I 

110TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 2332 

To strengthen sanctions against the Government of Syria, to enhance multilateral commitment to address the Government of Syria’s threatening policies, to establish a program to support a transition to a democraticallyelected government in Syria, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

MAY 15, 2007 

Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN (for herself, Mr. ENGEL, Mr. BLUNT, Mr. HOEKSTRA, 

Mr. HUNTER, Mr. CANTOR, Mr. MCCOTTER, Mr. CHABOT, Mr. BURTON

of Indiana, Mr. PENCE, Mr. ROHRABACHER, Mr. FORTUN ̃O, Mr. WILSON

of South Carolina, Mr. MACK, Mr. POE, Mr. MCCAUL of Texas, Mr. 

BURGESS, Mr. TIBERI, Mrs. MYRICK, Mr. GERLACH, Mr. LATOURETTE, 

Mr. TERRY, Mr. LAMBORN, Mr. GOODLATTE, Mr. LINDER, Mr. KLINE

of Minnesota, Mr. SAXTON, Mr. MARIO DIAZ-BALART of Florida, and Mr. 

MCHUGH) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committees on Ways 

and Means, Financial Services, and Oversight and Government Reform, 

for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case 

for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the 

committee concerned 

A BILL 

To strengthen sanctions against the Government of Syria, 

to enhance multilateral commitment to address the Government of Syria’s threatening policies, to establish a 

program to support a transition to a democraticallyelected government in Syria, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

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1 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

2 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

3 ‘‘Syria Accountability and Liberation Act’’. 

4 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 

5 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Definitions. 

TITLE I—STRENGTHENING UNITED STATES SANCTIONS AGAINST 

SYRIA 

Sec. 101. Declarations of policy. 

Sec. 102. Codification of existing sanctions. 

Sec. 103. Sanctions against certain persons. 

Sec. 104. Sanctions against certain foreign countries. 

TITLE II—SANCTIONS TARGETING SYRIA’S ENERGY SECTOR 

Sec. 201. Imposition of sanctions. 

Sec. 202. Advisory opinions. 

Sec. 203. Termination of sanctions. 

Sec. 204. Duration of sanctions; presidential waiver. 

Sec. 205. Determinations not reviewable. 

Sec. 206. Exclusion of certain activities. 

TITLE III—DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS TO ISOLATE THE 

GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA 

Sec. 301. Sense of Congress relating to bilateral efforts. 

Sec. 302. Opposition to Syria’s membership and candidacy for leadership posts 

in United Nations institutions. 

Sec. 303. Actions at the United Nations General Assembly. 

Sec. 304. Actions at international financial institutions. 

Sec. 305. Actions at the International Atomic Energy Agency. 

Sec. 306. Establishment of United States and regional contact groups. 

Sec. 307. Report on assistance to, and commerce with, Syria. 

TITLE IV—ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT DEMOCRACY IN SYRIA 

Sec. 401. Declarations of policy. 

Sec. 402. Assistance to support a transition to democracy in Syria. 

6 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

7 In this Act: 

8 (1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT9 TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com10 mittees’’ means— 

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1 (A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and 

2 the Committee on Appropriations of the House 

3 of Representatives; and 

4 (B) the Committee on Foreign Relations 

5 and the Committee on Appropriations of the 

6 Senate. 

7 (2) DEVELOP; DEVELOPMENT.— To ‘‘develop’’, 

8 or the ‘‘development’’ of, petroleum resources means 

9 the exploration for, or the extraction, refining, or 

10 transportation by pipeline of, petroleum resources. 

11 (3) GOODS AND TECHNOLOGY.—The terms 

12 ‘‘goods’’ and ‘‘technology’’ have the meanings given 

13 those terms in section 16 of the Export Administra14 tion Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2415). 

15 (4) GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA.—The term ‘‘Gov16 ernment of Syria’’ includes any agency or instru17 mentality of the Government of Syria, including any 

18 entity that is controlled by the Government of Syria. 

19 (5) INVESTMENT.— 

20 (A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘investment’’ 

21 means any of the following activities if the ac22 tivity is undertaken pursuant to an agreement, 

23 or pursuant to the exercise of rights under such 

24 an agreement, that is entered into with the 

25 Government of Syria or a nongovernmental enmstockstill on PROD1PC66 with BILLS

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1 tity in Syria on or after the date of the enact2 ment of this Act: 

3 (i) The entry into a contract that in4 cludes responsibility for the development of 

5 petroleum resources located in Syria, or 

6 the entry into a contract providing for the 

7 general supervision and guarantee of an8 other person’s performance of such a con9 tract. 

10 (ii) The purchase of a share of owner11 ship, including an equity interest, in that 

12 development. 

13 (iii) The entry into a contract pro14 viding for the participation in royalties, 

15 earnings, or profits in that development, 

16 without regard to the form of the partici17 pation. 

18 (B) EXCLUSION.—The term ‘‘investment’’ 

19 does not include the entry into, performance, or 

20 financing of a contract to sell or purchase 

21 goods, services, or technology. 

22 (C) AMENDMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS.— 

23 For purposes of this paragraph, an amendment 

24 or other modification that is made, on or after 

25 the date of the enactment of this Act, to an 

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1 agreement or contract shall be treated as the 

2 entry of an agreement or contract. 

3 (6) PERSON.—The term ‘‘person’’ means— 

4 (A) a natural person; and 

5 (B) a corporation, business association, 

6 partnership, society, trust, any other non7 governmental entity, organization, or group, 

8 and any governmental entity operating as a 

9 business enterprise. 

10 (7) PETROLEUM RESOURCES.— The term ‘‘pe11 troleum resources’’ includes petroleum and natural 

12 gas resources. 

13 (8) UNITED STATES ASSISTANCE.—The term 

14 ‘‘United States assistance’’ means— 

15 (A) any assistance under the Foreign As16 sistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2251 et seq.), 

17 other than urgent humanitarian assistance or 

18 medicine; 

19 (B) sales and assistance under the Arms 

20 Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); 

21 (C) financing by the Commodity Credit 

22 Corporation for export sales of agricultural 

23 commodities; and 

24 (D) financing under the Export-Import 

25 Bank Act of 1945 (12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.). 

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1 TITLE I—STRENGTHENING 

2 UNITED STATES SANCTIONS 

3 AGAINST SYRIA 

4 SEC. 101. DECLARATIONS OF POLICY. 

5 Congress makes the following declarations of policy: 

6 (1) The actions of the Government of the Syr7 ian Arab Republic, including its support for, and fa8 cilitation of, terrorist activities, including inside of 

9 Iraq, its development of long-range missiles and 

10 weapons of mass destruction programs and capabili11 ties, its continued interference with the internal af12 fairs of the Lebanese Republic in violation of mul13 tiple United Nations Security Council resolutions 

14 and of its international obligations, and its massive, 

15 systematic, and extraordinary violations of human 

16 rights of the Syrian people, are a threat to the na17 tional security interests of the United States and 

18 international peace. 

19 (2) The policy of the United States shall be to 

20 deny the Government of Syria the ability to carry 

21 out the following: 

22 (A) To finance, provide safe-haven, or oth23 erwise support terrorist organizations. 

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1 (B) To develop chemical, biological, radio2 logical, or nuclear weapons and long-range bal3 listic missiles. 

4 (C) To continue to interfere in the affairs 

5 of the Government of Lebanon in contravention 

6 of multiple United Nations Security Council 

7 Resolutions, and other pertinent obligations. 

8 (D) To continue to oppress the people of 

9 Syria. 

10 (3) The President should advocate for, and 

11 should instruct the United States Permanent Rep12 resentative to the United Nations to propose and 

13 seek within the United Nations Security Council, a 

14 mandatory international embargo against the Gov15 ernment of Syria, pursuant to Article 41 of the 

16 Charter of the United Nations. 

17 (4) Any effort by a country that is a recipient 

18 of United States assistance to facilitate, directly or 

19 indirectly, the development of Syria’s chemical, bio20 logical, radiological, or nuclear weapons capabilities, 

21 long-range ballistic missile development programs, or 

22 to help make operational any nuclear facility in 

23 Syria will have a detrimental impact on United 

24 States assistance to, or commercial and financial re25 lations with, such country. 

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1 SEC. 102. CODIFICATION OF EXISTING SANCTIONS. 

2 Restrictions against the Government of Syria, and on 

3 persons by reason of their direction of, or contribution to, 

4 activities of the Government of Syria, that were imposed 

5 pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Pow6 ers Act, the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sov7 ereignty Act of 2003, the Iran, North Korea, and Syria 

8 Nonproliferation Act, or any similar provision of law, as 

9 in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act, includ10 ing the restrictions imposed under Executive Order 12938 

11 (as amended by Executive Order 13094), Executive Order 

12 13338, Executive Order 13399, and any similar Executive 

13 Order, shall remain in effect against the Government of 

14 Syria and may not be lifted pursuant to such provisions 

15 of law until the President certifies to the appropriate con16 gressional committees that a government exists in Syria 

17 that— 

18 (1) has ceased any and all support for terrorism 

19 and has not provided such support during the pre20 ceding 5-year period, including support for Pales21 tinian terrorist groups, and has not been determined 

22 by the Secretary of State, for the purposes of section 

23 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, sec24 tion 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, 

25 section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, or any 

26 other provision of law, to be a government that has 

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1 repeatedly provided support for acts of international 

2 terrorism at any time during that 5-year period; 

3 (2) has permanently dismantled Syria’s chem4 ical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons 

5 programs and has taken demonstrable steps to com6 bat the proliferation of such weapons; 

7 (3) respects the boundaries, sovereignty, and 

8 right to exist of all neighboring countries; and 

9 (4) upholds and defends the human rights and 

10 civil liberties of its people. 

11 SEC. 103. SANCTIONS AGAINST CERTAIN PERSONS. 

12 (a) PROHIBITION.—If any person transfers or re13 transfers goods or technology so as to contribute to the 

14 efforts by the Government of Syria to acquire or develop 

15 destabilizing numbers or types of advanced conventional 

16 weapons, or to acquire, develop, produce, or stockpile bio17 logical, chemical, radiological, or nuclear weapons or long18 range ballistic missiles, then the sanctions described in 

19 subsection (b) shall be imposed. 

20 (b) SANCTIONS.—The sanctions to be imposed pursu21 ant to subsection (a) are as follows: 

22 (1) PROCUREMENT SANCTION.—The United 

23 States Government shall not procure, or enter into 

24 any contract for the procurement of, any goods or 

25 services from the sanctioned person. 

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1 (2) EXPORT SANCTION.—The United States 

2 Government shall not issue any license for any ex3 port by or to the sanctioned person. 

4 (3) IMPORT SANCTION.—The President shall 

5 ban the importation of any article that is a product 

6 of the sanctioned person. 

7 (c) PERSONS AGAINST WHOM SANCTIONS ARE TO

8 BE IMPOSED.—The sanctions described in subsections (a) 

9 and (b) shall be imposed on— 

10 (1) any person the President determines has 

11 carried out the activities described in subsection (a); 

12 and 

13 (2) any person the President determines— 

14 (A) is a successor entity to the person re15 ferred to in paragraph (1); 

16 (B) is a parent or subsidiary of the person 

17 referred to in paragraph (1) if that parent or 

18 subsidiary engaged in the activities referred to 

19 in paragraph (1); or 

20 (C) is an affiliate of the person referred to 

21 in paragraph (1) if that affiliate engaged in the 

22 activities referred to in paragraph (1) and if 

23 that affiliate is controlled in fact by the person 

24 referred to in paragraph (1). 

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1 (d) SANCTIONED PERSON DEFINED.—For purposes 

2 of this title, the term ‘‘sanctioned person’’ means any per3 son or entity described in paragraph (1). 

4 SEC. 104. SANCTIONS AGAINST CERTAIN FOREIGN COUN5 TRIES. 

6 (a) PROHIBITION.—If the President determines that 

7 the government of any foreign country transfers or re8 transfers goods or technology, or provides assistance, so 

9 as to contribute to the efforts by the Government of Syria 

10 to acquire or develop destabilizing numbers and types of 

11 advanced conventional weapons, or to acquire, develop, 

12 produce, or stockpile chemical, biological, radiological, or 

13 nuclear weapons and long-range ballistic missiles, then the 

14 President shall impose two or more of the sanctions de15 scribed in subsection (b), and the sanctions described in 

16 subsection (c). 

17 (b) SANCTIONS.—The sanctions referred to in sub18 section (a) are as follows: 

19 (1) SUSPENSION OF UNITED STATES ASSIST20 ANCE.—The United States Government shall sus21 pend United States assistance to the sanctioned 

22 country. 

23 (2) EXPORT SANCTION.—The United States 

24 Government shall not issue any license for any ex25 port by or to the sanctioned country. 

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1 (3) IMPORT SANCTION.—The President shall 

2 ban the importation of any article that is a product 

3 of the sanctioned country. 

4 (4) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION

5 ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary of the Treasury shall 

6 instruct the United States Executive Director at 

7 each international financial institution (as defined in 

8 section 1701(c)(2) of the International Financial In9 stitutions Act) to oppose and vote against the exten10 sion by such institution of any financial or technical 

11 assistance to the sanctioned country. 

12 (5) SUSPENSION OF CODEVELOPMENT OR CO13 PRODUCTION AGREEMENTS.—The United States 

14 Government shall suspend compliance with its obli15 gations under any memorandum of understanding 

16 with the sanctioned country for the codevelopment 

17 or coproduction of any item on the United States 

18 Munitions List (established under section 38 of the 

19 Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778)), includ20 ing any obligation for implementation of the memo21 randum of understanding through the sale to the 

22 sanctioned country of technical data or assistance or 

23 the licensing for export to the sanctioned country of 

24 any component part. 

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1 (6) UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST.—No 

2 item on the United States Munitions List (estab3 lished pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export 

4 Control Act) may be exported to the sanctioned 

5 country. 

6 (c) SUSPENSION OF MILITARY AND DUAL-USE

7 TECHNICAL EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS.—The United 

8 States Government shall suspend compliance with its obli9 gations under any technical exchange agreement involving 

10 military and dual-use technology between the United 

11 States and the sanctioned country that does not directly 

12 contribute to the security of the United States, and no 

13 military or dual-use technology may be exported from the 

14 United States to the sanctioned country pursuant to that 

15 agreement during that period. 

16 TITLE II—SANCTIONS TAR17 GETING SYRIA’S ENERGY SEC18 TOR 

19 SEC. 201. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS. 

20 (a) IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS.—Except as provided 

21 in subsection (f), the President shall impose the sanctions 

22 specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (b) and 

23 one more of the sanctions specified in paragraphs (3) 

24 through (6) of such subsection, if the President deter25 mines that a person has, on or after the date of the enactmstockstill on PROD1PC66 with BILLS

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1 ment of this Act, made an investment of $5,000,000 or 

2 more (or any combination of investments thereof, which 

3 in the aggregate equals or exceeds $5,000,000 in any 12- 

4 month period), that contributed to the enhancement of the 

5 Government of Syria’s ability to develop petroleum re6 sources in Syria. 

7 (b) SANCTIONS SPECIFIED.—The sanctions specified 

8 in this subsection are as follows: 

9 (1) EXPORT-IMPORT BANK ASSISTANCE FOR

10 EXPORTS TO SANCTIONED PERSONS.—The President 

11 shall direct the Export-Import Bank of the United 

12 States not to give approval to the issuance of any 

13 guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or partici14 pation in the extension of credit in connection with 

15 the export of any goods or services to any sanctioned 

16 person. 

17 (2) LOANS FROM UNITED STATES FINANCIAL

18 INSTITUTIONS.—The United States Government 

19 shall prohibit any United States financial institution 

20 from making loans or providing credits to any sanc21 tioned person totaling more than $10,000,000 in 

22 any 12-month period unless such person is engaged 

23 in activities to relieve human suffering and the loans 

24 or credits are provided for such activities. 

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1 (3) EXPORT SANCTION.—The President may 

2 order the United States Government not to issue 

3 any specific license and not to grant any other spe4 cific permission or authority to export any goods or 

5 technology to a sanctioned person under— 

6 (A) the Export Administration Act of 

7 1979; 

8 (B) the Arms Export Control Act; 

9 (C) the Atomic Energy Act of 1954; or 

10 (D) any other statute that requires the 

11 prior review and approval of the United States 

12 Government as a condition for the export or re13 export of goods or services. 

14 (4) PROHIBITIONS ON FINANCIAL INSTITU15 TIONS.—The following prohibitions may be imposed 

16 against a sanctioned person that is a financial insti17 tution: 

18 (A) PROHIBITION ON DESIGNATION AS

19 PRIMARY DEALER.—Neither the Board of Gov20 ernors of the Federal Reserve System nor the 

21 Federal Reserve Bank of New York may des22 ignate, or permit the continuation of any prior 

23 designation of, such financial institution as a 

24 primary dealer in United States Government 

25 debt instruments. 

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1 (B) PROHIBITION ON SERVICE AS A RE2 POSITORY OF GOVERNMENT FUNDS.—Such fi3 nancial institution may not serve as an agent of 

4 the United States Government or serve as re5 pository for United States Government funds. 

6 The imposition of either sanction under subpara7 graph (A) or (B) shall be treated as one sanction for 

8 purposes of this title, and the imposition of both 

9 such sanctions shall be treated as two sanctions for 

10 purposes of this title. 

11 (5) PROCUREMENT SANCTION.—The United 

12 States Government may not procure, or enter into 

13 any contract for the procurement of, any goods or 

14 services from a sanctioned person. 

15 (6) ADDITIONAL SANCTIONS.—The President 

16 may impose sanctions, as appropriate, to restrict im17 ports with respect to a sanctioned person, in accord18 ance with the International Emergency Economic 

19 Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 and following). 

20 (c) PERSONS AGAINST WHICH THE SANCTIONS ARE

21 TO BE IMPOSED.— 

22 (1) IN GENERAL.—The sanctions described in 

23 subsections (a) and (b) shall be imposed on— 

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1 (A) any person the President determines 

2 has carried out the activities described in sub3 section (a); and 

4 (B) any person the President determines— 

5 (i) is a successor entity to the person 

6 referred to in subparagraph (A); 

7 (ii) is a parent or subsidiary of the 

8 person referred to in subparagraph (A) if 

9 that parent or subsidiary engaged in the 

10 activities referred to in subparagraph (A); 

11 or 

12 (iii) is an affiliate of the person re13 ferred to in subparagraph (A) if that affil14 iate engaged in the activities referred to in 

15 paragraph (1) and if that affiliate is con16 trolled in fact by the person referred to in 

17 subparagraph (A). 

18 (2) SANCTIONED PERSON DEFINED.—For pur19 poses of this title, the term ‘‘sanctioned person’’ 

20 means any person or entity described in paragraph 

21 (1). 

22 (d) PUBLICATION IN FEDERAL REGISTER.—The 

23 President shall cause to be published in the Federal Reg24 ister a current list of sanctioned persons. The removal of 

25 persons or entities from, and the addition of persons and 

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1 entities to, the list of sanctioned persons, shall also be so 

2 published. 

3 (e) PUBLICATION OF PROJECTS.—The President 

4 shall cause to be published in the Federal Register a list 

5 of all projects which have been publicly tendered in the 

6 oil and gas sector in Syria. 

7 (f) EXCEPTIONS.—The President shall not be re8 quired to apply or maintain the sanctions specified in sub9 section (b)— 

10 (1) in the case of procurement of defense arti11 cles or defense services— 

12 (A) under existing contracts or sub13 contracts, including the exercise of options for 

14 production quantities to satisfy requirements 

15 essential to the national security of the United 

16 States; 

17 (B) if the President determines and cer18 tifies in writing to the appropriate congressional 

19 committees that the person to which the sanc20 tions would otherwise be applied is a sole source 

21 supplier of the defense articles or services, that 

22 the defense articles or services are essential, 

23 and that alternative sources are not readily or 

24 reasonably available; or 

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1 (C) if the President determines and cer2 tifies in writing to the appropriate congressional 

3 committees that such articles or services are es4 sential to the national security of the United 

5 States under defense coproduction agreements; 

6 (2) in the case of procurement, to eligible prod7 ucts, as defined in section 308(4) of the Trade 

8 Agreements Act of 1979 (19 U.S.C. 2518(4)), of 

9 any foreign country or instrumentality designated 

10 under section 301(b)(1) of that Act (19 U.S.C. 

11 2511(b)(1)); 

12 (3) to products, technology, or services provided 

13 under contracts entered into before the date on 

14 which the President publishes in the Federal Reg15 ister the name of the person with respect to whom 

16 the sanctions are to be imposed; 

17 (4) to— 

18 (A) spare parts which are essential to 

19 United States products or production; and 

20 (B) component parts, but not finished 

21 products, essential to United States products or 

22 production; and 

23 (5) to medicines, medical supplies, or other hu24 manitarian items. 

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1 SEC. 202. ADVISORY OPINIONS. 

2 The Secretary of State may, upon the request of any 

3 person, issue an advisory opinion to that person as to 

4 whether a proposed activity by that person would subject 

5 that person to sanctions under section 201. Any person 

6 who relies in good faith on such an advisory opinion which 

7 states that the proposed activity would not subject a per8 son to such sanctions, and any person who thereafter en9 gages in such activity, shall not be made subject to such 

10 sanctions on account of such activity. 

11 SEC. 203. TERMINATION OF SANCTIONS. 

12 The requirement to impose sanctions under section 

13 201 shall no longer have force or effect with respect to 

14 the Government of Syria if the President determines and 

15 certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that 

16 the Government of Syria— 

17 (1) has ceased its efforts to design, develop, 

18 manufacture, or acquire— 

19 (A) a nuclear explosive device or related 

20 materials and technology; 

21 (B) chemical, biological, and radiological 

22 weapons; and 

23 (C) ballistic missiles and ballistic missile 

24 launch technology; 

25 (2) is no longer a country the government of 

26 which the Secretary of State has determined, for the 

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1 purposes of section 6(j) of the Export Administra2 tion Act of 1979, section 620A of the Foreign As3 sistance Act of 1961, section 40 of the Arms Export 

4 Control Act, or any other provision of law, to be a 

5 government that has repeatedly provided support for 

6 acts of international terrorism; 

7 (3) is in compliance with all of its international 

8 commitments, including pertinent United Nations 

9 Security Council resolutions; 

10 (4) respects the territorial integrity, sov11 ereignty, and right to exist of neighboring countries; 

12 and 

13 (5) poses no threat to United States security, 

14 United States interests, and United States allies in 

15 the region. 

16 SEC. 204. DURATION OF SANCTIONS; PRESIDENTIAL WAIV17 ER. 

18 (a) DELAY OF SANCTIONS.— 

19 (1) CONSULTATIONS.—If the President makes a 

20 determination under section 201 that a sanction 

21 specified in such section should be imposed with re22 spect to a foreign person, Congress urges the Presi23 dent to initiate consultations immediately with the 

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1 eign person with respect to the imposition of sanc2 tions under such section. 

3 (2) ACTIONS BY GOVERNMENT OF JURISDIC4 TION.—In order to pursue consultations under para5 graph (1) with the government with primary juris6 diction over a foreign person described in such para7 graph, the President may delay imposition of sanc8 tions under section 201 with respect to the foreign 

9 person for up to 90 days. Following such consulta10 tions with the government involved, the President 

11 shall immediately impose such sanctions unless the 

12 President determines and certifies to the appropriate 

13 congressional committees that the government has 

14 taken specific and effective actions, including the im15 position of appropriate penalties, to terminate the 

16 involvement of the foreign person in the activities 

17 that resulted in the determination by the President 

18 to impose sanctions under section 201 with respect 

19 to the person. 

20 (b) DURATION OF SANCTIONS.—A sanction imposed 

21 under section 201 shall remain in effect— 

22 (1) for a period of not less than two years from 

23 the date on which it is imposed; or 

24 (2) until such time as the President determines 

25 and certifies to the Congress that the person whose 

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1 activities were the basis for imposing the sanction is 

2 no longer engaging in such activities and that the 

3 President has received reliable assurances that such 

4 person will not engage in such activities in the fu5 ture, except that such sanction shall remain in effect 

6 for a period of not less than one year. 

7 (c) PRESIDENTIAL WAIVER.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—The President may, on a 

9 case by case basis, waive for a single period of not 

10 more than six months the application of a sanction 

11 imposed under section 201 with respect to a foreign 

12 person, if the President certifies to the appropriate 

13 congressional committees at least 30 days before 

14 such waiver is to take effect that— 

15 (A) such waiver is vital to the national se16 curity of the United States; and 

17 (B) the government of the country with re18 spect to which the foreign person is a national 

19 has undertaken substantial measures to prevent 

20 the acquisition and development of weapons of 

21 mass destruction by the Government of Syria 

22 and to deny the Government of Syria the re23 sources and capability to engage in the state24 sponsorship of terrorism. 

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1 SEC. 205. DETERMINATIONS NOT REVIEWABLE. 

2 A determination to impose sanctions under section 

3 201 shall not be reviewable in any court. 

4 SEC. 206. EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN ACTIVITIES. 

5 Nothing in this title shall apply to any activities sub6 ject to the reporting requirements of title V of the Na7 tional Security Act of 1947. 

8 TITLE III—DIPLOMATIC EF9 FORTS TO ISOLATE THE GOV10 ERNMENT OF SYRIA 

11 SEC. 301. SENSE OF CONGRESS RELATING TO BILATERAL 

12 EFFORTS. 

13 It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State 

14 should ensure that United States diplomatic personnel 

15 abroad understand and, in their contacts with foreign offi16 cials, are communicating the reasons for United States 

17 policy and sanctions against the Government of Syria, and 

18 are urging foreign governments to cooperate more effec19 tively with the Government of the United States in com20 pelling the Government of Syria to cease policies and ac21 tivities that threaten global peace and security. 

22 SEC. 302. OPPOSITION TO SYRIA’S MEMBERSHIP AND CAN23 DIDACY FOR LEADERSHIP POSTS IN UNITED 

24 NATIONS INSTITUTIONS. 

25 The President shall direct the United States Perma26 nent Representative to the United Nations, United Namstockstill on PROD1PC66 with BILLS

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1 tions organizations and entities, and United Nations-affili2 ated agencies and bodies, to continue to use the voice and 

3 vote of the United States to oppose Syria’s membership 

4 and candidacy for leadership posts in such institutions, 

5 and engage in diplomatic efforts to secure multilateral 

6 support for such efforts. 

7 SEC. 303. ACTIONS AT THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL AS8 SEMBLY. 

9 The President shall take the necessary steps to secure 

10 support for the adoption of a resolution at the United Na11 tions General Assembly holding the Government of Syria 

12 accountable for its systematic violations of human rights 

13 of Syrian and Lebanese citizens and calling for the ap14 pointment of a United Nations Special Rapporteur to in15 vestigate such human rights violations. 

16 SEC. 304. ACTIONS AT INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTI17 TUTIONS. 

18 The President shall instruct the United States Exec19 utive Director at each international financial institution 

20 (as defined in section 1701(c)(2) of the International Fi21 nancial Institutions Act) to use the voice and vote of the 

22 United States to oppose any loan or other assistance to 

23 Syria and to oppose Syria’s membership in the institution. 

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1 SEC. 305. ACTIONS AT THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC EN2 ERGY AGENCY. 

3 The President shall instruct the United States Per4 manent Representative to the International Atomic En5 ergy Agency (IAEA) to— 

6 (1) seek the adoption of a resolution calling on 

7 Syria to declare all nuclear-related facilities, imme8 diately and unconditionally suspend any activity 

9 which could be used to develop nuclear-weapons ca10 pability, and provide full access to IAEA inspectors 

11 to its nuclear-related facilities; 

12 (2) block the allocation of funds for IAEA de13 velopment, environmental, or nuclear-related assist14 ance or activity to the Government of Syria or any 

15 agency or instrumentality thereof until the deter16 minations set forth in paragraphs (1) through (4) of 

17 section 102 have been met; and 

18 (3) block membership of the Government of 

19 Syria on the Board of Governors of the IAEA. 

20 SEC. 306. ESTABLISHMENT OF UNITED STATES AND RE21 GIONAL CONTACT GROUPS. 

22 The President shall seek to establish contact groups 

23 with relevant countries in the Middle East to provide fo24 rums in which United States officials who are responsible 

25 for counter-proliferation efforts are able to meet, at least 

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1 twice each year, with their counterpart from such coun2 tries to— 

3 (1) discuss the global threats presented by Syr4 ian nuclear proliferation and sponsorship of inter5 national terrorism; and 

6 (2) develop strategies to effectively address 

7 these threats. 

8 SEC. 307. REPORT ON ASSISTANCE TO, AND COMMERCE 

9 WITH, SYRIA. 

10 (a) REPORT.—Not later than 90 days after the date 

11 of the enactment of this Act, and on an annual basis there12 after, the President shall transmit to the appropriate con13 gressional committees a report on assistance to, and com14 merce with, Syria by other foreign countries during the 

15 preceding 12-month period. 

16 (b) CONTENTS.—Each report required by subsection 

17 (a) shall, for the period covered by the report, contain the 

18 following information, to the extent such information is 

19 available: 

20 (1) A description of all bilateral assistance pro21 vided to Syria by other foreign countries, including 

22 humanitarian assistance. 

23 (2) A description of Syria’s commerce with for24 eign countries, including an identification of Syria’s 

25 trading partners and the extent of such trade. 

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1 (3) A description of the joint ventures com2 pleted, or under consideration, by foreign nationals 

3 and business firms involving facilities in Syria, in4 cluding an identification of the location of the facili5 ties involved and a description of the terms of agree6 ment of the joint ventures and the names of the par7 ties that are involved. 

8 (4) A determination of the amount of debt of 

9 the Government of Syria that is owed to each for10 eign country, including— 

11 (A) the amount of debt exchanged, for12 given, or reduced under the terms of each in13 vestment or operation in Syria involving foreign 

14 nationals; and 

15 (B) the amount of debt owed to the foreign 

16 country that has been exchanged, forgiven, or 

17 reduced in return for a grant by the Govern18 ment of Syria of an equity interest in a prop19 erty, investment, or operation of the Syrian 

20 Government or of a Syrian national. 

21 (5) A description of the steps taken to assure 

22 that raw materials and semifinished or finished 

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1 ket, either directly or through third countries or par2 ties. 

3 (6) An identification of countries and entities 

4 that provide, or have provided, arms or military sup5 plies from Syria or that otherwise have entered into 

6 agreements with Syria that could have a military ap7 plication, including— 

8 (A) a description of the military supplies, 

9 equipment, or other material sold, bartered, or 

10 exchanged between Syria and such countries; 

11 (B) a listing of the goods, services, credits, 

12 or other consideration received by Syria in ex13 change for military supplies, equipment, or ma14 terial; and 

15 (C) the terms or conditions of any such 

16 agreement. 

17 (c) FORM.—The report submitted under subsection 

18 (a) shall be in unclassified form but may include a classi19 fied annex. 

20 TITLE IV—ASSISTANCE TO 

21 SUPPORT DEMOCRACY IN SYRIA 

22 SEC. 401. DECLARATIONS OF POLICY. 

23 It shall be the policy of the United States to support 

24 independent human rights and pro-democracy forces in 

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1 Syria to promote the emergence of a democratic govern2 ment in Syria that will— 

3 (1) denounce and combat terrorism; 

4 (2) dismantle its chemical, biological, radio5 logical, and nuclear weapons programs and commit 

6 to combating the proliferation of such weapons; 

7 (3) respect the boundaries, sovereignty, and 

8 right to exist of its neighbors and live in peace and 

9 security with all the countries in the region; and 

10 (4) uphold and defend the human rights and 

11 civil liberties of its citizens. 

12 SEC. 402. ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT A TRANSITION TO DE13 MOCRACY IN SYRIA. 

14 (a) AUTHORIZATION.—Notwithstanding any other 

15 provision of law, the President is authorized to provide as16 sistance and other support for individuals and independent 

17 nongovernmental organizations to support a transition to 

18 a freely-elected, internationally recognized democratic gov19 ernment in Syria. 

20 (b) ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED.—Assistance provided 

21 under subsection (a) shall, to the maximum extent prac22 ticable, be used to carry out the following activities: 

23 (1) Democracy-building and civil society efforts 

24 in Syria, including the provision of assistance to or25 ganizations certified by the President to be indemstockstill on PROD1PC66 with BILLS

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1 pendent democratic organizations, victims of political 

2 repression and their families, and prisoners of con3 science and their families. 

4 (2) Radio and television broadcasting to Syria 

5 to support democracy-building and civil society ef6 forts in Syria. 

7 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—To carry 

8 out this section, there are authorized to be appropriated 

9 to the President sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 

10 2008 and each subsequent fiscal year. 

Æ 

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