IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

OF TEXAS

NO. PD-0273-10

MELVIN CHARLES SWEED, JR., Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

FROM THE FIRST COURT OF APPEALS

HARRIS COUNTY

JOHNSON, J., filed a concurring opinion in which COCHRAN, J., joined.

C O N C U R R I N G O P I N I O N

I join the opinion of the Court. During the proceedings in the trial court, appellant requested

a jury instruction on theft, and the state requested an instruction on aggravated assault. Both requests

were denied by the trial court. As the opinion of the Court correctly finds, theft is a lesser-included

of aggravated robbery, as plead in the instant indictment, and the instruction on theft should have

been given. I conclude that, as plead, aggravated assault is also a lesser-included offense of

aggravated robbery, and an instruction on aggravated assault should have been given, as requested
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by the state.

Texas Penal Code sec. 29.03 defines aggravated robbery.

(a) A person commits an offense if he commits robbery as defined in Section 29.02, and he:

(1) . . .; or

(2) uses or exhibits a deadly weapon.

Section 29.02 defines robbery.

(a) A person commits an offense, if, in the course of committing theft as defined in Chapter

31 and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he:

(1) . . .; or

(2) intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily

injury or death.

Combining the two, a reasonable summary of aggravated robbery is that a person,

in the course of committing theft,

intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily 

 injury or death, and

uses or exhibits a deadly weapon.

Texas Penal Code section 22.02 defines aggravated assault.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person commits assault as defined in Section 22.01

and the person:

(1) . . .; or 

 (2) uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.

Section 22.01 defines assault.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person:

(1) . . .; 

(2) intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury, . . .; 

or

(3) . . ..

A reasonable summary of aggravated assault is that a person,

intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury, and

uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.
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Both aggravated robbery and aggravated assault require that a person intentionally or

knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury and uses or exhibits a deadly weapon

during the commission of the offense. The only element not shared is that aggravated robbery

requires a theft. Thus, aggravated assault is a lesser-included offense of aggravated robbery because

“it is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission

of the offense charged.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 37.09(1).

As the Court’s opinion notes, there must be evidence in the record that would permit a jury

to rationally find that, if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser-included offense. 

Guzman v. State, 188 S.W.3d 185, 188-89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). And the threshold for such a

showing is low: “Anything more than a scintilla.” Bignall v. State, 887 S.W.2d 21, 23 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1994). The evidence in this case shows that appellant approached the complainant within three

feet while waving a knife at chest level. The knife was shown at trial to be a deadly weapon, and 

a reasonable jury could find that waving that knife at the complainant at chest level, from a distance

of three feet, constituted “intentionally or knowingly threaten[ing] another with imminent bodily

injury.” Thus, the evidence in the record supports the giving of an instruction on aggravated assault

as a lesser-included offense of aggravated robbery.

Filed: October 19, 2011

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