[Cite as L.S. v. C.S., 2024-Ohio-206.]

COURT OF APPEALS

STARK COUNTY, OHIO

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

L.S. : JUDGES:

: Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, P.J.

 Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.

: Hon. Andrew J. King, J.

-vs- :

:

C.S. : Case No. 2023 CA 00014

:

 Defendant-Appellant : O P I N I O N

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Court of Common 

Pleas, Family Court Division, Case 

No. 2020 DR 1052

JUDGMENT: Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT: January 19, 2024

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant

ARNOLD F. GLANTZ CHRISTOPHER COLERIDGE

3722 Whipple Avenue NW 122 Central Plaza North

Canton, OH 44718 Canton, OH 44702
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 2

King, J.

{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant, C.S. ("father"), appeals the December 29, 2022 

judgment entry of the Court of Common Pleas of Stark County, Ohio, Family Court 

Division, denying his objections and awarding legal custody of a child to Plaintiff-Appellee, 

L.S. ("mother"). We affirm the trial court.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

{¶ 2} The parties were married on July 7, 2014. They have one child born in 

October 2015. On November 19, 2020, mother filed a complaint for divorce and sought 

custody of the child. On March 14, 2022, father filed a motion to adopt shared parenting 

plan and attached a proposed shared parenting plan.

{¶ 3} Hearings before a magistrate were held on April 13, and June 27, 2022. By 

decision filed June 30, 2022, the magistrate granted the parties a divorce and named 

mother as the custodian of the child. Father was granted supervised visitation "until he 

receives a letter from his therapist indicating that he has addressed and internalized his 

issues of impulse control and how his behaviors and actions affect the child." The 

magistrate approved and adopted the guardian ad litem's June 16, 2022 report. Neither 

the magistrate nor the guardian mentioned the shared parenting plan. Mother was 

permitted to relocate with the child to Florida after Labor Day 2022.

{¶ 4} On July 11, 2022, father filed objections arguing the supervised visitations, 

mother's relocation to Florida, and the adoption of the guardian ad litem's report were 

"unjust, unreasonable, arbitrary, contrary to the weight of the evidence and contrary to 

the best interest of the minor child." Father did not mention the proposed shared 

parenting plan.
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 3

{¶ 5} On July 20, 2022, the trial court (Judge David R. Nist) issued a judgment 

entry decree of divorce following the magistrate's decision on custody and visitation and 

quoted from the guardian ad litem's June 16, 2022 report.

{¶ 6} It is unclear whether an objection hearing was held. On December 29, 

2022, the trial court filed a judgment entry denying the objections with one exception 

pertaining to an escrow account and remanded the issue to the magistrate. By amended 

magistrate's decision/judgment entry filed January 19, 2023, the magistrate changed the 

escrow account to father's separate property to reflect the trial court's decision on 

objections. The trial court (Judge Michelle L. Cordova) approved and adopted this

amended decision.

{¶ 7} Father filed an appeal with the following assignments of error:

I

{¶ 8} "THE TRIAL COURT IMPROPERLY CONSIDERED THE BEST 

INTERESTS OF THE CHILD BY GRANTING SOLE CUSTODY TO [L.] AND 

PERMITTING HER TO RELOCATE TO FLORIDA."

II

{¶ 9} "THE COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO CONSIDER THE R.C. 3109.04(F)(2) 

FACTORS SINCE IT FAILED TO CONSIDER [C.]'S SHARED PARENTING MOTION 

AND ATTACHED PLAN, CONSTITUTING AN IMPROPER BEST INTERESTS 

ANALYSIS."

III

{¶ 10} "THE COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN DEVIATING FROM THE 

STARK COUNTY SCHEDULE ON LONG-DISTANCE PARENTING."
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 4

I

{¶ 11} In his first assignment of error, father claims the trial court improperly 

considered the best interests of the child by granting sole custody to mother and 

permitting her to relocate to Florida. We disagree.

{¶ 12} The standard of review in initial custody cases and visitation schedules is 

whether the trial court abused its discretion. Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 674 

N.E.2d 1159 (1997); Booth v. Booth, 44 Ohio St.3d 142, 541 N.E.2d 1028 (1989). An 

abuse of discretion implies that the trial court's attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary, or 

unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). 

Most instances of abuse of discretion will result in decisions that are simply unreasonable, 

rather than decisions that are unconscionable or arbitrary. AAAA Enterprises, Inc. v. 

River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 

N.E.2d 597 (1990). An unreasonable decision is one backed by no sound reasoning 

process which would support that decision. Id. "It is not enough that the reviewing court, 

were it deciding the issue de novo, would not have found that reasoning process to be 

persuasive, perhaps in view of countervailing reasoning processes that would support a 

contrary result." Id.

{¶ 13} Given the nature and impact of custody disputes, a trial court's discretion 

will be accorded paramount deference because the trial court is best suited to determine 

the credibility of testimony and integrity of evidence. Miller v. Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 

523 N.E.2d 846 (1988). A trial court is "best able to view the witnesses and observe their 
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 5

demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing the 

credibility of the proffered testimony." Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 

461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). Specifically, "the knowledge a trial court gains through 

observing witnesses and the parties in a custody proceeding cannot be conveyed to a 

reviewing court by a printed record." Miller at 74. Therefore, giving the trial court due 

deference, a reviewing court will not reverse the findings of a trial court when the award 

of custody is supported by a substantial amount of credible and competent evidence. 

Davis, supra.

BEST INTEREST

{¶ 14} R.C. 3109.04 governs court awarding parental rights and responsibilities 

during a divorce proceeding. Subsection (A) requires a trial court to consider the best 

interest of the child in making an award of custody in a divorce proceeding, even if a 

shared parenting plan is requested and/or filed. Factors for the trial court to consider on 

best interests and whether a shared parenting plan is in the child's best interests are 

found in R.C. 3109.04(F). There is no requirement that a trial court separately address 

each factor. Bashale v. Quaicoe, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 12 CAF 10 0075, 2013-Ohio3101. " 'No one factor is dispositive.' " Baker-Chaney v. Chaney, 5th Dist. Holmes No. 

16CA005, 2017-Ohio-5548, ¶ 25, quoting Carr v. Carr, 12th Dist. Warren Nos. CA2015-

02-015 and CA2015-03-020, 2016-Ohio-6986, ¶ 22. Rather, the trial court has discretion 

to weigh any and all relevant factors. Id.

{¶ 15} We acknowledge the magistrate's decision on the allocation of parental 

rights and responsibilities is sparse and could have been expanded, but there is enough 

here to discern the trial court's reasoning.
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 6

{¶ 16} Father filed objections to the magistrate's decision and the trial court was 

tasked with undertaking "an independent review as to the objected matters to ascertain 

that the magistrate has properly determined the factual issues and appropriately applied 

the law." Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(d). We find the trial court did so here; the trial court concurred 

with and adopted the magistrate's decision. Judgment Entry filed December 29, 2022; 

Judgment Entry filed January 19, 2023.

{¶ 17} In the amended magistrate's decision/judgment entry, the trial court stated 

it has "considered all of the factors of O.R.C. 3109.04 in determining the best interests of 

the minor child." The trial court went on to order the following without additional comment:

 

Mother shall be designated custodian of the parties' minor child. 

Father shall continue to have supervised visitation until he receives a letter 

from his therapist indicating that he has addressed and internalized his 

issues of impulse control and how his behaviors and actions affect the child. 

Then he can move to unsupervised. The recommendations of the Guardian 

ad Litem in her report filed 6/16/2022 are approved and adopted. Mother 

shall be permitted to relocate to Florida after Labor Day 2022. Mother shall 

pay for the transportation of the child to and from Ohio once per year in the 

summer once Father is able to have unsupervised visitation.

{¶ 18} Father contends the trial court did not properly consider each of the factors 

in R.C. 3109.04(F)(1). But the trial court specifically stated in its judgment entry that it 
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 7

considered all the factors.1 Absent evidence to the contrary, an appellate court will 

presume the trial court considered all of the relevant factors. Baker-Chaney at ¶ 25. 

There is no evidence to the contrary to indicate the trial court did not consider the relevant 

factors in this case.

{¶ 19} R.C. 3109.04(F) provides the court with the discretion to weigh the relevant 

factors and determine how those factors apply to the child's best interest. Wooten v. 

Casey, 4th Dist. Gallia, No. 03CA15, 2004-Ohio-55. In its judgment entry, the trial court 

approved and adopted the guardian ad litem's June 16, 2022 report. The trial court also 

noted father's need to address and internalize "his issues of impulse control and how his 

behaviors and actions affect the child" in order to receive unsupervised visitation. The 

record is replete with evidence supporting the guardian ad litem's report and the trial 

court's notation on father's issues. April 12, 2022 T. at 16, 21-22, 25-29, 32-33, 35-37, 

43-44, 52, 55-60, 63-69, 75-80, 87-98; June 27, 2022 T. at 10-12, 15-18, 20-21, 24-25, 

45, 62, 148-150, 193-194.

{¶ 20} Upon review of the record, we do not find the trial court abused its discretion 

in designating mother as legal custodian of the child.

RELOCATION TO FLORIDA

{¶ 21} Father also challenges the trial court permitting mother to relocate with the 

child to Florida. In In re Marriage of Barber, 8 Ohio App.3d 372, 375, 457 N.E.2d 360 (8th 

Dist.1983), our colleagues in the Eighth District stated the following:

1While the case sub judice is not the appropriate case to reconsider the scope of trial 

court review, we encourage trial courts to do more than merely state it considered the 

R.C. 3109.04(F) factors. In the absence of support for its conclusions, meaningful 

appellate review is at risk.
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 8

The overwhelming weight of authority is to the effect that a 

nonresident or one who intends to become a nonresident will not be 

deprived of the right to the custody of a child merely because of his 

nonresidence; and that if the best interests of the child will be promoted, 

custody will be awarded to nonresidents, the same as it would be to 

residents; one intending to become a nonresident will be permitted to 

remove the child to his or her new residence.

{¶ 22} As noted by the Second District, "[a]dmittedly, out-of-state parenting is less 

than an ideal situation. However, it is not uncommon, due to the mobile nature of our 

society." Chirico v. Chirico, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19722, 2003-Ohio-3238, ¶ 13.

{¶ 23} Both the guardian ad litem and the psychologist recommended the move to 

Florida would be in the child's best interests. April 12, 2022 T. at 49, 98-99; June 27, 

2022 T. at 9-10, 22, 47-48, 140, 143. Mother had a support system and family in Florida 

and the child would be removed from discord between the parties. April 12, 2022 T. at 

98; June 27, 2022 T. at 47, 140.

{¶ 24} Upon review of the record, we do not find the trial court abused its discretion 

in permitting mother to relocate with the child to Florida. Although one of the best interest 

factors for a custody determination is whether a parent has or will establish a residence 

outside of the state, the evidence shows that the other best interest factors lean in favor 

of mother being the residential parent.

{¶ 25} Assignment of Error I is denied.
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 9

II

{¶ 26} In his second assignment of error, father claims the trial court failed to 

consider father's shared parenting plan. We disagree. 

{¶ 27} Under R.C. 3109.04(D)(1)(a)(iii), "if the court rejects the portion of the 

pleadings or denies the motion or motions requesting shared parenting under this division 

and proceeds as if the request or requests or the motion or motions had not been made, 

the court shall enter in the record of the case findings of fact and conclusions of law as to 

the reasons for the approval or the rejection or denial."

{¶ 28} We acknowledge the trial court failed to enter findings of fact and 

conclusions of law as to the reasons for its rejection or denial of father's shared parenting 

plan. But father never argued the shared parenting plan during the hearings and never 

requested findings of fact or conclusions of law under Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii).

{¶ 29} Most importantly, father never raised the issue as an objection to the trial 

court. Issues not raised in objections shall not be assigned on appeal except for a claim 

of plain error. Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(iv). Civil plain error is defined in Goldfuss v. Davidson, 

79 Ohio St.3d 116, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1997), syllabus, as "error, to which no objection 

was made at the trial court, seriously affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public 

reputation of the judicial process, thereby challenging the legitimacy of the underlying 

judicial process itself." Father did not advance any arguments claiming plain error in his 

appellate brief. "Appellant's failure to argue plain error at this juncture is fatal as we are 

constrained to review the trial court's actions for plain error only and appellant has failed 

to cite legal authority and develop an argument as to the existence of an obvious defect 

in the proceedings that affected appellant's substantial rights." A.A. v. F.A., 5th Dist. 
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 10

Delaware No. 18 CAF 10 0079, 2019-Ohio-1706, ¶ 22, citing State v. Benitez-Maranon, 

9th Dist. Summit No. 26461, 2014-Ohio-3575, ¶ 7.

{¶ 30} In our review of the record, we do not find it contains any error that "seriously 

affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process, thereby 

challenging the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process itself." Goldfuss, supra.

{¶ 31} Assignment of Error II is denied.

III

{¶ 32} In his third assignment of error, father claims the trial court abused its 

discretion in deviating from the Stark County schedule on long-distance parenting. We 

disagree.

{¶ 33} Again, father never raised the issue as an objection to the trial court. Civ.R. 

53(D)(3)(b)(iv); Goldfuss, supra; A.A., supra.

{¶ 34} R.C. 3109.051 governs parenting time rights. Subsection (F)(2) provides 

each court of common pleas shall adopt standard parenting time guidelines, and a trial 

court shall have discretion to deviate from those guidelines "based upon factors set forth 

in division (D) of this section" which lists sixteen factors. The trial court's focus is the best 

interest of the child. R.C. 3109.051(D)(16).

{¶ 35} Given our review under the custody determination, we cannot find the trial 

court abused its discretion in deviating from the guidelines on long-distance parenting. In 

our review of the record, we do not find it contains any error that "seriously affects the 

basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process, thereby challenging 

the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process itself." Goldfuss, supra.
Stark County, Case No. 2023 CA 00014 11

{¶ 36} Assignment of Error III is denied.

{¶ 37} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Stark County, Ohio, Family 

Court Division, is hereby affirmed.

By King, J.

Delaney, P.J. and

Baldwin, J. concur.