XX International Seaweed Symposium

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# XX INTERNATIONAL SEAWEED SYMPOSIUM

Organized by 

## lnternational Seaweed Association Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, MéxicoXX International Seaweed Symposium

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# XX International Seaweed Symposium Ensenada Baja California México February 22-26, 2010

Local Organizing Committee Chairman: José A. Zertuche-González Secretary: Isaí Pachecho-Ruíz
Treasurer: Guadalupe García y Lepe

Officers: Luis Aguilar-Rosas (IIO, UABC) Raúl Aguilar-Rosas (FCM, UABC) Edgar Arroyo-Ortega (IIO, UABC) Guillermo Ballesteros-Grijalva (FCM, UABC) Ignacio Beamonte (La Milpa S.A.) Héctor Bustos Serrano (FCM, UABC) Alejandro Cabello-Pasini (IIO, UABC) Alfredo Chee Barragán (IIO, UABC) Jesús Galarza Plascencia (IIO, UABC)

Graciela Guerra-Rivas (FCM, UABC) José M. Guzmán-Calderón (IIO, UABC) Gustavo Hernández-Carmona (CICIMAR, IPN) Enrique Hernández-Garibay (CRIP-INP)

Víctor Macías-Carranza (IIO, UABC) Ignacio Sánchez-Rodr íguez (CICIMAR, IPN)

Delegates: Graciela De Lara-Isassi. UAM. D.F Margarita Casas-Valdez. CICIMAR, La Paz, BCS Julio Espinoza-Avalos. ECOSUR, Chetumal, QR Yolanda Freile-Pel egrín. CINVESTAV, Mérida, YUC Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez. UABCS, La Paz, BCS Daniel Robledo. CINVESTAV, Mérida, YUC Elisa Serviere. CIB, La Paz, BCS Erick Melling. UNISON, Hermosillo SON Deni Rodríguez, UNAM, DF

International Delegates Dr. Charles Yarish. USA. University of Connecticut.

PROGRAM EDITOR Alejandro Cabello-Pasini SYMPOSIUM SECRETARIAT Conference and Catering Office Ms Olga Peineman

ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Midalia I. Chávez Maldonado, María C. Flores García, Andrade León Hortencia, Rosa Trujillo Brambila, Yolanda Navarrete Gutiérrez, Suemy Franco Orlayneta, Magali Marisela Blanco Ceja, Reymundo Verdugo Alonso
LOGO DESIGN Ixchel True Orozco WEB MASTER Axel Favela PROGRAM DESIGNER Raúl Gutiérrez EspinozaXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### CONTENTS

WELCOME 4

AWARDS 5

SYMPOSIUM SPONSORS 6

GENERAL SYMPOSIUM INFORMATION 8

PROGRAM TABLES 11

DAILY PROGRAM 13

POSTER SESSION I 31

POSTER SESSION II 36

PLENARY LECTURES ABSTRACTS 41

ORAL ABSTRACTS 43

POSTER ABSTRACTS 111

INDEX BY AUTHOR 159

ADDRESSES OF DELEGATES 166

INDEX BY COUNTRY 185XX International Seaweed Symposium

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## WELCOME

Dear colleagues and guests,

On behalf of the Mexican Local Organizing Committee, it gives me great pleasure to welcome you to the XXth International Seaweed Symposium in Ensenada, Mexico. Th is is the first time that a conference of this relevance, dedicated to the study of seaweeds and their industrial applications, is held in our country. To date, we have over 360 registered delegates from 40 countries. As you know, this conference is held under the auspices of the International Seaweed Association whose main mission is “to promote applied phycology on a global basis, and to stimulate interactions among resear ch workers and industrialists in all relevant academic institutions and industries in all countries”.
This symposium offers you the opportunity to stay abreast of the most recent advances in applied phycology and industrial opportunities. You will be able to learn about new topics of global interest such as the use of genomic data in the development of new cultivars, advances in the understanding of plant and animal response mechanisms to seaweed extracts, and exciting adva nces in the understanding of the metabolism of algal polysaccharides. Other relevant topics will in clude the role of seaweeds as carbon sink, seaweeds as a source of biofuels, and the feasibility and implications of large-scale cultivation. The proble ms associated with the spread of non-indigenous species, seaweed diseases and their effects on seaweed farms, as well as the effect on the ecology of seaweed communities will also be discussed.
We sincerely hope that you enjoy the excellent scientific program and get the chance to learn more about the seaweed resources in Mexico and the research and commercial opportunities our country has to offer the seaweed industry . The Local Organizing Committee is looking forward to being your host and welcomes you to experience Mexican hospitality.

José A. Zertuche González

Chairman for the XX Intern ational Seaweed Symposium.

XX INTERNATIONAL SEAWEED SYMPOSIUMXX International Seaweed Symposium

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## AWARDS

SCIENTIFIC AWARDS The University of British ColumbiaAward for the best student paper Three awards will be given to the three best gr aduate student papers presented at the XX ISS from a fund established at The University of British Columbia, Canada, in 1989 (XIIIth ISS). These awards are now administered by ISA. The awards are for graduate students only. Applications will be evaluate by a committee appointed by the Loca l Organizing Committee of the XX ISS The Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Award for the best student poster Three awards will be given to the three best st udent posters presented at the XX ISS. These awards will be given in the memory of Pr of. Raúl Aguilar-Rosas, distinguish Mexican phycologist and member of the Local Organi zing Committee that recently passed away. Awards will be announced at the closing ceremony.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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## SYMPOSIUM SPONSORS The local Organizing committee of the XX International Seaweed Symposium gratefully acknowledge the generous supportof the following sponsors.

Silver Sponsor FMC Bio Polymer

Sponsors Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste

PCI Worldwide Inc Eurogum A/S
Carl Zeiss de México Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Baja Kelp Baja Pearls
Productos del Pacífico Productores Artesanales Agropecuarios “Rancho Cortez”
Vinos Santo Tomás Grupo Modelo SA de CV

Government Sponsors Secretaría de Pesca y Acuacultur a del Estado de Baja California Ayuntamiento de Ensenada

Proturismo de EnsenadaXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### The ISA extends it thanks tothe following contributors:


## Marinalg & members CPKelco Danisco Cargill

Kerry Ceamsa Shemberg MSC Gelymar TBK Bright Moon Marcel pciworld Setexam

Other Contributors Alimex Acadian Seaplants Ingredients Solutions Pampamar Soriano SA Vicente navarrete Benson Dakay

Parker Laite Pete Bixler Wee Lee HiongXX International Seaweed Symposium

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## GENERAL SYMPOSIUM INFORMATION Symposium venue The XX ISS will take place from 22th to 26 th of February at the Marina Coral Hotel (see map). The registration desk will be open Sunday afternoon from 11:00 to 17:00 and on Monday from 8:00 to 16:00.
Oral presentations People with oral presentation must provide the symposium organizations with their presentation either on USB or CD one day before their presentations. People with presentations for the Monday have to hand in their presentations on the Sunday at registration (11:00 to 17:00). Presentation s should be in Power Point Windows format. Each day will start with a Plenary lectureof 45 min with no discussion time. All others contributed papers will have a total duration of 15 min including discussion time. The chairperson will be instructed to start on ti me each session and keep strictly within the schedule. Please do not extend your allocated time as chairpersons will stop you to allow enough time for the next speaker.
Mini symposia Each day after the magisterial lecture, will start a series of mini sy mposiums. Each convener will start with a brief introduction of the mini symposium followed by the oral presentations of the invited speakers. Each presentation allowed 25 min. After all presentations will be 15 min for a general discussion and closing of the mini symposium. Please keep within your allocated time limits.

Poster sessions Each poster has been allocated a specific numbe r and a specific poster board. Please check your poster number in this book and locate th e appropriate stand at the concourse. Posters will be displayed Tuesday and Thursday. The spea ker must be present in that session (14:15 to 15:45). Please remove your poster on Friday before the closing ceremony.
Meals Lunches will be provided at the Venue at extr a cost except for thos e staying at the hotel venue. Dinners are not included in your regist ration fee, except fo r the symposium banquet on Thursday night. Symposium banquet The symposium banquet will take place on Thur sday night from 19:00 to 23:30 at the gala ball room in the Marina Coral Hotel. A served style meal, drink and Mexican entertainment will be provided. Please bring your badge. Seaweed Industry Exhibition Several companies working with algae and region al products will be exhibiting in the Venue Lobby and halls. You are invite d to visit these companies.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### Mid Symposium Excursions The following full day excursions (including lunch) will take place by bus on Wednesday, You are invited to participate, in your preferred to pic. Be aware that the tour options are subject to changes due to climate conditions.

1. Gray Whale Watching: In this tour you would have the opportunity to see Gray Whales as they pass in front of Ensena da during their migration from the cold northern waters of Alaska to the warm breeding grounds of Ce ntral Baja lagoon. Navigating in sport-fishing vessels around Ensenada bay and Todos Santos Island you would also have the opportunity to see sea lions, dolphins and beautiful coastline.

2. The Blowhole The Blowhole is one of the thr ee most important geysers in the world; it is a natural crevice origin ating from erosion and connected to an underwater canyon. When the waves reach the crevice a huge explosion of water occurs, rising 20 meters high into the air and producing a peculiar sound, hence its name La Bufadora (the blowhole). This popular and impressive site is located 22 miles south of Ensenada. You can also enjoy a delicious seafood meal and shop for handcrafts and souvenirs while you are there.

3. The Wine Route: The wine route is a tour through the San Antonio de las Minas and Valle de Guadalupe vineyards, designed toteach you everything about the regions fantastic winemaking culture. This tour includes the large wine houses such as Domecq, LA Cetto and Monte Xanic, and al so the small family run cellars, where you can witness the fascinating wine produc tion process. They will teach you about the harvest and the different varieties of grape, and show you around the cellars where the huge barrels are stored. During your visit you will be able to taste a diverse variety of wines and maybe purchase a bottle or two. In all the wineries there are shops offering regional products and winemaking paraphernalia, for a souvenir of your trip. The wine route is a voyage through the secrets of the vineyards, giving you a chance to enjoy the marvelous landscape surrounding Ensenada and some wonderful wines as well.
4. Seaweed Collection and abalone farm visit: In this tour you will visit the region of Erendira where you would have the opportunity to see one of the richest and more diverse seaweeds communities of the Mexican temperate Pacific cost. You would also have the opportunity the visit abalone farms, one of them dedicated to the production of abalone pearls.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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## Companion Program

Those registered as companions will be able to enjoy all the social and tourist events available to the regular registers including: “ice-break” reception, mid-symposium tours and banquet. Monday 22 Feb. 2010 From 9.00 am to 12.00 noon Have a blast learning Mexican cooking at th e University of Baja California Enology and Gastronomy School, so when you get back home you can share your experience and cook for your friends a real Mexican meal. Tuesday 23 Feb. 2010 From 9.00 am to 12.00 noon. You must visit the Unique Art Center in Ensenada, you will be at the heart of the Ensenadenses to enjoy the music, art, ballet, concerts, etc. Wednesday 24 Feb. 2010 Mid-symposium Tours. You can choose any of the mid-symposium tours. Thursday 24 Feb. 2010 9.00 am to 12.00 noon Ojos Negros valley. A visit to the country side where you will have an opportunity to taste local cheese and wine right where is being produced.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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## Program Tables

Sunday, 21 February 

### Monday February 22

11:00-17:00 Registration Main Hall Ensenada 1 Ensenada 2 Ensenada 3 Acapulco y La Paz

09:00-10:00 Opening Ceremony

18:00-20:00

Welcome Reception 10:00-10:45 Plenary 1 10:45-11:00 Coffee/Tea

11:00-13:00 Mini-Symposium 1 INVASIVE SPECIES I Mini-Symposium 14 INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE Mini-Symposium 3 MANAGEMENT OF

COMMERCIAL SEAWEED BEDS Mini-Symposium 4 USES OF SEAWEEDS FOR FOOD

13:00-14:00 Lunch

14:00-15:15 Contributed Papers1 SEAWEED DIVERSITY Contributed Papers 2 CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES Contributed Papers 3 PATHOGEN AND

HERBIVORE RESISTENCE

15:15-15:30 Coffee/Tea

15:30-17:15 Contributed Papers 4 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY Contributed papers 5 INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE Contributed papers 6 SEAWEEDS HERBIVORY



### Tuesday February 23 Wednesday

Feb 24th

Mid-Symposium

Excursions Main Hall Ensenada 1 Ensenada 2 Ensenada 3 Acapulco y La Paz

08:30-09:15 Plenary 2

09:15-09:30 Coffee/Tea

09:30-11:30 Mini-Simposium 5 INVASIVE SPECIES II Mini-Symposium 6 BIOFUELS AND

SEAWEEDS Mini-Symposium 7 SEAWEED EXTRACTS AND THEIR APPLICATION

TO HIGHER PLANTS Mini-Symposium 8 KAPPAPHYCUS CULTIVATION AND IT ́S FUTURE IN LATIN AMERICA

11:30-11:45 Coffee/Tea

11:45-13:15 Contributed papers 7 ECOPHYSIOLOGY I Contributed Papers 8 MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL SEAWEED BEDS Contributed Papers 9 HYDROCOLLOIDS AND SEAWEED EXTRACTS

13:15-14:15 Lunch

14:15-15:45 Poster Session I

15:45-17:15 Contributed Papers 10 ECOPHYSIOLOGY II Contributed papers 11 CLIMATE CHANGE & SEAWEEDS Contributed Papers 12 SEAWEED RESOURCES AND BIOMASS

19:00 21:00 Social EventXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### Thursday February 25

Main Hall Ensenada 1 Ensenada 2 Ensenada 3

08:30-09:15 Plenary 1
09:15-09:30 Coffee/Tea

09:30-11:30 Mini-Symposium 9 POPULATION ECOLOGY Mini-Symposium 10 CLIMATE CHANGE & SEAWEEDS Mini-Symposium 11 SYSTEMATICS

11:30-11:45 Coffee/Tea

11:45-13:15 Contributed Papers 13 BROADER IMPACTS Contributed papers 14 ECOPHYSIOLOGY Contributed papers 15 PHARMACOLOGY

13:15-14:15 Lunch

14:15-15:45 Poster Session II

15:45-17:30 Contributed Papers 16 REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY Contributed papers 17 ECOLOGY (POPULATION & COMMUNITY) Contributed papers 18 SECONDARY METABOLITES

19:30-23:00 Banquet



### Friday 26 February

Main Hall Ensenada 1 Ensenada 2 Ensenada 3

09:00-09:45 Plenary 4

09:45-10:00 Coffee/Tea

10:00-12:00 Mini-Symposium 12 BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS AND CYCLES Mini-Symposium 13 SEAWEEDS FOR BIOFUEL AND PAPER PULP Mini-Symposium 14 SEAWEEDS FODDER FOR MARINE

AND TERRESTIAL ANIMALS

12:00:12:30 Closing CeremonyXX International Seaweed Symposium

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## DAILY PROGRAM

ORALS MONDAY FEBRUARY 22

OPENING CEREMONY 9:00-10:00 Main Hall

PLENARY LECTURE 10:00-10:45 Main Hall

A DECADE OF CHANGE IN THE SEAWEED HYDROCOLLOIDS INDUSTRY Bixler H.J.P. and H. Porse 10:45-11:00 Coffee/Tea break 11:00-13:00 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 1 INVASIVE SPECIES I Ensenada 1 Conveners: Pedroche F. and K.A. Miller

64 EXOTIC OR NON-EXOTIC? THAT IS THE QUESTION. A CASE STUDY FOR SEAWEEDS IN BRAZIL Oliveira E., B.T.N. Silva and C.E. Amancio 138 MARINE MACROALGAE INTRODUCED SPECIES: WHY ARE SOME SPECIES SO INVASIVE? Collado Vides L. 197 TRACKING INTRODUCTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM POPULATION GENETIC DATA Zuccarello G.C. 140 FEEDING RESPONSES OF NATIVE MACRO-INVERTEBRATES TO NON-INDIGENOUS SEAWEEDS Murray S.N., C.A. Navarro, S.C. Vogt and J.R. Smith

10:45-12:45 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 2 INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE Ensenada 2
Conveners: Chopin T. and R. Pereira

191 SEAWEEDS: THE INORGANIC EXTRACTIVE COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA) NOT ONLY PRODUCING A MULTIPLE-USE BIOMASS BUT ALSO RENDERING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR NUTRIENT/ CARBON CREDITS Chopin T., M. Sawhney, E. Campbell, R. Shea, E. Belyea, S.J. Pang, G.K. Reid, S.M. C. Robinson, K. Haya, L. Burridge, F. Page, N. Ridler, M. Szemerda, F. Powell, J. Sewuster and S. Boyne-Travis 509 SOURCE-TRACKING THE DOMINATING ALGA OF THE DRIFTING GREEN TIDE IN THE YELLOW SEA REVEALS THE URGENCY AND IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN CHINA Pang S.J ., Liu F., Shan T.F., Xu N., Zhang Z.H., Gao S.Q., Chopin T. and Sun S.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 502 THE STATUS OF GRACILARIA LEMANEIFORMIS CULTIVATION IN CHINA AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR CONTROLLING HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS Yang Y., K. Sellner and C. Yarish136 PRODUCTION OF SEAWEEDS IN INTEGRATEDMULTITROPHIC AQUACULTURE FOR APPLICATION AS INGREDIENTS IN FISH Pereira R ., H. Abreu, L. Valente, P. Rema and I. Sousa-Pinto



### 10:45-12:45 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 3 MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL SEAWEED BEDS Ensenada 3 Conveners: Vásquez J. and J. Vea.

53 DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING OF KELP, LAMINARIA HYPERBOREA , IN NORWAY Vea. J. 290 MANAGEMENT OF BROWN SEAWEED SPECIES IN NORTHERN CHILE Vásquez J.A. and Z.P. Muñoz. 318 AN EVALUATION OF THE MORTALITY OF THE BROWN SEAWEED ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM (LE JOLIS) PRODUCED BY CUTTER RAKE HARVESTS IN SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Ugarte R.A. 299 MANAGEMENT OF GELIDIUM SESQUIPEDALE NATURAL BEDS ALONG THE EAST ATLA NTIC COAST, COMPARISON OF THE METHODS USED Givernaud T., A. Mouradi, O. Barbaroux, A. Orbi and R. Kaas 10:45-12:45 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 4 USES OF SEAWEEDS FOR FOOD Acapulco y La Paz

Conveners: Kraan S. and M. Casas-Valdez 98 SEAWEEDS, A RICH SOURCE FOR FUNCTIONAL FOOD INGREDIENTS Kraan S

. 281 IN DEFENSE OF SEA VEGETABLES Myslabodski D.E

. 277 SARGASSUM SPP AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR REDUCING THE EGG CHOLESTEROL CONTENT Bahena M.A.C., S. Carrillo-Domínguez, V.M.M. Casas, D.R.M. Castillo, J.M.E. Carranco and R.F. Pérez-Gil 152 PHLOROTANNIN RICH EXTRACT OF ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM AND HIMANTHALIA ELONGATA , DIRECT AND PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON CELLULAR OXIDATIVE MARKERS IN HUMAN HEPATOMA HEPG2 Queguineur B. , S. Kraan, M.D. Guiry, S. Ramos, M.A. Martin, L. Goya, R. Mateos and L. Bravo

13:00-14:00 LunchXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 1 SEAWEED DIVERSITY Ensenada 1
Co-chairs: Serviere E. and S. Murray

14:00-14:15 124 COMPOSITION, RICHNESS AND DISTRIBUTION OF HUATULCO’S NATIONAL PARK(OAXACA, MEXICO) CORAL REEF ALGAE León-Tejera H., A. Cruz, L. González , L. Sánchez, E. López, C. Calderón and C. Candelaria 14:15-14:30 142 VARIATIONS IN MACROALGAL COMMUNITY IN THE ALACRANES REEF NATIONAL PARK, OFF THE NORTHERN YUCATAN PENINSULA Ramírez-Miss N., I. Ortegón-Aznar and A. Aguilar-Perera 14:30-14:45 78 BETA DIVERSITY IN MACROALGAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Mazariegos-Villarreal A ., H. Reyes-Bonilla, E.F. Balart and E. Serviere-Zaragoza 14:45-15:00 104 COMPOSITION OF MACROALGAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM A DISTURBED ROCKY REEF IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Chávez-Sánchez T. , A. Mazariegos-Villarreal and E. Serviere-Zaragoza 15:00-15:15 254 EVALUATION OF RHODOLITH BEDS AS HABITAT FOR A HIGH SPONGE BIODIVERSITY Ávila E. and R. Riosmena-Rodríguez CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 2 CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES Ensenada 2 Co-chair persons: Batista G. and A.Q.Hurtado

14:00-14:15 18 WHAT IS THE BEST TECHNIQUE FOR KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII FARMING AT THE SOUTH COAST BRAZIL? Góes, H.G. and R.P. Reis 14:15-14:30 500 BREEDING AND CULTIVATIO N OF A NEW CULTIVAR OF SACCHARINA JAPONICA Wang W.J., F.J. Wang and X.T. Sun 14:30-14:45 164 ECOFRIENDLY IN SITU AND IN VITRO CULTIVATION IN PANAMA OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII (DOTY) DOTY EX SILVA Batista de Vega G. , P. García-Jiménez and R.R. Robaina 14:45-15:00 52 OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE MEDIA CONCENTRATIONS, PH-TEMPERATURE COMBINATIONS AND DENSITY OF SECTIONS FOR THE MASS PRODUCTION OF YOUNG PLANTS IN THE CULTIVATION OF KAPPAPHYCUS Yunque D.A.T., K.R. Tibubos, A.Q. Hurtado and A.T. Critchley 15:00-15:15 242 EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH OF GRACILARIA CHILENSIS UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS Mansilla A., C. Werlinger and S. MurciaXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 3 PATHOGEN HERBIVORY AND RESISTENCE Ensenada 3

Co-chair persons: Espinoza J. and Santos R.O.

14:00-14:15 237 RESPONSE OF ECTOCARPUS SILICULOSUS TO BIOTIC STRESS: MOLECULAR INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERACTION WITH THE GENERALIST OOMYCETE PATHOGEN EURYCHASMA DICKSONII Strittmatter M. , C.M.M., M.N. Kostopoulou-Karadanelli, P. Van-West and F.C. Küpper 14:15-14:30 159 THE INVASIVE SARGASSUM MUTICUM MIGHT TALK NATIVE BROWN SEAWEEDS INTO CHEMICAL DEFENSE H.Y., M. Molis, A.H. Engelen and R.O. Santos 14:30-14:45 257 DOMAIN-SPECIFIC POSITIVE SELECTION CONTRIBUTES TO THE EVOLUTION OF ECTOCARPUSROCO-LRR AND NBARC-TPR GENES, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL ROLE IN IMMUNITY Zambounis A., A. Exadactylos, N. Neofitou, M. Elias and C. Gachon 14:45-15:00 287 REPRODUCTIVE STUDY OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII (DOTY) DOTY AND EUCHEUMA DENTICULATUM (BURMAN) COLLINS AND HARVEY IN RELATION TO ICE-ICE DISEASE Tisera W.L., H.P. Calumpong, M.R. Abdon-Naguit and O. De-Clerck 15:00-15: 15

15:15-15:30 Coffee/Tea

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 4 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY Ensenada 1
Co-chair persons: Rodrigue z D. and J. Zuccarello

15:30-15:45 86 THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF SPECIATION IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC Lindstrom S.C. 15:45-16:00 119 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS ISHIGE (ISHIGEALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE), WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO I. OKAMURAIE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN REGION Lee K.M., E.C. Yang, R. Riosmena-Rodriguez and S.M. Boo 16:00-16:15 280 RED ALGAE AS INDICATORS OF CONNECTIVITY AMONG MARINE PROTECTED AREAS Calumpong H.P ., D.O. Payo, M.R.A. Naguit, and J. Lucañas. 16:15-16:30 271 DIVERSITY OF THE GENUS DICTYOTA(DICTYOTALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN NEW CA LEDONIA (SOUTH PACIFIC) Payri C.E ., C. Ferret and L. Mattio 16:30-16:45 331 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF PORPHYRA HOLLENBERGII ALONG THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Muñiz-Salazar R ., J.M. López-Vivas, I. Pacheco-Ruíz, R.Riosmena-Rodríguez, C. Yarish and J.A. ZertucheGonzálezXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 16:45-17:00 121 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENUS COLPOMENIA(PHAEOPHYCEAE) USING MITOCHONDRIAL COX1 AND COX 3 Lee K.M., G.Y. Cho, R. Riosmena-Rodriguez, W.A. Nelson, A. Sherwood, K.A. Miller and S.M. Boo 17:00-17:15 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 5 INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE Ensenada 2 Co-chair persons: Avila M. and D. Fujita

15:30-15:45 125 GROWTH EXPERIMENTS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SACCHARINA LATISSIMAIN AN INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE SYSTEM Forbord S., X. Wang, H. Beesk, Y. Olsen, and K.I. Reitan 15:45-16:00 100 CULTIVATION OF THE RED ALGA CHONDRANCANTHUS CHAMISSOI Avila M., M.I. Piel, J.H. Caceres and K. Alveal 16:00-16:15 160 SUSTAINABLE EXPLORATION OF A NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES: THE CASE STUDY OF GRACILARIA VERMICULOPHYLLA(OHMI) PAPENFUSS IN PORTUGAL Abreu M.H ., R. Pereira, N. Korbee, F.L. Figueroa, A.H. Buschmann, C. Yarish and I. Sousa-Pinto 16:15-16:30221 EVALUATION OF THE BROWN ALGA STYPOCAULON SCOPARIUM AS A CANDIDATE FOR INTEGRATED MULTITROPHIC AQUACULTURE Silva B., R. Pereira, H. Abreu and I. Sousa-Pinto 16:30-16:45 92 NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND REDUCTION EFFICIENCY OF GRACILARIA BURSA-PASTORIS (S. GMELIN) AS A BIOFILTER OF RED SEA BREAM ( PAGRUS MAJOR) CULTURE WASTES Carton R.J ., Y. Okuyama, H. Kimura, D. Fujita and M. Notoya 16:45-17:00 73 THE SEAWEED BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA Akrim, D.H. CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 6 SEAWEED HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS Ensenada 3 Co-chair persons: Hernán dez G. and M.Graham

15:30-15:45 105 GENOME EXPRESSION ANALYSIS TO UNDERSTAND ANTIHERBIVORE DEFENSE IN A ROCKWEED Ehlers A., I. Kruse, U. John and F. Weinberger 15:45-16:00 201 GRAZING ON MICROSCOPIC STAGES OF THE GIANT KELP MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA Pereda S.V., J.C. Cabrera, A.H. Buschmann, M.C. Hernández-González and K. González 16:00-16:15 66 THE ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF MICROSCOPIC STAGES FOR THE RECRUITMENT OF ANNUAL POPULATION OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA(PHAEOPHYTA) IN SOUTHERN CHILE Henríquez L., A.H. Buschmann , M. Maldonado, M.H. Graham, M.C. Hernández-González, M. Bobadilla, S.V. Pereda and J.C. CabreraXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 16:15-16:30 179 BROWSING ON EISENIA, SARGASSUM AND ZOSTERA BEDS BY HERBIVOROUS FISH AT TATEYAMA COAST IN THE BOSO PENINSULA, PACIFIC COAST, JAPAN Fujita D., T. Sadamatsu, J. Yokota, R. Watanabe and Y. Koike 16:30-16:45 224 FAUNA ASSOCIATED TO SARGASSUM FOREST IN THE SUBTIDAL ROCKY REEF FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA Suárez-Castillo A ., R. Riosmena-Rodríguez and G. Hernández-Carmona 16:45-17:00 101 SIZE MATTERS! RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ECHINOID POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND MACROALGAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION ON A CARIBBEAN CORAL REEF Lacey E.A ., L. Collado-Vides and J. FourqureanXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### TUESDAY FEBRUARY 23

PLENARY 08:30-09:15 Main Hall

SEAWEED STIMULI IN PLANT SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE Craigie J.S.

09:15-09:30 Coffee/Tea break 09:30-11:30 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 5 INVASIVE SPECIES II Ensenada 1 Conveners: Oliveira E. and Aguilar-Rosas L.E.

212 CALIFORNIA'S NON-NATIVE SEAWEEDS: A CASE STUDY Miller K.A. 82 IMPACTS OF INTRODUCED FURCELLARIA LUMBRICALIS ON THE CHONDRUS CRISPUS HARVEST OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, CANADA Sharp G. and J. Pringle 103 IMPACT OF AN INVASIVE RED ALGA UPON A NATIVE ROCKWEED Hammann M., B. Buchholz, R. Karez, M. Wahl and F. Weinberger 247 POSSIBLE CASES OF INVASIVE SEAWEEDS IN THE MEXICAN PACIFIC COAST Aguilar-Rosas R., L. Aguilar-Rosas and F. Pedroche F.

09:30-11:30 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 6 BIOFUELS AND SEAWEEDS Ensenada 2 Conveners: Bushmann A. and A. Neori

87 MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS) FOR ENERGY AND FOR CO 2 

### CAPTURE: AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT ACTIVITIES IN THE WORLD Neori A. 62 MASSIVE KELP PRODUCTION IN CHILE: FUTURE PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS Buschmann A.H., M.C. Hernández-González, R. Flores, A. Gutierrez, D. Varela and P. Huovinen 74 SEAWEED-TO-BIOFUELS. WHAT NOW? Bakken P.A. 233 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: FUEL PRODUCTION FROM MACROALGAE Yoshikuni Y. and Y. Kashiyama 09:30-11:30 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 7 SEAWEED EXTRACTS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO HIGHER PLANTS Ensenada 3

Conveners: Critchley A. and J. Norrie

315 LIPOPHILIC COMPONENTS OF ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM IMPART FREEZING TOLERANCE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA THROUGH PRIMING OSMOLYTE ACCUMULATION AND ENHANCING FATTY ACID UNSATURATION Rayirath P., J. Zhang, C.W. Kirby, B. Benkel, M.D. Hodges, D. Hiltz, A.T. Critchley and B. PrithivirajXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 317 COMMERCIAL EXTRACT FROM THE BROWN SEAWEED ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM REDUCES FUNGAL DISEASES IN CARROT AND GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER Jayaraj J., J. Norrie and Z.K. Punja 325 THE COMMERCIAL ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM -BASED SEAWEED EXTRACT “STIMPLEX®” POSITIVELY AFFECTS THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF RED GLOBE AND SUPERIOR SEEDLESS TABLE GRAPES Norrie J., J. Mansilla, G. Babelis, C. Mondino, J. Ferratto and R. Melgar 26 EFFECT OF SEAWEED LIQUID FERTILIZER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM Reeta K., K. Inderdeep and A.K. Bhatnagar A. K. 09:30-11:30 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 8 KAPPAPHYCUS CULTIVATION AND IT ́S FUTURE IN LATIN AMERICA Acapulco y La Paz

Conveners: Rincones R. and I. Neish

76 THE INTRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION OF THE RED ALGA KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CARRAGEENAN IN THE CARIBBEAN AND THE WESTERN ATLANTIC: AN ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD FOR COASTAL COMMUNITIES Rincones R.E. 187 PERSPECTIVES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANT CARRAGENOPHYTES IN SOUTHEAST MEXICO Robledo D . and Y. Freile-Pelegrin 183 KAPPAPHYCUS CULTIVATION AS A CATALYST FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE, INTEGRATED SEAWEED FARMING ALONG TROPICAL SEASHORES Neish I.C

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### and A.Q. Hurtado 150 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EXOTIC SPECIES KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII (RHODOPHYTA, SOLIERIACEAE) IN THE COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN Peña S.E.J. and P.M.L. Palacios

11:30-11:45 Coffee/Tea break CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 7 ECOPHYSIOLOGY I Ensenada 1

Co-chairs: Figueroa F.L. and Deslandes E.

11:45-12:00 135 EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF THE PHOTOPROTECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA García-Mendoza E. and H. Ocampo-Álvarez 12:00-12:15 508 NITRATE UPTAKE AND NITROGEN RESERVES IN THE KELP EISENIA ARBOREA Sánchez-Barredo M. and L. B. Ladah 12:15-12:30 158 INFLUENCE OF XANTHOPHYLL CYCLE PIGMENT POOL SIZE ON NON-PHOTOCHEMICAL QUENCHING PERFORMANCE OF MACROCYSTIS PYIRIFERA Ocampo-Álvarez H. and E. García-MendozaXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 12:30-12:45 68 ACCUMULATION OF MYCOSPORINE-LIKE AMINO ACIDS UNDER N-ENRICHED SEAWATER IN SEAWEED: UVR INFLUENCE Korbee N., C. Gil, J.B. Barufi, M.C. Oliveira, J.L. GómezPinchetti and F.L. Figueroa 12:45-13:00 263 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND IRRADIANCE ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOMASS OF A GREEN-TIDE FORMING SPECIES ( ULVA PROCERA) IN THE YELLOW SEA Kim J. and K.Y. Kim 13:00-13:15 188 VARIABILITY IN PIGMENT COMPOSITION AND LEVELS IN THE INTERTIDAL BROWN SEAWEED ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM FROM WESTERN IRELAND Stengel D.B., C. O’Rourke and S. Connan CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 8 MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL SEAWEED BEDS Ensenada 2

Co-chairs: Avila M. and H. León

11:45-12:00 106 RESTORATION OF NATIVE SEAWEED BEDS OF THE SPECIES GIGARTINA SKOTTSBERGII AND SARCOTHALIA CRISPATA Avila M., A. Mansilla, J. Cáceres, M.I. Piel and D. Rodríguez 12:00-12:15 276 BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF HARVESTED LESSONIA TRABECULATA POPULATION IN SAN FERNANDO RESERVE, ICA, PERU Zavala J., A. Gamarra, D. Flores, S. Huamani, R. Pasto, A. Tejada and J. Zevallos 12:15-12:30 332 ALGAL OVERGROWTH OF CORALS FROM THE MEXICAN CARIBBEAN Quan-Young L.I., J. Espinoza-Avalos , N.P. Cetz-Navarro and A. Vega-Zepeda 12:30-12:45 126 MANAGEMENT OF A SPHAEROCOCCUS CORONOPIFOLIUS BED THAT CAUSES CONSID ERABLE ECONOMIC LOSSES Santos R., R. Costa, J. Silva, H. Coelho and J.C. Leitão 12:45-13:00 141 ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MACROCYSTIS SPP; PURSUIT OF A SUSTAINABLE TECHNIQUE OF HARVESTING FOR CHILE Borras Chávez R., M. Edwards and J. Vásquez 13:00-13:15 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 9 HIDROCOLOIDS AND SEAWEED EXTRACTS Ensenada 3

Co-chairs: Hernández E. and M. Ciancia

11:45-12:00 181 SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDES FROM BRYOPSIS PLUMOSA. COMPARISON WITH THOSE OF OTHER BRYOPSIDALES (CHLOROPHYTA) FernándezP.V., A.S. Cerezo, J.M. Estevez and M. Ciancia 12:00-12:15 296 ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE GREEN SEAWEED ULVA CLATHRATA Hernández-GaribayE., J.A. Zertuche-González and I. Pacheco-RuízXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 12:15-12:30 59 STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF THE SODIUM ALGINATE ON THE GROWTH Nissa S. , N.K. Assia and M. Mohamed, M. Belkacem and A. Maya 12:30-12:45 173 COMPARISON OF TWO CLARIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR ALGAE PARTICLE SEPARATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF AGAR FROM GRACILARIA VERMICULOPHYLLA , AND THE USE OF THE RESIDUALS AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER. García-Raymundo M.J. , G. Hernández-Carmona, D. Benítez-Pardo, Y.E. Rodríguez -Montesinos, D.L. ArvizuHiguera and M. Muñoz-Ochoa 12:45-13:00 298 COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR FUCOIDAN EXTRACTION IN BROWN ALGAE Brebion J. , F. Hennequart and M.G. Tuohy 13:00-13:15 225 USAGE OF CARRAGEENAN ( KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII ) FROM LOMBOK COAST AS MICROENCAPSULATING AGENT OF LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILU S WITH PH 2 AND PH 7 IN VITRO TREATMENT TO LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS 'S VIABILITY Setijawati D. and M. Firdaus

13:15-14:15 Lunch 14:15-15:45 POSTER SESSION I ROOM

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 10 ECOPHYSIOLOGY Ensenada 1

Co-chairs: Ladah L. and C. Loretto

15:45-16:00 114 ECOLOGY AND NUTRITION OFMACROALGAL BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS OF SOUTH FLORIDA Lapointe B., B. Bedford and R. Baumberger 16:00-16:15 156 EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON UNDERSTORY SEAWEEDS DURING THE ENSO Hernández-Carmona G., R. Riosmena-Rodríguez, E. Serviere-Zaragoza and G. Ponce-Díaz G. 16:15-16:30 216 NITROGEN UPTAKE BY THE OPPORTUNISTIC MACROALGA ULVA LACTUCA (LINNAEUS), DURING SEMIDIURNAL INTERNAL WAVE ACTIVITY Pérez-Mayorga D.M . and L.B. Ladah 16:30-16:45 205 DIFFERENTIAL TOLERANCE TO DESICCATION IN INTERTIDAL SEAWEEDS Thomas D., M.R. Flores, S. Callejas, J.A. Correa and L. Contreras 16:45-17:00 214 A POST-GENOMIC LOOK AT IRON UPTAKE AND STORAGE IN ECTOCARPUS SILICULOSUS Carrano C.J . and F.C. Küpper 17:00-17:15 EFFECT OF UVA AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY AND PHENOLIC COMPOUND LEVELS OF Ulva rigida Cabello-Pasini A., V. Macías Carranza and F. L. FigueroaXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 11 CLIMATE CHANGE & SEAWEEDS Ensenada 2

Co-chairs: Hanisak D. and D. Robledo

15:45-16:00 57 STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SUBTIDAL VEGETATION IN BIZKAIA COAST (NORTHEN SPAI N): ARE THEY SIGNALS OF THE GLOBAL WARMING? Díez I., N. Muguerza, A. Santolaria and J.M. Gorostiaga 16:00-16:15 77 LARGE-SCALE SHIFT FROM SUGAR KELP FOREST TO EPHEMERAL ALGAE ON THE COAST OF NORWAY Moy F.E., H. Christie and L. Tveiten 16:15-16:30 264 FATE OF INVASION BY GREEN-TIDE FORMING SPECIES ( ULVA COMPRESSAAND U. PROCERA) OFF THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF KOREA
Kim K.Y. , H.G. Choi and J.H. Ryu 16:30-16:45 17 CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND IMPACT ON SEAWEED FARMING ON SONGOSONGO Msuya F.E. and M. Porter 16:45-17:00 145 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI ON USING SEAWEED BED OF BIOSLAG IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT Park K.S. , H.S. Kim, H.W. Park, G.M. Sohn and H. Park

17:00-17:15 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 12 SEAWEED RESOURCES AND BIOMASS Ensenada 3

Co-chairs: LIN Hanzhi and C. Candelaria

15:45-16:00 504 MARINE CYCLONIC EDDIES REFLECTING THE CONTRAIL OF FREE-FLOATING MACROALGAL BLOOM Lin H., S. Qin , P. Jiang, J. Zhang and J. Wang 16:00-16:15 278 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMERCIAL PERUVIAN BROWN SEAWEEDS Zavala J., A. Gamarra,R. Pasto, A. Tejada, P. Carbajal, R. Castillo, J. Zevallos and A. Kameya 16:15-16:30 180 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MONITORING, MAINTENANC E AND RESTORATION OF SEAWEED BEDS Fujita D., H. Kuwahara, K. Mori and F. Kusunoki 16:30-16:45 232 SEASONAL VARIATION OF BIOMASS AND AGAR FROM GRACILARIA VERMICULOPHYLLAAND THE EFFECT OF STORAGE AND ALKALI TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT STEPS Vergara-Rodarte M.A., G. Hernández-Carmona,Y.E. Rodríguez-Montesinos, D.L. Arvizu-Higuera, R. Riosmena-Rodríguez and I. Murillo-Álvarez 16:45-17:00 505 GENETIC ENGINEERING IN SEAWEED BIOREFINERY: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES Qin S. , P. Jiang, H. Lin, Y. Wang 17:00-17:15 250 COMMERCIAL SEAWEEDS AND SEA GRASSES OF THE FAR EAST SEAS OF RUSSIA: BIOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION, STOCKS AND THEIR PROCESSING Podkorytova A.V. and M.V.SukhoveevaXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### THURSDAY FEBRUARY 25

PLENARY 3 08:30-09:15 Main Hall
BIODEGRADATION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES: DECIPH ERING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION FROM COMPLETE GENOMES Michel G. 09:15-09:30 Coffee/Tea

09:30-11:30 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 9 POPULATION ECOLOGY Ensenada 1

Conveners: Collado L. and B. Santelices

38 THE EFFECTS OF COALESCENCE ON RECRUITMENT AND GROWTH OF MACROALGAL POPULATIONS Santelices B. 267 CONTEXT-DEPENDENCY IN SEAWEED POPULATION ECOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL MODULATION OF SPECIES INTERACTIONS AFFECTING SURVIVAL AND GROWTH DURING RECRUITMENT Johnson L.E. 137 MACROALGAL INTRA-SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON POPULATION PRODUCTION: A GENERAL OVERVIEW Collado-Vides L. 213 IMPACTS OF COMPLEX ALGAL LIFE CYCLES ON ALGAL RECRUITMENT DYNAMICS ThornberC. 09:30-11:30 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 10 CLIMATE CHANGE & SEAWEEDS Ensenada 2

Conveners: Graham M. and M. Edwards

122 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL OF GLOBAL KELP SYSTEMS Graham M.H. and B.P. Kinlan 285 THE ROLE OF KELP FORESTS IN REGULATING ATMOSPHERIC CARBON: A LARGE-SCALE PERSPECTIVE Edwards M . and K.Y. Kim 226 IDENTIFYING AND ADDRESSING THE NEED FOR FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY Wernberg T. 185 PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSE OF ARCTIC KELP ZOOSPORES TO UV AND TEMPERATURE STRESS: POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Roleda M.Y. 09:30-11:30 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 11 SYSTEMATICS Ensenada 3 Conveners: Riosmena R. and P.W. Gabrielson

107 A PHYLOGENETIC ASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE RED ALGAE BETWEEN PACIFIC SOUTH AMERICA AND PACIFI C NORTH AMERICA Hommersand M.H. and J.R. HugheyXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 229 MOLECULAR SEQUENCING OF TYPE SPECIMENS REVISES NORTHEAST PACIFIC CORALLINALES (RHODOPHYTA): LESSONS FROM BOSSIELLA Gabrielson P.W., K.A. Miller K. A. and P.T. Martone 274 DISTINGUISHING SPECIES OF CALLIARTHRON (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) USING RBCL SEQUENCES OF TYPE SPECIMENS AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MODERN FIELD COLLECTIONS Martone P.T. , K.A. Miller and P.W. Gabrielson 262 TAXONOMY OF SEAWEEDS FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA: AN OVERVIEW Riosmena-Rodríguez R. 11:30-11:45 Coffee/Tea CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 13 BROADER IMPACTS Ensenada 1 Co-chairs: Siqueiros D. and P. Ang

11:45-12:00 175 SARGASSUM AND BEACH MANAGEMENT ON THE GULF OF MEXICO SHORELINE OF TEXAS, USA Adams J.S. 12:00-12:15 30 CYANOPHYTES, PRO-THROMBOLITES AND THE ORIGIN OF COASTAL LAGOONS Siqueiros-Beltrones D.A. 12:15-12:30 99 TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OFHEAVY METAL LEVELS AMONG THALLUS PARTS AND STRUCTURES OF SARGASSUM HEMIPHYLLUM ALONG A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT IN HONG KONG Wong R.T.C., P.C.K. Cheung and P.O. Jr. Ang 12:30-12: 45 149 ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS BY EPIPHYTIC MANGROVE MACROALGAE TO USED AS INDICATORS OF ESTUARINE POLLUTION IN TROPICAL COASTAL WATERS Peña E.J., Y. Lozano, R. Benitez and J.R. Cantera 12:45-13:00 127 IMPACTS OF LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED KELP CULTIVATION ON NATURA L PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Broch O. J. , I.H. Ellingsen, D. Slagstad, K.I. Reitan and Y. Olsen 13:00-13:15 94 SEAWEEDS IN EU'S WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE Pedersen A. CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 14 ECOPHYSIOLOGY Ensenada 2 Co-chairs: Figueroa F. and E. García

11:45-12:00 61 CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE AS INDICATOR OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MACROALGAE Figueroa F.L. , N. Korbee and R. Conde-Álvarez 12:00-12:15 79 UVA RADIATION INDUCES PHOTOPROTECTION MECHANISMS IN GRACILARIA TENUSTIPITATA (RHODOPHYTA) AGAINST UVB DAMAGE EFFECTS Barufi, J.B. , M.M. Momoli, N. Korbee, F.L. Figueroa and M.C. Oliveira 12:15-12:30 42 LIFE ON THE EDGE OF DARKNESS: ENERGETIC CONSTRAINTS ON ANOTRICHIUM GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS Pritchard D., C. Hepburn, J. Beardall and C. HurdXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 12:30-12:45 168 IMPACT OF SEAWEEDS ON FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONAS AND THEIR ROLE IN SUPPRESSING THE ROOT DISEASES OF SOYBEAN AND CHILI. Ehteshamul-Haque S. , V. Sultana, J. Ara and M.T. Rajput 12:45-13:00 169 SEAWEED: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEMICAL PESTICIDES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ROOT DISEASES OF SUNFLOWER AND TOMATO Sultana V. , J. Ara, S. Ehteshamul-Haque and M.T. Rajput 13:00-13:15 31 PHOTOPROTECTION AND ACCLIMATION TO UV-B RADIATIONS IN TWO MARINE PLANTS, THE BROWN SEAWEED PELVETIA CANALICULATAAND THE HALOPHYTESALICORNIA RAMOSISSIMA Hupel M. CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 15 PHARMACOLOGY Ensenada 3

Co-Chairs: Muñíz R. and Y. Freile

11:45-12:00 255 SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THE ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF THE CRUDE EXTRACT OF SARGASSUM POLYCYSTUM C. AGARDH Thangaraju N. and Prasanna Venkatalakshmi, R. 12:00-12:15 219 EXTRACTION, PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY OFFUCOIDAN FROM FOUR SPECIES OF BROWN SEAWEED. Resendiz-Aguilar G., G. Hernández-Carmona, M. Muñoz-Ochoa , J.I. Murillo-Álvarez, E. HernándezGaribay 12:15-12:30 35 ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY IN MACROALGAE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED BACTERIA Villarreal-Gomez L., I. Soria-Mercado , G. Guerra-Rivas and N. Ayala-Sánchez 12:30-12:45 335 ANTIGENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF SULPHATED POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE GREEN SEAWEED ULVA CLATHRATAON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES EXPOSED TO SODIUM ARSENITE Cárdenas-Bautista D ., I. Pacheco-Ruíz, E. ArellanoGarcía, R. Muñiz-Salazar, R. Baptista-Rosas 12:45-13:00 289 SPECTROSCOPIC AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC APPROACHES:“TWENTY FIVE YEARS OF STUDIES ON THE RED MACROALGA SOLIERIA CHORDALIS ” Deslandes E ., S. Bondu, F. Goulard, I. Fournet, E. Ar Gall., M. Diouris and J.Y. Floch 13:10-13:15

13:15-14:15 LunchXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 14:15-15:45 POSTER SESSION II

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 16 REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY Ensenada 1 Co-chairs: Pacheco I. and A.I. Neto

15:45-16:00 25 UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF GAMETE RELEASE IN SARGASSUM VULGARE Inderdeep K. 16:00-16:15 36 GERMINATION OF THE BLADDER WRACK FUCUS VESICULOSUS UNDER THERMAL AND SALINITY STRESS MaczassekK. 16:15-16:30 240 OPTIMISATION OF LAMINARIA DIGITATA(HUDSON) J.V. LAMOUROUX GAMETOPHYTE GROWTH: EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND CULTURE MEDIA Ratcliff J. , M. Edwards, A. Soler-Vila, D. Hanniffy and S. Kraan 16:30-16:45 88 STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT OF GRATELOUPIA SPARSA Yang C.Y . and H.N. Chou 16:45-17:00 28 LIFE-CYCLE OF SCINAIA INTERRUPTA(NEMALIALES; RHODOPHYTA) León-Cisneros K. , E.M. Nogueira, R. RiosmenaRodríguez and A.I. Neto 17:00-17:15 161 ONTOGENY OF CONCEPTACLES IN AMPHIROA (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) Rosas-Alquicira E.F. , R. Riosmena-Rodríguez, G. Hernández-Carmona and A.I. Neto 17:15-17:30

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 17 ECOLOGY (POPULATION & COMMUNITY) Ensenada 2 Co-chair: Maneveltd G.W. and Sánchez I.

15:45-16:00 21 STANDING CROP AND REGENERATION OF SARGASSUM BEDS IN THE EAST COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR Casas-ValdézM., N. Águila-Ramírez, I. SánchezRodríguez and E. Serviere-Zaragoza 16:00-16:15 167 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SEAWEED CAULERPA TAXIFOLIAIN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA. Bohorquez C. A. and M.J. Schreider 16:15-16:30 506 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF FREE-FLOATING ENTEROMORPHA FROM THE YELLOW SEA Jiang P., J. Zhao, J.F. Wang, Z.Y. Liu, H.Z. Lin and S. Qin 16:30-16:45 41 PHENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE NON-GENICULATE CORALLINE RED ALGAE (CORALLINOPHYCIDAE RHODOPHYTA) Maneveldt G.W . and WmJ. Woelkerling 16:45-17:00 145 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION USING SEAWEED BED OF BIOSLAG IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT Park K.S ., H.S. Kim, H.W. Park, G.M. Sohn and H. ParkXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 17:00-17:15 215 INDONESIAN SEAWEED BIODIVERSITY AND TAXONOMIC REAPPRAISAL OF EXOPHYLLUM WENTII WEBER-VAN BOSSE (RHODOMELACEAE, RH ODOPHYTA) FROM BALI ISLAND, INDONESIA Indy J.R ., N. Antoine, G. Grevo, L.A. Rodríguez, C.A. Álvarez-González, W.M. Contreras-Sanchez and Y. Hajime 17:15-17:30

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 18 SECONDARY METABOLITES Ensenada 3 Co-chairs: Soria I. and J. West

15:45-16:00 171 MANGANESE AND IRON OXIDIZING BACTERIA ON MARINE MACROALGAE IN LABORATORY CULTURE West J., G. Zuccarello and P. Kelly 16:00-16:15 258 SCREENING OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF IDENTIFIED COMPOUNDS FROM BROWN SEAWEED OF HYDROCLATHRUS CLATHRATUS Anggadiredja J.T. , I.M.D. Swantara and J.R. Rumampuk 16:15-16:30 507 MASS CULTURE OF RHODOPHYCEAN FILAMENTS AS SOURCE MATERIAL FOR NEUTRACEUTICALS Chou, H.N., J.M. Jeng, H.K. Lu, H.-K. 16:30-16:45 241 PROXIMATE NUTRITION, FATTY ACIDS PROFILE, MINERALS AND CHLORO PHYLL-A CONTENT OF REPRESENTATIVE GREEN, BROWN AND RED SEAWEEDS FROM THE PERSIAN GULF OF IRAN Rohani-Ghadikolaei K., E. Abdulalian and Wing Keong Ng 16:45-17:00 96 UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL VARIABILITY OF ULVAN Robic A., J.F. Sassi M . Lahaye, Y. Lerat and P. Dion 17:00-17:15 34 PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PHENOL FRACTIONS IN FUCALES Ar Gall E., S. Cérantola, F. Bret on, L. Audibert, N. Blanc and D. Hauchard 17:15-17:30 170 CHARACTERIZATION OF CAULERPIN FROM SPATOGLOSSUM ASPERUM: A BROWN ALGA Ara J., V. Sultana, S. Ehteshamul-Haque and V.U. AhmedXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### FRIDAY FEBRUARY 26

PLENARY 4 09:00-09:45 Main Hall

PORPHYRA : CROP TO MODEL SYSTEM Brawley S.H.

09:45-10:10 Coffee/Tea break

10:00-12:00 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 12 BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS AND CYCLES Ensenada 1
Conveners: Küpper F.C. and V. Camacho

102 IODIDE IN KELP: AN INORGANIC ANTIOXIDANT IN LIFE IMPACTING ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY Küpper F.C., L.J. Carpenter, G.B. McFiggans, C.J. Palmer, T.J. Waite, E.M. Boneberg, S. Woitsch, M. Weiller, R. Abela, D. Grolimund, P. Potin, A. Bu tler, G.W. Luther III, P.M.H. Kroneck, W. Meyer-Klaucke and M.C. Feiters 292 ROLE OF ULVASPP. ON NITROGEN CYCLING IN AN UPWELLING INFLUENCED COASTAL LAGOON Camacho-Ibar V ., J.A. Zertuche-González 265 ISOTOPE ANALYSIS TO TRACE NITROGEN SOURCES OF MACROALGAL BLOOMS. Hanniffy D . and S. Kraan 270 RELATIONSHIP OF NITROGEN AND MACROALGAE IN THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON, FLORIDA Hanisak M.D. 10:00-12:00 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 13 SEAWEEDS FOR BIOFUEL AND PAPER PULP Ensenada 2 Conveners: Chung I.K. & A. Buschmann

144 PILOT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COASTAL CO2 REMOVAL BELT (CCRB) IN KOREA Chung I.K. , J.H. Oak, K.S. Park and J.G. Kim 260 RED-ALGAE PULP AND PAPER, BIO-ETHANOL You H.C., M. Sohn and G. Gerung 249 SEAWEEDS FOR SECOND GENERATION BIOETHANOL; CAN WE COMPETE WITH CORN? Martin P., C. Mair and S. Kraan 83 CULTIVATION ON SOME SPECIES OF RED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA): PRODUCING PULP AND BIO-ETHANOL Gerung G.S . and H.C. You 251 MARINE BIOMASS – THE DANISH ULVA LACTUCA PROJECT Bruhn A., M.B. Rasmussen, J. Dahl, L.S. Nikolaisen,H.B. Nielsen, A.B. Thomsen, B. Sander and E. RavnXX International Seaweed Symposium

30



### 10:00-12:00 MINI-SYMPOSIUM 14 SEAWEEDS AS FODDER FOR MARINE AND TERRESTIAL ANIMALS Ensenada 3

Conveners: Casas-Valdez M. and N. Aguila-Ramírez

39 EFFECT OF MACROALGAE DIETS ON GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF JUVENILE GREEN ABALONE HALIOTIS FULGENS PHILIPPI Pérez-Estrada C.J ., R. Civera-Cerecedo, A. HernándezLlamas and E. Serviere-Zaragoza 20 SARGASSUM MEAL AS NON-CONVENTIONAL INGREDIENT IN FORAGE DIETS FOR GOATS AND SHEEP Casas-Valdez M., S. Rodríguez-Astudillo , N. AguilaRamírez, I. Sánchez-Rodríguez , H. Hernández-Contreras and S. Carrillo-Domínguez 19 PRODUCTION OF LOW CHOLESTEROL WHITE SHRIMP FEED SARGASSUM MEAL Casas-Valdez M., G. Portillo-Clark, S. Rodríguez-Astudillo,E. Palacios-Mechetnov, I. Sánchez-Rodríguez, N. AguilaRamírez, P. Monsalvo-Spencer and S. Carrillo-Domínguez 279 EFFECT OF SEAWEEDS ON THE PHYSICAL QUALITY AND THE SENSORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EGGS ENRICHED WITH OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND STORED FOR LONG TIME UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS Ríos V.H., D.S. Carrillo , V.M. Casas, C.C. Calvo, J.M.E. Carranco and F. Pérez-Gil

12:30-13:00 CLOSING CEREMONYXX International Seaweed Symposium

31 

## POSTER SESSION I

Tuesday 23 (14:00-15:30)

CATEGORY NUM. TITLE AND AUTHOR(S)

BIOFUELS & SEAWEEDS 16 ENHANCEMENT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT ALGAL SPECIES Afify M.R. Abd El-Moneim, E. Shalabyand M.M. Shanab-Sanaa

195 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYVINYL ALCOHOL-AGAR FILMS Madera-Santana T.J., D. Robledo and Y. Freile-Pelegrín

202 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MICROSCOPIC STAGES OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA : EFFECTS ON GRAZING PREFERENCES Cabrera J.C., S.V. Pereda , A.H. Buschmann and M.C. HernándezGonzález

243 PHENOLOGY, FUCOIDAN AND ALGINATES FROM SARGASSUM CYMOSUM ANDSARGASSUM SP. COLLECTED AT THE COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN Camacho-Hadad O., G. Hernández-Carmonaand M.G. AmadorMartínez

230 ISOLATION OF HIGH LIPID- CONTENT STRAINS OF MARINE MICROALGAE ( TETRASELMIS SUECICA) FOR BIODIESEL (& BIOJETFUEL) PRODUCTION BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND SINGLE-CELL SORTING Montero M., M. Aristizabal and G. García-Reina

LARGE SCALE CULTIVATION 143 INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF GRACILARIA BLODGETTII HARVEY (RHODOPHYTA) FROM OKINAWA PREFECTURE, JAPAN Yamada S. , Y. Sudo and M. Notoya

75 INCREASING FARMED TRO PICAL CARRAGEENOPHYTE PRODUCTIVITY WITH A PURPOSE BUILT SEAWEED BOAT Ask E. and S. Little

49 CULTIVATION OF A BROWN ALGA, UNDARIOPSIS PETERSENIANA (KJELLMAN) MIYABE ET OKAMUR A AS A WARM TEMPERATURE SPECIES BY ARTIFICIAL SE ED PRODUCTION IN KOREA Hwang E.K., Y.G. Gong and C.S. Park

501 CULTIVATION OF SEAWEEDS IN CHINA Wang F.J., X.T. Sun and W.J. Wang

CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES 32 N-UPTAKE AND GROWTH MONITORING OF THE MACROPHYTE ULVA Ale M.T ., A. Meyers and J.D. MikkelsenXX International Seaweed Symposium

32 51 IMPACT OF AMPEP ON THE GROWTH AND OCCURRENCE OF NEOSIPHONIAINFESTATION ON TWO STRAINS OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS Borlongan I.A.G., K.R. Tibubos, D.A.T. Yunque, A.Q. Hurtado and A.T. Critchley

261 VARIATIONS IN SEAWEED GROWTH AND CARRAGEENAN CONTENT OF DIFFERENT KAPPAPHYCUS STRAINS AS AFFECTED BY SEASONALITY AND DURATION OF CULTURE Seguimbraud C. , A.Q. Hurtado, M. Joe, T. Lampin, G. BleicherLhonneur and J. Mazoyer

266 MACROCYSTIS IN CHILE: CULTURE EXPERIENCES IN ENDEMIC, IMPROVED AND INTERESPECIFIC VARIETIES IN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN COAST Westermeier R., D. Patiño, P. Murúa and D.G. Muller

69 CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF AN OKINAWA WELL SEAWATER FROM RYUKYU LI MESTONE LAYER IN JAPAN Kakita H. , H. Kamishima, K. Sakane and D. Muraoka

85 EVALUATION OF THE MORPHO LOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE PLANTS OF CLADOSIPHON OKAMURANUS TOKIDA (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM SEVERA L COASTS OF THE OKINAWA ISLANDS Sudo Y. , S. Yamada and M. Notoya

148 CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES FOR SARGASSUM HORNERI (TURNER) C. AGARDH (PHAEOPHYCEAE, FUCALES) IN THE OFFSHORE OF FUKAURA, AO MORI PREFECTURE, JAPAN Fujikawa Y. , Y. Yamada, S. Kirihara, Y. Hayashi and M. Notoya

151 ESTABLISHEMENT OF A PILOT CULTIVATION OF CATENELLA IMPUDICA(RHODOPHYTA, RHABDONAECEAE,) IN SHRIMP POUNDS AT THE PACIFIC COAST OF COLOMBIA Peña E.J., H. Marin and C.T. Aparicio

196 GROWTH ASSESSMENT OF CULTURED MACROCYSTIS SP. IN TWO SECTORS OF TONGOY BAY, COQUIMBO REGION, CHILE Farias D. , A. Gutiérrez, R. Flores, A.H. Buschmann, P. Fernández, D. Varela and J.A. Vásquez

209 INTRAESPECIFIC VARIATION IN GRACILARIA BIRDIAE (GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA): COLOR INHERITANCE AND PIGMENT CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO COLOR STRAINS Plastino E.M . and V.L. Costa

208 EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF GRACILARIA BIRDIAE STRAINS (GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL Carneiro M.A.A. , C.A.A. Azevedo, G.L.G.P. Barros, A.H. Costa, A.B. Costa, E. Marinho-S oriano and E.M. PlastinoXX International Seaweed Symposium

33 268 CULTIVATION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF AHNFELTIA PLICATA (RHODOPHYTA): NEW ALTERNATIVE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHYCOCOLLOIDS FOR THE REGION OF MAGALLANES AND CHILEAN ANTARCTICA Mansilla A. , M. Ávila, J. Cáceres, B. Matsuhiro,N.S. Yokoya, S. Murcia and M.I. Piel

INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE 210 EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII (RHODOPHYTA) IN SANTA CATARINA STATE, BRAZIL Hayashi L. , A.A. Santos, G.S.M. Faria, B.G. Nunes, M.S. Souza, A.L.D. Fonseca, P.L.M. Barreto, E.C. Oliveira and Z.L. Bouzon

330 BREEDING AND CULTIVATION OF EISENIA ARBOREAIN A PROTECTED ZONE IN THE NORTHWESTERN COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO Guzmán-Calderón J.M ., J.A. Zertuche-González, I. Pacheco-Ruiz and G. García-Lepe

222 INFLUENCES OF TEMPERATURE AND AMMONIUM AVAILABILITY ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOFILTRATION EFFICIENCY OF THREE MACROALGAE SPECIES (ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA, LAMINARIA JAPONICAANDPORPHYRA YEZOENSIS) Kang Y.H ., S.R. Park and I.K. Chung

93 THE CARRAGEENOPHYTE SOLIERIA PACIFICA(YAMADA) YOSHIDA AS A POTENTIAL BIOF ILTER COMPONENT INTEGRATED WITH FISH CULTURE Carton R.J. , Y. Okuyama, H. Kimura and M. Notoya

236 MACROALGAE FOR ABALONE CU LTURE IN EUROPE (SUDEVAB) Soler-Vila A . and S. Kraan

334 GROWTH EVALUATION OF RED ABALONE ( HALIOTIS RUFESCENS ) CULTURE UNDER NATURAL COND ITIONS INSIDE A COASTAL LAGOON AND FEED WITH DIFFERENT SEAWEED DIETS Ruiz-Gómez A ., J.M. Guzmán-Calderón, E. Hernández-Garibay, J.A. Zertuche-González

PHARMACOLOGY AND ACTIVE COMPOUNDS 91 EFFECT OF Halopithys incurva (CERAMIALES) AND Hypnea spinella (GIGARTINALES) ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES ON THE ACTIVITY OF RAW 264.7 MACROPHAGES Abdala-Díaz R.T., M. Mariana-Chabrillón, B. López-Soler, J.L. Gómez-Pinchetti, R.M. Rico and F.L. Figueroa

189 IMPROVED ANTITUMORAL EFFECT OF PENICILLUS DUMETOSUS EXTRACTS BY OPEN TANK CULTURE Moo-Puc R., D. Robledo, Y. Freile-Pelegrin

157 ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THE CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM FOUR RED SEAWEED SPECIES OF LAURENCIA Stein E.M. , P. Colepicolo and M.T. Fujii

178 ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC SCREENING OF ALGAL EXTRACTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO Muñoz-Ochoa M., J.I. Murillo-Álvarez, G. M. Molina-Salinas and J. Vargas-VillarrealXX International Seaweed Symposium

34 223 SCREENING FOR ANTICLOTTING ACTIVITY IN MARINE ALGAE FROM THE NORTHWEST MEXICAN PACIFIC COAST Guerra G. , G. Gómez, G. Alarcón, I. Soria and N. Ayala

184 RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTI VITY AND CUPPER REDUCING ACTIVITY OF ACIDIC PO LYSACCHARIDE DERIVATES Nakada R., and Yoshie-Stark Y.

MARINE HYDROCOLLOIDS 15 INFLUENCE OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON AGAR FROM GRACILARIOPSIS LONGISSIMAAND GRACILARIA VERMICULOPHYLLA Orduña-Rojas J. , R. Riosmena-Rodríguez, I. Pacheco-Ruiz, J.A. Zertuche-González and A.E. Meling-López

193 POLYSACCHARIDES FROM COMMON BROWN ALGAE FROM THE PENINSULA OF YUCATAN, MEXICO García-Ríos V., D. Robledo, E. Ríos and Y. Freile-Pelegrin

248 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EUCHEUMA, KAPPAPHYCUS BIOMASS CULTIVATED IN VIET NAM AND PROPERTIES OF THEIR CARRAGEENANS Phan K.V., A.V. Podkorytova , T.A. Ignatova and A.I. Usov

286 PRELIMINARY STUDY TO OBTAIN EXTRACTS OF LAMINARIN FROM THE PROCESSING OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA IN SOUTHERN CHILE De-La-Fuente L. , R. Flores, A. Gutiérrez, M. Monje, P. Leal, D. Daniela-Farías and P. Arriagada

11 THE LAMINARAN AND SULFATED FUCAN FROM DESMARESTIA DISTANS (PHAEOPHYTA) Torres R., A. Mansilla and B. Matsuhiro

12 PHYCOCOLLOIDS OF A NEW LESSONIA-MACROCYSTIS HYBRID SPECIES (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM MAGALLAN REGION CHILE Leal D., A. Mansilla, B. Matsuhi ro and I.O. Osorio-Roman

13 THE GALACTANS FROM GREEN VARIANTS OF CYSTOCARPIC AND TETRASPOROPHYTIC G. SKOTTSBERGII (RHODOPHYTE) Barahona T., M.V. Encinas, B. Ma tsuhiro and A. Mansilla

SECONDARY METABOLITES 33 CITOTOXIC ACTI VITY OF SEAWEEDS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Hernández-Guerrero C., J.A. Gutiérrez-Uribe and R.N. ÁguilaRamírez

200 PHLOROTANNIN LEVELS IN THE BROWN ALGAE FROM THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF THE KATSURA BAY (JAPAN) Graczyk-Raczyska M.Z . and J. Tanaka

29 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF MACROALGAE OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Arenas-González A., R.N. Águila-Ramírez , C. Hellio., K. Mason, C.J. Hernández-Guerrero and B. González-AcostaXX International Seaweed Symposium

35 153 LIPID CLASSES, FATTY ACIDS, AND STEROLS OF DOMINANT MARINE FLORA SPECIES IN THE WESTERN COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA PENINSULA, MEXICO Reza-Sánchez M., E. Palacios-Mechetn ov and E. ServiereZaragoza

110 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUB ARCT IC MARINE PLANT RESOURCES OF UNGAVA BAY, NU NAVIK QUEBEC, CANADA Allard M., G. Sharp, J-Guy Rochefort, V. Filion and Y. Bellefleur

228 BIOTECMAR: BIOTECHNOLOGICAL EXPLOITATION OF MARINE PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS Soler-Vila A . and S. Kraan

SEAWEED EXTRACTS & THEIR APPLICATIONS TO HIGHER PLANTS 321 COMMERCIAL ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM EXTRACT ENHANCES PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANT CONTENT OF SPINACH ( SPINACIA OLERACEAL) THAT IMPARTS PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS AGAINST OXIDATIVE AND THERMAL STRESS Fan D., D.M. Hodges, J. Zhang, G. Wang-Pruski, C.W. Kirby, X. Ji, S.J. Locke, A.T. Critchley and B. Prithiviraj

322 ANALYSIS OF A COMMERCIAL ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM EXTRACT INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME LEADS TO IDENTIFICATION OF A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF SALT TOLERANCE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Narayanan J.N., R. Palanivelu, I. Manfield, A.T. Critchley, D. Hiltz and B. Prithiviraj

323 LAMBDA (λ) CARRAGEENAN REDUCES TOMATO CHLOROTIC DWARF VIROID (TCDVD) REPLICATION AND SYMPTOM EXPRESSION Sangha J.S., R.P. Si ngh, A.T. Critchley, B. Prithiviraj

324 THE SULPHATED PO LYSACCHARIDES, λ-CARRAGEENAN AND I-CARRAGEENAN, DIFFERENTIA LLY ALTER A MODEL PLANT’S (ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA) RESISTANCE TO SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM Sangha J.S., S. Ravichandran, K. Prithiviraj, A.T. Critchley and B. Prithiviraj

326 IMPROVED METHODS OF AN ALYSIS FOR BETANIES IN ASCOPHYLLUM MacKinnon S.L., D.A. Hiltz, R.A. Ugarte and C.A. Craft

328 ACCELERATING THE GROWTH OF AVOCADO ( PERSEA AMERICANA) IN THE NURSERY USING A SOIL-APPLIED, COMMERCIAL EXTRACT OF THE BROWN ALGA ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM Morales-Payan J.P. and N. Norrie

329 DETECTION OF CYTOKININ-LIKE ACTIVITY IN A COMMERCIAL, LIQUID EXTRACT OF ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM USING AN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA CYTOKININ RESPONSE REPORTER PLANT Khan W., D.A. Hiltz, A.T. Critchley and B. PrithivirajXX International Seaweed Symposium

36 

## POSTER SESSION II
Thursday 25 (14:00-15:30) 319 INDUCED RESISTANCE IN CARROTS TO FUNGAL PATHOGENS THROUGH APPLICATION OF COMMERCIAL SEAWEED EXTRACT Jayaraj J. and Z.K. Punja

275 EFFECT OF THE USE OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERAON THE GERMINATION OF TOMATO ( LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM MILL) Briceño-Domínguez D.R. and G. Hernández-Carmona

CATEGORY NUM. TITLE AND AUTHOR(S)

SYSTEMATICS PHYLOGENY & PHYLOGEOGRAPHY 177 AN ACCOUNT OF ARTICULA TED SPECIES OF THE TRIBE CORALLINOIDEAE (CORALLINA LES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM MEXICO Mateo-Cid, L.E., A.C. Mendoza-González, L.E. Aguilar-Rosas and R. Aguilar-Rosas

55 REDEFINING THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF LAURENCIA DENDROIDEA(CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) TO ACCOMMODATE THE WIDELY DI STRIBUTED RED ALGAE KNOW AS THE L. PHYLOFORMIS OBTUSA MAJUSCULA COMPLEX FROM BRAZIL AND THE CANARY ISLANDS Fujii M.T ., V. Cassano, Y. Metti, A. Millar, M.C. Gil-Rodríguez, A. Sentíes, J. Díaz-Larreaand M.C. Oliveira

27 DIAGNOSING CHARACTERS IN AMPHIROA (CORALLINALES) AND THE GENUS DIVERSITY EVALUATION IN THE AZORES Rosas-Alquicira E.F., R. Riosmena-Rodríguez and A.I. Neto

71 TAXONOMY OF BANGIA (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM CHINA BASED ON THE RBCL GENE SEQUENCY Jian-Yi ZHU , Li-En YANG, Song-Dong and SHEN Pu XU

80 COMMUNITY OF EPIPHYTESS ON SARGASSUM SINICOLA (FUCALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN MAGDALEN ISLANDS Sánchez-Rodríguez I ., L.E. Mateo-Cid and Y.E. RodríguezMontesinos

131 A NEW SPECIES OF MONOSTROMA (CHLOROPHYTA) FROM BRAZIL: MORPHOLOGICAL, ONTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR EVIDENCES Pellizzari F.M ., N.S. Yokoya, M.C. Oliveira and E.C. Oliveira

207 GELIDIUM GALAPAGENSE TAYLOR IS A SPECIES CONFIRMED TO THE MEXICAN TROPICAL PACIFIC COAST Rodríguez D., M.E. Ponce-Márquezand N. López

108 GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC MACROALGAL BIODIVERSITY OF THE REGION OF IXTAPA-ZIHUATANEJO, MEXICO Candelaria C., E. Vázquez, N. López and D. RodríguezXX International Seaweed Symposium

37 118 MORPHOLOGY, ULTRASTRUCTURE , AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF GELIDIUM ELEGANS (GELIDIALES) Park J.K., K.M. Kim and S.M. Boo

163 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MEXICAN PADINA (DICTYOTACEAE) INFERRED FROM PSBA DNA SEQUENCES Díaz-Martínez S ., A. Ávila-Ortíz and G.A. Salazar

84 SEASONAL VARIATION OF GREEN, RED AND BROWN ALGAE (CHLOROPHYTA, RHODOPHYTA & PHAEOPHYTA) IN ASCENSION BAY AND ESPIRITU SANTO BAY, QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO Acosta-Calderón J.A ., L.E. Mateo-Cid and A.C. Mendoza-González

97 STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHYLOGENY OF LAURENCIA SP. (CERAMIALES) FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS Aylagas E. , M.C. Gil-Rodríguez, V. Cassano, J. Díaz-Larrea, A. Sentíes, M.T. Fujii, A. Gutiérrez and M.L. Souto

217 PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEANA AND EUALARIA FISTULOSA KELP FORESTS IN KACHEMAK BAY, ALASKA Hondolero D. and M. Edwards

24 LAMINARIA LAMOUROUX AND SACCHARINA STACKHOUSE (LAMINARIALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM THE RUSSIAN PACIFIC COASTS Selivanova O.N.

336 LIFE HISTORY OF PORPHYRA HOLLENBERGII DAWSON (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO López-Vivas J.M., Pacheco-Ruiz I., Riosmena-Rodríguez R. and Yarish C.

245 MORPHOLOGIC AND GENETIC VA RIABILITY IN POPULATIONS OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERAIN THE SOUTH OF CHILE Gutiérrez A., F. Winkler, D. Varela, G. Gajardo, P. Fernández, D. Farias, P. Beristain and J. Paredes

ECOLOGY (POPULATION & COMMUNITY) 44 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RE LATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEDIMENT PARTICLES SIZE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN ALGAL MATS ( ENTEROMORPHA PROLIFERA) ON THE INTERTIDAL FLATS OF MUAN, KOREA. Park C.S. , K.Y. Park and E.K. Hwang

295 SEASONAL MACROALGAL BIODIV ERSITY IN RÓBALO BAY AND ITS SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE IN THE CAPE HORN BIOSPHERE RESERVE, CHILE Ojeda J ., A. Mansilla, J. Marambio, S. Rosenfeld and R. Rozzi

291 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MACROCYSTIS IN NORTHERN CHILE Vega J.M.A. and J.A. Vásquez

235 SPAWNING EGG-MASSES OF THE JAPANESE SANDFISH ARCTOSCOPUS JAPONICUS ON FUCALEAN SPECIES ON THE COAST OF JAPAN SEA IN AO MORI PREFECTURE, JAPAN Kirihara S., Y. Fujikawa , Y. Yamada and M. NotoyaXX International Seaweed Symposium

38 111 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF ASSOCIATED FAUNA IN THREE ALGAE SUBTIDAL CONTRASTING SITES IN ZIHUATANEJO, MEXICO García M., N. López and D. Rodríguez

67 USING Δ 15N IN BLOOM FORMING MACROALGAE TO DISCRIMINATE AMONG ANTHROPOGENIC NUTRIENTS Piñón-Gimate A. , M.F. Soto-Jiménez, M.J. Ochoa-Izaguirre, E. García-Pagés and F. Páez-Osuna.

128 A NEW SPECIES OF LAURENCIA FROM JAPAN Suda M ., T. Abe and M. Notoya

333 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL OVERGROWTH ON THREE SMALL CORAL SPECIES IN TWO MEXICAN CARIBBEAN REEFS Cetz-Navarro N.P ., J. Espinoza-Avalos, A. Sentíes and P. Jorgensen

129 MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN SARGASSUM FULVELLUM (TURNER) C. AGARDH (PHA EOPHYCEAE, FUCALES) AT DIFFERENT GROWING DEPTHS ON THE COAST OF OKI ISLANDS, SHIMANE PREFECTURE, JAPAN Suzuki H., R. Hosoya, K. Yokochi, Y. Hayashi and M. Notoya.

204 USING MACROALGAE TO TRACK EUTROPHICATION TRENDS IN THE GREAT BAY ESTUARINE SYSTEM Nettleton J.C. , C.D. Neefus, A.C. Mathieson and L. G. Harris

ECOPHYSIOLOGY 22 MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RESPONSES OF PORPHYRA COLUMBINATO DESICCATION STRESS Contreras L., D. Thomas and J.A. Correa

238 ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF THE CELL WALLS ISOLATED FROM PHYLLOPHORA CRISPA(HUDSON) P.S. DIXON (=PH. NERVOSA (DC.) GREV.) (GIG ARTINALES, RHODOPHYTA) Popova N.I., N.R. Meychik, I.P. Yermakov, and A.N. Kamnev

70 EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSIT IES AND DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON ON PS II ACTIVITY OF BANGIASP. CONCHOCELIS Jiang H., Yan Wang, Jianyi Zhu and Pu Xu

172 CAN A CORALLINE ALGA SURVIVE IN ACIDIFIED SEAWATER IF NOT OVERGROWN? Watanabe R. and D. Fujita

40 CAPABILITY OF LONG-TERM CULTURED GAMETOPHYTES OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF LAMINARI ALES TO FORM SPOROPHYTES Muraoka D., T. Sakami and Y. Okumura

123 GROWTH OF SOLIERIA PACIFICA(YAMADA) YOSHIDA UNDER VARIOUS TEMPERATURE LEVELS, NUTRIENT SOURCE AND LIGHT VARIATIONS Maeda T, R.J. Carton, S. Furufuji and M. Notoya

297 GROWTH, REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS, AND PROXIMAL COMPOSITION OF THE CYANOBACTERIUM GEITLERINEMA LEMMERMANNII Sánchez-Alejandro F.G. and M.P. Sánchez-SaavedraXX International Seaweed Symposium

39 211 IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII (RHODOPHYTA) IN DIFFERENT SALINITIES Hayashi L. , G.S.M. Faria, B.G. Nunes, C.S. Zitta, L.A. Scariot, T. Rover, M.R.L. Felix and Z.L. Bouzon

283 KINETIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TWO PRIMARY PUMPS, H + – ATPASE AND NA+ – ATPASE, IN THE PLAS MA MEMBRANE OF THE MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGA DUNALIELLA MARITIMA Genatulina A., I. Andreev, L. Popova and Y. Balnokin

113 SEASONAL VARIATION IN NITROGEN POOLS FROM TWO HIGH LATITUDE, RED ALGAL SPECIES Stekoll M.S., Buckley C. and Mapes A.

231 SPATIAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN NITRATE UPTAKE AND NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY AMONG POPULATION OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA Varela D., P. Fernández, P. Leal and M. Maldonado

510 GROWTH IN THE FOLIAR PHASE OF A NEW SPECIES OF PORPHYRAFROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. Laparra-López S.J ., López-Becerril P.D., Pacheco-Ruiz I., GálvezTélles A.

CLIMATE CHANGE & SEAWEEDS 246 EFFECTS OF VA RIABLE TEMPERATURE AND NUTRIENTS ON KELP MICROSCOPIC STAGES AND FERTILIZATION SUCCESS Muth A.F ., S.V. Jeffries and M.H. Graham

284 MOLECULAR-PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF KALI L. SPECIES, MAPPING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION AND INVASIONS MECHANISMS ON NEW HABITATS Feodorova T. A

.
192 CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGAL EMISSIONS INVOLVED IN AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN WESTERN IRELAND Stengel D.B., S. Connan, M. Zacharias, U. Nitschke

327 FUCOID FLORA OF THE ROCKY INTERTIDAL OF THE CANADIAN MARITIMES: IMPLICATIONS FO R THE FUTURE WITH RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE Ugarte R.A., J.S. Craigie and A.T. Critchley

INVASIVE SPECIES 174 FIRST REPO RT ON THE JAPANESE SPECIES GRATELOUPIA LANCEOLATA(OKAMURA) KAWAGUCHI AND GRATELOUPIA TURUTURU YAMADA (HALYMENIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) IN BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO Aguilar-Rosas R. and L.E. Aguilar-Rosas , Kawai Hiroshi and Win Ni-Ni

190 SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN PRODUCTIVITY, INVASIVE SUCCESS AND LIKELY IMPACTS OF SARGASSUM MUTICUM IN IRELAND Baer J. and D.B. StengelXX International Seaweed Symposium

40

SEAWEED HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS 54 EFFECTS OF FOOD AND INITIAL SIZE ON SURVIVAL AND SOMATIC GROWTH OF JUVENILES OFPURPLE URCHINS STRONGILOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS: A LABORATORY EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH. Sonnenholzner J ., G. Montaño-Moctezuma, A. Salas-Garza and R. Searcy-Bernal

206 USE OF THE SLIPPER LIMPET CREPIPATELLA FECUNDA AS SECONDARY SUBSTRATE BY THE GIANT KELP MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA : IS THERE ANY EFFECT OF HAVING AN ALGA GROWING ON YOUR BACK? Pereda S.V. , F. Díaz-Rosas, J.C. Cabrera and A.H. Buschmann

272 FEEDING PREFERENCES OF NATIVE INVERTEBRATE CONSUMERS FOR NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SEAWEEDS IN BRAZILIAN WATERS Vogt S.C. , R.C. Pereira, J.R. Smith and S.N. Murray

81 IMPORTANCE OF MACROALGAEIN THE NATURAL DIET OF MEGATHURA CRENULATA(SOWERBY 1825 ) Aguilar-Mora F., A. Mazariegos-Villarreal , M.A. Medina-López, M. López-Yllescas and E. Serviere-Zaragoza

120 THE CaCO 3BIOMINERAL IN THE CORALLINE RED ALGAE OF MEXICAN COAST Fragoso D., F. Ramírez-Cahero, A. Rodríguez-Galván, R. Hernández-Reyes, A. Heredia, M. Aguilar-Franco, D.C. Rodríguez-Vargas, L. Bucio and V.A. Basiuk

SEAWEEDS FOR FOOD & FUNCTIONAL FOODS 56 CULTIVE OF ULVA SP AN ALTERNATIVE FOR FOOD WHITE SHRIMP IN LA PAZ, B.C.S. Sánchez Rodríguez I. , M. Casas-Valdéz, A. Sánchez and M. Contreras-Holguin

112 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY FROM SEAWEEDS – A REVIEW Rebours C. , M. Novoa-Garrido and S.J. Pang

194 ARSENIC LEVELS IN SELECTED RED, GREEN AND BROWN MACROALGAE FROM WESTERN IRELAND Durcan J., R. Cave, L. Tyrrell, E. McGovern and D.B. Stengel

236 MACROALGAE FOR ABALONE CULTURE IN EUROPE (SUDEVAB) Soler-Vila A. and S. Kraan

165 ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OF MEFUCOIDAN PURIFIED FROM EDIBLE BROWN ALGA BY INTESTINAL BACTERIA Maruyama H., F. Kawakami, K. Yosinaga, T. Nakano and H. KitasatoXX International Seaweed Symposium

41 

## Plenary Lectures Abstracts

A DECADE OF CHANGE IN THE SEAWEED HYDROCOLLOIDS INDUSTRY Bixler HJ 1 

### and Porse H 2

1 Ingredients Solutions, Inc., 631 Moos ehead Trail, Waldo, ME 04915; USA, 2 InterColloids. Rodtjornevej 37, 2720 Vanlose. Denmark

Seaweed hydrocolloid markets continue to grow on the order of 3%-5% per year, largely driven by emerging markets in China, Eastern Europe, Brazil, etc. Sales of agar, alginates and carrageenans in the US and Europe, are holding up reasonably well in spite of the recession. Ho wever, price increases to offset costs in 2008 and 2009 have begun to have a dampening effecton sales, especially in markets wher e substitution or extension with less expensive ingredients is possible. These higher prices have been driven by higher energy, chemicals and seaweed costs. The higher seaweed costs reflect seaweed shortage s, particularly for carrageenan-bearing seaweeds. The Philippines and Indonesia are the dominant producers of the farmed Kappaphycus and Eucheuma species upon which the carrageenan industry depends and both co untries are experiencing factors limiting seaweed production. Similar tighteni ng of seaweed supplies are beginning to show up in brown seaweeds used for extracting alginates, and in the red seaweeds for extracting agar. The structur e of the industry is also undergoing change. Producers in China are getting stronger, and wh ile they have not yet developed the marketing skills to compete effectively in the developed world markets, theyhave captured much of their home market. China does not produce the red and brown seaweeds needed for higher end food hydroc olloid production. Stocking their factories with raw material has led tothe supply problems. Sales growth continues to suffer from few new product development successes in recent years; although some he alth care applications are showing some promise, i.e. carrageenan gel capsules and alginate micro-beads. Excessi ve regulatory activities, unfounded anti-food additive attitudes of consumers, particularlyin the EU, continue to absorb human resources that otherwise could be applied to problems limiting industry growth and profitability.



### Porphyra : CROP TO MODEL SYSTEM Brawley SH 1 

### , Blouin NA 2 

### , Zhang YY 3 

### , Yarish C 4 

### , Lin S 5 

### , Stiller JW 6 

### , Chan CX 7 

### , Bhattacharya D 8

### and Grossman AC 9

1 School of Marine Sciences, Universi ty of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA, 2School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA, 3 Dept. of Marine Science, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, 4 Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT 06901, 5Dept. of Marine Science, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, 6Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, 7Dept. of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Reso urces, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, 8 Dept. of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Reso urces, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, 9 Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305

Porphyra spp. are part of an ancient eukaryotic lineage, the Bangiophyceae, which is represented by fossils 1.2 billion years in age. More than 115 species are known toscience, and many cryptic species are being revealed by molecular analyses. An alternation of generations is found between the commercially important blade (gametophyte) and the microscopic, fi lamentous “conchocelis” (sporophyte). Porphyra spp. are prized for food by humans, and a $1.4 billion/year aquaculture industry exists in Asia, made possible by breakthroughs in understanding of the Porphyra life history. Attempts are now und erway to develop other species of Porphyra as aquaculture crops in the U.S., South America and Europe. One of these is Porphyra umbilicalis , which is now being used by the Joint Genome Institute (U.S. Dept. of Energy) for whole genome sequence analysis. P. umbilicalis is predominantly sexual in the northeastern Atlantic, but re produces asexually on the Ma ine (USA) coast by neutral spores; this feature has permitted the preparation of adequate quantities of DNA from a single genotype for completing the genome sequence. Based on initial sequence analyses, the Porphyragenome is ~270 Mb and is GC rich. To complement our analysis of the full genome sequence and facilitate the development of accurate gene models, EST sequences are being generated from P. umbilicalis and the closely related P. purpurea during exposure to a variety of conditions (e.g., differen t reproductive phases, cir cadian times, nutrient regimes, desiccation conditions, irradiances). This talk will review aspects of the biology and cultivation of Porphyra for food and other products, and will include discussion of needed tool development in order that the genomic data can lead to significant advances in research on stress tolerance, carbon metabolism, and evolution of the cell and multicellular body plans.XX International Seaweed Symposium

42 

### SEAWEED STIMULI IN PLANT SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE Craigie JS Acadian Seaplants Limited. Halifax, Canada

Both micro- and macroalgae have long been used to au gment plant productivity and food production in various regions of the world through their beneficial effects when applied to soils. The interactions of algae with the soil community undoubtedly are complex and benefits are dependent on the crop and the local environmental conditions. This has resulted in much speculation as tomechanisms involved and th e validity of the results reported. It is now just 60 years since the first commerc ial seaweed extract was manufactured for agricultural use. These aqueous extracts allowed for the first time the direct application of solu ble seaweed constituents to specific plant organs such as leaves and roots. Adva nces made through improved analytical techniques and instrumentation coupled with the use of molecular gene tic tools are esta blishing that seaweed extracts can modify plant and animal responses at a fundamental level. It therefore seems appropriate to examine key developments over the years and to remark on novel fi ndings of the past two decades. The earlier concept that benefits of seaweeds and thei r extracts were due mainly to their manuria l value or to their micronutrient suites is no longer tenable. A new and exciting vista has op ened for seaweed extracts in both animal and plant applications.



### BIODEGRADATION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OFALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES: DECIPHERING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL INFO RMATION FROM COMPLETE GENOMES Michel G Station Biologique de Roscoff. Roscoff, France.

Marine macroalgae synthe size a great diversity of polysaccharides, wh ich are used as cell wall constituents and energy storage. Like land plants, these photosynthet ic eukaryotes produce neut ral polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. However, seaweeds are characterized by their high cont ents of anionic polysaccharides and notably sulfated polysaccharides, whic h have no equivalent in land plant s. Red algae produce sulfated galactans, agars and carrageenans, which are commercially used for their gelling properties, while the cell walls of brown algae contain alginates and sulfated fucans. However, the metabolism of algal polysaccharides remains an uncharted territory. Significan t advances have been obtained on marine bacteria that use algal polysaccharides as carbon sources. Those microorganisms degrade the cell walls of marine alga e by secreting specific glycoside hydrolases (GH). Some marine bacteria l enzymes define new specificities within known GH families, such as betaagarases and kappa-carrageenases from the family GH16 . The enzymes specific for algal polysaccharides mostly constitute new protein families such as family GH82 iota-carrageenases, fa mily GH96 alpha-agarases and family GH107 fucanases. Crystallograph ic studies of several bacterial galactanas es have established the molecular bases for recognition of agarose, kappa-carrageenan, and iota -carrageenan. The study of algal carbohydrate metabolism is now revolutionized by access to complete genome sequence of seaweeds and associated marine bacteria and by medium-throughput protein expression approaches. First examples will be presented on the marine bacterium Zobellia galactanivorans and on the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus

.XX International Seaweed Symposium

43 

## Oral Abstracts

160 SUSTAINABLE EXPLORATION OF A NON-INDI GENOUS SPECIES: THE CASE STUDY OF Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) PAPENFUSS IN PORTUGAL Abreu MH 1,3,4 

### , Pereira R 1 

### , Korbee N 2 

### , Figueroa FL 2 

### , Buschmann AH 3 

### , Yarish C 4

### and Sousa-Pinto I 1

1 CIMAR/CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental & Dpt. of Botany - Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal, 2 Dpt. of Ecology, University of Málaga, 29071- Málaga, Spain, 3 Centro de Investigación I-mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile, 4 Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT. 06901-2315, USA. mhabreu@ciimar.up.pt

The expected impact of non-indigenous species (NIS) in a community may benegative. However, NIS may increase local biodiversity and even become an exploitable resource. Gracilaria vermiculophylla , a NIS to European waters, is the dominant macrophyte at Ria de Aveiro, Po rtugal. Studies on a popu lation revealed that G. vermiculophylla is abundant and reproductive throughout the year. Its germin ation and growth success was investigated, in a fully factorial designed array of temperatures (5-25oC), phot operiods (S-8h:16h; N-12h:12h; L-16h:8h, light:dark) and irradiances (40; 100 μ mol m -2 s -1 ). Germination occurred at all condition s, with 100% at 20oC. At 5oC, germination was the lowest, with no posterior spore survival. 20oC L was the optimal growth condition for the sporelings (ca. 13%) and mature individuals (ca. 10%). Nitrogen (N) upta ke studies tested N concentr ations (50 to 600 mM) with single and combined sources of NH 4and NO 3 . Preliminary results indicate an effective N removal capacity with a preference for ammonia. The potential of this species as an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system component was also evaluated. A year round experiment at a land-based flat fish aquaculture tested the influence of stocking density and N availability on growth and biofil tration efficacy. Daily growth rates of 7% and a reduction of up to 80% of the water total NH 4 + -N were achieved. The high N-values found in the tissue (e.g. 8%), makes this seaweed a potential ingredient for fish-feed an d a source of raw material for grade agar. G. vermiculophylla also synthesized mycosporine-like amino acids, but the effect of the cultivation conditions on MAAs content is still under evaluation. G. vermiculophylla is possibly a new natura l resource with a high potential for exploitation either from abundant natural populations or as the extractive component of an IMTA system.



### 175 Sargassum AND BEACH MANAGEMENT ON THE GULF OF MEXICO SHORELINE OF TEXAS, USA Adams JS Conrad Blucher Institute for Surveying and Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, NRC., Suite 3400, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412. jsahips@me.com
In the Gulf of Mexico, pelagic Sargassumsp. washes up on beaches an d presents a maintenance and management issue for the coastal communities in the stat e of Texas. The prevailing attitude of most coastal communities in Texas is that the se aweed is a noxious intrusion that mu st be removed. Recent promotion of ecotourism in Texas may change that perception, but for now, mechanical removal is the normal practice. Primary method of seaweed removal currently is to have maintenance workers drive heavy machinery, such as front end loaders and road maintainers, scraping up the seaweed o ff the beach. The loads are then pushed up against the base of the dune system. This method has many flaws, leas t of which is that sand, asso ciated with the seaweed, is mechanically removed from the beach as the heavy m achinery scrapes the seaweed, which has the effect of lowering the beach profile. Other consequences include th e burying of the coppice dunes at the base of the dune system, trash moved into the dunes al ong with the sand/seaweed load, removal of a food source for foraging shorebirds, and is an intrusion on beach users. Alternatives to daily Sargassumremoval are the topic of a series of workshops being proposed tothe State of Texas. The main issue to be discussed is the need, real or perceived, for Sargassumremoval at all. Tourism industry representative s traditionally portray the coastal environment as pristine, overlooking the fact that natural events are always occurring, and seaweed washing up on the beach being one of those natural events. The goal of the worksh ops would be to demonstrate the value of allowing the seaweed to accumulate, in selected areas of the Texas coast at first, with close monitori ng of the responses of the beach users in regards to the presence of the seaweed. An educational component sh owing the value, ecological and financial, of leaving seaweed in place as it washed up on the beach, would be directed to both the tourism industry and the coastal communiti es that devote large budget s to daily beach maintenance.XX International Seaweed Symposium

44 

### 247 POSSIBLE CASES OF INVASIVE SEAWEE DS IN THE MEXICAN PACIFIC COAST Aguilar-Rosas R 1 

### , Aguilar-Rosas LE 2 

### and Pedroche FF 3

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, km 107 Carretera Tijuana Ensenada , Ensenada, Baja California. C. P. 22830. 3 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apartado Postal 55-535, México, D.F. 09340, México & University Herbarium, University of California, 1001, VLSB, Berkeley, Ca 94720-2465, USA. ffp@xanum.uam.mx

Some algae are considered exotic species in Pacific Me xico. These taxonomic names are used to discuss whether they should be treated as alien when our phycological kn owledge is poor in many of these geographic areas. This caution is necessary, because of th e consequences of treating them as alien species (i.e. environmental mitigation), but also has repe rcussion in taxonomic stability. If we take into account the type localities of the 'aliens', their morphological resemblance with taxonomic names already reported as invaders in others parts of the world, then we have a better under standing for their occurrence in Paci fic Mexico. Studies in Pacific Mexico show 13 species not recorded previously for this area and related with names from other latitudes, 2 Chlorophyta, 6 Phaeophyta and 5 Rhodophyta. Particularly Sargassum muticum(Yendo) Fensholt, Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh, Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss and Gracilariopsis longissima (S.G. Gmelin) M. Steentoft, L.M. Irvine & W.F. Farnham appear as candidates as alien or introduced species. Almost all of them are reported from temperate waters in Baja California, trop ical representatives are few and in most cases could be misapplied names. A correct incorporation of nomenclatural history, type locality information, detail morphological analysis, and molecular an alysis, are crucial before cl aims of introduction are made.



### 73 THE SEAWEED BUSINESS DEVE LOPMENT IN INDONESIA Akrim DH Bantimurung Indah (Bosowa Corporation), Seaweed Indu stries, Maros 90511, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. bswindah@indosat.net.id

In the Indonesian oceanic area abou t 555 types of seaweed have been identified and 55 species is being commercially utilized and have been successfully to cult ivation with three various are macroalgae namely of Eucheuma cottonii
, Eucheuma spinosumand Gracilaria verucosa . The global financial crisis had reduced the worldwide carrageenan demand by 20% - 30%. RecentlyCarrageenan business is still very slow and worldwide demand is not yet picking up. Hopefully the demand would start to pick up on the 1st quarter of next year but not the same as the demand in 2008. Based on the data survey that the potentia l cultivated area: 1,2 million Ha with tropic beach line: 81,000 km in around 15 provinces. Where it is a kind of Eucheuma cottonii ( Kappaphycus alvarezii ) and Eucheuma spinosum( Eucheuma denticulatum) with totally market shar e supply 42%. Due Seaweed Business Development Indonesia in good prospective supported by natural potency resources and network of coastal civilization.



### 258 SCREENING OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF IDENTIFIED COMPOUNDS FROM BROWN SEAWEED OF Hydroclathrus clathratus Anggadiredja JT 1 

### , Swantara IMD 2 

### and Rumampuk JR 3

1 The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Te chnology, Jl. MH Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia, 2 Marine Biology Laboratory, Udayana University, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, 3 Chemistry Department, Manado State University, Tondano-Minahasa, North Sulawesi 95618, Indonesia. jana@ceo.bppt.go.id

Acetone extracts of Hydroclathrus clathratus (brown seaweed) were fractionated and isolated using Column Chromatography and Bioautographic Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) methods, and the compounds identified using GC-MS. Mass spectra analysis of Hydroclathrus clathratus fractions yielded 15 compounds consisted of 8 of fatty acids, 2 of steroids, 2 of hydrocarbons, 1 of alcoho l, 1 of aldehyde, and 1 of ether. All isolated compoundsXX International Seaweed Symposium

45 were tested for their antibacterial activities by the agar diffusion method agains t the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus
, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecalis , and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli
, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium . Six compounds (4 fatty acids, 1 steroid, 1 ether) showed activity against Gram-posit ive bacteria, especially Bacillus subtilis and only one compound (fatty acid) against Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli. Five compounds (3 fatty acids , 1 steroid, 1 ether) against Staphylococcus

aureus , and only one compound (ether) against Streptococcus faecalis . All compounds were not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimuriumbacteria. This study indicated that there is indeed a diversity in types and in molecular structures of the antibacterial substances.



### 170 CHARACTERIZATION OF CAULERPIN FROM Spatoglossum asperum : A BROWN ALGA Ara J 1 

### , Sultana V 2 

### , Ehteshamul-Haque S 3 

### and Ahmed VU 4

1 Post-harvest Technology Laboratory, Depa rtment of Food Science & Technology, 2 Biotechnology & Drug Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, 3Agricultural Biotechnology & Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, 4 HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. foodfulbright03@hotmail.com
Caulerpin, a dimmer of indole-3-acrylic acid, behaves much like the indole auxins, has been shown to be a plant growth regulator. Caulerpinhas been reported from Caulerpales, green seaweeds and also from a red alga Chondria armata . In our study, Spatoglossum asperum , a brown alga has shown significant nematicidal and fungicidal activity against pl ant pathogenic fungi and parasitic nematode. The active fractions were found to be a mixture of fatty acid ester. In screen house experiment, Spatoglossum asperum , besides, reducing the infection of root rotting fungi and root knot nematode on tomatoalso improved plant growth . In this study, n-hexane insoluble portion of ethanol extract of Spatoglossum asperum was chromatographed on a silica gel column (70- 230 mesh). The fraction eluted with he xane-chloroform (80-20) afforded an orange red crystals. The crystal was characterized as caulerpin from its m.p., and other sp ectral data like UV, IR and 13C-NMR, that might be responsible for improved plant growth as compared to no n-seaweed control. Caulerpin was found to possess light nematicidal activity agai nst root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica

.



### 34 PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHENOL FRACTIONS IN FUCALES Ar Gall E , Cérantola S, Breton F, Audi bert L, Blanc N and Hauchard D LEBHAM, EA 3877, IUEM, University of Western Brittany- UEB, Teknopol Bres t-Hirwazh, 29280 Plouzane, Brittany, France, Laboratoire Sciences Chimiques, UMR CNRS 6226, ENSCR, Bali Général Leclerc, 35700 Roazhon, Brittany, France. erargall@univ-brest.fr

Native phenol pools have been extracted from Fucales growing on the coasts of Brittany. Two complementary processes have been developed to fractionate phlorotanni ns, based on both their polarity and their molecular size. Structural characterization has been carried ou t on the resulting fractions using both NMR and mass spectroscopy. Their antioxidant activi ty has been evaluated by both colo rimetric and electrochemical methods. For the first time, pure polyphenol fractions could be isol ated in Algae, i.e. poly-fucols and poly-fucophlorethols. HPLC was used successfully to separate oligophenols below 2000 Da. Cyclic voltammetry was adapted to seaweed extracts and electrochemistry results co rrelated with data obtained by both DPPH and ABTS. Overall, this work opens new perspectives for both the mass production of phlorotannin fractions and the study of phenol biosynthesis pathways in Phaeophyceae.



### 254 EVALUATION OF RHODOLITH BEDS AS HA BITAT FOR A HIGH SPONGE BIODIVERSITY Ávila E and Riosmena-Rodríguez R Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departame nto de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz B. C.S., C.P. 23080, Mexico. kike@ola.icmyl.unam.mx

Rhodoliths are unattached non-geniculate coralline red macroalg ae, which provide microhabitats and shelter to a high biodiversity of plants and animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the community of sponges associated to rhodolith beds from Bahia Magdalen a, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Sponge species richnessXX International Seaweed Symposium

46 and abundance was determined in four rhodolith be ds from September 2008 to May 2009. In these beds Lithophyllum margaritaewas the dominant rhodolith forming species. Both, rhodolith density and branch density varied significantly ( p< 0.05) among sites. A total of 16 sponge species were identified belonging to 7 Orders and 9 Families. The most abundant associated sponges were Scopalina ruetzleri and Halichondria semitubulosa (until 62 ind.m -2 and 23 ind.m -2 , respectively). At these beds the sponge species richness ranged between 2.6 and 5.5 species.m -2

. A significant positive re lationship (r = 0.96, p< 0.05) was found between sponge abundance and rhodolith density. Most of the sponge species were found overgrowing live rhodoliths without apparent damage, while others were boring species. This study in addition tocontribute to the sponge bi odiversity in the West coast of Baja California peninsula also sh owed clear evidences that these frag ile biogenic habitats constitute an essential part of the benthic ecosystems of Bahia Magdalena.



### 106 RESTORATION OF NATIVE SEAW EED BEDS OF THE SPECIES Gigartina skottsbergii AND Sarcothalia crispata Avila M 1 

### , Mansilla A 2 

### , Caceres J 1 

### , Piel MI 1 

### and Rodriguez D 1

1 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Arturo Prat, Ejercito 443, Puerto Montt. 2Av. Bulnes 01855, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas. marcela.avila1@gmail.com

In Chile seaweeds have been harvested since 1950, mo stly by artisanal fishermen, extracting this resource directly from natural beds. With the increasing demand of raw mate rials by the industry, the usual areas of operation are decreasing their production. Restoration tr ough massive cultivation could be the alternative that would allow stable supply and sustainability. Cultivat ion technologies and the restoration techniques of Gigartina skottsbergii (red luga) and Sarcothalia crispata (broad leaf) have been developed and proved at pilot scale. This research considers scaling up the cultivat ion and restoration of two native species G. skottsbergii and S. crispata in management areas, through direct and indirect seed ing with spores and adding microthalli on substrates, in order to ensure the production of biomass and increasing individuals’ density. An educational project for artisanal fishermen and their families is included. The existing knowledge about farming technologies and restoration techniques of red seaweeds will be built in harmony with the local culture of artisanal fishermen.



### 100 CULTIVATION OF THE RED ALGA Chondrancanthus chamissoi Avila M 1 

### , Piel MI 1 

### , Caceres JH 1 

### and Alveal K 2

1 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Arturo Prat, Ejercito 443, Puerto Montt, 2 Depto de Oceanografia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanograficas, Un iversidad de Concepción, Casilla 160, Concepción. marcela.avila1@gmail.com

The red alga Chondrancanthus chamissoi (C. Agardh) Kützing 1843 is an endemic species of south-central region of South America. In the Pacific Ocean is distributed from north-central Peru to Chiloé Island. This species has economic importance because it is edible and it is used for the production of carrageenan. Tetrasporophyte phase was grown in laboratory obtaining male and female gameto phytes that were incubated in different conditions of photoperiod, pH, salinity and temperature. The gametophytes were developed and generate reproductive structures, which matured in vitro . Fertilization occur and subsequent form ation of cystocarpic. Carpospores were released and sporophytes arise, completing under laboratory conditions the life cycle of this species. Growth rates were recorded for each reproductive phases underdifferent culture conditions used. Sporophytes reached the highest daily growth rate (22%) while gametophytes daily growth rate was slower (9%). Life cycle of the species is described and development of both phases is compared for large scale production.XX International Seaweed Symposium

47 

### 277 Sargassum spp AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR REDU CING THE EGG CHOLESTEROL CONTENT Bahena MAC 1,2 

### , Carrillo DS 1 

### , Casas VMM 3 

### , Castillo DRM 1 

### , Carranco JME 1 

### and Pérez-Gil RF 1 *

1 Depto. Nutrición Animal, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., 2 Fac. de Química,UNAM, 3 Laboratorio de Macroalgas, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, IPN, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. rexprimero@hotmail.com

The egg is an excellent source of nut rients, however, many people reduce or avoid their use, due to its high cholesterol content. Seaweeds havecompounds (sterols and polysacch arides) with hypocholesterolemic properties, therefore the objective of this study was to determine the effect of add Sargassum(MA) to the laying hens diet on egg cholesterol content. 225 white Leghor n hens of 19 weeks of age were distributed in five treatments: 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% MA with 5 replicates of 9 birds each. The experiment lasted 6 weeks. At the end of the trial 40 eggs of each treatment were take n, mixed white and yolk. The cholesterol content was measured by gas chromatography. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (P <0.05) to compare means. The concentrations of cholesterol obtained were (mg/100g fresh egg): 510 (0% MA), 508 (2% MA), 462 (4% MA), 379 (6% MA) and 424 (8% MA). The conclusion is that add Sargassum to laying hens diet reduce significantly the cholesterol co ntent in the egg.



### 74 SEAWEED-TO-BIOFUELS. WHAT NOW? Bakken PA Seaweed Energy Solutions AS, Pirsenteret 3 Etg. Oppgang D, Havnegaten 9, 7462 Trondheim, Norway. Postboks 1262 Pirsenteret, 7462 Trondheim, No rway. bakken@seaweedenergysolutions.com

We know seaweed grows faster than any terrestrial plan t, large areas are availabl e (the ocean), large scale traditional farming of seaweed is proven (millions of tons),basic conversion to biogas and ethanol has been tested with reasonable yields, and we know that there is noconflict with food supplies, land use changes and demand for fresh water. Also, in the ocean we have logistical cost advantages due to the buoyancy that works in our favor, and less logistical limitations compared to land based operations. All this, fueled with the recent advances in parallel industries such as aquacult ure, marine offshore and subsea technology, and bioenergy processing technologies-we believe the conclusion is clear-seaweed has a great potential as biomass for energy purposes. With the mentioned advantages–how can itnot be possible to cultivate seawee d at a competitive price? As for any renewable energy project it is important to achieve su fficient subsidies in the start up faces to ensure a technological neutra l position. For seaweed, these subsidies, as well as a clarification regarding seaweed ́s eligibility for carbon credits, must be set as soon as po ssible. Seaweed Energy Solutions AS (SES) is a Norwegian company focused on the development of large-scale offshore cultivation of seaweed. SES is involved in various R&D projects and a patent has been filed for an offshore cultivation system. The future direction of the emerging seaweed-to-biofuels industry will be discussed.



### 79 UVA RADIATION INDUCES PHOTOPROTECTION MECHANISMS IN Gracilaria tenustipitata (RHODOPHYTA) AGAINST UVB DAMAGE EFFECTS Barufi JB 1 

### , Momoli MM 1 

### , Korbee N 2 

### , Figueroa FL 2 

### and Oliveira MC 1

1 Botany Department, University of São Paulo, 05422-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2 Ecology Department, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain. jose_usp@yahoo.com.br

The photoprotection against UV radiation of the agarophyte Gracilaria tenuistipitata was evaluated. Tetrasporophytes were cultivated at 25oC, 12:12-h light:dark cycle and 260 μ mol photons.m -2 .s -1 of PAR into polycarbonate cylindrical vessels, contai ning 0.4L of seawater enriched with Von Stosch solution. Algae were pretreated under PAR, PAR+UVA and PAR+UVA+UVB (8.13W.m -2 UVA, 0.42W.m -2 UVB) during one week. Then algal samples were transferred from PAR and PAR+UVA to PA R+UVA+UVB and PAR+UVB, or from PAR+UVA+UVB to PAR and PAR+UVB. Furthermore, three control samples were performed in the same radiation of acclimation (PAR, PAR+UVA and PAR+UVA+UVB). Photosynthesis, growth rate s and the accumulation of UV-screen photoprotector,XX International Seaweed Symposium

48 i.e. mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were evaluated at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48h after transferring. On the other hand, thymine-dimmers, photosynthetic pigments, C: N ratios and photolyase gene expression by real time PCR were assessed at the beginning and after 48h of the experiment al period. The highest MAA amount was reached under PAR+UVA+UVB treatment, whereas MAA-content decreased under PAR+UVB. Photosynthetic parameters and growth rates were higher when samples remained without UVB (PAR or PAR+UVA), while PAR+UVB-treated samples showed a st rong photoinhibition, formation of thymine-dimmers and the highest C:N ratios. The relative photolyase gene expression, chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents were similar among treatments. This study shows a clear negative effect of UVB on the physiological status of G. tenuistipitata , and an effective activation of photoprotect ive mechanisms by UVA radiation.



### 164 ECO FRENDLY IN SITU AND IN VITRO CULTIVATION IN PANAMA OF Kappaphycus alvarezii (DOTY) DOTY EX SILVA Batista de Vega G 1 

### , Garcia-Jimenez P 2 

### and Robaina RR 2

1 Vice-presidency of Research and Postgraduate of the University of Panama, 2 Grupo de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal Marina.Departamento de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Islas Canarias. España. Batistag@si.edu

Kappaphycus alvarezii has been cultured in Cativa located in the Caribbean coast of Panama, since 2004 for commercial purposes. The cultivation was de veloped in two acti vities: the culture in situ (in the sea and in tanks), and in vitro (in laboratory and acclimatization in tanks and aquariums). Both activities have the objective of having a sustainable development in the coastal areas, getting an attractive product for the industry and which will give economic opportunities to the cultivators. The results show that growth rate observed (4 .0 to 5.0%) is constant all year long and is independent of the selected sites, the two main seasons: dry and rainy, and the environmental parameters. Among the plantation systems, the fixed structures cause less impact, are inexpensive and act in favor of the growth. Kappaphycus alvarezii can be kept in tanks with similar gr owth rates as in natural conditions, therefore can be used as a source of biomass for seeds. The dryer used, giving an estimated amount of 36 bags of 11 kg dry biomass each, raw material per polygon (300 m 2 ) year -1 . Carrageenan production maintains a constant (ca. 35%) pattern related to production, and molecular weight accepted by the industry (1.6 x 10 5 Da). The production of different fractions, io ta or kappa, varies with time in culture, being higher in young thalli for the first and lower in the oldest. The techniques of in vitro culture of seaweeds have allowed the maintenance and propagation of explants fragments stocks in the la boratory and acclimated in tanks and aquariums. The ex vitro acclimatization has proved being feasible for the recoveryand future spread of the explants maintained in the laboratory to sites on the sea.



### 167 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SEAWEED Caulerpa taxifolia IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA Bohorquez CAand Schreider MJ School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Universi ty of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2250, Australia. carlosbohorquez46@yahoo.com

Caulerpa taxifolia is a green seaweed native in tropical countries. It has tradit ionally been used as decorative plant in marine aquariums. Its occurrence in Australia was first registered in 1860 in Queensland. It was found in temperate waters in the Mediterranea n Sea, Europe in 1980, and has spre ad quickly along that coast. More recently, in 2000 C. taxifolia has been discovered off the coasts of Australia (around the cities of Sydney and Adelaide) and United States. It is considered a noxiou s weed, because it grows fast covering large areas, can potentially displace seagrass and is to xic to majority of herbivores. The algae from different New South Wales estuaries appear very different in form. This study analyzed these differences based on 22 morphological characters. Some of those characters si gnificantly differ among groups; e.g. ratio between numbers of Fronds and Rhizoids clearly separates three groups of estuaries: the first is Lake Conj ola with the highest value, the second includes St Georges Basin, Narrawallee inlet and Burrill Lake with an intermediate value, and the third group includes Booker Bay, Palm Beach and Cronulla. Only one location does not clearly group with any others (Botany Bay). Cluster analysis of all morphome tric characters together gives a different result: Cronulla and Palm Beach present the highest similarity(>80%) whereas a group of southern locat ions clearly separates from those around Sydney. It is planned to carry out in near future additional testing based on genetics to check out if algae from different estuaries will form similar groupings.XX International Seaweed Symposium

49 

### 141 ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF Macrocystis spp; PURSUIT OF A SUSTAINABLE TECHNIQUE OF HARVESTING FOR CHILE Borras Chavez R 1 

### , Edwards M 1 

### and Vasquez J 2

1 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 Unites States. 2 Departamento de Biologia Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Catolica del Norte. Larrondo 1281- Coquimbo, CHILE. rborras@gmail.com

Success of sustainable kelp harvesting in countries such as the U.S. has been achieved by creating management plans that consider the ecological im pacts on the harvested species. In co ntrast, countries such as Chile have never developed such techniques and as a result, recovery of kelp populations following extraction can be delayed. Here, we evaluate three te chniques of harvesting giant kelp Macrocystis spp in Chile and California. Specifically, we compare kelp recruitment and new stipe ad dition between treatments wh ere (1) half of all stipes on every individual in an area were removed, (2) all stipes on half of the individuals in the area were removed, (3) all stipes on all individuals were re moved (complete removal of the resour ce), and (4) unharvested control areas. Variation in juvenile kelp recruitmen t and the number of stipes in each ar ea were measured every week for two months. Although little variation in the number of accr ued stipes was observed among harvesting treatments, significant differences in new kelp recruitment was observed. Recruitment was greatest in areas where half of all stipes were removed from ea ch individual, and norecruitment was observed in unharvested areas or areas where all stipes on all individuals were removed, reaffirming the ecological damage of th is non-controlled harvesting technique. Although the first two techni ques are based on the actual techniqu e of extraction in Chile and extract the same amount of biomass, a small change in harves ting technique could enhanc e kelp recovery following extraction.



### 298 COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR FU COIDAN EXTRACTION IN BROWN ALGAE Brebion J 1 

### , Hennequart F 2 

### and Tuohy MG 1

1 Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway City, Ireland. 2 Oilean Glas Teoranta, Kilcar, Co. Donegal, Ireland

The use of seaweed polysaccharides as natural bioactive compounds has incr eased in recent years. Among these polysaccharides, the fucoidans (sulphated polymers of fu cose) extracted from brown se aweeds have a wide range of applications from medicinal, to use as plant growth stimulators, to cosmeceutical. However, the bioactivity of fucoidan varies and is linked to the size and composition of the polymer. In this study, two different polysaccharide extraction methods have been compared in terms of yield, purity and composition of the extracted fucoidan. Using each protocol, two polysacchari de fractions were obtained: a fucoidan-rich fraction and an alginate-rich fraction using one meth od, and a fucoidan-rich fraction and a laminarin-rich fraction with the second method. The purity, size and composition (relative proportion of monosacchari des and sulphates) of the two fucoidan fractions were investigated, and the extraction yield of each methodology dete rmined. To achieve an acceptable level of purity for the fu coidan fractions (at least 7O% pure fucoidan), undesirable compounds like polyphenols or pigments were removed. The purified fucoidans were then fractionated to characterise their molecular size and composition, which is important to und erpin potential bioactivity. The best extraction method which was based on a compromise between extraction yield, purity and co mposition was then identified. The bioactivity of the two fucoidan fractions will now be test ed in a range of bioactivity tests (including prebiotic effects).XX International Seaweed Symposium

50 

### 127 IMPACTS OF LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED KE LP CULTIVATION ON NATURAL PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Broch OJ 1 

### , Ellingsen IH 1 

### , Slagstad D 1 

### , Reitan KI 1 

### and Olsen Y 2

1 SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture, 2 Department of biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). ole.jacob.broch@sintef.no

Integrated aquaculture aims at reduci ng potentially negative environmental impacts of e.g. finfish farming - and increasing profitability - by exploiting feed resources at more than one trophic level. Almost 40% of the feed nitrogen input in atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) aquaculture is released to the environment through faeces and is made available for uptake by micro- and macroalgae. Although nitrogen rele ased from salmonic species farming in Norway is of a magnitude of 35,000 mt year -1 , it may be considered a resource since Norwegian coastal waters generally experience a nitrogen deficit in late spring and summer. An ocean model has been established for the open coastal water outside Trøndelag, Norway. This is a fully coupled 3D hydrodynamic and ecological model. A model simulating growth of sugar kelp ( Saccharina latissima) has been included. With the model, we may study how released nitrogen from fish farm ing influences phytoplankton productivi ty, and how large-scale kelp farming interacts in this picture. We will present results from simulations with and withou t extensive kelp farms and nitrogen effluents. Thus we will get a picture of how integrated and non-integrated aquaculture might affect natural primay production differently. This ongoing workis part of the INTEGRATE programme at SINTEF and NTNU.



### 251 MARINE BIOMASS – THE DANISH Ulva lactuca PROJECT Bruhn A 1 

### , Rasmussen MB 1 

### , Dahl J 2 

### , Nikolaisen LS 3 

### , Nielsen HB 4 

### , Thomsen AB 4



### , Sander B 5 

### and Ravn E 5

1 National Environmental Research In stitute, Aarhus University, Vejlsø vej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. 2 Danish Technological Institute, Gregerse nsvej, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark. 3 Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvangs Allé 29, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. 4 Risoe National Laboratory for Sustain able Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. 5DONG Energy A/S. Kraftværksvej 53, Skærbæk, 7000 Fredericia, Denmark. anbr@dmu.dk

The green marine seaweed Ulva lactuca is studied in order to describe the po tential of this specific algae biomass as a source of renewable energy. We aim at producin g an integrated solution including all aspects from optimising biomass production by utilising flue gas from power plants as growth st imulation, over harvest and conditioning to optimisation of ener gy conversion to biogas, bioethanol or solid biomass for combustion and gasification. The partners involved are The National Envi ronmental Research Institute at Aarhus University, the Danish Technological Institute, the utility company DONG Energy and the Risoe National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Our results demonstrate that we are capable of producing a minimum of 45 tonnes of DW biomass per hectare during a growth season of 200 days. Spar ging the growth media with CO 2 or flue gas was found to increase the growth rate by up to a factor of 1.5. Light and temperatur e were not the limiting factors during growth, indicating that a temperate climate is fully suited for cultivation of U. lactuca for energy production. Preliminary results indicate that U. lactuca biomass can be pelletized for stor age and transport, but that the combustion properties are poor, due to high content of ash and alkali components. Biogas yields are – without process optimisation - in between yi elds of land based energy crops and manure. We conclude that a high production of biomass for energy produc tion is feasible by cultivation of U. lactuca . Future focus is on optimising energy conversion to biogas and bi oethanol, as well as gasification.XX International Seaweed Symposium

51 

### 62 MASSIVE KELP PRODUCTION IN CHILE: FUTUREPROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS Buschmann AH , Hernández-González MC, Flores R, Gutiérrez A, Varela D and Huovinen P i-mar Research Center, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihuekm 6, Puerto Montt, Chile. abuschma@ulagos.cl

Nowadays, the aquaculture development in Chile is fa cing several environmenta l-sanitary constraints and controversies. In this context, seaweed mariculture de velopment appears not only as an interesting species to help diversification of the industry, but also to enhanc e environmental benefits. In this study we analyze recent developments of kelp aquaculture in Chile by studying from a biological, technical, and economical perspective. In addition we establish possible products that have be en or are being studied at the present such as: human food products, premium abalone feeds, agro nomic plant growth regulators, alginate and other special chemicals, and biomass for biofuel production. In addi tion we introduce its use for N and CO 2 bioremediation using integrated multi-trophic aquaculture approaches for the salmon industry. Our results show that giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera) can reach biomass production over 200 tons. per he ctare per year in southern Chile, which implies a high photosynthetic efficiency (between 1 and 2%) and non-limiting nutrient conditions. The costs of a floating system depend strongly from the local prevailing ocea nographic conditions, depth and dimension of the culture unit. The profitability of kelp culture system will therefore be highly depended from the productivity achieved. For this reason, issues like nutrient limitations at high pr oduction scale, genetics an d pest management requires research attention in the near future.



### EFFECT OF UVA AND NITRATE CONCENTRATI ON ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY AND PHENOLIC COMPOUND LEVELS OF Ulva rigida Cabello-Pasini A 1 

### , Macías-Carranza V 1 

### and Figueroa FL 2

1 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, A.P. 453, Ensenada, Baja California 22800, México, 2 Dept. Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario Teatinos, E-29071, Spain. acabello@uabc.mx

Seaweed species living on the intertidal zone are exposed to fluctuating nitrate and UVA levels. While it has been shown that reduced nitrate concentratio ns and elevated UVA levels can reduce photosynthetic le vels in seaweeds, less is known about the compound effect of nitrate leve ls and UVA on the metabolism of intertidal species. Consequently, the object ive of this study was to evaluate the effectof nitrate concentration and UVA treatments on photosynthesis, respiration, nitrate reduct ase activity and phenolic compound levels of Ulva rigida . There was a two- to three fo ld increase in Pmax values, the initial slope of oxygen evolution ( 

### α oxy), maximum fluorescence and ETR values as nitrate in the media increased from 0 to 50 

### μ M NO 3 . In contrast, optimum quantum yield decreased linearlyin tissue of U. rigida as nitrate levels in the media incr eased. Non-photochemical quenching became negative in tissue incubated at low nitrate concentrations while it wa s always positive when tissue was incubated at 50 μ M NO 3 . This suggests that reduced nitrogen levels in the media decreases the heat dissipation capacity of the PSII in U. rigida . Respiration, nitrate reductase activityand phenolic compound levels increased linearly from low values in tissue incubated at 0 μ M NO 3 to high values in tissue incubated at 50 μ M NO 3 . However, respiration and nitrate reductase decreased in the same treatment when exposed to UVA. The recovery of nitrate reductase activity after the UVA treatment was 50%greater in tissue incubated under high nitrate levels. The impact of UVA and nitrate concentration on the metabolism of Ulva rigida will be discussed.XX International Seaweed Symposium

52 

### 280 RED ALGAE AS INDICATORS OF CONNECTI VITY AMONG MARINE PROTECTED AREAS Calumpong HP 1 

### , Payo DO 2 

### , Naguit MRA 3 

### and Lucañas J 1

1 Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines, 2 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 3 Jose Rizal Memorial State College-Katipunan, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. hpcalumpong@yahoo.com

Genetic sequences of red algae belonging to Laurencia and Portieria obtained using Rubisco spacer primers were analyzed to determine if they reflect connectivity among marine reserves in central Philippines where the algae were collected. The clusters generated using F st values were compared to th ose obtained using fish ( Pterocaesio pisang) and giant clam ( Tridacna crocea) broadcast spawner species. Similarities in spatial structuring were found which were congruent with the current data indicating source-sink relationsh ips among the studied marine

reserves.



### 292 ROLE OF Ulva spp. ON NITROGEN CYCLING IN AN UPWELLING INFLUENCED COASTAL LAGOON Camacho-Ibar V 1 

### and Zertuche-González JA 1

1 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Apdo. Postal 453. Ensenada, Baja California, Mé xico 22830. vcamacho@uabc.mx

San Quintín Bay (SQB) is a hypersaline coastal lagoon lo cated in NW Mexico, where nutrient cycling and primary production are strongly influenced by upwelling events in the coastal ocean. SQB is a seagrass dominated system but in recent years Ulva spp. is apparently increasing its standing stocks and areal coverage. High biomasses of Ulva are observed near the mouth of the lagoon around late-spring and early summer, the period of upwelling intensification in the adjacent ocean. Primary production in SQB is apparently limited by nitrogen availability, thus, the distribution of Ulva is likely determined by the availability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the water column and, in turn, Ulva seems to strongly determine the shape of DIN concentration distributions along the bay during the upwelling intensification period. Nu trient budgets obtained with a box-modelling approach (the LOICZ model) and the application of Ecological Network Analysis of N networks suggest that Ulva spp. plays a significant role as a (temporary) DIN sink near the m outh of the lagoon. Depending on upwelling intensity and tidal conditions, Ulva may limit the availability of DIN for vegetation at the inner arms of the lagoon thus playing a significant role on primary pr oduction at the community level.



### 335 ANTIGENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF SULPHATED PO LYSACCHARIDES FROM THE GREEN SEAWEED Ulva clathrata ON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES EXPOSED TO SODIUM ARSENITE Cárdenas-Bautista D 1 

### , Pacheco-Ruíz I 2 

### , Arellano-García E 3



### , Muñiz-Salazar R 1 

### and Baptista-Rosas R 1

1 Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma deBaja California, Blvd. Zertuche y Blvd. de Los Lagos s/ n, Ensenada, B.C., México. C.P. 22890, 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 103 Carretera Tijuana-Ense nada, Ensenada, B.C., México. C.P. 22800, 3 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 103 Ca rretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, B.C., México. C.P. 22800

Arsenic is a well-known environmental pollutant and hum an carcinogen. Arsenic expo sition damages the DNA and produces cancer cells. Chemical substa nces in terrestrial and marine plants have sulphated po lysaccharides that may prevent and reverse the formation of cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the antigenotoxic effects of a sulphated polysaccharide extrac t (SPE) from the green seaweed Ulva clathrata on human lymphocyte cultures exposed to sodium arsenite. The an alysis of micronuclei (MN) is a cytogenetic technique used to show chromosomal damage caused by cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. The SPE was obtained from dry seaweed that was triturated, diluted in hot water at 60 o C for 1 h, filtered and precipitated in ethanol. Whole blood cultures were incubated for 72 h and treated with concen trations of sodium arsenite (100–1000 μ M) and SPE (0.1–1 mg L -1 ) forXX International Seaweed Symposium

53 24 h. Three replicas in two experiments were made. Anal ysis of variance revealed that sodium arsenite is a cytotoxic and genotoxic agent because it reduces cell proliferation. The SPE, however, did not show the same result. The antigenotoxic effects of the SPE were not pr esent because they did not reduce the number of MN to normal (3.6±3.45) but deadened the effect of sodium arsenite, reducing the MN fr om 69.36±3.45 to 34.17 and 33.17±3.45 when the sulphated polysaccharide concentrations were at 0.5 and 1 mg L -1 and sodium arsenite was 1000 μ M. The SPE was a deadening agent of the harmful effects of sodium arsenite.



### 214 A POST-GENOMIC LOOK AT IRON UPTAKE AND STORAGE IN Ectocarpus siliculosus Carrano CJ 1 

### and Küpper FC 2

1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, 2Scottish Association of Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA Scotland, UK. carrano@sciences.sdsu.edu

Iron is a critical micronutrient for all plant species including those associated with the marine environment. Indeed iron has been found to be the growth limiting nutrient with respect to the growth of phytoplankton in large areas of the worlds oceans. Thus how this elem ent is acquired, stored and processed is of critical importance to such diverse areas as oceanic primary pr oductivity, alternate energy sources and global carbon sequestration. While marine microalgae have received so me attention in this regard virtually nothing is known about how the more conspicuous members of the marine plant community, the macroalgae (seaweeds) acquire this vital element. Here we report our initial stud y of iron uptake and storage in the model "seaweed" Ectocarpus siliculosus using a combined spectroscopi c/biochemical/bioinformatics a pproach making use of the just completed genome of this organism.



### 92 NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND REDUCTION EFFICIENCY OF Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (S Gmelin) AS A BIOFILTER OF RED SEA BREAM ( Pagrus major ) CULTURE WASTES Carton RJ 1 

### , Okuyama Y 2 

### , Kimura H 2 

### , Fujita D 1 

### and Notoya M 1

1 Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Ma rine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477 Japan, 2 Fisheries Experimental Station, Wakayama Prefectural Research Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kushimoto 1557-20, Kushim oto-cho, Higashimuro-gun, Wakayama 659-3503. rheajoycarton@gmail.com

This study demonstrates th e biofiltering capacity of G. bursa-pastoris integrated with red sea bream ( Pagrus major ) culture in an outdoor flow-through system. This sp ecies has been shown to havehigh growth rates (17.66 to 21.45% d -1 ) at high temperature (35°C) and oceanic salinity (35‰) and tolerance to lower irradiance. Laboratory experiments on nutrient depletion using ammonium and nitr ate as separate nitrogen sources showed that uptake was 29% higher with ammonium than nitrate. In the fish-seaweed integrated system, maximum reduction efficiency (76.78%) and nutri ent uptake rates (1148.36 μ mol kg wet weight -1 h -1 ) were also highest for ammonium. In both laboratory and outdoor experiments, we also ob served the suppression of nitrate uptake by ammonium and the capacity of the seawee d for dark uptake within the 48-hour incubati on period. This higher affinity of the species to ammonium which is the domina nt form in the fish effluents and its capacity for dark uptake make it a suitable biofilter component in IMTA systems. We estimate that about 395 kg of this seaweed will be needed to strip the dissolved nitrogen released from a 1 ton fish biomass culture at 2.7% feed rate.XX International Seaweed Symposium

54 

### 21 STANDING CROP AND REGENERATION OF Sargassum BEDS IN THE EAST COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR Casas-Valdez M 1 

### , Aguila-Ramírez N 1 

### , Sánchez-Rodríguez I 1 

### and Serviere-Zaragoza E 2

1 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), 2 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR). serviere04@cibnor.mx

The standing crop of Sargassumbeds was estimated in the east coast of Baja California Sur in 2006. In addition, the regeneration rate was eval uated in three beds: Califin, Tarabillas, and San Juan de la Costa. In every bed the surface, biomass, and size structure of species were estimated. In total 87 Sargassum beds were located and measured. The total surface calculated was 4 652 480 m 2 and the standing crop was 21 180 t. The standing crop per zone was of 2 821 t in La Paz bay, 1 964 t from P unta Cabeza de Mechudo to Puerto Escondido, 9 594 t in Concepción bay and 6 801 t from Mulegé to Pa ralelo 28°. The biomass average was 3 kg m -2 , 6 kg m -2 , 4 kg m -2 and 9 kg m -2 , respectively. The size range of the species found increased from 9-190 cm in La Paz bay to 132- 1900 cm from Mulegé to Paralelo 28°N. As for regenerati on, the biomass obtained in Califin and Tarabillas beds in 2007 was higher than the one found in 2006 in both harves ted and not harvested areas. In San Juan de la Costa, a lower biomass was determined only in the area that was not harvested previously . Consequently, the biomass reduction in this zone is not attributed to the effect of the harv est. The results of this study prove that in the east coast of Baja California Sur there is a potential of Sargassum algae susceptible of sustainable exploitation.



### 20 Sargassum MEAL AS NON-CONVENTIONAL INGREDIE NT IN FORAGE DIETS FOR GOATS AND SHEEP Casas-Valdez M 1 

### , Rodríguez-Astudillo S 1 

### , Aguila-Ramírez N 1 

### , Sánchez-Rodríguez I 1 

### , HernándezContreras H 2 

### and Carrillo-Domínguez S 3

1 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, 2 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, 3 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. srodrig@ipn.mx

Two validation tests were carried out with 24 Nubia female goats and 26 Peliguey male sheep, both with an average metabolic weight of 9.6 kg. Goats and sheep were distributed randomly in two groups, one fed with a control diet and another with a diet that included 25% of Sargassummeal. Each animal of every group was assigned randomly in a rustic individual cage, provided with food and water containers. Feed and water intake were measured daily during 90 days. Weight, size, length, abdominal, and th orax diameter were measured every 15 days. At the end of the experiments, metabolic weight and feed conversion factor were calculated. There was no significant difference in feed intake, bu t water intake was higher in the diet with Sargassummeal, due to the high mineral content of the algae. Ther e were no significant differences in weight, metabolic weight, size, length, abdominal, and thorax diameter between treatments in goats as well as in sh eep. The feed conversion factor was lower for the diet that included 25% of Sargassummeal in both experimental anim als. It is concluded that it is possible to include up to 25% of Sargassummeal as non-conventional feed in diets for goats and sheep. It is recommended to supply the seaweeds together with conventi onal forages, such as alfa lfa or in balanced food; or ad libitum in feeders.



### 19 PRODUCTION OF LOW CHOLESTEROL WHITE SHRIMP FEED Sargassum MEAL Casas-Valdez M 1 

### , Portillo-Clark G, Rodríguez-Astudillo S 1 

### , Palacios-Mechetnov E 2 

### , Sánchez-Rodríguez I 1 

### , Aguila-Ramírez N 1 

### , Monsalvo-Spencer P, Carrillo-Domínguez S 3

1 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), 2 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), 3 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INNSZ). mcasasv@hotmail.com

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets that contain algae Sargassumspp. at 4 and 8% inclusion, on the productive parameters and choles terol concentration in white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ). Three diets were tested: a commercial diet (control treatment) (T1), a diet with 4% (T2), and a diet with 8% (T3) dry weight ofXX International Seaweed Symposium

55 Sargassummeal. Three 60 L tanks were used as replicas for each treatment. At the end of the experimental treatment (45 days), shrimp were weighed and samples of muscle were freeze-dried and cholesterol content was determined. There were no significant differences in weig ht gain, final size, feed conversion, and survival rate among treatments. The cholesterol concentration in the white shrimp fed with the diet that contained 4% of Sargassumwas significantly ( P <0.05) lower (86 mg/100 g) than in the shrimps fed with the control diet (118 mg/ 100 g) and (114 mg/100 g) 8% Sargassum diet. These results show, that it is possible to include up to 8% of Sargassumin the diet for white shrimp, without detrimental effects in the productive parameters, and that the diet with 4% of Sargassumproduces shrimp with reduced (27%) cholesterol levels.



### 104 COMPOSITION OF MACROALGAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM A DISTURBED ROCKY REEF IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Chávez-Sánchez T 1,2 

### , Mazariegos-Villarreal A 1 

### and Serviere-Zaragoza E 1

1 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Mar Bermejo No. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México. 2 Universidad del Mar, Campus Puerto Ángel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puerto Ángel, Distrito de San Pedro Pochutla, Oax. 70902, México. iguanados4@hotmail.com

Macroalgal assemblages from Canal de San Lorenzo, a disturbed rocky reef in the southwest Gulf of California, were studied in order to observe changes in the macroa lgae composition two years after ship stranding and the impact of Hurricane Juliette. Three areas with different degrees of disturbance were selected (site 1 to 3 from highly disturbed to less disturbed), and seasonal sample s were collected from 2005 to 2007. We found a total of 121 species, 24 Chlorophyta, 25 Pheophyta and 72 Rhodophyta. Filamentous macroalgae such as Cladophora, Ectocarpus, Ceramium , and Polysiphonia were the main species that charac terized the macroalgal assemblages of the channel, but we alsofound species such as Sargassum, Padina and Dyctiota . The number of temperate and tropical species was similar (38), 12 species could not de termined and the rest where of wide distribution (33). Species richness varied between sites (79 – 92) without clear relation to th e degree of disturbance. The highest number of species was found in the spring of 2007 (85) and the minimum in the autumn of 2006 (36), consistent with seasonal changes observed in the region. The filamentous morphology and turf forming habit of the majority of macroalgae species allow them to resist strong currents and substrate instability present in the area. Our results showed that, after two years of the disturbance, macroalgal assembla ges had similar species richness and composition regardless of the degree of disturbance, showing similar patte rns to the macroalgal assemblages in the region.



### 191 SEAWEEDS: THE INORGANIC EXTRACTIVE COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA) NOT ONLY PRODUCIN G A MULTIPLE-USE BIOMASS BUT ALSO RENDERING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR NUTRIENT/CARBON CREDITS Chopin TM 1 

### , Sawhney M 1 

### , Campbell E 1 

### , Shea R 1 

### , Belyea E 1 

### , Pang SJ 2 

### , Reid GK 1,3 

### , Robinson SMC 3 

### , Haya K 3 

### , Burridge L 3 

### , Page F 3 

### , Ridler N 1 

### , Szemerda M 4 

### , Powell F 4 

### , Sewuster J 5 

### and Boyne-Travis S 6

1 University of New Brunswick, Centre for Coastal Studie s & Aquaculture, Centre for Environmental & Molecular Algal Research, P.O. Box 5050, Sa int John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada, 2 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, 3 Department of Fisheries & Ocea ns, 531 Brandy Cove Road, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L9, Canada, 4 Cooke Aquaculture Inc., 874 Main Street, Blacks Harbour, NB E5H 1E6, Canada, 5 Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1X8, Canada, 6 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 99 Mount Pleasant Road, St. George, NB E5C 3S9, Canada. tchopin@unbsj.ca

The aquaculture sector needs to develop more responsible practices to optimize its efficiency, create diversification and ensure the mitigati on of the consequences of its acti vities. One innovative solution for environmental sustainability, economic stability and societal acceptability is integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). IMTA combines the cultivation of fed aquaculture species ( e.g. finfish) with inorganic extractive aquaculture species ( e.g. seaweeds) and organic extrac tive aquacult ure species ( e.g. suspension- and depositfeeders) for a balanced ecosystem management approach. Extractive aquaculture not only produces a multipleuse biomass, it also renders ecosystem services. Thro ugh IMTA, some of the food, nutrients and by-products considered lost in finfish monoculture are recaptured and converted into food, fertilizers and energy to produce extractive crops of commercial value, while biomitigation take s place. In this way, the nutrient externalities of fedXX International Seaweed Symposium

56 monoculture are internalized, hence increasing the ov erall profitability and resilience of IMTA farms. The economic value of the environmental/soci etal services and benefits of extractive species needs to be recognized/ accounted for to establish the true value of these IMTA components. This would create even stronger incentives for aquaculturists to develop IMTA systems, in which se aweeds and invertebrates should be traded for nutrient/ carbon credits and coastal eutrophication reduction, through long-term pl anning/zoning in the broader context of integrated coastal zone management. The IMTA program in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, and the world’s largest macroalgal green tide in the Qingdao re gion, China, are used to illustrate th e need to consider ecosystem services so that biomitigative solutions become an integral part of regulatory and management frameworks.



### 507 MASS CULTURE OF RHODOPHYCEAN FILA MENTS AS SOURCE MATERIAL FOR NEUTRACEUTICALS Chou H-N 1 

### , Jeng J-M 1 

### and Lu H-K 2

1 Institute of Fisheries Science and Department of Life Scie nce, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, 2Sport Science Research Center, National Taiwan College of Physical Education, Taichung 40046, Taiwan. unijohn@ntu.edu.tw

Biliproteins, such as phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, have been used in fluorescent labeling of antibodies applied as diagnostic agents in immunological, clinical, cell biological and biochemical research. Recently they were reported to be active in blocking the viral infection, in addition to their ab ility to regulate mammalian immunological response and enhance immunity. Most of the biliproteins commercially available are from Spirulina due to their existing aquaculture scope and being a so urce material of neutrace uticals. Biliproteins from red algae have been very difficult because of the poor ex tractability from the thalloid plants and the inconsistent content in the field collected samples. Rhodophycean filaments derived from spore germination or fragments of pseudoparenchymatous tissue can be cultured in abundance under cont rolled conditions. Mass cultured filaments of red algae applied as a source mate rial for biliproteins have several ad vantages, such as consistent content, extractability and easy harvesting of the filamentous plant. Filamentou s cultures of red algae have been successfully developed in large scale, both in an open po nd or a closed photobioreactor. Mass production of the filamentous biomass can be applied not only as source material for bilipr otein extraction for coloring agent in food, drink and cosmetics, but also neut raceutical source material . Filament cultures of various red algal species are under development for bioact ive natural product isolation.



### 144 PILOT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COASTAL CO 2 

### REMOVAL BELT (CCRB) IN KOREA Chung IK 1 

### , Oak JH 2 

### , Park K-S 3 

### and Kim JG 4

1 Div. Earth Environmental System, Pusan Na tional University, Busan 609-735, Korea, 2 Marine Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735, Korea, 3 Energy & Environ. Res. Div., RIST, Pohang 790-600, Korea,
4 RCC, 601 Jigok-dong, Pohang Technopark Ventrue Bldg #205, Pohang 790-834, Korea. ikchung@pusan.ac.kr

The Coastal CO 2 Removal Belt (CCRB) idea is to set up kelpfarms which fix a prodigious quantity of CO 2 through photosynthesis as primary producers in the marine ecos ystem. We could develop the concept of temporary or rented credits of carbon storage. Th erefore, CCRB could be defined as a man-made marine plant community that is managed by CDM Project participants. With this CCRB, we verify their mechanism as a CO 2 sink and develop seaweed CDM methodologies and expe ct lots of ecosystem services in the marine environment.



### 138 MARINE MACROALGAE INTRODU CED SPECIES: WHY ARE SOME SPECIES SO INVASIVE? Collado-Vides L Department of Biological Sciences, and Southeast Enviro nmental Research Center OE 167, Florida International University, Miami, FL 331 99, USA. colladol@fiu.edu

Introduction of species to ra nges outside their original di stribution is a widespread biological problem. Seaweeds have been introduced through differ ent vectors, the main sources being hull-fouling and aquaculture, while aquarium trade counts for 1% of documented invasive species. Not all introduced species are successful invaders;XX International Seaweed Symposium

57 however, no general life histories have been documented to expl ain why some macroalgal species are more invasive than others. A recent analys is of 407 introduction events, with a total of 277 in troduced species, documents that the two green algal fa milies Caulerpaceae and Codiaceae have significantly more invader species than expected by chance. Particular life history traits have been acknowledged to be shared by successful terrestrial plant invaders. Using Caulerpa species as a model, we analyze the pa rticular biological traits that make some species of this genus successful invaders. Documented biological traits associat ed with the invasiveness of Caulerpa taxifolia are: high growth rate; nutrient uptake from sediments; tolerance to low water temperature; lack of consumers; and clonal growth form. Clonality allows Caulerpa to cover new areas through vegetative growth, disperse by fragmentation, avoid senescence, an d use resources opportunisti cally. These attributes have been described for other Caulerpa species, which means that some of them are potential invaders. The genus Caulerpa includes 73 species worldwide with several in the aquarium trade; therefore import policies are needed in order to avoid future introductions.



### 137 MACROALGAL INTRA-SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON POPULATION PRODUCTION: A GENERAL OVERVIEW Collado-Vides L Department of Biological Sciences, and Southeast Enviro nmental Research Center OE 167, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.

Seaweed population interactions are critically importan t for the establishment and maintaining of populations. The positive and negative in tra-specific interactions that ultimately affect the production and mortality of populations of algal species are different among stages /phases of the complex algal life cycles; moreover, the outcome on those interactions will impact the population abundances at the next stage/phase. This review explores theoretical and experimental studies focused on in tra-specific interactions at the level of dispersal and recruitment, post-recruitment, survivorship and reproduc tion and fecundity rates between haploids and diploids of juveniles and adults. Most studies addressing the dy namics of macroalgal populations document the role of inter-specific interactions, such as grazing effects on surv ivorship of haploid or diploi d recruits, or the interaction between tidal timing and the release of gametes. A relative good number of studies discuss the distribution and abundance of populations as response to environmental va riables; however, less atte ntion has received the study of intra-specific interactions. Positive and negative density-dependent interactions have been described under different environmental scenarios including the analysis of clonal and non-clonal growth forms. G:S adult ratios are variable among species, this might be responding to dispersal and spore production and recruitment dynamics. Results of demographic studies highlight the ne ed to understand the role of all different stage/phases of algal life cycle to develop accurate population stud ies. At the present time we recognize that a better knowledge of microscopic stages and the feedback through dens ity-dependent reproductive processes, including dispersal and settlementare necessary for understanding algal population dynamics.



### 289 SPECTROSCOPIC AND CHROMATO GRAPHIC APPROACHES: “TWENTY FIVE YEARS OF STUDIES ON THE RED MACROALGA Solieria chordalis” Deslandes E 1 

### , Bondu S, Goulard F, Fournet I, Ar Gall E, Diouris M and Floch JY
1 Lebham Ea 3877, European Institute for Marine Studies University of Western Brittany, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280, Plouzane, France. eric.deslandes@univ-brest.fr

The review is intended as an overview of 25 years of research carried on the red macroalga Solieria chordalis (Gigartinales) with an emphasis on the metabolic aspect s. The report summarizes results of four PhD works and about fifteen published papers, wrote by the scientists atthe LEBHAM group (France) during these last 25 years. All these studies led us to provide a strong knowledge about the carbon metabolic pathways from the red alga S. chordalis and its adaptation to face up environmental st resses. Purification and ch aracterization experiments allowed defining the componen ts constituting the carbon metabolic path way in this red alga. Three levels have been investigated: the enzymes (ie epimerase and pyro phosphorylase), the nucleotides sugars and the final products (ie floridean starch, low molecular weight carb ohydrates, cell wall polysaccharides). Experiments with algal cultures at the laboratory allowed studying the impa cts of changes in light intensities, salinity and nutrients on the algal carbon metabolism at its enzymatic regulation level and the consequences on the contents of activated sugars and storage products. These studies have also provided a solid te chnical background. Covering several fields ranging from algal culture techniques to pu rification and chemical struct ure elucidation, this studyXX International Seaweed Symposium

58 required the use of various specificbiotechnological equipments and instrumental methods. During the last decades, analytical tools (ie chromatographic method s and different NMR techniques as well as mass spectrometry) have never ceas ed to be improved and have made specta cular progress in the accuracy, efficiency and sensitivity. A part of this workdescribes the use of high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy in studies of whole plant sample ( in-situ identification and in-situ quantification of alga l Metabolites e.g. low molecular mass glycosides).



### 57 STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SUBTIDAL VEGETATI ON IN BIZKAIA COAST (NORTHERN SPAIN): ARE THEY SIGNALS OF THE GLOBAL WARMING? Díez I, Muguerza N, Santolaria A and Gorostiaga JM Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo. 644 Bilbao 48080, Spain. jm.gorostiaga@ehu.es

Increases in sea surface temperature and irradiance have been documented for the Ba sque coast during the last decades. These changes together with the evidence of changes in key structural phytobenthic communities detected at local scale (few kilomete rs) let us to evaluate changes in sp ecies abundance and diversity along the whole western Basque coast. For that purpose several locations studied in summer 1991 were revisited in 2008. n-MDS ordination analysis applied toa network of 378 quadrats distribu ted in 18 sites re vealed remarkable structural changes in subtidal vegetation. Results showed a widespread increa ses of coralline algae ( Corallina spp., Mesophyllum lichenoides, Lithophyllum incrustans), filamentous species ( Falkenbergia rufolanosa, Gayliella flaccida, Herposiphonia sp.) and others species such as Zanardinia typus and Acrosorium ciliolatum . It was also remarkable the disappearance of the kelp Laminaria ochroleuca . Likewise, strong changes in the distribution of the main canopy species were recorded. The agarophyte Gelidium corneumdecreased in clean transparent waters whereas increased in those sites with a slight extra load of nutrients and turbidity (i.e. close to river mouths). The macrophyte Cystoseira baccata suffered noticeable changes in distributi on, but a clear trend for the whole coast could not be established. On the other hand, species richness and di versity (Shannon and Simpson indices) significantly increased at all locati ons studied. These changes in major primary producers and habitat formers could significantly impact the Basquecoastal ecosystem. Our results sugg est that the global warming could be responsible for these changes, alth ough temperature would not be the only regulating factor, changes in irradiance and nutrients could also be involved.



### 285 THE ROLE OF KELP FORESTS IN REGULATI NG ATMOSPHERIC CARBON: A LARGE-SCALE PERSPECTIVE Edwards M 1 

### and Kim KY 2

1 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92107. 2 Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KOREA. edwards@sciences.sdsu.edu

Increases in atmospheric CO 2 have resulted in measurable global heat retention and ocean acidification. While ocean waters play an important role in CO 2 uptake from the atmosphere, increases in surface water pCO 2 may reduce the rate of additional CO 2 uptake. Thus, processes that reduce surface water pCO 2 may be crucial to maintaining CO 2 flux from the atmosphere. Much in the way terrestrial forests play a major role in the drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 , marine forests are similarly important in the coastal environment. Working at sites in California, coastal Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, we sh ow that large kelp forests can reduce surface water pCO2 within the forests by 20-50% relative to adjacent waters, although small kelp beds show little-to-no ability to reduce pCO 2 . In contrast, pCO 2 levels near the bottom of the forests were higher inside the forests than outside, likely due to lower photosynthetic activity and increase d microbial activity. Lastly, we combine data on kelp distribution and abundance, carbon uptake rates, and kelp tissue carbon data toshow that coastal kelp forest can play a major role in mitigating recent increases in atmospheric CO 2 .XX International Seaweed Symposium

59 

### 105 GENOME EXPRESSION ANALYSISTO UNDERSTAND ANTI-HERBI VORE DEFENSE IN A ROCKWEED Ehlers A 1 

### , Kruse I 1 

### , John U 2 

### and Weinberger F 1

1 Dept. of Benthic Ecology, IFM-GEOMAR, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, 2 Dept. of Ecological Chemistry, AWI, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. fweinberger@ifm-geomar.de

During the last years it has been established that Fucus vesiculosus is capable of induced defense in response to herbivory. In this rockweed, grazing results in reduced palatability, which is due to a production of defensive compounds. The nature of these compounds is largely unk nown and subject to discussion, with phlorotannin as a possible candidate substance. Similarly, the cues th at trigger defense response s are poorly known, with oligoguluronic acid and methyl jasm onate among the proposed molecular si gnals. As a new approach to tackle these and related questions, we developed a transcript profiling tool for F. vesiculosus . Total RNA was extracted from algae that were subject to grazing by the isopod Id otea baltica for up to 4 days and from ungrazed control algae. Similarly, RNA was extracted after 0.5, 1 and 24 hours from specimens thathad been challenged with oligoguluronate or methyl jasmonate and from unchallenged controls. All treatments resulted in significantly reduced palatability of F. vesiculosus to I. baltica . Both a normalized and a subtracted cDNA library were constructed from pooled RNA. Subseque nt sequencing and assembly resulted in over 33000 gene models. These were used to design a cDNA microarray, which was then applied to analyze the genome expression of above mentioned algal specimens. We here compare expression patterns over time and afte r different treatments, put them into relation with algal palata bility and phlorotannin concentration, an d demonstrate for the first time that the ecofunctional genomics approach allows to gain ne w insights into the underlying processes of defense in rockweeds.



### 168 IMPACT OF SEAWEEDS ON FLUORESCENT Pseudomonas AND THEIR ROLE IN SUPPRESSING THE ROOT DISEASES OF SOYBEAN AND CHILI Ehteshamul-Haque S 1 

### , Sultana V 2 

### , Ara J 3 

### and Rajput MT 2

1 Agricultural Biotechnology & Phytopatho logy Laboratory, Department of Botany, 2 Biotechnology & Drug Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, 3 Post-harvest Technology Laboratory, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. ehtesham12@hotmail.com

Incorporation of organic matter in soil before the sowing of seeds or transplanting the seedling has been reported to increased microbial activity in soil specially fluorescent Pseudomonas , that play a vital role in suppressing the root rotting fungi and parasitic nema todes invading plant roots. In this study dry powder of seaweeds Sargassum binderi, S. tenerrimum, Rhizocloniumimplexum, Stoechospermum marginatum , Padina tetrastromatica, Stokeyia indica and Solieria robusta were applied as soil amendment two weeks before the sowing of soybean seeds or transplanting of chili seedlings in sc reen house and in field experiments. Application of some seaweeds and topsin-M (fungicide) and carbofuran (nematicide) showed mo re or less similar suppressive effect on root rotting fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoc tonia solani, Fusarium solani and root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on soybean and chili crops. Seaweed also showed a positive effect on plant growth by enhancing fresh shoot weight and plant height. Incorporation of seaweeds in soil increased population of fluorescent Pseudomonas around the roots of soybean and chili as compar ed to non-seaweed control. However the increased population of fluorescent Pseudomonas around the roots did not correlate with disease suppression.XX International Seaweed Symposium

60 

### 181 SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDES FROM Bryopsis plumosa . COMPARISON WITH THOSE OF OTHER BRYOPSIDALES (CHLOROPHYTA) Fernández PV 1 

### , Cerezo AS 2 

### , Estevez JM 3 

### and Ciancia M 1,2

1 Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Dpto. de BiologíaAplicada y Alimentos, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2 CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Dpto. de Química Orgánica, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 3 Dpto. de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. ciancia@agro.uba.ar

Polysaccharides from Bryopsis plumosa were characterized and their structure was studied by methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The major sulfated polysa ccharide is a highly ramifi ed (1®3)-b-D-galactan (molar ratio Gal:sulfate 1:0.9), sulfated mainly on C-4, partiall y substituted on C-6; termin al pyruvilated galactose units are present in important quantities. This structur e is similar to that found for galactans from Codiumsps. and was obtained by extraction with water atroom temperature together with a non-sulfated arabinan. In the latter polysaccharide, the monosaccharide units are in the fu ranose form, a similar structure was found in small amounts in C. fragileafter fractionation by ion exchange chro matography. Nevertheless, this structure is completely different to the main highlysulfated piranosic arabin an present in the same species, as well as in C. vermilara . Besides, by hot water extraction a sulfated rhamna n was detected in significant amounts. Based in our studies, cell walls in the green seaweeds of Bryopsidales group biosynthesize a great diversity of polysaccharides structures; not only the fibrillar polysaccharides are different, but there are also important differences in the acidic ones. A survey of these seldom studied structures will be presented.



### 61 CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE ASINDICATOR OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MACROALGAE Figueroa FL , Korbee N and Conde-Álvarez R Department of Ecology.University of Málaga.29071-Málaga, SPAIN. felix_lopez@uma.es

Macroalgae have been used as good indicators of the water quality (ecological status) because their sedentary condition, integrating the effects of long-term environm ental changes. The macroalgae can acclimate to stress conditions at photosynthetic level. The evaluation of the vulnerability requires the knowledge of the structurefunction of the aquatic ecosystems. Although one of the be st indicators of human activity i.e urban sewage is the decline of biodiversity, this decrease is not only relate d to species extinction but also the loss of genetic and functional diversity at different levels of organization. In order to evaluate the physio logical status of macroalgae is necessary to use functional indicators as photosynthesis. Accurate dete rminations of algal photosynthesis by oxygen evolution present difficulties in both short an d long-term scale due to the diverse photoacclimation mechanisms and complex regulation systems. The de velopment of non-intrusive methodologies as pulse amplitude modulated in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence (PAM) has led to ra pid and sensitive measurements of changes in the physiological status of marine macroalgae underboth natural and artifi cial light conditions, including macroalgae in aquaculture systems. In this st udy, technical aspects of th e determination of effective and maximum quantum yields and electron transport rate as indication of efficiency and photosynthetic capacity respectively are discussed. The energy dissipation and non-photochemical quenching (as indicator of mechanisms to acclimation to stress) are reviewed. Finally, the relati on between chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution in macroalgae submitted to differen t environmental conditions (irradian ce, light quality and nutrients) is presented.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 125 GROWTH EXPERIMENTS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Saccharina latissima IN AN INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE SYSTEM Forbord S 1 

### , Wang X 2 

### , Beesk H 3 

### , Olsen Y 2 

### and Reitan KI 1

1 SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, Trondheim. 2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim. 3 Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissensch aften at the Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel (IFM-GEOMAR). silje.forbord@sintef.no.

Ropes with lab-grown Saccharina latissima plants were put out alongside a sa lmon farm in Trøndelag (Norway) to see if the plants could take up excess nutrients released from the cages. Tissue sample s for chemical analysis and growth measurements were done every second month from April toOctober. The carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus values and the stable isotope results differ ed from plants located downstream and upstream from the plants in the middle of the fish farm. It was also a co ntrol station which was not affected by fish farming at all. The growth rates of the sporophytes we re poor in comparable to growth experiments done earlier that year, supposedly due to the temperature at the time they we re outplanted. The amount of epiphytes growing on the kelp surface was extensive, especially on plants situat ed in between the cages and in the summer months. Plants in the upper layer (0.5-2 m) were growing much poor er than the plants in the lower layer (4-5.5 m).



### 180 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW SUPPORT SYST EM FOR MONITORING, MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATION OF SEAWEED BEDS Fujita D , Kuwahara H, Mori K and Kusunoki F d-fujita@kaiyodai.ac.jp

In Japan, publish of a guideline (2007), a succeeding project (2007-2009) and the commencement of a new support system (2009) refreshed the national policy of monitoring, maintenance and re storation of seaweed beds. The guideline (written in Japanese but with full illustration ), presented in the XIXth ISS, is now available from the web site of Fisheries Agency, Japan. In the following proj ect, policy and contents of the guideline were propagated in local areas and restoration of seaweed beds were prac ticed in model areas. In the restoration trials, each practice was obliged to follow the steps of adaptive mana gement shown in the guideline, to record the process and to announce the results for sharing information among participants and local residents. Introduction of a chief supporter (organizer, specialist, diver, etc.) result ed in the successful recovery of algal communities in several urchin barrens. The new fina ncial support system was established to keep monitoring, maintenance and restoration of seaweed beds (and tidal flats, coral reefs, etc.). The proposed activity plans, when admitted by the local committee (prefectural level), can be supported by a combined grant from town/city (1/4), prefecture (1/4) and nation (1/2) at least for five year s. During the activities, applicants have the duty to measure and monitor the seaweed beds in the target areas and record the process and results of their actions.



### 179 BROWSING ON Eisenia, Sargassum AND Zostera BEDS BY HERBIVOROUS FISH AT TATEYAMA COAST IN THE BOSO PENINSULA, PACIFIC COAST, JAPAN Fujita D , Sadamatsu T, Yokota J, Watanabe R and Koike Y d-fujita@kaiyodai.ac.jp

In warm temperate Japanese coasts, destructive browsing on seaweed and seagrass communities by herbivorous fishes has been recently reported though the occurrence of these fishes were known at least for > 300 years. On the Pacific coast of Honshu, Boso Peninsul a is the substantial northern limit of Siganus fuscescens . At Banda (N34°58’, E139°46’) on th e open coast in the suburb of Tateyama City, Eisenia/Ecklonia beds have decreased since 2005; most of Ecklonia beds (10 m in depth, 200 m from shore) disappeared. The detailed observations since June 2007 revealed that subtidal Eisenia arborea and Sargassum ringgoldianumstands (> 5 m in depth) lost most of their blades, leaving dear-horn like stipes except th alli inhabiting tide pools and exposed rocks. At Okinoshima (N34°59’, E139°49’) in Tateya ma Bay near city center, Eisenia/Ecklonia beds remained but leaves of Zostera marina was pruned by browsing of S. fuscescens in September 2009. In the intert idal zone of both sites, apicalXX International Seaweed Symposium

62 parts of Sargassum fusiformis leaves were lost frequentlyby browsing by juvenile S. fuscescens in the autumn. These observations will provide a base for the future monitoring.



### 229 MOLECULAR SEQUENCING OF TYPE SPECIMEN S REVISES NORTHEAST PACIFIC CORALLINALES (RHODOPHYTA): LESSONS FROM Bossiella Gabrielson PW 1 

### , Miller KA 2 

### and Martone PT 3

1 Herbarium, University of North Carolina, Ch apel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA, 2 Herbarium, University of California at Berkeley, Be rkeley CA, 94720-2465, USA, 3 Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 2Z1, Canada. drseaweed@hotmail.com

Molecular sequencing of type specimens and historicallyimportant specimens along with field-collected material is rapidly changing our understanding of the Northeast Pacific red algal seaweed flora. This is especially true in the order Corallinales (Rhodophyta) where historically there has been much disagreement about species and generic concepts for both articulated and crustose taxa. A good example is the articulated coralline genus Bossiella , common in the mid- to low intertidal and shallow subtidal zones from Sout heast Alaska, USA to Baja California, Mexico. Four species and two subspecies cu rrently are recognized in this geographic area, but molecular sequencing of type and field material has revealed much confusion. Evidence will be presented of multiple species under a single name, e.g., Bossiella plumosa and Bossea frondifera , of single species with multiple names, e.g., Bossiella dichotoma , of incorrect synonymies of names, e.g., Bossiella orbigniana subsp. dichotoma
, Bossiella interrupta
, Bossiella ligulata and Bossiella saggitata , and of species that appear not to have been named. Similar problems exist in nearly all of the other genera of articulated and crustose coralline algae in the Northeast Pacific, and worldwide, and the general application of this method of sequencing type and historically important specimens to reso lve these problems will be discussed.



### 135 EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF THE PHOTOPROTECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF Macrocystis pyrifera García-Mendoza Eand Ocampo-Álvarez H Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica/ CICESE. Km 107 carr. Tij-Ens. Ensenada, Baja California, México. ergarcia@cicese.mx

M. pyrifera exhibits different photoacclimation and photopro tection responses related to the position of its photosynthetic tissue in the water column. Of special impo rtance for the regulation of the photosynthetic activity is the high non-photochemical quenching of PSII chlo rophyll a florescence (NPQ) capacity present in surface blades. NPQ is the proxy to measure thermal dissipation of the excess energy in the photosynthetic apparatus. This process is one of the most important photoprotection mechanisms of higher plants and algae. It is generally assumed that the molecular control of NP Q is similar in all eukaryotic photot rophs that show xantophyll cycle (XC) activity: the interconversion of the pigm ents diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin, or violaxanthin to zeaxanthin. Here, we show that control of NPQ is different in M. pyriferacompared to higher plants. We found important differences in PS II florescence change s between the alga and high er plants. Specifically, M. pyrifera does not present a “light activation” phenomena defined as the fast induction of NPQ upon illumination when Zea is present in preillumianted samples. Therefore, NPQ in M. pyrifera depends only on the activity of the xanthophyl cycle and the transthylakoid proton gradient (DpH) does not influe nce NPQ beyond the activation of the XC. Beyond of its physiological significance, a different control of NP Q among divergent groups of organisms has profound evolutionary implications. We discuss in the present wo rks how one of most important photosynthetic regulation mechanisms might have evolved differen tly between groups of phototrophs.XX International Seaweed Symposium

63 

### 173 COMPARISON OF TWO CLARIFICATION SYSTEM S FOR ALGAE PARTICLE SEPARATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF AGAR FROM Gracilaria vermiculophylla , AND THE USE OF THE RESIDUALS AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER García-Raymundo MJ 1 

### , Hernández-Carmona G 2 

### , Benítez-Pardo D 1 

### , Rodríguez-Montesinos YE 2 

### , ArvizuHiguera DL 2 

### and Muñoz-Ochoa M 2

1 Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Paseo Claussen s/n Col. Centro.Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 82000, México, 2 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México. Bpckem@gmail.com

At present, little is known about the in dustrial clarification process during ag ar production. This is the first study in Mexico to determine the best method for agar extraction from the red algae Gracilaria vermiculophylla at the pilot plant scale. We experimented wi th two industrial systems for agar clarification: vacuum filter (ALAR) modified with double jacket for steam supply, and centri fuge (Alfa Laval-Sharples). We tested those systems for two different processes: without alkaline treatment and wi th alkaline treatment. The best method was the vacuum filter, because it removed 100% of suspended solids, whil e centrifugation removed only 66%. This was due to the increased viscosity in the agar solution that made separati on difficult using only centri fugal force. The highest gel strength was obtained using the alkaline treatment me thod and vacuum system. The residual material after clarification was dried and milled to use as orga nic fertilizer for growth of white mangrove ( Laguncularia

racemosa). The fastest growth rate (cm per month) after 6 mo nths was obtained with th e fertilizer obtained from native agar and centrifuged (3.4). The second fastest was us ing the fertilizer from native agar and filtration (3.35) and the least growth resulted from the material obtained from modified agar and filtration (3.0). These values were significantly higher compared wi th mangrove growth with a control su bstrate composed of river sand (1.9 cm). Another observation suggests thatorganic fertilizer based on residues of algae and diatomaceous earth can also help plants to resist low temperatures.



### 83CULTIVATION ON SOME SPECIES OF RED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA): PRODUCING PULP AND BIOETHANOL Gerung GS 1 

### and You HC 2

1 Sam Ratulangi Univesity, Fac of Fisheries and Marine Science, Dep.of Marine Science, Manado 95115,Indonesia. Telp. +62-812-440-2797; Fax:+62-431-868027, E-mail: ggrevo@hotmail.com. 2 Pegasus Int. Inc. 7F, Platinum Bldg, 889-51, Dae-Chi Dong, Kang-Nam Ku, Seoul 135-839, Ko rea. Telp. +82-2-3452-6288; Fax. +82-2-3452-4288. pegasus1@pegasushomepage.com

Various solutions to the problem of ag ainst global warming have been prop osed. Recently seaweed industry can be replacing wood paper with seaweed paper containing red algal pulp and also prod uce ethanol. Seaweeds have much faster growth-rates than foresttree. The idea was to set up algae farms covering thousands of square kilometers from the coastline to th e open ocean. Trial was beginning from four new cultivation species , Gelidium amansii, Pterocladia capillacea sp , Porphyroglossum sp , and Ptilophora sp. All species have become economically important seaweeds as sources of raw material for the extraction of agar and ethanol and the thallus consists of much fiber for pulp. Except Gelidium amansii from Korea, others ge nera are abundant naturally in south coast of Indonesia waters. As a new cultivated species, these gene ra were harvested from natu ral population then adapted in indoor tank cultivation before transferred to the fiel d cultivation ground by long line and off bottom methods. Specimens show survived in the new cultivation area outs ide of their natural habitat. Growth rates of all genera showed various from 1 to 3% and Gelidium amansii was higher than the others. Al though all genera were the new cultivated species, however may become the potentials seaweeds cultivation in the future. As the very large marine area with 17,500 islands, Indo nesia can be developing red algae industry as raw material of agar-agar, pulp and ethanol to support algae as a CO 2 sink and CDM program.XX International Seaweed Symposium

64 

### 299 MANAGEMENT OF Gelidium sesquipedale NATURAL BEDS ALONG THE EAST ATLANTIC COAST, COMPARISON OF THE METHODS USED Givernaud T 1 

### , Mouradi A 2 

### , Barbaroux O 3 

### , Orbi A 4

### and Kaas R 3

1 Setexam, Km 7 route de Tanger; BP 210, 14000 KENITRA, MOROCCO; 2 LBBE; Facult des Sciences, Universit Ibn Tofail, 3 BP 133 14000 KENITRA, MOROCCO; 3 PBA, IFREMER, Rue de l\'Ile d\'Y eu, BP 21105, 44311 NANTES Cedex 03 FRANCE; 4 INRH Dept Oceanographie et Aquaculture,et 2 Rue de Tiznit, CASABLACA, MOROCCO

Gelidium sesquipedaleis harvested along the east Atlantic coast fr om the South France to the South of Morocco. This portion of coast supplies about 80% of the total Gelidiumharvested worldwide for agar production. The biology, reproduction and the regenerative ability after pulling or cutting have been studied for more than 40 years. The results of these researches have leaded to di fferent methods of managementof this natural resource. In France and Spain, it is forbidden to harvest the seaweed by scuba diving. It is only possible to gather the seaweed that has been naturally pulled out by the stor m; they can be harvested on the sea shore or pumped directly from the sea bottom. In Morocco and Portugal the seaweed are still harvested directly by divers. In Portugal, the variation of the quantities of seaweed harvested per unit of effort measured every year is used to determine the quantity of seaweed that can be harvested. In Morocco, the dire ct estimation of the biomass is used to determine the quota to be harves ted. These 2 methods are compared. An d it is interesting to compare the evolution of the harvested population tothe evolution of Spanish and French population that have not to sustain direct harvest.



### 122 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PRODUCTIVI TY POTENTIAL OF GLOBAL KELP SYSTEMS Graham MH 1 

### and Kinlan BP 2

1 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Mo ss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, 2 Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-6150. mg raham@mlml.calstate.edu

Debate on the causes of kelp deforestation-forestation cycles in global kelp systems has focused on differences in top down (kelp-sea urchin-top predator trophic cascades)versus bottom-up (variability in oceanographic climate) forcing. Although top-down/bottom-up processes are not mutually exclusive, little effort has been made to study the structure of kelp systems using energetic approaches that address the balance betw een kelp prod uctivity and consumer pressure. Data from 25 kelp systems were used tostudy kelp produc tivity potential at a global scale. We found that the productivity potent ial of global kelp systems can be well explained by spatial variability in ocean climate (temperature, nutrients, light, etc), with re gional differences in ocean climate explaining why some kelp systems are more productive than others. Temper ate zones had the most prod uctive kelp systems, with productivity potential generally decr easing with increasing latitude. Co nsequently, future ocean warming may have positive effects on kelp systems in low productivityregions as productive kelptaxa expand their range or conditions become more temperate, whereas high productivity systems may be negatively impacted if ocean warming exceeds kelp tolerances, depending on associ ated changes in nutrient supply. Our understanding of current and future kelp deforestation-fo restation events at a global scale wi ll benefit from studies that address the causes of imbalance in kelp productivity, especia lly as it relates to herbivore consumption pressure.



### 18 WHAT IS THE BEST TECHNIQUE FOR Kappaphycus alvarezii FARMING AT THE SOUTH COAST OF BRAZIL? Góes HG 1,2 

### and Reis RP 1

1 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, CEP 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. rreis@jbrj.gov.br. 2Sete Ondas Biomar, Cultivo de Algas Marinhas Ltda., Av. Coletora s/no, lote 1 - A, quadra B, CEP 23810-000, Distrito Industrial deItaguaí, Itaguaí, RJ, Brazil. rreis@jbrj.gov.br

Considering that advances of farming techniques result ed from research to improve production, a new farming technique for Kappaphycus alvarezii (tubular netting technique - TN) on fl oating rafts at Brazilian southeasternXX International Seaweed Symposium

65 coast (23 o 02'25"S and 43 o 53'39"W) was compared with the current technique used (tie-tie technique -TT). After 47 days the daily growth rate (mean of 3.4±0.65%.day -1 ), carrageenan yield (mean of 36±1.33%), gel strength (mean of 730±114.54 g.cm 2 ) and viscosity (mean of 350±60.43 cP) values did not differ between the two techniques (p>0.001). On the other ha nd, the time rates used to plant (TT = 30.16 ± 2.31min and TN = 13.33 ±3.44min) and to harvest the seedlings (TN = 36.17 ± 2.71min and TN = 17.83 ± 3.71min) were lower in TN (p>0.001). In spite of the daily growth rate, carrageenan yield and quality values were similar in both techniques, the TN farming management (time rates used to plant and to harvest the seed lings) was more effective, since was 53% faster, no seedlings were lost and the overall cost was 20% less expensive.



### 103 IMPACT OF AN INVASIVE RED ALGA UPON A NATIVE ROCKWEED
Hammann M 1 

### , Buchholz B 1 

### , Karez R 2 

### , Wahl M 1 

### and Weinberger F 1

1 IFM-GEOMAR, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany, 2 Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und ländliche Räume des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburger Chaussee 24, 24220 Flintbek, Germany. mhammann@ifm-geomar.de

The red macroalga Gracilaria vermiculophylla has recently been introduced into the Western Baltic Sea. It performs best under mesohaline conditions and appears well adapted to spread in the brackish Baltic Sea environment. Fucus vesiculosus is the most common native perennial alga in this sea area, where it forms important habitats. Gracilaria might have the potential to interfere with the development of Fucus in two different ways

. First, there could be a direct competition for resources like space and nutrients. Secondly, Gracilaria is a preferred refuge for mesograz ers whose favoured food is Fucus. If the abundance of herbivores increases due to G. vermiculophylla providing them suitable shelter, individuals of F. vesiculosus in the proximity of Gracilaria mats might be exposed to higher consumption. Totest these hypotheses, mesocosm-experiments were conducted between March 2008 and March 2009. Fucus was incubated with and without Gracilaria . Half of the treatments contained high and half of them low grazer de nsities, in order to test the influence of grazers. These experiments were supplemented by field experiments. Our studies show that high densities of G. vermiculophylla inhibit the growth of F. vesiculosus through direct competition for resources. High grazer densities have a similar effect. The half-life time of Fucus germlings is also reduced by high densities of Gracilaria , whereas a high abundance of grazers increases it. Our results therefore suggest that G. vermiculophylla is able to modify certain habitats in the Baltic Sea being a competitor of other macroalgae and also supporting their grazers.



### 265 ISOTOPE ANALYSIS TO TRACE NITROGE N SOURCES OF MACROALGAL BLOOMS Hanniffy Dand Kraan S Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland. declan.hanniffy@nuigalway.ie

Inputs of biodegradable organic matter such as, animal manure, sewage, and fertiliser run-off have many effects on the quality of receiving waters an d are a primary cause of eutrophication . In estuaries and shallow bays, this can lead to blooms of vast green algal mats, known as ‘green tides’. These blooms co nsist predominantly of the green alga Ulva spp. and can accumulate in large quantities of up to 27 kg wet weight m 2 . The blooms are cast on shore or left drifting in shallow water where they are the cause of noxious-smelling and aesthetically unpleasant views which can influence local fisheries, to urism and fundamentally alte r ecosystems. Macro-algae have shown to be good bio-indicators that can absorb and assimilate sewage-derived nitrogen causing their δ 15 N tissue content to reflect the ex posure over time. Analysis of δ 15 N in the macroalgal tissue has been proven successful in differentiating sewage from agricultural inputs. High δ 15 N content represents sewage input whereas low δ 15 N content is indicative of agricultural input from synthetic fertilizers. Average δ 15 N isotope values, for macroalgal samples in our bloom affect ed bay were between 8.9% and 10.5%. These values are all in the range of nitrogen from a sewage/animal waste source. Algae samp led from the site free fr om anthropogenic influences had an average δ 15 N isotope of 6.05% which is in the range of soil nitrate, which is what is expected in an unenriched area. This indicates that the source of nitrogen enrichment in our bloom affected bay, is derived from sewage/animal waste.XX International Seaweed Symposium

66 

### 270 RELATIONSHIP OF NITROGEN AND MACROALGAEIN THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON, FLORIDA Hanisak MD Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA. dhanisak@hboi.fau.edu

The Indian River Lagoon system (IRL), the longest barrier is land/tidal inlet system in the continental United States, spans more than one third of Florida’s east coast. Wate r quality in the IRL has change d significantly over the past eight decades due to watershe d alteration and land draina ge patterns. High-frequen cy water quality monitoring was initiated in 2005 at four sites in the central lagoon near Vero Beach and Fort Pierce. While there has been considerable interannual vari ability in absolute values of key wate r quality parameters (related to varying precipitation and associated freshwater runoff), the wate r quality gradient has been consistent throughout the study. From north to south, salinity increased, while turbidity, color, suspended solids, and chlorophyll a (all attenuators of light) decreased, as did nutrients and K. Pulses of inorganic nitrogen were associated with the initial onset of the wet season and following tropical storms/hurricanes and other major periods of freshwater discharge. A series of in situ measurements of tissue nitrogen of the dominant macroalgal species in the IRL and their in situ growth rates in 2007 indicated that the growth rate of the drift algal macroalgal community was strongly related to the measur ed nitrogen gradient in this part of the lagoon. These findings suggest that, if proposed reductions in anthropogenic loadings into the lagoon become a reality, m acroalgal productivity and abundance should significantly decline and lead to a re duced competition of macroalgae with seagrasses in the lagoon.



### 66 THE ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF MICROSCOPIC STAGES FOR THE RECRUITMENT OF ANNUAL POPULATIONS OF Macrocystis pyrifera (PHAEOPHYTA) IN SOUTHERN CHILE Henríquez L 1 

### , Buschmann AH 1 

### , Maldonado M 1 

### , Graham MH 2 

### , Hernández-González MC 1 

### , Bobadilla M 1



### , Pereda SV 3 

### and Cabrera JC 3

1 Centro i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile, 2 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California, USA, 3CIEN Austral, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Chile.abuschma@ulagos.cl

The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera is widely distributed in the northe rn and southern hemisphere showing distinct population dynamics. In general, this kelp present a perennial life history and the populations are reproductive during the whole year. However, in southern Chile annual population has been described and in this case the macroscopic sporophyte disappears for 3 to 4 month during winter and early spring. This particular pattern arise new challeng es to understand how the microscopic stages of M. pyrifera can couple the two generation of sporophytes. Field expe riments suggest that long dispersal donot explain recolonization and it is highly probably that microscopic phases survive during th is period; even though they are actively grazed by the snail Tegula atra and sea urchins. Our field experiment s also indicate that the slipper limpet Crepipatella fecunda can enhance recruitment of the giant kelp during its sessile female stage but the small males can, in some cases, reduce kelp recruitment due to grazing. Laboratory experiments showed that C. fecunda males can only graze on microscopic kelp gametophytes and small sporopophyte s (less that 250 μ m) but reject largersporophytes. On the other hand the snail T. atra can graze on all the kelp stages.XX International Seaweed Symposium

67 

### 156 EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON UNDERSTORY SEAWEEDS DURING THE ENSO Hernández-Carmona G 1 

### , Risomena-Rodríguez R 2 

### , Serviere-Zaragoza E 3 

### and Ponce-Díaz G 1

1 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México. 2 Programa de Botánica Marina, De partamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23080, México. 3 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Berm ejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México. gcarmona2007@gmail.com

The effect of artificial nutrient supply on understory alga e during 1997 El Niño at the Mexican Pacific coast of Baja California was studied. Twelve one square meter quadrats were placed on the sea bed. Six quadrats were used ascontrol and six were used to add artificial nutrients. Nutrients were supplied using PVC pipes filled with slowrelease inorganic fertilizer. The algae species compositio n and cover in each quadrat were estimated using the random point quadrat method. The percent of cover by group was tested with an analysis of variance. The seawater temperature was recorded, an d compared with historical data. Th e bottom and surface seawater nitrate concentration were measured. Tissue nitrog en concentration (%) was determined for Eisenia arborea . Twenty six species of macroalgae and one seagrass were identified. The most abundant species was Corallina vancouveriensis (30% cover). The other species had lower than 10% cover. No significant differences of species percent cover between experimental groups was detected . In a second statistical analysis, we compared the average cover of the three most abundant species in the quadrats with nutrients versus the same species in the control quadrats for each month. Si gnificant higher cover was obtained when nutrients were added for: Corallina vancouveriensis (June and December); Colpomenia sinuosa and Eisenia arborea (June); Corallina officinalis (August); Dictyota flabellata (September); Macrocystis pyrifera (October), and the seagrass Phyllospadix torreyi (September and December). Only six species and one se agrass were able to store and use artificial nutrients under high temperature-low nutrient conditions.



### 296 ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE GREEN SEAWEED Ulva clathrata Hernández-Garibay E 1,2,3 

### , Zertuche-González JA 2 

### and Pacheco-Ruíz I 2

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma deBaja California, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México. 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México. 3 Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Ensenada, Instit uto Nacional de la Pesca Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 97.5, CP 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, México. garibay58@yahoo.com

In order to obtain information on the polysacchar ide content and composition of the water soluble polysaccharides from Ulva clathrata , an extraction at 60oC, in different media was performed: water, EDTA and HCl (F-1), each followed by a sequential extraction in NaOH 0.1 M (F-2). The extracts were recovered and analyzed for Total Carbohydrates, Proteins, Rhamnose, Uronic acids an d Sulphate content. Differenc es were obtained in the yield and composition in both fractions of the different me dia (F-1 and F-2). Higher yields resulted in the first fraction on all media, where HCl extraction was the best (14.83 ± 1.5 and 5.96 ± 1.1%, F-1 and F-2 respectively). In all cases F-1 were more sulphated ranging from 27.87 to 35.8% and higher in Rhamnose content, whereas F-2 had higher protein and slightly higher uron ic acid content. FTIR spectra, shown that soluble polysaccharides from the green seaweed U. clathrata are sulphated polysaccharid es similar to those obtain ed from brown seaweeds.XX International Seaweed Symposium

68 

### 107 A PHYLOGENETIC ASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARINERED ALGAE BETWEEN PACIFIC SOUTH AMERICA AND PACIFIC NORTH AMERICA Hommersand MH 1 

### and Hughey JR 2

1 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA, 2 Department of Science and Engineering, Hartnell College, 411 Central Ave., Salinas, CA 93901, USA. hommersand@bio.unc.edu

Morphological, phylogenetic and biogeo graphic evidence strongly support th e opinion that red algae that were distributed from the Tethan Ocean tothe Pacific Ocean through gaps between North and South America in the Late Cretaceous and other groups that were distributed from the Indian Ocea n around South Africa to the Pacific Ocean in the Paleocene and Eocene became established an d diversified mainly in Pacific North America and only subsequently were distributed to Sout h America since Miocene. Examples are Sarcodiotheca (Solieriaceae) and Chondracanthus (Gigartinaceae). A few groups of red algae thatoriginated in the Sout hern Hemisphere reached Pacific South America first and were only later distri buted to Pacific North America. Examples are the genus Mazzaella (Gigartinaceae) and Phycodry (Delesseriaceae). Phylogenetic datasuggest that transfer might have taken place around Oligocene at a time when the strength of the circumglobal equatorial current was restricted by the presence of the Aves ridge just inside the Greater and Lesser Antilles Arc, which impeded the flow of deepwater currents from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans in somewh at the same way thatthe closure of the Panamanian passageway progressively blocked transfer of water between the two ocea ns later on. Though the effects on currents are undefined, the boundary created bythe Aves ridge may potentially have allowed transfer of species from South America to North Am erica. Our phylogenet ic data based on rbcL sequences will be assessed in the light of the impact of geological events on the biogeography of the North American and South American red algae.



### 31 PHOTOPROTECTION AND ACCLIMATION TO UV-B RADIATIONS IN TWO MARINE PLANTS, THE BROWN SEAWEED Pelvetia canaliculata AND THE HALOPHYTE Salicornia ramosissima Hupel M Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie et de Biotechnologie des Halophytes et Algues Marines-EA 3877, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 PLOUZANE, Brittany , France. melanie. hupel@univ-brest.fr

The brown seaweed Pelvetia canaliculata and the halophyte Salicornia ramosissima are two marine plants found on rocky shores and coastal marshes, respectively. They grow in the upper intertidal zone and this location implies long emersion periods that lead to both direct exposure to sunlight and potential photooxidative stress. To protect themselves against harmful solar radiations, especially against UV-B, these plants produce photoprotective compounds, including several kinds of both phenol s and pigments. To investigate their photoprotective strategies, a three-week co-culture of Pelvetia canaliculata and Salicornia ramosissimaunder UVB radiations was carried out with a weekly sampling of pl ants. Chlorophyll, carotenoid and phenol contents, and antioxidant activity, were determined for each species in function of both light conditions and exposure time. The results showed no significant decrease of chlorophy ll contents under UV-B conditions for both species, suggesting efficient photosynthesis and photoprotection. Based on th eir antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds seemed to play a more important photoprotective role in Pelvetia canaliculata than in Salicornia ramosissima . Given the poor antioxidant activity of Salicornia extracts, sunscreen comp ounds would rather get involved in this species. Carotenoid contents are relatively stable in Pelvetia canaliculata , contrary to Salicornia ramosissima, in which variable contents could suggest an implication in photoprotection.



### 25 UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANIS M OF GAMETE RELEASE IN Sargassum vulgare Inderdeep K SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delh i-110007, India. inderdeep_botany@rediffmail.com

Sargassum vulgareshows on an average 12 unisexual conceptacles per receptacle that open by ostiole. Where antheridia and oogonia lie interspersed with paraphyses in conceptacles. Since the output of eggs is extremely low, Sargassumsp. ensures their survival under all eco-physio logical conditions. The oogonium is ‘wrapped’ inXX International Seaweed Symposium

69 wall layers rich in sulphated polysaccharides that provid e protection against desiccation. The oogonia after being ‘squeezed’ out of the ostiole are ‘incubated’ on the rece ptacle which facilitates the search of spermatozoids for their counterparts. The timing of game te release is synchronized and simultaneous gamete release ensures high rates of fertilization. The gametes are released during th e 3 or 4 days flanking eithera full moon or new moon, when the tide is generally low. The release of gamete s occurs first from the upper conceptacles, which are exposed. It results in gamete release over a long period and reproductive isolation leading to recruitment of germlings from upper conceptacles while the lower are yet to release the gametes. The zygote dispersal and propagule recruitment also show adaptations selectively advantageous to the alga. Sargassum vulgareresponds to the eco-physiological stresses byadapting to the intertidal habitat, thereby enhancing its competitive capabilities. The reproductive strategies in Sargassumsp. have evolved as a mechanism for populations to increase the probability of fertilization and spread.



### 215 INDONESIAN SEAWEED BIODIVERSITY AND TAXONOMIC REAPPRAISAL OF Exophyllum wentii WEBER-VAN BOSSE (RHODOMELACEAE, RHODOP HYTA) FROM BALI ISLAND, INDONESIA Indy JR 1 

### , Antoine N 2 

### , Grevo G 1 

### , Rodriguez LA 4 

### , Alvarez Gonzales CA 4 

### , Contreras-Sanchez WM 4

### and Hajime Y 4

1 Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia, 2 Laboratoire Terre-Océan, Université de la Polynésie française, French Polynesia, 3 Chair of Aquacultures Gene tics and Genomics, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan, 4 Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, Mexico. jeanerimberindy@yahoo.com

Indonesia is known as the largest Archipelgo country in the world, it has 81,407 km of coastline and 17,500 islands with warm water highly suited for seaweed producti on. It is surrounded by the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and is located between the Asian and the Australian contin ents. However, very little critical works of seaweed in Indonesia have been done, with the exception of Weber-va n Bosse work (1899-1890). This study was done in Bali, Lombok, and Sumbawa coast. The purpose of this study is to know the species diversity in Bali, Lombok, and Sumbawa islands for aquaculture and for commercial purpos es. Thirty-five families including 47 species of green algae, 10 species of brown algae, 37 genera 58 species of red algae and new records of gametophytes of one rare red alga Exophyllum wentii as a new information in the world. The little-known and rarely collected alga Exophyllum wentii Weber-van Bosse is re-described in detail from the type material, as well as from new collections from Indonesia, which for th e first time reveal in detail the stru cture of cystocarpic and spermatangial plants and the development of tetrasporangial st ichidia under culture cond itions. New morphological reproductive information cofirms placemnet of the genus Exophyllumwithin the Rhodomelacea. Exophyllumis distinguished from other related genera within the Rhodomelacea by its cartila ginous, non-trichoblastic decumbent thallus with multiple holdfasts and its discoi d spermatangial organs. Some Pacific material earlier attributed to E. wentii was found to be missidentified and re-assigned to the Dasyaceae



### 317 COMMERCIAL EXTRACT FROM THE BROWN SEAWEED Ascophyllum nodosum REDUCES FUNGAL DISEASES IN CARROT AND GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER Jayaraj J 1,2 

### , Norrie J 3 

### and Punja ZK 1

1 Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada, 2 Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 3Acadian Seaplants Limited, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. jaya@sfu.ca

Carrot plants grown in greenhouse were foli ar treated with an extract of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosumat 0.2% concentration and then inocul ated with the fungal pathogens, Alternaria radicina and Botrytis cinerea. Treated plants showed significantly reduced disease seve rity compared to control plants. Seaweed extract was more effective than salicylic acid (100 μ M) in reducing infection. In seaweed extract treated plants, the activity of defence-related enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphen oloxidase, phenylalanine a mmonia lyase, chitinase and β

-1,3-glucanase, were significantly increa sed and plants also had higher transcript levels of pathogenesis-related protein I, chitinase, lipid transfer protein, phenylal anine ammonia lyase, chalco ne synthase, non-expressing pathogenesis-related protein-1 and pathogenesis-related pr otein 5 genes compared to co ntrol plants. In a similar study with greenhouse cucumber plantsusing the seaweed extract formulatio n, “Stimplex”, plants were either sprayed or/and root drenched at 0.5 or 1% concentratio n. Treated plants were inoc ulated with cucumber fungalXX International Seaweed Symposium

70 pathogens including, Alternaria cucumerinum
, Didymella applanata
, Fusariumoxysporum
, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Botrytis cinerea . Stimplex application resulted in a significant reduction in disease incidence of all the pathogens tested. Spray + root drenching with Stimplex-0 .5% was more effective than spray or root drenching alone. The integration of one fungicide application altern ated with Stimplex application was highly effective and found to be the best treatm ent in reducing the disease ratings. Similar to carrot, Stimplex application also enhanced the transcript accumulation of various de fense-related enzyme genes and triggered their enzyme activities. These results sugg est that seaweed extracts enhance disease resistance in carrot and cucumber likely through an induction of de fence genes orproteins.



### 506 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF FREE-FLOATING Enteromorpha FROM THE YELLOW SEA Jiang P, Zhao J, Wang JF, Liu ZY, Lin HZ and Qin S Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. sqin@yi.ac.cn

In the summer of 2008, massive free-floating Enteromorpha bloomed in the Yellow Sea. Samples were collected in a wide range. Sequence divergences of nuclear ITS, chloroplast rbcL and psbAdata were calculated, with special reference to the free-floating Enteromorpha samples from Qingdao in 2007 and Ulvaceae samples from Europe and Japan. For ITS sequences of 22 Yellow Sea samples, there’s no difference among 19 free-floating samples and the Qingdao sample of 2007, and the divergence values were very low (0.2%) between them and the other two samples, indicating their high identity. Similar results were shown by pairwise distances of rbcL and psbAgene sequences data, implying that the serious and extensivel y green tide bloomed in Yellow Sea for two years was caused by a single species. A significant difference (8.1 %~10.8%) of ITS sequences between the free-floating green alga from the Yellow Sea and recorded blooming Enteromorpha or Ulva all over the world was demonstrated. According to the phylogenet ic analysis with ITS and rbcL sequences data, the morphological taxonomy determination as E

. prolifera was supported. Furthermore, an ISSR analysis was applied to both seven floating and six attached E. prolifera samples collected from the north of Yellow Se a to the south of East Sea. Evidently lower genetic diversity of the floating samp les was detected than that of the attached samples. The UPGM and PCoA results suggested that floating E. prolifera samples in Yellow Sea had a closely genetic relationship, and separated from all the attached samples.



### 267 CONTEXT-DEPENDENCY IN SEAWEED POPULATI ON ECOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL MODULATION OF SPECIES INTERACTIONS AFFECTING SURV IVAL AND GROWTH DURING RECRUITMENT Johnson LE 1

1 Département de biologie & Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec (QC) G1W 3B4 Canada. ladd.johnson@bio.ulaval.ca

Macroalgae require continual or periodic recruitment in order to maintain their po pulations, and both intraspecific and inter-specific interactions can affect this process in both positive and negative ways. Here I will provide an overview of the influence of other organisms (sessile invertebrates, other algae, and herbivory) on the recruitment processes, including both inhibitory and facilit atory effects at different developmental stages (i.e., spores, juveniles, adults). The focus will be on how envi ronmental factors (e.g., wate r motion, desiccation) can modulate these interactions using exam ples from the literatureand my own research on the influence of water motion and substratum characteristics on propagule settl ement, the influence of conspecifics on growth and survival, and environmental effects on grazer behavior. Rather than being a search for absolute truths, the emphasis will be on the context-dependent nature of the impact of ecological factors on algal population dynamics.XX International Seaweed Symposium

71 

### 263 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND IRRADIANCE ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOMASS OF A GREEN-TIDE FORMING SPECIES ( Ulva procera) IN THE YELLOW SEA Kim J and Kim KY Department of Oceanograhy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KOREA. eicoast@gmail.com

Drifting green algal mats across the Yellow Sea appear ed again in early summer of 2009. Green-tide has possibility of invasive attacks to coastal region and ofte n threatens coastal habitats and food webs. Free floating ‘green-tide’ forming species ( Ulva procera) were collected from the Yellow Sea in July 2009. Experiments were conducted to understand the physiological traits of temper ature and irradiance at the late vegetative (wild thalli) and at the early vegetative stages (laboratory-grown progenies). The maximum O 2 production rate (P max ) at each temperature, there were no significan t differences between expe rimental temperatures du ring 1 h of acclimation, except at 10°C. The early vegetative samples showed higher P maxthan late vegetative stages. After 6 d of each temperature acclimation, Chl- a and O 2 production of both stages decrease d at higher temperatures. The amount of late vegetative biomass decreases at high temperatures, and this alga could not grow even low temperatures. However, the growth rate of early vegetative thalli increa sed at low temperatures. After 6 d of exposure to various irradiances, while the late vegetative biomass decreased under all i rradiances, the early vegetative biomass increased 19-79% at various irradiances. Our results suggest that increasing te mperature and deteriorating irradiance on green mats result in cellular senescence of late stage green algae. In contrast, early stage green algae have potential possibility of ex tend their biomass under low temperatur e and irradiance conditions quickly. These results provide valuable information on invasion bythis green alga with eco-physiological evaluation of response to temperature and irradiance.



### 264 FATE OF INVASION BY GREE N-TIDE FORMING SPECIES ( Ulva compressa and U. procera) OFF THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF KOREA
Kim KY 1 

### , Choi H-G 2 

### and Ryu J-H 3

1 Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea. 2 Division of Polar Biology & Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar ResearchInstitute, Incheon 406-840, South Korea. 3 Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (KOR DI), Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 426-744, South Korea. kykim@chonnam.ac.kr

The occurrence of an ulvoid algal bloom resulting from anthropogenic activities is one of the annual events in the Yellow Sea. The rbcL tree shows that the identityof bloom consists of two Ulva species ( U. compress and U. procera). Our phylogenetic trees based on rbcL gene sequences from drifting samples do not coincide with previous reports that a green-tide form s a clade with representatives of the Ulva linza

- procera

- prolifera (LPP) complex or U. prolifera . Although there was a large year-to-year variability, green algal bloom in the Yellow Sea have occurred in the past few years (2006-2009). The imag es of high spatial-resolution optic satellites, MODIS, Landsat, ALOS and Kompsat-2 data in spring/early summer show the extens ive stripes of the green algae that cover approximately 900 – 23,000 square kilo meters. We collected thalli of floating U. procera from the middle of Yellow Sea in July 2009. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the physiological effects of temperature (five levels), irradiance (ten levels) and sali nity (five levels) on these wild thalli and their laboratorygrown progeny as well. From short-term acclimation experiments, we found that temperature did not significant impact maximum O 2 production rates (P B max ) or photosynthesis efficiency ( α), and nor did irradiance impact photosynthetic saturation irradiance ( E k). Changes in photosynthetic rate of U. procera were observed at various salinities, showing higher rates within the salinity range of 10 and 30 psu. These results are important to understand and increase the knowledge on drift green-tide processes in the Yellow Sea.XX International Seaweed Symposium

72 

### 98 SEAWEEDS, A RICH SOURCE FOR FUNCTIONAL FOOD INGREDIENTS Kraan S Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. stefan.kraan@nuigalway.ie

While food has long been used to improve health, our knowledge of the relationship between food components and health is now being used to improve food. The combination of consumer de sires, advances in food technology, and new evidence-based science linking di et to disease and disease prevention has created an unprecedented opportunity to address public health issu es through diet and lifestyl e. Marine macroalgae have great potential for further development as products in the functional food markets and novel products based on macroalgae have entered the market in recent years. St udies have shown that marinemacroalgae are unrivalled sources of compounds with the potential to maintain an d improve health through inclusion in other foods or as whole foods. An overview of seaweed bioactives as potent ial functional food ingredient together with current macroalgae functional food products will be given. Fu rthermore some initial results of the Marine Functional Foods Research Initiative (NutraMara) a program for marine based functional food development will be presented.



### 68 ACCUMULATION OF MYCOSPORINE-LIKE AMIN O ACIDS UNDER N-ENRICHED SEAWATER IN SEAWEED: UVR INFLUENCE Korbee N 1 

### , Gil C 1 

### , Barufi JB 2 

### , Oliveira MC 2 

### , Gómez-Pinchetti JL 3 

### and Figueroa FL 1

1 Department of Ecology.University of Málaga.29071-Málaga, SPAIN, 2 University of São Paulo, Biosciences Institute, Department of Botany.C EP 05422-970 São Paulo, BRAZIL, 3 Centro de Biotecnología Marina. University of Las Palmas de G.C. 35 Telde, Las Palmas, SPAIN. nkorbee@uma.es

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are a family of intracellular water-soluble N-compounds involved in photoprotection against ultraviolet radi ation (UVR). The potential of MAAs in photoprotection can be considered high due to a double function: (1) UV chemical screening with high efficiency for UVB and UVA regions of the solar spectrum, and (2) their antioxidant cap acity. MAAs have been reported in several aquatic orga nisms around the world. Among macroalgae, Rhodophytes accumulate MAAs in different types and concentrations in function of the species. Besides solar radiation, other environmenta l factors such as nutrient availability may affect MAAs accumulation. In this study, the interactive effect of UV R and N availability on MAAs is investigated under different cultured conditions in several Rhodophytes: Gracilaria tenuistipitata at laboratory conditions, and also in Hydropuntia cornea and Jania adhaerens cultured in tanks exposed to PAR+UVR or only PAR under natural seawater and nutrient enriched seawater(fishpond effluents). Under both cult ured conditions and for all species, positive effect of N availability and UVR on MAA accumu lation was observed. MAAs ve rsus nitrate concentration followed a Michaelis-Menten function for G. tenuistipitata , reaching the saturation at nitrate concentration of aprox. 300 μ M. Algae with high MAA content (under high nitrogen supply treatments) were more photoprotected (high maximal quantum yield of fluorescence) than algae grown under low nutri ent supply conditions. A competition by the use of N source among various physiological processes and interactive effect of light quality is discussed.



### 102 IODIDE IN KELP: AN INORGANIC ANTIOXIDANT IN LIFE IMPACTING ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY Küpper FC 1,2,3 

### , Carpenter LJ 4 

### , McFiggans GB 5 

### , Palmer CJ 4,6 

### , Waite TJ 7 

### , Boneberg EM 2,8 

### , Woitsch S 2



### , Weiller M 2 

### , Abela R 9 

### , Grolimund D 9 

### , Potin P 10 

### , Butler A 3 

### , Luther GW 7 

### , Kroneck PMH 2 

### , Meyer-Klaucke W 11 

### , and Feiters MC 12

1 Scottish Association for Marine Scie nce, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK; 2 Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Ko nstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany; 3 Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; 4 Dept. of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; 5School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; 6now at Department of Oceanograp hy, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; 7College ofXX International Seaweed Symposium

73 Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewe s, DE 19958, USA; 8 Biotechnologie Institut Thurgau, Unterseestrasse 47, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland; 9Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherre r Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; 10Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, BP 74, F-29682 Roscoff, Bretagne, France; 11 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit, c/ o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany; 12 Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, 1 Toernooiveld, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Ne therlands. fck@sams.ac.uk

Brown algae of the Laminariales (kelps) are the stronges t accumulators of iodine among living organisms. They represent a major pump in the global biogeochemical cycle of iodine and in particular, the major source of iodocarbons in the coastal atmosphere. Nevertheless, the chemical state and biological significance of accumulated iodine have rema ined unknown to this date. Elucidation of these questions was the objective of this study. Using an interdisciplinary array of techniqu es, chiefly relying on synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we show that the accumulated form is io dide, which readily scavenges a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We propose here that its biological role is that of an inorganic antioxidant, the first ever to be described in a living system. Upon oxidative stress, iodideis effluxed. On the thallus surface and in the apoplast, iodide detoxifies both aqueous oxidants and ozone, the la tter resulting in the release of high levels of molecular iodine and consequent formation of hygr oscopic iodine oxides leading to part icles, which are precursors to cloud condensation nuclei.



### 114 ECOLOGY AND NUTRITION OF MACROALGAL BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS OF SOUTH FLORIDA Lapointe B , Bedford B and Baumberger R Center for Marine Ecosystem Health, Harbor Branch Ocea nographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 North, Ft. Pierce, FL 34946. blapoin1@hboi.fau.edu

Coastal waters of South Fl orida have experienced unpre cedented blooms of macroalgae during the past two decades. On relatively oligotrophic coral reefs off Dade and Broward counties in southeast Florida, blooms of the phaeophyte Dictyota spp., the calcareous chlorophyte Halimeda spp., and the cyanobacterium Lyngbya have developed in recent years. On more northern reefs o ff Palm Beach County in southe ast Florida, blooms of the chlorophytes Codiumspp. and Caulerpa spp. have recurred since 1990. In Lee County off Florida’s southwest coast, massive blooms of the drift Rhodophytes Gracilaria
, Hypnea , and Agardhiella have emerged since 2003. Monitoring of the water column for di ssolved inorganic and organic nutrient s, combined with tissue analysis for carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) ratios, suggests th at the observed taxonomic shifts of these blooms is related to N:P availability. Relatively high tissue N: P ratios (35:1-70:1) occur in Dade and Broward counties compared to lower values in Palm Beach County (33:1) and Lee County (20:1). These differences in N:P ratio result from both natural patterns in geological substr ata as well as anthropoge nic nutrient enrichment from watershed sources.



### 121 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENUS Colpomenia (PHAEOPHYCEAE) USING MITOCHONDRIAL COX1 AND COX3
Lee KM 1 

### , Cho GY 1 

### , Riosmena-Rodríguez R 2 

### , Nelson WA 3 

### , Sherwood A 4 

### , Miller KA 5 

### and Boo SM 1

1 Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeo n 305-764, Korea, 2 Programma de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departmento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23080, Mexico, 3 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington 6241, New Zealand,
4 Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, Manoa, USA, 5 University Herbarium, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. smboo@cnu.ac.kr

The Scytosiphonacean brown algal genus Colpomenia includes ten annual species that commonly occur in temperate to tropical waters worldw ide. We determined mitochondrial co x1 and cox3 from approximately 100 specimens of the genus collected over its distribution range. The genus Colpomenia was not monophyletic in trees of the separate and combined data of both genes an d was divided into four different clades; the first clade included C. peregrina
, C. expansa , and unidentified taxon. Th e second contained only C. tuberculata . The third consisted of C. sinuosa with two well supported subclades. The last consisted of C. bullosa and C. phaeodactyla

. A new species, C. claytonii, is described based on samples collected fr om Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and theXX International Seaweed Symposium

74 USA. It is distinguished by a larger, more irregular thallus frequently having a deeply infolded surface, extensive irregular sori that lack cuticles, and 3–4 layers of colorl ess medullary cells. This species usually occurs on rock in tidepools and in the lower intertidal and subtidal zones. The cox1 and cox3 trees reveal its sister relationship to C. expansa

.



### 119 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS Ishige (ISHIGEALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE), WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO I. okamurae IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN REGION
Lee KM 1 

### , Yang EC 1 

### , Riosmena-Rodriquez R 2 

### and Boo SM 1

1 Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea & 2 Programma de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz B.C.S. 23080, Mexico. kmlee@cnu.ac.kr

A brown algal genus Ishige has a basal position in the ph ylogeny of the Phaeophyceae and includes three species ( I. foliacea, I. okamuraeand I. sinicola) that occur in China, Japan and Kore a, and Baja California. We examined cox3 and rbcL and cox3 sequences from 265 specimens of the genus collected over its distribution range and studied population structure and migration pattern. Both cox3 and rbcL sequence data strongly support the sister-area relationship between the nort heast Asian region and the Gulf of California. A likely explanation for this pattern would be the presence of a species ancestral to co ntemporary species of Ishige in both regions during the paleogeological period, with descendant s later isolated by distance. As for I. okamurae , 17 haplotypes from 221 specimens collected in Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong , and Southern China were identified. The network and neutrality tests for cox3 support five geologically st ructured clusters; Korea, We stern Japan, Eastern Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, and provide evidence for stability of each population except Taiwans. The level of gene flow was high in Korea Taiwan (392.5), Korea Western Japan (975.5), and Hong Kong Taiwan (697.5) direction. The results hypothesize that local populations of the species were influenced by climatic oscillations and current flow in the northeast Asian waters. The divergence time of Ishigeis estimated using molecular clock method.



### 28 LIFE-CYCLE OF Scinaia interrupta (NEMALIALES; RHODOPHYTA) León-Cisneros K 1,2,3 

### , Nogueira E M 1,2 

### , Riosmena-Rodríguez R 3 

### and Neto A 1,2

1 CIIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289 - 4050-123 Porto, Portugal, 2 Secção Biologia Marinha, Departamento Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Mãe de Deus 58, Apartado 1 422, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Açores, Portugal, 3 Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Universidad Autónoma deBaja California Sur, La Paz, B. C. S., 23080México. kcisneros@uac.pt

In the present study the life-cycle of Scinaia interrupta (A.P. de Candolle) M. J. Wynne was investigated in vitro . A triphasic heteromorphic life-cycle was observed. Carpospo res released by cystocarps of gametophytes collected in the field developed into filamentous tetrasporophytes , which produced tetrahedral tetrasporangia . Tetraspores germinated into filamentous protonemal gametophytes, in itially identical to the te trasporophyte. Filamentous gametophytes developed apical utricles and gave rise di rectly to the fleshy gametophyte. A new phase of the gametophyte development, in which the filamentous gametoph ytes develop apical utricles, is firstly described for the genus. The present study also reports for the first time for Scinaia the influence of the irradiance regime on the initial tetrasporangia development.XX International Seaweed Symposium

75 

### 124 COMPOSITION, RICHNESS AND DISTRIBUTION OFHUATULCO ́S NATIONAL PARK (OAXACA, MÉXICO) CORAL REEF ALGAE León-Tejera H , Cruz A, González L, Sánchez L, Ló pez E, Calderón C and Candelaria C Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad deCiencias, UNAM. México. hileont@gmail.com

Huatulco ́s National Park has fringing reef communities that have slight ly different topographic as well as ecological characteristics. The algal flora associated to five coral communities was st udied: San Agustín, Cacaluta, La India, El Maguey and el Violín. A stratified sampling design was used, including two transects of 25 m long and five 0.25m 2 squares per transect for each bay in three or fourseasons. Additional general samples were taken in each community to complete the flor istic list. A total of 92 species was determined: 13 Chlorophyta, 71 Rhodophyta, 7 Phaeophyta and 1 Bacillariophyta. 6 of these species were found in all communities: Bryopsis pennata var. minor, Ceramium affine
, Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii
, Hypnea pannosa
, Sphacelaria rigidula y Ulva flexuosa . 37 species were found exclusively in one community. The comparison of richness values and composition revealed differences between cold-dry and warm-rainy seasons. The co mmunity with the highest richness was San Agustín (63 spp)and the lowest richness was found in La India (34 spp.). P. sertularioides
, Ulva flexuosa and Cladophora sp. were the species with highest frequency values. Several species of Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Predaea, Halymenia, Heterosiphonia and Kallymenia , that seldom have been reported for the Mexican tropical Pacific region, were found in this study. These result conform the base line for the knowledge of coral reef algae in the region.



### 504 MARINE CYCLONIC EDDIES REFLECTING THE CONTRAIL OF FREE-FLOATING MACROALGAL BLOOM
Lin H 1,4 

### , Qin S 1,2 

### , Jiang P 1 

### , Zhang J 3 

### and Wang J 1,4
1 

### Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2 

### Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 3 

### Hokkaido University, Japan, 4 

### Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ch ina

Free-floating macroalgal blooms, mostly caused by eg regious growth and proliferation of green algae from Ulvaceae, occurred in many estuaries and coastal seas almost all over th e world. The blooms, usually with a relative large biomass, are altering the coastal floral and faunal communitystructure and creating rebarbative odoriferous piles on beaches. In the summer of 2008, the largest macroalgal bloom in the world caused by invasive Enteromorpha prolifera ( Ulva prolifera), extraordinarily unexpected wi th a 3 million tons fresh weight biomass and a 30,000 km 2 temporary largest covered area, suddenly attacked Qingdao coastal sea at the end of May and had a duration of approximate 2 months. This E. prolifera bloom was first detected by remote sensing on May 15 th and spent only 2 weeks covering th e coastal line of Qingdao. It is interesting to invesitigate how E. prolifera in Yellow Sea could form this huge bloom in such a short time without any detectable foreboding. Our initial investigation on the relationship between marine cyclone eddies (cold eddies) and the contrail of free floating alga might give a clue to explai n the phenomenon that this free floating E. prolifera bloom is overwhelming finally in Yellow Sea. Moreover, this finding extends our knowledge on how inshore macroalgal blooms could bring a large biomass when emerging in coasta l areas. The macroalgal bloom is no longer only the problems of some estuaries or shallow coastal seas but ne eds to be considered in large marine ecosystem in the current global-changing situation.



### 86 THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF SPECIATI ON IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC Lindstrom SC Department of Botany, University of British Columb ia, Vancouver, Canada. sandracl@interchange.ubc.ca

The northeast Pacific region from California to the Al eutian Islands harbors one of the most diverse cool temperate marine biotas in the world despite episodic gl aciation through the Pleistocene from Puget Sound north and west to the Aleutian Islands. Despite this diversity, there is no consensus on ne arshore marine biogeographicXX International Seaweed Symposium

76 provinces or patterns in this region. Results of recent molecular studies of seaweeds in this region suggest that (1) Cape Mendocino, California, provides a natural barrier to the distribution of high intertidal and possibly other species of seaweeds, (2) the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca on southern Vancouver Island also provides a barrier to genotype homogenization, (3) the northern Gulf of Alaska is a geographic endpoint for both eastern and western distributions of species, some previously thought to be more widely distributed, as well as an area with its own endemic species, (4) the Aleutian Islands offe r examples of (a) stepping-stone distribution of species between the eastern and western Pacific, (b) relictual popu lations and species, and (c) recent speciation, and (5) additional cryptic diversity has been recognized along the California coast. Examples will be presented of species or clades supporting these observations.



### 36 GERMINATION OF THE BLADDER WRACK Fucus vesiculosus UNDER THERMAL AND SALINITY STRESS Maczassek K IfM-Geomar, Benthic Ecology (FB3/EÖB), Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105Kiel, Germany. kmaczassek@ifmgeomar.de

Over the last decades, Fucus vesiculosus , an ecologically important macroalg ae in the German Baltic Sea, has shown a massive retreat from the deeper zones of it s former distribution. But also in shallow water Fucus vesiculosus may be exposed to stressful temperatures and sa linity extremes. We investigated how thermal and salinity stress affect early life stages of Fucus vesiculosus . To this end, germination success of fucoid zygotes under a variety of naturally occurring temperatures - salinities scenarios was assessed by indoor climate simulation experiments. Temp erature and salinity affected the germination success of Fucus. The sensitivity towards these stressors varied among genotypes and with provenance of the algae. The optimal conditions for the germination of fucoid zygotes were found to be at 15°C and 17 psu. At 5°C the germination of Fucus vesiculosus was significantly higher than at 25°C. The zygote s of algae from “high” salinity areas (17 psu) were more affected by low salinity stress than zygotes from parents of low salinity regions (7 psu, 10 psu). We conclude that hot summer seasons impact germination success of Fucus vesiculosus more than cold winter temperatures and that zygote sensitivity towards low sa linities depends on the pre-ad aptation of the parents.



### 41 PHENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE NON-GENICULATE CORALLINE RED ALGAE (CORALLINOPHYCIDAE, RHODOPHYTA) Maneveldt GW 1 

### and Woelkerling WmJ 2

1 Department of Biodiversity & Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, P. Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa, 2 Department of Botany, La Trobe Universi ty, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia. gmaneveldt@uwc.ac.za

Despite their ubiquity, non-geniculate coralline red algae are a poorly known group of organisms. Much of our lack of knowledge of this group stems from a legacy of poor quality taxonomic work. Over the past 30 years, however, we have made tremendous strides in understanding the taxo nomy of these algae. The number of researchers paying attention to the no n-geniculate coralline red algae has increased in recent years, but notably without any appreciable increase in the number of cora lline taxonomists. The purpose of this research was to provide assistance to this increasing number of researchers by developing an Internet-based tool that could assist with coralline algal identifications. A phenetic character analysis of th e non-geniculate coralline algal taxa ascribed to the subclass Corallinophycidae was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative data. Here individual taxa were regarded as Operational Taxonomi c Units. Initially characters and character states were identified and assigned numeric (gap) codes and a data matr ix of the codes for all taxawere then tabulated. The final tabulated codes were used to ge nerate a phenogram as well as to write the software programme for the online identifications. In addition to these outcomes, a key to th e non-geniculate coralline algae belonging to the Corallinophycidae was produced based on our current understanding of the taxonomy. It is envisaged that the online tool will supplement coralline algal research an d foster a greater interest in their systematics.XX International Seaweed Symposium

77 

### 242 EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH OF Gracilaria chilensis UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS Mansilla A 1, 2 

### , Werlinger C 3 

### and Murcia S 1

1 Av.Bulnes 01855, Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas. Chile 2 Institute of Ecology & Biodiversity, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile, 3 Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. silvia.murcia@umag.cl

Gracilaria chilensis , an agarophyte species endemic to Chile, is an intensively cultivated resource due to its importance as a primary source of ag ar. In order to evaluate the responseof this species to cultivation with different agricultural fertilizers, apices of G. chilensis were grown in laboratory co nditions with three different products (Bayfolan, 3-P superphosphate 48% P, Urea 46% N). Bayfolan treatment produc ed a significant increase in length (1.4% day -1 ) and growth rate (3.1% wet biomass per day) over the other treatments. The effects of 3-P superphosphate and urea treatmen ts on the increase in length were similar (0.74 and 0.85% day-1 , respectively), but growth rate was 2.5% wet biomas s per daywith 3-P superphosphate, and only 1.9% wet biomass per day with urea. Our results suggest that the use of agricultural fertilizers in the cultivation of G. chilensis is a promising alternative for use in the cultivation of this species, with Bayfolan showing the highest-production effects.



### 249 SEAWEEDS FOR SECOND GENE RATION BIOETHANOL; CAN WE COMPETE WITH CORN? Martin P, Mair C and Kraan S Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd, N17 Business Park, Mill town, Tuam, Co. Galway Ireland. stefan@oceanharvest.ie

The global demand for bio-fuels cont inues unabated. Driven by skyrocketing prices , rising concerns over environmental pollution and global warming, and the movement to alternate fuels, the world ethanol market is projected to reach 27.7 billion gallon s per annum by the year 2012. However, the demand for ethanol needs to be balanced by the problems associated wi th the supply of the raw material fe edstock. Corn and sugar cane are the major feed-stocks for the bio-ethanol industry, and the continued use of these crops will drive the food versus fuels debate even more as demand fo r ethanol increases. Not only does the large-scale production of corn and sugar damage the environment by the use of harmful pestic ides, it uses two other valuable resources: arable land and enormous quantities of water. The challenge is to find a feed-stock which is abundant and carbohydrate-rich. This crop needs to be sustainable, use less or no agricultural inputs (pesticides, fertiliser, land, water), and not be part of the human or animal food chain. Seaweed can be that feed st ock. Current cultivation technologies available will be examined and the ec onomic aspects of using brown seaweeds for bio-ethanol production will be presented together with some pers onal views on the feasibility of biofuel production from seaweed.



### 274 DISTINGUISHING SPECIES OF Calliarthron (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) USING RBCL SEQUENCES OF TYPE SPECIMENS AND MORP HOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MODERN FIELD COLLECTIONS
Martone PT 1 

### , Miller KA 2 

### and Gabrielson PW 3

1 Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC CANADA 2 University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA 3 UNC Herbarium, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA

Coralline algae are notoriously difficult to identify to species. Because many taxa exhibi t morphological plasticity, it is difficult to discern where one species ends and another begins. This problem dates back to original collections of “type” material: some ph ycologists designated distinct morphotypes as distinct species while others recognized several morphotypes as one morphologically variable species. To examine species boundaries in coralline algae, we have been extracting DNA from 70-year-old type specimens and comparing rbcL sequences. We have also sequenced rbcL for recent collections of corallines, enabling us to recognize the range of morphological variability and to identify characters that ar e useful for differentiating coralline species in the field. Here we present results for th e articulated coralline genus Calliarthron Manza. Sequence comparison suggestsXX International Seaweed Symposium

78 that there are only two genetically distinct Calliarthron species: C. tuberculosum and C. cheilosporioides . We conclude that C. regenerans and C. setchelliae are synonyms of C. tuberculosum , and we propose the transfer of C. yessoense and C. latissimum to the Japanese genus Alatocladia ; thus, the genus Calliarthron occurs only in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Morpho metric analyses identify se veral characters that differ significantly between the two Calliarthron species and suggest that measures of intergenic ular thickness and wingspan are sufficient to distinguish the species in the field.



### 78 BETA DIVERSITY IN MACROALGAL ASSEMB LAGES FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Mazariegos-Villarreal A 1,2 

### , Reyes-Bonilla H 2 

### , Balart EF 1 

### and Serviere-Zaragoza E 1

1 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México, 2 Laboratorio de Sistemas Arrecifales, Dpto. de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Apdo. Postal 19-B, LaPaz, B.C.S. 23080, México. amaza04@cibnor.mx

We evaluated the contribution of βdiversity to the overall diversity of macroalgae assemblages in rocky reefs of Loreto Bay, B.C.S. in the southwest coast of the Gulf of California. Seasonal samplings were taken in six sites from 2005 to 2008. We identified 196 specie s, with an average local richness ( αdiversity) of 30 ± 10 species. The macroalgal assemblages were characterized by species with filamentous and foli ose morphology, annual life cycles, and the mixture of species with temperat e and tropical affinities. The contribution of βdiversity was between 54% - 67% of γ diversity with a high species turnover between autumn and winter (62% - 76%), which indicated that βdiversity is a key diversity component in macroalgal assemblages along the region. The high β diversity of macroalgal assemblages is probably due to the spatial heterogeneity of the rocky coast, the seasonal pattern in seawater temperature and other oceanographi c processes, and other sources of disturbance such as grazing. This caused the presence of fast growing macroa lgae with short life cycles which are continually leaving and entering the assemblages; so other processes during the settlement may be also responsible for the observed distinctness in species composition. These results should be used for the adequate management and preservation of the rocky reefs of the Gulf of California , region recognized as impo rtant in the preservation of global biodiversity.



### 212 CALIFORNIA'S NON-NATIVE SEAWEEDS: A CASE STUDY
Miller KA University Herbarium, University of California at Berkeley, 1001 Life Sciences Building #2465, CA 94720, USA. kathyannmiller@berkeley.edu

Non-native marine species ar e considered a threat because of their potential to compete with native species andpre-empt their resources, to alter energy flow through communities, to facilitate the introduction of other nonnative species, and to homogenize regional biotic diversity. Marine Algae of California (Abbott and Hollenberg 1976) lists 669 species of red, br own and green seaweeds. About 14% are endemic to California, 44% are restricted to the Pacific Coast of No rth America, 21% are restricted to southern California and adjacent Baja California, Mexico, and 21% are so-called “cosmopolitan” sp ecies, with global distributions, that were described from other parts of the world. Because the native range of many of the species in this latter group is unknown, these species are known as “cryptogenic”, with hidden origins. Many may be ancient introductions. We also share many genera and species with the western Pacifi c, especially Japan and Ko rea. These require critical investigation to determine whether they are identical, sister species or introductions. To date, 27 non-native seaweed species have been reported from the California coast: 4 green, 6 brown and 17 red species. This review of non-native seaweeds in California includes inconspicuous, relati vely rare species, species with limited observations, well-established species and invasive or po tentially invasive species. Many of these introductions have been recorded recently, and may be correlated with climate change.XX International Seaweed Symposium

79 

### 77 LARGE-SCALE SHIFT FROM SUGAR KELP FOREST TO EPHEMERAL ALGAE ON THE COAST OF NORWAY Moy FE , Christie H and Tveiten L Institute for Marine Research, moy@imr.no

Surveys of 650 sites along a 25.000 km coastline indicate more than 50% loss of the sugar kelp forest ( Saccharina latissima) during the last decade in Southern Norway. The large-scale shift is most severe in the sheltered Skagerrak Sea were 80-90% of the kelp forest has been replaced by carpets of filamentous algae. The shift in vegetation may be a result of long ti me eutrophication combined with rece nt climatic events causing increased sea temperature and altered r un-off from land. Also as a cascade effect of altered fish populations, a declining grazer pressure may have enhanced growth of ephemeral algae. Thus, the situation has become favorable for the fast growing opportunistic algae in competition with th e perennial slow growing kelp. The shift to filamentous algae is observed in the entire kelp vertical distributi on zone, and the shift represents a change from a perennial forest to a seasonal algal carpet. Kelp forests are high ly productive and diverse communities, providing habitat for many associated organisms, includ ing feeding and nursery area for many species of fish. The consequences of the observed ecosystem change are no t fully understood, but are believed to include profound effects on the food-webs, production and biodiversity, and on the ecological status of the water bodies over very large areas. As Norway inhabits about 50% of the suga r kelp forests in Europe, we have a responsibility for the management of this species.



### 17 CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND IMPACT ON SEAWEED FARMING ON SONGOSONGO Msuya FE 1 

### and Porter M 2

1 Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania, 2 Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 2Z1, Canada

Tanzania, like other countries where Eucheumoid se aweeds are farmed, is experiencing die-offs of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Production has fallen and in some areas no seaweed is produced at all affecting greatly the economy and living standards of the farmers. Th is study was carried out on Songoson go Island, one of the most affected areas in southern Tanzania duri ng February-April 2 009. Water temperature was higher (33-38.5 0 C) than that observed in seaweed farms in other areas. Salinity wa s the normal 34 to 35 ppt. In the abandoned areas, the seaweed had whitish thalli and covered with slender whit ish material, a sign of ice ice disease. Fouling and epiphytic dark spots were also obse rved. Farmers have been moving from one area to the other when the cultivation sites could no longer pr oduce seaweed. Four sites have been abandoned. The number of farmers changed from 809 during the production peak in 2003 to below 400 in 2008. Seaweed production decreased from 84 MT worth 58 million Tsh. in 2003 to 26 MT in 2008 worth less than 10 million Tsh. (1US$=1200 Tsh.). The percent of money that was paid to the village government by seaweed exporters was Tsh. 400,000 per month. Nothing is paid now. People do not have enough food, with some who are considered better off, eating not to be satisfied but to put something in their bellies. It can be concluded that Songosongo community is facing an economic crisis that needs coll aborative, focused effort to solve.



### 331 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF Porphyra hollenbergii ALONG THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Muñiz-Salazar R 1 

### , López-Vivas JM 1,2 

### , Pacheco-Ruíz I 3 

### , Riosmena-Rodríguez R 2 

### , Yarish C 4 

### , ZertucheGonzález JA 3

1 Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico. Blvd. Zertuche y Blvd. De los lagos. s/n. Ensenada, B.C, México. C.P. 22890, 2 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, La Paz, Baja California Sur México. 3 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California,. Carretera Tij-Eda. Km. 103. Ensenada, B.C, México. C.P. 22800,
4 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, One University Place, Stamford, Connecticut 06901- 2315 USA.XX International Seaweed Symposium

80 Porphyra hollenbergii is endemic seaweed from the Gulf of California. P. hollenbergii is a monostromatic, monoplastidial and dioe cious seaweed showing a lanceolate form. Dawson (1944, 1953) described two endemic species in the Gulf of California for the genus Porphyra : P. hollenbergii and P. pendula based on taxonomic characters. However, there is not a cu rrent comprehensive work to understand if those species are the same or different. According to taxono mic classification we sampled P. hollenbergii and P. pendulata at 15 sites along the coast of the Gulf of California during the winter and spri ng from 2000 to 2008. Tree to ten individual of both species were collected manually from each population during low tides. We analyzed 90 individuals by comparing the nucleotide of the large subunit of rbcL and the 18S Ssu rRNA genes. Overall gene diversity was 0.011 and 0.0144, nucleotide diversity was 0.03497 and 0.0212 for rbcL and 18S gene, respective ly. A total of 10 and 12 haplotypes were identified using rbcL and 18S genes, re spectively. There are not significant differences between sequences of P. hollenbergii and P. pendulata, therefore, is the same specie. However, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that sequences of P. hollenbergii and P. pendulata are geographically different. The AMOVA showed 3 main groups. Individuals in the first group main ly inhabit the continental coast of the Gulf of California, the second and the third group is in the nort hern and the southern area along the Peninsula of Baja California inside the Gulf of California.



### 140 FEEDING RESPONSES OF NATIVE MACRO-INVE RTEBRATES TO NON-INDIGENOUS SEAWEEDS Murray SN , Navarro CA, Vogt SC and Smith JR College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and Departm ent of Biological Science California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, USA 92834-6850. smurray@fullerton.edu

Recently, much attention has been give n to describing the spre ad of non-indigenous se aweeds and the pathways leading to their introduction. However, less is known about the ecological roles of these introduced seaweeds in their new habitats. A recent re view reported that the ecological effects of only 6% of recorded seaweed invasions have been studied. Little is known, for example, about the feeding responses of native consumers when encountering new additions to their local seaweed flora. Ye t, native consumers have the potential to feed on nonnative seaweeds at rates th at may determine their success. Based mostly on studies performed in terrestrial systems, cases have been made for both the selective consumption (Biotic Resistance Hypothesis) and avoidance (Enemy Release Hypothesis) of non- indigenous seaweeds by native co nsumers. To improve understanding of these feeding interactions, we performed a series of laboratory experiments in southern California USA using native macro-invertebrates and intr oduced seaweeds. We determined fe eding rates and performed two-choice experiments with non-native ( Caulacanthus ustulatus
, Sargassum muticum
, Sargassum horneri, and Undaria pinnatifida) and native ( Chondracanthus canaliculatus
, Sargassum agardhianum , and Macrocystis pyrifera) seaweeds and macro-invertebrate consumers. Native macro-invertebrates included the sea hare Aplysia californica , the snail Chlorostoma aureotincta , the crab Pachygrapsus crassipes , and the urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ; all are species with relatively broad field diets that include seaweeds. Our results indicate that these native macro-invertebrates have diverse feeding resp onses that override native and non-native considerations and that their impact on the success of a seaweed introduction must be evaluated on a case by case basis.



### 281 IN DEFENSE OF SEAVEGETABLES Myslabodski DE Great SeaVegetables, Consulting Services, 2 Pa rk Dr STE 200, Rockland ME 04841 USA. DavidM@SeaVegetables.com

It seems counter-intuitive to defend ma rine plants as one of the best sources of food for humans, animals or the soil. Regretfully today’s consumers are constantly bo mbarded with advertising promoting edible food-like substances junk, convenience, processed, functional foods, nutraceutical s, etc] having this or that compound. A recent characteristic of these produc ts is the inclusion of dubious health claims. This has only added to the present state of confusion where most consumers are not ab le to distinguishing betwee n real food and food-like substances. We propose that the best possible use of fa rmed and/or wild-harvested sea vegetables is as food. This requires the re-evaluation of present and future us es of marine plants. How re asonable are the proposals to farm marine plants used as sources of bio-fuels? How defensible is the cultivation of marine plants for the sole manufacture of food-additives devoid of any nutritional value with the added production of pollutants? The classic harvesting/farming and mi nimally processing of ma rine plants for the production of food not only is an excellentXX International Seaweed Symposium

81 source of nutrients but, when properly executed, is alsoecologically friendly requiring low energy processes and producing very little emissions. Lastly we propose a revi sion to Michel Pollan’s statement. “Eat food. Not too much. Mainly plants (land and marine)”.



### 183 Kappaphycus CULTIVATION AS A CATALYST FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE, INTEGRATED SEAWEED FARMIN G ALONG TROPICAL SEASHORES Neish IC 1 

### and Hurtado AQ2

1 Seaplant.net Foundation S/O BaKTI, Jalan Dr. Suto mo No.26. Makassar, Sulaweso Selatan 90113, 2Seaweed Scientist-Consultant, Integrated Services for the Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries (ISDA), Iloilo City, Philippines. iain@seaplant.net

The farming of Kappaphycus (cottonii of the trade) is a rare example of aquaculture development that resulted from market forces connecting to farmers in remote pl aces. An industry that did not exist until the early 1970s has become entrenched as a “traditional” source of live lihood for thousands of families in locations that present few economic opportunities. Cottonii fa rming is technologically simple an d it has been developed mainly by farmers along tropical seasho res. The cottonii crop is utilized primarily as a raw material for carrageenan which is a performance chemical that serves as an ingredientin complex products from technologically advanced manufacturers throughout the world. The present paper presents data that track these developments. Cottonii farm development is explained with reference to mo dels currently being applied to the development of sustainable cultivation enterprises in impoverished region s. It is concluded that a major factor in successful cottonii farming was that market forces were effectively linked to farmer communities in a reflexive manner that directly linked farmers to market needs. Means are pr esented for extending the cottonii farming experience to further development of sustainable seawee d aquaculture along tropical seashores.



### 87 MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS) FOR ENERGY AND FOR CO 2 

### CAPTURE: AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT ACTIVITIES IN THE WORLD Neori A Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Nation al Center for Mariculture, P.O. Box 1212, Eilat 88112, Israel. aneori@gmail.com

Macroalgae (seaweeds) have significan t advantages as fuel feedstock, related to their low cost and available technologies for large-scale production. Macroalgal yiel ds can be very high, making them suitable for biomass production. Schemes for large macroalgae farms in dese rts, on ocean rafts and integrated with offshore wind farms have been proposed. Issues such as dewatering and processing at sea are under development. Energy conversion processes, able to make use of wet biomass, have also been proposed, such as anaerobic digestion to methane, fermentation to ethanol, and several processes of thermal deco mposition. Quite a few efforts have examined to different degrees the production and processing of macroalgae for energy and for CO 2 capture. It begun in earnest in the 1970's and 1980's in France (Souze, 1977) and in the U. S. (Department of Energy’s Aquatic Species Program—Biodiesel from Algae). The history of this latter effort has been reviewed by Neushul (1987) and the practicality of its results by Sheehan etal (1998). But these have been by no means the only efforts. Scientists and engineers in ma ny countries have examined this op tion. The motive seems obvious: huge quantities of biomass that can be seen in coastal waters in the form of kelp forests and other macroalgae forests. For instance, Russia has huge resources of naturally o ccurring macroalgae biomass along its shores, much of which washes ashore as storm cast. A harvestable yield of 6 million tons fw a year has been estimated for the Russian coast (Vilkova, O.Y., unpublished). In some cases, notably around the Brittany peninsula of France, in the Venice Lagoon of Italy and recently (a 3-million ton "gre en tide") in the water off Qingdao of China, blooms have resulted from the nutrification of the coastal waters by agriculture and urban wa ste. Producing energy from macroalgae has been seen as a way to pay back a fraction of the cost of removing large algal blooms from coastal waters. In China, Japan, Korea and Chile, countries that produce millions ton y -1 of macroalgae for food and phycocolloids (agar, alginate and carrageen), energy seems as an additional use for the biomass, or fractions of it that remain after the sought after phyc ocolloids have been extracted. However, like with microalgae, there is as yet no known project that has produced energy from macr oalgae on a full commercial scale. My talk will review briefly plans, R&D efforts and pilot commercial operatio ns involving energy from macroalgae, documented from the following countries: Brazil, China, Canada, Chile, De nmark, European Union, France, Israel, Ireland, Italy,XX International Seaweed Symposium

82 Japan, Korea, Morocco, Norway, SovietUnion / Russian Federation, Scotland , South-East Asia, Thailand, Turkey, UK and the USA.



### 59 STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE MOLECULAR WE IGHT OF THE SODIUMALGINATE ON THE GROWTH Nissa S 1 

### , Assia NK 1 

### , Mohamed M 1 

### , Belkacem M 1 

### and Maya A 2

1 Nuclear research center of Algiers (CRNA). 02, Boulevard Frantz Fanon, BP.399-RP, Algiers. 2 University Saad Dahleb de Blida. saidaninissa@yahoo.fr

The sodium alginate with various molecular weights wa s obtained following the irradiation gamma. It was used with various concentrations in the water of watering of two plants in sight to study its effect on stimulation of the growth of these last. The molecular weights used in th e present study were: 138, 55 , 30, 15, 14 kDa. The tests of stimulation of the growth were carried out in conditions controlled on the barley and chick-pea. The stimulative effect of the sodium alginate on the growth of the plants was followed by the evaluation of the rate of increase of three parameters, in fact, germination, the length of the roots and the height of the stems. It was observed that the treatment of seeds, before sowi ng, with an aqueous solution with sodium alginate 20ppm of 30 kDa of molecular weight, produces a rate of increase in germinat ion, compared to the witness, of 20% at the barley and 16% at chick-pea. Concerning the vegetable growth, biometric measurem ents on samples of 12 days old seedlings, showed that the alginate whose molecula r weight east 14 kDa, brought to 20ppm, produces an increase length of the roots of 16% and 46% at the barley and chick-pea, respectively. As for the growth of the air part, it was observed an increase in 18% at the barley whose seeds were treated with alginate 50 ppm of 14 kDa, and an increase 20% at chick-pea tr eated with alginate 30 kDa with th e same concentration. The Avena test carried out on the barley showed that it ya a lengthening of 7.87% of the co léoptiles of seeds tr eated with alginate of 14 kDa compared to the witness (water). Even the cont ent of dry matter of the samples treated with alginate is in increase.



### 325 THE COMMERCIAL Ascophyllum nodosum-BASED SEAWEED EXTRACT “Stimplex®” POSITIVELY AFFECTS THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF RED GLOBE AND SUPERIOR SEEDLESS TABLE GRAPES Norrie J 1 

### , Mansilla J 2 

### , Babelis G 2 

### , Mondino C 2 

### , Ferratto J 2 

### and Melgar R 2

1 Acadian Seaplants Limited, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, jnorrie@acadian.ca, 2Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentación, Instituto. Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina. rjrmelgar@gmail.com

Commercially produced extracts from Ascophyllum nodosum have been used effectively as biostimulants and fertilizers in crop management programs for many years. Over a two-year period in Argentina, the commercial product Stimplex® was applied via multiple applications at 2.5 L/ha to table grapes using a RCB design. Yield and quality data were collected to evaluate Stimplex® effects on fruit yield and market quality. In 2008, for Superior Seedless grapes, following 4 applications of Stimplex®, total yields were 19.7 and 15.3 T/ha for the treated and control plots, respectively, representing a 28.8% increase. Increases were also observed for 1 st class (3.71 vs 0.86 T/ha) and 2 nd class (7.82 vs 4.73 T/ha) fruit, with a concurrent decrease in rejected frui t. No differences were observed in soluble solids (Brix), but slight increases were found for berry weight and diameter. After 6 applications to Red Globe Grapes in 2009, yields were higher for total (8.75%) and 1 stclass fruit (35%), and slightly higher for 2 nd class fruit (3%), and lower for rejected fruit (22.9%). Brix was slightly elevated. No differences were found for berry weight but berry diameter was significantly higher (27.3 vs 24.9 mm). Economic data indicated significantly improved returns when compar ed to the control ($7267 vs $3387 USD in 2008; $9807 vs $7845 in 2009). These results corroborate previous results on table grapes from California and Chile and suggest that Stimplex® can be used effectively to improv e yield and/or fruit quality in table grapes resulting in significant improvements in ROI.XX International Seaweed Symposium

83 

### 158 INFLUENCE OF XANTHOPHYLL CYCLE PIGMENT POOL SIZE ON NON-PHOTOCHEMICAL QUENCHING PERFORMANCE OF Macrocystis pyirifera Ocampo-Alvarez H and Garcia-Mendoza E Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Supe rior de Ensenada, Km 107 carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, Ensenada, B.C. 22860 Mé xico. hocampo@cicese.mx

Thermal dissipation, measured as NPQ, is one of the most important photoprotective mechanisms of plants and algae. In Macrocystis pyrifera thermal dissipation is nece ssary to regulate the photos ynthetic activity of blades exposed to full sun light (surface). NPQ in M. pyrifera , in contrast to higher plants, depends only on the formation of the carotenoid zeaxanthin (Zea) formed through the xanthophyll cycle (XC). As consequence, the rate of formation of this photoprotective pigment is important to develop a fast response to potentially stress conditions. In the present work we characterized the effect of the size of the xantho phyll pigment pool (SXC) on the deepoxidation kinetics of this cycle. We compared the formation of Zea on tissue acclimated to different light conditions (blades collected from different depths) whic h have different SXC. The rate of Zea formation and extend of NPQ formation were measured at four light intensities (1500, 900, 150, 75 μ mol photons m -2 s -1 ). We found that the extent of NPQ induction and rates of Zea co nversion were lower in blades with smaller SXC. Also, we found two distinct kinetics of NPQ induction. A fa st NPQ induction (t1/2=1~3 min) was linearly correlated to the amount of antheraxanthin formed upon exposure to light. There was also a slow component related to the deepoxidation state of the SXC. These results show that in hi gh light acclimation the increase in the size of the SXC and the accumulation of preformed antheraxanthin repr esent a photoprotective strategy to respond faster to potentially stress light conditions



### 64 EXOTIC OR NON-EXOTIC? THAT IS THE QUESTI ON. A CASE STUDY FOR SEAWEEDS IN BRAZIL Oliveira E , Silva BTN and Amancio CE Instituto de Biociencias, Un iversidade de São Paulo. R. do Matão. CidadeUniversitária. 05508-900. São Paulo, SP. Brazil. euricodo@usp.br

The introduction of marine species is a very recent concern in Br azil and marine algae are one of the least studied groups. With the exception of Kappaphycus alvarezii, introduced on purpose, all th e other putative introductions are just hypothesis to be tested. Of the ten spec ies of seaweeds suspected to be non-natives, only Caulerpa scalpelliformis , be it a natural migrant from a hundred miles north, or an introduced stra in from a remote place, is the only species that is behaving as invasive. In mostcases, the recognition of a species as non-native is a complex issue. Species with spatially disjunctive distribu tion are view with suspicion; and, if they were not detected in previous surveys they may be labeled as newcomers. But, when, in the past, we should draw a baseline to consider a species as introduced? And what about the sp ecies that arrived without th e concourse of men, i. e., by natural dispersion? Whatever the case the key issue is ti me. But, how far in time the baseline should go back? To the year 1500 when the Portuguese arrived in Brazil? Orto the oldest biodiversitystudy available for a given locality, that is 1950 in the case of Brazil? This problem is even more crit ic for rare and inconspicuous organisms, not to talk of misidentification. Because of that, to be on the safe side, most of the 12 species of our list have to be considered as cryptogenic, so far.XX International Seaweed Symposium

84 

### 509 SOURCE-TRACKING THE DOMINATING ALGA OF THE DRIFTING GREEN TIDE IN THE YELLOW SEA REVEALS THE URGENCY AND IMPORTAN CE OF INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN CHINA Pang SJ 1 

### , Liu F 1, 2 

### , Shan TF 1 

### , Xu N 1, 2 

### , Zhang ZH 1 

### , Gao SQ 1 

### , Chopin T 3 

### and Sun S 1

1 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, P.R.China, 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R.China, 3 University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 5050, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Can ada. sjpang@ms.qdio.ac.cn

Large-scale drifting green ti des have occurred in the Yellow Sea consec utively for three years from 2007 to 2009. We have conducted sampling of the algae and seawater at different site s along the Qingdao and Jiangsu coasts and participated in 5 open-sea cruises in the Yellow Se a from 2008 to 2009. In to tal, 150 algal samples were analyzed by use of ITS and rbcL gene comparison, 150 samples of surface seawater were cultured to quantify the microscopic stages of the bloom-forming algae. Results showed that (1) microscopic stages of the green algae were ubiquitous in land-based animal aquaculture ponds (AAPs) and in the Yellow Sea, and were present in the absence of Porphyra farming structures; (2) the domi nating algae were highly iden tical in both morphology and sequences of ITS and rbcL genes over the three years; (3) intensive marine animal farming in AAPs resulted in high levels of nutrients in coastal waters and constituted a pote ntial triggering factor for occurrence of green tides; (4) higher temperature and low salinities facilitated the growth and sporulation of the dominating alga, thushelping it to win the competition with other algae in occupying the niche in the Yellow Sea; (5) prevention of largescale green tides in the Yellow Sea in the future depends on and calls for the establishment of a comprehensive, integrated coastal zone management plan in which discharges of efflue nts are controlled and biomitigative measures, such as Integrated Multi-Trop hic Aquaculture (IMTA), are implemented.



### 145 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION USING SEAWEED BED OF BIOSLAG IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT Park K-S 1 

### , Kim H-S 1 

### , Park H-W 1 

### , Sohn G-M 2 

### and Park H 2

1 Energy & Envion. Div., RIST, Pohang 790-600, Korea, 2 Environ. & Energy Dept., POSCO, Pohang 790-600, Korea. kspark@rist.re.kr

Seaweed forest cultivation using BioSlag seaweed reefs made of steel-making slag would be an effective adaptation measure. By this means, CO 2 could be mitigated in a two-step process: carbonation of steel-making slag aggregates in the BioSlag reefs, and photosynthesis by the seaweeds grown on the BioSlag reefs, creating a natural CO 2 -storage site. The carbonation process of slag co rresponds to that of mineral carbonation, and the application of slag seaweed reefs falls under the CCS ocean storage method reported by the IPCC (2005). Approval of this kind of seaweed-photosynthetic CO 2 storage as a CO 2 sink mechanism, by the UNFCC, is anticipated.



### 271 DIVERSITY OF THE GENUS Dictyota (DICTYOTALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN NEW CALEDONIA (SOUTH PACIFIC) Payri CE , Ferret C and Mattio L Dictyota is a worldwide distributed genus, with about 71 species. It colonizes a large ra nge of habitats and is a common inhabitant of the coral reefs. Specimen identifi cation based on morphology is most of the time difficult and only few species are morphologically clea rly delimited. Aside from the well described Dictyota flora of the Indian Ocean, Europe, South Africa and Southern Australi a most of the specimens are difficult to identify. New Caledonia which is part of the Gondwa naland is recognized as one of the terrestrial and marine biodiversity hotspots. The marine flora display a large range of tropical, subtropical and temperate affinities and the genus Dictyota is a good illustration of this high species diversity. Intensive sampling from shallow waters to deep reefs (60 m) has brought tens of specimens. The study ba sed on a combined approach using morpho-anatomical examinations, statistical analyses of morphometry and DNA analyses based on cox 1, partial rbcL and psa A sequences, as well as combined se quence sets, hierarchical upward and molecular phylogenetic analysesXX International Seaweed Symposium

85 confirmed morphotypes identified on morphological ob servations, and sustained the hypotheses of cryptic species. In total, 16 spec ies belonging to the genera Dictyota (13), Canistrocarpus (2) and Rugulopterix (1) were revealed from the New Caledonian collections. Phylogeneticdiversity and species biogeographical affinities in the Indo-Pacific context are discussed.



### 94 SEAWEEDS IN EU'S WATE R FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE Pedersen A Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Lysaker, Norway. are@niva.no

EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) ma in goal is to protect and restore cl ean water within EU – i.e. ground-, fresh-, transitional- and coastal wate rs. The Directive establishes a new ho listic approach for water management based on management of water basin s, from mountain tops into coastal waters. Water quality assessment is mainly based on biological indices, as opposed to the traditional hydro-chemical or pollutants criteria sets previously used. The water quality is graded into five clas ses from high to Very Bad and the main goal is to obtain at least Good water quality in all waterbodies within 2015 . In transitional- and coastal waters, the main indices are based on five different biological elements: Phytoplankton, Macroalgae, Angiosperms, Benthic invertebrate fauna (soft bottom) and fish fauna (only in transitional waters). Every nation th at shares similar water types have to intercalibrate their in dices, hence an uniform water ba sin management across nations. The tight schedule for the implementation of the directive and the development of biological indices is, howeve r, a challenge and probably more so than the politicians in EU anticipated.



### 149 ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS BY EPIP HYTIC MANGROVE MACROALGAE USED AS INDICATORS OF ESTUARINE POLLUT ION IN TROPICAL COASTAL WATERS Peña EJ 1 

### , Lozano Y 1 

### , Benitez R 2 

### and Cantera JR 1

1 Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360 Cali, Colombia, 2 Departamento de Química, Universidad del Cauca, Popayan, Colombia. enripena@univalle.edu.co

Buenaventura bay, a tropical estuary at the Pacific Co ast of Colombia has undergone to a gradual increase in levels of contamination with heavy metals and other indust rial wastes from the city of Buenaventura. This study assessed the temporal and spatial variation of the conc entration of two heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of two species of macroalgae, Bostrychia calliptera (Montagne) Montagne (R hodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) and Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey (Chlorophyceae, Cladophorale s) during one year. The results in algae showed no differences (P> 0.05) among the months. In contrast, significant differe nces were found in metal concentration among sampling sites. Ca ngrejo Island (Estuary middle sector), presented high levels of both metals (copper: water 0.45 μ g g -1 , sediment 1.05 μ g g -1

, B. calliptera 3.61 μ g g -1 and R. riparium1.23 μ g g -1 ; Lead: Water 0.20 μ g g -1 and R. riparium0.81 μ g g -1 ). Concentrations were higher in algal tissue compared to the levels found in water column and sediment. The red algae B. Calliptera presented higher concentrations of copper, while R. Ripariumpresented higher concentrations of lead. Ac cording to the results, the species of algae can be considered as bioindicators of Cu and Pb accumulation. The differe nces among Bioconcentration factor, among sites for each algae species, demonstrate that itis important to develop st udies on the environmental conditions that influence the accumulation of metals in tropical coastal areas.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 150 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EXOTIC SPECIES Kappaphycus alvarezii (RHODOPHYTA, SOLIERIACEAE) IN THE COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN Peña S EJ 1 

### and Palacios PML 2

1 Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360 Cali, Colombia, 2 Programa de Administración del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Km 2, vía Jamundi Cali, Colombia. malupa1130@yahoo.com

Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva is an economically important red seaweed highly demanded for its cell wall polysaccharide, and it is considered one of the mostimportant source of n-carrageenan in the tropics. The species have been introduced to numerous parts of the world for the development of a commercial cultivation industry. Strains of K. alvarezii were introduced in the northern Caribbean region of Colombia to start a pilot cultivation project with local fishermen as an alternativ e livelihood for local communities. Plants were cultivated for a period of 14 moths using the fixed off bottom mono line culture method, to determine the technical viability of growing this seaweed in the tropical waters of Cabo de la Vela, a coasta l town in the Guajira Peninsula. The highest average growth rates obtained were 4.5 ± 1% day -1 for the dry season (between May and August). In contrast, the lowest growth rate was observed during the rainy season (October to December), 3.1 ± 1% day -1

. During the study period other native species of red algae were growing in the pilot lines interacting with the algal settlement of Kappaphycus . Species composition and algal cover in the cultivation areas were also observed as a monitoring survey associated with th e introduction and establishment of K. alvarezii in the study region. The results demonstrated the importance of evaluate the feasibility of introduced species, prior to developed commercial seaweed cultivation for conservation and management purposes in the Colombian Caribbean.



### 136 PRODUCTION OF SEAWEEDS IN INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE FOR APPLICATION AS INGREDIENTS IN FISH Pereira R , Abreu MH, Valente L, Rema P and Sousa-Pinto I CIIMAR/CIMAR - Centre for Marine and Environmental Re search, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto. Portugal. rpereira@ciimar.up.pt

According to Food and Agriculture Orga nization (FAO), aquaculture continues to grow more rapidly than all other animal food-producing sectors, and is needed to provide fi sh due to the decrease in fisheries. On the other hand, there is consensus that aquaculture development must be achieved based on sustaina ble practices. Specifically, three important aquaculture problems need to be addresse d: 1) the need for alternat ive protein sources for fishfeed, that is both economically viable and of good quality; 2) the need to improve th e water quality in intensive systems and 3) the need to improve the image of farmed fish with the consumers. Considerable effort has been put into solving the first problem. However, alternative protein sources te sted, and successfully adopted by the industry, are essentially agricultural crops like soy, peas and corn. At a smaller scale, some research has been performed on the use of microalgae. This work is part of a project to select and optimi ze the production of seaweeds in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)systems, improving water quality and producing suitable biomass to be used as high quality ingredient for fish feed. Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Porphyra dioica and Ulva spp, were produced in IMTA system. Protein content of the seaweeds varied from 24 to 39%, with significant increases when compared to wild harvested materi al. In particular condit ions, however, protein in G. vermiculophylla was higher than 40%. Lipid contents varied be tween 1.16 and 1.27% on a dry matter basis. The potential use of these seaweeds as ingredients in fish-feed will be discussed.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 201 GRAZING ON MICROSCOPIC STAGES OF THE GIANT KELP Macrocystis pyrifera Pereda SV 1 

### , Cabrera JC 1 

### , Buschmann AH 2 

### , Hernández-González MC 2 

### and González K 2

1 CIEN Austral. Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n Pelluco, Casilla 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile, 2 Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ambientes y Re cursos Costeros ‘i ~mar’, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile. sandra.pereda@cienaustral.cl

The effect of grazing by two marine snails, Crepipatella fecunda and Tegula atra , coexisting with Macrocystis pyrifera could be a key factor on structuring the annual popula tion of kelp in Southern Chile. Grazers may have a high impact on the microscopic stages of the alga (i.e . gametophytes and early spor ophytes) either by active feeding or detachment of the reproducti ve structures from the substrate, with the consequent change in the alga population. Laboratory experiments showed active grazing on the microscopic stages of the algae by both marine snails. Grazing in males of C. fecunda (male are grazers/female are filter feeders) showed that 90% of individuals prefer gametophytes with a graz ing rate of 90 gametophytes h -1 . Meanwhile only a 20% of males grazed successfully on early spor ophytes (12 sporophyte h -1 ), but can detached them to some extend from the substrate. However, the males of the slipper limpet were una ble to graze upon sporophytes bigger than 300 μ m. On the other hand, T. atra does not discriminate among re productive stages or sizes of M. pyrifera (300 stages h -1 ). Therefore, grazing by T. atra is more effective but less selective than C. fecunda , which is related to their feeding strategies. The study also explores the possible effect of nutritional value of M. pyrifera on the marine snail feeding preferences.



### 39 EFFECT OF MACROALGAE DIETS ON GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF JUVENILE GREEN ABALONE Haliotis fulgens PHILIPPI Pérez-Estrada CJ , Civera-Cerecedo R, Hernández-Llamas A and Serviere-Zaragoza E. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mar Berm ejo 195. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México. claudiap@cibnor.mx

Abalone Haliotis fulgens is one of the most important fishing resource s in the western coast of the Baja California peninsula, where severa l hatcheries are producing juvenile s of the species; the macroalga Macrocystis pyrifera is the most frequently used for feeding abalone in Mexi co. Occasionally, and dependin g on availability, other macroalgae, such as Ulva spp., Eisenia arborea
, Egregia menziesii
, Gracilaria spp. or Porphyra spp. are used as feed substitutes. Considering the importance of feed ing in the development and maintenance of juvenile H. fulgens , five macroalgae, Ulva sp., E. arborea
, E. menziesii, M. pyrifera , and Porphyra perforatawere tested as rehydrated feeds. Growth, survival, feed conversion ratio (F CR), and biochemical composit ion of the digestive gland and muscle were evaluated after 136-day feeding tr ial. Re-hydrated macroalgae promoted growth ( M. pyrifera 18.1 μ m·d –1

, E. menziesii 17.5 μ m·d –1 and P. perforata 15.1 μ m·d –1 ), although, depending on the diet, there were considerable differences in growth weight, FCR, and biochemical composition. Ulva sp. (1.6 μ m·d –1 ) and E. arborea (12.0 μ m·d –1 ) produced the lowest growth rates. Protein, carbohydrates and lipid contents in the digestive gland of juveniles ranged from 113–180 mg·g –1 , 98.3–448 mg·g –1 , and 17.2–23.3 mg·g –1

, respectively. In muscle, th e ranges were 66.9–123 mg·g –1 , 9.5–23.2 mg·g –1 , and 2.8–3.9 mg·g –1 , respectively. This study showed that differences in the chemical composition of macroalgae result in different growth responses, feed efficienci es, and biochemical composition of the di gestive gland and muscle of juvenile H fulgens

.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 216 NITROGEN UPTAKE BY THE OPPORTUNISTIC MACROALGA Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus), DURING SEMIDIURNAL INTERNAL WAVE ACTIVITY Pérez-Mayorga DM and Ladah LB CICESE, Department of Biological Oceanography, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, Ensenada, 22800 Baja California, Mexico. lladah@cicese.mx

Typically sources of nitrogen for seaweeds result from upwelling and from runoff from land, however little is know about how macroalgae respond to nitrogen pulses in the field which are brought to shore by high frequency mechanisms, such as internal waves, during periods of strong water column stratification. To determine if an opportunistic macroalga could increase tissue nitrogen content as a resp onse to high-frequency (minutes to hours) nutrient pulses induced by internal waves, Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus) was transpla nted for short continuous deployments (3, 6 and 12 hrs) at thre e different depths (1, 5, and 10 me ters) in the near -shore ocean near Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, for an 8-day period. Concurrently, water column conditions (temperature and nutrients) were measured to determine when intern al waves occurred and how long they lasted. U. lactuca showed a significant increase in dry-weight tissue ni trogen during cool (<16 °C ), nitrogen-containing (>1 μ M NO 3 ), internal wave pulses, in short periods of time (12 h, 6 h and 3 h), even though cold water pulses were short and at times lasted less than an hour (35 minutes ). The data support the hypothesis that U. lactuca can increase tissue nitrogen content in response to high freq uency (hours) cool internal wave pulses.



### 250 COMMERCIAL SEAWEEDS AND SEA GRASSES OF TH E FAR EAST SEAS OF RUSSIA: BIOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION, STOCKS AND THEIR PROCESSING Podkorytova AV 1 

### and Sukhoveeva MV 2

1 Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisherie s and Oceanography (VNIRO), Moscow, 107140, Russia. 2 Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), Vladivostok, 690650, Russia. podkor@vniro.ru
In the Far East Seas there are about 552 species of macrop hytic algae: 161, 318, 73 sp ecies of brown, red, green algae, respectively, and 4 species of sea grasses. Their stocks are estimated at 40-45 million tons of raw biomass. Laminariales are distributed in the coastal zone of all Far Ea st Seas. From them 15 species harvested and use in technology of foodstuff and products for functional nut rition and also hydrocollo ids and biologically active additives to food (BAA). Resourses of Fucales amount to 9200 – 10,475 th. tons. Algae belonging to the order Fucales are of great value, as raw material for obtaining of pharmacological preparations and BAA. Among red algae the greatest prac tical importance has Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Kanno et Matsubara) V. Mak. Its basic stocks are concentrated in the lagoon Busse of Island Sakhalin, in the gulf of Izme na of the Kunashir Island and in the Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan. Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis is indispensable raw material for manufacturing of food and microbiological agars and also agarose. Other red algae -Odonthalia corymbifera
, Tichocarpus crinitus
, Rhodymenia pertusa
, Chondrus spp.
, Palmaria stenogona do not form independent thickets and are considered to be potentially important commercial stocks. Chondrus armatus by its stocks and technological value is perspective raw material for produc tion of kappa-carrageenan. Stocksof Ulva fenestrata Post. et Rupr

. in the whole area amount to 45-50 th. tons. Ulva is used for salads. Sea grasses -Zostera marina L.
, Z. asiatica Miki., Z.japonica Aschers.& Graebn and Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino are widespread in the Sea of Japan; off the western and eastern coasts of the Sakhal in Island, in the Sea of Okhotsk, o ff the Kuriles Island, in the Peter the Great Bay. Their stocks are estimated as 450-1450 th to ns. Sea grasses are used for production of zosterin.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 42 LIFE ON THE EDGE OF DARKNESS: ENERGETIC CONSTRAINTS ON Anotrichium GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS Pritchard D 1 

### , Hepburn C 2 

### , Beardall J 3 

### and Hurd C 1

1 Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 2 Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 3 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. daniel.pritchard@botany.otago.ac.nz

Primary productivity is determined by light availab ility balanced against the energetic requirements for physiological processes such as nitrogen and carbon uptake and assimilation. Anotrichium crinitum(Rhodophyta) is a dominant component of subtidal rocky reefs below 10 m along the coast New Zeal and’s South Island. In situ light data, recorded continuously since December 2008, suggest that A. crinitumphotosynthesis is light limited 89% of the time and growth is light limited on 80% of days. We hypothesised that the preferential use of less abundant, but energetically less expens ive, forms of inorganic carbon (as CO 2 ) and nitrogen (as NH 4 + ) might support growth of A. crinitumduring periods of light limitation. Whil e external carbonic anhydrase was shown to support maximal phot osynthetic rates, δ 13 C analyses and pH drift experiments indicated that A. crinitumdoes not utilize an active carbon concentratin g mechanism (CCM). This suggests that A. crinitumrelies on diffusive uptake of CO 2 . Under favourable conditions, A. crinitumtakes up nitrate and show s high levels of nitrate reductase activity, suggestin g that it can utilize NO 3 - . However, field harvested A. crinitumshows a strong preference for NH 4 + , has low internal NO 3 -pools and growth rates four-fold higher when supplied with NH 4 + compared to NO 3 - . We suggest use of NH 4 +coupled with diffusive uptake of CO 2 may support growth and primary productivity of A. crinitumduring periods of light limitation.



### 505 GENETIC ENGINEERING IN SEAWEED BIOREF INERY: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES Qin S 1 

### , Jiang P 2 

### , Lin H 2 

### and Wang Y 1

1 Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chin ese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China, 2 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China

Genetic engineering of seaweeds starte d from early 1990s, with the main obstacle that it is in lack of enough genetic background and vector/host system. In order to overcome the obstacle, the early development of methodology mainly referred to either plant or microbial technology since the plants and microbes have similar physiological and genetic characters, and considered the specific features of seaweeds at the same time in practice. Some algae with a strong research backgro und and fine growth charact eristics were selected as transformation models. Then the mode ls were used in strain breeding and further experienced genetically construction to be a seawee d bioreactor to express exogenous genes. By genetic and metabolic engineering, the seaweed biorefinery is designed to utilize nearly a ll components of seaweeds with the purpose to produce multiple products and maximize the comprehensive value derived from the seaweed biomass feedstock. This presentation will give some examples on seaweed genetic engineering in China. The current problems, challenges and perspectives on seaweed biorefinary are also discussed.



### 332 ALGAL OVERGROWTH OF CORALS FROM THE MEXICAN CARIBBEAN Quan-Young LI 1 

### , Espinoza-Avalos J 2 

### , Cetz-Navarro NP 2 

### and Vega-Zepeda A 3

1 Universidad de Antioquia, Instituto de Biología, Medellín, Colombia; 2 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado postal 424, Chetumal, Qu intana Roo 77000, México; 3 CONANP Región Península de Yucatán y Caribe Mexicano, Av. Insurgente 445, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77039, México.

Coral reefs around the world but especially in the Caribbean Sea are being degraded at an alarming rate, shifting from a dominance of live coral colonies to a state of de ad corals with algae overgrowing them. In the southern part of the Mexican Caribbean (MC), the tissue of large coral species ( i.e. Montastraea spp., Diploria strigosa
,XX International Seaweed Symposium

90 Acropora palmata) are mainly overgrown by mixed filamentous turf algae (MFTA), few millimeters in length, which rarely become reproductive, while small coral species ( i.e. Agaricia tenuifolia
, Porites porites) are mainly overgrown by algae larger than 5-10 cm, which may exhi bit ten types of reproductivestructures. Coral species were overgrown by a different algal sp ecies composition irrespective of th eir size, and the number of macroalgae and multicellular cyanobacteria species found in close proximity of coral tissue ranged from 56 in A. palmata to107 in D. strigosa . MFTA, mainly composed of clonal algae species, stressed the tissue of M. faveolata by reducing the tissue thickness, zooxanthellae density, and Chl a cm -2 . Two clonal algae species ( Gelidiella trinitatensis and Polysiphonia scopularum var

. villum) actively competed with the coral tissue by increasing the spacer length (distanc e between erect axes) and the diameter of prostrate axes. A. palmata colonies with low percentage of tissue overgrown by algae were found at sites from the southern MC with low pressure of human activities but also at site s from the northern MC with high demograp hic and touristic pres sures, revealing that coral health it dependents on conservation actions and sust ainable management.



### 152 PHLOROTANNIN RICH EXTRACT OF Ascophyllum nodosum AND Himanthalia elongata , DIRECT AND PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON CELLULA R OXIDATIVE MARKERS IN HUMAN HEPATOMA HepG2 Queguineur B 1 

### , Kraan S 1 

### , Guiry MD 1 

### , Ramos S 2 

### , Martin MA 2 

### , Goya L 2 

### , Mateos R 2 

### and Bravo L 2

1 Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland, 2 Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frio (CSIC), C/ José Antonio Novais, 10 Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. benoit.queguineur@nuigalway.ie

Over the last decade, phlorotannins in brown algae have re ceived much attention both due to their ecophysiological importance and potential applications in the biotech and food industries. Antioxidant activity studies of a wide ra nge of seaweeds have mainly focused on in vitro assays; however there is a paucity of data regarding the effect of brown algal phlorotannins on living cultured cells. The aim of this study is to investigate both direct and protective effect of phlorotannin rich extracts on cell viability (Lactate deshydrogenase leakage) and cellular oxidative status of cult ured human hepatoma cells (HepG2) ag ainst oxidative stress induced by tert

butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH). Aqueou s methanolic extracts of both Ascophyllum nodosumand Himanthalia elongata were submitted to gastrointestinal digestion pr ior to incubation for 20h within HepG2 culture at physiological concentration (0.5-50 μ g.mL -1 ). Various markers of cellular oxidative stress were then assessed, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS ), antioxidant defenses (i.e . concentration of reduced glutathione, activi ty of glutathione peroxidase and reductase enzymes), and levels of malondialdehyde as a marker of cellular damage. The direct effect on th e cellular markers was assessed immediately after the incubation period, whereas for the prot ective effect, the incubation period was followed by 3h treatment with tBOOH. Results exhibit no variation in cell viability and bo th extracts showed reduced levels of ROS in the direct treatment. Moreover, the extracts showed a significant protective effect against chemically induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells, hence encouraging the possibility of inclusion of brown algal extract in functional food products.



### 142 VARIATIONS IN MACROALGAL COMMUNITY IN THE ALACRANES REEF NATIONAL PARK, OFF THE NORTHERN YUCATAN PENINSULA Ramirez-Miss N , Ortegón-Aznar I and Aguilar-Perera A Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Medicina Vete rinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. ramirezmiss1@gmail.com

A community assessment was conducted in order to comp are the macroalgae between islands from the Alacranes Reef National Park, off the northern Yucatan Penins ula. During July 2009, th e richness, abundance, and percentage of cover were recorded from two 50m transect s in ten 20 x 20 cm quadrats per side (wave exposure vs. non exposure) of each of the five islands within the reef for a total of two hundred quadrats. The last phycofloristic study was conducted more than 20 years ag o by Huerta et al (1987) and the other before this was done by Kim (1964) both find a large number species pr edominated by Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae. We present Preliminary results of Marine Algae of Alacranes Re ef National Park. At least 30 taxa of marine algae were recorded at this moment. The class Rhodophyceae has the largest number of species and abundance over sandy bottom and Phaeophyceae showing the higher percent cover, but the Chlo rophyceae dominates over the otherXX International Seaweed Symposium

91 class around the ridge. The highest ric hness has been detected at Isla Perez which is the largest island over the area. We have detected at least 8 new records for the Alacranes Reef. At the momentno spatial patterns among the islands were found but more work is needed to make conclusions. To detect any change within a community we first need to understand the spatiotemporal patterns.



### 240 OPTIMISATION OF Laminaria digitata (HUDSON) J.V. LAMOUROUX GAMETOPHYTE GROWTH: EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND CULTURE MEDIA 

## Ratcliff J 1 

## , Edwards M, Soler-Vila A, Hanniffy D and Kraan S

1 Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Galway, Ireland. j.ratcliff1@nuigalway.ie

There is wide-scale interest in developing intensive sea-cultivation of various macroalgae with the idea of supplying industry, with e.g. bioactive molecules or feed-s tock for biofuel production, and in a sustainable way. In Europe much of the focus has centred on a variety of kelp species (Laminariale s). Laminariales have a heteromorphic life-cycle alternating between microscopic small gametophytes and large sporophytes. For culture purposes the microscopic stages - rele ase of zoospores, growth of gametoph ytes, gametogenesis - are carried out in the laboratory. These processes are labour and time intensive, hence the need to improve their efficiency. To date little work has focussed on the cultivation potential of L. digitata . This work presents results of the effects of different photoperiods and commercially available nutrients on th e growth rate of gametophytes. A culture of two week old gametophytes was thoroughly mixed and used toinoculate two different macroalgae culture media and one medium of commercially available plant fertiliser with replicates of sterilised seawater inoculated as control. Cultures were maintained in light regimes of 8:16 , 12:12, 16:8(L:D) or continuous light and length of gametophytes was measured weekly until week 5, after which biomass measurements were made until the end of the experiment at week 9. Results will be presented an d discussed. We acknowledge funding by EPSRC under the Supergen Bioenergy Consortium, GR/S28204, and under SU DEVAB, by the financial support of the Commission of the European Communities underthe EC's (FP7, 2007-2013).



### 315 LIPOPHILIC COMPONENTS OF Ascophyllum nodosum IMPART FREEZING TOLERANCE IN Arabidopsis thaliana THROUGH PRIMING OSMOLYTE ACCUMULATION AND ENHANCING FATTY ACID UNSATURATION Rayirath P 1 

### , Zhang J 2 

### , Kirby CW 3 

### , Benkel B 1 

### , Hodges MD 4 

### , Hiltz D 5 

### , Critchley AT 5 

### and Prithiviraj B 1

1 Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS, Canada, B2N 5E3, 2 Institute for Nutrisciences and Health, National Research Council, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada, C1A 4P3, 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 Universi ty Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4N6, 4Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada, B4N 1J5. 5 Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Ave. , Dartmouth, NS, Canada, B3B 1X8.

Lipophilic components of a brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum; LPC), commercial extract improves freezing tolerance in Arabiodpsis thaliana . The physiological, biochemical and metabolic changes elicited by A. nodosum extracts that impart stress to lerance, however, remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that plants treated with LPC accumulate higher concentrations of proline and soluble sugars as compared to untreated controls, when exposed to sub-zero te mperatures. The extract treatment to an Arabidopsis mutant p5cs1 (defective in stress induced proline accumulation), did not improve freezing toleranc e suggesting that proline is an important biochemical component in LPC-induced freezi ng tolerance. The results presented in this paper suggest that A. nodosum extract mediates fr eezing tolerance in Arabidopsis by priming the plants to accumulate higher concentrations of osmoprotectants such as prol ine and soluble sugars, and by increasing the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids which, in turn , alter the fluidity of cell membranes.XX International Seaweed Symposium

92 

### 26 EFFECT OF SEAWEED LIQUID FERTI LIZER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF Lycopersicon esculentum
Reeta K 1 

### , Inderdeep K 2 

### and Bhatnagar AK 1

1 Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany , University of Delhi, Delhi – 110 007, India, 2SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi. akb_du@rediffmail.com

Field experiments were conducted on Lycopersicon esculentumat the Botanical Garden of the Department of Botany of the University of Delhi, India. The main objectiv e was to study the effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) on growth, yield and biochemical consti tuents of tomato plants. Experimental plants were treated with seaweed liquid extract in various forms such as foliar, soil and soil + foliar sprays in various concentrations (0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 2, 6, 8 and 10%; v/v). A vermicompost organic fertilize r was used to compare the effect of SLF. Extracts were further analyzed for the presence/absence of PGRs, an d macro and micro nutrients. A statistically significant increase in growth (plant height, root length, shoot length and number of branches), reproductive parameters (number of flowers and fruits) and biochemical constituen ts (proteins, photosynthetic pigments, starch, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid and lyco pene) were recorded in all the treatments. However, soil + foliar spray showed more significant increase overother treatments (foliar and soil spray, and vermicompost). This may be ascribed to enrichment of soil with nutrients, essential for pl ant growth, and growth regulators in the extracts which activate biochemical processes in plan ts leading to improved yield and quality.



### 219 EXTRACTION, PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION, AN D ANTICOAGULANT ACTI VITY OF FUCOIDAN FROM FOUR SPECIES OF BROWN SEAWEED Resendiz Aguilar G 1 

### , Hernández-Carmona G 2 

### , Muñoz-Ochoa M 2 

### , Murillo-Álvarez JI 2 

### , HernándezGaribay E 3,4

1 Instituto Tecnológico de La Paz. Blvd. Forjadores de Baja California Sur No. 4720. A.P. 43-B, C.P. 23080 La Paz, Baja California Sur, México, 2 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México. A.P. 592, 3 Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Ensenada, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 97.5 Ensenada Baja California, México, 4 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, México.

The process to obtain fucoidan was anal yzed for four species of phaeophyta: Sargassum sinicola, Macrocystis pyrifera, Lessonia trabeculata and Lessonia nigrescens . Algae were extracted three times with water at three temperatures (25, 55, and 85 oC), wi th constant agitation. After each ex traction, the fucoidan was precipitated with ethanol, recovered by centrifugation and dried at 55°C. Fucoidan yield (%) was computed for each fraction. The residual material was used to extr act alginate in order to evaluate the effect on the yield, viscosity and gel strength for each experimental temper ature. Fucoidan was test ed as anticoagulant usin g the protombin time (PT) and activated partial tromboplasti n time (APTT) assays. Phenol-H 2 SO 4reaction was used todetermine the total sugars content. Infrared spectra were obtained to evaluate the sulfate co ntent. At all temperatures, the higher fucoidan percentage (60-80%) was recovered from the first fraction. The higher yield was obtained at 85°C, however 55°C is recommended because al ginate properties were not affected. Fucoidan content by species was as follow: S. sinicola (11.86%), M. pyrifera (8.26%), L. trabeculata (4.38%), and L. nigrescens (3.20%). The PT (in seconds) for the control was 27.8. PT when using the fucoidan at the maximum concentration tested (333 μ g mL1) was: L. trabeculata 20.4, L. nigrescens 25.8, S. sinicola 31.2, and M. pyrifera 105.5. Same trend was obtained for the APTT. Control time was 27.8 s, and when using th e fucoidan, time increased significantly, ranging from 147 to > 300 s. The phenol-H 2 SO 4reaction detected sugars as the main component.XX International Seaweed Symposium

93 

### 76 THE INTRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION OF THE RED ALGA Kappaphycus alvarezii FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CARRAGEENAN IN THE CA RIBBEAN AND THE WESTERN ATLANTIC: AN ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD FOR COASTAL COMMUNITIES Rincones RE Fundación Terrazul, Calle 5 Nro. 5-07, Riohacha Guajira, Colombia. agromarina@gmail.com

The cumulative experience in seaweed cultivation an d utilization gained by individuals, companies and institutions in the Caribbean and the Western Atlantic du ring the last 20 years is reviewed. Algal cultivation has contributed to improve the standard of living of more than 120,000 of families in SE Asia, China, India and East Africa whenever implemented under fair trade policies . Seaweed farming has been considered one of the most sustainable and low impact aquacult ure activities in the tropics. Kappaphycus alvarezii is a red algae originally from the Indopacific, introduced to the Caribbean in the early 90’s for cultivation purposes as a market driven initiative and as an alternative li velihood to poor coastal communities. K. alvarezii represents the main raw material source for the production of carrageenan in the world. Carrageenan is a hydrocolloid or gum used in the food and pharmaceutical industry mainlyas thickener and stabilizer, with an annual global market of US$ 450 million. Any carrageenan industrial project demands a regular supply of raw material from reliable sources capable to meet and maintain required volumes and qual ities. The present situation indicates that the Chinese industry and the development of semi-ref ined carrageenan (SRC) processing plan ts in SE Asia are deeply affecting the availability and quality of K. alvarezii ( Eucheuma cottonii or cottonii of the trade) worldwide. As a result, any new carrageenan ve nture will have to cope with a limit number of suppliers, most of them already committed to long term agreements with the main processing factories, and/or rely on the long and sometimes complicated chains of middlemen which not always offer good quality material and steady volumes. From all this, we foresee a very interesting opportunity and a very bright future for the carrageenan industry, and at the same time, for the promotion of alternative livelihoods as part of sustainabl e development initiatives and policies of many countries of the Caribbean basin.



### 279 EFFECT OF SEAWEEDS ON THE PHYSICAL QUAL ITY AND THE SENSORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EGGS ENRICHED WITH OMEGA-3 FATTY AC IDS AND STORED FOR LONG TIME UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. Ríos VH 1,2 

### , Carrillo DS 1 

### , Casas VM 3 

### , Calvo CC 1 

### , Carranco JME 1 

### and Pérez-Gil F 1

1 Dept.Nutrición Animal, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., 2 Facultad de Química, UNAM, 3 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. silvicarrillo3@hotmail.com

The aim of this study was to determine if the inclusion of seaweeds in laying hen diets contribute for maintaining the physical quality and the sensorial characteristics of egg enriched with n3 fatty acids stored for long time under different conditions. During 8 weeks 144 Leghorn laying hens were distributed in four treatments: T1 (control), T2 (2% fish oil+10% M.pyrifera), T3 (2% fish oil+10% Sargassum spp.) and T4 (2% fish oil+10% Enteromorpha spp.). At the end of the trial 1 22 eggs were taken; 61 were storage at 20°C and other 61 at 4°C. The egg physical quality was evaluated at 0, 15, 30 and 45 days of storagement; the sensorial characteristics (flavor and yolk color) were evaluated at 0, 15 and 30 days. The results showed a low egg weight loss when the eggs were stored at 4°C (P<0.05), mainly with M.pyrifera and Enteromorpha spp. Haugh Units were reduced (from 0 days until 45 days) when the eggs were stored at 20°C (87 vs 40 UH, respectively). However, when the eggs were stored at 4°C a less reduction was observed (87 vs 63 UH, respectively), mainly with Sargassum spp. and Enteromorpha spp. The flavour was no affected by the seaweeds. Treatment with Enteromorpha spp showed a less acceptation for yolk colour because the egg yolk colourwas low (8 Roche Color Fan). It is concluded, that the egg weight and Haugh Units of eggs enriched with n3 fatty acids, are preserved when seaweeds are included in laying hens diets.XX International Seaweed Symposium

94 

### 262 TAXONOMY OF SEAWEEDS FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA: AN OVERVIEW Riosmena-Rodríguez R 1

1 Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departam ento de Biologia Marina, UABCS, Km. 5.5 carretera al sur, La Paz BCS México. riosmena@uabcs.mx

An overview of the current taxonomic kn owledge for seaweeds in the Gulf of California is presented. Using the published records there are almost 1000 species names that has been used for in the Gulf of California but our current reassessment of 16 genera ( Caulerpa, Padina, Dictyota, Sargassum, Porphyra, Amphiroa, Ceramium, Corallina Jania, Halymenia, Lithophyllum, Lithothamnion, Mesophyllum, Sporolithon, Spongites, Melobesia, Scinaia) developed in the last decade using morphological, anatomical and molecular features have shown that most of the analyzed genera have less morphological/anatomical species. However, using molecular tools and detailed anatomical analysis we have found new species and range extens ions in the area associated to a particular habitat/depth (such rhodolith beds or rocky intertidal coast). Our results strongly suggest that the flora has been described based on the most common species but the full recognition of the seaweeds biodiversity still in progress.



### 961 UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICOCHE MICAL VARIABILITY OF ULVAN Robic A 1,2 

### , Sassi JF 1 

### , Lahaye M 2 

### , Lerat Y 1 

### and Dion P 1

1 Centre d'Etude et de Valorisation des Algues, Pres qu’île de Pen Lan, BP3, 22610 Pleubian, France, 2 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, UR1268, BIA, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Na ntes, France. algue@ceva.fr

Green chemicals based on agriculture & forestry producti ons are now widely studied and introduced at a steady pace on the marketplace. Within this context, the po tential of aquatic biomass is gaining interest. Marine resources and especially algae exhibit a strong growth potential with re spect to their industrial uses in the field of sustainable chemicals. Green seaweeds, which are among th e fastest growing organisms on Earth, are still largely unexploited. Marine gr een algae such as Ulva sp. are very abundant. They can be easily cultivated and are frequently involved in proliferations such as the “green -tides”. The polysaccharides contained in the cell wall of Ulva sp. could be potential sources of new functional bi opolymers & sugar-based chemical intermediates. Cell wall polysaccharides in Ulva sp are essentially represen ted by ulvans, which are main ly composed of rhamnose 3- sulfate and glucuronic acid or iduron ic acid. Ulvans were shown to have many potential uses in pharmaceutical and agronomical applications due to their biological proper ties, in food and feed conception as dietary fibers and in applications were metal chelation or gelling ability is requ ired. In spite of this strong application potential, little is known about quantitative and qualitative consistency of ulvan depending on th e harvesting and storage conditions of Ulva biomass. Also, basi c physico-chemical properties such as the association behavior of ulvan in aqueous solution are still largely unexplored. In the wo rk reported here, we will address these key questions and present experimental results that are expected to foster future industrial exploitati on of green seaweed biomass.



### 187 PERSPECTIVES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF EC ONOMIC IMPORTANT CARRAGENOPHYTES IN SOUTHEAST MEXICO Robledo Dand Freile-Pelegrin Y Department of Marine Resources; Cinvestav, Km 6 Ca rretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310, A.P. 73, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico

Carrageenan is a hydrocolloid or gum used in the food and pharmaceutical industry mainly as thickener and stabiliser, with an annual global market of US$ 450 mi llion. In Mexico imports as a commodity have doubled during the last years reaching 4,400 tons in 2008. Any carrageenan industrial project demands a regular supply of raw material from reliable sources capable to me et and maintain required volumes and qualities. Some carragenophytes have been exploited tradit ionally in Baja California peninsula (i.e. Chondracathus canaliculatus), however, the recent demand on carrage enan has increased the development of cultivation of economic important seaweed mainly in the tropics. In the Yucatan peninsula experimental cultivat ion of native and exotic species hasXX International Seaweed Symposium

95 been carried out during the last 10 years. Eucheuma isiforme
, Solieria filiformis
, Meristiella gelidium
, Halymenia floresia and the introduced Kappaphycus alvarezii represents potential raw material source for the production of carrageenan. Nevertheless, besides problems in the dome stication of selected cultivars from native species demand on iota producing species is not a priority fo r the market. On the contrary kappa and lambda producing species has been regarded as a necessity for the indu stry. The present situation indicates that the Chinese industry and the development of semi-ref ined carrageenan (SRC) processing plan ts in SE Asia are deeply affecting the availability and quality of K. alvarezii worldwide. In this study, we an alyze the perspectives for commercial cultivation of tropical economic import ant seaweeds in th e Yucatan peninsula.



### 241 PROXIMATE NUTRITION, FATTY ACIDS PROFILE, MINERALS AND CHLOROPHYLL-A CONTENT OF REPRESENTATIVE GREEN, BROWN AND RED SEAWEEDS FROM THE PERSIAN GULF OF IRAN Rohani-Ghadikolaei K 1 

### , Abdulalian E and Wing Keong Ng

. 1 wkng@usm.my

The proximate composition, fatty acids, minerals and ch lorophyll-a content of three groups of seaweed; green ( Ulva lactuca and Enthromorpha intestinalis) , brown ( Sargassum illicifolium and Colpomenia sinuosa)andred( Hypnea valentiea and Gracilaria corticata) collected from the Persian Gulf in Iran was investigated for the first time. Results showed that seaeeds were relatively high in carbohydrate, 31.0-59.1% ( H. valentiea and U. lactuca ,respectively)and ash 12.4-29.9% ( U. lactuca and S. illicifolium , respectively), but low in lipid 1.5- 3.6% ( C. sinuosa and U. lactuca , respectively). Lipid content in green alga e was significantly higher than both the red and brown algae (P < 0.05). Similarly, the protein content of both red and gree n algae were notably higher than brown algae (P < 0. 05), ranging from9.2% ( C. sinuosa) to 19.3% ( G. corticata). Of twenty fatty acids identified, myristic acid (4.5-12.3%), palmitic acid (37.8-59.4%), oleic acid (3.5-28.5%) and linolenic acid (0.4-8.4%) were the predominant fatty acids. The red and gr een algae had the highest proportion of saturated fatty acids, while the brown and red algae had highest proportion of monounsat urated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The mineral compositions were found in the sequence of K>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Co.



### 185 PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSE OF ARCTIC KELP ZOOSPORES TO UV AND TEMPERATURE STRESS: POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Roleda MY Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research , Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. Present Address: The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage MarineLaboratory, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland, U.K. Michael.Roleda@sams.ac.uk

Zoospores of Arctic kelps Saccharina latissima ( Sl ), Laminaria solidungula ( Ls), Laminaria digitata ( Ld ), Alaria esculenta (Ae), and kelp-like Saccorhiza dermatodea ( Sd ) were exposed to different temperatures (2°C to 19°C) and radiation (photosynthetically active radiation (PAR = P), PAR + UV-A (PA), and PAR + UV-A + UV-B (PAB)) conditions in the laboratory. Sensitivity to the combined light and temperature stress was observed in the order Sl

> Ls> Ld > Ae> Sd. The optimum temperature range for zoos pore photosynthesis was between 7–13°C, temperatures higher than in the natural environment. Short-term response to incr easing temperature was nonlethal while moderate temperature increase had an amelio rating effect on the overal l biological effect of UVR; where the lowest photoinhibition under PAB was observed at 7°C in Sd and 12-13°C in all other species, while higher photosynthetic recovery was observed in UVR-pr e-exposed zoospores at 7–13°C compared to 2°C. Above the temperature optima, continued cult ivation under high temperature (17-19° C) had a negative impact on the recovery of photoinhibition in all species investigated except in Sd. The investigated Arctic kelp species may be able to locally survive under the influence of UVR at a certain range of temperature increase. However, reproductive success may be compromi sed among the Arctic endemic kelp Laminaria solidungula and kelp-like Saccorhiza dermatodea , and Arctic Saccharina latissima ecotype which may be more sensitive to temperature increase and require lower temperature for gametogenesis.XX International Seaweed Symposium

96 

### 161 ONTOGENY OF CONCEPTACLES IN Amphiroa (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) Rosas-Alquicira E F 1,2 

### , Riosmena-Rodríguez R 3 

### , Hernández-Carmona G 4

### and Neto AI 1,5

1 Secção de Biologia Marinha, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Mãe de Deu 58 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Açores, Apart. 1422, P- 9502, Portugal. 2 CIRN (Centro de Investigação de Recursos Naturais), Universidade dos Açores. 3 Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur La Paz B. C. S., Apartado postal 19-B, 23080, México.
4 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-Instituto Po litécnico Nacional (CICIMAR-IPN), Ap. Postal 592 La Paz Baja California Sur 23096, México. 5 CIIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, Porto, 289 - 4050-123, Portugal. alquicira@uac.pt

The development of bi-tetrasporangial, spermatangial and carposporangial concepta cles wer studied in six Amphiroa J. V. Lamouroux species: A . beauvoisii J. V. Lamouroux, A. cryptarthrodia Zanardini, A. misakiensis Yendo, A. rigida J. V. Lamouroux, A. valonioides Yendo and A. vanbosseaeMe. Lemoine. The development of the tetrasporangial conceptacles was found to be important in delimiting specie s within the genus. The present study also confirmed the importance of the development of the carposporangial filament in species segregation. Conceptacle senescence is here descri bed and illustrated for the first time with four patterns observed, two for sporangial, one for the spermatangial and one for the carposporangial conceptacles. The complete development of the conceptacles pore is her also firstly described an illustrated. Two stalk cells were observed and illustrated for the first time on the sporangia mother cell of A. misakiensis . Based on the location of sporangia on the cavity floor, the number of stalk cells on the sporangia mother ce ll, and the initial por development, the studied species can be organized in three distinct groups, one including A. beauvoisii, a second one including A. misakiensis and a third one including A. rigida
, A. valonioides and A. vanbosseae . The present results suggest that these groups may represent different genera but further research is required.



### 508 NITRATE UPTAKE AND NITROGE N RESERVES IN THE KELP Eisenia arborea Sánchez-Barredo M 1 

### and Ladah LB 1

1 CICESE, Department of Biological Oceanography Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana Ensenada 3918, Zona playitas CP 22800 Baja California, Mexico

Eisenia arborea , the kelp with the southern-most distribution in the Northern hemisphere , survives for over two months at its southern limit with low ambient nutrient conditions, whereas nearby populations of kelps die. E. arborea tolerance to environmental nitrogen shortage was explored. Two hypotheses were proposed: 1) E. arborea can consume nitrate from pulses of cool nutrient-rich water; or 2) E. arborea can form internal nitrogen reserves that last for 2 months. The first possibili ty was explored by meas uring nitrate uptake by E. arborea
, under controlled conditions. In order to explore the se cond possibility, two nitrog en reserve experiments were performed under nutrient-poor conditions, and their recovery when exposed to weekly fertilizations of nitrate in pulses (200 μ M; 5 h). Nitrate consumption by E. arborea followed a linear tendency for at least 3 hours and did not exhaust the nitrate under any concentr ation. The nitrogen reserves of Eisenia fell to 1%, lasting up to 4 weeks. The nitrogen reserve recovery experiments indicated th at with weekly fertilizations, the average %N in E. arborea blades remained constant at 1.3%, whereas without continuous fertilizations, it was reduced significantly to less than 1%. We conclude that the reserves of E. arborea are not sufficient to allow the kelp to subsist two months without input of nitrogen in the field. The results support the conclusion that E. arborea may take advantage of the pulses of nitrate lasting on the order of hours to main tain or fill tissue nitrogen reserves for survival during low ambient nutrient conditions.XX International Seaweed Symposium

97 

### 38 THE EFFECTS OF COALESCENCE ON RECR UITMENT AND GROWTH OF MACROALGAL POPULATIONS Santelices B Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-d, Santiago, Chile. bsantelices@bio.puc.cl

Coalescence is widespread in natural populations of red, green and brown seaweeds. Using the red alga Mazzaella laminarioides as a model organism we have explored the costs and benefits of this interaction on recruitment and growth. Coalescence re quires a minimum inter-spore distance; therefore, its frequency increases with increasing spore density. Germination does not exhibit crowding effects, but population incompatibilities may increase spore mortality before fusion. Coalescence le ads to increments in body size. The increment, is not strictly additive due to reductions in the number of free marginal cells and due to fusions and exponential increments of necrotic cells with increasing number of coalescing spore s. However, the increments in body size, due to coalescence, increase survival probabilities duri ng recruitment. Si nce the time of differentiation and formation of erect axes and the number of axes formed is a function of the number of spores coalescing to form the sporeling, coalescence al so accelerates axis formation at post re cruitment stages. The numbers of initial spores also has a significant effect on branching ab undance at later (up to 20 months of age) stages of development. This effect is associat ed with the persistence in the holdfast of clusters of initials and cell derivatives, from the original spores, with the capacity to form erect axes . Since many of these axes may become reproductive, coalescence also affects reproductive potent ial. Adequate handling of coalescence in culture might reduce costs or increase benefits, maximizing recrui tment, growth and production of the target species.



### 126 MANAGEMENT OF A Sphaerococcus coronopifolius BED THAT CAUSES CONSIDERABLE ECONOMIC LOSSES Santos R 1 

### , Costa R 1 

### , Silva J 1 

### , Coelho H 2 

### and Leitão JC 2

1 ALGAE-Marine Plant Ecology, Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal,
2 Hidromod, Av. Manuel da Maia, no 36, 3o esq., 1000-201 Lisboa, Portugal. rosantos@ualg.pt

Storm tossed seaweeds, mostly Sphaerococcus coronopifolius , are a threat to the most important power plant of Portugal, as they obstruct the water intake of its c ooling systems. Throughout th e last decade considerable economic losses have occurred during the Fall due to spor adic inoperative periods of the power plant. In order to understand the dynamics of this phenomenon and to prov ide a management strategy to reduce it, including an early warning system, we mapped the coastal area adjacentto the power plant, investigated the species biology, including its population dynamics and production, impl emented harvesting campaigns by commercial seaweed harvesters and assessed the harvest im pacts on the species population. The data obtained were used to develop a production model integrated into a hydrodynamic transport model to assess the best manageme nt practices that will reduce the probability of seaweeds reaching the powe r plant. An analysis of the hydrodynamics driven by prevalent winds and waves was integrat ed with the above information to provide an early warning system that allows the central to be prepared for the occurrence of events of storm tossed seaweeds.



### 82 IMPACTS OF INTRODUCED Furcellaria lumbricalis ON THE Chondrus crispus HARVEST OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, CANADA Sharp G 1 

### and Pringle J 2

1 Bedford Institute of Oceanography. 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, N.S.,Canada, B2Y 4A2. 2 Institute of Ocean Science, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C.,Canada, V8L 4B2. glyn.sharp@gmail.com

The Chondrus crispus Stackhouse harvest off coastal Prince Edward Island (PEI),Canada
, has markedly declined after 60 years of continuous harvests. Since 1990 the landing declines were due to the invasion by Furcellaria lumbricalis (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux on to the traditional C. crispus dragrake beds of western PEI. F. lumbricalis may have been introduced to the Gulf of St Lawrence in the 1800s. Sufficient biomass occurred off eastern PEI inXX International Seaweed Symposium

98 the 1960s to support a commerc ial shore-based harvest. It , however, did not appear as a significant component in the harvest from drag-raked C. crispus beds of western PEI until the 1990s

. F. lumbricalis biomass increased , over four years
, from 84 + 32 g m -2 to 420 + 110 g m -2 in a suite of commercial C. crispus beds. In the early phaseof the invasion harvesters could redirect th eir efforts to avoid concentrations of F. lumbricalis , maintaining C. crispus yields at 75% purity. However , by 2002 , the abundance and distribution of F.lumbricalis spread to all commercial beds and the C.crispus harvest declined below market standard s (40% to 50% purity). Directed harvest experiments significantly reduced the biomass of F. lumbricalis by 50% , but recovery occured in two months. It was concluded the resilience of F. lumbricalis to drag-raking was due to fr ond morphology, regeneration of holdfasts and reproductive phenology. The dragrake sele cted for the three largest classes of fronds, but prerecruits were not impacted. Earlier non-science-supporte d concerns for the adverse impact by dragrakes on F. lumbricalis were wrong.



### 221 EVALUATION OF THE BROWN ALGA Stypocaulon scopariumAS A CANDIDATE FOR INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE. Silva B, Pereira R, Abreu MH and Sousa-Pinto I Cimar/Ciimar - Centre for Marine and Environmental Rese arch and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal. R. dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. isabel.sousa.pinto@gmail.com

Algae can be effective in minimizing the environmental impact of intensive aquaculture by transforming excess nutrients in algal biomass. Although several algal species are already know n as good candidates for integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), the selection of suitable native species for each regi on is needed to avoid the introduction of exotic species. The ob jectives of the work presented here were to: a) select new species for IMTA in Northern Portugal; b) determine the best conditions for cultivating this species; c) determine the ability of the selected species to uptake N and P at concentrations th at are common in the aquacultures effluents. Laboratory cultivation and investigation of uses of algal biomass led to the selection of the brown alga Stypocaulon scoparium . This species achieved growth rates up to 6% day-1 and was able to grow ata considerable range of light intensities, salinities and culture densities. Nutrie nt uptake experiments showed up to 92% and 97% removal of NO 3 -and NH 4 + , respectively, after 24h and was highest in algae previously deprived of N. During this time less than 10% of PO 4 3-was removed. Over a two week period there were always removal values of over 95% for high concentrations of N (150 μ mol/L) as NO 3 -or NH 4 + . When both sources of N were available S. scopariumremoved preferentially NH 4 + . Efficiency in removing PO 4 3-was 75-98%. We conclude that S. scopariummay be a good candidate for IMTA and that further studies at a pilot scale should be carried out.



### 30 CYANOPHYTES, PRO-THROMB OLITES AND THE ORIGIN OF COASTAL LAGOONS Siqueiros Beltrones DA Dpto. Plancton y Ecología Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas – I.P.N. Av. IPN s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, BC S, 23096. dsiquei@ipn.mx

Coastal lagoons show extensive bent hic mats formed by filamentous cyanophytes, frequently associated to mangrove systems. These mats could have played and may still be playing an essential role in the geomorphology and origin of said lagoons through the development of pro-thrombolithic formations. Pro-thrombolites are the non-lithified phase preceding thrombolite formation. Theydevelop from cyanophyte mats which have grown and continue to do extensively trapping and clotting sediments resulting in th e accretion of lagoon margins including spites that support the formation of sand bars. Stratigraphic evidence alsosupports the hypothesis that prothrombolithic processes are responsible for the extensive ground formation th at is either populated or occupied by mangrove forests. Furthermore, contrary to currentacceptance, evidence show s that the ground where mangroves are anchored is most likely formed by entrap ment, precipitation and consol idation of sediments do to the activity and growth of cyanophyte mats and their evolvement into pr o-thrombolithic ground which is then opportunistically occupied by mangrove recruits. Observat ions in several localities in of B.C.S. support the hypothesis that pro-thrombolithic pr ocesses have promoted the formatio n of coastal lagoons throughout NW México and that the cyanophyte spec ies involved are the same. Most recently, the hypothesis that structures representing a transition from soft cyanophyte mats to thrombolithic (con solidated clotted sediments) structures ought to exist was confirmed.XX International Seaweed Symposium

99 

### 188 VARIABILITY IN PIGMENT COMPOSITION AND LEVELS IN THE INTE RTIDAL BROWN SEAWEED Ascophyllum nodosum FROM WESTERN IRELAND Stengel DB , O’Rourke C and Connan S Botany, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway. dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

The intertidal brown fucoid Ascophyllum nodosumis known for its tolerance of environmental stresses, including solar radiation, desiccation and temper ature, largely due to its ability to adjust metabolic functions to ambient, local and temporal conditions. Hand-harvested A. nodosumfrom the Irish west coast has industrial applications ranging from the production of alginates, animal feeds and fert ilizers, uses in pharmaceutical and cosmetics, to potential applications in functional foods; however significant natural spatial and temporal variability exists, particularly with regard to levels and composition of pigments, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates. Here spatial variability in the pigmentation including caroteno id composition in relation to environmental factors was investigated. After development of optimum extraction and storage protocols, levels of chlorophyll a and c 2 , and several carotenoids were determined. Thalli were collected from a large range of sites representing environmental regimes differing in salinity, nutrient levels and light penetration, all known to impact on pigment levels and composition. At three sites di fferences in pigmentation at different shore levels within A. nodosumbeds and within individual thalli were studied in detail. In culture experiments, the adaptive capability of A. nodosumto respond to different environmental parameters was assessed under controlled conditions.



### 237 RESPONSE OF Ectocarpus siliculosus TO BIOTIC STRESS: MOLECU LAR INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERACTION WITH THE GENERA LIST OOMYCETE PATHOGEN Eurychasma dicksonii Strittmatter M 1, 2 

### , Gachon CMM 1 

### , Kostopoulou-Karadanelli MN 2 

### , van West P 3 

### and Küpper FC 1

1 The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffn age Marine Laboratory, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland UK. 2 University of the Aegean, Department of Marine Sciences, Marine Sciences Building, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, GR. 3 University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland UK. Martina.Strittmatter@sams.ac.uk

The intracellular, obligat e-biotrophic pathogen Eurychasma dicksonii is the most widespre ad eukaryotic pathogen of marine brown algae, and also the most basal memberof the oomycete lineage. This algal parasite has the broadest host range described so far for marine pathog ens and occurs worldwide in cold and temperate waters. Currently, nothing is known about the biology and the environmental consequences of the interaction between this generalist pathogen and its brown algal host. Therefore we have established mole cular tools to address the questions of algal stress response and oomycete infectio n strategies using lab cult ures of the brown algal genome model Ectocarpus siliculosus and Eurychasma dicksonii. We established a Real-Time PCR assay which assesses the infection severity and allows the discrimination between susceptible and resistant Ectocarpus strains. Proteomics of the suscepti ble interaction between the brown algaand the pathogenrevealed a number of proteins that are differentially expressed during the course of infection. These results thus represent first insights into the response of Ectocarpus siliculosus upon biotic stress. Among the prot eins up-regulated we found typical stress markers (e.g. heat shock proteins), proteins invo lved in the generation of reactive oxygen species and proteins with putative function in protein degradation and protein folding. We are also in the process of reassessing the geographic distribution of Eurychasma and other algal pathogens wi th molecular methods. A recent field study around the coast of Lesvos (Greece) revealed a number of intracellular pathogens infecting brown alga (incl. Eurychasma dicksonii ) pointing to a potentially high impact on brown algal populations.XX International Seaweed Symposium

100 

### 224 FAUNA ASSOCIATED TO Sargassum FOREST IN THE SUBTIDAL ROCKY REEF FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA Suárez-Castillo A 1 

### , Riosmena-Rodríguez R 1 

### and Hernández-Carmona G 2

1 Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina UABCS, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23080, México, 2 Laboratorio Química de Algas Marinas, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN. La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, México. protomono@hotmail.com

This research examine how the presence of the large fucalean Sargassuminfluenced on the community structure of macrofauna, in the subtidal rocky reef from the southwestern Gulf of California. The composition and abundance of epibenthic invertebrates was estimated from February to August 2008 in twenty fixed quadrats of 1

m 2 with the presence of Sargassumand without Sargassum and other seaweeds (experimental removed) inside the forest. We also studied the fish composition from August 2007 to August 2008 in presence and natural absence of Sargasum forest in the locality. Fifty four taxa of epib enthic invertebrates and forty seven fish species were founded in the rocky reef. The community struct ure of epibenthic inverteb rates in quadrats with Sargassum did not show a significant variatio n compared with quadrats without Sargassum . However, we found high values of mean richness of species, abundance and diversity of epibenthic invertebrates in quadrats with Sargassum plus other seaweeds. The mean richness of fish species in presence of the Sargassumforest show a significant variation compared in absence of the forest in the locality. The results showed that the presence of Sargassum adds complexity to rocky reef, increases the number of ecological niches and providing habitat for the macrofauna community in this region. Therefore, this is a critical habitat for maintain ing the biodiversity. Finally, on base a bibliographi c review we could identify the pr esence of species associated to Sargassumforest with economic importance and ecological role with neighbor communities.



### 169 SEAWEED: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEMICAL PESTICIDES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ROOT DISEASES OF SUNFLOWER AND TOMATO Sultana V 1 

### , Ara J 2 

### , Ehteshamul-Haque S 3 

### and Rajput MT 1

1 Biotechnology & Drug Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, 2 Postharvest Technology Laboratory, Department of F ood Science & Technology, 3Agricultural Biotechnology & Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Ka rachi-75270, Pakistan. viqarsultana@hotmail.com

With the rising popularity of organic farming, due to adverse effect of chemicals, the seaweed fertilizer industry is growing rapidly worldwide. Seaweed act as natural plant growth stimulator and enable the plants to withstand drought, disease or frost. Root diseases of tomato and sunflower caused by root rotting fungi, Fusariumspp., Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina , and root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp., are the major constrains in tomato and sunflower production. In our studies, ethanol and water ex tracts of several seaweeds showed significant nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne javanica . In this study, efficacy of three seaweeds Spatoglossum variabile, Melanothamnus afaqhusainii and Halimeda tuna was compared with a fungicide topsin-M and a nematicide carbofuran both in screen house an d under field condition. Seaweed and pesticides showed more or similar suppressive effect on root pathogens of tomato and sunflowe r by reducing fungal root infection and nematode’s galls on roots and nematode’s penetr ation in roots. However, mixed application of S. variabile with carbofuran caused maximum reduct ion in nematode’s penetration in r oots and produced greater fresh shoot weight, root length and maximum yield of tomato under field condition. Seaweeds o ffer a non-chemical means of disease control, which would alsoprotect our environment from the use of hazardous chemicals.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 255 SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AN D THE ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF THE CRUDE EXTRACT OF Sargassum polycystumc. AGARDH Thangaraju N and Prasanna Venkatalakshmi R
1 Marine Algal Research Laboratory, Centre of Advanced St udy in Botany, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai - 600 025. Tamilnadu. India. nthangam@gmail.com

The potential of the methano lic extract of the seaweed, Sargassum polycystumin the synthesis of silver nanoparticles was investigated. The extract synthesized appr eciable quantities of silver nanoparticles of the size 5- 7 nm, in 48 hrs. The particles were characterized by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy and, SEM, TEM, XRD analysis. The results indicated that the algal extract can be utilized as an eco-friendlysystem for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles for various applications in the field of medicine. The methanolic extract of the alga and the solution containing silver nanoparticles were tested for their antimicrobial activities against Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Anticancer activity of the extract and the nanoparticles were evaluated ag ainst the breast cancer line MCF-7. Ac tive compounds in the crude extract of the alga were separated and identi fied as fatty acids by GC-MS analysis . These fatty acids together with the silver nanoparticle s exhibited anticancer ac tivity against the breastcancer cell line MCF-7. Results are presented and discussed in detail.



### 205 DIFFERENTIAL TOLERANCE TO DESI CCATION IN INTE RTIDAL SEAWEEDS Thomas D , Flores MR, Callejas S, Correa JA and Contreras L Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ecología y Biodiversidad (CASEB) y Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. lcontrer@uc.cl

In all organisms, stressful conditions trigger the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may lead to an oxidative stress condition. During low tide, seaweeds experience stressful conditions due to desiccation, a situation believed to determine the zonation patterns characteristic of the intertidal zones. This study examined how desiccation, ROS and responses to oxidative stress is dealt with by Mazzaella laminarioides, Ulva compressa, Scytosiphon lomentaria, Lessonia nigrescens and Gelidium rex. Algae were desiccated during 4 hours and then rehydrated for 4 hours, and the formation of hydrogen peroxide, lipoperoxides, ca rbonyls and photosynthesis efficiency (PE) was recorded. All species developed a ROS burst after desiccation, alth ough those from the lower intertidal displayed stronger responses than those from the upper intertidal. After 4h re-hydration, ROS levels in all species decreased significantly, although never recovered the basal levels. In general, better recovery was observed in species from the upper intertidal. Lipope roxides and carbonyls increa sed with desiccation, with higher levels in species from the lower intertidal. Like ROS, levels of lipoperoxides and carbonyls decreased after re-hydration but did not reach the basal levels. In Lessonia both indicators increased even after re-hydration. Consistent with the above, Mazzaella and Scytosiphonfully recovered their PE and Ulva did it only partially, whereas Gelidiumand Lessonia did not recover their PE after re-hydration. Photosynthesis responses revealed a lack of relationship between RWC and PE and, togetherwith the differential respon ses to desiccation-related oxidative stress, help to explain the patterns of di stribution of seaweeds in the intertidal zone.



### 213 IMPACTS OF COMPLEX ALGAL LIFE CYCL ES ON ALGAL RECRUITMENT DYNAMICS Thornber, C. Dept. of Biological Scie nces, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. thornber@uri.edu

Many species of algae have complex, biphasic lifecycles. These species contain in dependent, free-living haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stag es that they either obligately or selectively cycle be tween. The inherent complexities of these life cycles can provide opport unities to examine ecological dynamics and tradeoffs, including reproductive allocation and subsequent recruitment dynamics. Some macroalgal species have isomorphic life cycles, in which the two free-living phases are assumed to occupy the same, or similar, ecological niches. By contrast, other species have distinctly heteromorphic life cycles (e.g. a small filament vs. large blades)XX International Seaweed Symposium

102 which have separate niches. These two alternate strategies are found in all three major groups of macroalgae, indicating the repeated evolution of life cycles. A dive rse assemblage of researchers has investigated population demographics, from recruitment to re production, of species with biphasiclife cycles around the globe. For example, reproductive propagules may be similarly or diffe rently sized, which may impact their ability to recruit and their subsequent development. For logistical reasons, the majority of demographystudies have focused upon either heteromorphic species or isomorphic species wh ose phases can be distinguished (when reproductive or through chemical testing), although novel techniques ar e being developed for other isomorphic species. In my presentation, I assess studies on life cycle demo graphy, including research from my laboratory.



### 287 REPRODUCTIVE STUDY OF Kappaphycus alvarezii (DOTY) DOTY AND Eucheuma denticulatum (BURMAN) COLLINS AND HARVEY IN RELATION TO ICE-ICE DISEASE
Tisera WL 1,2 

### , Calumpong HP 2 

### , Abdon-Naguit MR 3 

### and De Clerck O 4

1 Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana, Kupang-Indonesia. 2 Institute of Environmental an d Marine Sciences, Silliman University-Dumaguete City, Philippines . 3 Jose Rizal Memorial State College, Katipunan, Zamboanga del Norte. Philippines. 4 Department of Biology. Ghent University, Belgium. wilson_tisera@yahoo.com

The life cycle of four forms belonging to two species of carrageenophytes, Kappaphycus alvarezii brown and green, and Eucheuma denticulatumbrown and green, were investigated in farming areas of Bais Bay, Negros oriental and Rizal and Jose Dalman, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. Hi stological examination and resorcinol test were used as tools for identification. All stages of life cycle were observed, with dominance of tetraspores and infertile plants throughout the year. Sexual male and female plants existed seasonally with very low frequency and short period. Reproductive stage is signif icantly more resistant to ice-ice disease compared to infertile ones. Infertile Eucheuma denticulatum were found to be more resistant to ice-ice disease than infertile Kappaphycus alvarezii. Genetic analysis showed that K. alvarezii and E. denticulatumin the farming areas has low genetic variability.



### 318 AN EVALUATION OF THE MORTA LITY OF THE BROWN SEAWEED Ascophyllum nodosum (Le Jolis) PRODUCED BY CUTTER RAKE HARVESTSIN SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Ugarte RA Acadian Seaplants Limited. 30 Brown Ave. Dartmo uth, N.S. Canada. B3B 1X8. rugarte@acadian.ca

Ascophyllum nodosum (rockweed) landings in the Atlantic Maritime provinces of Canada reached over 38,000 wet tonnes in 2009. Due to the relative slow growth, stochastic recruitment, and the importance of habitat protection, strict harvest regulations maintain the integrity of the re source. Special cutter rakes have been designed to cut and not to dislodge the clumps and their holdfasts from the substratum. However, close to 6% of the biomass harvested annually contains holdfast material, and from this we assume plan t mortality. A study was carried out to evaluate the impact of detachment on the Ascophyllum population of southern New Brunswick from 2003 to 2005

. The structure of harvested A. nodosum clumps with associated holdfast material was analyzed and compared to non-harves ted clumps from the same harvested area. Results showed th at when a cutter rake strips a clump, it only detaches 17.4% of the holdfast surfac e, leaving 36.8% of the plant biomass and 80.3% of the shoots intact. An analysis of storm-ca st material from the same study areashowed a clump st ructure very similar to that of the harvested clumps, althou gh the incidence of holdfast material in the storm-cast biomass could be as high as 30%. This study concludes that neither the harves t nor the storms produce true mortality of the resource.



### 290 MANAGEMENT OF BROWN SEAWEED SPECIES IN NORTHERN CHILE Vasquez JAand Muñoz P Departamento de Biología Marina. Universidad Católica del Norte. Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones (CEAZA) Casilla 117, Coquimbo, CHILE. jvasquez@ucn.cl

Chile is an important producer of brown seaweeds for alginates extraction, representing 10% of world supply. Until 2002, brown seaweed fishery was sustained by collection of plant cast ashore (natural mortality). Since then, harvesting of intertidal Lessonia nigrescens and subtidal L. trabeculata and Macrocystissp population have beenXX International Seaweed Symposium

103 intensively harvested in northern Chil e. National program of study on the abundance, distribution, fishing effort, harvesting strategies and so cioeconomic aspects of algal resources, have been key in the sustainability of brown algae fishery in northern Chile. Th is program was financed by the Government and privates, with the active participation of fishermen, governme ntal agencies, kelp companies and strong technical support from the scientist. During 2008-2009 decrease of international value of cooper (main income in Chile), increase of local unemployment, and decrease of other artisanal fisheries, determine the exponential increase of harvesting pressure of brown seaweed species of economic importance. Nevertheless , the abundance and distribution of natural population of kelp species were not strongly affected due tothe implementation of management strategies. These strategies consider harvesting methods, area rotation, local condit ions, size of plants and reproductive conditions. Usually, ma nagement of natural reso urces utilization starts right before imminent collapse or after evident declination; this study program is an example that shows interesting results regarding resources management, when concerted actions of government, scientists, fisherman and industry, are taken and implemented on time.



### 53 DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABL E HARVESTING OF KELP, Laminaria hyperborea , IN NORWAY Vea J FMC BioPolymer, P.O. Box 2045, N-5504 Haugesund, Norway jostein.vea@fmc.com

In Norway speciallydesigned boats harvest annullay130 – 180 000 tons of Laminaria hyperborea for the alginate industry. The harvesters, called trawlers, use a sled to collect the kelp. This starte d in November 1963 and the boats, equipment and operation have been improved over the years. The kelp is harvested at depths between 2 and 20 m. Today the trawlers load form 50 – 150 tons per trip. The harvest is strongly regulated, and the Department of Fisheries is responsible for the manageme nt with the Institute of Ma rine Research (IMR) as a scientific adviser. The management is based on a Seaw eed Management Plan approved in 2000, and from January 1 st2009 a new Sea Recourse Law regulate s the harvesting of all living marine recourses in Norway. From 1972 the harvesting of kelp has been based on specific harvesting fields, divided into a cycle where each field is harvested every 4 years. From 1992 this was changed to a 5 year s cycle, but from 2001 a small area in the south was changed back to the 4 years cycle. Du ring the first period of harvesting the trawlers and the industry controlled the re-growth in the harvesting fields, combined with different studies from research institutions. The industry is still doing so. Since 2004 the control is part of a progra m for the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) which covers the whole coast where harvesting goes on and the nearest areas north of it and south of it as well. The industry figures out harvesting pl ans and follows up with registration of all ha rvesting in each field. This shows that the quantity is quite stable and predictable in the fields. Exam ples of this are given. Bad weather with large waves has an important impact on the harvest activity and on th e detachment of kelp as well. In the South we have indications that high summer temperatures may cause some problems for the growth and die off. North of the harvesting areas some of the kelp is grazed down by the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis . In the northern part of the harvesting areas there is quite a high population of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus in some sheltered and semi exposed areas. We are not harvesting in these special areas. The key for the sustainable harvesting, developed over years in Norway, is the stro ng regulation based on an ambulant 5 year cycle of harvesting. The control makes it possible to avoid/ be prepared for problems caused by natural changes.



### 232 SEASONAL VARIATION OF BIOMASS AND AGAR FROM Gracilaria vermiculophylla AND THE EFFECT OF STORAGE AND ALKALI TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT STEPS Vergara-Rodarte MA 1,2 

### , Hernández-Carmona G 1 

### , Rodríguez-Montesinos YE 1 

### , Arvizu-Higuera DL 1



### , Riosmena-Rodríguez R 2 

### and Murillo-Álvarez I 1

1 Departamento de Desarrollo de Tecnologías, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN, Apdo. Postal 592, B.C.S., México 23000. 2 Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México 23080. vrm491@hotmail.com

We assessed the total biomass and the po st-harvest recovering of the seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla at Laguna San Ignacio, B.C.S., México. A total weight of 1,300 wet tons ±516 ton were estimated, with a seasonal maximum of 1,004 wet tons in spring. This amount coul d be increased using an appropriate harvesting regime, as more than one harvesting per seas on. We also analyzed the seasonal variation (2007-2008) of the yield and quality of native and alkaline agar in the laboratory. The highest yield with alkali treatment were obtained inXX International Seaweed Symposium

104 summer (17%), highest gel stre ngth in spring (1,132 g cm -2 ), highest melting temperature in winter (98°C) and highest gelling temperature in summer (68 °C). We also experimented the effect of alkali treatment time with NaOH at Pilot Plant level. We found that during the agarextraction step the best results were obtained at 30 minutes. The yield was significantly reduced if the algae are storage for more than three years. We developed a new product name d Pretreated Gracilaria Seaweed, which consist of Gracilaria treated with NaOH and dried. In order to test the stability, we sampled the PGS during one year of storage. Th e PGS showed stability in both yield and agar quality during the storage year, this suggested that alkali treatment could be a good method to avoid the agar hydrolysis during storage.



### 35 ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY IN MACROALGAE AND SURFACE ASSOCIATED BACTERIA Villarreal-Gomez L 1 

### , Soria-Mercado I 1 

### , Guerra-Rivas G 1 

### and Ayala-Sánchez N 2

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, 2 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana- Ensenada, Ense nada, BC., México. iesoria@uabc.mx

Marine algae and bacteria are an inex haustible source of chemical compound s useful to produce a wide variety of biologically active secondary metabolites. Marine bacteriaare becoming crucial in biotechnology industry because only recently have we discovered the great amount of bioactive compounds available from them. This research considers the evaluation of antibacterial and anticancer act ivities of extracts of six species of seaweed from Bahía de Todos Santos, B.C. Mex. and their associated bacteria. Pathogen strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to test for an tibacterial acti vity and HCT116 cancer colorectal cells for anticancer activity. 35 ba cterial strains were isolated from seaweed surfaces and identified as belonging to the families Firmicutes
, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria . The strains Cc51 from Centroceras clavulatum, Sm36 isolated from Sargassum muticum, and Eb46 isolated from Endarachne binghamiaeshowed anticancer activity with an IC 50of 6.492, 5.531, and 2.843 μ g/ml respectively. These results indicate that seaweed associated b acteria produce compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of cancer colorectal cells HCT-116 as we ll as inhibiting the growth of Gram negative bacteria Proteus mirabilis, offering opportunities for innovati on in drug discovery.



### 252 THE CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMEN T OF SEAWEED RESOURCES IN RUSSIA Vilkova O 1

1 Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography (VNIRO), 17, V.Krasnoselskaya, 107140, Moscow, Russia. ovilk@mail.ru

Seaweeds can be an important element in the food safety of the Russian Fede ration, with its huge coastline. In a shoreline of about 50,000 kilometers long, not counting the islands of the northern seas, it is estimated that at least 15,000 km may be suitable for growth of kelp. Not enough is known about the true magnitude of this natural renewable resource. Only about 40% of the regions with available commercial algae have been surveyed. Much harvestable and commercially valu able seaweed biomass is left unaccounted for and little used in Russian seas. Only a small fraction of Russia's natural seaweed pr oduction is commercially harvested. It includes only 4 species of Fucales in European Russia, and 11 species of Laminariales and one red alga in the Far East. We estimate the amount available for co mmercial harvesting at about 6 mil lion mt a year. The actual commercial harvest in some regions is less than 0,1% of total avai lable biomass. The Russian seaweed sector suffers from the cost of energy for transportation from remote coasts, from the climate limitations and from the lack of processing plants near the algal stocks. The utilization of the natural seaweed resource can in crease for food, chemicals, cosmetics and even biofuel. Farms for the culture of even larger quantities can be developed along the coastline. Such developments require a unified system of regional and national policy for research and the creation of favorable know-how, conditions and incentives that can attract the commercial sector.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 500 BREEDING AND CULTIVATION OF A NEW CULTIVAR OF Saccharina japonica Wang WJ, Wang FJ and Sun XT Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. wjwang@ysfri.ac.cn

Saccharina japonica has been cultured in China since the 1950’s. China was responsible for 89% of the global farmed Saccharina yield in 2002 according to FAO data. No wadays, the output is over 7.755 × 10 5 tons and about 80% plants are used for food in China. The existing Saccharina japonica cultivars fail to meet the requirements for use in food processing and related industrial applicat ions. Aiming to solve this problem, a new cultivar has been obtained by using an integrated breeding method (selective breeding and cross breeding). This cultivar can endure high temperatures and zoosporangia are formed at above 20oC, resulting in a longer period for plant growth. Mean blade length, width and wet weight is 373 cm, 62.5 cm and 2.44 kg, respectively, all significantly higher than those of the other cultivars. It is noteworthy that the blade width of this cultivar is over 2 times higher than that of the others. Moreover, the blade thickness at th e margins is similar to that in the centre so that the efficiency of food processing has been largely improved. It has been cultured for 3 years and testified to be hereditarily stable. In the last year, the cultured area reached 50 000 acres in southern China and 30000 acres in northern China.



### 226 IDENTIFYING AND ADDRESSING THE NEED FOR FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY Wernberg T Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research , Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawle y WA 6009, Australia. wernberg@graduate.uwa.edu.au

Ecological impacts of global climate change have been extensively documented in terrestrial ecosystems, but substantially fewer examples exist from the marine re alm – not because these have not been affected, but because of limited time series and broad-scale data sets. I will present an analysis of >50,000 herbarium records from Australia which suggests that several temperate ma rine macroalgae have undergo ne range-shifts and shifts in reproductive phenology over the past ~50 years. Confidently forecasting further changes will require a mechanistic understanding of the under lying drivers of change, which can be st be achieved through experiments. A review of climate change experiments (n=95 papers) revealed that only 18% we re concerned with benthic primary producers and only 13 % included a field component. The appa rent under-representation of experiments on benthic primary producers and lack of focus on field conditions, are wor rying given the ecological importance of macroalgae as food, habitat and ecosystem engineers, and because laboratory and mesocosm experiments are highly artificial and often suffer problems of scale (b oth in space and time). Moreover, problems with the experimental design (particularly pseudo-replication) were identified in more than half of the climate change experiments. A key problem is, of course, that primary c limate change variables cannot easily be manipulated in situ . An alternative approach is the comparative expe rimental approach, where identical experiments are conducted in different locations charac terised by different ‘climates’. Using an example from Australian kelp beds found along a latitudinal gradient in ocean temperature, I will show how physiological adjustment to warmer water was linked to reduced ecological performance in situ . Studying the links be tween physiological and ecological proces ses along latitudinal gradients is particularly rele vant in relation to climate change because the primary responses are likely to be distribution shifts along these gradients. Advantages and limitations of this approach will be discussed.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 171 MANGANESE AND IRON OXIDIZING BACTERIA ON MARINE MACROALGAE IN LABORATORY CULTURE West J 1 

### , Zuccarello G 2 

### and Kelly P 3

1 School of Botany, Universi ty of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia. 2School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand. 3 Geotrack International Pty Ltd, 37 Melville Road, Brunswick West 3055 VIC, Australia. jwest@unimelb.edu.au

Manganese and iron oxidizing bacteria of va rious taxonomic groups (e.g. Siderocapsaceae, Leptothrix ) are widespread in soil, freshwater and marine habitats wher e they play a major role in forming manganese and iron deposits. However, we have no publis hed records for their presence in laboratory cultures of marine algae. For many years we have fr equently observed these bacteria on the algae and glass surfaces in culture. They are variable in form and size, often small hemispherical orfilamentous cells with conspicuous thick brown to black walls clearly visible with bright field light microscopy an d scanning electron microsco py. Elemental analyses using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) on a scanni ng electron microscope showthe walls to be composed largely of manganese (about 37% by weight) although th e precise oxidized state is not known. Iron oxidizing forms are much less frequent in culture. About 15% of the 1500 cultures primarily of mangrove-associated red, green and brown algae contain Mn-oxidizi ng bacteria. Most have minimal negative effects on the algae but some have caused dieback or death particularly of male red algae. DNA molecular data shows that bacteria of several lineages are found in these cultures, with some possibly related to Mn-oxidizing bacteria. The causes and significance of these associations are unknown at present.



### 99 TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF HEAVY METAL LEVE LS AMONG THALLUS PARTS AND STRUCTURES OF Sargassum hemiphyllum ALONG A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT IN HONG KONG Wong RTC, Cheung PCK and Ang PO Jr Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, CHINA

Samples of the brown alga Sargassum hemiphyllum from four sites in Hong Ko ng, China were examined over time (Jan to May 2000 and 2001) for their heavy metal co ntents (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). Those from Repulse Bay and Stanley Bay in the south exhibited relative ly lower metal levels than those from Tung Ping Chau and Clearwater Bay in the northeast. In general, all metal levels in S. hemiphyllum found from the study sites fluctuated during the study period in 2000 and 2001 but without showing any particular temporal patterns. Those in Tung Ping Chau showed th e highest levels of Cd (1.92 μg g -1 dry wt in January), Cr (2.34 μg g -1 dry wt in January), Cu (8.31 μg g -1 dry wt in March), Fe (656.7 μg g -1 dry wt), Mn (131.4 μg g -1 dry wt), Ni (2.78 μg g -1 dry wt), and Pb (4.29 μg g -1 dry wt) among the other sites. In most cases, there were significant differences in various metal levels among different thallus parts (lower, middle and upper parts) of S. hemiphyllum . The various metal levels also differed significantly among different structur es, with the highest levels recorded in the receptacles, followed by those in the vesicles, leaves and branches. Temporal variations of various metal levels in different parts and structures of the algae may be related to their changing bioaccumulation cap acities of various metals as the thalli aged.



### 88 STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT OF Grateloupia sparsa Yang CYand Chou HN Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. r96b45008@ntu.edu.tw

The worldwide demand for macroalgae, since their first introduction as food, confectionery and pharmaceutical products has inspired many people to investigate the cu lture technologies in order to enhance their production. In this research, Grateloupia sparsa thalli collected from off-shore sublittoral were examined by free hand section and microscope for any reproductive organs to distinguish the thalli of gametophyte or sporophyte. Either carpospores or tetraspores were treated to release and to germinate at different temperature, 20, 25, and 30 o C.XX International Seaweed Symposium

107 It was found the germination of tetraspo re formed more crust along with the decrease of temperature, but not the germination of carpospores, they formed more nodular filaments than tetraspores ateither temperatures, but more at 25 o C. It was also found the crusts from tetraspore differentiated to form more young thalli at lower temperature. The crusts formed after spore germination we re usually in larger size and formed more thalli from tetraspore than from carpospores and less extention of filaments from the outer margin. Instead, smaller crusts gave more filamentous extension from the outer margin and formed so-called nodular filaments. Light intensity showed an enhancement on the growth of nodular filame nts and thalloid differentiation from crusts. We have developed methodologies togrow the nodular filaments in abund ance and applied them for the crust regeneration and seedling differention on nylon rope afterwards. Nodular filaments from carpospores germination have given us not only evidences to show the life cycle stages during the year but also tools to propagate seedlings of Grateloupia

.



### 502 THE STATUS OF Gracilaria lemaneiformis CULTIVATION IN CHINA AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR CONTROLLING HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS Yang Y 1 

### , Sellner K 2 

### and Yarish C 3

1 College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China, 2 Chesapeake Research Consortium, Inc., Edgewater, MD 21037, USA, 3 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT 06901-2315, USA. tyyf@jnu.edu.cn

The rhodophyte Gracilaria lemaneiformis , a high quality raw material for the agar industry and good fodder for abalone cultivation in China. It is also a very promisin g species for reducing ambien t nutrient concentrations from fed aquaculture. Nanao, Guangdong Province is an areain southern China which is seeing a rapid increase in production of cultivated Gracilaria . Farmed areas rose from 0.06 ha in 1999 to now more than 1400 ha, which accounts for 23% of China’s Gracilaria acreage. Since 2000, Gracilaria cultivation has also spread to areas of Fujian, Shandong, Zhejiang and other provinces along the coastal waters of China. Re cent research demonstrates that this seaweed has potential algicidal effects on algal bloom species, such as Alexandrium tamarense, Amphidinium carterae, Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Scrippsiella trochoideaand Prorocentrum donghaiense . Authors suggest that large-scale cultivation of G. lemaneiformis could be an environmentally beneficial industry for localized reduct ions in coastal eutrophication and in particular for HABs in Chinese coastal waters.



### 233 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: FUEL PRODUCTION FROM MACROALGAE Yoshikuni Y and Kashiyama Y 604 Bancroft Way Suite C, Berkeley CA 94706. yoshikuni@ba-lab.com

Bio Architecture Lab, Inc (BAL), located in Berkeley, CA, USA, is developing a novel microbial platform able to ferment the carbohydrates (or sugars) in seaweed (macr oalgae) into commercially viable biofuels/chemicals through engineered biosynthetic pathways. Today, BAL has developed a strain of E. coli integrated with a biosynthetic pathway to ferment et hanol from seawee d. This strain E. coli strain achieved a yield of ethanol from seaweed was achieved in 36 hours compar able to the current ethanol yield seen from corn. This same microbial platform can be used to produce more advanced biofuels su ch as diesel fuel as well as chemicals, using seaweed as the feedstock. By using seaweed as the sole carbon source which does not compete with land and water usage for food production, the BAL microbial system is able toproduce biofuels competitive to biofuels produced from Brazilian sugar cane. Costs can be reduced further through extraction of valuable byproducts.XX International Seaweed Symposium

108 

### 260 RED-ALGAE PULP AND PAPER, BIO-ETHANOL You H-C 1 

### , Sohn M 1 

### and Gerung G 2

1 Pegasus International Inc. 7F, Platinum Bldg, 889-51, Daechi-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-839, Korea, 2 Faculty of Fish.& Marine Sci., Sam Ratulangi Univ., J1. Kampus Bahu Mando, 95115, Indonesia. Pegasus1@pegasushomepage.com

The manufacture of pulp and paper from Gelidiaceae red- algae was first developed by Pegasus International Inc. The advantages are; (1) red-algae pulp and paper can repl ace wood pulp and paper and conserve forests, (2) agar, which is a by-product of the pulping process, can be a source of bio-ethanol, and (3) mass aquaculture of Gelidiaceae can uptake CO 2 much more efficiently than forests because of a higher per-unit growth rate. In these advantages, there is not only a high economical efficiency but also the possibility for a Clean Development Mechanism. It is well kn own that the manufacture of wood pulp is a high-CO 2 -emission process, but red-algae pulp and paper can reduce 70-80% of such CO 2 emissions. Industrial-scale produc tion of red-algae pulp and paper requires mass aquaculture, and so the development of mass aquaculture will signal the beginning of the red-algae pulp and paper era. Pegasus International Inc. has cu ltured Gelidiaceae in Indone sia owing to the good and sustainable underwater conditions there.



### 159 THE INVASIVE Sargassum muticum MIGHT TALK NATIVE BROWN SEAWEEDS INTO CHEMICAL DEFENSE
Yun HY 1 

### , Molis M 1 

### , Engelen AH 2 

### and Santos RO 2

1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Kurpromenade, D-27498 Helgoland (Building C-54), Germany, 2ALGAE – Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, CCMAR Centro de Ciências do Mar, CIMAR-Labora tório Associado, FCMA, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005- 139 Faro, Portugal. aengelen@ualg.pt

The brown seaweed Sargassum muticumis probably one of the most invasive seaweeds known. The species benefits from high population growth rates that increa se and stabilize as the species becomes established. Fauna associated with S. muticumdiffers in the native and introduced range as well as from fauna on competing seaweeds, in both ranges. Many meso-herbivores in Portug al prefer native seaweeds over the invader, which may facilitate invasion. In this study, we tested whether the observed low preference for the invader is due to chemical defense. Therefore, we studied the induction of chemi cal defense of the invader an d two closely related native seaweeds, as well as the possibilit ies of chemical communication among se aweeds, through multiple food choice experiments of both fresh and constitu ted food assays. Neither direct grazing nor water-borne cues from grazed conspecifics induced chemical defences in S. muticum , but did so for both native brown seaweeds Cystoseira humilis and Fucus vesiculosus . Interestingly, water-borne cues from grazed S. muticuminduced chemical defenses in both native brown seaweeds, whereas this di d not work the other way aro und. We conclude that the low preference for S. muticumby grazers does not seem to be caused bythe induction of chemical defenses in S. muticum , although native grazers we re able to induce chemical defenses in confamiliar native seaweeds as well as water-borne cues from grazed S. muticum.XX International Seaweed Symposium

109 

### 52 OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE MEDIA CONCENTRATIONS, pH-TEMPERATU RE COMBINATIONS AND DENSITY OF SECTIONS FOR THE MASS PRODUCTION OF YOUNG PLANTS IN THE CULTIVATION OF Kappaphycus Yunque DAT 1 

### , Tibubos KR 1 

### , Hurtado AQ 1,2*

### and Critchley AT 3

1 Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquacu lture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021 Philippines. 2 Integrated Services for the Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries (ISDA), McArthur Highway Tabuc Suba Jaro 5021 Iloilo City, Philippines. 3Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1X8, Canada. aqhurtado@gmail.com

Three color morphotypes (brownish yellow, pu rple and green) of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii were used as explants. Different concentrat ions of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP; (viz. 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg L -1 )) with and without Plant Growth Regulator (PGR-PAA + Zeatin at 1mgL-1 ) were used to produce young plants for nur sery purposes using tissue culture techniques. Enriched Sterile Seawater (ESS/2) served as Control. The rate and quality of production of young Kappaphycus plants for nursery stock is improved through the use of AMPEP with optimized cult ure media concentration, pH - temperature combination and density conditions. Specific conditions will be discussed in this presentation.



### 257 DOMAIN-SPECIFIC POSITIVE SELECTION CONTRIBUTES TO THE EVOLUTION OF Ectocarpus ROCO-LRR AND NB-ARC-TPR GENES, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL ROLE IN IMMUNITY Zambounis A 1 

### , Exadactylos A 1 

### , Neofitou N 1 

### , Elias M 2 

### and Gachon C 3

1 University of Thessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, Fytokou str., Nea Ionia 384 46, Volos, Greece. 2 Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Department of Parasitology, Bena tska 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic. 3 Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, United Kingdom. claire.gachon@sams.ac.uk

All living organisms are plagued by a number of pathogen s whose initial recognition is a crucial key component towards the establishment of defense. The pathogen recognition involves the onset of a range of well- regulated and orchestrated molecular signalling transduction intera ctions mediated mainly by a wealth of fast-evolving receptors and multigenic families, many of which contai n ligand-binding and signal transduction domains, such as leucine-rich or tetratricopeptide re peat- (LRR/TPR) and NB-ARC domains, respectively. In this study, we focused on the marine brown algae Ectocarpus genome, being recently fully sequen ced, for homologues of these genes; the evolutionary pressures acting upon them and their f unctional divergence were al so assessed. We annotated 269 LRR-containing genes, in particul ar a subfamily of ROCO LRR-GTPases, as well as a group of 24 NB-ARC-TPR proteins. Their clustering is typical one of fast-evolving families; whils t the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (dN/dS) estimations indi cate that diversifying selection is acting on their LRR (respectively TPR) domains, mainly among their repetitive short length exons. Their sequence variab ility is underpinned by a remarkable intron-exon organisation, whereby an individual LRR (respe ctively TPR) module is encoded by an exon, associated to signs of active exon shuffling. Therefore, our data se t suggest that positive sele ction acting on the ligandbinding sites of these members of the Ectocarpus ROCO-LRR and NB-ARC-TPR families promoted a tremendous diversification of specificities and hereby constitute them as good candidates for being involved in recognition/ transduction events li nked to immunity.



### 276 BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF HARVESTED Lessonia trabeculata POPULATION IN SAN FERNANDO RESERVE, ICA, PERU Zavala J , Gamarra A, Flores D, Huamani S, Pasto R, Tejada A and Zevallos J jzavala@imarpe.gob.pe

The aim of this study was to determin e biological indicators to assess the impact of harvest activities over Lessonia trabeculata populations and its associated communities in the recently stablished Reserved Zone SanXX International Seaweed Symposium

110 Fernando, Ica, Peru; in order to establish measures that assure the sustainability of this resource. We considered as the biological indicators: (1) allowed captures estima tions, (2) longest diameter of the holdfast, (3) plants density and (4) richness species associated to the holdfa st. We discuss the usefullnes s and validation of these indicators as tools for identifying L. trabeculata population condition.



### 278 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMERCIAL PERUVIAN BROWN SEAWEEDS Zavala J 1 

### , Gamarra A, Pasto R, Tejada A, Carbajal P, Castillo R, Zevallos J and Kameya A jzavala@imarpe.gob.pe

Commercial brown macroalgae Lessonia nigrescens
, L. trabeculata and Macroscystis spp. were distinctly distributed along a latitudinal gradient from ~ 11o to 18o S. L. nigrescens distributed from 17o 30' to 15o 30' S, and was mainly found in the lower-middle intertidal, althou gh it also formed dense patches up to 5m depth (17o S). L. trabeculata ranged from 14o to 18o 05’S, sh owing higher densities at 5-10m (17o S) and 15-20m (16o to 14o S) depth levels, but it was also recorded in the low intertidal zone (16o S). Macroscystis spp, distributed from 16o to 11o S, where it mainly colonized the low intertidal zone (16o to 14o S) and subtidal zone at a depth of 10m (11o S). We conclude that the current latitu dinal distribution of these species alon g the Peruvian coast is the result of climatic events that regulated the latitudinal distribution recorded in previous decades (06o 26’S to 17o 42’S, Acleto, 1980), however their northernmost and southernmostdistribution limits could be affected by fishery activities. Consequently, we propose that the vertical distribution of macroalgae depends upon: (1) fishing pressure, that creates free space for other species settl ement, (2) success settlement of the macroalgae, and (3) favorable adaptive morphological plas ticity against extraction pressure.



### 197 TRACKING INTRODUCTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM POPULATION GENETIC DATA Zuccarello GC School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand. joe.zuccarello@vuw.ac.nz

The anthropogenic introduction of se aweeds around the world is a growin g concern. While mitigation measures are essential, a lot can be learned about pathways of introduction and dispersal using molecular data. These molecular studies also give us insights into algal evolution in general. Of several important considerations in understanding the distribution and diversity of algae ar e markers appropriate for the question addressed, and sufficient sampling both within populations and covering the full range of the species. Markers that are highly variable within species usually show low levels of gene flow between populations, although long distance dispersal by mature thalli can be important. Genetic evid ence reveals cryptic introductions, multiple introductions and cryptic spread of seaweeds intonative populations. For example, Eucheuma mariculture has lead to the spread of cultured genotypes into neighboring native populations. Populations in Africa, in which a native genotype is found now mostly contain cultivated genoty pes. What the consequences of this will be to native populations is not yet known. While the history of a species can be inferred by the distribution and variation in molecular markers, sampling is very important. Hypothes es draw from wide sampling of species, but with low within population sampling can lead to different conclusion s if sampling is intensified. An example is the red alga Bostrychiamoritziana in which early hypotheses suggested low vari ation and a recent introduction into the east Pacific, while a more intense sampling design indicates a different historical pattern.XX International Seaweed Symposium

111 

## Posters Abstract

91 EFFECT OF Halopithys incurva AND Hypnea spinella ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES ON THE ACTIVITY OF RAW 264.7 MACROPHAGES
Abdala-Díaz RT 1 

### , Chabrillón M 2 

### , López-Soler B 2 

### , Gómez-Pinchetti JL 3 

### , Rico RM 1 

### and Figueroa FL 1

1 Department of Ecology. Faculty of Sciences.University of Málaga.29071, Campus de Teatinos. Málaga, Spain,
2 Mediterranean Centre of Photobiology, c/Prosper Merimeé 7, 29007, Málaga, Spain, 3 Centro de Biotecnología Marina, Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C., Muelle de Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Las Palmas, Spain. abdala@uma.es

In recent years, the interest to pr oduce alternative seaweed species in intensive or poly-aquaculture systems is high. The genus Hypnea is an economically interesting group of red macroalgae with so me species, i.e. H. musciformis , being reported as cultured under different cond itions. In this study, the culture of Rhodophyta Hypnea spinella and Halopithys incurva in tanks by using fishpond effluent s as nutrients source is presented, resulting in average annual yields close to 30 g dry weight m -2 d -1 (109 t DW ha -1 y-1 ) and mean ammonium biofiltration efficiencies close to 70%. The internal composition of biomass (protein, carbohydrates, pigments, ash, moisture, C/N ratio, to tal lipid and fatty acid profile) under N-a mmonium enriched conditions is analyzed. The immunological effect of acid polysacc harides, characterized by FT-IR, was studied. Their effect on the activity of RAW 264.7 macrophages (mice) was examined by quantification of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- αand interleukin (IL)-6 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Concentration of polysaccharides and cytokines IL 6 were positivelycorrelated in contrast to TNF –a. These results indicate that polysaccharides are strong cytokine IL-6 inducers.



### 84 SEASONAL VARIATION OF GREEN, RED AND BROWN ALGAE (CHLOROPHYTA, RHODOPHYTA & PHAEPHYTA) ASCENSION BAY (BAS) AND ESPI RITU SANTO BAY (BESTO),QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO Acosta-Calderón JA 1 

### , Mateo-Cid LE 2 

### y Mendoza-González AC 2

1 Universidad del Mar. Campus Puerto Ángel, C.U. CarreteraPuerto Ángel-Zipolite Km. 1.5, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca. 70902, 2 Departamento de Botánica, Laboratorio de Ficología, ENCB-IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México D.F 11340. jaac_hello@hotmail.com

A study on the benthic marine algae of the Ascension Bay (BAS) and Es piritu Santo Bay (BESTO), Quintana Roo, Mexico was conducted during the months of Septembe r-October 2008 (rainy season) and March-April 2009 (dry season). In each bay five sampling stations settled down, each one of them of 60 m 2 . Marine algae were collected by reef-walking or snorkeling. Samples were preserved in 4% formalin/seawater; they were labeled and carried out to the laboratory of Phycology of the ENCB. Until now, 138 species of benthic marine algae (68 Rhodophyta, 54 Chlorophyta and 16 Phaeophyceae) have been determined. 90 species were identified for the rainy season (41 Rhodophyta, 44 Chlorophyta and 5 Phaeophyceae) and 1 08 species for the period of dry (57 Rhodophyta, 37 Chlorophyta and 14 Phaeophyceae). The best represented families are Rhodomelaceae with 21 species, Udoteaceae with 20 species, Dictyot aceae with 11, Ceramiaceae with 10 and Caulerpaceae with 6 species. We have been obtained 26 new records for BAS; while in BE STO have located 84 new records. The bay, with highest species richness in both seasons was BESTO with 73 and 98 species, while the BAS, ranked 58 and 36 species respectively. The highest species richness occurred in the stations located toward the outside of the bays. Although the sand substratum is dominant in both bays, the highest species ric hness is presented in hard substrates and/or as epiphytes.XX International Seaweed Symposium

112 

### 16 ENHANCEMENT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT ALGAL SPECIES Afify MR Abd El-Moneim 1 

### , Shalaby E 1 

### and Shanab MM Sanaa 2

1 Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 2 Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. dremad2009@yahoo.com

Eight algae species were used for the production of biod iesel (4 Rhodo, 1 chloro an d 1 phaeophycean macroalgae, 1 cyanobacterium and 1 green microalg ae) using two extraction solvent systems (Hexane/ether (1:1, v/v)) and (Chloroform/methanol (2: 1, v/v)). Biochemical evaluations of alga l species were carried out by estimating biomass, lipid, biodiesel and sediment (glycerin and pigm ents) contents as well as percentages. Hexane / ether extraction solvent system produced low lipid content an d percentage (0.024 to 0.035 g/g dry wt and 2.3-3.0%) while, chloroform/methanol extraction solvent system was proved to be more efficient in lipid and biodiesel production (0.025 – 0.125 g/g D wt and 2.5 – 12.5% respectively) depending on algae species. The green microalga Dictyochloropsis splendida extract produced the highest lipid and biodiesel content and percentages (0.125 g/g D. wt and 12.5%) fo llowed by the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima (0.092 g/g dry wt and 9.2%), while the macroalgae (red, brown and green) produced lower bi odiesel percentages (2.5 – 4.4%). The green microalga Dictyochloropsis splendida Geitler (the promising algae), was cultivated under different salt concentration and nitrogen deficiency conditions led to an inhibition of both algal growth an d pigments content, while carotenoids synthesis was highly stimulated. Lipids, biodiesel and gl ycerol productional were ma rkedly enhanced by either increasing salt concentration or nitr ogen deficiency with maximum producti on at nitrogen starvation condition (0.0 g/l).



### 81 IMPORTANCE OF MACROALGAE IN THE NATURAL DIET OF Megathura crenulata (SOWERBY 1825) Aguilar-Mora F 1,2 

### , Mazariegos-Villarreal A 1 

### , Medina-López MA 3 

### , López-Yllescas M 1,4

### and ServiereZaragoza E 1

1 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mar Berm ejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México, 2 Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mich. 58030. 3 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur KM 5.5, 23080, La Paz, BCS, 4 Universidad del Mar, Campus Puerto Ángel, Ciudad Un iversitaria, Puerto Ángel, Oax. 70902, México. amaza04@cibnor.mx

Megathura crenulata is a marine gasteropod known as keyhole limpet. From this species "Keyhole limpet hemocyanin-KLH” which is used in treati ng certain cancers is obtained. In this study we describe the natural diet of M. crenulata from the analysis of stomach content of organism s collected from three rocky reefs in the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico on three dates. We id entified 81 food components as part of their diet, which included brown algae (4), red algae (26), one seagrass, hydrozoa (6), bivalves (5), gastropods (18), crustaceans (8), bryozoans (4), and urochordates (2) among others. Th e Index of Relative Importance highlighted as the most important component a tunicate ( 60%) followed by the hydrozoan Eudendriumsp. (9%) and the algae species: Rhodymenia sp. (6%), Pterosiphonia sp. (5%), Corallina sp. (5%), Cystoseira osmundacea (5%), and Cryptopleura (4%). Although, M. crenulata has a varied diet that includes several species of algae and animals, the diversity index of food components (H'=1.5 - H' =2.8), and the trophic niche breadth (Bi =0.1- Bi=0.6.) places this gasteropod as a specialist predator, which consumes few components in a higher percentage.



### 174 FIRST REPORT ON THE JAPANESE SPECIES Grateloupia lanceolata (OKAMURA) KAWAGUCHI AND Grateloupia turuturu YAMADA (HALYMENIACEAE, RHOD OPHYTA) IN BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO Aguilar-Rosas R 1 

### , Aguilar-Rosas LE 2 

### , Kawai Hiroshi 3 

### and Win Ni-Ni 4

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma deBaja California, km 107 Carretera Tijuana Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22830, 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de BajaXX International Seaweed Symposium

113 California, km 107 Carretera Tijuana Ense nada, Ensenada, Baja California 22830, 3 Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Ro kkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan, 4 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 65 7-8501, Japan. raguilar@uabc.mx

The Japanese red algae species Grateloupia lanceolata (Okamura) Kawaguchi and Grateloupia turuturu Yamada (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) are reported for the first time as introduced to th e Pacific coast of Mexico. Populations of these species were found in the Ensenada Ha rbor at the Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, growing attached to the docks, ropes, buoys and boat hulls, in November 2008. Identification was based on a revision of their morphological and reproductive ch aracters, as well as a comparative anal ysis of nuclear rbcL sequences with specimens from Japan and Mexico. Grateloupia lanceolata has been recently reported in the coast of southern California, USA, which extends the southern limit of its geographical distribution in the Pacific coast of North America. In the case of G. turuturu , this is its first report in the western coast of North Americ a. Maritime traffic between Asia and America seems to play an important role in the introduction of these species to Baja California.



### 32 N-UPTAKE AND GROWTH MONITO RING OF THE MACROPHYTE Ulva Ale MT , Meyers A and Mikkelsen JD Center for Bioprocess Engineering (Bioeng), Department of Chemical and biochemical Engineering – DTU, Søltofts Plads, Building 229 DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark. mta@kt.dtu.dk

Utilization of seaweed such as Ulva sp

. for different applications e.g. food ingredients, integrated aquaculture and biofuels has a potential. Most me thods for growth monitoring of Ulva lactuca , requires sub-sampling to determine the initial and final weight of the seaweed sa mples after the removal of surface moisture either by wiping with filter cloth or centrifugation. This method requires direct contact on algal tissue especially when measuring similar samples periodically. The objective of this work was to monitor the growth of benthic macrophyte Ulva lactuca including nutrient uptake over time without destructing the seaweed growth development. A simple and non-destructive growth monitoring technique base d on photo-scanning was developed.



### 110 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUB ARCTIC MARINEPLANT RESOURCES OF UNGAVA BAY, NUNAVIK QUEBEC, CANADA Allard M 1 

### , Sharp G 2 

### , Rochefort J-Guy 1 

### , Filion V 1 

### and Bellefleur Y 1

1 Nunavik Biosciences Inc., 1111 Dr. Frederik-Philips Blvd., Ville St-Laurent, Quebec, H4M-2X6, Canada. 2 KCME, 44 Duffy Drive, McGrath's Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada B3Z-4B9. mallard@nunavikbiosciences.com

Ungava Bay, Canada has a Sub Arcticmarine environment dominated by th e impacts of annual heavy ice cover. Large tidal amplitudes in restricted bays and inlets result in currents speeds of 3 to 10 km h -1 . Stable sub tidal substrates support extensive beds of Laminariales and in ter tidal algal beds are dominated by Fucales in niches protected from ice scour. Commercial development has fo cused on Fucoids following remote sensing of cover and direct assessment of biomass. Thirty five thousand wet tons of harvestable Fuco id biomass exists within 10 km of the village of Kangirsuk, Nunavik. Nunavik Biosciences Inc., an Inuit owned ente rprise, began pilot scale harvesting and processing of Fucoids in 2007 using hand harvest methods at an expl oitation rate of 10% per shoreline sector. The harvest strategy is conservative leav ing sufficient cover, 50% to 80% to protect the habitat of the associated benthic community and permits re-harvest within 4 to 5 years. The project faced challenges of logistics, weather and labour but has produced high quality dried material as a starting point for further processing. Final products being developed from this resource range from tradit ional foods to cosmetics. Recently the project has examined the potential for aquacultured Alaria esculenta (Linnaeus) Greville and Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Kuntze as an aquacu ltured traditional food stuff.XX International Seaweed Symposium

114 

### 291 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF Macrocystis IN NORTHERN CHILE Alonso JM and Vasquez J Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones. Universidad Católica del Norte. Casilla 117 Coquimbo CHILE

Abundance and distributional patterns of brown se aweeds are highly dependent of local conditions. Environmental factors such as nutri ents and light, coastal topography, wave exposure, are keys on the distribution and abundance of coastal bed of Macrocystis pyrifera in northern Chile. To test this hypothesis, tree different exposed and shelter beds were monthly sa mpled between 2000-2004. Water temperature, nutrient, density of juvenile and adult sporophytes, plant growth and repr oductive phenology were measured in each study site. Density, growth, and recruitment ar e more variable in time, in contrast with the spatial variability of kelp beds. Reproductive events occur all year round, with continuous and low density recruitment of juvenile sporophytes. Exposed sites with high de nsity of adult, shows hazardous high recruitment of juvenile plants. The longevity of Macrocystis beds is higher in sheltered areas than prot ected ones. Growth rate and fronds production varied between localities, mainly re lated with water temperature and nutri ents availability. Although the local variability of growth rate and fronds production, the po pulation dynamics of Macrocystis show strong seasonal patterns. This seasonal dynamics of Macrocystis beds in northern Chile would be modified by regional oceanographic events as El Niño Southern Oscillation.



### 29 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF MACROALGAE OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Arenas González A 1 

### , Aguila Ramírez RN 1 

### , Hellio C 2 

### , Mason K 2 

### , Hernández Guerrero CJ 1 

### and González Acosta B 1

1 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Av. IPN S/N. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita. La Paz, Baja California Sur, 2 Universidad de Portsmouth, Re ino Unido. raguilar@ipn.mx

Seaweeds are a promising source of bioactive compounds th at can be used in the treatment of human diseases or to control and prevent the colonization of fouling orga nisms. These two problems are now solved with the use of conventional antibiotics, which microorganisms are becoming increasingly resistant, an d with insulating paints, which main compounds includes heavy metals and some other toxic compound s. It becomes necessary to develop research to: first, identify promis ing algae species and second, to char acterize and identify substances of particular interest to pharmaceutical and marine industri es in order to optimize th e resources of many species from which their possible applications are still unknown. This study evaluated 1) the antibacterial potential of six species of seaweed from the Gulf of California by testing organic extracts against strains of Staphylococcus

aureus and Escherichia coli and 2) the antifouling ability against different marine or ganisms (bacteria, fungi and microalgae). Laurencia johnstonii
, Ulva lactuca and Dictyota flabellata showed a moderately active bacterial antibiosis, being the ethereal extracts more active against the bacterial strain S. aureus (19, 8.5 and 7.5 mm). The best results were obtained with antifouling Ulva lactuca and Laurencia johnstonii, which presented the greatest range of inhibition (0.1-1 mg/m l) against all strains tested.



### 75 INCREASING FARMED TROPICAL CARRAGEENOPHYTE PRODUCTIVITY WITH A PURPOSE BUILT SEAWEED BOAT Ask Eand Little S erick_ask@fmc.com

For over a decade, carrageenophyte farm ers of the Western Indian Ocean have seen their productivity limited by various bottlenecks. FMC has worked to develop improv ed farming systems, protocols and technologies to increase productivity and income of professional carrag eenophyte farmers. As productivity per meter of farm line increased, an obvious bottleneck was the transport of ha rvest from farm to the beach. In many cases, farmers were carrying harvest over 500m in sacks on their head. When they had made one trip, the tide had already come in, not allowing for a second and third trip. Local boat s are hollowed out tree trunks from hard wood trees and consumed by marine worms in a few years. In addition, they are expensive (US$500+), extremely heavy andXX International Seaweed Symposium

115 difficult to move and maneuver in the shallow farming ar ea. Their construction also leads to deforestation. FMC worked with KL Industries to create a purpose built seaw eed boat. It carries 500kg of harvest, weighs about 20kg and can be carried by two people, is made of low main tenance, long lasting HDPEplastic and costs roughly US$220 when purchased in bulk. The use of this boat ha s enabled farmers to increase productivity six fold, to roughly 1MT dry per month. The KL Industries’ seaweed boat is an ex cellent example of an appropriate technology having an immediat e and beneficial impact on the lives of coastal inhabitants.



### 97 STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHYLOGENY OF Laurencia sp. (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS Aylagas E 1 

### , Gil-Rodríguez MC 1 

### , Cassano V 2 

### , Díaz-Larrea J 3 

### , Sentíes A 3 

### , Fujii MT4 

### , Gutiérrez A 5 

### and Souto ML 5

1 Dpto. Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain, 2 Dpto. Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 Dpto. Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Iztapalapa, Mexico, 4 Seção de Ficologia, Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, Brazil, 5Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain. eva.biologia@gmail.com

At present, as part of a tri-national project with the Canary Islands (Spain), Mexi co, and Brazil participating “Diversidad y relaciones filogenéticas de algas marina s bentónicas con potencial farmacológico: el complejo Laurencia (Rhodophyta) en las costas del Atlántico tropical y subtropical”, morphological, phytochemical and molecular studies have been carried out on the Laurencia complex. In recent surveys around the Canary littoral, an unnamed species of the genus Laurencia was collected in the north of Fuerteventura Island on June of 2009. The specimens are pale pink, reaching up to 15 cm and form an abundant population from the lower intertidal to subtidal zone in exposed and semi-exposed sites. Th e taxon shows four pericentral cells per axial segment, cortical cells neither projected near apices nor in a pa lisade arrangement with second ary pit-connections and one or two corps en cerise per cell, medullary cells with lenticular thic kenings and tetrasporang ia produced from the third and fourth pericentral cells showing a parallel arrangement. This taxon differs from all other reported from the Canary Islands and it is currently maintained as of un certain status. Preliminary chemical composition data are shown, and a molecular comparative study is also presented based on analysis of the chloroplast-encoded rbcL gene sequences in an attempt to clarify its taxonomic and phylogenetic position.



### 190 SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN PRODUCTIVITY, IN VASIVE SUCCESS AND LIKELY IMPACTS OF Sargassum muticum IN IRELAND Baer J and Stengel DB Botany, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway. dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

The invasive Pacific macroalga Sargassum muticum(Fucales, Phaeophyceae) has expanded its distribution rapidly since it was first recorded from the Irish west coast in 2001. While its actual ecologic al and economic impacts are currently not well documented, local displacement of native flora has been reported due to its rapid dispersal and high growth rates, and population densities. This st udy aimed to contribute to the understanding of the ecological and ecophysiological functioning of S. muticumin Ireland, knowledge which is vital for future management and ecologic al risk assessment. In situ seasonal growth rates, reproductive development, biomass production, morphology and survival of S. muticumwere compared at sites charac terized by different degrees of wave exposure. Significant local variations were observ ed between populations, wi th site-specific impacts on native flora. Results also suggested a suppressed development of S. muticumpopulations in some locations due to heavy epiphytic growth, and the effe cts of epiphyte coverage on recrui tment and growth of introduced and native macrophytes were studied furthe r in detail. In addition, in the ligh t of potential future climate change scenarios, S. muticumgermlings were exposed in culture to different temperature, salinity and UV-radiation regimes.XX International Seaweed Symposium

116 

### 13 THE GALACTANS FROM GREEN VARIANTS OF CYSTOCARPIC AND TETRASPOROPHYTIC Gigartina skottsbergii (RHODOPHYTA) Barahona T 1 

### , Encinas MV 1 

### , Matsuhiro B 1 

### and Mansilla A 2

1 Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago. 2 Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile, Ave. Bulnes 01855. Instituto de Ecologia, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. tamara.barahona@gmail.com

The carrageenans are sulfated galactans, synthesized byseaweeds of the Rhodophyta division, principally by members of Gigartinaceae family. These algae synthesize different types of carrageenans depending on the life cycle phases. The cystocarpic and gametophytic reprod uctive stages produce kappa -type carrageenans and the tetrasporophytic stage produc ed lambda-type carrageenans. Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) is located in south end of South Americ a. In Chile this algae is the high est commercial important carragenophyte. Recently it has been found in the region of Magallanes (North Fuerte Bulnes 53°37'54'' S; 70°55'17'' W) a green variant of this seaweed that grows close to the wild type. FT-IR spectrum showed characteristic signals of kappatype carrageenan in indivi duals of cystocarpic phase (bands at 845 and 930 cm -1 ). The phycocolloid synthesized by cystocarpic plants of the green variant was similar to that the produced by wild type individuals of the same phase. Chemical and spectroscopic anal ysis showed galactose as the only monosaccharide in the biopolymer from the tetrasporophytic phase of the gr een variant and it showed a very different composition compared to lambda carrageenan. This polysaccharide would be constituted by a neutra l galactan (it contains ~9% of sulfate); in few cases has been isolated a polymer in Gigartinaceae wi th these characteristic. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of both polysaccharides wa s measure by ORAC method. The antioxidant capacity was 30% higher in the polysaccharide from cystocarpic individuals than the poly saccharide from tetrasporoph ytic plant, indicating that this activity is related to the difference in the degree of sulfation.



### 51 IMPACT OF AMPEP ON THE GROWTH AND OCCURRENCE OF Neosiphonia INFESTATION ON TWO STRAINS OF Kappaphycus alvarezii AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS Borlongan IAG 1 

### , Tibubos KR 1 

### , Yunque DAT 1 

### , Hurtado AQ 1,2 

### , and Critchley AT 3

1 Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquacu lture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021 Philippines, 2 Integrated Services for the Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries (ISDA), Mc Arthur Highway Tabuc Suba Jaro 5000 Iloilo City, Philippines, 3Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1X8, Canada. aqhurtado@gmail.com

Two strains of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (Tungawan -TUNG) and giant tambalang -GTAM) from Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines were used to test the efficacy of Acadian Mari ne Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP – a commercial extract of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum) as source of nutrients for growth, and to determine the percentage occurrence of an epiphytic infestation of Neosiphonia at four different depths in the sea. Results showed that the use of AMPEP signific antly (P<0.05) affected both the growth rate and percentage occurrence of Neosiphonia infection on the two strains of Kappaphycus . Growth rates of the two strains dipped in AMPEP were significantly higher than the control (without AMPEP) . The percentage occurrence (10-53% at all depths) of Neosiphonia infection of both strains dipped in AMPEP were si gnificantly lower than the control (17-85% at all depths). Both growth rate and Neosiphonia percentage incidence decreased as the cultivation depth increased. Symptoms of Neosiphonia infection began to appear after 21 days of culture during the months of June – August. Although seaweeds grown with AMPEP at 0cm had the hi ghest growth rate (3.6% - TUNG, 4.50% - GTAM) after 45 days of culture, those without AMPEP had the highest percentage cover of Neosiphonia infection (viz. 80-83%). The occurrence of Neosiphonia infestation at each depth observed was correlated with extreme changes in seawater temperature and salinity. Th e carrageenan characteristics of the two strains grown at different depths will be discussed. The results suggested that both strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii are best grown initially at a depth of 0cm and then lowered to 50-100cm after 21 days in order to obtain the highest growth rate and least Neosiphonia infection. These observations are important for the management of Kappaphycus for commercial farming. Furthermore, the use of AMPEP for growth enhancement and control of Neosiphonia infection is encouraging.XX International Seaweed Symposium

117 

### 275 EFFECT OF THE USE OF Macrocystis pyrifera ON THE GERMINATION OF TOMATO ( Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) Briceño-Dominguez DRand Hernández-Carmona G Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México. monchob@gmail.com

In Mexico, macroalgae remain an underexploited resource, including Macrocystis pyrifera which is harvested and used for abalone feed. However, other uses of this alga are possible, such as fertilizer. Some studies have shown the presence of plant growth regulato rs in brown algae. In this research, we experimented on the effect of powdered M. pyrifera mixed with a commercial horticultural substr ate (vermiculite) on the germination of the tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentumMill). The alga was added in the following concentrations: 0.4, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 20% (w/w). Triple 17 fertilizer was compared at th e same concentrations. The co ntrol was also evaluated with vermiculite and water alone. After satu rating the mixture with water, tomatoseeds were placed on polypropylene trays for germination in 1 cm 2 by 5 cm deep cavities. The change in soil texture was analyzed by measuring the stickiness using a texture analyzer TA. XT.plus. One se ed was planted per hole and placed in black plastic bags for three days. After this time period , the trays were placed in sunlightunder 50% shade conditions. Ten days after seeding we determined the percentage of germinat ion. The stickiness was significantly increased as the concentration of algae was increased, bu t it did affect adversely until reaching an algae concentration of 6%. Also, the fertilizer affected the pl ants above 6% concentration.



### 202 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MICROSCOPIC STAGES OF Macrocystis pyrifera : EFFECTS ON GRAZING PREFERENCES Cabrera JC 1 

### , Pereda SV 2 

### , Buschmann AH 1 

### and Hernández-González MC 1

1 Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ambientes y Re cursos Costeros ‘i ~mar’, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile, 2 CIEN Austral. Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n Pelluco, Casilla 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile. Sandra.pereda@cienaustral.cl

The influence that nutritional value of food can have on grazing selectivity in marine organisms is one of the foundations in optimal foraging. However , animals not always choose the food with the best quality. In Southern Chile, the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera coexists with two marine snails, Crepipatella fecunda and Tegula atra
, that have proved to graze on the microscopic reproductive stages of M. pyrifera . However, these grazers have different strategies for feeding and also show some degree of selectivity among gametophyte and sporophyte. To determine if the preferences observed are related to th e nutritional value of the reproductive structures, we quantified protein, carbohydrate an d lipid content, also we estimated energy content in gametophytes and sporophytes. We observed significant differences (p<0.05) in lipid and carbohydrate content, being higher in sporophytes. Protein and energy did not show differences among the reproductive stages. C. fecunda prefers to feed on gametophyte while T. atra does not have any preferences, feeding on the both stages indistinctively. The lack of selectivity in T. atra suggests no preference due to nutritional value of food. The strategy in this grazer seems to be not allocating en ergy in searching for food, utilizing what is available. On the other hand, the marked preference shown by C. fecunda in feeding on gametophytes seems to be more related with the size of the reproductive structure of M. pyrifera than the nutritional value of it; however this remains to be tested.



### 243 PHENOLOGY, FUCOIDAN AND ALGINATES FROM Sargassum cymosum AND Sargassum sp

. COLLECTED AT THE CO LOMBIAN CARIBBEAN Camacho-Hadad O 1 

### , Hernández-Carmona G 2 

### and Amador-Martínez MG 3

1 Programa de Biología Marina, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Cra. 2 No. 11-68, Santa Marta, Colombia. 2 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja Ca lifornia Sur, 23096, México. 3 Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Industrial y de Servicios No. 230. Sonora S/N, La Paz, Baja Califo rnia Sur, 23040, México. gcarmona2007@gmail.com, olgacamacho76@yahoo.comXX International Seaweed Symposium

118 The genus Sargassum form large beds associated with rocky shor es of the Colombian Caribbean, however, it shows large annual variations of biomass. This study desc ribes the fucoidan, alginate concentrations, and gelling properties of two benthic species of Sargassum from Colombia. We describe their phenology in the region, to assess its potential as an exploitable resource. Samples we re collected in 2008 in Colombia and the extractions of alginates were performed in the Mexico. Sargassum sp. reaches its highest biomass (410 ± 108 g m -2 ) and presence of receptacles (44.5% of br anches) in April. In May the senescen ce stage begins, and between June and February the alga is found in low quantities. S. cymosum showed higher biomass and persists longer on the coast with values of 595 g m -2 (± 211) in April, decreasing to 4.71 (± 3.58) g m -2 in August. The reproductive peak is found in May (53.4%). The fucoidan yield was similar for both species (5.3-5.5%). The alginate yield was lower in S. cymosum (15.9%) than for Sargassum sp. (20.8%), despite this, the values are high compared with other species. The viscosity (7-14 mPa.s) is very low and may have few applications in industry, however, the gel strength was similar for the two (709-866 g cm -2 ) and is considered an acceptable valu e. This study suggest that these two species are a good option for commercial application, ho wever, the marked seasonality and few peaks of biomass and reproduction suggest a high caution for their su stainable exploitation in the Colombian Caribbean.



### 108GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC MACROALGAL BIODIVERSITY OF THE REGION OF IXTAPAZIHUATANEJO, MEXICO Candelaria C , Vázquez E, López N and Rodríguez D Sección de Algas del Herbario y Laboratorio de Ficología de la Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. A.P. 70 592, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, México, D.F. cf_candela@yahoo.com.mx

The present work concerns the integrat ion of available information on the macroalgae of the Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo region at Guerrero State, México, co vering a period of 67 years, to deve lop a diagnostic study and define the current state of knowledge. The first report of macroalgae in the region was of Hollenberg (1942) and the latest is Ponce-Márquez et. al. (2009). The work included specificreport evaluation in the region using frequencies of records, localities, months of the year, and deep interval s of species presence. A useful methodological tool was elaborated to assess each species, and to obtain a Bi ological Knowledge Index (BKI). At present the records reached 225 species, 135 of Rhodophyta, 41 of Phaeophyceae, and 49 Chlorophyta. The BKI values showed that the five most important species are Padina durvillae
, Caulerpa sertularioides
, Jania tenella
, Amphiroa beauvoisii and Dictyopteris delicatula . The use of BKI allows determining collect strategies, species inventory integration, to make decisions respect biodiversity conservation and ma nagement, and to count with reliable data for further studies at different spac e and temporal scales.



### 208 EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF Gracilaria birdiae STRAINS (GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL Carneiro MAA 1 

### , Azevedo CAA 2 

### , Barros GLGP 2 

### , Costa AH 2 

### , Costa AB 2 

### , Marinho-Soriano E 2 

### and Plastino EM 1

1 Instituto de Biociências, Universidadede São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, 2 Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. marcellamaral@hotmail.com

Gracilaria birdiaePlastino & E.C. Oliveira is the main species exploited for agar production in Brazil; consequently, studies related to its cultivation and se lection of more productive strains become extremely necessary. The aim of this work was to co mpare the growth of different strains of G. birdiaecultivated in the sea (Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil) in three differentdepths (30 cm, 50 cm, and 80 cm). Four strains of tetrasporophytic plants were used: two of them coming from wild populations (red, rd-CE, and rd-RN) and the others, color variants isolated in vitro , brown-green (bwg-CE) an d green (gr-CE). The ex periment was conducted for four months and the biom ass was obtained monthly. All strains showed the highest growth rates after 30 days of cultivation in the depth of 30cm (rd-CE=5.13±0.06%d -1 ; bwg-CE=4.63±0.77%d -1 ; gr-CE=3.42±0.84%d -1 ; and rdRN=1.40±0.51%d -1 ). During the study, the salinity showed a significant reduction fr om 33.5±0.15 to 23.2±0.2 PSU (p<0.05), caused by the inflow of fluvial waters cl ose to the place of the experiment. Moreover, herbivoryXX International Seaweed Symposium

119 signs were observed in all tested strains, resulting in a si gnificant decrease in the growth rates in the last days of cultivation (p<0.05). Although the cultivation has been co nducted during the least favo rable season (winter), the growth rates are encouraging. However, the monitoring of the cultivation du ring the summer is indispensable, as well as the study of the agar quality for the choice of th e most productive strain for cultivation in this area.



### 93 THE CARAGEENOPHYTE Solieria pacifica (YAMADA) YOSHIDA AS A POTENTIAL BIOFILTER COMPONENT IN INTEGRATED FISH CULTURE Carton RJ 1 

### , Okuyama Y 2 

### , Kimura H 2 

### , Notoya M 1

1 Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Ma rine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477 Japan, 2 Fisheries Experimental Station, Wakayama Prefectural Research Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kushimoto 1557-20, Kushim oto-cho, Higashimuro-gun, Wakayama 659-3503. rheajoycarton@gmail.com We investigate the feasibility of incorporating Solieria pacifica as a biofilter component in an integrated fish culture system based on nutrient reduction efficiency an d uptake rates as indices. Using a flow-through tank culture system at 6 volumes d-1, effluent from a red sea bream ( Pagrus major ) was used as a nutrient source for S. pacifica within a 42-hour incubation period under ambient temperature and irradiance conditions in September 2009. Red sea bream was fed once ad libitumand the algal material stocked after 4 hours. Comparisons with control tanks showed that seawee d treatment significantl y reduced the dissolved nitrate and ammonium concentration in the fish effluent. Maximum reduction efficiency of S. pacifica was at 65.69% and 89.47% for nitrate and ammonium fractions, respectively, while maximum uptake rates for nitrate and ammonium was at 1489.45 and 2696.90 μ mol h -1 kg wet weight -1 , respectively. In both indices, higher values were obtained for ammonium which was the dominant N-fo rm in the fish effluent compared to nitrate. Furthermore, we also obtained positive uptake rate s and reduction efficiency even during dark periods. Dissolved oxygen levels in the effluent water were likewise significantly improved with seaweed treatment. Our study shows that S. pacifica can be an efficient biofilter in integrated fish-seaweed systems.



### 333 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL OVERGROWTH ON THREE SMALL CORA L SPECIES IN TWO MEXICAN CARIBBEAN REEFS Cetz-Navarro NP 1 

### , Espinoza-Avalos J 1 

### , Sentíes A 2 

### and Jorgensen P 1

1 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado postal 424, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77000, México; 2 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrob iología, Apartado postal 55-535, México 09340, D.F.
Coral reefs in the Caribbean Sea are experiencing an alarming rate of degradat ion, becoming dominated by macroalgae. Overgrowth by macroalgae was studied in the Mexican Caribbean using a semi-hierarchic sampling design with three-factors: 1) site (Xcalak and Chinchorro Bank, with high and low anthropogenic pressure), 2) coral species (Agaricia tenuifolia
, Millepora complanata and Porites porites), and 3) zone (three levels for each site). Overgrowth by macroalgae was more frequent on corals from the site with high pressure of human activities, with M. complanata being the least overgrown coral species. Algal species composition (of 143 taxa registered) was significantly different between sites, and similar between coral species. The relatively small coral species used in this study were mainly overgrown by algae larger than 5-10 cm that showed ten types of reproductive structures.



### 22 MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RESPONSES OF Porphyra columbina TO DESICCATION STRESS Contreras L , Thomas D and Correa JA Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago. lcontrer@puc.cl

Macroalgal species, especially thos e occurring along the intertidal zone, are exposed to a wide range of environmental stressful conditions, incl uding desiccation, radiation, and te mperature fluctuatio n. However, the responses of the algal tissue to these stressors have be en poorly studied despite the crucial ecological role ofXX International Seaweed Symposium

120 these primary producers. Along the Chilean coast and in comparison with other macroalgal species, Porphyra columbina grows abundantly at the high intert idal zone, where the plants are normally exposed for long periods to air-drying. Thus, P. columbina provides a unique model to address the relationship between desiccation and the cascade of interconnected events involving ox idative stress, morphological changes, and molecular responses. Using plants from Central Chile and mimicking in vitro the periods of low tides, we have characterized the physiological features associated with desiccation in P. columbina . Desiccation triggers an oxidative burst caused by a drastic diminution of th e water in the tissues (ca. 97%), accompanied by changes in the structure of the cell wall, reduction of the cell volume (ca. 50%), ultraestructural alteration, decay of the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and activation of an tioxidant enzymes. However, these changes are rapidly reversible to the basal state of natura lly hydrated plants when the tissues ar e re-hydrated. In summary, this study unravels relevant aspects of algal physiology operating during an abio tic oxidative stress and from an ecological point of view it helps to understand the distribution of P. columbina in the intertidal zone.



### 286 PRELIMINARY STUDY TO OBTAIN EXTRACTS OFLAMINARIN FROM THE PROCESSING OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF Macrocystis pyrifera IN SOUTHERN CHILE De la Fuente L 1 

### , Flores R 2 

### , Gutiérrez A 2 

### , Monje M 1 

### , Leal P 2 

### , Farías D 2 

### and Arriagada P 2



### . 1 Centro de Análisis de los Alimentos CEAL (Food Analysis Center), Universidad de Los Lagos, 1305 Fuchslocher Av. Osorno, Chile. 2 Centro de Investigaciones i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Km. 6 Chinquihue road, Pto. Montt, Chile.

This study is part of a larger proj ect to establish the immunostimulatory effect of laminarin oligosaccharides obtained from Macrocystis pyrifera .It shows the results of the extraction process at a smaller scale in the laboratory. Laminarin was obtained fr om natural populations of Macrocystis in southern Chile. Laminarin extraction protocol was based on the Deville et al. (200 4), and modified as the study progressed. In the first phase 7 treatments were assessed, in which we studied the proportion hydrochloric acid/seaweed. In the second stage we worked with three variables: two temperatur es, three times of incubation and two algae/alcohol relations, which led to 12 treatment s. The extracts were assessed by weight and the amount of laminarin concentration by HPLC with IR detector. In the fronds we obtained a greater weight in extract than in the stipes. To higher temperature more extract is achieved. The incubation period is the process variable that affects the least the performance ex tract, while the proportion al gae/alcohol is the most influential variable. The next steps are related to analytical and economic criteria, linked to energy factors, which are essential to select a better interaction of process to move forward in desi gning the infrastructure for the incoming phase.



### 163 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MEXICAN Padina (DICTYOTACEAE) INFERRED FROM PSBA DNA SEQUENCES Díaz-Martínez S 1 

### , Avila-Ortiz A 1 

### and Salazar GA 2

1 Herbario FEZA, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Apartado Postal 9-020, 09230 Mexico, D.F., Mexico, 2 Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Un iversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-367, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico. sergiodiazmartinez@live.com.mx

Macroalgae systematics traditionally has been based on morphology. However, the meager original descriptions, the morphological variation and the possible convergent or parallel evolution show n by some characters make identification and phylogeny reconstruction difficult. Mole cular data could provide additional information for the solution of these problems. In this study we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of eight species of Padina distributed in Mexico: P. boergesenii, P. durvillei, P. gymnospora, P. haitiensis, P. sanctae-crucis, P. antillarum (new record for the Mexican Atlantic coast), P. sp.1 (10-layered) and P. sp.2 (two-layered). We produced DNA sequences of protein-encoding plastid gene psb A of 40 accessions, and 15 addi tional sequences were obtained from GenBank. This marker has been used previously, together with psa A and rbcL, for phylogeny reconstruction in other groups of Phaeophyceae. Our data matrix consists of 961 characte rs and 55 terminals; it was analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian inference. Result s from both analyses support monophyly of Padina and the distinction of five of the eight Mexican species includ ed. Nevertheless, the relationships among the distromatic species were not clearly resolved. The accessions of P. gymnospora form two subclades, which are in general consistent with their geographical distribution; one of these includes the individuals from the northern and central portion of the coast of Veracruz, and the other encompasses the accessions from the Yucatan PeninsulaXX International Seaweed Symposium

121 plus one specimen from central Veracruz and another from Brazil. The phylogenetic relationships among the Mexican species of Padina inferred from psb A DNA sequences are congruent with previous taxonomy based on morphology.



### 194 ARSENIC LEVELS IN SELECTED RED, GREE N AND BROWN MACROALGAE FROM WESTERN IRELAND Durcan J 1,2,3 

### , Cave R 2 

### , Tyrrell L 3,2 

### , McGovern E 3 

### and Stengel DB 1

1 Botany, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, 2 Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, 3 Environment and Food Safety, Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Galway, Ireland. dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

Arsenic occurs naturally as both organic and inorga nic species in marine waters and sediments and is incorporated into the food web by a range of marine biota. Seaweeds have a strong tendency to accumulate arsenic, among other metals, and as a result the concentr ations of total arsenic in seaweeds may be over one hundred times greater than maximum perm issible concentrations applied to other foods under Irish legislation. The majority of marine biota co nsumed by humans have complex up take and metabolic systems which concentrate, but also detoxify, arsenic to the extent that the predominant form (arsenobetaine in fish) is considered to be virtually non-toxic. However, this natural safeguard mechanism operates to a lesser extent in primary producers, and as a result the speciation of arsenic in seaweeds diffe rs greatly to that in animal tissues. Arsenosugars account for a large proportion, but inorga nic arsenic may predominate in some seaweeds (e.g. Hizikia sp.). Here, a number of red, green and brown algae were selected with a view to identifying those species with elevated proportions of inorganic arsenic, as well as esti mating the potentially toxi c load from the species most commonly consumed in Ireland. Seasonal and in tra-specific variation in levels in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum were also investigated. Total and inorganic arsenic were assessed using fully validated methodologies (HPLC-HG-AFS). A novel data set for arsenic in Irish seaweed species is presented.



### 321 COMMERCIAL Ascophyllum nodosum EXTRACT ENHANCES PH ENOLIC ANTIOXIDANT CONTENT OF SPINACH ( Spinacia oleracea L.) THAT IMPARTS PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON Caenorhabditis elegans AGAINST OXIDATIVE AND THERMAL STRESS
Fan D 1 

### , Hodges DM 2 

### , Zhang J 3 

### , Wang-Pruski G, Kirby CW4 

### , Ji X 3 

### , Locke SJ 3 

### ,Critchley AT 5 

### , Prithiviraj B 1

1 Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, 58 River Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada, 2Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, B4N 1J5, Canada, 3 Institute for Nutrisciences and Heal th, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada, 4 Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4N6, Canada, 5 Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1X8, Canada.

There is considerable interest to enhance the nutrition al quality of fresh produce especially vegetables. The effects of root treatment of spinach with commercial extracts of the brown macroalga, Ascophyllum nodosum, (ANE) on the antioxidant level of spinach were studied. At the concentration of 1.0 g/L, ANE significantly increased the total phenols, flavonoids, and total antiox idant activity as measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1– picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging cap acity of spinach leaves whereas asco rbate concentration was not affected. There was a significant increase in the activity of chal cone isomerase (CHI) and a concomitant increase in the concentration of flavinoids. The increased antioxidant activity thus appe ars to be largely associated with flavonoids, a result supported by 1 H NMR and LC-MS analyses. The biological effect of ANE-e nhanced polyphenols was tested using a Caenorhabditis elegans model. The extracts of spinach treated with ANE and that of untreated plants increased the life span of non-stressed C. elegans similarly. In contrast, extr acts from ANE treated spinach improved the survival of the animals under oxidative stress by 50% and hi gh temperature stress up to 61% as compared to extracts from untreated plants (0 and 38%, respectively). Ta ken together, the results suggest that ANE may induce an adaptive response in spinach throug h stimulation of flavonoid synthesis. Furthermore, the increased flavonoids content exert beneficial effects in C. elegans against oxidative and he at stresses via different mechanisms.XX International Seaweed Symposium

122 

### 196 GROWTH ASSESSMENT OF CULTURED Macrocystis sp. IN TWO SECTOR OF TONGOY BAY, COQUIMBO REGION, CHILE
Farias D 1 

### , Gutiérrez A 1 

### , Flores R 1 

### , Buschmann AH 1 

### , Fernández P 1 

### , Varela D 1 

### and Vásquez JA 2

1 i-mar Research Center, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile. Casilla 557, 2 Facultad Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del No rte, CEAZA, Coquimbo, Ch ile. dfarias@mail.ulagos.cl

To transfer algae growing technology to the Tongoy artisanal fishermen, an d to strengthen the alginate market and supplying the abalone farms, two sectors of the To ngoy bay were evaluated toestablish which is most suitable for Macrocystis sp. culture. In May 2009 a Macrocystis experimental seeding was performed in two locations in a Bay with different charac teristics, including an area close to the coast and another more exposed. In each location a 110 mt length long-line with buoys se parating 20 mt each was installed and 1000 hatchery produced seedlings 8 cm in length were seeded, each seedling was separated by a 10 cm distance in the main rope that was installed at 5 mt deep. Seedlings growth, detachment and morphometric characteristics were evaluated every 50 days. According to th e evaluations it was determined that the plants seeded in both places have no difference in the plants length at 100 days of culture open location of the bay 286, 38 ± 27.75 cm and the area near the Coast 294.46 ± 17.16 cm in length. In relation to the detachment it was around 30% which is associated with the area where the markers buoys are found, is deduct that both sectors are suitable for cultivation.



### 284 MOLECULAR-PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF Kali L. SPECIES, MAPPING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION AND INVASIONS MECHANISMS ON NEW HABITATS Feodorova TA Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Departm ent of Higher Plants, Leninskie Gory, d. 1, str. 12, Moscow, Russia

Kali L. species (= Salsola p.p.) are considered to be one of the world’s most serious weeds. These species are invaders in South Africa, North and South America and Australia on the coast and other environments. The aims of study are molecular-phylogenetic analysis of Kali species, mapping and reconstruction of origin and distribution and invasions mechanisms on new habitats. The phylogenetic analysis tests hypotheses about origin and dispersal of Kali group. We confirm M.M. Iljin’s hypo thesis about origin of Kali species on the littorals of epicontinental Tethys see of Older Miditerraneae regions on Iberian Peni nsula and North Africa littorals. The distribution ofKali species on internal Asian territory toFar Eastern has two explanations. The first agree with Russian botanist V.I. Grubov opinion (1966), who follows by E.P. Korovin (19 35) hypothesis about old autochtonic (indigenous) genesis of Chen opodiaceae in Central Asia; the second – the new territory of internal Asia was occupied by Chenopodiaceae after Teth ys recession. After the recession of the Tethys water had taken place and vast areas of dry land were formed. The former littoral sp ecies occupied similar habitats - sulfate chloride crusted solonchak, solonetz-solonchak (sodic soil).



### 120 THE CaCO 3 

### BIOMINERAL IN THE CORALLINE RED ALGAE OF MEXICAN COAST Fragoso D 1 

### , Ramírez-Cahero F 2 

### , Rodríguez-Galván A 2 

### , Hernández-Reyes R 3 

### , Heredia A 2 

### , Aguilar-Franco M 4 

### , Rodríguez D 1 

### , Bucio, L 5 

### and Basiuk VA 2

1 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología y laboratorio de Ficología Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria 04510. México D.F., 2 Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciu dad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico, 3 Instituto de Física, Departamento de Materia Condensada, UNAM, Circuito Exte rior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria 01000, México, D. F.,
4 Instituto de Física, Depto de Fisicoquímica, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 01000 México D.F.,
5Instituto de Física, Depto de Fisicoquímica, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 01000 México D.F. dalila_f@live.com.mxXX International Seaweed Symposium

123 The cell walls of the coralline red algae are constituted of micro- and nanostructured carbonate mineral, mainly calcite and aragonita with hierarchical ordered struct ural design. We performed a characterization of the biomolecular content as well as the biomineral crystallin e structure of coralline red algae from Mexican Pacific coasts, by means of X ray Diffraction analysis, scanni ng electron and tunneling microscopies and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. With our results we come to the first prel iminary conclusion that this sort of calcite-aragonita biomineral has a very low organic content occluded within in the crystals. By the presence of the FT-IR bands at 2945 and 2889 cm -1 the most probable organic molecules are carbohydrates with no detection of peptide bond bands (amide I ~1640 and amide II ~1540 cm -1 ), suggesting that less protei ns are related to mineral synthesis or its stabilization. X rays study shows two main mineral phases, calcite and aragonite with very similar to structural parameters to the inor ganic mineral counterparts. The crystallite shapes were found as plates and needles with different sizes seen by STM between 20-100 nm



### 148 CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES FOR Sargassum horneri (TURNER) C. AGARDH (PHAEOPHYCEAE, FUCALES) IN THE OFFSHORE OF FU KAURA, AOMORI PREFECTURE, JAPAN Fujikawa Y 1 

### , Yamada Y 1 

### , Kirihara S 2 

### , Hayashi Y 3 

### and Notoya M 4

1 Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Tsukidomari 10, Moura, Hiranai, Aomori, 039-3381 Japan, 2Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Tanaka 82-9, Kuroishi, Aomori, 036-0552 Japan, 3 Okabe Company Limited, Narihira 3-14-4, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-002 Japan,
4 Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477 Japan. yoshikazu_fujikawa@aomori-itc.or.jp

The seedling clip, cultivation fac ility and out-plan ting season of Sargassum horneri were examined in the Japan Sea for food and raw material of seawee d biofuel. The clip of a cable tie was shown to be a suitable seedling clip for S. horneri, due to easier adjustment of seed density and outplanting of seeds compared to previous materials such as chemical strings or Fi ber-Reinforced Plastic plates which were used for brown algae. S. horneri seeds of about 2.5 cm in blade length was outplanted in e ach month from September 2006 to January 2007. The outplanted seeds in September grew best and reached 334 to 431 cm in stem length on June 2007. According to wave analyses (design wave: 9.2 m, wave-period: 12.5 se c, tidal current: 1 m/sec), four sets of 30-ton anchor blocks and polypropylene ropes of 40 mm diameter would be needed to hold a 25 x 25 m cultivation area under rough waves. The seeds outplanted on September 2008 at a depth of 3 m and 5 m offshore reached a stem length of 2.1 m and 1.4 m on June 2009, respectively . From these results, it is considered that S. horneri can be mass produced in the open sea of the northern Japan Sea regardless of the rough waves in winter.



### 55 REDEFINING THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF Laurencia dendroidea (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) TO ACCOMMODATETHE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED RED ALGAE KNOWN AS THE L. filiformis-obtusa-majuscula COMPLEX FROM BRAZIL AND THE CANARY ISLANDS Fujii MT 1 

### , Cassano V 2 

### , Metti Y 3 

### , Millar A 3 

### , Gil-Rodríguez MC 4 

### , Sentíes A 5 

### , Díaz-Larrea J 5 

### and Oliveira MC 6

1 Seção de Ficologia, Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Estéfano, 3687, 04301-012 São Paulo, Brazil, 2 Dept. Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia, 4 Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain,
5Dept. Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Iztapalapa, Mexico, 6Dept. Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. mutue.fujii@gmail.com

Morphological and molecular studies were carried out on several populations of Laurenciadendroidea from the type locality (Brazil) and the Canary Islands, Spain. The species display all characters typical of the genus Laurencia , including the production of the first pericentral ce ll underneath the ba sal cell of the trichoblast, one fertile pericentral cell (thefourth) without production of additional pericentral cell, spermatangial branches produced from one of two laterals on the suprabasal ce ll of trichoblasts, and the procarp-bearing segment with five pericentral cells. The phylogenetic position of this species was inferred by analysis of the chloroplast-encoded rbcL gene sequences from 37 taxa, usin g three other Rhodomelacean taxa an d one Ceramiaceae as outgroups. All the phylogenetic analyses showed that the taxa pr eviously referred to th e Brazilian coastline as LaurenciaXX International Seaweed Symposium

124 arbuscula
, L. filiformis
, L. majuscula and L. obtusa , and as L. majuscula from the Canary Islands are all misidentifications of the one species, L. dendroidea . The genetic variation among the rbcL sequences from Brazilian samples ranged from 0 to 0.6% (0-8 nt), and be tween Brazil and Canary Isla nds samples ranged from 0.7 to 1% (9-14 nt). Laurencia obtusa from the Northern Atlantic is a dist inct species from Brazilian and Canarian samples, confirmed by the molecular data showing high genetic divergence: 5.6-6.1%(69-76 nt). Therefore, L. dendroidea must be considered as an independent species and not as a variety of L. obtusa

.



### 111 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF ASSOCIATED FAUN A IN THREE ALGAE SUBTIDAL CONTRASTING SITES IN ZIHUATANEJO, MEXICO García M, López N and Rodríguez D Laboratorio de Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. A. P. 70-592, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, México D.F. 56224837, 56224874. denirodrigues@ciencias.unam.mx

This study determined the community structure of macr oinvertebrates associated with algae assemblage in Zihuatanejo, Mexico. Seasonal samples in the field, sedi ment traps were used to collect samples while abiotic variables were recorded, 192 samples of algae were coll ected and the macrofauna for six phyla were recorded. The highest diversity, evenness and low dominance, were observed consistent ly in the “Externo”, four phyla had the highest densities and intermediate values were found for sedime ntation-resuspension and higherhydrodynamics. “Interno ” had the lowest diversity and evenness, high dominance for families of mollusks and the phylum Annelida, and the higher values for sediment ation and intermediate hydrodynamics. “Las Gatas” presented intermediate values of diversity, evenness and dominance as well as high abundance of phylum Arthropoda, sedimentation was always the lowest as well as hydrodynamics. General dynamics were observed for sediments, increasing gradually from spring, summer and autumn to fall sharply in the winter.



### 193 POLYSACCHARIDES FROM COMMON BROWN ALGAE FROM THE PENINSULA OF YUCATAN, MEXICO García-Ríos V 1 

### , Robledo D 1 

### , Ríos E 2 

### and Freile-Pelegrín Y 1

1 Department of Marine Resources; Cinvestav, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310, A.P. 73, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico, 2 Departament of Biotechnology and Bioengeenie ring, Cinvestav, Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México D. F. 07360, México. freile@mda.cinvestav.mx

Brown algae contain a wide variety an d structural complex acidic polysacchar ides. In particular alginic acids, consisting exclusively of uron ic acids; homo fucans, consisting of sulfated fucan; and heterofucans, that contain portions of other neutral sugars and ur onic acids have been pointed out for th eir biological activi ty. In this work, quantitative determination of poly saccharides extracted from brown al gae commonly found in the Yucatan peninsula ( Padina perindusiata, Dictyota caribaea, Sargassum flipendula and Turbinaria turbinata) were studied. The seaweeds were treated with select ive solvents to extract both fucoidan and alginate. Chemical analyses were performed to determine sulphate, mannitol, uronic acid content and the molecular weight of polysaccharides. The neutral sugar composition was based on fucose, galactos e and glucose residues. The polysaccharide composition was shown to depend substantially on the algal species. The fucoidan content was maximal in T. turbinata (32.1±3.3 %) and minimal in P. perindusiata (21.6±2.5%). At the sa me time, the alginate content was higher in T. turbinata (24.6±0.5%) and Sargassum sp (17.4±1.6 %) with lowest yield found for Padina perindusiata (5.4±0.2%) and D. caribaea (7.4±1.1%). Fucose was the main sugar present in P. perindusiata, D. caribaea and T. turbinata

. In contrast Sargassum flipendula contained galactose as the main sugar.XX International Seaweed Symposium

125 

### 283 KINETIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TWO PRIMARY PUMPS, H + 

### -ATPase AND Na+ 

### -ATPase, IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGA Dunaliella maritima

. Genatulina A , Andreev I, Popova L and Balnokin Y K.A.Timiryazev Institute of plant physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia. ailagr@rambler.ru

Marine unicellular alga Dunaliella maritima attracts considerable interest as a model plant organism inhabiting a saline medium and suitable for investigating the cellular mechanisms of Na +homeostasis. In this non-vacuolated and cell-wall-less microalga the main ion-transporting systems controlling D. maritima tolerance to high NaCl concentration in the environment are resided at the plasma membrane (PM) . By now, three ion-transporting PM proteins are known to be responsible for Na + homeostasis in D.maritima cells: H + -ATPase, Na +/H + -antiporter and Na + -ATPase. Na + -ATPase is a primary Na + -pump exporting Na +from the cell interior to the external medium. It has been found in D.maritima not so long ago (Popova et al., 2005). We studied transp ort characteristics of the
two D.maritima ATPases. The ion-pumping activities of H + -ATPase and Na + -ATPase in sealed inverted membrane vesicles isolated from D. maritima cells was detected using optical probes, ∆ pH-sensitive dye acridine orange and voltage-sensitive dye oxonol VI. Both ATPases are electr ogenic enzymes operating in a broad pH range, maximal activity of the H + -ATPase being observed at pH 6.5-7.0 and that of the Na + -ATPase at pH 7.5-8.0. Electrogenic activities of both enzymes ar e appreciably stimulated by Na + . Except, the ATPases belong to the class of P-type ATPases and they are MgATP-dependent enzymes. Consequently, we investigated the dependencies of the enzyme activities on [Na + ], [Mg 2+ ], [ATP]. For both ATPases the de pendencies were found could not be satisfactorily described by the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The results of the kinetic investigations allowed to suggest that there are several isoforms of H + - and Na + -ATPases in D. maritima PM

.



### 200 PHLOROTANNIN LEVELS IN THE BROWN ALGAE FROM THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF THE KATSURA BAY (JAPAN) Graczyk-Raczynska MZand Tanaka J J Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan. zabamonika@gmail.com

Phlorotannins are polyphenolic compound s found exclusively in brown algae an d having putative role in detering herbivory, absorbing ultraviolet radiat ion and as a cell wall component. Due to their promising potential use in therapeutics, medicine and antifoulin g applications phlorotannins are gain ing popularity among the scientists from various fields. Phlorotannin concentration varyamong and within the specimens (age and length dependency) but can also change due to various extrinsic factors, like grazing ac tivity or nitrogen availability. The present study is a preliminary research – a first step in full analysis of br own algae of Katsuura Bay (Japan) – and focuses on the species and place dependency of phlorotanni n levels. Samples of 10 species were taken during the low tide at the intertidal zone both from the tidal p ools and surfacing areas exposed to the wave action. The results show strong species dependency with Fucale s having the highest and Laminariales – the lowest phlorotannin concentrations. Additionally specimens exposed to strong wave activity contain rather higher levels then those from less influenced areas. The results of this research give a good insight into chemical and ecological differences among Phaeophyceae of the Katsuura Bay and so ar e a good start in further research and planning exploitation possibilities of those seaweeds.XX International Seaweed Symposium

126 

### 223 SCREENING FOR ANTICLOTTING ACTIVITY IN MARINE ALGAE FROM THE NORTHWEST MEXICAN PACIFIC COAST Guerra G , Gomez G, Alarcon G, Soria I and Ayala N Facultad de Ciencias Marinas. Universidad Autónoma de Ba ja California. Km. 104 Carr. Ens.-Tij. Ensenada, B. C. México. gguerra@uabc.mx

Disorders in blood coagulation can lead to an increased ri sk of bleeding (hemorrhage)or clotting (thrombosis). These illnesses have increased over last decades and no useful new substances have been discovered to remediate them. In search of new compounds from mari ne natural resource s, macroalgae from the Northwest Mexican Pacific coast were in vestigated in order to dete ct anticoagulant activity. Egregia menziessi, Ulva neumatoidea, Porphyra perforata, Silvetia compressa and Codium fragilewere collected from Ensenada coasts. Collected materials were cleaned, dried, milled and st ored until use. Proximate chemical composition and sulphate content was determined in dried powder. Hot an d cold aqueous extracts were obtained from the dried algae in order to isolate polysaccha rides. Methanol soluble compounds were separated by means of Soxhlet extraction. Organic and aqueous extracts were screened for anticoagulant activ ity in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of clot formation. Clotting activity was stud ied by standardized plasma coagulation tests (activated partial thromboplastin time, aPTT and PT, prothrombin time). Heparin, a sulphated glycosaminoglycan widely used in anticoagulant therapy, was us ed as reference. Effects were define d either as aPTT index (Sample aPTT/ Control aPTT ratio) or PT Index (Sampl e PT/Control PT ratio). Some of the fractions showed anticoagulant activity over intrinsic pathways, whereas they were found to be coagulants on th e extrinsic pathway. The highest aPTT index was 1.8 for Ulva nematoidea (1 mg mL -1 ). Hot aqueous extracts from Egregia menziessi (10 mg mL-1 ), showed the highest acti vity, with an aPTT index of 1.4. Sulphate content and anticoagulant activity were not correlated.



### 245 MORPHOLOGIC AND GENETIC VARI ABILITY IN POPULATIONS OF Macrocystis pyrifera IN THE SOUTH OF CHILE Gutiérrez A 1 

### , Winkler F 3 

### , Varela D 1 

### , Gajardo G 2 

### , Fernández P 1 

### , Farias D 1 

### , Beristain P 2 

### and Paredes J 1

1 i~mar Research Center, 2 Laboratorio de Genética y Acuicultura, Univ ersidad De Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile. 3 Facultad de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile. agutierrez@ulagos.cl

Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales; Phaeophyta) is found along the Chilean Pacific coast, from Cape Horn (55°59 ́S) to Valparaíso (33°02 ́S), in both inner sea (channels and Fjords) and waves expose coast. Similar contrasting environment are known to affect the morpho logy of several species, including kelps. In Chile, manifest differences in density, fertility and recr uitment have been describe between populations of M. pyrifera inhabit at expose and non-expose environment. Considering these reported differences the present work attempt to describes morphologic and genetic variation (through AFLP marker) in population from both distinct environments. Thus, the plant morphology (through the fo llow parameters: weight and length of plants, diameter and weight of holdfast, width, length and basal angle of blade and pneumatocyst, blade angle and substantiality) and genetic differences (through AFLP markers) were characterized in plant collected from distinct population of these contrasting environments from southern Chile. As expected, the results show significant differences between several morphological traits as compared between sites (K. Wa llis p < 0.005) and a differential AFLP banding pattern. We discuss and eval uate the environmental characterist ics of areas under study and its relationship to morphological and genetic variability obtained.XX International Seaweed Symposium

127 

### 330 BREEDING AND CULTIVATION OF Eisenia arborea IN A PROTECTED ZONE IN THE NORTHWESTERN COAST OF BA JA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO. Guzmán-Calderón JM 1 

### , Zertuche-González JA 1 

### , Pacheco-Ruiz I 1 

### and García-Lepe G 2

1 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. AP 453. Ensenada, B.C. México 22860, 2 Universidad del Noroccidente de Latinoamérica. Av. Revolución # 782, Col. Bustamante. Ensenada, B.C. México

The kelp Eisenia arborea has huge potential to be used in integrated aquaculture in the northwestern coast of Baja California. Its commercial exploi tation, however, ha s been limited by the high-energy environment where is usually present. Ithas been achieve, for the first time for this species, a su ccessful culture in a protected zone in Todos Santos Bay. The gametophytes were developed on nylon lines enrolled in PVC tubes that were incubated at temperature of 16±2° C, ph otoperiod 12:12 L:D and an irradiance of 60± 10 μ E m -2 s -1 . The sporophytes attached to the robes (between 2-6 mm) were trespassed to exterior tanks were they growth to an approximated size of 1 cm. It has been used a long line in the protected coasta l zone (20 m x 3 m) about 4.5 m depth. After tree moths we still have the plants in the sea with sizes up to 56 cm. These results demonstrate the possibility to cultivate this kelp of high-energy environment in prot ected zones more accessible and safe to work.



### 211 IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF Kappaphycus alvarezii (RHODOPHYTA) IN DIFFERENT SALINITIES Hayashi L 1 

### , Faria GSM 1 

### , Nunes BG 1,2 

### , Zitta CS 1,3 

### , Scariot LA 1,3 

### , Rover T 1,3 

### , Felix MRL 1,2 

### and Bouzon ZL 1

1 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Laborató rio de Algas Marinhas, 88040-900, Florianópolis-Santa Catarina-Brazil; 2 UFSC, Departamento de Aquicultura, 88034-001, 3 UFSC, Departamento de Botânica, 88010- 970. leilahayashi@hotmail.com

Kappaphycus alvarezii was cultivated in vitro in salinities between 15 and 55 psu for 35 days, with the purpose of observing their effects on the growth rate, carrageenan yiel d and cellular structure. Plan ts cultivated at the lowest 15 psu level died after 3 days, while those cultivated at highest 55 psu level showed inferior growth rates (0.26% d -1 ). Growth rates normally reported to this species (between 3 and 4% d -1 ) were observed at intermediate salinity levels of 25, 35 and 45 psu. Significant differences were observed in carrageenan yield of plants cultivated in 25 psu, which presented higher yields. Cell turgidity and cell wall thickening were observed by light microscopy at 15 psu, probably in response to hyposaline conditions, be sides ultrastructural disorg anization, as verified by transmission electron microscopy. Cells kept the chloropl asts integrity at 55 psu de spite the intense plasmolisis process. High concentrations of floridean starch grains were observed in subcorti cal and medullar cells at high salinity levels, indicating a possible influence of these gr ains in the osmoregulation. It was possible to establish the salinity tolerance range of Kappaphycus alvarezii between 25 and 45 psu, in in vitro cultivation conditions, according to the results obtained by the present work.



### 210 EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF Kappaphycus alvarezii (RHODOPHYTA) IN SANTA CATARINA STATE, BRAZIL Hayashi L 1 

### , Santos AA 2 

### , Faria GSM 1 

### , Nunes BG 1,3 

### , Souza MS 1 

### , Fonseca ALD 4 

### , Barreto PLM 5 

### , Oliveira EC 6 

### , Bouzon ZL 1

1 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Laborató rio de Algas Marinhas, 88040-900, Florianópolis-Santa Catarina-Brazil; 2 Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Ru ral de Santa Catarina, Itacorubi, 88110-970, 3 UFSC, Departamento de Aquicultura, Itacorubi, 88034-001, 4 UFSC, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, 88040- 900, 5 UFSC, Departamento de Ciência e Tecn ologia dos Alimentos, 88034-001, 6 Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, C.P. 11461, 05422-9 70, São Paulo-Brazil. leilahayashi@hotmail.comXX International Seaweed Symposium

128 Four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii were cultivated in the subtropical waters of Sambaqui Beach, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, between February an d July 2009. Seaweeds were cultivated in a floating raft near to mussel farms ( Perna perna), where salinity ranged from 29 to 36 psu and temperature, 17.1 to 28.5°C. Evaluations were performed during three cultivation periods of respecti vely, 36, 42 and 97 days. The observed average growth rates in these periods were 4.7%, 3.3% and 1.2% d -1 , respectively. The lowest growth rate was the result of biomass loss produced by strong currents and lower te mperature. Alkali-treated ca rrageenan yielded 25%, 28% and 25% of dry weight. Viscosity increased with the incr ease of cultivation period: 400 mPa.s, 2,932 mPa.s and 32,454 mPa.s. Significant differences among strains were observed only in the cultiv ation periods of 36 and 42 days. No tetrasporangia and cystocarps were observed, and also, any lost fragments attached outside the raft. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phae ophytin concentration decr eased around the cultivation area as compared to the water in the mussel farm. Results show that cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii is technically feasible in the region and can be associated with the traditional mussel farming, mitigati ng the eutrophication caused by this activity, eventually increasing therefore the economic return the farmers.



### 33 CITOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF SEAWEEDS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Hernández-Guerrero C , Gutierréz-Uribe JA, Aguila-Ramírez RN Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita. La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. C.P. 23090. Tecnológico de Monterrey, Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos. Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. C.P. 64849. cguerrer@ipn.mx

Almost all studies in bioactivity of seaweed ́s secondary metabolites have been fo cused on the antimicrobial activity, but recently some have been found with significant inhibitory effects against the growth of cancer cell lines. The organic extracts (ether an d butanol) of six marine seaweed ( Laurencia johnstonii
, Gymnogongrus martinensis
, Ulva lactuca, Codium fragile, Dictyota flabellataand Padina concrescens) collected from the offshore waters of Gulf of California, México were in vitro screen ing for anticancer activity. Firs t, all samples were tested at concentrations equivalent to 1 mg/ml toevaluate their inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cell lines such as MCF-7 (drug-sensitive breast-tumor), HepG2 (human hepatocellular live r carcinoma), Caco2 (Human colonic carcinoma) and PC3 (Human prostate cancer) and compar ed to the observed on non-transformed cells such as NIH 3T3 (murine fibroblasts) to evaluate specificity agai nst cancer cell lines. Only the ethereal extracts showed inhibitory activity to cancer cells growth. The samples that re duce the viability to less than 50% were tested again to evaluate the IC 50 (concentration of extract in media that redu ce 50% of cell viability). The extracts of L. johnstonii
, C. fragileand D. flabellata showed significative activity with IC 50 values lower than 0.06 mg/ml.



### 217 PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Nereocystis luetkeana AND Eualaria fistulosa KELP FORESTS IN KACHEMAK BAY, ALASKA Hondolero Dand Edwards M Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92107. hondoler@rohan.sdsu.edu

Kelps provide mid-water structure in hard-bottom, temperate marine ecosystems. These kelp forests harbor diverse communities of invertebrates, providing nursery co nditions for juveniles and refuges for adults. Due to their mid-water structure, kelp forests can dampen wave energy and modify currents passing through them. The canopy formed by kelps also attenuate s the amount of light reaching the bottom. These physical characteristics can influence the biological composit ion of the communities found within them, including biodiversity, spatial distribution of organisms, and the nature of species interactions. A series of surveys within forests of two canopy-forming kelps, Eualaria fistulosa and Nereocystis luetkeana , in Kachemak Bay, Alaska during 1977 found that Eualaria had a wider distribution than Nereocystis in the shallow, sublittoral zone. In contrast, surveys during 2009 found that Nereocystis has a wider distribution pattern. These two kelps have dissimilar morphologies that may result in differential modulation of current speeds within the two forest types. The goal of our research is to characterize the physical and biolog ical characteristics of thes e different forest types and examine how species replacements are im pacting biodiversity in the Kachemak Bay ecosystem. During the initial field season we gathered data to co mpare benthic biodiversity, larval settl ement, and light attenuation between the two kelp forest types. Significant differences were found in di stribution patterns of macroalgae. Future fieldwork will focus on comparing current modulation in addition to collecting more biodiversity and larval settlement data.XX International Seaweed Symposium

129 

### 70 EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITIES AND DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON ON PS II ACTIVITY OF Bangia sp. conchocelis Jiang H , Yan Wang, Jian-Yi Zhu, Pu Xu Department of Biology and Food Technology, Changs hu Institute of Technology, Changsu 215500, China. hxjiang10@163.com

Effect of light intensities (10, 20, 40, 80 μ mol m -2 s -1 ) and dissolved inorganic carb on (2.2, 6.6, 11 mmol/L) on the effective quantum yield of PS II (∆ F/F'm) of Bangia sp. conchocelis was studied. In the 11 d of continuous culture, PS II activity of conchocelis decreased at the first day, and then recovered with time and remained stable. The decrease extent was greater and the recovery time wa s longer for those cultured under higher light. Under low light intensities (10, 20 μ mol m -2 s -1 ) different concentration of inorgani c carbon didn’t show any influence, while under high light intensities (40, 80 μ mol m -2 s -1 ) activity of PS II was the highest at 6.6 mmol/L of inorganic carbon.



### 49 CULTIVATION OF A BROWN ALGA, Undariopsis peterseniana (Kjellman) MIYABE ET OKAMURA AS A WARM TEMPERATURE SPECIES BY A RTIFICIAL SEED PRODUCTION IN KOREA Hwang EK 1 

### , Gong YG 1 

### and Park CS 2

1 Seaweed Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Mokpo 530-831, Korea, 2 Department of Marine and Fisheries Resources, Mo kpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea. ekhwang@nfrdi.go.kr, ekhwang@hotmail.com

Undariopsis peterseniana (Kjellman) Miyabe et Okamura is an endangered annual brown alga in Udo, Jeju island, Korea. There are current interest in the commercial scale of aquaculture of this species for a warm temperature species development in Korea. Growth and maturation were investigated from January to December 2007 in their natural habitat. Zoos pores transplanted into inte nsive seaweed culture ground in Wando (34°26 ́18.68”N, 127°05 ́43.88”E), southern coast of Korea for mass cultivation of this species. Indoor and outdoor cultivation were conducted from June 2007 to May 2008. Mean production obtained from the zoospore seeding was 31.1±1.5 kg wet wt m -1 of culture rope during the cultivation period in situ . Transplanted F 1 thalli showed that length growth facilitated 1. 7 times larger than their parents in Udo (33°30 ́08.65” N, 126°55 ́39.02”E). And their maximal growth period changed from June (at 18.9 in Udo of natural habi tat) to April (at 15.0 in Wando of culture ground).



### 319 INDUCED RESISTANCE IN CARROTS TO FUNG AL PATHOGENS THROUG H APPLICATION OF COMMERCIAL SEAWEED EXTRACT Jayaraj J 1 

### and Punja ZK 1,2

1 Dept. Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies, 2 Dept. of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada

Carrot plants were sprayed with salicylic acid (SA) (100 μ M)or a commercial extract (0.2%) of the seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum(SW, obtained from Acadian Seaplants Limi ted) and then inoculated with the fungal pathogens Alternaria radicina and Botrytis cinerea , under greenhouse conditions. Additional applications of elicitor compounds were made 10 and 20 days after inoc ulation. Elicitor-treated plants showed significantly reduced disease severity at 10 and 25 days after in oculation compared to co ntrol plants. Commercial SW application was superior to salicylic acid (SA) in reduci ng disease. Activities of ce rtain defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, ph enylalanine ammonia lyase, chitinase and 

### β -1,3-glucanase were significantly increased in plants treate d with elicitors compared to the cont rol 12 h after treatment. The treated plants also had higher transcript levels of chitinase (C hi), pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR-1), lipid transfer protein (Ltp), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (Pal), chalco ne synthase (Chs2) , non-expressing pathogenesis-related protein-1 (NPR-1) and pathogenesis-related protein-5 (PR- 5) genes compared to cont rol plants. Elicitor-treatedXX International Seaweed Symposium

130 plants accumulated higher amounts of total phenolics, 6-methoxymellin and H 2 O 2 compared to the control. Our results demonstrate the augm entation of disease resistance in carro t through application of commercial SW is likely through induction of defense genes or proteins.



### 71 TAXONOMY OF Bangia (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM CHINA BASED ON THE rbcL GENE SEQUENCES Jian-Yi Zhu 1 

### , Li-En Yang 1,2 

### , Song-Dong Shen 2 

### , Pu Xu 1

1 Department of Biology and Food engineering, Chan gshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China). 2 Department of Cell Biology, Soochow University, Soochow 215123, China. zhujianyint@sina.com

The rbcL sequence was amplified, sequen ced and analyzed of six population of Bangia in present study. Five marine population of the materials were collected from the coastline of China including: Dongying (37°55'N, 118°36'E), Tsingtao (36°22'N, 120°15'E), Lvsi (32°05'N, 121°35'E), Putian (2 5°11'N, 119°28'E) and Nan'ao Islands (23°22'N, 116°53'E) while on e freshwater populations was collected fr om Yangquan (37°58'N, 113°52'E). The sequences obtained were firstly analyzed through mu lti-alignment, computing of distance matrix and construction of phylogeny tree with different methods. Then these sequ ences were analyzed together with sequences downloaded from GenBank. The result s showed the length of rbcL sequences of Bangia from different regions were basically identical which was about 1400bp consisting between freshwater and marine Bangia . The mean homology index of Bangia from Lvsi, Putian and Shantou was 99.5% which is a little larger than that between them and Bangia from Dongying as 98.3%. What's importan t is that the population from coastline of Tsingtao which has different type of life history with other marine populations showed high homology index. However, all of these varieties were within the variety range of intraspecies. Phylogeny trees showed marine Bangia from different regions were clusterd in the same calde suggested that there is at least one wide distribution species along coastline of China. The homology index between freshwater Bangia and marine Bangia was just 90.6% indicating large sequence variety between them. Moreover, freshwater Bangia from China was clustered closely with all of that from other re gions of the world while distinct from marine Bangia of China. These evidences suggested that freshwater Bangia from China was a distinct species from marine Bangia . The results of phylogeny trees supported the opinion that freshwater Bangia have separated from marine Bangia for a long-term.



### 69 CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF AN OKINAWA WELL SEAWATER FROM RYUKYU LIMESTONE LAYER IN JAPAN Kakita H 1 

### , Kamishima H 1 

### , Sakane K 1 

### and Muraoka D 2

1 Health Technology Research Center, AIST Shikoku, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2217-14, Hayashi, Ta kamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan, 2 Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 3-27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-0001, Japan. h-kakita@aist.go.jp

Discovery of a new medium suitable for algal culture is on e of the important parts in developing algal cultivation techniques. Algal culture medium apti tude of an Okinawa well seawater (OWSW) was evaluated. An Okinawa well seawater was pumped up from a Ryukyu limestone laye r in Okinawa Island, Japan. The pH, salinity, seawater temperature of OWSW and Okinawa su rface seawater (OSSW) were meas ured. The microorganism biomass in OWSW was compared to those in OSSW. The nutrient concentrations in seawat er were determined by colorimetric methods [e.g. the indophenol blue method for ammonium ion, the naphthylethylene diamine method coupled with reduction by Cu-Cd column for nitrate (nitrite), th e molybdenum blue method for phosphate, and the molybdenum yellow method for silicate] with a continuo us-flow analyzer Model QuAAtro. Growths of three red algae, Gracilaria salicornia, G. blodgettlii, G. chorda , a green alga, Ulva pertusa , a brown alga, Undaria pinnatifida , were investigated using OWSW. The pH, salinity, water temperature of OWSW are considered within acceptable limits for culture media of macroalgae. The microorganism biom ass in OWSW was much smaller than that in OSSW. Although OWSW contained a small amountof nitrate compared with OSSW, the concentration of ammonium ion in OWSW was higher than that in OSSW. The culture experiment results indicated that growths of G. salicornia, G. blodgettlii, G. chorda and U. pertusa in OWSW were faster than those in OSSW. The results indicated that OWSW seems to have an ap titude for a macroalgal culture medium.XX International Seaweed Symposium

131 

### 222 INFLUENCES OF TEMPERATURE AND AMMONIUM AVAILABILITY ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOFILTRATION EFFICIENCY OF THREE MACROALGAE SPECIES ( Enteromorpha compressa, Laminaria japonica ANDPorphyra yezoensis) Kang YH 1 

### , Park SR 2 

### and Chung IK 3

1 Marine Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea, 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, 3 Division of Earth and Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 609- 735, Korea. unirang@pusan.ac.kr

Selection of optimal seaweed species in an integrat ed aquaculture system is crucial for sustainable environmentally-friendly aqu aculture. In this study, the effects of temperature and ammonium availability on photosynthesis and biofiltration efficiency of three potential seaweed species ( Enteromorpha compressa, Laminaria japonica and Porphyra yezoensis) were investigated to evaluate optimal culture conditions. Biofiltration efficiency, tissue nutrient contents, an d carbon:nitrogen ratio of the specie s were measured at 10, 17, and 25 o C. In addition, photosynthetic activity of three species was determined by chlorophyll fluorescence of PSII (∆ F/F’m and relative ETR max ) using an underwater fluorometer. The ammonium (NH 4 + ) uptake rate of each species increased with increasing NH 4 +concentration. The V maxof E. compressa was the highest (140.3 mmol g -1 DW h 1 ), whereas that of L. japonica was the lowest value (22.2 mmol g -1 DW h -1 ). The NH 4 +filtration efficiency of L. japonica and P. yezoensis were significantly affected by water temperature. However, there was no significant difference in the NH 4 +filtration efficiency of E. compressa at the three water temperatures. At the end of the experiment, tissue nitrogen content of E. compressa was significantly higher than the initial value at all temperatures, and tissue N contents of L. japonica and P. yezoensis were higher than the initial value at 10 and 17 o C. However, the thalli of L. japonica and P. yezoensis seriously damaged at 25 o C. The ∆ F/F’m and relative ETR maxof L. japonica and P. yezoensis , but not E. compressa , were dependent on water temperature.



### 329 DETECTION OF CYTOKININ-LIKE ACTIVITY IN A COMMERCIAL, LIQUID EXTRACT OF Ascophyllum nodosum USING AN Arabidopsis thaliana CYTOKININ RESPONSE REPORTER PLANT Khan W 1 

### , Hiltz DA 2 

### , Critchley AT 2 

### and Prithiviraj B 1

1 Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Ag ricultural College,Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada B2N 5E3; 2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Ave., Dartmouth, NS, Canada. B3B 1X8.

The extracts of the brown macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis, are amongst the most widely used in crop production. The presence of cytokinin-like activi ty derived from the applicat ion of a commercial liquid extract concentrate from A. nodosum (ANLC) harvested from the cold waters of the North Atlantic was investigated. ARR5 (Arabidopsis Response Regulator 5) is a cytokinin primary response gene of Arabidopsis . ARR5 mRNA was shown to accumulate rapidly in response to the presence of cytokinin. We used an ARR5 transgenic line of Arabidopsis carrying the ARR5 promoter fuse d to the reporter gene ß-gluc uronidase (GUS) for qualitative and quantitative estimation of cytokinin-like activity after application of ANLC . A significant increase in GUS activity was detected in Arabidopsis plants treated with ANLC ata concentration of 3mL.L -1 in liquid assay treatment, whereas a fo liar spray treatm ent showed significant GUS activity at a 5mL.L -1 concentration. Histochemical staining re vealed localization of GUS activity in both leaf and root tissues. The GUS activity in spray treated leaf tissues was quantified. The results showed that in foliar spray treatments 5 mL.L -1 ANLC showed a 16% increase in the GUS activity as compared to a water treated control suggesting an increase in the cytokinin concentration in planta . Taken together, our bioassay results demonstrate in planta cytokinin responses further to the application of liquid A. nodosum extract and that this method could be used for rapid detection and quantification of cytokinin activity derived from algal extracts.XX International Seaweed Symposium

132 

### 235 SPAWNING EGG-MASSES OF THE JAPANESE SANDFISH Arctoscopus japonicus ON FUCALEAN SPECIES ON THE COAST OF JAPAN SEA IN AOMORI PREFECTURE, JAPAN Kirihara S 1 

### , Fujikawa Y 2 

### , Yamada Y 2 

### and Notoya M 3

1 Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Tanaka 82-9, Kuroishi, Aomori, 036-0552 Japan, 2Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, 10 Tsukidomari, Moura, Hiranai, Aomori, 039-3381 Japan, 3 Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108- 8477 Japan. shinji_kirihara@aomori-itc.or.jp

Spawning egg-masses of the Japanese sandfish Arctoscopus japonicus on fucalean species was monitored in order to clarify the contribution of each fu calean species on the sandfish resource s. The monitoring was done on a 1 m × 78 m quadrate at a depth of 2 m to 5 m on the coast of Aomori Prefecture, Japan in January (just after spawning) and in February (hatching climax) in 2004, respectively . Egg-masses of 14,007 and 5,719 were observed on a total frond of eight fucalean species of 1,360 and 816 in January and Fe bruary 2004, respecti vely. No plants with egg-masses were observed without fucalean species. The largest number of egg-masses (10,866) was observed

on Sargassum siliquastrumfronds which dominated the fucalean specie s in January 2004. Forty-eight percent of egg-masses was laid on the fronds of S. siliquastrumand survived until hatching period, while 24% or less survived on the seven other fucalean species. The high est density of egg-masses wa s laid on the fronds of S. siliquastrumjust after the spawning (average of 11.4 egg-mass es/frond) and the hatching climax (average of 7.8 egg-masses/frond). Seventy-eight percent of the spawne d egg-masses adhered to the branch and stem which is about 7 cm from the holdfast of S. siliquastrum . The spawning egg-masses ratio was double in percentage compared to the other fucalean species. These results show that S. siliquastrumcommunity has an important contribution as a spawning ground of A. japonicus on the coast of Japan Sea, Aomori Prefecture, Japan.



### 510 GROWTH IN THE FOLIAR PHASE OF A NEW SPECIES OF Porphyra FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. Laparra-López SJ 1 

### , López-Becerril PD 1 

### , Pacheco-Ruiz I 2 

### , Gálvez-Télles A 1

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California.
2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California

Growth in the foliar phase of a new species of Porphyra recently found in the Gulf of California was measured under controlled conditions. Archeospores released after one week (600-1800 μ m in area) were used. They were placed in Petri dishes with Provasoli medium and left in temperature- and photoperiod-controlled incubators; a plastic mesh was used to re gulate irradiance during each trial. Weekly growth was measured per area taking photographs of the fixed material in the Petri dishes. The area of each specimen was then calculated using Axiovision 4.8 software. The experiment with three rep licas was conducted under four temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 20 oC), six irradiances (1 0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 300 μ mol quanta m -2 s -1 ) and a 8L:16O photoperiod, during five weeks. The results indicate that Porphyra sp is a winter thallus and that it is most commonly distributed in the subtidal zone, since total mortality was detected at 20 oC after 35 days under five irradiances (10, 20, 40, 160 and 300 μ mol quanta m -2 s -1 ) and survival was only observed at 80 μ mol quanta m -2 s -1 , with a mean growth below 7% day-1 area. At low temperatures (5 and 10 oC), mortality only occurred at low irradiances (10, 20 and 40
μ mol quanta m -2 s -1 ). Best growth (7-10% day-1 area) was observed at 10 oC and at 160 and 300 μ mol quanta m -2

s -1

.



### 101 SIZE MATTERS! RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ECHINOID POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND MACROALGAL COMMUNITY COMPOSIT ION ON A CARIBBEAN CORAL REEF Lacey EA, Collado-Vides L and Fourqurean J elacey@fiu.eduXX International Seaweed Symposium

133 Coral reef ecosystems worldwide are classically defined by the dominant species found within the system, the majority of reefs having experienced a phase shift from coral to algal dominated status following effects from both bottom-up and top-down forces. An example of th e top-down portion of this dichotomy is through the recovery of the herbivore Diadema antillarum , yet the effects of this recovery on most coral reef ecosystems is unknown. To identify these effects, data was collecte d in Akumal, Mexico on macroalgal abundance and the distribution of D. antillarum and Echinometra lucunter throughout the coral reef st ructure. Decreased macroalgal biomass occurred adjacent to the more rugo se habitats of the reef crest, rather than portions of the reef with less vertical relief. Additionally, adult-sized D. antillarumhad a significantly positive re lationship to crustose coralline algae, a known coral larvae settlement cue, and a signific antly negative relationship to algal cover, a known space competitor with corals. These results would indicate a pote ntially positive effect on coral reef resilience through increased coral cover. Unexpectedly, th ere was a significantly different distri bution of echinoids on the reef, with more recruit-sized urchins on the forereef and more adul t-sized urchins on the backre ef. This distribution, and the related effects on macroalgal ab undance, can have subseque nt effects on coral resilience as the higher percent macroalgal cover on the forere ef influences space available for cora l recruitment and cover. Further work is necessary to fully understand these resulting influences of echinoid popu lation feedback on coral recruitment and algal biomass.



### 12 PHYCOCOLLOIDS OF A NEW Lessonia-Macrocystis HYBRID SPECIES (P HAEOPHYTA) FROM MAGELLAN REGION, CHILE Leal D 1 

### , Mansilla A 2 

### , Matsuhiro B 1 

### and Osorio-Román IO 1

1 Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Qu ímica y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile. 2 Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile. david.leal.r@gmail.com

The major structural polysaccharide of brown seaweeds (P heophyta) is alginic acid, a lineal copolymer of (1¬4)- linked β -D-mannopyranuronic acid (M) and (1¬4)-linked 

### δ -L-gulopyranuronic acid (G) residues arranged in heteropolymeric and homopolymeric blocks. Along with this, a series of low and high molecular weight carbohydrates like D-mannitol, lamina rans and sulfated fucans are present in these species. The proportion of uronic acids in alginic acid, the content and position of sulfated ester groups in fucans and the contents of carbohydrates vary with species, habi tat, seasonality and tissues types. Lessonia-Macrocystis hybrid samples (LMH) were collected at 3-5 meter de pth near Cabo de Hornos, Chile. Al kaline extraction of LMH blades and stipes, followed by purification, gave sodium alginate in 14.7% and 8.5%, respectively. D-mannitol (3.0%) and sulfated fucans (6.0%) were also obtained by sequential extraction of LMH blades with ethanol and CaCl 2 solutions, respectively. CaCl 2 extract were fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography on a Sephadex A-50 columns by elution with distilled water, followed by incr easing concentration of sodium chloride solutions. The main fraction eluted at 2.5 M NaCl. No neutral polysaccharides were obtain ed. Structural characterization of alginic acid was performed by FT-IR, RAMAN and SERS spectroscopy. The spectra showed the characteristic vibrations of hetero- and homo-pol ymeric blocks. The presence of the structures was corroborated by 1 H and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in one and two dimensions.



### 336 LIFE HISTORY OF Porphyra hollenbergii DAWSON (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO López-Vivas JM 1, 2 

### , Pacheco-Ruiz I 2 

### , Riosmena-Rodríguez R 3 

### and Yarish C 4

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas and 2*Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, A.P. 458, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, México. 3 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Km 5.5 Carretera al Sur, A.P.19-B, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23080, México, 4 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, One University Place, Stamford, Connecticut 06901-2315, USA. isai@uabc.mx

The life history of Porphyra hollenbergii Dawson, endemic species of the Gulf of California, was analyzed in relation to the environmental features that might control it. Our hypothesis was that the life history is controlledXX International Seaweed Symposium

134 by extreme weather (<10oC to >30oC, low/high light) conditions. Experiments were conducted in a culture chamber using a factorial 5x5x3 design with five irradiance levels (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 μ mol photons m -2 s -1 ), five temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and three photoperiods (8: 16 , 12: 12 , and 16: 8 h light: dark). In the foliar phase, the optimal release of zygospores occurr ed at 15°C, 60 μ mol photons m -2 s -1 , and 16L: 8D(long photoperiod); they germinated abundantly into Conchocelis filaments at 20°C, 60 μ mol photons m -2 s -1 , and 16L: 8D(long photoperiod ). The archeospores of the filament phase were significantly different at 20°C, 40 μ mol photons m -2 s -1 , and 12L: 12D(neutral photoperiod ) . The conchosporangial branch es and conchosporangia were significantly different at 20°C, 20 μ mol photons m -2 s -1 , and 8L: 16D(short photoperiod ) . Conchospore release occurred after six weeks at 10°C, 20 μ mol photons m -2 s -1 , and 8L: 16D(short photoperiod)

. The combination of high irradiances and high water temperatures are the envi ronmental conditions that control the life history of P. hollenbergii. Major oceanographic events stronglycontrol the survival of this and most likely other species in the Gulf of California.



### 326 IMPROVED METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR BETAINES IN Ascophyllum MacKinnon SL 1 

### , Hiltz DA 2 

### , Ugarte RA 2 

### and Craft CA 1

1 Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Co uncil of Canada,1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1. 2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Ave., Dartmouth, NS, Canada B3B 1X8. shawna.mackinnon@nrccnrc.gc.ca

B eneficial effects of seaweeds and th eir extracts on crop performance have been attributed to a variety of compounds, including the betaines which are quaternaryammonium betaines. Method s of analysis of betaines published thus far suffer from low sensitivity, lack of baseline separation of individual betaines and from interference from other sample cons tituents. A rapid cleanup protocol and a sensitive LC-MS/MS method of analysis were developed to afford baseline sepa ration of four betaines in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum and its commercial seaweed extract. Using this method, the presence of glycine betaine, 

### δ -aminovaleric acid betaine, γ-aminobutyric acid betaine and laminine in A.nodosum , and commercial extracts derived from A. nodosum , were confirmed and quantified. The major betaine present was γ-aminobutyric acid betaine accounting for 0.008–0.014% of the dry weight of the seaweed and 0.014–0.027% of the dry weight of the commercial extracts. Seasonal variation in betaine content was observed.



### 195 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEG RADABLE POLYVINYL ALCOHOL-AGAR FILMS Madera-Santana TJ, Robledo D and Freile-Pelegrín Y Departament of Marine Resources, Cinvestav, Unidad Mé rida. Km. 6 Carr. Antg. a Progreso, Mérida, Yuc., 97310 México. freile@mda.cinvestav.mx

Agar extracted from Hydropuntia cornea during two seasons (rainy and dry) was blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), in order to produce films usin g solution-cast technique at different agar concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% wt). Optical, mechanic al, thermal and morphological properties of PVOH-agar films were analyzed. The tensile strength of PVOH-Agar films showed an increase as the agar content augmented; formulations with 25 and 50% of agar extracted from rainy se ason material shown higher tensile strength in comparison with those formulated with agar from dry season. The thermal anal ysis showed that melting temperature decrease even at 25% of agar content. Films of PVOH-Agar from both seas ons did not show differences at naked eye however, some formulations of agar from dry season showed phase separation at microsco pic scale. In conclusion PVOH-Agar films have promising applications in the biodegra dable packaging industry due to the mechanical and transparency characteristics of the films with agar from rainy season.XX International Seaweed Symposium

135 

### 123 GROWTH OF Solieria pacifica (YAMADA) YOSHIDA UNDER VARIOUS TEMPERATURE, NUTRIENT SOURCE AND LIGHT VARIATIONS Maeda T 1 

### , Carton RJ 1 

### , Furufuji S 2 

### , Notoya M 1

1 Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Ma rine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan, 2 Yokohama Technical Center, Stanley Electric Co., Ltd., 2-14-1 Edanishi, Aoba-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 225-0014, Japan. jjgky265@ybb.ne.jp

A series of experiments were conducted on S. pacifica to determine the effects of various parameters on growth. The use of NO 3 -and NH 4 +as nutrient sources produced similar results on the growth rates. Meanwhile, growth was not significantly different under temperature-light interaction but was significant under the independent effects of temperature and light. The highest growth rate was obtained at 20°C and at 40 μ mol photons m -2 s -1

. This preference for low irradiance on S. pacifica growth was further investigated using light of different spectral widths: white, blue, green and red at 40 μ mol photons m -2 s -1 and yellow at 20 μ mol photons m -2 s -1 . Length of plantlets in white, blue and green color light were at 10.7 ± 2.6 mm, 8.6 ± 2.0 mm and 9.9 ± 2.7 mm, respectively. Under red and yellow light, increments in leng th were relatively slower. There was no difference with the growth rates until the 4th week but from the 5th week onwards, fastest growth rate was observed under white light. Growth rate of the plan ts under red and yellow light fields were also slower. This results show the higher preference of S. pacifica for low wavelength green and blue light which makes it adaptable in deeper waters.



### 268 CULTIVATION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF Ahnfeltia plicata (RHODOPHYTA): NEW ALTERNATIVE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHYCOC OLLOIDS FOR THE REGION OF MAGALLANES AND CHILEAN ANTARCTICA Mansilla A 1,3 

### , Avila M 2 

### , Cáceres J 2 

### , Matsuhiro B 3 

### , Yokoya NS 4 

### , Murcia SM 1 

### and Piel I 2

1 Av. Bulnes 01855, Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas. Chile. 2 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Artu ro Prat, Ejercito 443, Puerto Montt. Chile. 3 Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad. Institute of Ecology & Biodiversity, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. andres.mansilla@umag.cl

In the Region of Magallanes and Chilea n Antartica, the overexploitation of marine resources by fishermen has led to their depletion. In this region seaweeds have been also exploited from natural beds since 1996, for instance harvesting of Gigartina skottsbergii (Rhodophyta) has increased due to hi gh demand for phycocolloids. In 2008 15.000 t of dry seaweed were harvested from th is region for the produc tion of ca rrageenans. Ahnfeltia plicata represents an alternative resource no t only for artisanal fishermen, but al so to supply the increasing demand of agar industry for raw materials. Sustainable harvesting of A. plicata , and effective, large-scale culturing techniques requires knowledge about ecology, biology, and characterizati on of the polysaccharides of the species. This research have been fo cused to study the population dynami cs, growth and reproductive potential
, and development of culturing techniques (using spores an d tissue culture of thalli) to the production at large scale, ensuring sustainability of the resource. Furtherm ore, the culturing techniques will be available for fishery agencies and organizations of fisherme n, as well as for agar-producing co mpanies (e.g. consulting programs) to ensure applicability and access.XX International Seaweed Symposium

136 

### 165 ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OF MEFUCOIDAN PU RIFIED FROM EDIBLE BROWN ALGA BY INTESTINAL BACTERIA Maruyama H 1 

### , Kawakami F 2 

### , Yosinaga K 3 

### , Nakano T 3 

### and Kitasato H 4

1 Dept. of Cytopathology, 2 Dept. of Signal Biology and 4 Dept. of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555; and 3 Riken Vitamin, Co., Ltd., Misakicho 2-9-18, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8370, Japan. maruyama@ahs.kitasato-u.ac.jp

Previously, we reported that sulfated polysaccharide (meFucoidan) purified from the extract of Undaria pinnatifida sporophylls highly enhances the Th1 cell and NK cell responses when mice are administrated P.O. with meFucoidan. There are no repots concer ning fucosidase-like enzymes to specifically digest fucoidan in vivo. Therefore, it is an interesting to characterize the en zymes, which digest meFucoidan by intestinal bacteria, E. coli

. E. coli was previously cultured with meFucoidan for at least a month. The lysate of E. coli cultured with 1% polypepton containing 1% meFucoidan or abse nce of meFucoidan (control) for 3 days at 37 were separately fractionated by DEAE-sepharose column (HPLC). The differe nt elution profiles of the polypeptides in these two medium preparations were observed. By MALDI-TOF MS analysis, at least five polypeptides [isoleucyl-tRNA synthase (p110), phenyl alanyl-tRNA synthase β -chain (p98), succinate dehydrog enase flavoprotein subunit (p69) pyruvate kinase I (p50) and glutamine sy nthetase (p48)] were identified as me tabolic gene produc ts altered in the E. coli cultured with meFucoidan. These proteins in the medium of E. coli-cultured with meFucoidan were significantly higher than those observed in the control. Our provided results suggest that (i) fucosidase-like enzymes is detectable to digest meFucoidan in the E. coli cultured with meFuciodan; (ii) the fragments generated from meFucoidan may be absorbed from intestine, and act as effectors for the intestinal immunity; and (iii) glutamine synthetase may play an important physiological role in the metabolic regulation and protein synthesis in E. coli cultured with meFuoidan.



### 177 AN ACCOUNT OF ARTICULATED SPECIES OF TH E TRIBE CORALLINOIDEAE (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM MEXICO Mateo-Cid LE 1 

### , Mendoza-González AC 1 

### , Aguilar-Rosas LE 2 

### and Aguilar-Rosas R 3

1 Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N. Col. Santo Tomás. México, D.F. 11340, 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, 3 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km. 107 ca rretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México 22830. laguilar@uabc.mx

A detailed revision was carried out of the inventory of Mexican representatives of articulated species of Tribe Corallinoideae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Tribe Corallinoideae includes articulated coralline algae characterized by thalli featuring extensive crustose holdfasts bearing one to several er ect, pinnate or dichotomous branched articulate fronds; conceptacles originate from the cortical tissue and ar e present on lateral intergenicular surfaces or originating in medullar meristems at branch apices in li ne with intergenicular axes (axial conceptacles). Singletiered genicula of long, straight, unbranched, cells are not calcified. This taxonomic recount is based on specimens newly collected in Mexico and material curre ntly housed at ENCB (Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, México), CMMEX (Universidad Autónoma de BajaCalifornia) and UC (Berkeley, California, USA). Instead of fourteen Corallinoideae species currently recognized for Mexico, we counted only twelve species, plus two subspecies. As a result of the present study, the record of the Tribe Corallinoideae is represented in Mexico by three genera: Bossiella (Manza) Silva with five species, Calliarthron Manza with two species, and Corallina Linnaeus with five species. Morphological, reproductive an d anatomical descriptions are provided in detail. Bossiella and Calliarthronare restricted to the west coast of th e Baja California Peninsula, whereas genus Corallina commonly occurs both inside the Gulf of California and the Pacific coast of Ba ja California Peninsula. In addition, the gametangial thal li of eight species of these genera are reported for the first time in Mexico.XX International Seaweed Symposium

137 

### 230 ISOLATION OF HIGH LIPID-CONTENT STRAINS OF MARINE MICROALGAE ( Tetraselmis suecica) FOR BIODIESEL (& BIOJET-FUEL) PRODUCTI ON BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND SINGLE-CELL SORTING Montero M, Aristizabal M and García Reina G Centro de Biotecnología Marina, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Muelle deTaliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. ggreina@inventia.es

Biodiesel from algae is considered an alternative for a 3rd generation of biofuels. However, seaweeds are notlipogenic. Also, most microalgae are not lipogenic during fast growing, but high lipid content occurs at resting stages. Microalgae for biodiesel need la rge amount of neutral lipid (mainly stor ed as triglycerides, TG). These two contradictory characteristics are equiva lent to searching for an “obese ma rathon runner”, a goal that can be achieved by using the cell-sorting capabilities of flow cyto meters in combination with the use of the vital stain Nile Red. Our selection process started with wild samples of fast-growing Tetraselmis suecica (strain BNA 10_037) cultured in a Fotovortex Ô under direct sunlight. Fluore scence signal FL3 (575/25 nm ) was previously correlated with TG content. A first sorting of 8% of the wild po pulation (15-20 Mcells/mL) cultured in a Fotovortex Ô, exhibited a mean FL3 of 0.5 (29.8 HPCV). After 26 days from the first sorting event, the algae yielded (for 1.2 Mcells) a mean FL3 of 1.0 (17.3 HPCV). A subsequent seco nd sorting event yielded a mean FL3 of 2.3 (10.3 HPCV) after 38 days. The use of plain seawater, instead isotonic sheath-fluid, during cell sorting increased cell viability and accelerated the recovery of strains with high lipid content, and was an essential step in the successful isolation of a “fatty marathon algae”. To our knowledge th is is the first report of such success, and might also open its application for the selection for “fatty seaweeds” through somatic cell (p seudo-protoplast) cultures.



### 189 IMPROVED ANTITUMORAL EFFECT OF Penicillus dumetosus EXTRACTS BY OPEN TANK CULTURE Moo-Puc R, Robledo Dand Freile-Pelegrín Y Department of Marine Resources; Cinvestav, Km 6 Ca rretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310, A.P. 73, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico. robledo@mda.cinvestav.mx

In the last three decades the discovery of metabolites with biological activities from marine algae has increased significantly. These organisms are subject to a competit ive environment that can indu ce chemical defenses, many of these chemicals are biologically active and some po ssess pharmacological activity . Our previous studies on extracts from wild Penicillus dumetosus showed that this specie has antiproliferative activity in several cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of the green alga Penicillus dumetosus cultured under contrasting light conditions. An open culture tankshaded to obtain different solar irradiation was used; P. dumetosus individuals were seeded in the tank and cultured for 30 days. After 10, 20 and 30 days samples were collected and organic extracts were prepared. Lipids and phenol content were evaluated by standardized methods, whereas the biological activity was assayed in four cancer cell lines to analyze its antiproliferative activity. The cytotoxic activity of extracts on normal ce ll lines (MDKC) was also estimated. The results indicated that total phenol content in organic extracts does not change after culture condit ions; however polyunsaturated fatty acid were modified under light treatments. Extracts from plants afte r 10 days cultivation showed the best antiproliferative activity on human carcinoma nasopharynx (K B) and laryngeal (Hep-2) cell lines; this activity was related to induction of apoptosis. All the extrac ts showed lower cytotoxi city on normal cells. Penicillus dumetosus extracts have been selected for fractiona tion and isolation of active compounds.XX International Seaweed Symposium

138 

### 328 ACCELERATING THE GROWTH OF AVOCADO ( Persea americana) IN THE NURSERY USING A SOIL-APPLIED, COMMERCIAL EXTRACT OF THE BROWN ALGA Ascophyllum nodosum Morales-Payan JP 1 

### and Norrie J 2

1 Department of Crops and Agro-EnvironmentalSciences, University of Puerto RicoMayaguez Campus. Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B3B 1X8, Canada

Research was conducted in Mayagüez, Pu erto Rico, to assess the effect of Stimplex® (Acadian Se aplants Limited), a commercial extract from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum , on the growth of recently grafted ‘Wilson Popenoe’ avocado, under nurse ry conditions. Aqueous solutions of the extract were applied as a drench at several rates (0 - 5 ml of extract per L of wate r, 150 ml of solution per plant, per application), starting three weeks after grafting and repeating the applications every 14 days unt il the plants reached the ad equate transplantation stage (ATS). In general, increasing the rate of Stimplex® extract resulted in an increased leaf area, plant height and chlorophyll concentration and also reduced the time necess ary to attain the ATS. These results indicate that this commercial extract of A. nodosum may be useful to accelerate the prod uction of grafted ‘Wilson Popenoe’ avocado transplants.



### 178 ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC SCREENING OFALGAL EXTRACTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO Muñoz-Ochoa M , Murillo Álvarez JI, Molina Salinas GM and Vargas Villarreal J mmunozo@ipn.mx

The need for new and potent antibacter ial drugs has been widely recognized all around the world, in particular new anti-tubercular drugs. In this study sixty two alga l samples belonging to the 3 divisions of macroalgae collected along the coast of Baja Califo rnia Sur (Mexico) were subjected to bi ological screening. Algal material was individually extracted with ethanol, and tested against Staphylococcus aureus
, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli by the agar disk-diffusion method at 2 mg disk -1 . Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was tested by the Alamar blue method and MIC values were determined. Extracts with MIC values < 100 mg mL-1 against M. tuberculos is were additionally subjected to the cyto toxicity assay against VERO cells. 77% of all extracts were active against, at least, on e of the target microorg anisms. Extracts from Sargassum horridum
, Laurencia johnstonii
, L. pacifica and Pterosiphonia bipinnata showed MIC values between 12.5 and 3.13 μ g mL -1 against M. tuberculosis

. S. horridumextract showed a TC50 value of 19.05 μ g mL -1 , while, extracts from L. johnstonnii and L. pacifica showed a TC50 < 2 μ g mL -1

.



### 40 CAPABILITY OF LONG-TERM CULTURED GAMETOPHYTES OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF LAMINARIALES TO FORM SPOROPHYTES Muraoka D, Sakami T and Okumura Y Tohoku National Fisheries Research In stitute, Fisheries Research Agency 3- 27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-0001, JAPAN. dmuraoka@affrc.go.jp

The capability of long-term cultured strains (gametophyte s) of several species of La minariales to produce viable sporophytes was assessed. 40 stock culture strains of 3 annual species ( Undaria pinnatifida, Undaria undarioides and Undaria peterseniana) and 27 strains of 9 perennial species ( Eisenia bicyclis, Ecklonia cava, Saccharina japonica, Eckloniopsis radicosa , etc.) which have been ma intained at the Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute were used for the experiment. Male and fema le gametophytes that gene rated from the same adult sporophyte were mixed in the same culture vessel. Cultivations were carried out at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ° C, under light condition of 50 μ mol/m 2 /s and 12L:12D photoperiod. PESI medium was used throughout the cultivation. After 45 days cultivation, the maturation capability was determined as whether juvenile sporophytes were generated or not. In 48 strains (71. 6% of the total number examined) the ge neration of juvenile sporophytes wasXX International Seaweed Symposium

139 confirmed. Generation of juvenile spor ophytes were observed in most of th e short-term (withi n 5 years) cultured strains. On the other hand, several strains that had be en long-term (over 20 years) cultured did not generate juvenile sporophytes under any of the conditions. The ge neration of juvenile spor ophytes was observed mainly under the 10 to 20 ° C conditions. The decrease of the maturation capability caused by long-term cultivation was observed especially in the perennial species. In annual species, many strains generated juvenile sporophytes even though cultured over a long-term. These results indicate that the maturation ability of cultured gametophytes is related to the period of cultivation and to the species.



### 246 EFFECTS OF VARIABLE TEMPERATURE AND NUTRI ENTS ON KELP MICROSCOPIC STAGES AND FERTILIZATION SUCCESS Muth AF 1 

### , Jeffries SV 2,1 

### and Graham MH 1

1 Moss Landing Marine Labs 8272 Moss Landing Rd. Moss Landing, CA 95039. 2 California State University Monterey Bay 100 Campus Ce nter, Seaside, CA 93955. amuth@mlml.calstate.edu

Culture experiments were conduc ted on four kelp species ( Macrocystis pyrifera, Alaria marginata, Laminaria ephemera, Postelsia palmaeforis) native to the central Cali fornia coast to test the effects of temperature and nutrients on fertilization success. Cultures weregrown under three nutrien t levels (1, 5, and 10 μ mol nitrate) and two temperature levels (12°C and 18°C) at 40 μ M photons m -2 s -1 and a 14:10 h light:dark photoperiod. Settlement density and germination success were estimated after 24 and 48 hrs, and cultures were monitored weekly for sporophyte production. All species pr oduced sporophytes in the 12°C temperature treatment only and all 12°C cultures produced sporophytes at all nutrient levels, demonstrating th e primary effect of temperature on sporophyte production. The effect of nutrients on settlement densitie s, 7-day survivorship and sporophyte densities in the 12°C temperature treatments varied significan tly among the different microscopic stages of the three species. These results suggest that temperature vari ability may be the primary factor driving fertilization success in kelp taxa, and that the effect of nutrients is secondary and species-specific.



### 184 RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY AND CUPPER REDUCING ACTIVITY OF ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVES Nakada Rand Yoshie-Stark Y Tokyo University of Marine Science and Te chnology, Tokyo, Japan. n_ray26@yahoo.co.jp

Seaweeds were used to extract polysaccharides such as alginate and carrageenan. Al ginate is a polysaccharide from brown seaweeds consists of α -L-guluronic acid and β -D-mannuronic acid. Carra geenan is a sulphated polysaccharide from red seaweeds consists of 1,4-linked α -D-galactose, 1,3-linked-β -D-galactose and sulfate groups. In this study, the changes of antioxidative activ ities by chemical modification of seaweed polysaccharides were evaluated in vitro . They are hydrolyzed with acid, and then hydrolyzed polysaccharides were esterified to have methyl or ethyl ester. The esters were further reacted with alkaline and HCl-hydroxylamine to obtain hydroxamic acid. Molecular weights of these delivative s were determined by GPC-HPLC. Sugar and uronic acid contents were determined spectrophoto metrically using glucose and galacturon ic acid as standards. DPPH radical scavenging activity and cupper reducing activity were an alyzed as antioxidant marker s. Glucose did not show the antioxidative activities and small antioxidant activities were observed from galacturonic acid. Hydrolyzed polysaccharides showed both DPPH radical scavenging act ivity and cupper reducing activity. It is assumed that acidic group(s) of alginate or carrageenan expressed thes e functions. Following the chemical treatment steps, the methyl/ethyl esters had stronger activi ties than hydrolyzed polysaccharides. After the treatment with alkaline and HCl-hydroxylamine, they showed the strongest activit ies. Since seaweeds include polysaccharides of acidic group(s), they may be useful source pharmaceutical compounds. These results indicate the possibilities to use seaweed polysaccharides not only as food ingr edient but also as an ti-oxidant material.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 322 ANALYSIS OF A COMMERCIAL Ascophyllum nodosum EXTRACT INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME LEADS TO IDENTIFICATION OF A NEGATI VE REGULATOR OF SALT TOLERANCE IN Arabidopsis thaliana Narayanan JN 1 

### , Palanivelu R 2 

### , Manfield I 3, 

### Critchley AT4 

### , Hiltz D 4

### and Prithiviraj B 1

1 Department of Plant and Animal Science, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada. 2 Department of Plant Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, AZ 85721, USA, 3 Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. 4Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmo uth, NS, B3B 1X8, Canada. atc@acadian.ca

Chemical components commercially extracted from the large brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum , induced salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana . In order to understand the molecular mechanism(s) of this induced NaCl tolerance, we evaluated the effect of the chemical components on the model plant Arabidopsis using whole genome transcriptome by microarray analysis. Besides induci ng many positive regulators of NaCl tolerance, the commercial seaweed extract also caused many genes to be down regulated. Using insertional mutants in these down regulated genes, NaCl tolerance was screened to identify novel regulators of NaCl stress response in Arabidopsis . Using this approach, we identified a T-DNA insertion mutant of Arabidopsis (Col-O) with an insertion event in the promoter of a putative pectin methyl este rase inhibitor ( pmei ) (At1g62760) which was tolerant to NaCl stress. This mutant was designated as pmei1-1

. pmei transcript abundance was substantially reduced in pmei1-1 plants. The NaCl tolerant phenotype, exhibited by pmei1-1 seedlings included increased primary root growth in a root bend bioassay an d improved biomass accumulation under NaCl stress. External supplementation with purified pectin methyl esterase in wild type Col-0 Arabidopsis was found to revert NaCl toxicity. Interestingly, the results of anti-co-expression analysis revealed an over representation of genes with functional roles in ion and trans-membrane transp ort aided by ATPases

. Therefore, it appears that NaCl tolerance in pmei1-1 plants might be at least it part, be affected by the di fferential regulation of co-expressed genes.



### 204 USING MACROALGAE TO TRACK EUTROPHICAT ION TRENDS IN THE GREAT BAY ESTUARINE SYSTEM Nettleton JC , Neefus CD, Mathieson AC and Harris LG University of New Hampshire, Departm ent of Biological Sciences, G28 Spaulding Life Science Center, 38 College Road Durham, NH 03824, USA. jeremy.nettleton@unh.edu

Monitoring macroalgae populations ca n be an effective means of detectin g long term water quality changes in estuarine systems. New Hampshire’s Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve has identified the need to monitor water quality parameters through the use of in dicator organisms. To investigate the environmental status of the system, this study set out to: assess th e abundance/distribution of macrophytes, particulary Gracilaria and Ulva species, relative to patterns of eutrophication within this sy stem; compare historical (1980s) and current biomass/percent cover measurements for al gal populations at several previously studied sites; compare the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in Ulva and Gracilaria tissues to those in the surrounding water; to evaluate historical and current water quality measurements for each st udy site. Compared with historical records, algal population data gathered in year one showed significant increases in biomass and cover by Ulva and Gracilaria species. Cover by Ulva species, at seasonal maxima, was me asured at 90 times the levels found in the 1980s. Sequencing of ITS2, rbcL and CO1 genes has revealed the presence of previously undetected Ulva and Gracilaria species, including Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss, an invasi ve species of Asian origin. Molecular examination of historical voucher specimens fr om Great Bay has shed light on regional introduction dates of these previously undetected Ulva and Gracilaria species.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 295 SEASONAL MACROALGAL BIODIVERSITY IN RÓBALO BAY AND ITS SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE IN THE CAPE HORN BIOSPHERE RESERVE, CHILE. Ojeda J 1,2,3 

### , Mansilla A 1,2,3 

### , Marambio J 1 

### , Rosenfeld S 1 

### and Rozzi R 1,2

1 Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas. Chile. 2 Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Puerto Williams, Chile. 3 Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Chile. jaimeojedavillarroel@yahoo.es

The University of Magallanes, the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity and the Omora Foundation have established the Omora Ethnobotanical Park and Róbalo Bay as the continent’s southernmost site of Long-Term SocioEcological Research, integrating science and society in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. This site links biodiversity research to the local community’s wellbeing. The present study examined macroalgal species richness and seasonal abundance on the rocky intertidal of Róbalo Bay (55 o S) in Navarino Isla nd, Beagle Channel. Macroalgae samples were coll ected seasonally along two tr ansects perpendicular to the coast line in six areas of different substrate type. Along each transect three zo nes (low, medium and high in tertidal) were established. Samples were fixed in 5% formalin for later identification and analysis. Of the 51 species identified 31.4% were Chlorophyta, 23.5% Ochrophyta and 45% Rh dophyta. In terms of annual abundance Ceramium rubrumhad the highest contribution at 17%, and the summer had signifi cantly higher total macroalgal biomass (P <0.05). Among the commercially important species, presence of Porphyra columbina, Mazzaella laminarioides, Ulva lactuca and Sarcothalia crispata was remarkable. This study provides important basis of information that can be used by the local community and fishermen given the species nutritional and commercial value, as well as for ecotourism and conservation.



### 15 INFLUENCE OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON AGAR FROM Gracilariopsis longissima AND Gracilaria vermiculophylla Orduña-Rojas J 1 

### , Riosmena-Rodríguez R 2 

### , Pacheco-Ruiz I 3 

### , Zertuche-González JA 3 

### and Meling-López AE 4

1 CIIDIR-IPN, Unidad Sinaloa. B. Juan de Dios Bátiz Pa redes # 250. C. P. 81000 Guasave, Sinaloa, México. 2 Programa de investigación en Botánica Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, A.P. 19-B, La Paz, B.C.S. 23080. 3 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, IIO. A.P. 453, Ensenada B. C., México, C.P. 22800. 4 DICTUS-Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Niños Héroes s/n, Hermosillo Sonora.

The effect of alkali treatment on agar yield, sulfat e content, and 3,6 anhydrogalactose content from two agarophyte species ( Gracilariopsis longissima and Gracilaria vermiculophylla) was analyzed. In addition, gel strength was measured in each agar extract as well as gelling and melting temperatures. Agar was extracted after pretreatment with different concentrations of NaOH (3 %, 5%, 7%, and 9%). Pre-treatment with alkali reduced significantly agar yield from G. longissima from 13.2% in non treated agar (native agar) to 5.4% in 5% NaOH whereas in G. vermiculophylla it diminished from 25.2 to 9.6% in 9% NaOH treatment. Statistically significant differences were observed for native and all alkali treatments in G. longissima , whereas in G. vermiculophylla significant differences were only revealed among native and high 7 and 9% NaOH treatments (p < 0.05). Sulfate content from G. longissima diminished gradually with in creasing alkali concentration from high (3.9%) in native agar to low (3.1%) in 7% alkali treatment, and was ne gatively correlated with ge l strength (r = - 0.92). G. vermiculophylla sulfate content in native agar was twice as high as that found in G. longissima (7.8%) and did not show statistically significant differences with low alkali treatments, but it did with high NaOH treatments. Higher contents of 3,6 anhydrogalactose were found with 9% NaOH treatment in G. longissima (40.9%) and G. vermiculophylla (43%), and were significantly correlated with gel strength (r = 0.89; r = 0.91, respectively.XX International Seaweed Symposium

142 

### 44 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RE LATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEDIMENT PARTICLES SIZE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN ALGAL MATS ( Enteromorpha prolifera) ON THE INTERTIDIAL FLATS OF MUAN, KOREA Park CS 1 

### , Park KY 1 

### and Hwang EK 2

1 Department of Marine and Fisheries Resources, Mo kpo National University , Jeonnam 534-729,Korea. 2Seaweed Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Mokpo 530-831, Korea. cspark85@mokpo.ac.kr

The relationship between median grain size of sediments and the abundance in the wild of green algal mats ( Enteromorpha prolifera) on the intertidal flats of Muan, Korea were investigated. The impact of substrate particle size on the growth and survival of germlinges was examined in the laboratory. In the wild, the average annual density of algal mats was 7,950 ind m -2 . The algal mats mainly occurre d in sands and exhibited patchy distribution. Statistical indicates significant spatial anal ysis differences and a significant relationship between density and ratio of sands to silts, su ggesting that the distribution and de nsity of this species were related to particle size. In laboratory expe riments the survival rate of E. prolifera germlinges was the lowest value (22%) on sediments with a median grain size of 63-125 μ m. Laboratory experiments have generally shown positive relationship between attachme nt or survival of the alga and substr ate particles size. Our laboratory results indicate a clear link betwee n germling settlement / survival and substrate particle size. These results explain the spatial differences in abundance observed in the field in re lation to the distribution and ratio of sands to silt on the Muan flats.



### 118 MORPHOLOGY, ULTRASTRUCTURE, AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Gelidium elegans (GELIDIALES) Park JK, Kim KM and Boo SM Department of Biology, Chungnam National Universi ty, Daejeon 305-764, Ko rea. pjk1717@naver.com

Gelidium elegans Kützing, previously named as G. amansii, is the most common species in the Gelidiales in northeast Asia and is harvested for agar production in Korea, Japan and China. Thalli grow up to 18cm in the field and have main branches with slightly sympodial bran chlets, which are compressed to cylindrical. Rhizoidal filaments are produced from the outer cortical cells an d became abundant between cort ical and medullar layers. They look tadpole cells in the beginning and later beco me elongate filaments. They have very thick walls under SEM and nuclei and plastids under TEM. We also analyzed mitochondrial cox1 and plastid rbcL genes from more than 200 samples along all coast of Korea, nine lo calities in Japan and four localities in China. G. elegans consisted of two cl ades in the phylogenetic tree of both genes. The first clade contained specimens from Korea, China and western Japan, and the second clade had specimens on the Pacific side of Japan. In the first clade, 25 haplotypes of cox1 were identified. The same haplotyp e occurred in Korea, China and west of Japan. The haplotype diversity was 0.645±0.035 and the nucleotide diversity was 0.0008±0.00007. The western populations in Korea had high haplotype diversity ( h=0.701±0.00335) and the southern populations in Korea had high nucleotide diversity ( π =0.00098±0.00014). On-going anal ysis of the remaining specimens will give us a better understanding of the distribution pattern of G. elegans.



### 131 A NEW SPECIES OFMonostroma (CHOLOROPHYTA) FROM BRAZIL: MORPHOLOGICAL, ONTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR EVIDENCES Pellizzari FM 1 

### , Yokoya NS 2 

### ; Oliveira MC 3 

### and Oliveira EC 3

1 UNESPAR (Universidade Estadual do Paraná) campus FAFIPAR. Comendador Correa Júnior, 117. 83203-280. Paranaguá. PR. Brazil. francianep@yahoo.com, 2 Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 3005. 01061-970. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. nyokoya@pq.cnpq.br, 3 Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão. 277. Cidade Universitária. São Paulo. SP. mcdolive@usp.br, euricodo@usp.brXX International Seaweed Symposium

143 The species has monostromatic blades, 1-9 cm broad, brig ht green color in natural ha bitat and darkolive green after drying. Liberation of zooids occurs by disintegration of zooidangium wall, releasing four biflagellate cells (9- 13 μ m) with prominent eyespot and positive phototaxis. Fu sion of zooids were not observed. After attachment, cell division is perpendicular to the substratum, giving ri se to uniseriate filament which develops gradually into a monostromatic blade. Propagation probably occurs only through asexual recycling of the blades by biflagellate zooids settlements. Codiolum, saccate ortubular phases were not observed. After 30-40 days in culture plantlets reached ±300 μ m. Fronds show cells around 8 ± 3 μ m and thickness 25 ± 1.8 μ m. Cells in upper region with irregular polygonal shape, becoming more elongate toward base. Long rhizoidal projections join to form a minute holdfast. In surface view cells in groups of two. Cells uni nucleate with large central va cuole, parietal chloroplast, one or two pyrenoids. The ph ylogenetic position of Brazilian species has been inferred based on ribosomal ITS regions. Monostroma sp. shows a distinct sister-lineage to all other monostromatic green species analyzed and deposited in GenBank showing a higher identity with M. nitidum. Monostroma does not present a saccate stage, however it has some overlapping characters on morphology and life history if compared to Gayralia oxysperma
, but the molecular features are quite distinct from this species and from other Monostroma species justifying this new proposal. Monostroma occurs on mangrove roots in outer sectors of estuaries and on rocky shores in marine habitats.



### 151 ESTABLISHMENT OF A PILOT CULTIVATION OF Catenella impudica (RHODOPHYTA, RHABDONAECEAE) IN SHRIMP PONDS AT THE PACIFIC COAST OF COLOMBIA Peña EJ 1 

### , Marin H 1 

### and Aparicio CT 2

1 Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360 Cali, Colombia, 2Sociedad Agropecuaria de Occidente, Edif. Siglo XXI Of. 501, Cali Colombia. hernelmarin@gmail.com

Catenella impudica (Montagne) Agardh is one of the common red algae growing on mangrove prop roots in the Pacific coast of Colombia, and in the recent years has be en used as bioindicators of euthropication conditions in different estuarine habitats in the pacific region. In mo st of the mangrove habitats this species commonly grows attached to roots, tree trunks and mu d surfaces, and it is demonstrated it s ecological importance due to the contribution in the primary production of these estu arine ecosystems. This study describes the use of the suspended lines technique for mass cultivation of Catenella on ropes inoculated with spores. The experimental cultivation system included: induction of sporulation an d evaluation of spore settl ement on the ropes. Mature carposporic plants were collected in the Bay of Tumaco, Colombian Pacific, drained to remove excess water and taken to the laboratory. The plants were washed with seawater, and then cleaned of visible epiphytes. The cultivation is currently evaluated, and ropes were plante d to old shrimp pounds of ab out 5000 m2. The technique will allow the establishment of commercial farms using th e stock of induced polypropylene ropes to promote the cultivation of native macroalgal species in the region.



### 206 USE OF THE SLIPPER LIMPET Crepipatella fecunda AS SECONDARY SUBSTRATE BY THE GIANT KELP Macrocystis pyrifera : IS THERE ANY EFFECT OF HAVI NG AN ALGA GROWING ON YOUR BACK?
Pereda SV 1 , Díaz-Rosas F 1,2 , Cabrera JC and Buschmann AH 3

1 CIEN Austral. Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n Pelluco, Casilla 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile. 2 Departamento de Acuicultura y Re cursos Acuáticos. Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile. 3 Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ambientes y Recursos Costeros ‘i ~mar’, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile. sandra.pereda@cienaustral.cl

The slipper limpet Crepipatella fecunda is normally found cohabi ting with the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in Southern Chile. The effect of this marine snail in the alga population is currently under study and some of the findings show that the mobile males can control to some extend the recruitm ent of microscopic stages of the alga by grazing. However, this is not the only interact ion among these two species; the annual population of M. pyrifera also can grow on the sessile females, using the C. fecunda beds as secondary substrate. A plethora of literature is found on the effect of marine snails graz ing on seaweeds but little is found about the effects that overgrown alga can have on sessile organisms. This study is trying to understand the effects of this interaction (kelp overgrowing on the limpet’s shell). We assumed that the limpet will be fo rced to a mechanical stress that will have effects (positive/neut ral/negative) on the animals. Also the effect that the alga can have on C. fecundaXX International Seaweed Symposium

144 feeding processes could be reflected on these biochemica l constituents. Our preliminary data showed some slight differences arising in protein content; no significant ch anges can be seen in lipids and carbohydrates. We are currently estimating the energy that the limpets allocat e in the foot when finding the alga attached to it.



### 248 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Eucheuma , Kappaphycus BIOMASS CULTIVATED IN VIETNAM AND PROPERTIES OF THEIR CARRAGEENANS Phan KV 1 

### , Podkorytova AV 2 

### , Ignatova TA 2 

### and Usov AI 3

1 Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology, 33 Talalichina, Moscow 109316, Russia. 2 Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries Oceanography, 17 V.Kranoselskaya, Moscow, 107140, Russia. 3N.D.Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 117913, Russia. podkor@vniro.ru

The chemical composition of Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus striatum (2 varieties-Sacol green, Sacol brown), Eucheuma denticulatum, cultivated in 4 regions (Khanh Hoi, Khanh Nhon, Phuong Cu, Cam Ranh) with period cultivation 45 days; in Cam Ranh - 60 days and pr operties of native carragee nans extracted from these carrageennophytes were stud ied. Monosaccharide compos ition was determined by reduction hydrolysis and gasliquid chromatography. The carra geenan content was calculated by the yi eld of monosaccharide composition. For the samples with 45 days cultivation, generally, there is no significant in fluence of these regions cultivation on monosaccharide composition of 3 species. The sulpha te content of kappa-carrage enan, iota-carrageenan in different regions was quite similar (ranged from8.07% - 9, 8%; 12,5%-12,7% respectively). The carrageenan content varied from 40,7% to 50,0%, in which the carrageenan content of K. alvarezii (Phuong Cu), K. striatum, Sacol green (Cam Ranh) was highest (48,8%; 50,0% respective ly). In comparison of two varieties of K. striatum, there is no substantial distinction of carbohydrate composition, ex cept for pigment system.Molar ratio A/G, varied from 0,65-0,75 ( Kappaphycus spp), 0,42-0,43 ( E. denticulatum) was lower than etalon, It is most likely that, this value will be improved by alkali treatment for carrageenan. However, the yield of native kappa-carrageenan (KCl precipitation) and the gel strength of 2% kappa -carrageenan were high (32%- 37%, 550-1100 g/cm 2 respectively). For the samples with 60 days cultivation, the yield of kappa-carrageenan was higher, but the gel strength was a little lower than that of 45 days cultivation (36% - 41,5%, 640-708 g/cm 2 respectively).These results suggest that both carrageenophyte (45 days) and ( 60 days), cultivated in Viet Nam ar e perspective raw material for the manufacture of carrageenan without alkali treatment.



### 67 USING δ 15 

### N IN BLOOM FORMING MACROALGAE TO DISCRIMINATE AMONG ANTHROPOGENIC NUTRIENTS Piñón-Gimate A 1,2 

### , Soto-Jiménez MF 3 

### , Ochoa-Izaguirre MJ 1,4 

### , García-Pagés E 1 

### and Páez-Osuna F 3

1 Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82040, México, 2 Centro de Investigaciones Biológ icas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México, 3 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82040, México, 4 Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82000, Mexico. apinon04@cibnor.mx

Macroalgae blooms of Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Hypnea spinella and Spyridia filamentosa have been found in coastal lagoons in the SE Gulf of California. Agriculture, livestock, shrimp and poultry farms and sewage are the major contributors of anthropogenic nitrogen to the systems. The δ 15 N values of these sources, water column and macroalgae were studied in order to identify the N su pply for macroalgae blooms from 6 sites in three coastal lagoons. δ 15 N values of three species of ma croalgae (4.3-13.6‰) were enrich ed compared to the water column ( δ 15 N-NO 3 -3.7 - 6.8‰), probably as a re sult of fractioning from the macroalgae. On the other hand δ 15 N of POM (1.4 - 10.3‰) showed no statistical differences with th e water column signal, but th e relationship was unclear. Macroalgae showed different δ 15 N values depending on site, which can be explained by the variations in the proportions of N inputs for each contributor of the asso ciated watershed, the different chemical species of N in these sources and macroalgae specie s, probably because of their phys iological differences. Macroalgal δ 15 NXX International Seaweed Symposium

145 values adjacent to extensive agriculture and urban areas ranged from 2.0 to 3.5‰ and 9.5 to 13.1‰, respectively, implying that agricultural and sewa ge N drives the wide-spread macroalgae blooms in these coastal lagoons.



### 209 INTRAESPECIFIC VARIATION IN Gracilaria birdiae (GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA): COLOR INHERITANCE AND PIGMENT CHARACTE RIZATION OF TWO COLOR STRAINS Plastino EM and Costa VL Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. emplasti@usp.br

Previous reports have shown the importance of labora tory studies to improve mariculture. In Brazil, many attempts of macroalgal mariculture have failed and one of the reasons would be the absence of previous studies in control conditions. In laboratory, different culture co nditions are available and can lead to knowledge of the tolerance limits of a species. Moreover , laboratory techniques allow strain se lection with desirable characteristics such as higher growth rates, better qu ality and quantity of phycocolloids, and/or better nutrient composition for food. In our laboratory, we have studied different species of Gracilaria , including the most important marine red algae exploited for the production of agar in Brazil, G. birdiaePlastino & E.C. Oliveira. Different color strains have been isolated and physiologically characterized. They arose spontaneously in culture or were collected from natural populations. Crosses were performed to determine the mode of color inheritance. We present the pigment characterization and the inheritance st udies of two color strains. Recessive nuclear inheritance was found in the brown-green strain and cytoplasmati c maternal inheritance was found in the green strain; both had lower contents of phycobiliproteins than th e wild-type (red strain). Chlorophyll-a contents were similar among strains. The global analyses of these results have provided info rmation about the intraespecific diversity, which is an essential step when one intends to preserve or manage a species. Furthermore, these results have been essential to select strains to be tested in experimental sea cultivation.



### 282 PRIMARY SODIUM PUMPS IN MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE Popova LG and Balnokin YV K.A.Timiryazev Institute of plant physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.

All living cells inhabiting sali ne substrates exclude excess Na + from the cytoplasm using variety of membrane transport proteins localized to the pl asma membrane and/or tonoplast. Presently, a wide diversity of primary sodium ion translocating enzymes operat ing in the cell membranes has been described for representatives of all three life domains: Eucaryota, Bacter ia and Archaea. In eukaryotes, Na + -translocating ATPases of the P-type resided in plasma membranes mediate active sodium export from the cells. The Na + ,K + -ATPase of mammalian cells was the first to be investigated and most extensivel y studied representative of this class of ATPases. More recently, Na + -translocating ATPase of P-type was also discovered in fungi. In halotolerant plants and algae the existence of a primary Na + -transporter was debated for a long time. Nevertheless, during the last decade primary Na + -pumps, Na + -ATPases, have been found in two marine unicellular alga spec ies belonging to the kingdom Plantae, Tetraselmis ( Platymonas) viridis (Balnokin et al., 1997) and Dunaliella maritima . The experiments on the Na + -ATPases functional identification were performed using inverted plasmamembrane (PM) vesicles isolated from these alga species. We demonstrated thatthe PM vesicles were able to accumulate Na+ in an ATP-dependent and H + -independent manner.This fact supports the idea that the primary Na + -pumps, Na + -ATPases function in the PM of these organisms. Both ATPases shares common trai ts, namely: they are elec trogenic pumps belonging to the family of P-type ATPases and posses s the optima at pH 7.5 - 8.0. Ecophy siological relevance of these enzymes for alga surviving under salt co nditions is under discussion.XX International Seaweed Symposium

146 

### 238 ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF THE CELL WALLS ISOLATED FROM Phyllophora crispa (HUDSON) P.S. DIXON (=Ph. NERVOSA (DC.) GREV.) (GIGARTINALES, RHODOPHYTA) Popova NI 1 

### , Meychik NR, Yermakov IP and Kamnev AN meychik@mail.ru

Ion-exchange properties and swelling capacity of cell wa lls from thalii red seaweeds were investigated by the potentiometric method. The thalli of Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S. Dixon collec ted at northeastern part of Black sea (capes Maliy and Bolshoy Utrish) and peninsul a the Crimea in July 2008-2009. Thalii examples were collected at a depth of 4.5 and 8 meters with using und erwater equipment. The ion-exchange capacity and the swelling coefficient of the red alga ce ll walls ware estimated at various pH values (from 2 to 12) and at constant ionic strength of a solution (10 mM NaCl). To analyse the polysigmoid titration curves, the Gregor’s equation was employed. It was shown that the Gregor’s model fits well the experimental data. The total amount of the cation exchange and the anion exchange groups were determined in the cell walls. The amount of the functional group of each type was estimated, an d the corresponding values of pK awere calculated. It was found that there are 2 cation-exchange groups and one anion exchange group (ami ne group) in red algae cell wall. It can be assumed that ionogenic groups with pK a ~ 5 are carboxyl groups of uronic acid, and ionogenic groups with pK a ~ 7.5 are carboxyl groups of proteins. It was sh own that the swelling of the cell walls does not change with pH. The results reveal that the ion-exchange properties of the cell wall strongly depend on growth depth. This work is supported by the Russian Foundation of Fundamen tal Research (Grant No. 08-04-01398).



### 112 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY FROM SEAWEEDS – A REVIEW Rebours C 1 

### , Novoa-Garrido M 1 

### and Pang SJ 2

1 Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Arctic Agriculture and Land Use Division, Torggården, 8049 Bodø, Norway. 2 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, Chin a. celine.rebours@bioforsk.no

Worldwide antibiotics are used for tr eatments of bacterial diseases, and for non-therapeutic purposes such as growth promoters. Frequent use of antibiotics has been sh own to result in the developm ent of antibiotic resistant bacteria, and to exert acute and chronic ecological effe cts on non-targeted organisms and the European Union banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in 20 06. Norway aims to produce 15% of its food production under organic certification that prohib its antibiotic use by 2015. There is therefore an urgent need to identify alternative technologies that reduce or replace the antibiotic s currently used in agriculture and aquaculture. Seaweeds have shown antibacterial effe cts on diverse pathogens, especially Gr am-positive bacteria, although their mechanism of action is yet to be established in most cases. Diverse in vivo studies with seaweeds show reduced amount of intestinal Escherichia coli, decreased pH of rumen fluid and alte ration of the fermentation pattern in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. Seaweeds also exhibit an tibacterial effects that reduce the virulence of fish pathogens, and biofilm formation. For example, the red alga Grateloupia turuturu has been reported to turn Vibrio parahaemoluticus into non-culturable state in live culture and hampers the bacterial settlement. The identification and development of antimicrobial activity in seaweeds may have significant economic potential for both the agriculture and aquaculture industries in Norway and worldwide. This review will present a list of seaweeds with known antibacterial activi ty and some of the mechanisms of th e use of seaweeds as prebiotics will been examined both in aquaculture and agriculture.



### 207 Gelidium galapagense TAYLOR IS A SPECIES CONFIRMED TO THE MEXICAN TROPICAL PACIFIC COAST Rodríguez D, Ponce-Márquez MEand López N maedithpm@ciencias.unam.mx

In seaweeds species records for the tropical Mexican Pacific, Gelidium galapagensehas been mentioned only three times over the past 30 years and according to the latest revision this species has remained as a doubtfulXX International Seaweed Symposium

147 record. This study presents evidences that this species is in Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico. This work includes a morphological analysis, a kariotype determination, and the chromosomes description applying the usual stain and squashed techniques. The RAPDs-PCR technique was used for the molecular identification and characterization of this species. Bands-sharing analysis wa s carried out following Nei and Li Similarity Coefficient. Besides, the RuBisCo intergenic spacer region was ampl ified by the PCR technique and compared among different species. The results include a taxon description; the ka riotype showing spherical chromosomes, with 2n=4. Also differences were observed in fragmentation pattern of DN A respect other species just like that with the intergen RuBisCo, but showing closer relationships with G. sclerophyllum

.



## 27 DIAGNOSING CHARACTERS IN Amphiroa (CORALLINALES) AND THE GENUS DIVERSITY EVALUATION IN THE AZORES Rosas-Alquicira EF 1,2 

### , Riosmena-Rodríguez R3 

### and Neto AI 1

1 CIIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289 - 4050-123 Porto, Portugal, 2 CIRN (Centro de Investigação de Recurs os Naturais), Universidade dos Açores, Rua Mãe de Deus 58, Apart. 1422, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Açores, Portugal, 3 Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Km. 5.5 Carretera. al Sur. Apdo. Postal 19-B. C.P. 23080 México. aneto@uac.pt

A critical review of the published characters used in species diagnosis within the genus Amphiroa (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) and an evaluation of the diversity of th is genus in the Azores were made based on detailed morphological and anatomical studies of vegetative and reproductive charac ters and comparisons with published information. Morphological and anatomical features sele cted as diagnosing charac ters to delimit species of Amphiroa include shape of the thallus, branching origin, the apical intergenicula in cr oss section, number of cell tiers per mature geniculum, and pattern of lo ng vs. short intergenicular tiers of cells. A. beauvoisii Lamouroux, A. cryptarthrodia Zanardini and A. fragilissima (Linnaeus) Lamouroux were confirmed to occur in the Azores. A morphological and anatomical account is provided for the three species and comparisons established with type material and material from other regions.



## 334 GROWTH EVALUATION OF RED ABALONE ( Haliotis rufescens) CULTURE UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS INSIDE A COASTAL LAGOON AND FEED WITH DIFFERENT SEAWEED DIETS
Ruiz-Gómez A 1 

### , Guzmán-Calderón JM 2 

### , Hernández-Garibay, E 1,2,3

### and Zertuche-González JA2

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México. 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México. 3 Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Ensenada. Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, Carretera Tijuana Km 97.5 CP 22760, El Sauzal de Rodríguez, Ensenada, B.C. México

Red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) was cu lture under natural condit ions inside Bahía San Quintin, a coastal lagoon off the temperate Mexican Pacific. Animals were fed using three of the most abundant species in the lagoon. Seaweeds were provided as mono- and mixed diets. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of culturing red abalone inside this coastal lagoon and determine the best diet for growth. The species used were: Ulva lactuca (Ul), Eisenia arborea (Ei) and Chondracanthus pectinatus (Ch). Seven different diet treatments were evaluate: ( I : Ch); ( II : Ch + Ul); ( III : Ei); ( IV : Ei + Ul); (V : Ul); (VI :Ch + Ei) and (VII : Ch + Ei + Ul) each with three replicates. The experiment began with 500 organisms with initial shell size of 26.24±2.62 mm and average weight 1.26 ± 0.5 g. For each treatmen t 23 abalones (n=23) were placed in 20 L containers maintained near the surface. The abalones were feed once a week and the we ight and size was recorded monthly during 6 months. In order to evaluate the composition of the feed, each week, samples of the seaweeds used in the experiment, were kept for proximal analysis. The best growth resulted with the treatment IV(Ei + Ul) and III (Ei). Abalones reached 30.9 ± 6.35 mm shell size weight of 4.4 ± 2.53 g and 33.3 ± 3.56 mm shell size, 4.33 ±1.41 g weight respectively. The best growth obtained coincided with the higher protein content of the seaweeds used.XX International Seaweed Symposium

148 

## 153 LIPID CLASSES, FATTY ACIDS, AND STEROLS OF DOMINANT MARINE FLORA SPECIES IN THE WESTERN COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA PENINSULA, MEXICO Reza-Sánchez M , Palacios-Mechetnov E and Serviere-Zaragoza E Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR). Mar Bermejo 195. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico. serviere04@cibnor.mx
Lipid classes, fatty acids, and sterol composition of green ( Ulva lactuca), brown ( Eisenia arborea
, Macrocystis pyrifera) , and red algae ( Gelidium robustum) and one seagrass (Phyllospadix torreyi ) from the western coast of Baja California penins ula, Mexico were analyzed. La rge quantities of polar lipids (more than 70%), followed by monoglycerides were detected in most species, with the ex ception of E. arborea, that only had 58% of polar lipids but 8% of tryacilglycerides. Free fatty acids differed si gnificantly among species, with a high proportion in G. robustum, E. arborea and U. lactuca, and almost undetecte d levels in M. pyrifera and P. torreyi. The fatty acid composition in phospholipids was typical of each divisi on, with the brown algae showing no 22:6n-3 but a high proportion of 20:4n-6 (9-18%) and 18:4n-3 (7-11%), whil e the other divisions had less than 3% of 20:4n-6 or 18:4n-3. The green algae and the seagrass had 18:0 dimeth ylacetal, which was not detected in the other algae. All species had abundant 16:0. The composit ion of fatty acids in the acylglycerides differed from phospholipids, with a higher proportion of 20:4n-6 exce pt in green algae and seagreass. G. robustumhad more than 20% of 20:5n-3. The sterol composition differed among the analyzed algae, with G. robustumpresenting as the major sterol cholesterol. Brown algae had mostly β -sitosterol + fucosterol, while U. lactuca had more aprox. 50% of cholesterol followed by isofucosterol, while the seagrass had a similar proportion of cholesterol, β -sitosterol + fucosterol and brasicasterol. Finally, the comparison between fresh and lyophilized samples showed significant differences in lipid classes, with lesser quantities in lyophiliz ed samples in most species, with the exception of E. arborea . It was concluded that fresh samples should be us ed when analyzing lipids in macroalgae.



### 56 CULTURE OF Ulva sp AN ALTERNATIVE FOR FOOD WH ITE SHRIMP IN LA PAZ, B.C.S Sánchez Rodríguez I , Casas Valdez M, Sánchez A and Contreras-Holguin M Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur. isrnacho@hotmail.com, isanchez@ipn.mx

Due to the high density of growth of the algae green, Ulva sp. ( Enteromorpha sp) has been necessary to use them for human consumption, animals, and in the diets of shri mp post- larvae remain susceptible to cultivation. This seaweed has a large global market demand for high pr otein content (25-40%), minerals, calcium, phosphorus, fatty acids Ω 3 and Ω6. The culture of Ulva sp inoculums using artificial substrate (clay-tiles) in 4 aquariums with indirect light and constant aeration, allowed monitor its growth, as well as salinity, pH, environmental and water temperature, oxygen and nutrients. After 3 weeks, a doze n juvenile white shrimp we re placed in one-aquarium. This species of seaweed wereselected for cultivation in the laborato ry according the following criteria. (1) High nutritional value of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins to properly feed shrimp postlarval; (2) Algae growth is controlled and simple in controlled environment (aquarium) ; (3) easy digested by the shrimp post- larvae; y (4) Nutrients need a medium to encour age them. The results of environmen tal variables were environmental temperature between 22°C - 30°C, water temperature had interval between 21°C at 26°C, sa linity between 35 to 44 ppm, oxygen concentration 79% to 96%, pH was stable wi th 8.2 to 8.4. The nutrients concentrations were 68 mM for nitrates and 0.64 mM for phosphates. The growth of Ulva sp was from 0.1 to 2 cm each week. The digestive tract in white shrimp presenti ng a greenish color due to food consumed, in this case Ulva sp.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 80 COMMUNITY OF EPIPHYTES ON Sargassum sinicola (FUCALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN MAGDALENA ISLANDS Sánchez-Rodríguez I 1 

### , Mateo-Cid LE 2 

### and Rodríguez-Montesinos YE 1

1 Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN, Apdo. Postal 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México 23000, 2 Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Santo To más, México, D.F., 11340. isanchez@ipn.mx

Epiphytic algae season al variation on th e brown macroalgae Sargassum sinicola (Phaeophyceae) at Margarita and Magdalena Islands, Baja California Sur, México was stud ied. The sampled were collected in six sites during 1987 and 1988. We found 54 epiphytic algae, of these 43 are Rhodophyta (79. 6%), 6 Phaeophyceae (11.1%) and 5 Chlorophyta (9.2%). The order Ceramial es was represented with 31 taxa. Ceramiumand Polysiphonia were genera with more species. The Sargassum sinicola thallus had the highest number (36) of epiphytic species for winter; this coincides with decline of populations of Sargassum sinicola and the decrease in water temperature. In this work was founded a greater number of epiphytes in Margarita and Magdalena Island’s.



### 297 GROWTH, REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS, AND PROXIMAL COMPOSITION OF THE CYANOBACTERIUM Geitlerinema lemmermannii Sánchez-AlejandroFG and Sánchez-Saavedra MP Departamento de Acuicultura, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE). Carretera Ensenada – Tijuana Número 3918. Zona Playitas. Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860 México. psanchez@cicese.mx

Geitlerinema lemmermannii (Cyanophyceae) is a cosmopolitan species highly adapted to different environmental conditions, and is common in eutrophic ecosystems. To evaluate the growth rate, proximal composition, and nutrient use of G. lemmermanii in eutrophic ecosystems it was cultivated in a artificial wastewater medium. The artificial wastewater medium was made with two differen t nutrient concentrations (F and 2F). The cultures were made in batches in triplicate an d maintained under white light, 110 μ E m -2 s -1 , and 24.4 ± 0.5  ̊ C for 168 h. Geitlerinema lemmermannii showed similar maximum growth rates ( μ max ) in either medium at the end of the experiment for F (0.15 ± 0.08) and 2F (0.09 ± 0.02). The removal of orthophosphates was more efficient in the F (91%) than in the 2F (64%) medium at 96 h. The nitrate re moval was 6.8% in the F medium at 24 h and 19.3% in the



## 324 THE SULPHATED POLYSACCHARIDES, λ-CARRAGEENAN AND Ι -CARRAGEENAN, DIFFERENTIALLY ALTER A MODEL PLANT’S (Arabidopsis thaliana) RESISTANCE TO Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Sangha JS 1 

### , Ravichandran S 1 

### , Prithiviraj K 1 

### , Critchley AT2

### and Prithiviraj B 1

1 Department of Plant and Animal Science, Nova Scotia Ag ricultural College, PO Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada; 2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1X8, Canada.

The effect of the macroalgal polysaccharides I - and λ-carrageenan (differing levels of sulphation), were examined on the resistance of the model plant Arabidopsis to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

. Pre-treatment of Arabidopsis with highly sulfated λ-carrageenan induced resistance to S. sclerotiorum resulting in smaller leaf lesions; by contrast, the less-s ulfated I-carrageenan e nhanced susceptibility. λ-carrageenan induced resistance correlated with increased expression of jasmonic acid related genes AOS
, PDF1.2
, PR3 and as well as glucosinolate biosynthetic genes, CYP83B1 and OBP2. Further, treatments with λ-carrageenan reduced the concentration of the fungal viru lence factor, oxalic acid (OA), in planta and also resulted in an increase in oxalate oxidase activity. λ-carrageenan also induced resistance in the salicylic acid deficient Arabidopsis mutant ics1 , but only partially rescued susceptibility of jar1 plants. The difference in the bioactivity of carrageenans is due, at least part, to differences in the degree of sulphation of the polysaccharide.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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## 323 LAMBDA (λ) CARRAGEENAN REDUCES TOMATO CHLOROTIC DWARF VIROID (TCDVD) REPLICATION AND SYMPTOM EXPRESSION. Sangha JS 1 

### , Singh RP 1 

### , Critchley AT2

### and Prithiviraj B 1

1 Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, 58 River Road, Truro, B2N5E3, Canada, 2Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1X8, Canada.

Some members of the genus Pospiviroid have a wide host-range that causes si gnificant economic losses in crops like tomato and potato. We tested the effect of commercial extract of a brown marcroalga, Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE) and commercial sources of sulfat ed polysaccharide carrageenans isolat ed from red macroalgae on Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) replication and symptom ex pression in the tomato variety ‘Sheyenne’. Three week old tomato seedlings were spray-tr eated with ANE (1g/L, w/v), three carrageenans [iota (i), lambda (λ), and kappa (k)] (1g/L) and inoculated with TCDVd 48 h after spray treatment. The test plants were monitored for symptom development until maturity and leaf tissue was collected at weekly interval s to monitor the viroid by RT-PCR using viroid specific primers. Pre-tr eatment of tomato plants with λ-carrageenan significantly reduced symptom expression eight weeks after inoculation. The characteri stic “bunchy-top” symptom was observed in 25% of the λ-carrageenan treated plants as compared to 83% in the untreated controls. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of TCDVd transcripts in diseased plants, which were ab sent in the healthy plan ts. A reduction in viroid concentrations was observed when infected shoots were incubated in a solution of λ-carrageenan while the viroid concentration slightly increased in the i-carrageenan treatment during the same period. Taken together, the results suggest that λ-carrageenan is a potential inducer of re sistance in tomato plants against TCDVd.



### 261 VARIATIONS IN SEAWEED GROWTH AND CARRAGEENAN CONTENT OF DIFFERENT Kappaphycus STRAINS AS AFFECTED BY SEASONALITY AND DURATION OF CULTURE Seguimbraud C 1 

### , Hurtado AQ2 

### , Joe M 3 

### , Lampin T 1 

### , Bleicher-Lhonneur G 1 

### and Mazoyer J 1

1 Cargill Texturizing Solutions, 50500 Baupte, France. 2Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021 Philippines. 3 Kasangyangan Nursery Seaweed Enterprise, Arena Blanco, Zamboanga City 7000, Philippines. clementine_seguimbraud@cargill.com

Three color morphotypes of K. alvarezii and two color morphotypes of K. striatumhave been investigated in Zamboanga City, Philippines, in terms of cultivation gr owth, production and carrag eenan content and quality. Daily growth rate, production and ca rrageenan properties were assessed based from color morphotypes, duration of culture (30, 45 and 60 days) and seasonality. The environmental conditio ns (temperature and salinity) and the perennial occurrence of typhoons greatly affected the seasonality of the cultivars tested. Though results of the present study have missing data due tounstable weather, it was evident that the different color morphotypes of tambalang grew faster and produced a heavier biomass than the sacol ones. It is demonstr ated further in the present study that tambalang purple is a highly acceptable morphotype for massive expansion since it showed the highest growth rate and production. The 45-60 day culture period yielded heavier biomass, which induced losses due to thallus breakage, but lowe r growth rate. This study showed that tambalang and sacol morphotypes demonstrated similar carrageenan yield and quality. Ge nerally, carrageenan yield increased with duration of culture and the highest viscosities were measured for 60-dayduration of culture. Results of this study describe the influence of cultivation paramete rs on several color morphotypes of Kappaphycus which may help farmers in farming management.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 24 Laminaria Lamouroux AND Saccharina Stackhouse (LAMINARIALES,PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM THE RUSSIAN PACIFIC COAST Selivanova ON Kamchatka Branch of Pacific Institute of Geography, Fa r Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 683000, Petropavlovsk-Kamchtaskii, Russia, oselivanova@mail.ru

Algae of the order Laminariales represent main seawee d resource of Russia. Most important are the species formerly placed in Laminaria Lamoroux. However taxonomic revision of this genus and resurrection of Saccharina Stackhousebased on phylogenetic studies resulted in transfer of major part of the Far Eastern Laminaria species to Saccharina that now includes 10 species. Taxonomic status of the remaining Laminaria species was unchanged: Laminaria longipes Bory, L. solidungula J. Agardh, L. yezoensis Miyabe, their placement within this genus supported bygenetic studies. Three endemic species from the Sea of Okhotsk were also left in Laminaria: L. appressirhiza Petrov et Vozzhinskaya, L. inclinatorhizaPetrov et Vozzhinskaya, L. multiplicata Petrov et Suchoveeva. However their status remains uncertain because they we re unstudied genetically. Presumably these species should be attributed to Saccharina . The reason is that all studied Far Eastern species of Saccharina possess haptera in the form of rhizoids, whereas members of Laminaria have disk-like holdfasts ( L. solidungula, L. yezoensis), or creeping haptera (rhizomes) ( L. longipes). The species from the Sea of Okhotsk have rhizoids, so they most probably belong to Saccharina . Consequently there are only three true Laminaria species at the Russian Pacific coasts. This morphologi cal criterion is inapplicable to Atlantic Laminaria since the type species of the genus L. digitata (Hudson) Lamouroux has rhizoidal system.



### 228 BIOTECMAR: BIOTECHNOLOGICAL EXPLOITATION OF MARINE PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS Soler-Vila Aand Kraan S Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, Ireland. annasolervila@yahoo.com. www.biotecmar.eu

Marine biological resources such as seaweeds, fish and shellfish products, by-products and extracts are sources of valuable ingredients and bioactive molecules. Marine resources from fisheries, aquaculture and seaweed harvesting sectors generate important direct and indire ct economic activities. Th ese sectors produce a large amount of waste and by-products, which should be consid ered as raw materials for the production of valuable ingredients for food, animal and human nutrition, cosmetics and health. The main objective of Biotecmar is to set up and incorporate a fully integrated chain for the pr oduction of value added compounds derived from the Atlantic Marine resources. Bi otecmar's overall aim is to help the compan ies of the Atlantic Area (which are mainly SMEs) to take advantage of the use of modern biotechnological tools and cont ribute to a diversification of the activities derived from marine biomass exploitation within the strict framework of sustainable management of marine natural sources. A th ree years action plan (2009-2011) will in clude: Identification and quantification of marine by-products; training sessions , practical workshops; creation of a database of marine stakeholders; cooperation between labs and SMEs/ind ustry and SMEs support for launching innovative projects . This project is co-financed with the support of the Europe an Union ERDF, Atlantic Area Programme.



### 236 MACROALGAE FOR ABALONE CULTURE IN EUROPE (SUDEVAB) Soler-Vila Aand Kraan S Irish Seaweed Centre, Martin Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, Ireland. annasolervila@yahoo.com www.sudevab.eu

Haliotis tuberculata , the European abalone, is a herbivorous gast ropod with juveniles and adults grazing mainly on drifting macroalgae. Due to an ab undance of macroalgae on the shores of Western Europe, farmed abalone are usually fed fresh ma croalgae, the quality and abundance varying acco rding to season. Various macroalgae in the European seascape could provide their nutritional requierements such as Palmaria palmata, Ulva lactuca and Laminaria digitata , however their usage will be determined by their availability and harvesting cost. SUDEVAB (SUstainable DEVelopment of European SMEs engaged in ABalone aquaculture) brings together the mainXX International Seaweed Symposium

152 producing SMEs and leading RTD providers from the abalon e aquaculture sector in Europe, for a project that will have a significant impact on developing sustainable abal one aquaculture in Europe. The core of the research work of SUDEVAB is aimed at solving the main technical prob lems encountered by abalone growers in Europe in the areas of: pathology, genetics, nutriti on and sustainable culture technology . Other areas that will be addressed include legislation, hygiene and food safety together wi th marketing issues. SUDEVAB is funded by the financial support of the Commission of the European Communities under the EC's (FP7, 2007-2013) in the grant-funded Capacities Programme — Resear ch for the Benefit of Specific Groups (i n particular SMEs). The project runs from June 2008 to December 2010.



### 54 EFFECTS OF FOOD AND INITIAL SIZE ON SURV IVAL AND SOMATIC GROWTH OF JUVENILES OF THE PURPLE URCHIN, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus : A LABORATORY EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Sonnenholzner J 1



### , Montaño-Moctezuma G 2 

### , Salas-Garza A 2 

### and Searcy-Bernal R 2

1 Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, AP# 453, CP 22800,Ensenada, Baja California, México. jorge.sonnenholzner@gmail.com

Recently recruited urchins from the sa me brood, but with different initial average sizes may respond different to similar environmental factors. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of starvati on and food availability (in amount and type of algae) on the su rvivorship, growth rates (in size and weight) and gonad index of juvenile purple urchins. Two independent experiments were performed. In the first experiment, the urchins were fed ad libitumwith Egregia menziesii for 22 weeks and for 1 d mo -1 during 22 wk. In the seco nd experiment, the urchins were fed ad libitumdifferent diets: E. menziesii (E), Bosiella spp (B), Phyllospadix scouleri (P), and all algae species together (EBP). In both experiments, each treatment wa s applied to small (7.5± 0.5 mm) and large urchins (13.5 ± 0.4 mm). Under abundant food availability, sm all urchins grew faster (1.3 ± 1.2 mm mo -1 ) and attained larger final sizes than large urchins (27.5 ± 1.7 mm). Under low food availability, mortality was high (70%), and gonad grow was negligible in small urchins. The best food qual ity for increase in size, weight and gonad index was E. menziesii. Urchins fed P. scouleri decreased sharply in size and weight. Our results provide insights about the effect of a relative shortage of food (in amount and quality) in growth rates, final size and gonad index of urchins less than one year of age.



### 157 ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THE CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM FOUR RED SEAWEED SPECIES OF Laurencia Stein EM 1 

### , Colepicolo P 2 

### and Fujii MT 3

1 Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/Brazil, 2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508- 900 São Paulo/Brazil, 3 Seção de Ficologia, Instituto de Botânica, 01061-970, São Paulo/Brazil. erikastein18@yahoo.com.br

Currently, multiple drug resistance in human pathogenic microorganism have been developed due to indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs, co mmonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases. This situation forces the searching for new, more sp ecific and better adapted an timicrobial substances. The marine environment constitutes vast potential sourceof new bioactive molecules. The genus Laurencia is known to produce interesting active metabolites whic h possess important pharmacological potential. Laurencia aldingensis (LA), Laurencia catarinensis (LC), Laurencia filiformis (LF) and Laurencia intricata (LI) were collected in Espírito Santo State/Brasil. The dr ied materials were extracted with he xane, chloroform, methanol and water, subsequently. Three strains of fungal pathogens Candida albicans (CA), Candida parapsilosis (CP) and Cryptococcus neoformans (CN) were used in the experiment. Minimu m inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the plant extracts were performed in the 96-well plates by serial dilution method in RPMI Medium 1640 according to the NCCLS. Microbial growth was determined by abso rbance at 492nm. Minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined by subculturing 10 μ L from each well in Sabouraud Agar. MIC of LF-EC and LF-EM were 31.25 μ g/mL for CA and the MFC of LC-EC were 1000 μ g/mL for CA and CN. MICs of LA-EH were 250 μ g/mL for CA, 125 μ g/mL for CN and the MFC were 125 μ g/mL for CP. MFC of LA-EC were 125 μ g/mL for CP and MIC 125 μ g/mL for CN. Our results suggest that apolar extracts of Laurencia species possess antifungal properties that should be explored to be used as agents in new drugs for therapy of infectious diseases.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 113 SEASONAL VARIATION IN NITROGEN POOLS FROM TWO HIGH LATITUDE, RED ALGAL SPECIES Stekoll MS 1 

### , Buckley C 2 

### and Mapes A 1

1 University of Alaska Southeast, 11120 Glacier Highwa y, Juneau, AK USA 99801, 2 Molec.Bioscience & Bioengineering, Center of Cardiova scular Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa. msstekoll@alaska.edu

Seaweeds may play an important role in nutrient recycling in the near shore marine environment by their ability to efficiently uptake and store nitrogen. We investigated th e seasonal variation of majo r nitrogen pools in two red algal species: an annual, Palmaria mollis , and a perennial, Constantinea spp., near Juneau, Alaska. Samples were collected from two intertidal sites in 2005 and 2008 over the spring and summer growing seasons. Thalli were freeze dried, extracted and analyzed for total nitrogen, protein, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and chlorophyll content in 2005 and for total protein in 2008. Seawater samples were collected from each site at the time of sampling, as well as, water temperature and salinity. For Palmaria mollis , the levels of protein and total nitrogen tracked together over the gr owing season. The highest levels of protei n and total nitrogen occurred in early spring (March – April). There was a marked decrease in pr otein and total nitrogen in late spring. Protein and total nitrogen had peak values of approximately 20% and 5% of the dry weight, respective ly. The protein to nitrogen ratio was found to be 3.92 (R 2 = 0.71). At higher nitrogen values, this relationship was not as strong (R 2 = 0.05). Phycoerythrin content values tracked with phycocyanin. The combined phycobilin concentrations peaked at 6.06 mg/g in early February and 6.44 mg/g in early April in 2005. Auke Bay Palmaria showed a pulse of high nitrogen and protein levels in early April 2005 , whereas, Sunshine Coveshowed comparatively hi gh levels from early February to late April. For Constantinea spp. the protein levels increased from February to March and then leveled off at about 7% dry weight. But total nitrogen over the same period decreased from 3.5 to 2.5%. The protein to nitrogen ratio was quite vari able over this time period. Further anal ysis of the amino acid content may help to clarify the fate of ni trogen in these algae.



### 192 CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGAL EMISSIONS INVO LVED IN AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN WESTERN IRELAND Stengel DB , Connan S, Zacharias M and Nitschke U Botany, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway. dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

The impact of marine algae on the air-sea exchange of ae rosols and ozone is generally recognized as significant, but is poorly quantified. As main marine primary produc ers, algae play a key role in biogeochemical cycling in coastal and off-shore waters, with th eir basic functions directly influenced by ambient, local and short-term fluctuations, in environmental condit ions. Recent research has focused on algal physiological and chemical responses to climate change but algae-environment interact ions are complex. In Atlantic waters, marine organic aerosol mass enrichment follows a seas onal cycle linked to biological acti vity, and atmospheric aerosols such as isoprene and alkyl halides previously measured near Mace Head, western Ireland, are th ought to be linked to algal biomass; particularly high co ncentrations in coastal areas suggest that ma croalgae have an impo rtant role to play. Also, emissions of iodocarbons and different forms of iodine, including I 2 , from brown macroalgae contribute to the nucleation and production of new aerosol particles. Additionally, the release of algal metabolic (stress) compounds into the water significantly contributes to the DOM pool, thus potentia lly contributing to marine aerosol formation. Current research projects on th e Irish west coast aim tocharacterize seaweed and phytoplankton responses underdifferent environmental scenarios and toevaluate the release (exudation and emission) of organic compounds; impacts of PAR and UV , temperature and salinity on algal productivity and emissions and exudation of organic compounds are measur ed under controlled laboratory experiments. Iodine release (emission and discharge into water) from selected species of seaweeds exposed to different environmental conditions is also being assessed.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 128 A NEW SPECIES OF Laurencia FROM JAPAN Suda M 1 

### , Abe T 2 

### and Notoya M 3

1 Iwaki-Midorinomori High School, Iwaki, Fukushima 973-8403, Japan, 2 The Hokkaido University Museum, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan, 3 Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Tokyo University of Ma rine and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan. s-masahi@nexyzbb.ne.jp

A new species of Laurencia was found in Japan on the Pacific coast of Honshu (latitude 36°56 ́N, longitude140°54 ́E). This species resembled Laurencia pinnata Yamada in its gross morphology: obviously flat with pinnate branches and with a para llel type of tetrasporang ia present. However, the formation of the terminal stichidia of the L. pinnata sporophyte was relatively de nser. In the new species, the terminal stichidia was less sparse and wider at 615-923 μ m in width (360-640 μ m width in L. pinnata). Furthermore, the tip of the terminal stichidia of this species had forked or triple-forked bran ches and the tetrasporangia wa s larger with a diameter of 120-227 μ m (76-160 μ m in L. pinnata). Compared to the longitudinal sect ion, the terminal stichidia appeared undulated on the surface. In the transverse section of the main branch, the side was some what sharp. Each superficial cortical ce ll usually contained a corps en cerise , some times two. The corps en cerisein each superficial cortical cell of the main branch of the tetrasporophyte was 10-16 μ m in diameter (14-22 μ m in L. pinnata). The cystocarp of this species was ovoid and was 700-1240 μ m in diameter (500-1000 μ m in L. pinnata ,). Furthermore, the terminal stichidia of the carposprophyte of this species was wide at 666-1166 μ m in width (400-1060 μ m in L. pinnata).



### 85 EVALUATION OF THE MORPHO LOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE PLANTS OF Cladosiphon okamuranus TOKIDA (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM SEVERAL COASTS OF THE OKINAWA ISLANDS Sudo Y 1 

### , Yamada S 1 

### and Notoya M 2

1 Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries and Ocean Research Center, Nishizaki 1-3-1, Itoman, Okinawa, 901-0305, Japan, 2 Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology , Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan. sudouysk@pref.okinawa.lg.jp

Evaluation of the morphological char acteristics of culture plants of Cladoshiphon okamuranus Tokida were conducted on 16 samples obtained fr om the 7 cultivars collected on May 7 to 13, 2009 along the coasts of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The plant le ngth, diameter of main and lateral branches, densities of produced lateral branches (within 10 cm length), fracture intensity of th e main and lateral branches, and color (b value*) of the plants were measured as morphological indices. The obse rved variation of each index within the samples were as follows: 11.2-41.7 cm in plant length, 1.5-2.9 mm in diameter for the main branch, 1.3-1.8 mm in diameter for the lateral branch, 1.9-16.0 branches produced from the main branch, 10.9-16.3 N and 5.4-9.0 N in fracture intensity of the main and lateral branches, respectively and 8.4-11.5 in color. Plants ob tained from a cultivar from an isolated northern island possess a plant length of 41.7(±13.5) cm, a main branch diameter of 2.9 (±0.5) mm and a lateral branch diameter of 1.9 (±0.6) mm and was th ereby considered to be a po tential high-quality culture plant.XX International Seaweed Symposium

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### 129 MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN Sargassum fulvellum (TURNER) C. AGARDH (PHAEOPHYCEAE, FUCALES) AT DIFFERENT GROWING DEPTHS ON THE COAST OF OKI ISLANDS, SHIMANE PREFECTURE, JAPAN Suzuki H 1 

### , Hosoya R 1 

### , Yokochi K 1 

### , Hayashi Y 2 

### and Notoya M 1

1 Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology , Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan, 2 Okabe Company Limited, Narihira 3-14-4, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-002 Japan. ha ru_02072004@yahoo.co.jp

Morphological differences on the various parts of Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh frond were observed in the growing communities at water depths of 3, 7 and 14 m in Toyoda port, Ama, Oki Islands, Shimane Prefecture from 17 July to 14 August, 2009. Total leng th, stem length and width, primary branches length and number, life number, growing densities and clonal juvenile fronds were measured. The total frond length of 6-39 cm was observed. The growing densities of the communiti es at 3 m, 7 m and 14 m were observed at 62.4, 11.2 and 8.8 indiviuals/m 2 , respectively. The frequency distribution of fronds, primary branch length, stem diameter, stem length and volume, total number of leaf and total leaf area of plants in the community gradually increase in size as water depth increases. However, the mean area per leaf and the number of clonal juvenile fronds from the mother plant at the deep water communities were fo und to be bigger than that in shallower water.



### 11 THE LAMINARAN AND SULFATED FUCAN FROM Desmarestia distans (PHAEOPHYTA)
Torres R 1 

### , Mansilla A 2 

### and Matsuhiro B 1

1 Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Qu ímica y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile, rtorresdelafuente@yahoo.es. 2 Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes 0 1885, Punta Arenas, Chile. Instituto de Ecologia y Biodiversidad, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile

The laminarans and the sulfated fucans are two impo rtant polysaccharides synt hesized by brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae). Laminaran is a polysaccharide mainly composed of D-glucose residues linked β1-3, it acts as food reserve source. Sufate d fucans are composed by substantial pe rcentages of L-fucose and sulfate ester groups. Sulfated fucans are responsibl e of cation exchange in a saline medium and the prevention of desiccation in plants exposed by tides. Desmarestia distans (Phaeophyta) was collected in Reserva de Biosfera Cabo de Hornos, Chile. Blades of Desmarestia distans were extracted with 3% CaCl 2 solution affording a white solid with 30% of carbohydrate content. The extract was chro matographed on a Sephadex A-50 where two principal fractions were obtained. The major fraction (33% of ex tract) was eluted with di stilled water and the second fraction (7.2% of extract) using 0.2M NaCl as eluant. Th e FT-IR spectrum of the major fraction showed a band at 890 cm -1 assigned to βconfiguration in the polysaccharide chain, indicating that the major fraction correspond to laminaran. NMR analysis corroborated the results. Th e FT-IR spectrum of the second fraction showed a band at 817.5 cm -1 due to C-O-S vibration which corresponds to sulfate group linked to equatorial secondary alcoholic group and a band at 928.6 cm -1 assigned to βconfiguration in the polysacchari de chain. Also a band was found at 1622.8 cm -1 due to symmetric carboxylate group vibration. These results together with chemical analysis indicated that the second fraction corresponds to a sulfated fucan containing uronic acids.XX International Seaweed Symposium

156 

### 327 FUCOID FLORA OF THE ROCKY INTERTIDAL OF THE CANADIAN MARITIMES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE WITH RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE Ugarte RA, Craigie JS 1 

### and Critchley AT Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue , Dartmouth, B3B1X8, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1 Present address : National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, B3H 3Z1, NS, Canada

Fucoid species, particularly the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (rockweed), are key habitat formers and energy producers, and their responses to climate chan ge can have significant population, community and even ecosystem consequences in the Canadi an Maritime Provinces. From an ec onomic point of view, these changes could seriously affect a 50-year old se aweed industry that currently provides hundreds of jobs and injects millions of dollars into the local economy. The objective of this poster is to outline the potential changes in the fucoid flora of the Maritime Provinces that could result fr om the predicted increases in air and surface seawater temperature due to future climate change. The prediction s take into consideration the current biological and ecological information of these species in the region. Th e work is part of a forthcoming publication edited by (Israel, A., Einav, R. & Seckbach, J.): Seaweeds and Their Role in Globally Changing Environments . Springer (Spring 2010).



### 231 SPATIAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN NITRATEUPTAKE AND NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY AMONG POPULATION OF Macrocystis pyrifera Varela D 1 

### , Fernández P , Leal P and Maldonado M
1 Centro imar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chin quihue km 6, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile. dvarela@ulagos.cl

Macrocystis pyriferais distributed along Chilean coast from 37o S down to Patagonia (55o S). In the southern part, its populations inhabiting at inner sea (channels and Fjords) have showed a clear seasonal behavior regarding their density, fertility and recruitment. By cont rast, populations growing in Pacific waves expose coast have perennial-type lifestrategy. Environmental factor variations have been hypostatized to explain theses differences. In this context, as Nitrate environmental availability could be particularly relevant the seasonal strategy in algae, the present work attempt to descri be the Nitrate intake physiology in these contrasting populations. Considering this aim, Nitr ate uptake and Nitrate Reductase (NR) activity were measured in plants collected, from inner sea (from Bahía Metri and Estero Huito) and expose coast (from Pucatrihue and Bahía Mansa) populations. Additionally, Nitrate uptake and NR activity were measured in plants from these different populations in different season, acclimat ed in laboratory at distinct temper atures (10o and 15o C). The results make evident not only the seasonally variation, but alsosignificant differences amon g population. However, the differences observed in Nitrate uptake and NR activity we re not all related with contrasting environment in which the populations inhabits. Even more, the NR activity in acclimated plants evidences responses beyond physiological plasticity, sugg esting differential thermal ad aptation among populations.



### 291 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF Macrocystis IN NORTHERN CHILE Vega JMA and Vásquez JA 1

1 Departamento de Biología Marina, Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones CEAZA. Universidad Católica del Norte, Casilla 117 Coquimbo – CHILE. jvasquez@ucn.cl

Abundance and distributional patterns of brown se aweeds are highly dependent of local conditions. Environmental factors such as nutri ents and light, coastal topography, wave exposure, are keys on the distribution and abundance of coastal bed of Macrocystis pyrifera in northern Chile. To test this hypothesis, tree different exposed and shelter beds were monthly sa mpled between 2000-2004. Water temperature, nutrient, density of juvenile and adult sporophytes, plant growth and repr oductive phenology were measured in each study site. Density, growth, and recruitment ar e more variable in time, in contrast with the spatial variability of kelpXX International Seaweed Symposium

157 beds. Reproductive events occur al l year round, with continuous and low density recruitment of juvenile sporophytes. Exposed sites with high density of adult, shows hazardous high recruitment of ju veniles plants. The longevity of Macrocystis beds is higher in sheltered areas than protected ones. Growth rate and fronds production varied between localities, mainly re lated with water temperature and nutri ents availability. Although the local variability of growth rate and fronds production, the po pulation dynamics of Macrocystis show strong seasonal patterns. This seasonal dynamics of Macrocystis beds in northern Chile would be modified by regional oceanographic events as El Niño Southern Oscillation.



### 272 FEEDING PREFERENCES OF NATIVE INVERTEBRAT E CONSUMERS FOR NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SEAWEEDS IN BRAZILIAN WATERS Vogt SC 1 

### , Pereira RC, Smith JR and Murray SN SVAlgae@yahoo.com

Non-indigenous species (NIS) are threats to global bi odiversity and ecosystem functioning. Numerous NIS of seaweeds have been established on rocky shores, yet little is known about their interactions with native organisms, including the role these seaweeds play in local food webs. Based on the enemy release hypothesis, native consumers might feed less inte nsely on NIS because of the absence of co-evolved predators in their new habitats. In contrast, the biotic resistance hypothesis pr edicts that native consumers will feed preferentially on introduced seaweeds, which lack co-evolved defenses to their new predators. The purpose of this research was to examine the feeding preferences of native invertebrate consumers commonly found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, waters for two morphologically and taxonomically similar pairs of native and non-nati ve seaweeds: the non-native Kappaphycus alvarezii, recently introduced for cultivation, paired with the native Hypnea musciformis , and the exotic Caulerpa scapelliformis ,paired with the native C. sertularioides . Five seaweed-eating invertebrates (the seahare Aplysia juliana , the snail Astraea tecta , the urchins Echinometra lucunter and Lytechinus variegatus , and the crab Pachygrapsus transversus) were offered native and non-native se aweed samples in two-choice laboratory feeding bioassays. Differential consumption rates were compared with autogenic weight changes in control replicates to determine food choice. A consistent pattern of choosing native or non-native seaweeds was not revealed. Only two of the ten bioassays resulted in significant preferences ( Lytechinus and Echinometra for C. scapelliformis and Hypnea , respectively); two others (Aplysia for C. scapelliformis and Astraea for Kappaphycus) showed trends towards preferential consumption of non- native seaweeds.



### 501 CULTIVATION OF SEAWEEDS IN CHINA Wang FJ , Sun XT and Wang WJ Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Qingdao 266071, China wangfj@ysfri.ac.cn

The cultivated and utilized seaweeds mainly include Laminaria, Undaria, Porphyra, Eucheuma, Gracilaria, Gelidium, Sargassum and Macrocystis in China. In 2006, the commercial seaweed aquaculture production was 1,502,804 tons dry weight. In 2007, the yields of Laminaria, Undaria, Porphyra, Gracilaria are 775471, 140227, 90417, 99451 tons respectively. Laminaria culture laid a foundation for Ch inese aquaculture industry. Since

summer Laminaria seedlings were successfully produced in cool water in glasshouse, Laminaria cultivation area and yield have been wildly increased. Now Laminaria cultivate along seacoast from the north (Liaoning province) to the south (Fujian province), with a total of about 41,000 ha cultivation area. Although Laminaria can’t distribute in south part of China owing to high water te mperature in summer, they ar e artificially cultivated in Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu province s by adopting some techniques, such as technique for parent plant maturing, technique for summer seedling production, techni que for intermediate culture, technique for floatingraft cultivation. Now, 80% Laminaria is used for human food consumption, and about 20% Laminaria is used to extract algin, iodine and ma nnitol for industry purposes. Laminaria also can polyculture with scallop or abalone, even polyculture with Undaria or Gracilaria . Other commercial seaweeds produc tions are also adopted floatingraft culture method, similar to Laminaria ’s.XX International Seaweed Symposium

158 

### 172 CAN A CORALLINE ALGA SURVIVE IN AC IDIFIED SEAWATER IF NOT OVERGROWN? Watanabe R and Fujita D Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Recent scenario of ocean acidification remind s us the importance of coralline algae as CO 2 reserve because their survivals are threatened by the low pH (pH 7.8-8.0 by 2100). Previous reports demo nstrated the overgrowth by non-calcareous algae was critical for the coralline survival but little is known on the response by corallines in the low pH seawater. In the present study, an epiphytic Pneophyllum species attached on se agrass was used as a ‘model coralline’ to compare their gr owth rates in deep seawater (DSW, pu mped from Toyama Bay, Sea of Japan, pH 7.6), alkalized DSW (Al-DSW, pH 8.0), surface seawater (SSW) and modi fied Grund medium (MGM) at 15 and 20°C and MGM containing a quarter concentration of phosphate (MGM-1/4P, in which P. zostericola culture was successful) at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C. Spores grew and formed circulate or fan-shaped discs bearing trichocytes in every medium. Higher growth rates were obtained in DSW at 15°C and in Al-DSW at 20°C. Maturation occurred after losing trichocyte s in SSW, DSW and Al-DSW at 15 and 20°C though the thalli reduced th e reddish color. These results suggest that at least the Pneophyllum species can survive in the low pH seawater. Furthermore, in spite of low pH, DSW is a recommendable culture medium for the species.



### 266 Macrocystis IN CHILE: CULTURE EXPERIENCES IN EN DEMIC, IMPROVED AND INTERESPECIFIC VARIETIES IN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN COAST Westermeier R , Patiño D, Murúa P and Muller DG rwesterm@uach.cl
It was postulated that kelps of genus Macrocystis present in Chile: Macrocystis pyrifera L.C. Agardh and Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, don ́t differ enough to be classified as different species, where those differences are based only on morphological characters. To answer th is question were realized intraspecific (Pyr-Pyr/Int-Int) and interspecific (Pyr-Int) crosses of M. pyrifera and M. integrifolia varieties with their respective controls, which were cultured under laborato ry conditions and at sea, evaluating growth and morphological features (frond and holdfast shape) in two locations, in northern and so uthern Chile. Statistical differences were detected in laboratory grown among M. pyrifera
, M. integrifolia and hybrids, which were maintained in cultivation at sea, with a strong influence of cult ure location. As expected, M. integrifolia and M. pyrifera showed their best growth in areas where they originated, reaching 1.92 m and 3.06 m in 4 months in long-line culture, respectively, with biomasses of 2.0 kg thalli -1 and 4.77 kg thalli -1 . In localities where there weren’t endemic, both species showed high survivals but low productive para meters. Within the intraspecific Pyr-Pyr crosses, a highly productive variety was obtained with 8.26 m and 11.1 kg thalli -1 in 5 months. In the other hand, Pyr-Int hybrid showed excellent length and final biomass of 6.0 m and 7.07 kg thalli -1 in the north, and 3.18 m and 4.93 kg thalli -1 in the south, at same culture time. Furthermore, th e hybrids morphology was different, showing intermediate characteristics from both species. Heterosis effect and the possibility that Macrocystis species are monospecific is discussed, beside of its great potential in abalone and alginates industry.



### 143 INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT AND TEMP ERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF Gracilaria blodgettii HERVEY (RHODOPHYTA) FROM OKINAWA PREFECTURE, JAPAN Yamada S 1 

### , Sudo Y 1 

### and Notoya M 2
1 Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries and Ocea rn Research Center, Nishizaki 1-3- 1, Itoman, Okinawa, 901-0305 Japan, 2 Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology , Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan. yamadasn@pref.okinawa.lg.jp
Edible seaweed of the tetrasporophytes of Gracilariablodgettii Harvey was cultured at various nutrients (PES, KW21, PC) and it concentration (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% in PES; 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200% in PC; 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% in KW21), and temper atures (20oC, 25oC and 30oC) an d photon flux density of 144 μ mol m -2 s -1 to observe its good growth conditions fo r mass culture. The good daily growth rate was obtained at 75% in PES, 150% in PC, and 20% in KW21 after 5-8 weeks of culture. The good growth was obtained at 25oC in each nutrient of PES, KW21 and PC after 5-8 weeks of culture. Maturati on of cultured tetrasporophyte was observed after 16, 17 and 28 days culture at 25oC, 30oC and 20oC under PES, re spectively. Continuous libe ration of tetraspores was observed for 6 weeks at 25oC and 30oC under the nutrientof PES. The morphological differences were observed with the kind and concentration of nutr ient. From these results, it is considered that the condition of 25oC with PES is good for mass culture of the tetrasporophyte of G. blodgettii

.XX International Seaweed Symposium

159 Abdala-Díaz RT...................................................... 111 Abdon-Naguit MR .................................................. 102 Abdulalian E ............................................................ 95 Abe T .................................................................... 154 Abela R.................................................................... 72 Abreu MH .................................................... 43, 86, 98 Acosta-Calderón JA ................................................ 111 Adams JS ................................................................. 43 Afify MR Abd El-Moneim......................................... 112 Aguila-Ramírez RN................................... 54, 114, 128 Aguilar-Franco M ................................................... 122 Aguilar-Mora F....................................................... 112 Aguilar-Perera A....................................................... 90 Aguilar-Rosas LE ...................................... 44, 112, 136 Aguilar-Rosas R ....................................... 44, 112, 136 Ahmed VU ............................................................... 45 Akrim DH................................................................. 44 Alarcon G .............................................................. 126 Ale MT................................................................... 113 Allard M................................................................. 113 Alonso JM .............................................................. 114 Alvarez Gonzales CA................................................ 69 Alveal K ................................................................... 46 Amador-Martínez MG............................................. 117 Amancio CE ............................................................. 83 Andreev I............................................................... 125 Ang PO Jr............................................................... 106 Anggadiredja JT....................................................... 44 Antoine N ................................................................ 69 Aparicio CT............................................................ 143 Ar Gall E ............................................................ 45, 57 Ara J .......................................................... 45, 59, 100 Arellano-García E ..................................................... 52 Arenas González A ................................................ 114 Aristizabal M ......................................................... 137 Arriagada P............................................................ 120 Arvizu-Higuera DL............................................ 63, 103 Ask E ..................................................................... 114 Assia NK.................................................................. 82 Audibert L ............................................................... 45 Ávila E ..................................................................... 45 Avila M ............................................................ 46, 135 Avila-Ortiz A .......................................................... 120 Ayala-Sánchez N .................................................... 104 Aylagas E............................................................... 115 Azevedo CAA......................................................... 118 Babelis G ................................................................. 82 Baer J..................................................................... 115 Bahena MAC ............................................................ 47 Bakken PA ............................................................... 47 Balart EF .................................................................. 78 Balnokin YV ................................................... 125, 145 Baptista-Rosas R ...................................................... 52 Barahona T ............................................................ 116 Barbaroux O ............................................................ 64 Barreto PLM ........................................................... 127 Barros GLGP........................................................... 118 Barufi JB............................................................. 47, 72 Basiuk VA .............................................................. 122 Batista de Vega G..................................................... 48 Baumberger R.......................................................... 73 Beardall J ................................................................. 89 Bedford B................................................................. 73 Beesk H ................................................................... 61 Belkacem M ............................................................. 82 Bellefleur Y ............................................................ 113 Belyea E................................................................... 55 Benitez R ................................................................. 85 Benítez-Pardo D....................................................... 63 Benkel B .................................................................. 91 Beristain P ............................................................. 126 Bhatnagar AK........................................................... 92 Bhattacharya D ........................................................ 41 Bixler HJ .................................................................. 41 Blanc N.................................................................... 45 Bleicher-Lhonneur G .............................................. 150 Blouin NA ................................................................ 41 Bobadilla M.............................................................. 66 Bohorquez CA ......................................................... 48 Bond S..................................................................... 57 Boneberg EM ........................................................... 72 Boo SM ...................................................... 73, 74, 142 Borlongan IAG ....................................................... 116 Borras Chavez R ...................................................... 49 Bouzon ZL ............................................................. 127 Boyne-Travis S ......................................................... 55 Bravo L .................................................................... 90 Brawley SH............................................................... 41 Brebion J.................................................................. 49 Breton F................................................................... 45 Briceño-Dominguez DR.......................................... 117 Broch OJ .................................................................. 50 Bruhn A .............

............... ............... .............. .......... 50 Buchholz B .............................................................. 65 Bucio, L ................................................................. 122 Buckley C............................................................... 153 Burridge L................................................................ 55 Buschmann AH .............. 43, 51, 66, 87, 117, 122, 143 Butler A ................................................................... 72 Cabello-Pasini A....................................................... 51 Cabrera JC ......................................... 66, 87, 117, 143 Cáceres JH ....................................................... 46, 135 Calderón C .............................................................. 75 Callejas S............................................................... 101 

## Index by authorXX International Seaweed Symposium

160 Calumpong HP .................................................52, 102 Calvo CC ..................................................................93 Camacho-Hadad O .................................................117 Camacho-Ibar V........................................................52 Campbell E...............................................................55 Candelaria C ....................................................75, 118 Cantera JR ................................................................85 Carbajal P...............................................................110 Cárdenas-Bautista D .................................................52 Carneiro MAA.........................................................118 Carpenter LJ .............................................................72 Carranco JME......................................................47, 93 Carrano CJ................................................................53 Carrillo-Domínguez S ...................................47, 54, 93 Carton RJ..................................................53, 119, 135 Casas-Valdez M....................................47, 54, 93, 148 Cassano V ......................................................115, 123 Castillo DRM ............................................................47 Castillo R ...............................................................110 Cave R....................................................................121 Cérantola S ..............................................................45 Cerezo AS ................................................................60 Cetz-Navarro NP...............................................89, 119 Chabrillón M ..........................................................111 Chan CX...................................................................41 Chávez-Sánchez T ....................................................55 Cheung PCK ...........................................................106 Cho GY.....................................................................73 Choi H-G ..................................................................71 Chopin TM .........................................................55, 84 Chou HN ..........................................................56, 106 Christie H.................................................................79 Chung IK........

............... ............ ............ ...........56, 131 Ciancia M .................................................................60 Civera-Cerecedo R ....................................................87 Coelho H..................................................................97 Colepicolo P ...........................................................152 Collado-Vides L ..........................................56, 57, 132 Conde-Álvarez R.......................................................60 Connan S .........................................................99, 153 Contreras L ....................................................101, 119 Contreras-Holguin M ..............................................148 Contreras-Sanchez WM.............................................69 Correa JA........................................................101, 119 Costa AB ................................................................118 Costa AH................................................................118 Costa R ....................................................................97 Costa VL ................................................................145 Craft CA .................................................................134 Craigie JS .........................................................42, 156 Critchley AT.... 91, 109, 116, 121, 131, 140, 149, 150, 156 Cruz A, González L .................................................. 75 Dahl J....................................................................... 50 De Clerck O ........................................................... 102 De la Fuente L........................................................ 120 Deslandes E ............................................................. 57 Díaz-Larrea J .................................................. 115, 123 Díaz-Martínez S ..................................................... 120 Díaz-Rosas F.......................................................... 143 Díez I....................................................................... 58 Dion P...................................................................... 94 Diouris M................................................................. 57 Durcan J................................................................. 121 Edwards M........................................... 49, 58, 91, 128 Ehlers A ................................................................... 59 Ehteshamul-Haque S .................................. 45, 59, 100 Elias M................................................................... 109 Ellingsen IH.............................................................. 50 Encinas MV ............................................................ 116 Engelen AH............................................................ 108 Espinoza-Avalos J............................................. 89, 119 Estevez JM ............................................................... 60 Exadactylos A ........................................................ 109 Fan D..................................................................... 121 Faria GSM .............................................................. 127 Farías D ................................................. 120, 122, 126 Feiters MC ............................................................... 72 Felix MRL............................................................... 127 Feodorova TA ........................................................ 122 Fernández PV................................... 60, 122, 126, 156 Ferratto J ................................................................. 82 Ferret C ................................................................... 84 Figueroa FL.............................. 43, 47, 51, 60, 72, 111 Filion V .................................................................. 113 Floch JY ................................................................... 57 Flores D................................................................. 109 Flores MR............................................................... 101 Flores R ................................................... 51, 120, 122 Fonseca ALD.......................................................... 127 Forbord S................................................................. 61 Fournet I.................................................................. 57 Fourqurean J.......................................................... 132 Fragoso D.............................................................. 122 Freile-Pelegrín Y............................... 94, 124, 134, 137 Fujii MT ................................................. 115, 123, 152 Fujikawa Y ..................................................... 123, 132 Fujita D...................................................... 53, 61, 158 Furufuji S............................................................... 135 Gabrielson PW.................................................... 62, 77 Gachon CMM ................................................... 99, 109XX International Seaweed Symposium

161 Gajardo G .............................................................. 126 Gálvez-Télles A ...................................................... 132 Gamarra A ..................................................... 109, 110 Gao SQ .................................................................... 84 García M ................................................................ 124 García Reina G ....................................................... 137 Garcia-Jimenez P...................................................... 48 García-Lepe G ........................................................ 127 García-Mendoza E .............................................. 62, 83 García-Pagés E ....................................................... 144 García-Raymundo MJ................................................ 63 García-Ríos V ......................................................... 124 Genatulina A.......................................................... 125 Gerung GS ....................................................... 63, 108 Gil C ........................................................................ 72 Gil-Rodríguez MC........................................... 115, 123 Givernaud T............................................................. 64 Góes HG .................................................................. 64 Gomez G ............................................................... 126 Gómez-Pinchetti JL........................................... 72, 111 Gong YG................................................................ 129 González Acosta B ................................................. 114 González K .............................................................. 87 Gorostiaga JM .......................................................... 58 Goulard F................................................................. 57 Goya L ..................................................................... 90 Graczyk-Raczyñska MZ .......................................... 125 Graham MH ............................................... 64, 66, 139 Grevo G ................................................................... 69 Grolimund D............................................................ 72 Grossman AC........................................................... 41 Guerra G................................................................ 126 Guerra-Rivas G....................................................... 104 Guiry MD ................................................................. 90 Gutiérrez A.............................. 51, 115, 120, 122, 126 Gutierréz-Uribe JA.................................................. 128 Guzmán-Calderón JM ..................................... 127, 147 Hajime Y.................................................................. 69 Hammann M ............................................................ 65 Hanisak MD ............................................................. 66 Hanniffy D ......................................................... 65, 91 Harris LG ............................................................... 140 Hauchard D ............................................................. 45 Haya K..................................................................... 55 Hayashi L............................................................... 127 Hayashi Y ...................................................... 123, 155 Hellio C ................................................................. 114 Hennequart F........................................................... 49 Henríquez L............................................................. 66 Hepburn C............................................................... 89 Heredia A .............................................................. 122 Hernández Guerrero CJ.......................................... 114 Hernández-Carmona G... 63, 67, 92, 96, 100, 103, 117 Hernández-Contreras H ........................................... 54 Hernández-Garibay E ................................. 67, 92, 147 Hernández-González MC...................... 51, 66, 87, 117 Hernández-Guerrero C ...........................................128 Hernández-Llamas A ................................................87 Hernández-Reyes R ................................................122 Hiltz DA ...........................................91, 131, 134, 140 Hodges MD .......................................................91,121 Hommersand MH .....................................................68 Hondolero D ..........................................................128 Hosoya R................................................................155 Huamani S .............................................................109 Hughey JR ................................................................68 Huovinen P...............................................................51 Hupel M ...................................................................68 Hurd C .....................................................................89 Hurtado AQ......................................81, 109, 116, 150 Hwang EK.......................................................129, 142 Ignatova TA ...........................................................144 Inderdeep K .......................................................68, 92 Indy JR .....................................................................69 Jayaraj J............................................................69, 129 Jeffries SV ..............................................................139 Jeng J-M ...................................................................56 Ji X.........................................................................121 Jiang H...................................................................129 Jiang P .........................................................70, 75, 89 Jian-Yi Zhu .....................................................129, 130 Joe M .....................................................................150 John U......................................................................59 Johnson LE...............................................................70 Jorgensen P............................................................119 Kaas R......................................................................64 Kakita H.................................................................130 Kameya A...............................................................110 Kamishima H..........................................................130 Kamnev AN ............................................................146 Kang YH.................................................................131 Karez R ....................................................................65 Kashiyama Y ..........................................................107 Kawai Hiroshi.........................................................112 Kawakami F............................................................136 Kelly P....................................................................106 Khan W ..................................................................131 Kim H-S....................................................................84 Kim J........................................................................71 Kim JG......................................................................56 Kim KM ..................................................................142 Kim KY...............................................................58, 71 Kimura H .........................................................53, 119 Kinlan BP..................................................................64 Kirby CW..........................................................91, 121 Kirihara S .......................................................123, 132 Kitasato H ..............................................................136 Koike Y ....................................................................61 Korbee N................................................43, 47, 60, 72 Kostopoulou-Karadanelli MN ....................................99 Kraan S ....................................65, 72, 77, 90, 91, 151 Kroneck PMH ...........................................................72XX International Seaweed Symposium

162 Kruse I ..................................................................... 59 Küpper FC.................................................... 53, 72, 99 Kusunoki F............................................................... 61 Kuwahara H ............................................................. 61 Lacey E................................................................... 132 Ladah LB ............................................................ 88, 96 Lahaye M ................................................................. 94 Lampin T ............................................................... 150 Laparra-López SJ .................................................... 132 Lapointe B................................................................ 73 Leal D .................................................................... 133 Leal P............................................................. 120, 156 Lee KM............................................................... 73, 74 Leitão JC .................................................................. 97 León-Cisneros K....................................................... 74 León-Tejera H .......................................................... 75 Lerat Y ..................................................................... 94 Li-En Yang.............................................................. 130 Lin HZ.......................................................... 70, 75, 89 Lin S ........................................................................ 41 Lindstrom SC ........................................................... 75 Little S ................................................................... 114 Liu F ........................................................................ 84 Liu ZY ...................................................................... 70 Locke SJ ................................................................. 121 López E.................................................................... 75 López N ................................................. 118, 124, 146 López-Becerril PD................................................... 132 López-Soler B ......................................................... 111 López-Vivas JM................................................. 79, 133 López-Yllescas M.................................................... 112 Lozano Y.................................................................. 85 Lu H-K...................................................................... 56 Lucañas J ................................................................. 52 Luther GW................................................................ 72 Macías-Carranza V ................................................... 51 MacKinnon SL ........................................................ 134 Maczassek K ............................................................ 76 Madera-Santana TJ ................................................. 134 Maeda T................................................................. 135 Mair C...................................................................... 77 Maldonado M ................................................... 66, 156 Maneveldt GW .......................................................... 76 Manfield I............................................................... 140 Mansilla A.................. 46, 77 , 116, 133, 135, 141, 155 Mansilla J ................................................................. 82 Mapes A................................................................. 153 Marambio J ............................................................ 141 Marin H.................................................................. 143 Marinho-Soriano E.................................................. 118 Martin MA................................................................ 90 Martin P ................................................................... 77 Martone PT ........................................................ 62, 77 Maruyama H........................................................... 136 Mason K................................................................. 114 Mateo-Cid LE.......................................... 111, 136, 149 Mateos R ................................................................. 90 Mathieson AC ........................................................ 140 Matsuhiro B ................................... 116, 133, 135, 155 Mattio L................................................................... 84 Maya A .................................................................... 82 Mazariegos-Villarreal A.............................. 55, 78, 112 Mazoyer J .............................................................. 150 McFiggans GB.......................................................... 72 McGovern E ........................................................... 121 Medina-López MA .................................................. 112 Melgar R.................................................................. 82 Meling-López AE.................................................... 141 Mendoza-González AC................................... 111, 136 Metti Y................................................................... 123 Meychik NR ........................................................... 146 Meyer-Klaucke W ..................................................... 72 Meyers A ............................................................... 113 Michel G .................................................................. 42 Mikkelsen JD.......................................................... 113 Millar A.................................................................. 123 Miller KA ............................................... 62, 73, 77, 78 Mohamed M ............................................................ 82 Molina Salinas GM ................................................. 138 Molis M ................................................................. 108 Momoli MM ............................................................. 47 Mondino C............................................................... 82 Monje M ................................................................ 120 Monsalvo-Spencer P................................................. 54 Montaño-Moctezuma G.......................................... 152 Montero M............................................................. 137 Moo-Puc R ............................................................. 137 Morales-Payan JP.................................................... 138 Mori K ..................................................................... 61 Mouradi A................................................................ 64 Moy FE..................................................................... 79 Msuya FE ................................................................. 79 Muguerza N............................................................. 58 Muller DG .............................................................. 158 Muñiz-Salazar R................. ................................ 52, 79 Muñoz P ................................................................ 102 Muñoz-Ochoa M ........................................ 63, 92, 138 Muraoka D..................................................... 130, 138 Murcia S .................................................................. 77 Murcia SM.............................................................. 135 Murillo-Álvarez JI ..................................... 92, 103, 138 Murray SN........................................................ 80, 157 Murúa P................................................................. 158 Muth AF................................................................. 139 Myslabodski DE ....................................................... 80 Naguit MRA ............................................................. 52 Nakada R............................................................... 139 Nakano T............................................................... 136 Narayanan JN......................................................... 140 Navarro CA.............................................................. 80 Neefus CD ............................................................. 140 Neish IC................................................................... 81XX International Seaweed Symposium

163 Nelson WA............................................................... 73 Neofitou N............................................................. 109 Neori A.................................................................... 81 Neto AI ...................................................... 74, 96, 147 Nettleton JC ........................................................... 140 Nielsen HB ............................................................... 50 Nikolaisen LS ........................................................... 50 Nissa S .................................................................... 82 Nitschke U............................................................. 153 Nogueira E M ........................................................... 74 Norrie J...................................................... 69, 82, 138 Notoya M......... 53, 119, 123, 132, 135, 154, 155, 158 Novoa-Garrido M.................................................... 146 Nunes BG............................................................... 127 Oak JH ..................................................................... 56 Ocampo-Álvarez H............................................. 62, 83 Ochoa-Izaguirre MJ ................................................ 144 Ojeda .................................................................... 141 Okumura Y ............................................................ 138 Okuyama Y ...................................................... 53, 119 Oliveira EC............................................... 83, 127, 142 Oliveira MC........................................ 47, 72, 123, 142 Olsen Y.............................................................. 50, 61 Orbi A...................................................................... 64 Orduña-Rojas J....................................................... 141 ORourke C............................................................... 99 Ortegón-Aznar I....................................................... 90 Osorio-Román IO ................................................... 133 Pacheco-Ruíz I ............. 52, 67, 79, 127, 132, 133, 141 Páez-Osuna F......................................................... 144 Page F ..................................................................... 55 Palacios PML ............................................................ 86 Palacios-Mechetnov E....................................... 54, 148 Palanivelu R ........................................................... 140 Palmer CJ................................................................. 72 Pang SJ ...................................................... 55, 84, 146 Paredes J................................................................ 126 Park CS.......................................................... 129, 142 Park H ..................................................................... 84 Park H-W.................................................................. 84 Park JK................................................................... 142 Park K-S............................................................. 56, 84 Park KY.................................................................. 142 Park SR .................................................................. 131 Pasto R .......................................................... 109, 110 Patiño D................................................................. 158 Payo DO .................................................................. 52 Payri CE ................................................................... 84 Pedersen A .............................................................. 85 Pedroche FF............................................................. 44 Pellizzari FM .......................................................... 142 Peña EJ ...................................................... 85, 86, 143 Pereda SV .......................................... 66, 87, 117, 143 Pereira R...................................................... 43, 86, 98 Pereira RC.............................................................. 157 Pérez-Estrada CJ....................................................... 87 Pérez-Gil F ..........................................................47, 93 Pérez-Mayorga DM....................................................88 Phan KV..................................................................144 Piel MI ..............................................................46, 135 Piñón-Gimate A.......................................................144 Plastino EM.....................................................118, 145 Podkorytova AV ................................................88, 144 Ponce-Díaz G ............................................................67 Ponce-Márquez M E ................................................146 Popova LG ......................................................125, 145 Popova NI...............................................................146 Porse H.....................................................................41 Porter M ...................................................................79 Portillo-Clark G .........................................................54 Potin P......................................................................72 Powell F....................................................................55 Prasanna Venkatalakshmi R ....................................101 Pringle J....................................................................97 Pritchard D ...............................................................89 Prithiviraj B.......................91, 121, 131, 140, 149, 150 Prithiviraj K.............................................................149 Pu Xu..............................................................129, 130 Punja ZK...........................................................69, 129 Qin S ............................................................70, 75, 89 Quan-Young LI..........................................................89 Queguineur B ...........................................................90 Rajput MT.........................................................59, 100 Ramírez-Cahero F ...................................................122 Ramirez-Miss N.........................................................90 Ramos S ...................................................................90 Rasmussen MB .........................................................50 Ratcliff J....................................................................91 Ravichandran S.......................................................149 Ravn E ......................................................................50 Rayirath P.................................................................91 Rebours C ..............................................................146 Reeta K.....................................................................92 Reid GK ....................................................................55 Reis RP .....................................................................64 Reitan KI.............................................................50, 61 Rema P .....................................................................86 Resendiz Aguilar G ...................................................92 Reyes-Bonilla H.........................................................78 Reza-Sánchez M......................................................148 Rico RM ..................................................................111 Ridler N ....................................................................55 Rincones RE..............................................................93 Ríos E .....................................................................124 Ríos VH ....................................................................93 Riosmena-Rodríguez R 45, 67, 73, 74, 79, 94, 96, 100, 103, 133, 141, 147 Robaina RR...............................................................48 Robic A.....................................................................94 Robinson SMC ..........................................................55 Robledo D ........................................94, 124, 134, 137 Rochefort J-Guy ......................................................113XX International Seaweed Symposium

164 Rodríguez D.............................46, 118, 122, 124, 146 Rodriguez LA ...........................................................69 Rodríguez-Astudillo S...............................................54 Rodríguez-Galván A................................................122 Rodríguez-Montesinos YE.........................63, 103, 149 Rohani-Ghadikolaei K ...............................................95 Roleda MY................................................................95 Rosas-Alquicira EF ............................................96, 147 Rosenfeld S ............................................................141 Rover T ..................................................................127 Rozzi R ..................................................................141 Ruiz-Gómez A ........................................................147 Rumampuk JR...........................................................44 Ryu J-H.....................................................................71 Sadamatsu T ............................................................61 Sakami T ................................................................138 Sakane K ................................................................130 Salas-Garza A .........................................................152 Salazar GA .............................................................120 Sánchez A ..............................................................148 Sánchez L.................................................................75 Sánchez-Alejandro FG.............................................149 Sánchez-Barredo M...................................................96 Sánchez-Rodríguez I.................................54, 148, 149 Sánchez-Saavedra MP .............................................149 Sander B...................................................................50 Sangha JS .......................................................149, 150 Santelices B..............................................................97 Santolaria A..............................................................58 Santos AA ..............................................................127 Santos RO ........................................................97, 108 Sassi JF.....................................................................94 Sawhney M...............................................................55 Scariot LA...............................................................127 Schreider MJ.............................................................48 Searcy-Bernal R.......................................................152 Seguimbraud C ......................................................150 Selivanova ON ........................................................151 Sellner K.................................................................107 Sentíes A................................................115, 119, 123 Serviere-Zaragoza E..........54, 55, 67, 78, 87, 112, 148 Sewuster J ................................................................55 Shalaby E ...............................................................112 Shan TF....................................................................84 Shanab MM Sanaa ..................................................112 Sharp G............................................................97, 113 Shea R......................................................................55 Sherwood A..............................................................73 Silva B ......................................................................98 Silva BTN..................................................................83 Silva J .......................................................................97 Singh RP.................................................................150 Siqueiros Beltrones DA.............................................98 Slagstad D................................................................50 Smith JR ...........................................................80, 157 Sohn G-M .................................................................84 Sohn M...................................................................108 Soler-Vila A.......................................................91, 151 Song-Dong Shen.....................................................130 Sonnenholzner J .....................................................152 Soria-Mercado I ...............................................104,126 Soto-Jiménez MF.....................................................144 Sousa-Pinto I ................................................43, 86, 98 Souto ML................................................................115 Souza MS ...............................................................127 Stein EM .................................................................152 Stekoll MS ..............................................................153 Stengel DB........................................99, 115, 121, 153 Stiller JW...................................................................41 Strittmatter M...........................................................99 Suárez-Castillo A ....................................................100 Suda M...................................................................154 Sudo Y ...........................................................154, 158 Sukhoveeva MV ........................................................88 Sultana V....................................................45, 59, 100 Sun S........................................................................84 Sun XT ...........................................................105, 157 Suzuki H ................................................................155 Swantara IMD ...........................................................44 Szemerda M .............................................................55 Tejada A.........................................................109, 110 Thangaraju N .........................................................101 Thomas D ......................................................101, 119 Thomsen AB.............................................................50 Thornber, C............................................................101 Tibubos KR.....................................................109, 116 Tisera WL ...............................................................102 Torres R .................................................................155 Tuohy MG ................................................................49 Tveiten L ..................................................................79 Tyrrell L .................................................................121 Ugarte RA...............................................102, 134, 156 Usov AI...................................................................144 Valente L..................................................................86 van West P................................................................99 Varela D ...........................................51, 122, 126, 156 Vargas Villarreal J ...................................................138 Vásquez J .................................................................49 Vásquez JA.....................................102, 114, 122, 156 Vázquez E ..............................................................118 Vea J ......................................................................103 Vega JMA................................................................156 Vega-Zepeda A .........................................................89 Vergara-Rodarte MA ...............................................103 Vilkova O ...............................................................104 Villarreal-Gomez L..................................................104 Vogt SC............................................................80, 157 Wahl M.....................................................................65 Waite TJ....................................................................72 Wang FJ..........................................................105, 157 Wang J......................................................................75 Wang JF....................................................................70XX International Seaweed Symposium

165 Wang WJ ........................................................ 105, 157 Wang X .................................................................... 61 Wang Y .................................................................... 89 Wang-Pruski G ....................................................... 121 Watanabe R...................................................... 61, 158 Weiller M ................................................................. 72 Weinberger F ..................................................... 59, 65 Werlinger C.............................................................. 77 Wernberg T............................................................ 105 West J .................................................................... 106 Westermeier R ....................................................... 158 Win Ni-Ni ............................................................... 112 Wing Keong Ng........................................................ 95 Winkler F ............................................................... 126 Woelkerling WmJ...................................................... 76 Woitsch S................................................................. 72 Wong RTC.............................................................. 106 Xu N ........................................................................ 84 Yamada S....................................................... 154, 158 Yamada Y ...................................................... 123, 132 Yan Wang .............................................................. 129 Yang CY................................................................. 106 Yang EC................................................................... 74 Yang Y................................................................... 107 Yarish C....................................... 41, 43, 79, 107, 133 Yermakov IP........................................................... 146 Yokochi K .............................................................. 155 Yokota J................................................................... 61 Yokoya NS ..................................................... 135, 142 Yoshie-Stark Y........................................................ 139 Yoshikuni Y ........................................................... 107 Yosinaga K............................................................. 136 You HC ............................................................ 63, 108 Yun HY .................................................................. 108 Yunque DAT .................................................. 109, 116 Zacharias M ........................................................... 153 Zambounis A ......................................................... 109 Zavala J.......................................................... 109, 110 Zertuche-González JA........... 52, 67, 79, 127, 141, 147 Zevallos J ....................................................... 109, 110 Zhang J...................................................... 75, 91, 121 Zhang YY................................................................. 41 Zhang ZH................................................................. 84 Zhao J...................................................................... 70 Zitta CS.................................................................. 127 Zuccarello GC ................................................ 106, 110XX International Seaweed Symposium

166 

## Addresses of Delegates

Abdala-Díaz Roberto University of Malaga Campus Universitario Teatinos s/n SPAIN abdala@uma.es

Abdellatif Orbi INRH 2 rue de TIZNIT MOROCCO orbi@inrh.org.ma

Abreu Maria CIIMAR- Center for Marine and Environmental Research Rua dos Bragas, 289 PORTUGAL mhabreu@ciimar.up.pt

Acosta Julio Escuela Nacional de CienciasBiológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Carpio y Plan de Ayala Col. Santo Tomas MEXICO jaac_hello@hotmail.com

Adams John Center for Progressiv e Studies and Culture 307 katherine drive USA jsahips@me.com

Aguila Ramirez Ruth Noemi Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N MEXICO raguilar@ipn.mx

Aguilar-Rosas Luis Instituto de Investigaci ones Oceanológicas, UABC Km 103 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada MEXICO laguilar@uabc.mx

Aguilar-Rosas Raúl Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, UABC Km. 103 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada MEXICO raguilar@uabc.mx Akintayo Ramoni Central Penn College, PA USA PO BOx 27078 NIGERIA akinrindetayo@live.com

Akrim Djusdil PT. Bantimurung Indah - seaweed industries Jl. Sam Ratulangi Km.31, Maros INDONESIA bswindah@indosat.net.id

Ale Marcel Tutor Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical, Denmark Technical University (DTU) Soetoft Plads Bldg. 229 DENMARK mta@kt.dtu.dk

Allard Marc Nunavik Biosciences Inc. 1111De. Frederik-Philips Blvd.,3rd Floor CANADA mallard@makivik.org

Alquati Monica ALIMEX S.A. Isidora Goyenechea 3621 17th Floor CHILE malquati@alimex.cl

Ang Put Department of Biology, Th e Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N.T. HONG KONG put-ang@cuhk.edu.hk

Ang Isidro Martsons Food Corporation P.O. Box 81323, Bugac, Ma-a PHILIPPINES admin@martsonsfoodcorp.com

Anggadiredja Jana The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology Jl. MH Tamrin no. 8 INDONESIA jana@ceo.bppt.go.idXX International Seaweed Symposium

167 Ar Gall Erwan University of Western Brittany, Brest LEBHAM, IUEM FRANCE erargall@univ-brest.fr

Ara Jehan

Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi University road, Karachi-75270 PAKISTAN foodfulbright03@hotmail.com

Aruga Yusho Japan Seaweed Association Nishikamata 2-4-21, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan JAPAN arugay@mx4.ttcn.ne.jp

Ask Erick FMC Corporation. Philadelphia, Penn. 1735 Market St. USA erick_ask@fmc.com

Ávila Enrique Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz B.C.S., C.P. 23080 MEXICO kike@ola.icmyl.unam.mx

Avila-Ortiz Alejandrina Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM Batalla 5 de Mayo S/N esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Col. Ejercito de Oriente MEXICO agao@xanum.uam.mx

Ayala Pablo Seaweed export company, S.A. Camino Mirasol 1459-D CHILE payala@secosa.cl

Aylagas Eva Universidad de La Laguna Facultad de Farmacia. Dpto. Biología Vegetal (Botánica) SPAIN eva.biologia@gmail.com

Ayrault Lance BAL Chile S.A. Coimbra 110, Of. 1102 CHILE lance@ba-lab.com Azanza Rhodora The Marine Science Institute University of the Philippines, Diliman PHILIPPINES rhodaazanza@yahoo.com

Bakken Paal Seaweed Energy Solutions AS Pirsenteret 3 Etg. Oppgang D, Havnegaten 9 NORWAY bakken@sapo.pt

BarahonaTamara Universidad de Santiago de Chile Alameda #3363 Chile tamara.barahona@gmail.com

Baricuatro Farley FMC FMC Marine Colloids Phils, Ouano Cpd, Looc PHILIPPINES farley.baricuatro@fmc.com

Barufi José University of Sao Paulo Rua do Matao, 277 Travessa 14 BRAZIL jose_usp@yahoo.com.br

Beamonte Ignacio Bajakelp PO BOX 431740 USA bajakelp@ensenada.net

Beck Claus FMC BioPolymer Looc, Mandaue, Cebu PHILIPPINES claus.beck@fmc.com

Benzheng Wang IMPORT Y EXPORT GUANGJIN LTDA DOCTOR JOHOW 672 CHILE benlatina@gmail.com

Berraho Abdellatif INRH 2 rue de TIZNIT MOROCCO berraho@inrh.org.maXX International Seaweed Symposium

168 Bhatnagar Ashok Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007 INDIA akb_du@rediffmail.com

Bitan Friedlander Naomi Israel Oceanographic an d Limnological Research 8 Mordechai St. ISRAEL naomib@macam.ac.il

Bixler Harris Pete Marinalg International 631 Moosehead Trail USA pbixler@isinc.to

Blas Enrique Import y Export Guangjin Ltda Doctor Johow 672 CHILE gustavoblas@benlatina.cl

Bleicher-Lhonneur Genevieve Cargill France Sas Cargill Texturizing Solutions FRANCE genevieve_bleicher-l honneur@cargill.com

Bohorquez Rueda Carlos University of Newcastle PO Box 127 Ourimbah Campus AUSTRALIA Nicole.Day@newcastle.edu.au

Bondu Stephanie Lebham-University of Brest Place Nicolas Copernic Technopole de Brest Iroise FRANCE stfbondu@yahoo.fr

Boo Sung Min Chungnam National University 220 Gungdong, Yuseonggu KOREA smboo@cnu.ac.kr

Borras Chavez Renato San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive USA rborras@gmail.com Bragg Aline Exportaciones Pampamar S.A. Av. Las Condes 8060 - Dpt. 203 CHILE alinebragg@pampamar.cl

Breathnach Noreen Arramara Teo Kilkieran, Connemara, Co Galway IRELAND n.breathnach@arramara.ie

Brebion Jeremy NUI, Galway University Road IRELAND jeremy.brebion@gmail.com

Briceño-Dominguez Diego Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N Playa Palo de Santa Rita. MEXICO monchob@gmail.com

Broch Ole SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture NO-7465 Trrondheim NORWAY ole.jacob.broch@sintef.no

Bruhn Annette National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University Vejlsa ̧vej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, DENMARK Annette.Bruhn@biology.au.dk

Buschmann Alejandro Centro i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt CHILE abuschma@ulagos.cl

Butterworth Adam The South Australian Oyster Hatchery PO BOX 1579 AUSTRALIA adam.78@windowslive.com

Cabello-Pasini Alejandro Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Ensenada, B.C. MEXICO acabello@uabc.mxXX International Seaweed Symposium

169 Cabrera Juan Carlos CIEN Austral Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos S/N Pelluco CHILE juancarlos.cabrera@cienaustral.cl

Calumpong Hilconida Sillimn University-Insti tute of Environmental and Marine Sciences Dumaguete City, Philippines PHILIPPINES hpcalumpong@yahoo.com

Candelaria Carlos Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitari a, Del. Coyoacán MEXICO cf_candela@yahoo.com.mx

Carneiro Marcella Universidade de Sao Paulo Departamento de Botanica -IBUSP. Rua do Matao 277 - Cidade Universitaria - Butanta - SP BRAZIL marcellamaral@hotmail.com

Carney Laura Scripps Institution of Oceanography UCSD/SIO/IOD 0218, 9500 Gilman Drive USA lcarney@ucsd.edu

Carranco Ma. Elena Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15. Tlalpan MEXICO rexprimero@hotmail.com

Carrano Carl San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Dr. USA carrano@sciences.sdsu.edu

Carrillo Silvia Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Tlalpan MEXICO silvicarrillo3@hotmail.com Carton Rhea Joy Tokyo University of Mari ne Science and Technology 4-5-7 Konan JAPAN rheajoycarton@gmail.com

Cetz-Navarro Neidy El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Apartado postal 424 MEXICO ncetz@ecosur.mx

Chak Ching Wong Hong Kong Sheli Ltd/Yantai Sheli Hydrocolloids Co.,LTD Room B, 37/F.,Tower 3, Queen’s Terrace, No. 1 Queen Street, Hong Kong CHINA konjac.wong@sheli.com.cn

Chapman Anthony Botanica Marina 285 Duncans Cove Road CANADA achapman123@gmail.com

Chávez Sánchez Tonatiuh Centro de Investigaciones del Noroeste Mar Bermejo No. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Apdo. Postal 128; La Paz, BCS 23090, MEXICO iguanados4@hotmail.com

Chopin Thierry University of New Brunswick Dept. of Biology, P.O. Box 5050 CANADA tchopin@unbsj.ca

Chou Hong-Nong National Taiwan University IFS, NTU, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road TAIWAN unijohn@ntu.edu.tw

Christie Hartvig Norwegian Institute for Water Research Gaustadalleen 21 NORWAY hartvig.christie@niva.no

Chung Shuk TACARA 2nd Fl Blk D Bandaran Baru II MALAYSIA tacara@tm.net.myXX International Seaweed Symposium

170 Chung Ik Kyo Pusan National University San #30, Jangjun- dong, Geumjung-gu KOREA ikchung@pusan.ac.kr

Ciancia Marina Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Agronomía Av San Martín 4453 ARGENTINA ciancia@agro.uba.ar

Collado-Vides Ligia Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Department of Biology OE 167 USA colladol@fiu.edu

Contreras Loretto Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Alameda 340 CHILE lcontrer@puc.cl

Correa Zzabi UNAM Col. Alemán entre 16 y 18 calle23 MEXICO zzabimar@gmail.com

Craigie James Acadian Seaplants Limited 30 Brown Avenue CANADA jcraigie@ns.sympatico.ca

Critchley Alan Acadian Seaplants Limited 30 Brown Avenue CANADA atc@acadian.ca

Díaz-Martínez Sergio Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM Batalla 5 de mayo S/N Col. Ejército de Oriente MEXICO sergiodiazmartinez@live.com.mx

Dakay Benson Shemberg Corporation Paknaan PHILIPPINES pierre.dakay@shemberg.com.ph Dakay Pierre Shemberg Corporation Pakna-an PHILIPPINES pcd4921@attglobal.net

Dakay Marie Shemberg Corporation Pakna-an PHILIPPINES qpl001@attglobal.net

Dan Akinori Tokushima Prefectural Fisheries Research Institute Naruto Tokushima JAPAN dan_akinori_1@pref .tokushima.lg.jp

De La Fuente Lucia UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS LAGOS AVDA FUCHSLOCHER 1305 CHILE ldelaf@ulagos.cl

De La Piedra Pablo ALIMEX S.A. Isidora Goyenechea 3621 17th Floor CHILE pdelapiedra@alimex.cl

Deslandes Eric European Institute for Marine Studies University of Western Brittany Place Nicolas CopernicFRANCE eric.deslandes@univ-brest.fr

Deslandes Catherine LEBHAM IUEM University of Western Brittany Place Nicolas Copernic FRANCE cathy.desl@yahoo.fr

Deveau Jean-Paul Acadian Seaplants Limited 30 Brown Avenue CANADA lcarroll@acadian.ca

Deveau Louis Acadian Seaplants Limited 30 Brown Avenue CANADA ledeveau@acadian.caXX International Seaweed Symposium

171 Dionson Evie Shemberg Corporation Paknaan PHILIPPINES liza.sotto@shemberg.com.ph

Driouich Zakia Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Pêches maritimes. Quartier administratif Rabat Agdal MOROCCO driouich@mpm.gov.ma

Dupuy Juan PSW SA Av. Paul Poblet D 19, Lt 19, Luran PERU juan.dupuy@pswsa.com

Edwards Matthew San Diego State University Department of Biology MC 4614 USA Edwards@sciences.sdsu.edu

Ehteshamul-Haque Syed Department of Botany, University of Karachi University road, Karachi-75270 PAKISTAN ehtesham12@hotmail.com

El-Shora Hamed Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt MEXICO shoraem@yahoo.com

Engelen Aschwin CCMAR Univ. do Algarve, FCT, Campus de Gambelas PORTUGAL aengelen@ualg.pt

Enrique Peña Universidad del Valle Depto de Biologia Calle 13 # 100-00 A.A. 25360 COLOMBIA enripena@uni valle.edu.co

Eriksen Mikael EUROGUM A/S Romancejev 27 DENMARK me@eurogum.dk Espinoza-Avalos Julio El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Apartado postal 424 MEXICO jespino@ecosur.mx

Evans La Kenya San Diego State University 5405 Baltimore Dr. #18 USA evansl@rohan.sdsu.edu

Faria Gabriel Soares Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Centro de Ciencias Bi ologicas, Depto. BEG BRAZIL gabrielmattar@uol.com.br

Farias Aqueveque Daniela Centro de Investigaciones i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos Caino a Chinquihue km 6 CHILE dfarias@mail.ulagos.cl

Fazal Murtaza C-Weed Corporation P. O. 9712 TANZANIA morty@fazal.com

Feodorova Tatiana Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Higher Plants Leninskie Gory, 1 RUSSIA torreya@mail.ru

Fernandez Pamela Centro i-mar, Universidad de los Lagos Camino chinquihue Km 6 CHILE p.fernandez@ulagos.cl

Figueroa Felix University of Malaga Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n SPAIN felixlfigueroa@yahoo.es

Forbord Silje SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture SINTEF Sealab NORWAY silje.forbord@sintef.noXX International Seaweed Symposium

172 Fragoso Tejas Dalila Universidad de la Sierra Carretera Moctezuma-Cumpas km 2.5 MEXICO dalila_f@live.com.mx Freile-Pelegrin Yolanda Department of MarineResources. Cinvestav Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex AP 73 MEXICO freile@mda.cinvestav.mx

Friedlander Michael Israel Ocanographic and Limnological Research 8 Mordechai St. ISRAEL michael@ocean.org.il

Fujii Mutue Instituto de Botánica Av. Miguel Estéfano, 3687 BRAZIL mutue.fujii@gmail.com

Fujikawa Yoshikazu Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Fisheries Rese Tsukidomari 10, Moura JAPAN yoshikazu_fujikawa@aomori-itc.or.jp

Fujita Daisuke Tokyo University of Mari ne Science and Technology Konan 4-5-7, MInato JAPAN d-fujita@kaiyodai.ac.jp

Gabrielson Paul Herbarium, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Coker Hall, CB 3280 USA drseaweed@hotmail.com

Galvez Alberto UABC-IIO Km 107 Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada MEXICO galvez@uabc.mx

Garcia Raymundo Maria De Jesus Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Mazatlán Privada Crotos #4010 Entre calle 6 Col. Azaleas MEXICO BpGarciackem@gmail.com Garcia-Mendoza Ernesto Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica/ CICESE Km 107 carretera Ensenada Tijuana 3918 MEXICO ergarcia@cicese.mx

Genatulina Aila Institute of Plant Physiology Botanicheskaja str., 35 RUSSIA ailagr@rambler.ru

Georgiev Anton lomonosov Moscow State University The Faculty of Biology of MSU, Building 12, house 1, Vorobiyovy Gory Str., Moscow, Russia RUSSIA semga@yandex.ru

Gerung Grevo Sam Ratulangi University, Fac. of Fisheries and Marine Science Kampus Bahu INDONESIA ggrevo@hotmail.com

Givernaud Thierry STECOF 5 lot Johara, Bir Rami Est MOROCCO givernaud@gmail.com

Gloria Batista De Vega Universidad de Panamá Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Campus Universitario PANAMA gloriabv@cwpanama.net

Gorostiaga Jose M. Universidad del País Vasco, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología Barrio Sarriena s/n SPAIN jm.gorostiaga@ehu.es
Graczyk-Raczyå Ska Monika Tokyo University of Mari ne Science and Technology 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku JAPAN zabamonika@gmail.com

Graham Michael Moss Landing Marine Laboratories 8272 Moss Landing Road USA mgraham@mlml.calstate.eduXX International Seaweed Symposium

173 Guerra Graciela Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Km 106 Carr Tijuana-Ensenada MEXICO gguerra@uabc.mx

Guillermo Garcia Universidad de Las Palmas, Centro de Biotecnología Marina Muelle de Taliarte, S/N SPAIN ggreina@inventia.es

Gutiérrez Venegas Alfonso Centro i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos Camino Chinquihue, km 6, casilla 557 CHILE agutierrez@ulagos.cl

Guzmán José Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas Km. 103 Carret. Tijuana-Ensenada MEXICO jmguzman@uabc.mx

Hafting Jeff Acadian Seaplants Ltd. 98 Conestoga Street CANADA jhafting@acadian.ca

Hammann Mareike Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften IFM-GEOMAR Düsternbrooker Weg 20 GERMANY mhammann@ifm-geomar.de

Hanisak Dennis Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University 5600 US 1 North USA dhanisak@hboi.fau.edu
Hanniffy Declan Irish Seaweed Centre Killeen, Castlegar, Galway, Ireland IRELAND declan.hanniffy@nuigalway.ie
Hayashi Leila Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Centro de Ciencias Biologicas, Depto. BEG BRAZIL leilahayashi@hotmail.com Hennequart Franck Oilean Glas T 176 Cartur Mor Clybaun Rd IRELAND fhennequart@hotmail.com

Henriksen Berit Solliveien 18 NORWAY areped@online.no

Hernández-Guerrero Claudia Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN Av. IPN S/N. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita MEXICO cguerrer@ipn.mx

Hernandez Gustavo Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. S/N. Ap. Postal 592 MEXICO gcarmona2007@gmail.com

Hernandez-Garibay Enrique Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura-CRIP Ensenada Km 97.5 Carr. Tijuana -Ensenada Parque Industrial FONDEPORT El Sauzal MEXICO garibay58@yahoo.com

Holdt Susan DTU National Food Institute Sa ̧ltofts Plads building 221 DENMARK suho@aqua.dtu.dk

Holdt Henrik DTU National Food Institute Sa ̧ltofts Plads building 221 DENMARK henrik571@hotmail.com

Holz Jose Atlantic Pearl Chile Ltda Angol 436, Of 1204 CHILE atlanticpearls@yahoo.com

Hommersand Max Dept. of Biology, University of North Carolina Coker Hall, North Caroline, 27599-3280 USA hommersand@bio.unc.eduXX International Seaweed Symposium

174 Hondolero Dominic San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive USA hondoler@rohan.sdsu.edu

Hosoya Reina Tokyo university of Marine Science and Technology Miyanogidai 1-7-1-315 JAPAN haru_02072004@yahoo.co.jp

Hupel Mélanie IUEM-LEBHAM Rue Dumont D'Urville FRANCE melanie.hupel@ univ-brest.fr

Hurst Dermot Marine Institute Rinville, IRELAND dermot.hurst@marine.ie

Hurtado Anicia Aquaculture Department SEAFDEC Tigbauan, Iloilo PHILIPPINES aqhurtado@gmail.com

Hwang Eun Kyoung Seaweed Research Institute 1101 Okamdong, Mokpo 530-831, Korea KOREA ekhwang@nfrdi.go.kr

Indy Jeane Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia Jln. Kampus Bahu, Manado 95115 INDONESIA jeanerimberindy@yahoo.com

Iri Tadao Proagar S.A Vicente Rosares 800 CHILE tiri@proagar.cl

Iwamoto Katsuaki MARINE SCIENCE CO.,LTD. 2-1-11-7F,Higashi-Kanda JAPAN Iwagen@marine-science.co.jp Iwamoto Kazuyo MARINE SCIENCE CO.,LTD. 2-1-11-7F, Higashi-Kanda JAPAN kazuyo@marine-science.co.jp

Jayaraman Jayaraj Department of Life Sciences The University of West Indies TRINIDAD jaya1965@hotmail.com

Jeffries Sarah CSU Monterey Bay 252 Barbee Ct USA SJeffries@csumb.edu

Jiang Hongxia Changshu institute of technology 99 southern sanhuan road CHINA hxjiang10@163.com

Johnson Ladd Laval University Department of Biology & Quebec-Oceann CANADA ladd.johnson@bio.ulaval.ca

Jostein Vea FMC BioPolymer P.O. Box 2045 NORWAY jostein.vea@fmc.com

Kakita Hirotaka AIST Shikoku, National Instit ute of Advanced Industrial Science and Tech 2217-14, Hayashi JAPAN h-kakita@aist.go.jp

Kandjengp Lineekela University of Namibia Private Bag 13301, Windhoek NAMIBIA lkandjengo@unam.na

Kashiyama Yuki Bio Architecture Lab, Inc 604 Bancroft Way USA kashiyama@ba-lab.comXX International Seaweed Symposium

175 Khalid El Alloussi Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Pêches Maritimes. Quartier administ ratif Rabat Agdal MOROCCO elalloussi@mpm.gov.ma

Kim Ju-Hyoung Chonnam National Univeristy Chonnam National University, Gwangju KOREA eicoast@gmail.com

Kim Kwang Young Department of Oceanography Chonnam National University KOREA kykim@chonnam.ac.kr

Kim Jong Seok MSC CO., LTD 439-13, Soju-Dong Yangsan-City, Kyeongnam KOREA exp@msckorea.com

Kim Sung Hoon MSC CO., LTD 439-13, Soju-Dong Yangsan-City, Kyeongnam KOREA mscjp@msckorea.com

Klinger Markus Danisco A/S Edwin Rahrs Vej 38 DENMARK markus.klinger@danisco.com

Korbee Nathalie University of Malaga Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n SPAIN nkorbee@uma.es

Kraan Stefan Ocean Harvest Technology Mausrevagh, Kilcoona, Headford, Ireland IRELAND stefan@oceanharvest.ie

Kradolfer Paul PSW SA Av. Paul Poblet D 19, Lt 19, Luran PERU paul.kradolfer@pswsa.com Kuepper Frithjof Scottish Association for Marine Science Scottish Marine Institute (Dunstaffnage Mari ne Laboratory) SCOTLAND fck@sams.ac.uk

Kushnirak Denis 8988 Marshall Road CANADA denis2@shaw.ca

Kusnowirjono Soerianto Agarindo Bogatama PT Jl. Jelambar Selatan II No. 4 - Graha Sakura INDONESIA soerianto@agarindo-bogatama.co.id

Lankhuizen Nico CP Kelco Ved Banen 16 DENMARK nico.lankhuizen@cpkelco.com

Lapointe Brian Harbor Branch Ocea nographic Institute 5600 US 1 North USA blapoin1@hboi.fau.edu
León-Tejera Hilda Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito exterior, Cd. Universitaria Coyoacán MEXICO hileont@gmail.com

Leal David Universidad de Santiago de Chile Avenida Alameda LibertadorBernardo O'Higgins 3363 CHILE david.leal.r@gmail.com

Lebbar Rachid SETEXAM Km 7 route de Tanger BP 210 MOROCCO rlebbar@setexam.com

Lee Kyung Min Chungnam National University 220 Gungdong, Yuseonggu KOREA kmlee@cnu.ac.krXX International Seaweed Symposium

176 Lee Andrew AFI/CMBI 125 North Robertson Boulevard USA alee48@gmail.com

Lee Antonio Solomon Seaweed P.O.Box 138 SOLOMON ISLANDS lkk@business.com.sb

León-Cisneros Karla Universidade dos Açores Sec. Biologia Marinha, Depart. Biologia. Rua MÃ£e de Deus 58, Apart. 1422 PORTUGAL kcisneros@uac.pt

Liddle Larry Long Island University 30 Cooper Lane USA larry.liddle@gmail.com

Lindstrom Sandra University of British Columbia Dept of Botany, #3529 - 6270 University Blvd CANADA sandracl@interchange.ubc.ca

Macaya Erasmo School of Biological Scienc es, Victoria University of Wellington, New Kirk Building, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140 NEW ZEALAND erasmo.macaya@vuw.ac.nz

Maczassek Kerstin IfM-Geomar Kiel; benthic ecology Düsternbrooker Weg 20; 24105 Kiel GERMANY kmaczassek@ifm-geomar.de

Maeda Takashi Tokyo University of Mari ne Science and Technology 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku JAPAN jjgky265@ybb.ne.jp

Malmezat Barbara CARGILL FRANCE SAS - Cargill Texturizing Solutions 18 - 20 rue des Gaudines FRANCE bernard_cerles@cargill.com Maneveldt Gavin University of the Western Cape Department of Biodiversity & Conservation Biology SOUTH AFRICA gmaneveldt@uwc.ac.za

Mansilla Andrés Universidad de Magallanes Av. Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas CHILE andres.mansilla@umag.cl

Mantri Vaibhav Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute Gijubahi Badheka Road INDIA vaibhav@csmcri.org

Marcos Roberto Algas Marinas, S.A. de C.V. Bahía Tortugas 834 Lomas San Marino MEXICO rmarcos@grupoalgamar.com

Marec Erick DANISCO ZI La grande Palud FRANCE erick.marec@danisco.com

Marsano Carlos PSW SA Av. Paul Poblet D 19, Lt 19, LurÃn PERU carlos.marsano@laviga.com

Martone Patrick University of British Columbia 6270 University Blvd CANADA pmartone@interchange.ubc.ca

Marty Edith Universidad de Concepción 5 Norte 430, Dept.52 CHILE edithmarty@gmail.com

Maruyama Hiroko Dept. of Cytopathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato Un Kitasato 1-15-1 JAPAN maruyama@ahs.kitasato-u.ac.jpXX International Seaweed Symposium

177 Mateo-Cid Luz Elena Escuela Nacional de Ci encias Biológicas, IPN Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N. Col. Santo Tomas MEXICO luzmcyd@gmail.com

Matsuoka Masayoshi Kaiyo Doboku Co.LTD Tokushima JAPAN yukio_ueta_2@pref.tokushima.lg.jp

Mazariegos-Villarreal Alejandra Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Guillermo Prieto 2212 MEXICO amaza04@cibnor.mx

McDonald John AFI/CMBI 125 North Robertson Boulevard USA jwmcdonald@telus.net

Mcronald Stuart FMC BioPolymer Ladyburn Works SCOTLAND stuart.mcronald@fmc.com

Mendola Dominick Scripps Institution of Oceanography UCSD/SIO/IOD 0218, 9500 Gilman Drive USA mary@spg.ucsd.edu

Michel Gurvan Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier, BP74 FRANCE gurvan@sb-roscoff.fr

Mikkelsen Jorn Dalgaard Technical University of Denmark Soltofts Plads, Building 229 DENMARK jdm@kt.dtu.dk

Miller Kathy Ann Herbarium, University of California at Berkeley 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building #2465 University of California USA kathyannmiller@berkeley.edu Misbakhun Mukhamad Agar Sehat Makmur Lestari, PT. Jl. Raya Purwosari-Pasuru an km.5, Desa Bakalan, Purwosari INDONESIA m.misbakhun@yahoo.com

Mishra Babita Department of Science & Technology Flat No.8 D-64, Paryavaran Complex Saket New Delhi INDIA banita52@hotmail.com

Morales-Payan J. Pablo University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Campus Dept. Crops and Agro-E nvironmental Sciences PUERTO RICO morales.payan@upr.edu

Moreno Gustavo Inova Foods, S.A. de C.V. Gustavo Baz No.61 Mz47 Lt11, Col. México Nuevo, Atizapán de Zaragoza MEXICO gmoreno@innovafoods.com.mx

Morre Roger C-Weed Corporation P. O. Box 2118 TANZANIA roger@cweed.com

Mouradi Aziza LBBE Universite Ibn Tofail Faculte des Sciences Universite Ibn Tofail BP 133 MOROCCO mouradi14@gmail.com

Mouritsen Lone Ocean Centre Denmark Fogevej 4 DENMARK lm@havetshus.dk

Moy Frithjof Institute for marine research Flodevigen NORWAY moy@imr.no

Msuya Flower Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar TANZANIA flowereze@yahoo.comXX International Seaweed Symposium

178 Muñoz Mauricio Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas Avenida IPN s/n MEXICO mmunozo@ipn.mx

Muniz-Salazar Raquel Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Blvd. Zertuche y Blvd. De Los Lagos S/N Fracc. Valle Dorado MEXICO ramusal@yahoo.com.mx

Muraoka Daisuke Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency 3-27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama,Miyagi 985-0001 JAPAN dmuraoka@affrc.go.jp

Murcia Muñoz Silvia Universidad de Magallanes Patagona 672 CHILE silvia.murcia@umag.cl

Murray Steve California State University Fullerton College of Natural Scie nces and Mathematics USA smurray@fullerton.edu

Park Chan Sun Department of Marine and Fisheries Resources 61 Dorymri, Muangun, Jeonnam 534-729 KOREA cspark85@mokpo.ac.kr

Park Jeong Kwang Chungnam National University 220 Gungdong, Yuseonggu KOREA pjk1717@naver.com

Park Kwang-Seok Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology (RIST) San 32, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu KOREA kspark@rist.re.kr

Pedersen Are Norwegian Institute for Water Research Gaustadalleen 21 NORWAY are@niva.no Pedersen Olav Solliveien 18 NORWAY olavped@hotmail.com

Pedroche Francisco Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa Av. San Rafael Atlixco # 186 MEXICO ffp@xanum.uam.mx

Pellizzari Franciane State University of Parana Padre Anchieta 2204 ap 501 Bigorrilho BRAZIL francianep@yahoo.com

Pereda Sandra CIEN Austral Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n Pelluco CHILE sandra.pereda@cienaustral.cl

Pereira Rui CIIMAR - Centre for Marine and Environmental Research Rua dos Bragas, 289. PORTUGAL rpereira@ciimar.up.pt

Perez Estrada Claudia Jeannette Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Mar Bermejo 195 MEXICO claudiap@cibnor.mx

Perez-Mayorga Diana CICESE Carr. Ensenada-Tijuana 3918. Zona Playitas MEXICO diaperez@gmail.com

Pesce Andrea San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive USA dreapesce@gmail.com

Piñón Alejandra Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita MEXICO apinon04@cibnor.mxXX International Seaweed Symposium

179 Piantini Rene PRODALMAR LTDA. General Velasquez No.890 Oficina 602 CHILE rpiantini@prodalmar.cl

Pinto Blaña María Alejandra Subsecretaría de Pesca Bellavista 168, Piso 14, Valparaíso CHILE alejandra.pinto@subpesca.cl

Plastino Estela Instituto de Biociencias – Universidade de Sao Paulo Rua do Matao 277 - Cidade Universitaria BRAZIL emplasti@usp.br

Pochukaev Andrey Omega group 3, Signalny pr. RUSSIA paa@omega-tech.ru

Podkorytova Antonina Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography 17, V. Krasnoselskaya RUSSIA podkor@vniro.ru

Polo-Avila Laura Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM Batalla 5 de Mayo S/N Esq. Fuerte de Loreto Col. Ejército de Oriente MEXICO lau_poav@hotmail.com

Popova Nataliya lomonosov Moscow State University The Faculty of Biology of MS U, Building 12, house 1, Vorobiyovy Gory Str., Moscow, Russia, 119991 RUSSIA n.i.popova86@gmail.com

Popova Larisa K.A.Timiryazev Institute of plant physiology, Russian Academy of Science Botanicheskaya str., 35RUSSIA lora_gp@mail.ru

Porse Hans InterColloids Roedtjoernevej 37 DENMARK navicello@yahoo.com Pritchard Daniel University of Otago 464 Great King St NEW ZEALAND daniel.pritchard@botany.otago.ac.nz

Prithiviraj Balakrishnan Nova Scotia Agricultural College Department of Plant and Animal Science CANADA bprithiviraj@nsac.ca

Qin Huang Esther Hong Kong Ltd/Yantai Sheli Hydrocolloids Co.,Ltd Room B,37/F., Tower3, Queen's Terrace, No.1, Queen Street, Hong Kong CHINA esther@sheli.com.cn

Queguineur Benoit Irish Seaweed Centre, MRI, National University of Ireland Galway University road IRELAND benoitqueguineur@yahoo.fr

Raja Rathinam Indian Institute of Technology Madras Department of Biotechnology INDIA rraja307@yahoo.co.in

Ramirez Noemi Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán 60a street #633 between 75 and 77 MEXICO ramirezmiss1@gmail.com

Rasmussen Michael National Environmental Research Institute Aarhus University VejlsÃ ̧vej 25, 8600 Silkeborg DENMARK mir@dmu.dk

Ratcliff Jessica Irish Seaweed Centre Martin Ryan Institute. National University of Ireland, Galway IRELAND j.ratcliff1@nuigalway.ie

Rath Jnanendra Visva-bharati (A Central University) Dept. of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan INDIA jnanendra@gmail.comXX International Seaweed Symposium

180 Reis Renata Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botánico do Rio de Janeiro Rua Pacheco Leao, 915 BRAZIL rreis@jbrj.gov.br

Resendiz Guillermo Instituto Tecnológico de La Paz Josefa O de Dominguez No. 3930, Col.Las Arboledas MEXICO omme_eco26@hotmail.com

Rivera Javier Subsecretaria de Pesca Bellavista 168, piso 14, Valparaiso CHILE jrivera@subpesca.cl

Robledo Daniel Department of Marine Resources Cinvestav Km 6 carretera antigua a Progreso Cordemex MEXICO robledo@mda.cinvestav.mx

Rodríguez Deni Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Copilco el Bajo, Coyoacan MEXICO denirodriguez@ciencias.unam.mx

Rodriguez Sonia CICIMAR-IPN Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n Col Playa Palo de Santa Rita MEXICO srodrig@ipn.mx

Rojas Ramiro Algas Marinas S.A. Algamar Fidel Oteiza 1956, Piso 14Â° CHILE rrojash@surnet.cl

Rojas Ramiro Acuícola del Sur SAC Jose del Llano Zapata PERU ramiroperu@gmail.com

Roleda Michael The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Lab. Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll SCOTLAND Michael.Roleda@sams.ac.uk Rosas-Alquicira Edgar Universidade dos Azores, Departamento de Biologia Rua Mae de Deus 58, Sao Miguel PORTUGAL alquicira@uac.pt

Ruiz-Gomez Ariadna UABC-IIO Km 107 Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada MEXICO ariad882@yahoo.com

Salgado / Hernel Antonio Marin Universidad del Valle Calle 13 No 100-00 Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez COLOMBIA hernelmarin@gmail.com

Salling Peter ISAC Torre Bermeja 1801, Guadalmansa SPAIN psalling@msn.com

Sanchez Flor CICESE Carr. Ensenada-Tijuana3918. Zona Playitas MEXICO florgsa@gmail.com

Sánchez-BarredoMariana CICESE Carr. Ensenada-Tijuana3918. Zona Playitas MEXICO mariana_szb@yahoo.com

Sánchez-Rodríguez Ignacio Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN. Av: IPN. S/N Col.Playa Palode Santa Rita C.P. 23096 MEXICO isrnacho@hotmail.com

Sankaran Sonya Moss Landing Marine Laboratories 8272 Moss Landing Road USA ssankaran@mlml.calstate.edu

Santelices Bernabe P. Universidad Católica De Chile Alameda 340 CHILE bsantelices@bio.puc.cl
Santelices/Etchegaray Julia Faculty of Biology, P. Universidad Catolica Alameda 340 CHILE jetchega@gmail.comXX International Seaweed Symposium

181 Santos Rui Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR University of Algarve PORTUGAL rosantos@ualg.pt

Sassi Jean-François CEVA Presqu'ile de Pen Lan, BP 3 FRANCE algue@ceva.fr

Schipper Job Hortimare E. de Boer-van Rijkpark 20 NETHERLANDS job.schipper@hortimare.com

Schirp Alejandro UNAM Calle 5b #564 x 54 y 56 colonia residencial pensiones MEXICO asg_3527@hotmail.com

Schoeffter Conrad AFI/CMBI 6880 Alta Loma Terrace USA cervin@earthlink.net

Seguimbraud Clementine Cargill Rue de Seves 50500, Baupte FRANCE clementine_seguimbraud@cargill.com

Seisun Dennis IMR International 3585 Front St. USA dseisun@hydrocolloid.com

Sentosa Herson PT. Wahyu Putra Bimasakti Jl. Kima Raya X T-2B INDONESIA herson.sentosa@gmail.com

Serviere Zaragoza Elisa Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita MEXICO serviere04@cibnor.mx Setijawati Dwi Brawijaya University Malang-Indonesia Veteran Malang-East Java Indonesia INDONESIA setijawati_dwi@yahoo.com

Shalaby Emad Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University 1 El-Ashreen, Faysel, Giza, EGYPT dremad2009@yahoo.com

Sharp Glyn Bedford Institute of Oceanography 1 Challenger Drive CANADA glyn.sharp@gmail.com

Siqueiros David CICIMAR - IPN Av. IPN, s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita MEXICO dsiquei@ipn.mx

Skjermo Jorunn SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture Brattorkaia 17C NORWAY jorunn.skjermo@sintef.no

Sohn Munho Pegasus International Inc. #161 Macheon Dong, Jinhae Si, Kyeongsangnam Do KOREA mhsohn@pegasushomepage.com

Solante Marcial Shemberg Corporation Pakna-an PHILIPPINES jun.solante@shemberg.com.ph

Soler-Vila Anna Irish Seaweed Centre Martin Ryan Institute. National University of Ireland, Galway IRELAND annasolervila@yahoo.com

Sonnenholzner Jorge Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Km 77, Carretera Tijuana-En senada, Apartado Postal 453 MEXICO jorge.sonnenholzner@gmail.comXX International Seaweed Symposium

182 Soria-Mercado Irma Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Km. 103 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada MEXICO iesoria@uabc.mx

Soriano Gonzalo Soriano SA J C Evans 40 ARGENTINA gonza@soriano-sa.com.ar

Sousa Pinto Isabel Centre for Marine and Environmental Research and FC University of Porto R. dos Bragas, 289, PORTUGAL ispinto@ciimar.up.pt

Stein Erika USP - Universidade de Sao Paulo Av. Nossa Senhora da Assunçao, 647 apt 71 - Bloco B BRAZIL erikastein18@yahoo.com.br

Stekoll Michael University of Alaska 11120 Glacier Highway USA msstekoll@alaska.edu

Stengel Dagmar National University of Ireland, Galway Botany, School of Natural Sciences IRELAND dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie

Strittmatter Martina The Scottish Association for Marine Science Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory SCOTLAND Martina.Strittmatter@sams.ac.uk

Suarez Alvin Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Carretera al sur km 5.5 s/n. Col. El Mezquitito MEXICO protomono@hotmail.com

Suda Masahiro Iwaki-Midorinomori High School Shiken-machi 6-5 Taira Iwaki-shi Fukushima-ken, 970- 8026 JAPAN s-masahi@nexyzbb.ne.jp Sudo Yusuke Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries and Ocean Research Center Nishizaki 1-3-1 JAPAN sudouysk@pref.okinawa.lg.jp

Sultana Viqar Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi University road, Karachi-75270, PAKISTAN viqarsultana@hotmail.com

Thomas Ceballos Daniela Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Alameda 340 CHILE dfthomas@uc.cl

Thornber Carol University of Rhode Island Dept. of Biological Sciences, 120 Flagg Road USA thornber@uri.edu

Tisera Wilson Silliman University Silliman Beach, Bantayan PHILIPPINES wilson_tisera@yahoo.com

Torres Rodrigo Universidad de Santiago de Chile alameda #3363 CHILE rtorresdelafuente@yahoo.es

Tuohy Maria NUI, Galway University Road IRELAND maria.tuohy@nuigalway.ie

Tveiten Lise Norwegian Institute for Water Research Televeien 3 NORWAY lis@niva.no

Ugarte Raul Acadian Seaplants Limited 30 Brown Ave. CANADA rugarte@acadian.caXX International Seaweed Symposium

183 Ukabi Shimrit Bar Ilan university Ramat Gan Israel ISRAEL shimrit_y@hotmail.com

Van Der Meer John Pan-American Marine Bi otechnology Association 145 Brook Street CANADA john.vandermeer@gmail.com

Vasquez Julio Universidad Católica del Norte Larrondo 1281 CHILE jvasquez@ucn.cl

Vea Berit Haugland Private Veamyr 43 NORWAY berit.vea@gmail.com

Vergara Rodarte Mario CICIMAR-IPN Avenida IPN s/n Col. Palo de Santa Rita MEXICO vrm491@hotmail.com

Villavicencio Christian Samsung Corporation Mexico Office Sierara candela # 111 despacho 306 MEXICO c.villavicencio@samsung.com

Villena Gunter PSW SA Av. Paul Poblet D 19, Lt 19, Luran PERU gunter.villena@pswsa.com

Vo Triet Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology 2 Hung Vuong, Nha Trang, VIETNAM voduytriet@gmail.com
Vogt Sean Cal State University, Fullerton 1201 N. Mosswood dr. USA svalgae@yahoo.com

Watanabe Riri Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Konan 4-5-7,Minato JAPAN riri-bon@feel.ocn.ne.jp Wee Lee Hiong PCI Worldwide, Inc. 2/F, W Tower, 39th Street, Bonifacio Triangle, Bonifacio Global City PHILIPPINES winston@rico.com.ph Weinberger Florian Benthic Ecology Dept., IFM-GEOMAR DÃ1⁄4sternbrooker Weg 20 GERMANY fweinberger@ifm-geomar.de

Wernberg Thomas Centre for Marine Ecosyste ms Research, Edith Cowan University 270 Joondalup Drive AUSTRALIA wernberg@graduate.uwa.edu.au

West John School of Botany, University of Melbourne Grattan Street AUSTRALIA jwest@unimelb.edu.au

Westermeier Renato Universidad Austral de Chile Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco CHILE rwesterm@uach.cl

Wijmenga Gerrit Omega Group 3 Signalny proesd RUSSIA gew@omega-tech.ru

Yakub Olanrewaju Central Penn College, PA USA PO Box 27078 NIGERIA olanrewaju.yakub@mym ail.centralpenn.edu

Yamada Saneyuki Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries and Ocean Research Center Nishizaki 1-3-1 JAPAN yamadasn@pref.okinawa.lg.jp

Yang Chia-Ying Institute of Fisheries Science No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Daan District TAIWAN r96b45008@ntu.edu.twXX International Seaweed Symposium

184 Yarish Charles University of Connecticut Departsment of Ecol. & Evol. Biology and Marine Sciences USA charles.yaris h@uconn.edu

Yasir Suhaimi Universiti Malaysia Sabah Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah MALAYSIA ysuhaimi@ums.edu.my

Yoshikuni Yasuo Bio Architecture Lab, Inc 604 Bancroft Way, Suite C USA yoshikuni@ba-lab.com

You Hack-Churl Pegasus International Inc. 7F, Platinum Building, 889-51, Dae-Chi Dong, Kang-Nam Ku, Seoul KOREA pegasus1@pegasushomepage.com

Zambounis Antonios University of Thessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences Fytokou str., Nea Ionia 384 46, Volos, GREECE antbio@yahoo.gr Zertuche Jose UABC-IIO Km 107 Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada MEXICO zertuche@uabc.mx

Zeyan He Hope Hong Kong Ltd/Yantai Sheli Hydrocolloids Co.,Ltd Room B,37/F., Tower3, Queen's Terrace, No.1, Queen Street, Hong Kong CHINA hope@sheli.com.cn

Zhu Jianyi Changshu institute of technology 99 Southern Sanhuan Road, Changshu Jiangsu CHINA zhujianyint@sina.com

Zuccarello Giuseppe School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington PO BOx 600 NEW ZEALAND joe.zuccarello@vuw.ac.nzXX International Seaweed Symposium

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# Index by country

ARGENTINA Ciancia Marina Soriano Gonzalo

AUSTRALIA Bohorquez Rueda Carlos Butterworth Adam Wernberg Thomas West John

BRAZIL Barufi Jose Carneiro Marcella Faria Gabriel Soares Fujii Mutue Hayashi Leila Oliveira Eurico Pellizzari Franciane Plastino Estela Reis Renata Stein Erika

CANADA Allard Marc Chapman Anthony Chopin Thierry Craigie James Critchley Alan Deveau Jean-Paul Deveau Louis Hafting Jeff Johnson Ladd Kushnirak Denis Lindstrom Sandra Martone Patrick Norrie Jeff Prithiviraj Balakrishnan Sharp Glyn Ugarte Raul van der Meer John CHILE Alquati Monica Ayala Pablo Ayrault Lance Barahona Tamara Benzheng Wang Blas Enrique Bragg Aline Buschmann Alejandro Cabrera Juan Carlos Contreras Loretto De La Fuente Lucia De La Piedra Pablo Farias Aqueveque Daniela Fernandez Pamela Gutiérrrez Venegas Alfonso Holz Jose Iri Tadao Leal David Mansilla Andrés Marty Edith Murcia Muñoz Silvia Olivares Pura Paredes Osvaldo Pereda Sandra Piantini Rene Pinto Blaña Maíra Alejandra Rivera Javier Rojas Ramiro Santelices Bernabe Santelices- Etchegaray 

### Julia Thomas Ceballos Daniela Torres Rodrigo Vasquez Julio Westermeier Renato

CHINA Chak Ching Wong Jiang HongxiaXX International Seaweed Symposium

186 

### Pang Shao Qin Huang Esther Zeyan He Hope Zhu Jianyi

COLOMBIA Hernel Antonio Palacios Martha Peña Enrique Salgado Marin

DENMARK Ale Marcel Tutor Bruhn Annette Eriksen Mikael Holdt Susan Holdt Henrik Klinger Markus Lankhuizen Nico Mikkelsen Jorn Dalgaard Mouritsen Lone Nielsen Anne Jette Porse Hans Rasmussen Michael

EGYPT Shalaby Emad

FRANCE Ar Gall Erwan Bleicher-Lhonneur Genevieve Bondu Stephanie Deslandes Eric Deslandes Catherine Hupel Mélanie Malmezat Barbara Marec Erick Michel Gurvan Sassi Jean-François Seguimbraud Clémentine

GERMANY Hammann Mareike Maczassek Kerstin Weinberger Florian GREECE Zambounis Antonios

HONG KONG Ang Put

INDIA Bhatnagar Ashok Mantri Vaibhav Mishra Babita Nallamuthu Thangaraju Natarajan Mangaiyarkarasi Raja Rathinam Rath Jnanendra

INDONESIA Akrim Djusdil Anggadiredja Jana Gerung Grevo Indy Jeane Kusnowirjono Soerianto Misbakhun Mukhamad Neish Iain Sentosa Herson Setijawati Dwi

IRELAND Breathnach Noreen Brebion Jeremy Hanniffy Declan Hennequart Franck Hurst Dermot Kraan Stefan Queguineur Benoit Ratcliff Jessica Soler-Vila Anna Stengel Dagmar Tuohy Maria

ISRAEL Bitan Friedlander Naomi Friedlander Michael Neori Amir Ukabi ShimritXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### JAPAN Aruga Yusho Carton Rhea Joy Dan Akinori Fujikawa Yoshikazu Fujita Daisuke Graczyk-Raczyñska Monika Hosoya Reina Iwamoto Katsuaki Iwamoto Kazuyo Kakita Hirotaka Maeda Takashi Maruyama Hiroko Matsuoka Masayoshi Muraoka Daisuke Nakada Reiko Notoya Masahiro Suda Masahiro Sudo Yusuke Watanabe Riri Yamada Saneyuki

KOREA Boo Sung Min Chung Ik Kyo Hwang Eun Kyoung Kim Ju-Hyoung Kim Kwang Young Kim Jong Seok Kim Sung Hoon Lee Kyung Min Lee Kyung Min Oh Jung Hoon Park Chan Sun Park Jeong Kwang Park Kwang-Seok Sohn Munho You Hack-Churl

MALAYSIA Chung Shuk Pang Kyun Yasir Suhaimi MEXICO Acosta Julio Aguila Ramirez Ruth Noemi Aguilar-Rosas Luis Aguilar-Rosas Raúl Ávila Enrique Avila-Ortiz Alejandrina Briceño-Dominguez Diego 

### Cabello

‐ Pasini Alejandro Candelaria Carlos Carranco Ma. Elena Carrillo Silvia Cetz-Navarro Neidy Chávez Sánchez Tonatiuh Correa Zzabi Díaz-Martí¬nez Sergio El-Shora Hamed Espinoza-Avalos Julio Fragoso Tejas Dalila Freile-Pelegrin Yolanda Galvez Alberto Garcia Raymundo Maria De Jesus Garcia-Mendoza Ernesto Guerra Graciela Guzmán José Hernandez Gustavo Hernandez-Garibay EnriqueHernándezGuerrero Claudia León-Tejera Hilda Marcos Roberto Mateo-Cid Luz ElenaMazariegosVillarreal Alejandra Moreno Gustavo Muniz-Salazar Raquel Muñoz Mauricio Ocampo Hector Orduña-Rojas Javier Pacheco Isai Pedroche Francisco Perez Estrada Claudia Jeannette Perez-Mayorga DianaXX International Seaweed Symposium

188 

### Piñón Alejandra Polo-Avila Laura Ramírez Noemi Resendiz Guillermo Robledo Daniel Rodriguez Sonia Rodríguez Dení Ruiz-Gomez Ariadna Sanchez Flor Sánchez Rodríguez Ignacio Sánchez-Barredo Mariana Schirp Alejandro Serviere Zaragoza Elisa Siqueiros David Sonnenholzner Jorge Soria-Mercado Irma Suarez Alvin Vergara Rodarte Mario Villavicencio Christian Zertuche-González Jose

MOROCCO Abdellatif Orbi Berraho Abdellatif Driouich Zakia Givernaud Thierry Khalid El Alloussi Lebbar Rachid Mouradi Aziza

NAMIBIA Kandjengp Lineekela

NETHERLANDS Schipper Job

NEW ZEALAND Macaya Erasmo Pritchard Daniel Zuccarello Giuseppe

NIGERIA Akintayo Ramoni Oladejo Mayowa Yakub Olanrewaju NORWAY Pedersen Are Bakken Paal Broch Ole Christie Hartvig Forbord Silje Henriksen Berit Jostein Vea Moy Frithjof Pedersen Olav Skjermo Jorunn Tveiten Lise Vea Berit Haugland

PAKISTAN Ara Jehan Ehteshamul-Haque Syed Sultana Viqar

PANAMA Batista De Vega Gloria

PERU Dupuy Juan Kradolfer Paul Marsano Carlos Rojas Ramiro Villena Gunter

PHILIPPINES Ang Isidro Azanza Rhodora Baricuatro Farley Beck Claus Calumpong Hilconida Dakay Benson Dakay Pierre Dakay Marie Dionson Evie Hurtado Anicia Solante Marcial Tisera Wilson Wee Lee Hiong

PORTUGAL Abreu MariaXX International Seaweed Symposium

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### Engelen Aschwin León-Cisneros Karla Neto Ana Pereira Rui Rosas-Alquicira Edgar Santos Rui Sousa Pinto Isabel

PUERTO RICO Morales-Payan J. Pablo

RUSSIA Feodorova Tatiana Genatulina Aila Georgiev Anton Pochukaev Andrey Podkorytova Antonina Popova Nataliya Popova Larisa Wijmenga Gerrit

SCOTLAND Kuepper Frithjof McRonald Stuart Roleda Michael Strittmatter Martina

SOLOMON ISLANDS Lee Antonio

SOUTH AFRICA Maneveldt Gavin

SPAIN Abdala-Díaz Roberto Aylagas Eva Figueroa Felix Gorostiaga Jose M. Guillermo Garcia Korbee Nathalie Salling Peter

TAIWAN Chou Hong-Nong Yang Chia-Ying

TANZANIA Fazal Murtaza Morre Roger Msuya Flower

TRINIDAD Jayaraman Jayaraj

USA Adams John Ask Erick Beamonte Ignacio Bixler Harris Pete Borras Chavez Renato Carney Laura Carrano Carl Collado-Vides Ligia Edwards Matthew Evans La Kenya Gabrielson Paul Graham Michael Hanisak Dennis Hommersand Max Hondolero Dominic Jeffries Sarah Kashiyama Yuki Lapointe Brian Lee Andrew Liddle Larry McDonald John Mendola Dominick Miller Kathy Ann Murray Steve Murray Nancy Muth Arley Neefus Chris Nettleton Jeremy Palmer Jenefer Pesce Andrea Sankaran Sonya Schoeffter Conrad Seisun Dennis Stekoll Michael Thornber Carol Vogt Sean Yarish Charles Yoshikuni Yasuo VIETNAM Vo Triet