UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

TENTH CIRCUIT 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee, 

v. 

GABRIEL JOHNATHON THYBERG, 

Defendant - Appellant. 

No. 16-2273 

(D.C. Nos. 2:16-CV-00514-JAP-CG and 

2:10-CR-00196-JAP-1) 

(D. N.M.) 

ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 

AND DISMISSING APPEAL

Before LUCERO, O’BRIEN, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges. 

In November 2010, Gabriel Johnathon Thyberg pled guilty to possession with 

intent to distribute five grams or more of methamphetamine. 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), 

(b)(1)(B). His criminal history included two convictions for residential burglary in 

violation of N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-16-3(A).1

 The district judge concluded these 

convictions constituted “crime[s] of violence” under the “career offender” sentencing 

guidelines, USSG §§ 4B1.1, 4B1.2(a), and sentenced him as such.2

 An offense is a 

 

1

 Section 30-16-3(A) prohibits a person “without authorization” from “enter[ing] a 

dwelling house with intent to commit any felony or theft therein.” 

2

 The career offender guideline requires: (1) the defendant be at least 18 years old 

at the time he committed the offense of conviction, (2) the offense of conviction is either 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

April 11, 2017

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
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“crime of violence” if it (1) “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use 

of physical force against the person of another” (the elements clause); (2) is one of the 

offenses enumerated in the guideline, including “burglary of a dwelling,” or in the 

accompanying commentary (the enumerated-offense clause); or (3) “otherwise involves 

conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another” (the residual 

clause).3

 USSG § 4B1.2(a)(1)-(2). 

The advisory guideline range was 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment. The judge 

granted Thyberg’s unopposed motion for a two-level downward variance and sentenced 

him to 151 months’ imprisonment on June 4, 2010. Thyberg did not file a direct appeal. 

He did file a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion in June 2004 but that motion was dismissed as 

untimely. 

 On June 26, 2015, the United States Supreme Court decided Johnson v. United 

States, --- U.S. ---, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). In Johnson, the Supreme Court decided the 

Armed Career Criminal Act’s (ACCA) definition of “violent felony” to include any 

felony that “involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to 

another” (also known as the residual clause) is unconstitutionally vague. Id. at 2557, 

2563. On November 2, 2015, applying the reasoning of Johnson, we decided the residual 

clause of USSG § 4B1.2(a)(2) is also void for vagueness. United States v. Madrid, 805 

 

a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense, and (3) the defendant has at least 

two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substantive 

offense. USSG § 4B1.1(a). 

3

 The 2009 version of the United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual was used at 

Thyberg’s sentencing. All references to the guidelines are to the 2009 version. 
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F.3d 1204, 1211 (10th Cir. 2015). On April 18, 2016, the Supreme Court made 

Johnson’s holding retroactive to cases on collateral review. Welch v. United States, --- 

U.S. ---, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1265 (2016). 

On May 24, 2016, relying on Johnson, Thyberg filed a motion seeking this Court’s 

authorization to file a second or successive § 2255 motion. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(2). 

We granted authorization and appointed counsel. 

Thyberg filed his second § 2255 motion on June 1, 2016.4

 He argued his 

residential burglary convictions could not be considered crimes of violence under § 

4B1.2(a)(2)’s residual clause because that clause was unconstitutionally vague. Nor did 

they qualify under the enumerated-offense clause because residential burglary under § 

30-16-3(A) did not substantially correspond with the generic definition of “burglary of a 

dwelling.”5

The district judge disagreed. He concluded Thyberg’s prior convictions 

constituted crimes of violence under the enumerated-offense clause. Therefore, there was 

no need to rely on the unconstitutional residual clause. 

Thyberg did not request a certificate of appealability (COA) from the district court 

 

4 The motion was timely filed within one year of Johnson. See 28 U.S.C. § 

2255(f)(2). 

5

 In his second § 2255 motion, Thyberg did not specifically argue that his prior 

convictions did not qualify as crimes of violence under the elements clause of 

§4B1.2(a)(1). Neither the government nor the district judge relied on the elements clause 

either. It appears they did so for good reason—§ 30-16-3(A) does not have “as an 

element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against another.” 

USSG § 4B1.2(a)(1).
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and the judge did not address a COA. But, as Thyberg acknowledges, a COA is a 

jurisdictional prerequisite to our review of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. MillerEl v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003). We will issue a COA “only if the applicant has 

made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 

2253(c)(2). To make such a showing, an applicant must demonstrate “that reasonable 

jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been 

resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve 

encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) 

(quotation marks omitted). He has not met his burden. 

He continues to maintain his residential burglary convictions are not crimes of 

violence under the enumerated-offense clause. Therefore, he could only have been 

properly classified as a career offender under the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2). 

Because the residual clause is unconstitutional, his argument continues, he must be resentenced without the career offender enhancement. 

We need not decide whether Thyberg’s residential burglary convictions qualify as 

crimes of violence under the enumerated-offense clause. Since he filed his COA 

application, the Supreme Court held Johnson does not apply to the Sentencing 

Guidelines, including § 4B1.2(a)(2). Beckles v. United States, --- U.S. ---, 137 S. Ct. 886, 

897 (2017) (“Because the advisory Sentencing Guidelines are not subject to a due process 

vagueness challenge, § 4B1.2(a)’s residual clause is not void for vagueness.”). Other 

than arguing his prior convictions cannot be deemed crimes of violence under the 

residual clause because it is unconstitutionally vague, Thyberg does not otherwise 
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contend they do not qualify under that clause, i.e., that they do not “otherwise involve[] 

conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” USSG § 

4B1.2(a)(2). Nor could he, as such claim would clearly be untimely.6

 It would also be 

without merit. Cf. United States v. Ramirez, 708 F.3d 295, 305-07 (1st Cir. 2013) 

(Florida’s burglary of a dwelling statute, which prohibits unauthorized entry into a 

building or conveyance or their curtilage with the intent to commit an offense therein, is a 

crime of violence under the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2)); United States v. Park, 649 

F.3d 1175, 1178-80 (9th Cir. 2011) (California’s first-degree burglary statute, which 

prohibits entry into an inhabited dwelling or the inhabited portion of any building with 

intent to commit larceny or any felony, is a crime of violence under the residual clause of 

§4B1.2(a)). 

 

6

 Thyberg was granted authorization to file his second § 2255 motion based on 

Johnson. With Johnson out of the picture, it seems any claim that his prior convictions 

do not qualify as crimes of violence under the force clause, enumerated clause, or 

residual clause of § 4B1.2(a) would be untimely because he did not raise these claims 

(but could have) within one year of his conviction becoming final. See 28 U.S.C. § 

2255(f)(1). In this case, however, it would have done Thyberg little good to claim in his 

second § 2255 motion merely that his prior convictions were not crimes of violence under 

the “then-defunct” residual clause; he also had to show his prior convictions did not 

qualify as crimes of violence under the force or enumerated-offense clauses to obtain 

relief. Therefore, perhaps one could argue addressing these clauses was a necessary part 

of his Johnson claim. But the same cannot be said of an argument that his prior 

convictions do not qualify as crimes of violence under the residual clause. In any event, 

Thyberg was aware of Beckles, yet did not argue in the alternative, i.e., if Beckles holds 

Johnson did not apply to § 4B1.2(a)(2) (as it did), his prior convictions still fail to satisfy 

the residual clause. 
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 We DENY a COA and DISMISS the appeal. 

Entered by the Court: 

Terrence L. O’Brien 

United States Circuit Judge