants’ waiver argument fails. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the motion to dismiss is denied. The court has subject 

matter jurisdiction over this action as a result of the well-pled Reinstatement Injunction, 

and the court may exercise clean-up jurisdiction over the remaining issues. 

Although this case affects a person’s livelihood, it has languished. That is due to 

the court’s erroneous initial decision and the time spent on appeal, the silence of the parties 

after remand, the insufficiency of the initial briefing, and the need for supplemental briefing

and oral argument. One can also toss the recalcitrance of the defendants to meaningfully 

grapple with the effects of their prior loss in the FOP Action atop the list of contributing 

factors. In all events, this action will move forward far faster. The parties are ordered to 

confer on a case schedule that leads to a trial no later than March 2024 and to contact 

Chambers to obtain a trial date. If either party plans to move for summary judgment, they 

are to ask for leave to do so as soon as practicable and well in advance of March 2024.

144 See Pl.’s Suppl. Answering Br. at 17–18 (citing Dkt. 41, Ex. I (OPS Investigative Rep.

Dated Nov. 27, 2017)). The plaintiff’s Exhibit I is the same document that the defendants 

originally filed as Exhibit A to their motion to dismiss on April 15, 2020. See Defs.’ 

Opening Br., Ex. A.