CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS



### 3.1 INTRODUCTION A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating fluorescent lamps

. The ballast provides the high voltage needed to ignite the discharge (start the lamp) and then limits the current when the discharge is established

. The lamp does not conduct electricity until the gas in the lamp is ionized by the high voltage,'after which only a small current is required to sustain light output

. The starting and operating conditions of each type of fluorescent lamp are specified by the lamp manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Electric Lamp Committee, ANSI C78.1. The important specifications for lamp life are the lamp current, the maximum starting voltage , the filament voltage, and the lamp current crest factor.' The characteristics of the fluorescent lamp ballast are specified by an ANSI Fluorescent Ballast Committee, C.82.2 and C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage, ballast

. factor2, and power factor

. Other standards groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and harmonic content as related to specific applications or environments

. Ballasts are now available with total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 10%. Two parameters not specified by ANSI are ballast efficiency and system (lamp-ballast) efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency ballasts has a limit on harmonics. The three types offluorescent lamp ballasts considered in this analysis are magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic. The three methods of starting lamps are pre-heat, rapid

-start and instant-start.These names are also applied to those ballasts designed to operate with a particular lamp type. Preheat ballasts are

-not used in 4 or 8-foot commercial and industrial applications and are not considered in the analysis

. Instant start magnetic ballasts are not usually foundin commercial or industrial lamp ballast systems and are not considered in the analysis . Cathode cutout ballasts 1a-L one rapid-start method exclusively. The rapid start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage. Instant-start lamps do not apply a steady filament voltage and rely upon a higher voltage to initiate the discharge. The magnetic ballast is constructed using discrete components

. The main components are a magnetic choke to limit the current, a step-up transformer to obtain the high starting voltage, and two capacitors, one of which corrects for the low power factor and the other changes the phase voltage

The lamp current crest factor is defined as the peak current divided by the root mean square current. 2 Ballast factor is the measured ability

.of a particular ballast to produce light from the lamp it powers. 3 Power factor is defined as the cosine of the angle of phase shift between the voltage and current drawn by an operating electrical device. 

### 3.1 

### 3.1 INTRODUCTION**M.qr.qi:::l::@l:i:i.l~z** 

### CHAPTER3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating fluorescent lamps. The ballast providt:s the high voltage needed to ignite the discharge (start the lamp) and then limits the current when the discharge is established. The lamp does not conduct electricityuntil the gas inthe lamp is ionizedby.the high voltage. after which only a small currentis required to sustain light output. The starting and operating conditions ofeach type offluorescent lamp are specified by the lamp manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Electric Lamp Committee. ANSI C78.1. The important specifications for lamp life are the lamp current. the

### maximum starting voltage. the filament voltage. and the lamp current crest factor. I The characteristics ofthe fluorescent lamp ballast are specified by an ANSI Fluorescent Ballast Committee. C.82.2 and C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage. ballastfactor2, and power**facto~.** Other standards groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and harmonic content as relatedto specific applications orenvironments. Ballasts are now available with total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 

### 10%; Two parameters not specifiedby ANSI are ballast efficiency and system (lamp-ballast) efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency ballasts has a limit onharmonics. Thethree types offluonscentlamp ballasts considered inthis analysis are magnetic. cathode cutout. and electronic. Thethree methods ofstarting lamps are pre-heat, rapid-start and instant-start. These names are also appUed to those ballasts designed to operate with a particularlamp type. Preheatballasts are·not used in 4 or 8-foot commercial and industrial applications and are not considered inthe analysis. Instant start magnetic ballasts are not usually found in commercial or industrial lamp ballast systems and are not considered in the analysis. Cathode cutout ballasts 11':::' (oe rapid-start method exclusively. The rapid start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage. Instant-start lamps do not apply a steady filament voltage and rely upon a higher voltage to initiate the discharge. Themagnetic ballastis constructed using discrete components. The main components are a magnetic choketo limit the current. a step-up transfonnerto obtain the high starting voltage. and two capacitors. one ofwhich corrects for the lowpower factor and the other changes the phase voltage

ITbe lamp current crest factor is defined as the peak currentdivided by the rootmean square current.

2 Ballastfactor is the measured ability-ofa particularballastto produce light from the lamp it powers.
3 Powerfactor is defmed as the cosine ofthe angle ofphase shiftbetween thevoltage andcurrent drawn by an operating electrical device.

. 3.1between the two lamps (when a single ballast operates two lamps). Magnetic ballasts operate at an

input frequency of 60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) at the same 60 Hz frequency. The electronic ballast (solid state) provides the same function as the magnetic ballast. The electronic fluorescent lamp ballast is constructed using discrete components with circuit boards to electrically connect the components. The manufacturing procedures for the electronic ballast are the same as those employed for other electronic devices. Ferrite cores are used for the high-frequency output circuits. Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of 60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) at high frequency above 20,000 Hz. The electronic ballast is more efficient than the energy-efficient magnetic ballast in transforming the input power to lamp requirements. In addition, the fluorescent lamp is more efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two improvements may result in a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast system. Since electronic ballasts are packaged in the same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be installed in fixtures designed to be used with core-coil ballasts. Electronic ballasts have an installation advantage because of their lighter weight. The cathode cutout ballast uses components similar to the magnetic ballast but adds an electronic switch to disconnect the ballast's lamp electrode heater after the lamp starts. This ballast uses less energy than the energy efficient magnetic ballast. The ANSI C.82.2-1984 standard test procedure for evaluating the performance of a ballast (1) measures filament voltage, lamp current crest factor, power factor, lamp current, ballast factor, and starting voltage. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment of 20'C. The lamp is measured in an open strip fixture such that the minimum lamp wall temperature is between 37 and 40°C. The ballast efficacy factor (BEF) is a measure of ballast system performance or efficacy. This factor is not explicitly mentioned in the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and is defined as: BEF = Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power The BEF is defined as the ballast factor in percent divided by the ballast input power in watts. The- ballast factor (BF) for a specific ballast is the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on the' specific ballast divided by the light output of the same lamp tested on a. "reference" ballast under identical environmental conditions. The reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail in the. applicable ANSI lamp standards. Lamp types are designated by a series of letters and numbers. The, letter "F" is used to designate a fluorescent lamp. It is followed by a two digit number that indicates either the nominal lamp wattage, if the number is "40" or "32", or the lamp length if the number is "96".' These digits are followed by the letter "T" for tubular, which is followed by a number that is the lamp diameter 

### 3.2 

### betweenthetwo lamps (when a single ballastoperates two lamps). Magnetic ballasts operate at an input frequency of60 Hz and operatethe lamp(s) atthe same 60 Hz frequency. The electronic ballast (solid state) provides the same function as the magnetic ballast. The electronic fluorescent lamp ballast is constructed using discrete components with circuit boards to electrically connectthe components. The manufacturing procedures for the electronic ballast are the same as those employed for other electronic devices. Ferrite cores are used for the high-frequency output circuits. Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) at high frequency above 20,000 Hz. The electronic ballast is more efficient thanthe energy-efficient magnetic ballast in transforming the input powerto lamp requirements. In addition, the fluorescent lamp is more efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two improvements may result in a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast system. Since electronic ballasts are packaged in the same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be installed 

### iIifixtures designed to be used with core-coilballasts. Electronic ballasts have an installation advantage because oftheir lighter weight. The cathode cutout ballast uses components similar to the magnetic ballast but adds an electronic switchto disconnectthe ballast's lamp electrode heater afterthe lamp starts. This ballast uses less energy than the energy efficient magnetic ballast. The ANSI C.82.2-1984 standard test procedure for evaluating the performance ofaballast (1) 

### measures filament voltage, lamp current crest factor, power factor, lamp current, ballast factor, and starting voltage. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment of20°C. The lamp is 

### measured in an open strip fixture such thatthe minimum lamp wall temperature is between I 

### 37 and 40°C. The ballast efficacy factor (BEF) is 

### ameasure ofballast systemperformance orefficacy. This factor is 

### not explicitlymentioned in 

### the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and is defined as: BEF = 

### Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power The BEF is 

### defined as the ballast factor in 

### percent divided by the ballast inputpowerin watts. The'ballast factor (BF) for a specific ballast is the ratio ofthe light output ofa lamp tested on the' specific ballast divided by the light output ofthe same lamp tested on a "reference" ballast under identical environmental conditions. The reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail in the applicable ANSI lamp standards. Lamp types are designated by a series ofletters and numbers. The, letter 

### "F" is used to designate a fluorescent lamp. It

### is followed by atwo,digit numberthat indicates either the nominal lamp wattage, ifthe number is "40" or "32", orthe lamp length ifthe numberis "96".' These digits are followed 'by'the letter "T" for tubular, which is followed by anumberthat is the lamp diameter 3.2in eighths of an inch, followed by "HO" if the lamp is high output, followed by "/ES" if the lamp is

an energy saver, or "/R.E70" if the lamp is a rare-earth phosphor type with.color rendering index of 70 or greater. An energy saving lamp is a reduced wattage krypton-filled lamp. 'The F40T12 and the F96T12 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts presently regulated. The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These efficiency factors apply to all ballasts manufactured on or after January 1, 1990, sold by the manufacturer on or after April 1, 1990, and incorporated into a luminarie by a luminarie manufacturer on or after April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at input voltages of both 120 and277V with an input current frequency of 60 Hz. Although the regulated ballasts can operate reducedwattage or "energy saver" lamps, all BEF tests are made with 40W F40T 12, 75 W F96T 12, or 110W F96T 12HO lamps. The standards do not apply to dimming ballasts, ballasts designed for use in ambient temperatures of 0' F or less, or ballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90 and are designed for use in residential applications.

Table 3. 1 Minimum Allowable. Ballast Efficacy Factors Ballast-Lamp System Voltage Nominal Lamp watts Ballast Efficacy Factor 1 F40T12 120,277 40 1.805 2 F40T12 120 80 1.06 277 80 1.05 2 F96T12 120,277 150 0.570 2 F96T12H0 120, 277 220 0.390 The efficacy of the lamp-ballast system is defined in terms of lumens per watt (lm/W). The term efficacy is standard nomenclature for efficiency when the input and output have different dimensions

. Efficacy is measured after a lamp has been operated for 100 hours, and is described as the initial characteristic

. The light output is also specified at 40% of lamp life to assess the lumen depreciation of the lamp. 

### 3.2 PRODUCT CLASSES In addition to the product classes listed in Table 3.1, other product classes are now important in the market such as the three and four-lamp F40T 12 ballasts in use with full wattage and energy saver lamps, and the four-foot T8 lamp ballast system. The classes considered in this analysis appear in Table 3.2. The nominal 32 watt F32T8 lamp-ballast system is more efficacious than the F40T 12 fluorescent system. The T10 lamps are designed to operate with the 40W F40T12 ballast, so they do not need a separate product class. Since the full wattage halophosphor T12 lamps were obsolete under the Energy Policy Act beginning


### 3.3 ineighths ofan inch, followed by "HO"ifthe lamp is high output, followed by "/ES"ifthe lamp is anenergy saver, or "/RE70" ifthe lamp is a rare-earth phosphortype with.colorrendering index of 70 orgreater. 

### An energy saving lamp is a reduced wattage krypton-filled lamp. 'The F40T12 and the F96T12 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts presently regulated. -The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These efficiency factors apply to all ballasts manufactured on or after January 1, 1990, sold by the manufacturer onorafter April 1, 1990, and incorporatedinto a luminarieby a luminarie manufacturer

. onorafter April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at inputvoltages ofboth 120 and

277V with aninput current frequency of60 

### Hz. Althoughthe regulated ballasts can operate reducedwattage or "energy saver" lamps, all BEFtests are made with 40WF40T12, 75W F96T12, or 110W F96T12HO lamps. The standards do not apply to dimming ballasts, ballasts designed for use in ambient temperatures of0 0 F or less, or ballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90 and are designed for use inresidential applications. 

### Table3.1 

### Minimum Allowable.Ballast Efficacy Factors Ballast-Lamp System Voltage Nominal Lamp watts Ballast Efficacy Factor 1F40T12 120,277 40 1.805 2 F40T12 120 80 1.06 277 80 1.05 2 F96T12 120,277 150 0.570 2F96T12HO 120,277 220 0.390 The efficacy ofthelamp-ballast system is defmed intenns oflumensperwatt (lm/W). The term 

### efficacy is standard nomenclature for efficiency when the input and output have different

. dimensions. Efficacy is measured after a lamp has been operated for 100 hours, andis described as the**~tial** characteristic. The light output is also specified at 40% oflamp life to assess the lumen depreciation ofthe lamp. 

### 3.2 PRODUCT CLASSES Inadditiontothe product classes listed in Table 3.1, otherproduct classes are now important in the market such as the three and four-lamp F40TI2 ballasts in use with full wattage and energy saverlamps, andthe four-foot T8 lamp ballast system. Theclasses considered inthis analysis appear in Table 3.2. The nominal 32 watt F32T8 lamp-ballast system is more efficacious than the F40Tl2 fluorescent system. The TIO lamps are designed to operate with the 40W F40T12 ballast, sothey do notneed a separate product class. Since the full wattagehalophosphor TI2 lamps were obsolete underthe Energy Policy Actbeginning
3.3in November 1995, RE70. rare earth phosphor fluorescent lamps with a color rendering index of 70

and "/ES" halophosphor lamps are selected as the lamp options that are used to establish various ballast product classes and to perform the engineering analysis'.


### Table 3.2 Product Classes 1. One-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 40W F40T12/RE70 fluorescent lamp; 2. One-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 40W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamp; 3. Two-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 40W F40T12/RE70 fluorescent lamps; 4. Two-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 40W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps; 5. Two-lamp F96 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 75W F96T12/RE70 fluorescent lamps; 6. Two-lamp F96 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 75W F96T12/ ES fluorescent lamps; 7. Two-lamp F96HO ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 110W F96T12H0/RE70 fluorescent lamps. 8. Two-lamp F96HO-ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 110W F96T12HO/ES fluorescent lamps. 9. Three-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 40W F40T12/RE70 fluorescent lamps; 10 Three-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 40W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps; 11 Four-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 40W F40T12/RE70 fluorescent lamps; 12 One-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one F32T8 fluorescent lamp; 13 Two-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two F32T8 fluorescent lamps; 14 Three-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three F32T8 fluorescent lamps; and 15 Four-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate four F32T8 fluorescent lamps.

4For the consumer analysis halophosphor lamps already in use are assumed to persist until they have been replaced by natural turnover. 

### 3.4 in

### November 1995, RE70rare earth phosphor fluorescent lamps with a colorrendering index of70 and 

### "IES" halophosphor lamps are selected as the lamp options that**~re** 

### used to establish various ballast product classes and to perfonnthe engineering analysis4.
Table 3.2 ProductClasses 1. 

### One-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 40WF40T12iRE70 fluorescent lamp;



# . 2. One-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 40W F40T12IES fluorescent lamp; 3. Two-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 40W F40T121RE70 fluorescent lamps; 4. Two-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 40WF40T12IES fluorescent lamps; 5. Two-lamp F96 ballast (120, 277V), to operatetwo 75W F96T121RE70 fluorescent lamps; 6. Two-lamp F96 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 75W F96T12IES fluorescent lamps; 7. Two-lamp F96HO ballast (120, 277V), to operate two HOW F96T12HOlRE70 fluorescent lamps. S. Two-lamp F96HO-ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 110WF96T12HOIES fluorescent lamps. 9. Three-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 40WF40T121RE70 fluorescent lamps; 10 Three-lamp F40 ballast (120, 277V), to operatethree 40W F40T12IES fluorescent lamps;
11 Four-lamp**F~O** 

### ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 40W F40T121RE70 fluorescent lamps;
12 One-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate one F32TS fluorescent lamp;
13 Two-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate two F32TS fluorescent lamps;
14 Three-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate three F32TS fluorescent lamps; and
15 Four-lamp F32 ballast (120, 277V), to operate four F32TS fluorescent lamps.

4Forthe consumer analysis halophosphor lamps already inuse are assumedto persist witil they have been replaced bynatural turnover. ' 3.4Three- and four-lamp magnetic and cathode cutout ballasts are not manufactured for F40T12

or F32T8 lamps. Four-lamp F40T12 ballasts are not presently manufactured, although an electronic rapid start four-lamp ballast has been manufactured in the past. With. magnetic ballasts, three-lamp fixtures generally use a two-lamp and a one-lamp ballast, or, sometimes the lamps are tandem-wired so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed throughout the lighting layout. Four-lamp fixtures use two, two-lamp magnetic ballasts per fixture. These uses of magnetic ballasts are accounted for in the subsequent chapters on impact analyses but are not used in the engineering calculations in this chapter. Compact fluorescent ballasts are not included in this analysis.


### 3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONSTable 3.3 lists possible technology options that are more efficacious than the baseline energyefficient magnetic ballast.

Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts 1. Cathode Cutout 2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start 3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start

Energy-Efficient Magnetic Ballast ( Baseline) The energy-efficient magnetic (EEM) ballast is one that just meets the minimum allowable BEFs found in Table 3.1. The EEM ballast employs copper wire and high grade magnetic materials for the choke and transformer. The EEM ballast could be made even more efficient, but this would result in an increase in the package size and weight: Cathode CutoutBallasts The cathode cutout or hybrid ballast is a modification of the EEM ballast. It uses an electronic circuit to remove the filament power after the discharge-has been initiated for rapid-start lamps. These ballasts start the lamps in the normal manner with a suitable filament power. Operating lamps without filament power maintains the light output while reducing power by about two watts per lamp. This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the lamps are operated at full-light output. There is a significant loss in lamp-life if filament power removal is used with fluorescent dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generally used with magnetic ballasts. Some electronic ballast technologies reduce'the cathode voltage during operation, but do not reduce it to zero.


### 3.5 Tbree- and four-lamp magnetic and cathode cutout ballasts are notmanufactured for F40T12 orF32T8lamps. Four-lamp F40T12 ballasts are notpresently manufactured, although an electronic rapid startfour-lamp ballasthas been manufactured in the past. WithJ.l!.agnetic ballasts, three-lamp fixtures generallyuse a two-lamp and a one-lamp ballast, or, sometimes the lamps are tandem-wired so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed throughout the lighting layout. Four-lamp fixtures use two, two-lamp magnetic ballasts perfixture. These uses ofmagnetic ballasts areaccounted for in the subsequent chapters on impact analyses but are not used in the engineering calculations in this chapter. Compactfluorescent ballasts are notincluded inthis analysis.


### 3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS Table 3.3 lists possible technology options that are more efficacious than the baseline energy..: efficientmagnetic ballast. 

### Table 3.3 Technology Options for FluorescentLamp Ballasts 1. CathodeCutout 2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start 3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start



### Energy-EfficientMagneticBallast (Baseline) The energy-efficient magnetic (EEM) ballast

### is onethatjustmeets the minimum allowable BEFs found in Table 3.1. The EEMballast employs copper wire and highgrade magnetic materials for the choke and transformer. The EEM ballast could be made evenmore efficient, butthis wouldresult in an increase in the package size and weight: 

### Cathode CutoutBallasts The cathode cutout orhybrid ballast 

### is a modification ofthe EEM ballast. Ituses an electronic circuit to remove the filament power after the discharge-has been initiated for rapid-start lamps. Theseballasts start the lamps in the normal mannerwith a suitable filament power. Operating lamps without filament powermaintains the light output while reducmg powerby abouttwo watts perlamp. This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the lamps are operated at full-light output. There is a significant loss in lamp-life iffilament power removal is used with fluorescent dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generally used with magnetic ballasts. Some electronic ballast technologies reduce'the cathode voltage during operation, butdonotreduce itto zero. 

### 3.5

### Some data suggest that lamp life is reduced when cathode cutout ballasts are used(2). For the

life cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 15% reduction in lamp life (relative to EEM) is used for both T8 and T12 lamps operated with cathode cutout ballasts. Electronic High Frequency Ballasts For equivalent light output the electronic ballast consumes about 10 to 30% less energy than magnetic ballasts based on average power values for magnetic ballasts and median power values for electronic ballasts. The front end of the electronic ballast is a full-wave rectifier circuit that converts the 60 Hz AC power into DC power. It is filtered to reduce the modulation. This DC voltage is the input to an oscillating circuit that converts the DC power to a high frequency of 20 kHz or more. The anode fall of the lamp is decreased by about ten volts at high frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15% increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting action (current-limiting) at high frequency requires smaller components, reducing ballast losses and making the ballast more efficient. Substituting integrated circuits for discrete components saves an additional 1.5 - 2.0 W. The high-frequency operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with fluorescent lamps operated with magnetic ballasts. This may reduce the occurrence of headaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with fluorescent lighting. 

### High frequency electromagnetic radiation and carrier line harmonics are produced by electronic ballasts and are known to interfere with the operation of certain electrical devices. Library proximity sensors, infrared remote controls, and powerline carrier controls are examples of devices that have experienced interference problems (3). Equipment manufacturers are aware of this problem and have solved it for certain specific applications and are working to find solutions for others (4). A rapid-start electronic ballast provides a filament voltage to the rapid-start lamp that heats the electrode and allows starting at a low voltage. The instant-start ballast does not provide a filament voltage, but must provide a higher starting voltage to the instant-start lamp to initiate discharge. This higher starting voltage degrades the coating on the lamp electrodes and reduces lamp life. For the life cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, approximately a 25% reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid start) is used for T8 lamps operated with instant start ballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about 2 watts per lamp during operation of the lamps. For most F40T12lamps, instant start is not viable; the filament would have to be redesigned. There is at least one F40T12 lamp that can operate as an instant-start lamp; however, its lifetime is less than the standard T12 lamp lifetime and it is not included in the analysis. Electronic ballasts used with F34T12 energy saver lamps may develop starting difficulties that are caused by the tin oxide coating on the inside of the lamp. Lamps without this coating are -compatible with electronic ballasts; while such lamps are not presently manufactured, they have been manufactured in the past.



### 3.6 Somedata suggest that lamp life isreduced when cathode cutoutballasts are used(2). Forthe life cycle cost analyses in Chapter4, a 15%reduction inlamp life (relative toEEM) is usedfor both T8 and T12lamps operatedwith cathode cutoutballasts. 

### ElectronicHigh-FrequencyBallasts For equivalent light outputthe electronic ballast consumes about 10 to 30% less energythan magnetic ballasts based on average powervalues for magnetic ballasts and medianpower values for electronic ballasts. The front end ofthe electronic ballastis a full-wave rectifier circuitthat converts the 60 Hz AC powerinto DCpower. Itis filtered to reduce the modulation. This DC voltageisthe input to an oscillating circuitthat converts the DC powerto a high frequency of20 kHz or more. The anode 

### fall ofthe

### lamp is decreased byaboutten volts athigh frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15% increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting action (current-limiting) at high frequency requires smaller components, reducing ballast losses and making the ballast more efficient. Substituting integrated circuits for discrete components saves an additional 1.5 :- 2.0 W. The high-frequency operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with fluorescent lamps operated with magnetic ballasts. This may reduce the occurrence ofheadaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with fluorescent lighting. High frequency electromagnetic radiation and carnerline harmonics are producedby electronic ballasts and are known to interfere with.the operation ofcertain electrical devices. Libraryproximity sensors, infraredremote controls, and powerline carner controls are examples ofdevices thathave experienced interference problems (3). Equipment manufacturers are aware ofthis problem andhave solved it for certain specific applications and are working to fmd solutions for others (4). A rapid-start electronic ballast provides a filament voltage totherapid-start lamp that heats the electrode and allows starting at a lowvoltage. The instant-startballast does notprovide a filament**v~lta:ge,** but must provide a higher starting voltage to the instant-start lamp to initiate discharge. This higher starting voltage degrades the coating onthe lamp electrodes andreduces lamp life. Forthe"life cycle cost analyses in Chapter4, approximately a 25%reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid start) is used for T8 lamps operated with instant startballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about 2 watts pyr

### lamp during operation ofthe lamps. FormostF40T12 lamps, instant startis not viable; the filament wouldhave to beredesigned. There is atleast one F40T12 lamp that can operate as an instant-start lamp; however, its lifetime is less than the standard T12 lamp lifetime and it is not included inthe analysis. Electronic ballasts used with F34T12 energy saverlamps may develop startingdifficulties that are caused by the tin oxide coating on the inside ofthe lamp. Lamps without this coating are ·compatible with electronic ballasts; while such lamps are notpresently manufactured, they have been manufactured inthepast.

3.63.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA

Table 3.4 lists the ANSI and fixture watts (lamp(s) and ballast) for several types of magnetic and electronic high-frequency ballasts operating the F40T 12, F96T 12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps. The data sets used to generate Table 3.4 are reproduced in Appendix A and were obtained from theNational Electrical Manufacturers Association in all but two cases. These two cases are: the fourlamp F40T12 ballast, which is not currently being manufactured, and the cathode cutout ballasts in the one-lamp F40T12/ES product class. Data for these two cases came from the Seattle Lighting Design Lab, and the New York State Energy Office, respectively. All of the sources (5), (6), (7) used the ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in developing the data. 

### The values in the column labeled "ANSI watts" were obtained from the data set by different approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic or not, as described below. For the baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout, the ANSI watts were calculated from the formula: ANSI watts = BF/ BEF, using the average BEF from the data set and the typical BF value of ballasts offered for sale. The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T 12, F32T8, F96T 12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for 1740T12/ES, F96T12/ES and F96T12HO/ES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for F96T12HO and F96T12HO/ES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. These average BF values are in good agreement with published values (8), (9). 

### For electronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closest to the 50 percentile level (usually the next highest BEF to that level) was selected from the data set. The measured ANSI watts and measured BF value for this ballast were then selected from the data set and used in the tables. The values in the column labeled "Fixture watts" were obtained by making corrections to the ANSI watts. Independent corrections were applied to ANSI watts for three- and four-lamp ballast technology options to account for thermal effects on 1) power input and 2) light output caused when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. These corrections were not applied to one- and two-lamp fixtures since the thermal effects are thought to be minimal. In addition, a power correction was applied to all classes to normalize light output to the baseline. Since all technology options have to be compared to the baseline within a given product class, each technology option wattage had to be normalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on applying the correction factors. Since some technology options are not available for certain product classes, the power values (ANSI watts and Fixture watts) for those configurations are not found in the table. For those caseswhere the energy-efficient magnetic ballast does not exist, the baseline ballast is the electronic rapidstart ballast. 

### Data presented in Table 3.4 have been adjusted to bring it into agreement with data provided 3.7 

### 3.4 BALLASTWATTAGE DATA Table 3.4 lists the ANSI and fIxture watts (lamp(s) and ballast) for several types ofmagnetic and electronic high-frequencyballasts operating the F40T12, F96T12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps. The data sets used to generate Table 3.4 are reproduced inAppendix A and were obtained from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association in all buttwo cases. These two cases are: the four

### lamp F40T12 ballast, which is not currently being manufactured, and the cathode cutoutballasts in the one-:lamp F40T12IES product class. Data for these two cases came from the Seattle Lighting Design Lab, and the New York State Energy Office, respectively. All ofthe sources (5), (6), (7) usedthe ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in developing the data. The values inthe column labeled "ANSI watts" were obtained from the data setby different approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic ornot, as describedbelow. Forthe baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout, the ANSI watts were calculated from the formula: ANSI watts = BF/BEF, using the average BEF fromthe data set andthe typical BF value of ballasts offered for sale. The typical EEMballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T12IES, F96T12IES 'and F96T12HOIES lamps. The cathode cutout average BFvalues are 86% for F32T81amps, 88%for F96T12HO and F96T12HOIES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. These average BFvalues are in good agreementwithpublished values 

### (8), (9). Forelectronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closesttothe 50percentile level (usually the next highest BEF to that level) was selected from the data set. The measured ANSI watts and measuredBF value for this ballast were then selected from the data set and used inthe tables. The values inthe column labeled "Fixture watts" were obtained bymaking corrections tothe ANSI watts. Independent corrections were appliedto ANSI watts for three- and four-lamp ballast technologyoptionsto account for thennal effects on 1) power input and 2) light output caused when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fIxture and installed in a plenum. These corrections were not applied to one- and two-lamp fIxtures since the thermal effects are thought to be minimal. In addition, a power correction was applied to all classes to normalize light output to the baseline. Since all technology options have to be compared to the baseline within a givenproduct class, each technology option wattage 

### had to be nonnalized tothe baselineballast BF. Referto Appendix A for details on applying the correction factors. Since some technology options are not available for certain product**classe~,** the powervalues (ANSI watts and Fixture watts) for those confIgurations are not found inthe table. Forthose cases where the energy-efficient magnetic ballast does not exist, the baseline ballast is the electronic rapidstart ballast.

. . Datapresentedin Table 3.4 havebeen adjusted to bring it into agreement with data provided ··3.7by NEMA in. its correspondence to LBNL (10). Changes made relative to Table 3.4 of the previous

LBNL draft report(11) are minor (the maximum wattage change being approximately 1%), except for the 2F96T12 and 21~96T12HO full-wattage product classes where an error in the EEM ballast factor was found. The EEM ballast factor has been corrected from 88% to 95%. This changed the ANSI and Fixture watts for the EEM, ballast option and resulted in changes in fixture watts for the other technology options due to ballast factor normalization.


### Table 3.4 ANSI Watts and Fixture Watts for Various Lamp/Ballast Combinations Ballast Energy Efficient Magnetic Cathode Cutout Rapid Start Electronic Instant Start Electronic Lamp ANSI

watts Fixture

watts* ANSI

watts Fixture

watts* ANSI

watts Fixture

watts* ANSI

watts Fixture

watts* 1 F40T12 51.1 51.1 42.8 49.0 38.5 40.6 NA NA 1 F40T12/ES 42.3 42.3 36.7 38.9 31.1 32.4 NA NA 2 F40T12 88.9 88.9 72.4 82.9 72.0 79.6 NA NA 2 F40T12/ES 72.4 72.4 62.2 65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA 3 F40T12 NA NA NA NA 106.7 107.8 NA NA 3 F40T 12/ES NA NA NA NA 95.1 93.2 NA NA 4 F40T12 NA NA NA NA 142.9 144.4 NA NA 2 F96T12 161.3 161.3 NA NA NA NA 136.4 145.9 2F96T12/ES 126.1 126.1 NA NA NA NA 113.2 111.3 2 F96T12110 237.5 237.5 209.5 226.2 195.4 218.4 NA NA 2 F96T12H0/ES 200.0 200.0 185.3 185.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA I F32T8 38.8 38.8 NA NA 29.7 32.8 30.7 32.0 2 F32T8 74.3 74.3 62.9 69.5 '61.3 65.3 59.0 63.3 3 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 94.3 89.6 85.1 85.4 4 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 122.8 116.7 108.2 109.6 Notes: NA = not available *The values in the column labeled "Fixture watts" were obtained by making corrections to the ANSI watts. The corrections applied to the ANSI watts for three and four-lamp ballast technology options are 1) thermal correction factor for power input and 2) thermal correction factor for light output, required when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum, and 3) power correction factor to normalize light output to the baseline. For all other classes, only the power correction was applied to the ANSI watts, that is, each technology option wattage was normalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on applying the correction factors.'


### 3.8 1:>YNEMA

### inits correspondenceto LBNL (10). Changes maderelative to Table 3.4 ofthe previous LBNL.draft report(11) are minor (the maximum wattage change being approximately 1%), except for the 2F96T12 and 2F96T12HO full-wattage product classes where an errorinthe EEMballast mctor was found. The EEMballast factor has been corrected from 88%to 95%. This changedthe ANSI andFixture watts for the EEM.ballast option and resulted in changes infIxture watts for the othertechnology options due to ballast factor normalization.


### Table 3.4 ANSI Watts and Fixture Watts for Various**Lam~/Ballast** 

### Combinations Ballast Energy Efficient Cathode Cutout Rapid Start Electronic Instant Start Electronic**Ma~etic** Lamp ANSI Fixture ANSI Fixture ANSI Fixture ANSI Fixture watts watts'" watts watts'" watts watts'" watts watts'" 1 F40Tl2 51.1 51.1 42.8 49.0 38.5 40.6 NA NA 1 F40Tl2IES 42.3 42.3 36.7 38.9 31.1 32.4 NA NA 2 F40Tl2 88.9 88.9 72.4 82.9 72.0 79.6 NA NA 2 F40Tl2IES 72.4 72.4 62.2 65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA 3 F40Tl2 , NA NA NA NA 106.7 107.8 NA NA 3 F40Tl2IES NA NA NA NA 95.1 93.2 NA NA 4 F40Tl2 NA NA NA NA 142.9 144.4 NA NA 2 F96Tl2 161.3 161.3 NA NA NA NA 136.4 145.9 2F96Tl2IES 126.1 126.1 NA NA NA NA 113.2 111.3 2 F96Tl2HO 237.5 237.5 209.5 226.2 195.4 218.4 NA NA 2 F96Tl2HOIES 200.0 200.0 185.3 185.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA 1 F32T8 38.S 38.8 NA NA 29.7 32.8 30.7 32.0 2 F32T8 74.3 74.3 62.9 69.5 61.3 65.3 59.0 63.3 3 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 94.3 89.6 85.1 85.4 4 F32T8 NA NA NA NA ·122:8 116.7 108.2 109.6 Notes: NA

## = not llvailable '" Thevalues inthe column labeled ''Fixture watts" were obtainedby makingcorrections to the ANSI watts. The corrections appliedtothe ANSIwatts for three and four-lamp ballasttechnology options are 1) thermal correction factor for powerinput and 2) thermal correction factor for light output, required when the lamplballast combination is in a fixture and installed in

. a plenum, and 3) power correction factor to normalize light output to the baseline. For all other classes; only the power correctionwasappliedto the ANSIwattS, thatis, each technology optionwattage wasnormaliZed to the baseline·ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on applying the correction factors

.. 

### 3.83.5 EFFICIENCY ENERGY USE DATA

The values of BEF and fixture watts that appear in the efficiency and energy use tables (Tables 3.5 to 3.19) are derived according to the definitions stated in section 3.4. Energy efficiency levels are defined in section 3.6. Energy use was computed by multiplying the fixture watts by the annual lighting hours. The annual lighting hours of operation were derived from a large data set of energy audits throughout the U.S.(12). Annual interior lighting hours were calculated by lamp type for the industrial sector and for ten commercial sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school, college, and warehouse. To derive commercial sector lighting hours, hours for the separate building types were weighted using CBECS 1992 national square footages for each building type(13). The weighted averages of the commercial sector annual lighting hours for the different lamp types are: 3600 hours for F40Tl2/F32T8: 3600 hours for F96T12; and 4000 hours for F96T12HO. The industrial sector annual lighting hours for the applicable lamp types are: 4000 hours for F96T 12 and 5000 hours for F96T 12HO. The commercial sector hours are used for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T 12 product classes, while the industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO product classes. Sensitivity runs are also performed using industrial sector hours for F96T 12 and commercial sector hours for F96T 12HO product classes. Appendix A contains details of the lighting hours calculations. All of the data in Tables 3.5 through 3.19 have an uncertainty associated with them. There are two sources of uncertainty in BEF values, measurement error and variability in the manufacturing process. A series of eight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamp/ballast combination. The range in BEF that was calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for a one-lamp F32 ballast and 1.523 to 1.537 for a two-lamp F32 ballast. These tests indicate that anabsolute measurement error in the BEF of 0.045 for the one-lamp F32 ballast and 0.014 for the twolamp F32 ballast may exist. Data from industry on production runs in excess of one-thousand units indicate an average production run variation in BEF of ±2 percent.
Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (1-Lamp F40T12) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @ 3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 1.86 51.1 184 l a, lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.94 49.0 176 3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.34 40.6 146 Note: The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T12/ES, F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88%for F96T12HO and F96T12HO/ES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency Levels. 

### 3.9 

### 3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA The values ofBEF and fixture watts that appear in the efficiency and energy use tables (Tables 3.5 to 3.19) are derived according to the definitions stated in section 3.4. Energy efficiency levels are defined in section 3.6. Energy use was computed bymultiplying the fixture watts by the annual lighting hours. The annual lighting hours ofoperation were derived from a large data set ofenergy audits throughoutthe U.S.(12). Annual interior lighting hours were calculatedby lamp type for the industrial sector and for ten commercial sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, "lodging, health, assembly, school, college, and warehouse.

. To derive commercial sectorlighting hours, hours for the separatebuilding types were weighted using CBECS 1992 national square footages for each building type(13). The weighted averages of the commercial sector annual lighting hours for the different lamp types are: 3600 hours for F40T12IF32T8: 3600 hours for F96T12; and 4000 hours for F96T12HO. The industrial sector annual lighting hours for the applicable lamp types are: 4000 hours for F96T12 and 5000 hoursfor F96T12HO. The commercial sectorhours are used for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T12 product classes, while the industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO product classes. Sensitivityruns are also performedusing industrial sectorhours for F96T12 and commercial sectorhours for F96T12HO product classes. Appendix A contains details ofthe lighting hours calculations. All ofthedata in Tables 3.5 through 3.19 have an uncertainty associated with them. There are two sources ofuncertainty in BEF values, measurement error and variability inthe manufacturing process. A series ofeight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamplballast combination. Therange in BEFthat was calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for a one-lamp F32 ballast and 1.523 to 1.537 for a two-lamp F32ballast. These tests indicatethat an absolute measurement errorinthe BEF of0.045 for the"one-lamp F32 ballast and 0.014 for the two

### lamp F32 ballast may exist. Datafrom industry on productionruns in excess ofone-thousand units "indicate an average productionrun variation in BEF of±2 percent.


### Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (I-LampF40T12) EnergyEfficiency Level

1a, 1 b,2a,2b 3,4 Note: Ballast Type (Technology Option) EEMagnetic " Cathode Cutout Electronic, Rapid-Start BEF
1.86 1.94 2.34 Fixture Energy Use (kWhlyr) watts @3600 hours/yr 51.1 184 49.0 176 40.6 146

The typical EEMballastBFvalues are: 95%for F40Tl2,F32T8, F96Tl2, andF96Tl2HO lamps, and 88%for F40Tl2lES, F96Tl2lES, and F96Tl2HOIES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for F96Tl2HO and F96Tl2HOIES lamps and 83% for F40Tl2lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list ofEnergy Efficiency Levels.
3.9Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (1-Lamp F40T12/ES)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 2.08 42.3 152 la,lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 2.26 38.9 140 3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.72 32.4 117
Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F40T12) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 1.07 88.9 320 l a, lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.15 82.9 298 3.4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 1.19 79.6 287
Table 3.8 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F40T12/ES) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 1.22 72.4 261 1 a, lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.34 65.9 237 3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 1.42 62.0 223
Table 3.9 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts ,3600 hours/yr l a, l b EE Magnetic 0.59 161.3 581 2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Instant-Start 0.65 145.9 525
Note: The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T12/ES, F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for F96T12HO and F96T12HO/ES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency Levels.



### 3.10**~able** 

### 3J; Efficiency ami Energy Use Data for Fluorescent**Ball~sts** 

### (I-Lamp F40T12IES)

EnergyEfficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture EnergyUse (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @3600hours/yr EEMagnetic 2.08 42.3 152 1a, 1 b,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 2.26 38.9 140 3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.72 32.4 117


### Table 3.7 Efficienc;r and**Ener~** 

### Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts**{2-Lam~** 

### F40T12} EnergyEfficiency BallastType BEF Fixture EnergyUse (kWh/yr) Level**~Technology Option~**  watts @3600 hoursllr EEMagnetic 1.07 88.9 320 la,lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.15 82.9 298 3.4 Electronic, RaEid-Start 1.19 79.6 287


### Table 3.8 Efficienc;r and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts**{2-Lam~** 

### F40T12IES) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level**~Technology Option~**  watts @3600 hoursllr EEMagnetic 1.22 72.4 261 la,lb,2a,2b Cathode Cutout 1.34 65.9 237 3,4 Electronic, RaEid-Start 1.42 62.0 223


### Table 3.9 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts**{2-Lam~** 

### F96T12) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type Level (Technology Option) 1a, 1 b EEMagnetic 2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Instant-Start
Note: BEF
0.59 0.65 Fixture watts 161.3 145.9 EnergyUse (kWh/yr) @3600 hours/lr 581 525

The typical EEMballastBFvalues are: 95%for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88%for F40T121ES, F96T12/ES, .and F96T12HOIES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for F96T12HO and F96T12HOIES lamps and 83% for F40T12Iamps. Refer to Table' 3.20 for the list ofEnergy Efficiency Levels.

- . .

3.lOTable 3

. 10 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12/ES)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr l a, l b EE Magnetic 0.70 126.1 454 2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Instant-Start 0.79 111.3 401
Table 3.11 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12HO) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @ 5000 hours/yr lb EE Magnetic 0.40 237.5 1188 1 a Cathode Cutout 0.42 226.2 1131 2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.44 218.4. 1092 Table 3.12 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12HO/ES) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @5000 hours/yr lb EE Magnetic 0.44 200 1000 1 a Cathode Cutout 0.48 185.3 927 2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.50 176.5 883
Table 3.13 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F40T12) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr 2a,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.80 107.8 388
Table 3.14 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F40T12/ES) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr 2a,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.91 93.2 336 Note: . The typical EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40Tl2/ES, F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps. The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for F96T12HO and F96T12HO/ES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency Levels. Table 3.15 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (4-Lamp F40T12) 3.11 

### Table 3.10 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12IES)

Energy Efficiency Ballast Type Level (Technology Option) 1a, 1 b EEMagnetic 2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Instant-Start BEF
0.70 0.79 Fixture watts 126.1 111.3 EnergyUse (kWh/yr) @3600 hours/yr 454 401


### Table 3.11 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2;.Lamp F96T12HO) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture EnergyUse (kWh/yr) Level**~Technology** Option} watts @5000 hours/yr

Ib EEMagnetic 0.40 237.5 1188 la Cathode Cutout 0.42 226.2 1131 2a,2b,3,4 Electronic, Ra£id-Start 0.44 218.4. 1092


### Table 3.12 Efficiency and Energy Use Datafor Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F96T12HOIES) , Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level**~Technology** Option} watts @5000**hours/~**

Ib EEMagnetic 0.44 200 1000 la Cathode Cutout 0.48 185.3 927 2a,2b,3;4 Electronic, Ra£id-Start 0.50 176.5 883


### Table 3.13 Efficiency and·Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F40T12) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Level (Technology Option) 2a,3,4 Electronic, Ra£id-Start 0.80

, Fixture watts 107.8 Energy Use (kWh/yr) @3600 hours/yr 388


### Table 3.14 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F40T12IES) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Level (Technology Option) 2a,3,4 Electronic, Ra£id-Start 0.91 Note: Fixture watts 93.2 EnergyUse (kWh/yr) @3600 hours/yr 336

The typical EEMballast BF values are: 95% for F40Tl2, F32T8, F96Tl2, and F96Tl2HO lamps, and 88% for F40Tl2lES, F96Tl21ES, andF96Tl2HOIES lamps. The cathode cutoutaverage BF values are 86% for F32T8lamps, 88% for F96Tl2HO and F96Tl2HOIES lamps and 83% for F40Tl2lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list ofEnergy Efficiency Levels. 

### Table 3.15 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (4-Lamp F40T12) 3.11Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr)

Level .(Technology Option) watts 3600 hours/yr 2a,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.61 144.4 520 Table 3.16 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (1-Lamp F32T8) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) watts @3600 hours/yr l a, l b EE Magnetic 2.45 38.8 140 2a,2b,3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.90 32.8 118 4 Electronic, Instant-Start 2.97 32.0 115 Table 3.17 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (2-Lamp F32T8) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) @3600 hours/yr

EE Magnetic 1.28 74.3 267 1 a, l b Cathode Cutout 1.37 69.5 250 2a,2b,3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 1.46 65.3 235 4 Electronic, Instant-Start 1.50 63.3 228
Table 3 .18 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (3-Lamp F32T8) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) @ 3600 hours/yr 3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.99 89.6 323 4 Electronic, Instant-Start 1.04 85.4 307 Table 3.19 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts (4-Lamp F32T8) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level (Technology Option) @ 3600 hours/yr 3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.73 116.7 420 4 Electronic, Instant-Start 0.77 109.6 394 Note: The typical •EEM ballast BF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, and F96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T12/ES, F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps., The cathode cutout average BF values are 86% for F32T8 lamps, 88% for F96T12HO and F96T12HO/ES lamps and 83% for F40T12 lamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list of Energy Efficiency Levels.

3.12 Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Level .(Technology Option) 2a,3,4 Electronic, Rapid-Start 0.61 Fixture watts 144.4 EnergyUse (kWh/yr) @3600 hours/yr 520


### Table 3.16**Efficienc~** 

### and Ener2Y Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts**{1-Lam~** 

### F32TS) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture EnergyUse (kWh/yr) Level {Technology**Option~** watts @3600**hours/~r** la,lb EEMagnetic 2.45 38.8 140 2a,2b,3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 2.90 32.8 118 4 Electronic, Instaqt':Start 2.97 32.0 115


### Table 3.17**Efficienc~** 

### and Ener2Y Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts**{2-Lam~** 

### F32TS) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type BEF Fixture watts Energy Use (kWh/yr) Level {Technology**O~tion~** @3600**hours/~r** EEMagnetic 1.28 74.3 267 1a,lb Cathode Cutout 1.37 69.5 250 2a,2b,3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 1.46 65.3 235 4 Electronic, Instant-Start 1.50 63.3 228


### Table 3.1S Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts**{3-Lam~** 

### F32TS) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type Level {Technology Option)

3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 4 Electronic, Instant-Start BEF
0.99 1.04 Fixture watts EnergyUse (kWh/yr) @3600 hours/yr 89.6 323 85.4 307


### Table 3.19 Efficiency and Energy Use Data for Fluorescent Ballasts**{4-Lam~** 

### F32TS) Energy Efficiency Ballast Type Level {Technology Option)

3 Electronic, Rapid-Start 4 Electronic, Instant-Start 'Note: . BEF
0.73 0.77 Fixture watts EnergyUse (kWh/yr) @3600 hours/yr 116.7 , 420 109.6 394 The typical,EEM ballastBF values are: 95% for F40T12, F32T8, F96T12, andF96T12HO lamps, and 88% for F40T121ES, F96T121ES, and F96T12HOIES lamps., The cathode cutoutaverage BF values are 86%for F32T8lamps, 88% for F96T12HO and F96T12HOIES lamps and 83% for F40T12Iamps. Refer to Table 3.20 for the list ofEnergy Efficiency Levels.



### 3.123.6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEVELS

Several energy efficiency levels (shown in Table 3.20) were chosen to show potential energy savings from fluorescent ballast efficiency improvements. Description of the efficiency level in terms of its representative technologies is complicated by the fact that each energy-efficient technology is not available for every product class, as noted in the detailed description below. Nevertheless, the following generalizations describe the rationale for the levels. The efficiency levels are organized so as to provide increasing energy savings as the level number increases and where possible, to group like technologies together, such as cathode cutout or electronic rapid start ballasts. Note that in some classes of ballasts, some technologies are not available in the market or are not feasible. In several cases for three and four-lamp ballasts, single magnetic and cathode cutout ballasts that drive 3 or 4 lamps are not manufactured and are therefore not present in the engineering tables as technology options. However, there are many 3- and 4-lamp fixtures that use either combinations of 1 or 2-lamp magnetic ballasts or single 3- or 4-lamp electronic ballasts. The initial energy efficiency levels evaluated in this report (in Tables 3.5 through 3.19) are numbered I a through 4 and correspond to the following technology options. 1) Level 1 a is Non-Electronic (Cathode Cutout or Energy Efficient Magnetic) 

### 2) Level lb is the same as level la except that the ballast that operates the 2F96T12HO is changed from a cathode cutout to an energy efficient magnetic ballast. 3) Level 2a is a combination of Cathode Cutout and Electronic Rapid Start 4) Level 2b is the same as level 2a except that for three and four lamp T12 lamps, the efficiency level remains at cathode cutout rather than changing to electronic rapid start. 5) Level 3 is Electronic Rapid Start 6) Level 4 is Electronic Instant Start Existing ballast standards cover only energy efficient magnetic (EEM) ballasts for one and two lamp F40T 12 types, two lamp F96T 12 types and two lamp F96T 12HO types. Fluorescent lamp standards effective in November 1995 restrict the use of the F40 and F96 full wattage halophosphor lamps but leave the reduced wattage halophosphor and full wattage rare earth phosphor versions available. Life-cycle costs, energy savings, and economic impacts were calculated for reduced-wattage lamp/ballast combinations as well as rare earth full wattage lamp/ballast combinations. The same ballast is used for standard lamps and reduced wattage lamps. Note that the F40T12 ballasts that drive three and four lamps have only been available in the electronic rapid-start technology. Luminaire manufacturers can use combinations of the one and two lamp•F40T12 ballasts for three and-four lamp fixtures where energy efficient magnetic ballast types are desired.The F32T8 ballasts for one, two, three, and four lamps are included as product classes because this ballast type accounts for a significant percentage of the market. For three and four-lamp ballasts, single magnetic and cathode cutout ballasts that drive 3 or 4 lamps are not manufactured and are


### 3.13 

### 3.6 ENERGYEFFICIENCYLEVELS Several energy efficiency levels (shQwn in Table 3.20) were chQsen tQ shQW PQtential energy savings frQm fluQrescentballast efficiency improvements. DescriptiQn 'Ofthe efficiency level in terms Qfits representative technQIQgies is cQmplicated by the fact that each energy-efficienttechnQIQgy is nQt available fQr everyprQduct class, as nQted inthe detailed descriptiQn belQw. Nevertheless, the fQllQwing generalizatiQns descnbe the ratiQnale fQr the levels. The efficiency levels are 'Organized SQ as tQ provide increasing energy savings as the level number increases and where PQssible, tQ grQUP like technolQgies tQgether, such as cathode cutQut 'Or electrQnic rapid startballasts. NQtethat in SQme classes 'Ofballasts, SQme technQIQgies are nQt available in the market 'Or are nQtfeasible. In several cases fQr three and fQur-lamp ballasts, single magnetic and cathQde cutQutballasts that drive 3 'Or 4 lamps are nQt manufactured and are therefQre nQt present in the engineering tables as technQIQgy QptiQns. HQwever, there are many 3- and 4-lamp fixtures thatuse either cQmbinatiQns 'Of 1'Or 2-lamp magnetic ballasts 'Or single 3- 'Or4-lamp electrQnic ballasts. The initial energy efficiency levels evaluated in this repQrt (in Tables 3.5 thrQugh 3.19) are numbered 1 athrQugh 4 and cQrresPQndtQ the fQllQwing technQIQgy QptiQns. 1) Levellais NQn-ElectrQnic (CathQde CutQut 'Or Energy Efficient Magnetic) 2) Levellb is 

### the same as level taexcept that the ballast that 'Operates the 2F96T12HO is changed frQm a cathode cutQut tQ an energy efficient magnetic ballast. 3) Level 2a is a cQmbination 'OfCathQde CutQut and ElectrQnic Rapid Start 4) Level 2b is the same as level 2a except that fQr three and fQur hunp T12 lamps, the efficiency level remains at cathQde cutQutratherthan changing tQ electrQnic rapid start. 5) Level 3 is ElectrQnic Rapid Start 6) Level 4 is ElectrQnic Instant Start Existing ballast standards CQver'Only energy efficient magnetic (EEM) ballasts fQr 'One and twQ lamp F40T12 types, tWQ lamp F96T12 types and tWQ lamp F96T12HO types. FluQrescent lamp standards effective in NQvember 1995 restrict the use 'Ofthe F40 and F96 full wattage halQphQsphQr lamps but leave the reduced wattage halQphQsphQr and full wattage rare earth phQsphQr versiQns available. Life-cycle CQsts, energy savings, and eCQnQmic impacts were calculated fQr reduced-wattage lamplballast combinatiQns as well as rare earth full wattage lamp/ballast**cQmbinatiQns~** 

### The same ballast is used fQr standard lamps and reduced wattage lamps.

. NQte that the F40T12 ballasts that drive three and fQur lamps have 'Only been available in the electrQnic rapid-start technQIQgy. Luminaire manufacturers can use cQmbinatiQns 'Ofthe 'One and twQ lamp·F40T12 ballasts fQr three andJQur lamp fixtures where energy efficient magnetic ballast types are desired. The F32T8 ballasts fQr 'One, tWQ, three, and fQur lamps are included as prQduct classes because this ballast type aCCQunts fQr a significantpercentage 'Ofthe market. FQr three and fQur-lamp ballasts, single magnetic and cathQde cutQut ballasts that drive 3 'Or 4 lamps are nQt manufactured and are
3.13therefore not present in the engineering tables as technology options.

Level ]a

. Level 1 a is comprised of non-electronic or cathode cutout ballasts. The cathode cutout ballast type provides energy savings via a circuit in the ballast which shuts off the cathode heater after, the lamp is lit. Note that CC ballasts for one lamp F32T8 and two lamp F96T12 systems are not made, and the EEM ballast is selected for level la. For three and four lamp F40T12 and F32T8 systems, single EEM and CC ballasts also are not available; for the consumer energy analysis their fixtures contain combinations of one and two lamp ballast types. 

### Level ]b Level lb is the same as level la except that the ballast that operates the 2F96T12HO is changed from a cathode cutout to an energy efficient magnetic ballast. Level 2a Level 2a is comprised of a combination of non-electronic and electronic ballasts. Retaining the cathode cutout ballasts for the one and two lamp F40T12 systems provides a magnetic ballast for the replacement market and for use with the reduced wattage energy saver lamps which may have starting problems with electronic ballasts. Three and four lamp F40T12 systems have electronic ballasts because only an electronic rapid start (ERS) ballast is available for these lamp types. Combinations of the one and two lamp CC ballasts could be used for replacement situations. The two lamp F96T 12 ballast is the electronic instant start (EIS) type and the two lamp F96T 12HO ballast is the ERS type because. those are the only electronic ballast types available. All of the F32T8 ballasts are ERS types at level 2a; magnetic ballasts are presently less than 5% of the T8 market. At level 2a, energy efficient magnetic and cathode cutout ballasts would continue to supply a large percentage (-40-50%) of the total market in 2001. Level 2b Level 2b is the same as level 2a except that for three and four lamp T12 lamps, the efficiency level remains at cathode cutout rather than changing to electronic rapid start. Level 3Level 3 is comprised of electronic ballasts, primarily rapid start types. Electronic instant start ballasts are used for the two lamp F96T 12 type because the ERS ballast type is not available. This energy efficiency level would convert about 40-50% of the present total market from magnetic to electronic ballasts in the year 2001. Level 4The only difference between level 4 and level 3 is that for T8 lamps, electronic instant start .ballasts are employed rather than electronic rapid start ballasts. Note that all classes of the F40T12 ballast are electronic rapid start types because the instant start ballast would require a different cathode in the lamp and such lamps are not generally available. The instant start ballasts are not always preferred because of reduced lamp life, especially with more frequent switching by occupancy sensors. Reduced lamp life is accounted for in the life cycle cost and the consumer economic analyses. 

### 3.14 therefore notpresentinthe engineering tables as technology options. 

### Levella. Level 1 a 

### is comprised ofnon-electronic orcathode cutoutballasts. The cathode cutout ballast type provides energy savings 

### via a circuit 

### intheballast which shuts offthe cathodeheater afterthe lamp 

### is lit. Notethat CC ballasts for one lamp F32T8 and two lamp F96T12 systems are notmade, andthe EEMballast 

### is selectedfor level 1a. Forthree and four lamp F40T12 andF32T8 systems, single EEM and CC ballasts also are not available; for the consumer energy analysis their fixtures contain combinations ofone and two lamp ballasttypes. 

### Levellb Level1b

### is**th~** same as level1a except that the ballastthat operates the 2F96T12HO is changed from a cathode cutout to an energy efficientmagnetic ballast. 

### Level2a Level2a

### is comprised ofa combination ofnon-electronic and electronic ballasts. Retaining the cathode cutout ballasts for the one and two lamp F40T12 systems provides a magnetic ballast for the replacement market and for use with the reduced wattage energy saver lamps whichmayhave starting problems with electronic ballasts. Three and four lamp F40T12 systems have electronic ballastsbecause only an electronic rapid start(ERS) ballast is available for these lamp types. Combinations ofthe one and two 

### lamp CC ballasts couldbeused for replacement situations. The two lamp F96T12 ballastis the electronic instant start (EIS) type and the two lamp F96T12HO ballast is the ERS type because those are the only electronic ballast types available. All ofthe F32T8 ballasts are ERS types at level 2a; magnetic ballasts are presently less than 5% ofthe T8 market. At level2a, energy efficientmagnetic and cathode cutoutballasts would continue to supply a large percentage (-40-50%) ofthe total marketin '2001. 

### Level2b Level 2b is the same as level 2a exceptthat for three and four lamp T 12 lamps, the efficiency levelremains at cathode cutoutratherthan changing to electronic rapid start. 

### Level3Level 3 is comprised ofelectronic ballasts, primarily rapid start types. Electronic instant start ballasts are used for the two lamp F96T12 type because the ERS ballast type is not available. This energy efficiency level would convert about 40-50% ofthe present total market from magnetic to electronic**~allasts** in the year 2001. 

### Level4The only difference between level 4 and level 3 is that for T8 lamps, electronic instant start ballasts are employed rather than electronic rapid start ballasts. Note that 'all classes ofthe F40T12 ballast are electronic rapid starttypes because the instant startballast would require a different cathode 

### in the 

### lamp and'such lamps are not generally available. The instant start ballasts are not always preferred because of reduced lamp life, especially with more frequent switching by occupancy sensors. Reduced lamp life is accounted for inthe life cycle cost andthe consumer economic analyses.
3.14Table 3.20 Comparison of Ballast Alternative Energy Efficiency Levels
Energy Efficiency Level Ballast Type

- Baseline Level la CC Level lb

CC Level 2a

CC & ERS Level 2b

CC & ERS Level 3

ERS Level 4

EIS 1 F40T12 EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 1 F40Tl2/

ES EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 2 F40T12 EEM 

### CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 2 F40T 12/ES EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 3 F40T12 EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS 3 F40Tl2/

ES EEM* CC* CC* ERS 

### CC* ERS ERS 4 F40T12 EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS 1 F32T8 EEM EEM EEM ERS ERS ERS EIS 

### 2'F32T8 EEM CC CC ERS' ERS ERS EIS 3 F32T8 EEM* EEM* EEM* ERS ERS ERS EIS 4 F32T8 EEM* CC* CC* ERS ERS ERS EIS 2 F96T12 EEM EEM EEM EIS EIS EIS EIS 2 F96T12/ES EEM EEM EEM EIS EIS EIS EIS 

### 2 F96T12HO EEM CC EEM ERS ERS ERS ERS 2 F96T12HO/ES EEM CC EEM ERS ERS ERS ERS 

### * Combination of one plus two lamp or two plus two lamp ballasts.

3.15 Table3.20 Comparison ofBallastAlternative .EnergyEfficiencyLevels
Ener**~** 

### Efficiency Level Ballast Type Baseline Levella Levellb Leve12a Level2b Level 3 Level 4 CC CC CC&ERS CC&ERS ERS EIS

, 

### I'F40T12 EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 1F40T12IES EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 2 F40T12 EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 2 F40T12IES EEM CC CC CC CC ERS ERS 3 F40Tl2 EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS 3 F40T12IES EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS 4 F40Tl2 EEM* CC* CC* ERS CC* ERS ERS 1 F32T8 EEM EEM EEM ERS ERS ERS EIS 2F32T8 EEM CC CC ERS' ERS ERS EIS 3 F32T8 EEM* EEM* EEM* ERS ERS ERS EIS 4 F32T8 EEM* CC* CC* ERS ERS ERS EIS .2 F96Tl2 EEM EEM EEM EIS EIS EIS EIS 2 F96T12IES EEM EEM EEM EIS EIS EIS EIS 2 F96T12HO EEM CC EEM ERS ERS ERS ERS

.. 

### 2 F96T12HOIES EEM CC EEM ERS ERS ERS ERS * Combination ofoneplus two lamp ortwo plus two lamp ballasts.

3.15

### REFERENCES

1. American National Standards Institute. ANSI C82.2. An American National Standard, Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts - Methods ofMeasurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2., 1984. 2. NEMA 1996. Attachment to Comment #9, Hybrid Ballasts III Life Test-Results and System Performance Data by Garbowicz D. and Jug B.R., submitted on Proposed Rulemaking'for Fluorescent Ballasts by Coulson L.A. Rosslyn, VA, July 19, 1996. 3.. Advance Transformer Co. Comments on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts, Docket No: 0692, pg 13-16, July 18, 1994. 4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7, 1993 and February 2, 1994. 5. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 1995. Public Workshop Comments, Appendixes A and B. Docket No: 10, Lamp Ballast Workshop, March 31, 1995. 6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of NYSEO and Peter Biermayer of LBNL. 7. Seattle Lighting Design Lab. 1995. Electronic Ballast List for Full Size Fluorescent Lamps, pg 10, July 1994. 8. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. "Procedure For Determining Luminaire Efficacy Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 1, January 1995" National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1995. 9. U.S. Department of Energy. Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993. DOE/EE-0008, U.S. Department of Energy, California Energy Commission, Electric Power Research Institute. 10. NEMA 1996. Letter to Isaac Turiel of LBNL from Lake A. Coulson, Manager Government Affairs, National Electrical Manufacturers Association. June 6, 1996. 11. U.S. Department of Energy . 1996. DraftReport on Potential Impact of Possible Energy Efficiency Levels for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts. February 1996. 12. Xenergy Inc. 1995. Extract of XENCAP lighting audit database showing lighting equipment and lighting hours of operation for over 24,000 buildings nationwide for the years 1990- early 1995 13. U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA) 1994. Commercial Buildings Characteristics 1992. Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. DOE/EIA-0246(92). ,



### 3.16 

### REFERENCES 1.' AmericanNational Standards Institute. ANSI C82.2. AnAmericanNationalStandard, FluorescentLampBallasts

- Methods of Measurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2., 1984. 2. NEMA 1996. Attachmentto Comment#9, HybridBallastsIIILife TestResults andSystem PerformanceData by Garbowicz D. and Jug B.R., submitted on Proposed Rulemaking'for Fluorescent Ballasts by Coulson L.A. Rosslyn, VA, July 19, 1996. 

### 3. Advance Transformer Co. Comnients on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts, DocketNo: 0692, pg 13-16, July 18, 1994. 4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7, 1993 and February 2, 1994. 5. National ElectricalManufacturers Association (NEMA). 1995. Public Workshop Comments, Appendixes A and B. 

### DocketNo: 10, Lamp BallastWorkshop, March 31, 1995. 6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of NYSEO and Peter Biermayer ofLBNL. 7. Seattle Lighting Design Lab. 1995. Electronic BallastList for Full Size FluorescentLamps, pg 10, July 1994. 8. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. "Procedure ForDetermining Luminaire Efficacy Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 1, January 1995" National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1995. ' 9. U.S. Department ofEnergy. AdvancedLighting Guidelines: 1993. DOEIEE-0008, U.S. Department ofEnergy, California Energy C::ommission, Electric PowerResearch Institute. 10. NEMA 1996. Letterto Isaac Turie1 ofLBNL from Lake A. Coulson, Manager Government Affairs, National Electrical Manufacturers Association. June 6, 1996. II. U.S. Department ofEnergy. 1996. DraftReport on PotentialImpact of Possible Energy EfficiencyLevelsforFluorescentLampBallasts. February 1996. 12. XenergyInc. 1995. Extract ofXENCAP lighting audit database showing lighting equipment

.and lighting hours ofoperation for over 24,000 buildings nationwide for the years 199()- early 1995 13. U.S. Dep'artment of EnergylEnergy Information Admmistration (DOEIEIA) 1994. 

### CommercialBuildings Characteristics 1992: CommercialBuildings Energy Consumption Survey. DOEIEIA-0246(92).
-



### 3.16

# D]
1996 Fluorescent Ballast Prices From Gough & Associates Survey

Magnetic Bal lasts ( EEM)
1 996 P

## rice 199

## 3

Price Price

Percent Change 2-F40T12 $11
.43 $12.44 1 -8% 2-F96 T12 $1 9.90 $20.74 -4% 2-F96T12H0 $32.85 $39.33 -16% 2-F32 T8 $15. 58 $16.70 -7% Cathode Cutout Ballasts

1 

## 996 P

## rice 1

## 993

Price Price

Percent Change 

## Delta 

## Price



## New Delta 

## P

rice 

## Old 2-F40T12 $16.33 $18.86 -13% 

### $4.90 $6.42 2-F96T12H0 $37.74 $49.40 -24% 

### $4.89 $10.07 2-F32 T8 $19.24 $21.74 -12% 

### $3.66 $5.04 

## Electronic Ballasts
1996 Price 2-F40T12 2-F96 T12 2-F96T12H0 2-F32 T8/RS 2-F32 T8/IS 

## Price 1993 Percent Delta Price Delta P rice 

## P rice Change New Old j
j 

## I

2-F40T12 2-F96 T12 2-F96T12HO 2-F32 T8

2-F40T12 2-F96T12HO 2-F32 T8

2-F40T12 2-F96 T12 2-F96T12HO 2-F32 T8/RS 2-F32 T811S 

### 1996 Fluorescent Ballast Prices From Gough & 

### Associates Survey



## 1996 Price Magnetic Ballasts (EEM)


## 1993 Price Price Percent Change -8% -4% -16%

-7% Cathode Cutout Ballasts 

### Price 

## 1996 Price 

## 1993 Price Percent Delta Price 

### Delta Price Change New 

### Old 

## $16.33 $18.86 -13% 

## $4.90 $6.42 

# t$37.74 I 

### $49.40 

### -24% 

## $4.89 $10.07 $19.24 I 

## $21.74 -12% 

## $3.66 $5.04 Electronic Ballasts


## 1996 Price 

## $22.38 $30.46 $46.44 1993 Price 

## $28.94 $42.13 $54.67 $20.13

## H29.14 $18.61 $28.67 Price Percent Delta Price 

### Delta Price Change New 

### Old -23% 

## $10.95 $16.50 -28% 

## $10.56 $21.39 -15% 

## $13.58 $15.34 -31% 

## $4.55 $12.44 -35% 

## $3.03 $11.97Bk5

Table 4.9A Engineering/Economic Calculations for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts with Two F96 T12/ES Lamps (Industrial Sector) (All dollar amounts in $1995) 2001 Electricity Cost ($/kWh) 0.048 Annual Lighting Hours 4000 Labor Rates ($1995) $29.35 $50.00 Real Discount Rates 4% 8% 12% Period (Years) 11.25 Ballast Ballast Annual PV Lamp Equip + Service Normalized Energy Annual Equip+ Design Labor Cost Life . Fixture Use Elect Payback Labor Cost Total Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Number Technology Option (at 8%) (years) Watts (kWhtyr) Cost (years) ( at 8%) 4 % 8% 12% 0 Energy Efficient Magnetic 62 .97 11.25 126.1 504 24.21 na 34.36 323 273 236 1 Electronic, Instant Start 84.36 11.25 111.3 445 21.37 7.5 34.36 319 273 240 9612.113.24

Lamp Lamp Ballast Lamp Lamp Time to Relamp Service PV Lamp Ballast Ballast Time to Ballast Design Equip Labor Change Life Life Equip + Labor Cost Consumer Labor Change Equip + -) ^••-^-3) ".°! . 9°+-. 12% Number Technology Uption Cust lost (i116wiz^o) Price Cost (minutes) Labor Cost 0 Energy Efficient Magnetic 5 .87 8.32 17.0 11000 2.75 43.63 34.36 27 .63 20 .74 36.37 55. 0 62.97 1 Electronic, Instant Start 5 .87 8.32 17.0 11000 2.75 43.63 34.36 27.63 42.13 36.37 55 .0 84.36

Page 1 O Table 4.9A

2001 Electricity Cost ($/kWh) Annual Lighting Hours Labor Rates ($1995) Real Discount Rates Period (Years)

Design Number Technology Option



### o Energy Efficient Magnetic 1 Electronic, Instant Start

DeSign Nuinoer Technolo'gy Optioll



### o Energy Efficient Magnetic 1 Electronic, Instant Start 0.048 4000 Bk5

Engineering/Economic Calculations for

, Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts with Two F96 T12/ES Lamps (Industrial Sector) (All donar amounts in $1995)
$29.35 $50.00 4"10 B% 12% 11.25 Ballast Ballast Annual PVLamp Equip + Service NormaHzed Energy Annual Equip+ Labor Cost Life

.Fixture Use Elect Payback Labor Cost (at B%) (years) Watts (kWhlyr) Cost (years) (at B%)

62.97 11.25 126.1 504 24.21 na 34.36 84.36 11.25 111.3 445 21.37 7.5 34.36

Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp Time to Relamp Service PV Lamp Equip Labor Change Life Life Equip + laborCost Cost Cost (1IIilll.l(.;6) ,,-_ .._-, 1••
_ .........\ 1%, !!%**\llv~I~J** \jW;;;"I.::JI 5.87 8.32 17.0 11000 2.75 43.63 34.36 5.B7 8.32 17.0 11000 2.75 43.63 34.36

Page 1 9612.113.24

Total Life Cycle Cost (LCC) 4% 8% 12% 323 273 236 319 273 240

Banast Ballast Ballast Time to Ballast Consumer Labor Change Equip + 12% PriP9 Cost (minutes) Labor Cost 27.63 20.74 36.37 55.0 62.97 27.63 42.13 36.37 55.0 B4.36

## Payback Sensitivity Analysis Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price (cents/kWh) Low Avg Hi S 1 Avg S2 Low Avg Hi Commercial Sector

----------------------------- 2500

------- 3600

----------------- 8000

------- ------ ------------- ----- 5.5

------- 7.5

---------------10.5

------ 1 F40T12 EEM

- - - - - - - - - CC 108.3 75.2 33.8 79.7 75.2 71.4 102.5 75.2 53.7 ERS 8.5 5.9 2.7 4.1 5.9 6.6 8.0 5.9 4.2 1 F40T121ES EEM

- - - - - - - - - CC 19.7 13.7 6.2 14.5 13.7 13.0 18.7 13.7 9.8 ERS 9.1 6.3 2.8 4.3 6.3 7.1 8.6 6.3 4.5 2 F40T12 EEM

- - - - - - - - CC 8.9 6.2 2.8 6.6 6.2 5.9 8.5 6.2 4.4 ERS 9.5 6.6 3.0 4.6 6.6 7.4 9.0 6.6 4.7 2 F40T121ES EEM

- - - - - - - - - CC 7.3 5.1 2.3 5.4 5.1 4.8 7.0 5.1 3.6 ERS 8.5 5.9 2.7 4.1 5.9 6.6 8.0 

### 5.9 4.2 - Baseline has no payback period 

## Payback Sensitivity Analysis
Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price (centsIkWh) Low Avg Hi Sl Avg S2 Low Avg Hi 

### Commercial Sector 2500 3600 8000 

### 5.5 7.5 10.5

----------------------------- 

## -------------------------------- ------------------------- 

### ----------------------------

1 F40T12 EEM

- - - - - - 

### - - - 

### CC 108.3 75.2 33.8 79.7 75.2 71.4 102.5 75.2 53.7 ERS 8.5 5.9 

### 2.7 4.1 5.9 6.6 8.0 5.9 

### 4.2 1 F40T121ES

EEM

- - - - - - - - - 

### CC 19.7 13.7 6.2 14.5 13.7 13.0 18.7 13.7 9.8 ERS 9.1 6.3 

### 2.8 4.3 6.3 7.1 8.6 6.3 

### 4.5 2 F40T12

EEM

- - - 

### - - - - 

### - - 

### CC 8.9 6.2 2.8 6.6 6.2 5.9 8.5 6.2 4.4 ERS 9.5 6.6 

### 3.0 4.6 6.6 7.4 9.0 6.6 

### 4.7 2 F40T121ES

EEM

- - - - - - 

### - - - 

### CC 7.3 5.1 2.3 5.4 5.1 4.8 7.0 5.1 3.6 ERS 8.5 5.9 

### 2.7 4.1 5.9 6.6 8.0 °5.9 

### 4.2

- Baseline has no payback period

## Payback Sensitivity Analysis Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price (cents/kWh) Low Avg Hi S1 Avg S2 Low Avg Hi Commercial Sector

----------------------------- 2500

------- 3600

-----------------8000

------- ------ ----------- -------- 5.5

------ 7.5

--------------- 10.5

------- 

### 2 F96T12 EEM

- - - - - - - - - EIS 7.5 5.2 2.3 3.5 5.2 6.0 7.1 5.2 3.7 

### 2 F96T12/ES EEM

- - - - - - - - - EIS 7.8 5.4 2.4 3.6 5.4 6.2 7.4 5.4 3.9

Industrial Sector

----------------------------- 2500

-------- 5000

----------------8000

------- ------ ----------- -------- 3.0

------ 4.8

--------------- 6.5

------- 2 F96T12H0 EEM

- - - - - - - - - CC 56.4 28.2 17.6 29.0 28.2 26.8 45.1 28.2 20.8 ERS 6.6 3.3 2.1 1.3 3.3 4.3 5.3 3.3 2.4 2 F96T12H0/ES EEM

- - - - - - - - - CC 13.0 6.5 4.1 6.7 6.5 6.2 10.4 6.5 4.8 ERS 5.4 2.7 1.7 1.0 2.7 3.5 4.3 2.7 2.0 - Baseline has no payback period 

## Payback Sensitivity Analysis
Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price (cents/kWh) Low Avg Hi SI Avg S2 Low Avg Hi 

### Commercial Sector 2500 3600 8000 5.5 7.5 

### 10.5



### ----------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------- 

## r---------------------------- 2 F96TI2

EEM

- 

### - - 

### - - 

### - - 

### - - EIS 7.5 5.2 

### 2.3 3.5 5.2 6.0 7.1 5.2 

### 3.7 2 F96TI21ES

EEM

- 

### - - - - 

### - - - - EIS 7.8 5.4 

### 2.4 3.6 5.4 6.2 7.4 5.4 

### 3.9

Industrial Sector 2500 5000 8000 3.0 

### 4.8 6.5



### ----------------------------- 

## -------------------------------- ------------------------- 

### ---------------------------- 2 F96TI2HO

EEM



### - - 

### - - - - - - 

### - 

### CC 56.4 28.2 17.6 29.0 28.2 26.8 45.1 28.2 20.8 ERS 6.6 3.3 

### 2.1 1.3 3.3 4.3 5.3 3.3 

### 2.4 2 F96TI2HOIES

EEM



### - - - 

### - - 

### - - - 

### - 

### CC 13.0 6.5 4.1 6.7 6.5 6.2 10.4 6.5 4.8 ERS 5.4 2.7 

### 1.7 1.0 2.7 3.5 4.3 2.7 2.0

- Baseline has no payback period

## Payback Sensitivity Analysis Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price (cents/kWh) Low Avg Hi S1 Avg S2 Low Avg Hi Commercial Sector

----------------------------- 2500

------- 3600

-----------------8000

------- ------ ------------------- 5.5

------ 7.5

--------------- 10.5

------- 1 F32T8 EEM

- - - - - - - - - ERS 11.1 7.7 3.5 4.3 7.7 9.2 10.5 7.7 5.5 EIS 19.2 13.3 6.0 7.3 13.3 15.9 18.1 13.3 9.5 2 F32T8 EEM

- - - - - - - - - 

### CC 9.8 6.8 3.1 7.2 6.8 6.5 9.3 6.8 4.9 ERS 7.3 5.1 2.3 2.9 5.1 6.0 7.0 5.1 3.6 EIS 9.4 6.5 2.9 3.6 6.5 7.7 8.9 6.5 4.6 3 F32T8 ERS

- - - - - - - - - EIS 3.9 2.7 1.2 2.3 2.7 2.8 3.7 2.7 1.9 4 F32 T8 ERS

- - - - - - - - - EIS imm imm imm imm imm imm imm imm imm
- Baseline has no payback period 

## Payback Sensitivity Analysis
Ballast System Operating Hours Ballast. Price Electricity Price

" (cents/kWh) Low Avg Hi SI Avg S2 Low Avg Hi 

### Commercial Sector 

### 2500 3600 8000 5.5 7.5 

### 10.5

----------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------- 

### ----------------------------

1 F32T8

EEM



### - - - - - 

### - - 

### - - ERS 11.1 7.7 

### 3.5 4.3 7.7 9.2 lO.5 7.7 

### 5.5 EIS 19.2 13.3 6.0 7.3 13.3 15.9 IS.1 13.3 9.5 

### 2 F32T8

EEM



### - _. - - - - 

### - - - 

### CC 9.S 6.S 3.1 7.2 6.S 6.5 9.3 6.S 4.9 ERS 7.3 5.1 

### 2.3 2.9 5.1 6.0 7.0 5.1 

### 3.6 EIS 9.4 6.5 2.9 3.6 6.5 7.7 S.9 6.5 4.6 

### 3 F32T8

ERS

- 

### - 

### - - 

### - - - - 

### - EIS 3.9 2.7 l.2 2.3 2.7 2.S 3.7 2.7 1.9 

### 4F32T8

ERS

- 

### - - - 

### - 

### - - - - EIS lmm lmm lmm lmm lmm lmm imm lmm lmm

- Baseline has no payback period