PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_______________
No. 18

- 3747

_______________ IN RE : FELIX ROSADO,

Petitioner

_______________ On Application for Leave to File a Second or Successive Habeas Petition Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) Related to E.D. Pa. No. 2:07

- cv

- 04429 District Judge: Honorable Norma L. Shapiro

_______________ Argued: March 23, 2021

Before: HARDIMAN, GREENAWAY, JR., and BIBAS,

Circuit Judges
(F iled: August 2, 2021 )

_______________2 Bret Grote [ARGUED] A BOLITIONIST L AW C ENTER P.O. Box 8654 Pittsburgh , PA 1 5221 Carole L. McHugh 410 Old York Road Jenkintown, PA 19046 Counsel for Petitioner

Kenneth W. Kelecic [ARGUED] Matthew A. Thren B ERKS C OUNTY D ISTRICT A TTORNEY ’ S O FFICE 633 Court Street, 5th Floor Services Center Reading , PA 19601
Counsel for Respondent

_______________ OPINION OF THE COURT

_______________ BIBAS, Circuit Judge

. Congress made s econd or successive habeas petitions hard
to maintain . To keep district courts from being flooded with them , AEDPA sets up a gate. And it makes courts of appeals the gatekeepers. Felix Rosado asks us to lift the gate for him

. In 1996, h e was sentenced to mandatory life without parole for murder. He

now argues his sentence is barred by Miller v. Alabama , 567 U.S. 460 (2012). But he waited more than six years after Miller to bring his challenge , well past AEDPA’s one

- year deadline3 for asse rt ing new ly recognized rights . Plus, Miller is limited to prisoners who were under eighteen when they committed their crime
, yet Rosado was almost eighteen and a half. So his claim does not rely on Miller ’s new rule. We may deny leave based on the first fl aw and we must deny it based on the second. Thus,

we will not grant Rosado leave to file a second habeas petition.

I. B ACKGROUND
In 1995, Rosado shot and killed Hiep Nguyen. Rosado was almost eighteen and a half. Seven months later , he pleaded guilty in Pennsylvania state court to first

- degree murder and was sentenced to mandatory life without parole

. Over the next two decades, h e collaterally attacked his conviction in state and federal court, claiming ineffective assistance of counsel. But those attacks failed.

After Rosado filed his first round of habeas p etitions, the Supreme Court decided Miller

. It held that the Eighth Amendment bars mandatory life

- without

- parole sentences for criminals who were under eighteen when they committed their crimes. 567 U. S. at 465. Four years later, the Court held that Miller ’s rule applies retroactively, enabling those already sentenced as juveniles to challenge their convictions

. Montgomery v. Louisiana
, 577 U.S. 190
, 206 (2016).

Two months after Montgomery
, Rosado brought another state habeas (technically, PCRA) petition. In it, he argued that Miller ’s rule applies to his case. The state court s dismissed his petition as time

- barred and then affirmed that dismissal

. So Rosado now returns to federal court. In 2018, he asked for permission to file a second federal habeas petition under 284 U.S.C. § 2254. Though AEDPA (the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996) normally bars second or successive petitions, there are two narrow exceptions. Rosado cl aims that he falls within one of them because
, h e says , he relies on Miller ’s new , retroactive rule

. § 2244(b)(2)(A)

. B efore letting a prisoner f ile a second or successive habeas petition in district court , the court of appeals must verify that the petition falls within one of those exceptions to AEDPA’s bar . § 2244(b)(3)(C). And i n the years after Miller , many prison ers who had committed crimes as young adults and are serving mandatory life sentences have sought our leave to file new habeas petitions based on Miller

. Before we allow that , we must decide whether the se claims do indeed rely on Miller

. Plus, many of these inmates brought their requests long after Miller . If we let them go forward, district cou rts will likely dismiss many of them as untimely. But we have never decided whether we may consider timeliness as part of our gatekeeping review. Both issues are litigated often and likely to recur, so we now give guidance on both.

II. W E M AY D ENY R OSADO ’ S A PPLICATION AS U NTIMELY Rosado faces at least two hurdles. To get leave to file, he must make a prima facie showing that he relies on Miller . But if he gets to the District Court, he will also face a time bar. Applicants like Rosado who rely on new constitutional rules have one year to file after the Supreme Court’s decision. § 2244(d)(1)(C). The state says that we can deny leave to file on this basis; Rosado disagrees.5 The state is right. The statute gives us power to deny leave on any basis , including untimeliness. But our holding is narrow: W e should deny leave based on timeliness only if the untimeliness is clear. The parties must be on notice and have a chance to respond. And there must be no unresolved factual issue or potential dispute over tolling. R arely will all those conditions hold. This is that rare case. If we gave Rosado leave to file, his application would be years late and ineligible for tolling. We may deny leave on that ground.

A. We may consider timeliness at the gatekeeping stage

1. Our gatekeeping role

. AEDPA curtails a prisoner’ s ability to file a second or successive habeas petition. Before he can even file in district court, he must get the court of appeals’ permission. § 2244(b)(3)(A). We are AEDPA’s gatekeepers. And before we open the gate, we must check that th e prisoner has prima facie shown two things under § 2244(b) . First, the claims must differ from any he brought before . § 2244(b)(1), (3)(C). And second, the claims must either rest on newly discoveredfacts or “rel[y] on a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.” § 2244(b)(2) (A)

. After we make this prima facie finding, the District Court

mu st check that each claim meets all the requirements of § 2244. § 2244(b)(4). So it must verify that each satisfies § 2244(b). I t must also apply § 2244(d)’s one

- year time bar. Only then may it reach the merits.6 Our sister circuits are split on the scope of our gatekeeping review. Th ree circuits limit that review to the § 2244(b) requirements. In re McDonald , 514 F.3d 539, 543

– 44 (6th Cir. 2008); Henry v. Spearman , 8 9 9 F.3d 703, 710 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing McDonald approvingly in dict um ); Ochoa v. Si rmons , 485 F.3d 538, 542

– 44 (10th Cir. 2007). Five others sometimes consider § 2244(d)’s timeliness requirement

. In re Vassell , 751 F.3d 267, 271 (4th Cir. 2014); In re Campbell , 750 F.3d 523, 533

– 34 (5th Cir. 2014); Johnson v. Robert , 431 F.3d 992, 992

– 93 (7th Cir. 2005) (per curiam); In re Hill , 437 F.3d 1080, 1083 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) ; In re Williams , 759 F.3d 66, 68

– 69 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

2. The statutory text gives us discretion. The latter approach squares with AEDPA’s wording

. We “ may authorize the filing of a second or successive application,” but “ only if ” the petitioner shows prima facie that § 2244(b) is “satisfie[d].” § 2244(b)(3)(C) (emphas e s added) . Thus, meeting the requirements of § 2244(b) is “necessary” but not “sufficient.” Vassell
, 751 F.3d at 271 (emphases omitted). “May” leaves us discretion to deny leave for other reasons, like timeliness. If an application is obviously late, we need not ignore this glaring flaw.
To be sure, the statute tells district courts to apply the requirements of “this section,” § 2244, including the time bar, while it tells courts of appeals to apply “this subsection
, ” § 2244(b). Compare § 2244(b)(4)
, with § 2244(b)(3)(C). Rosado stresses th e distinction between these phrases

. Yet AEDPA contains no language barring our review either. So a ll that means is that we do not have to consider timeliness. W e7 need not, but we can. The statute itself does not limit our discretion to deny leave.

3

. We will consider timeliness only rarely

. T hou gh we can consider timeliness, often we should not. Because we should decide whether to grant leave to file within thirty days, w e do not have time to resolve complex timing questions. § 2244(b)(3)(D) ; cf. In re Hoffner , 870 F.3d 301, 307 n.1 1 (3d Cir. 2017) (treating this time limit as advisory)

.We look by analogy to the rules governing first habeas petitions. Both district and appellate courts may, but need not, consider timeliness sua sponte. Day v. McDonough , 547 U.S. 198, 209 (2006); Wood v. Milyard , 566 U.S. 463, 473 (2012). But before doing so, the part ies must have “fair notice and an opportunity to present their positions.” Day , 547 U.S. at 210. And usually, appellate courts should not consider issues that were not developed below. Onl y in “exceptional cases” should they raise timeliness themselves. Wood , 566 U.S. at 473. So too here. The parties must have notice and an opportunity to respond. See Vassell , 751 F.3d at 271. Plus, statutory or equitable tolling may save a petition. Tollin g decisions are often hard and fact bound, best left to district courts in the first instance. See Campbell , 750 F.3d at 533

– 34; In re Jackson , 826 F.3d 1343, 1348

– 49 (11th Cir. 2016). We should not deny leave on timeliness unless there is no basis for fur ther factual development and there is no potential basis for tolling. These conditions will be satisfied only rarely

. Jackson , 826 F.3d at 1350. Typically, we decide based only on the prisoner’s initial filing. Often, the state does not respond. And usually, we8 lack the state

- court record, which we need to gauge tolling. See id. at 1349 (citing Jordan v. Sec’y, Dep ’ t of Corr.
, 485 F.3d 1351, 1357

– 58 (11th Cir. 2007))

. But sometimes, the state responds and raises the defense. The prisoner then asserts his position. Sometimes
, the facts are clear, uncontested
, and offer no grounds for tolling. The decision might be as simple as comparing the date of the motion and the date when the Supreme Court announced th e new rule it seeks to apply. Moore v. United States , 871 F.3d 72, 84 (1st Cir. 2017). I f so
, there is no reason to let a doomed petition proceed. That is the case here.

B. Rosado’s application is too late

Because Rosado filed his federal habeas petition six

- and

- a

half years after Miller
, his pe t ition presents a timeliness issue on its face. And unlike most applications at the gatekeeping stage, this one is fully briefed. The state object ed that Rosado’s petition would be untimely. He has responded, alleging that complex tolling issues prevent us from considering timeliness. But his argument rests on the mistaken premise that the clock runs from Montgomery , not Miller . That is not right.

1. The clock began ticking after Miller
, not Montgomery

. Rosado had one year to file from “the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court.” § 2244(d)(1)(C) (emphasis added). Th e relevant date is when the Court first recognized the right, not when it made it retroactive

. Dodd v. United States , 545 U.S. 353, 357 (2005). And t hough Dodd involved the limitations period for federal prisoners in § 2255(f)(3), § 2244(d)(1)(C) uses identical9 language. The starting point is the same for state prisoners. Prost v. Anderson , 636 F. 3d 578, 591 (10th Cir. 2011) (Gorsuch, J.) ; Johnson
, 431 F.3d at 992

– 93

. Miller came down in 2012. So Rosado had to file by 2013. But he filed his federal petition in 2018. And h e filed his state habeas (PCRA) petition in 2016, almost four years after Miller

. So statutory tolling (while timely state petitions are pending) does not save him. § 2244(d)(2). Still, Rosado argues that his clock runs from Montgomery because it removed a n “impediment to filing an application created by State action.” § 2244(d)(1)(B). Before Montgomery
, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania had held that Miller was not retroactive. Commonwealth v. Cunningham
, 81 A.3d 1 , 11 (Pa. 2013). So, he says, he could not exhaust his state remedies as required until after Montgomery corrected Cunningham

. We are skeptical. But even if he were right, Cunningham was decided in late 2013, months after Rosado’s one

- year clock ran out. He could have filed in both state and federal court, asking the federal court to stay and abey while his state case was pending. See Heleva v. Brooks , 581 F.3d 187, 192 (3d Cir. 2009) . No state action prevented that

. 2. E quitable tolling is unwarranted

. We should not rejectan application as untimely if the habeas petition could be rescued by equitable tolling. But no rescue is possible here

. Rosado has not “in some extraordinary way b een prevented from asserting his rights.” Jones v. Morton , 195 F.3d 153, 159 (3d Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks and ellipses omitted)

.10 Because his petition was too late even before Cunningham , that decision did not prevent him from timely filing.

* * * * *

If we let Rosado file his application , it would clearly be time

- barred. Because the relevant facts are clear and un disputed, we can deny leave on this ground. And we must deny authorization on another basis : Rosado does not rely on Miller

.

III. R OSADO D OES N OT “R ELY ” ON M ILLER V
. A LABAMA ’ S N EW R ULERosado satisfies all but one of the statutory gatekeeping requirements. § 2244(b)(2)(A). Miller is a “new rule of constitutional law.” Id. It was “ made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court” in Montgomery

. Id. I t was “ unavailable ” when Rosado filed his first habeas petition. Id. And it “was not presented in a prior application” for federal habeas. § 2244(b)(2)

. The last thing he must show is that his “claim relies on” Miller

. § 2244(b)(2)(A). There, he fails.

Rosado acknowledges that Miller adopted a “bright line holding for persons under 18 years of age.” Pet’r’s Br. 15. He also concedes that he wa s slightly older than that when he murder ed Nguyen

. But because Miller ’s reasoning rests on the science of brain development , he argues that it a lso bars mandatory life sentences for immature young adults , like him, “whose crimes reflect the transient immaturity of youth.” Montgomery
, 577 U.S. at 208

. Yet Rosado has not shown that he relies on Miller
, rather than a broad expansion of it . True, his prima facie burden is11 “light.” Hoffner , 870 F.3d at 307. And we assess reliance case by case, “permissively and flexibly.” Id. at 308. But the reliance requirement, though light, is not toothless. We hold that if a new rule sets out an express limit an d a p risoner’s claim falls beyond that limit, he cannot rely on that rule. Miller set a limit at eighteen years old

. Rosado wa s older than that when he killed Nguyen

. So his claim does not rely on Miller

. A. An applicant cannot “rely” on a new rule if his cla im falls beyond that rule’s express limits
To rely on a new rule, a prisoner must show that his case plausibly falls within the rule’s limits. To “rely” on something is to “depend on ... [it] with full trust or confidence ” o r to “rest upon [it] with assuranc e

. ” Rely
, Oxford English Dictionary ( 2d ed. 1989) (def. 5).

The r eliance requirement leaves prisoners some leeway

. A prisoner may rely on a new rule even if he seeks to apply it to a new situation. Hoffner , 870 F.3d at 309. His claim need not match the Court’s precise holding, as long as it follows from the broader rule supporting that holding. Moore , 871 F.3d at 82. As we have explained, a claim “relies” on a new rule if that rule “substantiates the

... claim .” Hoffner , 870 F.3d at 309 (quoting In re Arnick , 826 F.3d 787, 789

– 90 (5th Cir. 2016) (Elrod, J., dissenting)). That is true “ even if the rule does not

‘ conclusively decide [ ] ’ the cla im or if the petitioner needs a

‘ non

- frivolous extension of ’ ” it

. Id. If an opinion hints at a new rule, a litigant may later seek an extension of that suggested rule into a holding . For instance, the Supreme Court held that the residual clause of the Arm ed12 Career Criminal Act was unconstitutionally vague. Johnson v. United States , 576 U.S. 591, 597 (2015). A prisoner then challenged the identical residual clause of the career

- offender Sentencing Guideline. Hoffner , 870 F.3d at 302. He thus show ed prima facie reliance on Johnson ’s rule. Id. at 312. But to rely on a rule, the prisoner must ground his argument within the rule’s limits. He may not read i t so broadly that he“contradict[s] binding precedents” or seeks a “facially implausible” extension of it. Id. at 311 (quoting Arnick , 826 F.3d at 791 (Elrod, J., dissenting)). For instance, he may not use Miller ’ s limit on mandatory sentences to challenge discretionary sentences. Evans

- Garcia v. United States , 744 F.3d 235, 24 0

– 41 (1st Cir. 2014).
In short, we ask if the new rule sets out strict limits and if the prisoner’s case falls beyond those limits. If so, he cannot rely on the new rule, and we must deny leave to file.

B. Miller covers only those who were under eighteen

Miller drew a firm line: “those under the age of 18” cannot be sentenced to mandatory life without parole. 567 U.S. at 4 65. Throughout, Miller differentiated between “adults” (those over 18) and “children” (those under). See, e.g.
, id. at 471; see also id. at 486 (referring to “children of any age

— be it 17 or 14 or 10 or 6”) . Just a few months ago, the Court recognized this line, repeatedly describing Miller ’s holding as applying to those under eighteen. Jones v. Mississippi , 141 S. Ct. 1307, 1311

– 23 (2021) ; see also United States v. Sierra , 933 F.3d 95, 97 (2d Cir. 2019) (reading Miller as setting a bright line at eighteen) ;13 United States v. Marshall , 736 F.3d 492, 498

– 99 (6th Cir. 2013) (same)

. Indeed, Miller is part of a series of youth

- sentencing cases, all of which drew the line at eighteen. See Roper v. Simmons
, 543 U.S. 551, 568 (2005) (barring the death penalty for th ose under eighteen) ; Graham v. Florida , 560 U.S. 48, 74

– 75 (2010) (barring life

- without

- parole sentences for those under eighteen who did not kill)

. Despite this, Rosado argues that Miller sets no age limit and that he falls within the class of you ths protected by it . Because Miller mentions the age of eighteen only once and otherwise refers to “children” and “juveniles,” he argues that it covers all youths who “manifest[ed] age

- related imm aturity” at the time of their crimes. 567 U.S. at 473, 479; Reply Br. 2. Scientific evidence, he suggests, shows that those just over eighteen are similarly immature, so Miller must apply to them too. Yet the Supreme Court has already rejected that argumen t. In Roper , the Court expressly conceded Rosado’s point that aging is a spectrum, not a switch flipped at eighteen. 543 U.S. at 574. But “a line must be drawn.” Id. And Miller , relying on Roper and Graham , drew it at eighteen. See 567 U.S. at 465, 470

– 75. Those cases grounded that line in our society’s consensus: “The age of 18 is the point where society draws the line for many purposes between childhood and adulthood.” Graham , 560 U.S. at 74

– 75 (quoting Roper , 543 U.S. at 574 ).
Thus, Miller set a clear age limit. Rosado falls on the wrong side of that limit. And w e cannot extend it

. A nonfrivolous extension of a precedent cannot go beyond the precedent’s bright14 line. Someday, the Supreme Court may redraw that line. But
we cannot.

* * * * *

A s gatekeepers, we need not unlock AEDPA’s gate for a prisoner’s application that has no chance of success. O n the undisputed facts, we see that Rosado filed too late and has no basis for tolling. And we cannot find that he relies on Miller when he falls be yond the bounds of the class that it protects. Thus, we will deny him leave to file his second habeas petition.