Affirmed and Opinion Filed July 15, 2014 

S 

In The 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

No. 05-13-00462-CV 

LEN RAO, Appellant 

V. 

THE AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION, Appellee 

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 

Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. CC-13-00255-B 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Before Justices Bridges, Francis, and Lang-Miers 

Opinion by Justice Bridges 

Len Rao appeals the trial court’s granting of a plea to the jurisdiction filed by the 

American Arbitration Association. In two points of error, Rao argues the trial court erred in 

granting AAA’s plea to the jurisdiction because (1) the arbitral immunity doctrine does not apply 

to AAA’s actions and (2) AAA does not have jurisdiction to arbitrate the alleged arbitration 

clause. We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

 Len Rao is a former employee of David Weekley Homes. This litigation stems from an 

underlying dispute between Rao and David Weekley Homes, Weekley Homes Business Trust, 

David Weekley, and Randy Braden (Weekley). The underlying dispute resulted in Weekley’s 

demand for AAA-administered arbitration. Weekley filed a plea in abatement and motion to 

compel arbitration on April 5, 2010 in which they argued Rao had agreed to arbitrate any and all 
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claims against Weekley. In response, Rao argued Weekley failed to present a valid binding 

arbitration clause upon which arbitration could be compelled. After a hearing on May 4, 2010, 

the trial court denied the motion to compel arbitration. On May 12, 2010, Weekley filed an 

interlocutory appeal in this Court and an emergency motion to stay proceedings in the trial court. 

This Court granted the emergency motion to stay proceedings in the trial court, pending the 

interlocutory appeal. 

In June 2010, Weekley filed a demand for arbitration with AAA. After AAA proceeded 

to administer the arbitration due to the demand, Rao filed a motion to stay the arbitration 

proceedings on June 15, 2010. Rao emailed AAA to advise them of the stay. AAA informed the 

parties that they would not move forward with arbitration until the stay was lifted. On June 22, 

2010, this Court clarified that the order granting the emergency motion to stay proceedings 

pending interlocutory appeal applied only to the proceedings in the trial court’s suit and not the 

pending arbitration. However, in February 2011, this Court ordered the arbitration stayed as 

well. In response, AAA informed the parties that administration of the matter would be 

suspended until further notice. On March 22, 2011, a panel of this Court found the arbitration 

agreement to be unenforceable and affirmed the trial court’s order denying the motion to compel 

arbitration. In response, AAA advised the parties they would be closing their files. As the 

record shows, arbitration was initiated but never took place. No orders or awards were entered 

by the arbitrator. No evidentiary hearings were held. AAA never issued a ruling or 

determination regarding the “arbitrability of an arbitration clause.” 

In April 2012, Rao filed a second amended petition alleging various claims against AAA. 

AAA asserted a plea to the jurisdiction and, in the alternative, a motion for summary judgment 

arguing that Rao’s claims against AAA were barred by the doctrine of arbitral immunity. Rao 

filed a response arguing that the plea to the jurisdiction should be denied because AAA was not 
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protected by arbitral immunity. On January 15, 2013, the trial court granted the plea to the 

jurisdiction, and this appeal followed. 

 In his first issue, Rao argues the trial court erred in granting AAA’s plea to the 

jurisdiction because the arbitral immunity doctrine does not apply to AAA’s actions. 

Specifically, Rao argues that arbitral immunity for a sponsoring organization, such as AAA, is 

not absolute, but is instead limited to discretionary, quasi-judicial functions that occur in the 

decision-making process. Rao compares arbitral immunity to judicial immunity. Because 

judicial immunity does not protect judges from administrative or executive functions, Rao argues 

that AAA should not be protected for administrative and executive functions as well. 

 A plea to the jurisdiction seeks dismissal of a case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 

Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). Whether the trial court has 

subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law, which is reviewed de novo. See, e.g., Tex. Dep’t 

Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex 2004); Patten v. Johnson, 429 S.W.3d 

767, 775-76 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. filed). Only the pleadings and the evidence pertinent 

to the jurisdictional inquiry are considered. Patten, 429 S.W.3d at 776. The plaintiff has the 

burden to plead facts affirmatively showing that the trial court has subject matter jurisdiction. Id. 

If the evidence creates a fact issue concerning jurisdiction, the plea to the jurisdiction must be 

denied. Id. 

 Arbitration of disputes is strongly favored under both federal and Texas law. Id. The 

presumption in favor of arbitration is so strong in Texas that courts are to resolve any doubts in 

favor of arbitration. See, e.g., Cantell & Co., Inc. v. Goodwin, 924 S.W.2d 943, 944 (Tex. 1996); 

Jack B. Anglin Co., v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266, 268-69 (Tex. 1992). Because the presumption in 

favor of arbitration is so strong, the burden of overcoming the presumption falls on the party that 

opposes the arbitration. Prudential Sec., Inc. v. Marshall, 909 S.W.2d 896, 900 (Tex. 1995). 
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The doctrine of arbitral immunity, which confers immunity on arbitrators from litigation, 

has been uniformly recognized by state and federal courts and applies to individual arbitrators as 

well as to organizations that sponsor arbitrations. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Tex. v. Juneau, 114 

S.W.3d 126, 129, 133 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.). The United States Supreme Court has 

established that immunity should be extended to persons and/or entities whose responsibilities 

are functionally comparable to those of a judge. Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 510-513 

(1978). Because arbitrators have roles that are functionally equivalent to judges, it is necessary 

to protect arbitrators from undue influence and to safeguard their independence similar to 

judicial immunity. Pullara v. Am. Arbitration Ass’n, 191 S.W.3d 903, 909 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2006, pet. denied). Additionally, because Texas encourages arbitration and 

arbitrators are essential actors in furtherance of that policy, it is appropriate that immunity be 

extended to arbitrators for acts within the scope of their duties. Juneau, 114 S.W.3d at 133. 

This immunity for arbitrators also extends to organizations that administer arbitrations, 

such as AAA, because otherwise, “it would be of little value to the whole arbitral procedure to 

merely shift the liability to the sponsoring association.” Corey v. New York Stock Exchange, 691 

F.2d 1205, 1211 (6th Cir. 1982). Failure to extend immunity to AAA could discourage it from 

sponsoring future arbitrations. New England Cleaning Servs., Inc. v. Am. Arbitration Ass’n, 199 

F.3d 542, 546 (1st Cir. 1999). Reluctance by AAA or similar organizations to arrange 

arbitrations would impede the implementation of policy favoring arbitration. Id. 

 AAA is a not-for-profit, public service organization that offers dispute-resolution 

services. AAA employs neutral experts to hear and resolve disputes in order to provide private, 

efficient, and cost-effective procedures for out-of-court resolution of workplace disputes. 

Arbitration is a policy that is highly favored in Texas, as well as under state and federal law. See

Patten, 429 S.W.3d at 776. AAA is clearly an organization that administers arbitrations, with 
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responsibilities functionally similar to that of a judge. See Corey, 691 F.2d at 1211; Pullara, 191 

S.W.3d at 909. It follows that AAA is protected by the doctrine of arbitral immunity for all acts 

within the scope of their duties. See Juneau, 114 S.W.3d at 133. Further, the failure to extend 

immunity to the AAA or similar organizations could discourage them from sponsoring future 

arbitrations, which would impede the implementation of policy favoring arbitration. See New 

England Cleaning Servs., 199 F.3d at 546. Therefore, the trial court did not err in granting 

AAA’s plea to the jurisdiction on the basis that arbitral immunity barred Rao’s claims. As a 

result, we overrule Rao’s first issue. 

For his second issue, Rao argues the trial court erred in granting AAA’s plea to the 

jurisdiction because AAA did not have jurisdiction to arbitrate the alleged arbitration clause 

submitted by Weekley. Specifically, Rao argues that the Civil Practice & Remedies Code 

§171.024 grants the court exclusive jurisdiction of arbitration matters. However, because of our 

disposition of Rao’s first issue, we need not address his second issue. 

We affirm the trial court’s order granting AAA’s plea to the jurisdiction. 

130462F.P05 

 

/David L. Bridges/ 

DAVID L. BRIDGES 

JUSTICE 
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S 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

JUDGMENT 

LEN RAO, Appellant 

No. 05-13-00462-CV V. 

THE AMERICAN ARBITRATION 

ASSOCIATION, Appellee 

 On Appeal from the County Court at Law 

No. 2, Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. CC-13-00255-B. 

Opinion delivered by Justice Bridges. 

Justices Francis and Lang-Miers 

participating. 

 In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is 

AFFIRMED. 

 It is ORDERED that appellee THE AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION 

recover its costs of this appeal from appellant LEN RAO. 

Judgment entered July 15, 2014