# Patent

## Title
Rotating frame pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

## Abstract

An NMR method and apparatus for analyzing a sample of interest applies a static magnetic field together with RF pulses of oscillating magnetic field across a sample volume that encompasses the sample of interest. The RF pulses are defined by a pulse sequence that includes a plurality of measurement segments configured to characterize a plurality of relaxation parameters related to relaxation of nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest. Signals induced by the RF pulses are detected in order to derive the relaxation parameters. The measurement segments of the pulse sequence include at least one first-type measurement segment configured to characterize relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest in a rotating frame (T1ρ) at a predefined frequency. The T1ρ parameter can be measured in conjunction with the measurement of other relaxation and/or diffusion parameters as part of multidimensional NMR experiments.

## Background
FIELD
This application relates to instruments making use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for evaluating characteristics of properties of samples.
BACKGROUND
NMR experiments that measure multidimensional correlations of relaxation and diffusion properties like T1-T2, D-T2 have been established as valuable methodologies for the identification of molecular species and understanding their dynamics. These experiments are similar to multidimensional NMR spectroscopic methods but involve the inverse Laplace transformation (or other inversion techniques) to study relaxation and diffusion properties which are associated with exponential decays. The advantages of such a multidimensional approach over the use of one dimensional T1 and T2 relaxation times or diffusion properties has been clearly shown.
The complete frequency dependence of spin-lattice relaxation time T1 can be measured using the field cycling relaxation technique. This is generally done in an electromagnet whose field is controlled by the current passed through the coil. These experiments are technology and hardware intensive. While field cycling relaxometry is a powerful method to measure relaxation dispersion, some of its disadvantages include the complexity of the technology and associated hardware, the field inhomogeneity of the electromagnets and the impracticality of measuring systems in-situ, especially in a space-constrained downhole environment typical of well logging applications.
Recently, the T1-T1 correlation between T1 distributions at two different Larmor frequencies was studied in a novel way using fast-field cycling relaxometry. This technique enables the study of correlations between different components of the relaxation distributions at each frequency, which is subsequently plotted and well highlighted in a two-dimensional plot. The pulse sequence for measuring the T1-T1 correlation is shown in FIG. 1A and the corresponding results on a heavy crude oil sample is shown in FIG. 1B. The disadvantage is that such experiments can be carried out only in field cycling relaxometry instruments which provide for variation of the magnetic field B0 to obtain the frequency (or magnetic field) dependence of the T1 relaxation time. Downhole NMR tools and core analysis magnets generally employ a magnetic assembly that provides a static magnetic field B0 that operates at a single frequency, making it impossible to carry out these experiments without major instrumental changes. In downhole NMR tools, due to the magnetic field gradient away from the tool, different slices resonate at different frequencies making possible multi-frequency experiments. The disadvantage of performing these experiments in a downhole NMR tool is that the different frequency measurements are made at different positions in space and thus would be difficult to interpret when formation heterogeneities exist. Also the experiments can be measured only at frequencies to which the antennas are tuned.
T1-T2 correlation experiments have been regularly carried out in the oil and gas industry as they give information about correlations between Larmor frequency and low frequency dynamics. Thus fluids which are motionally narrowed have T1=T2 and would appear on the diagonal line. But fluids which exhibit motions at or below the Larmor frequency like heavy oils or oils with asphaltene in them would show dispersion at these frequencies. The fluids that exist in small pores would also be slowed down by the interaction with the surfaces of the confining pores and exhibit slow motions. The presence of these slow motions results in these fluids exhibiting signals that are off the diagonal (as T1>T2). For example the bitumen found in organic shale has a T1-T2 ratio of 6 to 10 while heavy oils with asphaltene have T1-T2 ratios from 1.5 to 3.5, while bulk water and light oils have T1-T2 ratios that range from 1 to 1.5.
The spin lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame T1ρ is an alternative method to study the relaxation behavior as a function of frequency. The pulse sequence for measuring T1ρ at one particular frequency is given in FIG. 2. It involves a 90 degree pulse in the x direction (labeled 90x) followed by a spin lock pulse in the y direction (labeled SLy). The magnitude of the spin lock pulse dictates the frequency ω1 of the spin lock field. The magnitude of the spin lock pulse (and thus the frequency ω1 of the spin lock field) is fixed over the suite of NMR measurements. The duration (labeled τR) of the spin lock pulse can be varied over the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR signal (labeled AQy) that follows the spin lock pulse for each pulse sequence of the suite is processed to obtain a T1ρ value.
SUMMARY
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Embodiments are provided for NMR analysis of a sample of interest. A static magnetic field is applied across a sample volume that encompasses the sample of interest. RF pulses of oscillating magnetic field are produced across the sample volume. The RF pulses are characterized by a direction in a plane transverse to the static magnetic field. The RF pulses are defined by a pulse sequence that includes a plurality of measurement segments that are configured to characterize a plurality of relaxation and/or diffusion parameters related to the nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest. Signals induced by the RF pulses of oscillating magnetic field are detected in order to derive the plurality of relaxation and/or diffusion parameters. The plurality of measurement segments of the pulse sequence include at least one first-type measurement segment that is configured to characterize relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest in a rotating frame (T1ρ) at a predefined frequency. The T1ρ parameter can be measured in conjunction with the measurement of other relaxation parameters (such as T1ρ at a different frequency and/or T2 and/or T1 and/or diffusion) as part of multidimensional NMR experiments.
The multidimensional NMR experiments of the present application are based on relaxation in the rotating frame that can be used to study low frequency dispersion dynamics of various systems. Many systems including but not limited to fluids in porous media, food materials, colloidal aggregation, protein dynamics and heavy oils exhibit motions at low frequencies, especially from 1000 Hz to 100 KHz. The frequency dependence of the relaxation times in this range has unique information about system dynamics. Such information is not available by probing one single frequency and thus dispersion measurements are important. The rotating frame (or T1ρ) based NMR experiments of the present application have the potential to better evaluate the fluids and understand the slow motions due to interaction with surfaces. Accordingly, in one embodiment, these pulse sequences have direct applications for fluid typing and wettability characterization. Such NMR experiments can be used in downhole NMR tools and laboratory NMR tools for oilfield applications.
Additional advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detailed description taken in conjunction with the provided figures.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating a prior art NMR pulse sequence used to obtain a T1-T1 correlation distribution.
FIG. 1B is an illustration of the T1-T1 correlation distribution obtained with the pulse sequence of FIG. 1A on a heavy crude oil sample.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a prior art NMR pulse sequence used to obtain the relaxation parameter T1ρ for one or more particular frequencies.
FIG. 3 is a first embodiment of a stacked plot of one-dimensional distributions of the relaxation parameter T1ρ (x-axis) obtained by inverting the T1ρ decays for a number of different frequencies (y-axis) and plotted to show the correlations between the relaxation distributions at various frequencies.
FIG. 4 is a plot illustrating the dispersion of spin-lattice relaxation times T1 and T1ρ/c (where c is a numerical constant) of Poly-dimethysiloxane.
FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of an NMR spectrometer which can be used in practicing embodiments of the present application.
FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of a saddle coil and reference (laboratory) coordinate system for use in the NMR spectrometer of FIG. 5A.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a second embodiment of a generalized NMR pulse sequence which can be used by the NMR spectrometer of FIG. 5A in accordance with the present application.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a third embodiment of a NMR pulse sequence which can be used by the NMR spectrometer of FIG. 5A in accordance with the present application.
FIG. 8 is a two-dimensional T1ρ-T1ρ distribution plot of a sample of Gruyere cheese obtained with the pulse sequence of FIG. 7 at a Larmor frequency of 400 MHz and spin lock frequencies of 8928 Hz and 1562 Hz.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a fourth embodiment of a NMR pulse sequence which can be used by the NMR spectrometer of FIG. 5A in accordance with the present application.
FIG. 10 is a two-dimensional T1ρ-T2 distribution plot of a sample of water obtained with the pulse sequence of FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a fifth embodiment of a NMR pulse sequence which can be used by the NMR spectrometer of FIG. 5A in accordance with the present application.
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating a sixth embodiment of a NMR pulse sequence which can be used by the NMR spectrometer of FIG. 5A in accordance with the present application.
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a seventh embodiment of a NMR pulse sequence which can be used by the NMR spectrometer of FIG. 5A in accordance with the present application.
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating an eighth embodiment of a NMR pulse sequence which can be used by the NMR spectrometer of FIG. 5A in accordance with the present application.
FIG. 15 shows a downhole NMR tool which can be used in practicing one or more embodiments of the present application.
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the downhole NMR tool of FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating a ninth embodiment of a NMR pulse sequence which can be used by a downhole NMR tool in accordance with the present application.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments of the present application relate to apparatus and methods for determining properties of a sample using NMR measurements. The NMR measurements carried out by the NMR spectrometer rely upon the fact that the nuclei of many chemical elements have angular momentum (“spin”) and a magnetic moment. In the externally applied static magnetic field B0, the spins of nuclei align themselves along the direction of the static magnetic field B0. This equilibrium situation can be disturbed by a pulse of an oscillating magnetic field B1 that tips the spins away from the direction of the static magnetic field B0. For example, if a pulse of alternating current having a frequency f is passed through an RF antenna coil producing the oscillating polarizing magnetic field B1 perpendicular to the static magnetic field B0, a population of nuclei precessing at the Larmor frequency equal to f would align at an angle θ relative to the B0 direction. The precessing of the aligned nuclei about the B0 vector produces a changing magnetic flux that induces a current in the RF antenna coil. This is the mechanism through which the NMR signal of the sample is observed. The nutation angle θ is given by θ=γB1tp, where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio, B1 is the linearly polarized oscillating field strength, and tp is the duration of the pulse. The Larmor frequency ω is given by,

ω=(γB0),  (1)

    
    
        where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio of the nuclear species of interest, and B0 is the strength of the static magnetic field.

For hydrogen nuclei, the gyromagnetic ratio (γ/2π) is typically 4258 Hz/Gauss.

    
    


The nutation is a complicated “spiral” movement of the macroscopic magnetization of the nuclei away from the z-axis toward the x-y plane of the fixed laboratory frame. In a rotating reference coordinate system that rotates about the z-axis of the fixed laboratory frame at an angular frequency ω (which is commonly referred to as the rotating coordinate frame or rotating frame), this process is a simple rotation of the macroscopic magnetization of the nuclei about the axis of the oscillating magnetic field B1. The nutation angle is a function of both the magnitude and duration of the radio frequency signal passed through the RF antenna coil. The radio frequency signal where the axis (direction) of the oscillating magnetic field B1 is aligned with the positive x direction of the laboratory frame and the nutation is 90 degrees such that macroscopic magnetization of the nuclei is aligned in the positive y direction of the laboratory frame is referred to as a “90 degree pulse in the x direction” or “90 x pulse.” The radio frequency signal where the axis of the oscillating magnetic field B1 is aligned with the positive x direction of the laboratory frame and the nutation is 180 degrees such that macroscopic magnetization of the nuclei is aligned in the negative z direction of the laboratory frame is referred to as “a 180 degree pulse in the x direction” or “180 x pulse.” The radio frequency signal where the axis of the oscillating magnetic field B1 is aligned with the positive y direction of the laboratory frame and the nutation is 90 degrees such that macroscopic magnetization of the nuclei is aligned in the negative x direction of the laboratory frame is referred to as “a 90 degree pulse in the y direction” or “90 y pulse.” When two or more pulses are applied back-to-back, depending on the phase of the pulses of the sequence, a composite nutation results.
Several different effects contribute to the observed NMR signal that follows such nutation. The first of these in the free induction decay (FID) caused by the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, which causes the individual precessing vectors to grow out of phase. The other two are commonly referred to as spin-lattice interaction and spin-spin interaction.
Spin-lattice interaction is a measure of how quickly the system “resets” back into the low-energy configuration (i.e., thermal equilibrium) with the nuclei aligned with the static B0 magnetic field. The spin-lattice interaction is characterized by a spin-lattice relaxation time T1. For example, a standard technique for measuring the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 (referred to as inversion recovery) utilizes an RF pulse sequence that involves the application of a 180 x pulse followed by a 90 x pulse after a time period t1. The 180 x pulse aligns the magnetization to the negative z direction. The time period t1 allows for partial relaxation of the longitudinal (negative z direction) magnetization toward the equilibrium state. This is commonly referred to as longitudinal relaxation. The 90 x pulse projects the partially relaxed magnetization onto the y-axis. The amplitude of the FID after the 90 x pulse decays according to an exponential function characterized by the spin-lattice relaxation time T1. Another standard technique for measuring the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 (referred to as saturation recovery) utilizes an RF pulse sequence that involves the application of a first 90 x pulse followed by a second 90 x pulse after a time period t1. The amplitude of the FID after the second 90 x pulse decays according to an exponential function characterized by the spin-lattice relaxation time T1.
Spin-spin interaction is a measure of how quickly the transverse precessing of the nuclei decay. The spin-spin interaction is characterized by a spin-spin relaxation time T2. For example, at the end of a 90 x pulse, all the spins can be pointed in a common direction perpendicular, or transverse, to the direction the static B0 magnetic field, and they all precess at the Larmor frequency. However, because of small fluctuations in the static field induced by other spins, paramagnetic impurities and the inhomogeneity of the static B0 magnetic field, the spins precess at slightly different frequencies, and the transverse magnetization dephases over time. This is commonly referred to as traverse relaxation. The relaxation (dephasing) of the transverse magnetization decays with a time constant referred to as the spin-spin relaxation time T2. A standard technique for measuring the spin-spin relaxation time T2 utilizes an RF pulse sequence known as the CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) sequence. As is well known, a 90 x pulse is applied to cause the spins to start precessing in the transverse x-y plane. After an initial delay of τ, an initial 180 x pulse is applied to cause the spins, which are dephasing in the transverse x-y plane, to reverse direction and to refocus and subsequently cause an initial spin echo to appear after a delay of τ (or 2τ from the 90 x pulse). A second 180 x refocusing pulse can be applied to cause a second spin echo to appear. Thereafter, a series of 180 x pulses separated by a short time delay (2τ) are applied to repeatedly reverse the spins, thereby causing a series of “spin echoes” to appear. An echo time tE of Zr is indicative of the spacing between echoes and the spacing between the refocusing pulses. The magnitude of the stimulated spin echoes decreases with time due to molecular relaxation and diffusion. The decay of such spin echo magnitudes over time follows an exponential function characterized by the spin-spin relaxation time T2.
In a uniform static magnetic field, each spin will experience the same magnetic field strength regardless of its position within the static field, and diffusion will not contribute to the observed spin-spin relaxation time T2. However, in the magnetic field gradient of the inhomogeneous static magnetic field B0, each spin will experience different magnetic field strengths as it diffuses through the static field. The Larmor frequencies of the diffusing spins become time dependent, and the 180-degree pulses cannot refocus the spins completely, leading to an additional decay. This additional decay contributes to the observed spin-spin relaxation time T2 and is dependent on the diffusion coefficient D of the fluid. As the diffusion coefficient D provides an indication of fluid type, measurement of the diffusion effects on observed spin-spin relaxation time T2 can be used as the basis for determining properties of the sample of interest (such as fluid type).
The spin-lattice interaction in the rotating frame is an alternative method to study the relaxation behavior as a function of frequency. Such rotating frame spin-lattice interaction is characterized by a relaxation time T1ρ. As described above, a standard technique for measuring the relaxation time T1ρ involves the application of a 90 degree pulse in the x direction followed by the spin locking pulse in the y direction as shown in FIG. 2. Appropriate phase cycling can then be carried out as known in the art. The duration of the spin locking pulse is varied systematically to cover the whole range of expected relaxation times and applied to the transverse magnetization of the nuclei of the sample. While the spin locking pulse is being applied, the magnetization of the nuclei of the sample is polarized along the field direction of the spin locking pulse in the rotating frame. The magnetization of the nuclei is therefore locked to the axis of the applied spin locking pulse in much the same way that an equilibrium magnetization vector is locked to the static magnetic field B0. The spins that are locked by the field of the spin locking pulse will decay in rotating frame according to the spin-spin relaxation time T1ρ. The magnitude of the spin lock pulse (and thus the frequency ω1 of the spin lock field) can be varied over multiple suites of NMR measurements as represents by the dotted lines in FIG. 2.
In one embodiment, the dependence of the T1ρ decays on the duration of the spin locking pulses can be inverted to obtain the one dimensional T1ρ distributions. The one-dimensional T1ρ distributions can then be stacked on top of each other as a function of the ω1 frequency (or spin lock pulse amplitude) to provide information about the dispersion of different constituents of the distribution. A typical outcome of such processing is shown in the FIG. 3, where the distribution of relaxation times is shown to vary with the spin lock frequency (ω1), defining the so called “dispersion of distributions.” For a simple fluid such as water, the distributions would be narrow (delta functions in the limit of infinite measurement resolution) and straight vertical in the relevant frequency range. When there is a distribution at each frequency, it indicates that multiple molecular species are present. The dispersion is indicative of the interactions between the different species as well as the dynamics of large complex molecules as are present, for instance, in heavy crude oils. The range of 1 kHz-100 kHz is a typical range available with commercial spectrometers.
The NMR measurements as described above can be adapted to perform multidimensional NMR experiments that utilize RF pulse sequences of different shapes, frequencies and durations to extract multidimensional distributions for many different types of information about the sample. As the experiment is repeated, the pulse sequence is systematically varied. The multidimensional NMR experiments can employ multidimensional correlations of relaxation and diffusion properties like T1ρ-T1ρ, T1ρ-T2 T1ρ-T1-T2. Specifically, the observed relaxation parameters are determined by appropriate time correlation functions as applied to the spectral density of the NMR signal and evaluated at certain frequencies, thus certain magnetic fields.
As an example, the spin-lattice relaxation dispersion of poly-dimethysiloxane is shown in FIG. 4. The T1 data from the field cycling relaxation experiment extending from 10 KHz to 40 MHz is plotted alongside the T1ρ/c (where c is a numerical constant) data measured with a superconducting magnet (ω0=400 MHz) from  ̃1 KHz to  ̃20 KHz. The frequency dependence of T1 with ω0 is shown to be similar to that of T1ρ to ω1 thus showing one potential usefulness of such applications.
In some cases, the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 can be correlated to the spectral density of the NMR signal according to the following:




  
    
      
        
          1
          
            T
            1
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              (
              
                
                  μ
                  0
                
                
                  4
                  ⁢
                  π
                
              
              )
            
            2
          
          ⁢
          
            3
            
              10
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                r
                6
              
            
          
          ⁢
          
            γ
            4
          
          ⁢
          
            
              ħ
              2
            
            ⁡
            
              [
              
                
                  
                    τ
                    c
                  
                  
                    1
                    +
                    
                      
                        ω
                        2
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        τ
                        c
                        2
                      
                    
                  
                
                +
                
                  
                    4
                    ⁢
                    
                      τ
                      c
                    
                  
                  
                    1
                    +
                    
                      4
                      ⁢
                      
                        ω
                        2
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        τ
                        c
                        2
                      
                    
                  
                
              
              ]
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        1
        )
      
    
  




where μ0 is the permittivity of free space, ω is the Larmor frequency, γ is the proton gyromagnetic ratio, r is the internuclear distance, h is h/2π where h is Planck's constant, and r, is the correlation time.
In some cases, the spin-spin relaxation time T2 can be correlated to the spectral density of the NMR signal according to the following:




  
    
      
        
          1
          
            T
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              (
              
                
                  μ
                  0
                
                
                  4
                  ⁢
                  π
                
              
              )
            
            2
          
          ⁢
          
            3
            
              20
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                r
                6
              
            
          
          ⁢
          
            γ
            4
          
          ⁢
          
            
              ħ
              2
            
            ⁡
            
              [
              
                
                  3
                  ⁢
                  
                    τ
                    c
                  
                
                +
                
                  
                    5
                    ⁢
                    
                      τ
                      c
                    
                  
                  
                    1
                    +
                    
                      
                        ω
                        2
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        τ
                        c
                        2
                      
                    
                  
                
                +
                
                  
                    2
                    ⁢
                    
                      τ
                      c
                    
                  
                  
                    1
                    +
                    
                      4
                      ⁢
                      
                        ω
                        2
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        τ
                        c
                        2
                      
                    
                  
                
              
              ]
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        2
        )
      
    
  




Note the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 is sensitive to motions at the Larmor frequency of the measurement. The spin-spin relaxation time T2 is mainly sensitive to the low frequencies with a weak dependence on the Larmor frequency because the first term in the spectral density dominates in Eqn. (2). Thus a multidimensional NMR experiment which measures the correlation between T1 and T2 relaxation times would provide information on the dispersion between the Larmor frequency and ‘zero’ or low frequency. But as the Larmor frequency of the magnet is fixed for permanent and superconducting magnets, the correlations are useful for a limited frequency range. In addition, the T2 relaxation time can be affected by motions in the time scale of the echo times used for its measurement, thus making the interpretation of the dispersion complicated. In such cases the first term in the spectral density for T2 can be modeled as 3τc/TE, where TE is the echo time.
In some cases, the spin-lattice relaxation time T1ρ can be correlated to the spectral density of the NMR signal according to the following:




  
    
      
        
          1
          
            T
            
              1
              ⁢
              ρ
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              (
              
                
                  μ
                  0
                
                
                  4
                  ⁢
                  π
                
              
              )
            
            2
          
          ⁢
          
            3
            
              20
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                r
                6
              
            
          
          ⁢
          
            γ
            4
          
          ⁢
          
            
              ħ
              2
            
            ⁡
            
              [
              
                
                  
                    3
                    ⁢
                    
                      τ
                      c
                    
                  
                  
                    1
                    +
                    
                      4
                      ⁢
                      
                        ω
                        1
                        2
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        τ
                        c
                        2
                      
                    
                  
                
                +
                
                  
                    5
                    ⁢
                    
                      τ
                      c
                    
                  
                  
                    1
                    +
                    
                      
                        ω
                        2
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        τ
                        c
                        2
                      
                    
                  
                
                +
                
                  
                    2
                    ⁢
                    
                      τ
                      c
                    
                  
                  
                    1
                    +
                    
                      4
                      ⁢
                      
                        ω
                        2
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        τ
                        c
                        2
                      
                    
                  
                
              
              ]
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        3
        )
      
    
  




where ω1 is dictated by the magnitude (strength) of the spin lock field.
Note that Eqn. (3) has a form similar to Eqn. (2), but the first term has a clear dependence on ω1. As the absolute values of T1ρ are dominated by the first term in the spectral density (as ω1<<ω), T1ρ as a function of ω1 can be obtained.
Note that other appropriate correlation functions can be used as well for each of the relaxation times, depending on the dynamics studied.
FIG. 5A shows an NMR spectrometer 101 for carrying out NMR measurement and analysis of a sample in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. The NMR spectrometer 101 includes an NMR instrument housing 111 that houses a magnet array (e.g., permanent magnets 113A, 113B) and an RF antenna 117 encompassing a sample volume 119. A sample of interest is selected for testing and placed in the sample volume 119. The sample of interest can be contained within a sample holder that is placed in the sample volume 119. A conveyor or other drive mechanism can convey the formation sample of interest through the sample volume 119 as is well known. The magnet array 113A, 113B produces a generally homogeneous static magnetic field B0 in the sample volume 119. The strength of the static magnetic field B0 can vary depending upon the application. The RF antenna 117 transmits pulses of an oscillating magnetic field B1 across the sample volume 119. The magnetic moment of the magnetic field B1 is substantially perpendicular to the static magnetic field B0. The orientation of the magnetic fields B0 and B1 are referenced in a fixed Cartesian coordinate system (commonly referred to as the laboratory coordinate frame or laboratory frame), where the static magnetic field B0 lies along the z-axis and the magnetic moment of the magnetic field B1 lies in the x-y plane. An example of a saddle-type RF antenna 117 referenced in a fixed Cartesian coordinate system is shown in FIG. 5B.
The NMR instrument housing 111 also contains electronic circuitry 120 that interfaces to the RF antenna 117 to carry out NMR measurements on the sample of interest in the sample volume 119. The electronic circuitry 120 operates in three modes: excitation mode, damping mode, and receiving mode. In the excitation mode, the RF antenna 117 is excited such that it radiates a pulse of an oscillating magnetic field B1 across the sample volume 119. The pulse of oscillating magnetic field B1 resonates nuclear spins in the sample of interest disposed in the sample volume 119. In the receive mode, the RF antenna 117 receives oscillating magnetic signals of the nuclear spin precession radiating from the sample of interest disposed in the sample volume 119. The damping mode is carried out between the excitation mode and receive mode in order to limit ringing of the RF antenna 117 at the end of the pulse of the oscillating magnetic field B1.
In one embodiment, the electronic circuitry 120 includes a circuit block 121 for generating RF pulse sequence waveforms that excite the pulses of oscillating magnetic field B1 across the sample volume 119. The parameters of the RF pulse sequence waveforms may be controlled by control signals supplied to circuit block 121 from computer 171 via interface block 122. The RF pulse sequence waveforms generated by circuit block 121 are supplied to an RF drive circuitry 123 that amplifies the RF pulse sequence waveform to suitable power levels for supply to the RF antenna 117 in the excitation mode such that the RF antenna 117 radiates pulses of oscillating magnetic field B1 oscillating at the Larmor frequency of the nucleus of interest.
On one embodiment, the T/R Matching circuitry 127 provides an impedance that matches the input impedance of the RF antenna 117 in the excitation mode in order maximize power transmission to the RF antenna 117, and also provides an impedance that matches the input impedance of the receiver circuitry 129 in the receive mode in order to minimize noise. The T/R Matching circuitry 127 also provides impedance that dampens the RF antenna 117 in the damping mode in order to limit ringing of the RF antenna 117 at the end of the pulse of the oscillating magnetic field B1. In the receive mode, the receiver circuitry 129 amplifies the signals captured by the RF antenna 117 and supplied by the T/R Matching circuitry 127, and utilizes a reference signal supplied by the circuit block 121 (this reference signal corresponds to the frequency of interest) and the amplified signal to obtain a measured NMR resonance signal at the frequency of interest from the sample volume 119. The receiver circuitry 129 can employ a superheterodyne receiver architecture, a homodyne receiver architecture or other suitable design. The measured NMR resonance signal is output to an analog-to-digital converter 131 for sampling and conversion into digital form. The digital data is buffered and forwarded to the computer 171 via interface block 122 for further use and analysis.
The computer 171 includes a hardware processing platform that includes at least one central processing unit, memory, persistent data storage (e.g., a hard disk drive or optical disk), I/O functionality, and other functionality as is well known in the data processing arts. The persistent data storage stores an operating system and a software application (a programmed sequence of instructions) that are both loaded into memory for execution by the central processing unit(s) of the platform as is well known. In an embodiment, the computer 171 is realized by a commercially available workstation that interfaces to the NMR instrument housing 111 by a suitable interface, such as a USB or 1394 data link. The software application embodies an NMR Measurement module and an NMR Data Analysis module that carry out the NMR measurement and analysis of the sample of interest. The NMR Measurement module performs NMR measurements on the sample of interest. The NMR measurements are derived from operation of a test setup routine and NMR measurement routine.
The test setup routine interfaces with the waveform generator circuit block 121 to supply the parameters (e.g., pulse duration, amplitude and timing parameters) for programming the desired pulse sequence of oscillating magnetic field B1 to be emitted by the RF antenna 117 for a suite of NMR measurements (FIG. 5B).
The NMR measurement routine triggers the electronic circuitry block 120 to radiate the sample volume 119 with the desired pulse sequence of oscillating magnetic field B1 and measures and records the NMR resonance signals that result from the suite of NMR measurements.
The NMR Data Analysis module processes the NMR data recorded from one or more suites of NMR measurements carried out by the NMR Measurement module to characterize NMR-related parameters as well as other properties of the sample of interest, and stores the results of NMR data analysis for the sample of interest. Such stored results can be output (for example, presented to a user on a display screen).
The NMR experiments can also be carried out with NMR logging tools which generally use permanent magnets and have correspondingly different electronics for the applications of RF pulses and data acquisition and analysis as known in the art.
FIG. 6 shows a generalized pulse sequence of oscillating magnetic field B1 that is emitted by the RF antenna 117 of the spectrometer 101 in a suite of NMR measurements carried out by the NMR Measurement module according to the present application. The pulse sequence begins with a preparation phase where the spins are generally sufficiently close to thermal equilibrium (or in some steady state condition) and then a pulse or a series of pulses (such as 90 x pulse or 180 x pulse) is provided to produce a desired orientation of the magnetization (e.g., aligned to the positive y direction for a 90 x pulse or aligned to the negative z-direction for a 180 x pulse). An evolution phase follows the preparation phase. The evolution phase includes a sequence of one or more pulses (or measurement segments) that are suitable for measuring particular relaxation parameters of which at least one is T1ρ and others such as D, T1 and T2. Four measurement segments are shown as Tα(fα), Tβ(fβ), Tχ(fχ), Tδ(fδ) as an example. The frequencies of the measurement segments can vary with respect to one another for the suite of NMR measurements. Thus, fα, fβ, fχ and fδ can be different from one another for the suite of NMR measurements. Intervals (labeled τα, τβ, τχ, τδ) can follow the corresponding measurement segment if desired and could have values 0 and above. At least one of the measurement segments is realized by a spin lock pulse that is suitable for measuring T1ρ at a particular frequency (defined by the magnitude of the spin lock field). The other measurement segments can be suitable for measuring T1ρ at a different frequency (defined by the magnitude of the spin lock field of a spin lock pulse) and/or can be suitable for measuring T1 at the Larmor frequency (such as 90 x pulse after a predefined wait time following the preparation phase) and/or can be suitable for measuring T2 (such as CPMG echo excitation sequence with an echo times tE corresponding to the desired frequency or multiple segments with as CPMG echo excitation sequences having different echo times tE) and/or diffusion. An acquisition phase follows (or is interposed within) the evolution phase to detect the evolved transverse magnetization. The detected NMR signal is digitized and stored as NMR data for each pulse sequence in the suite of NMR measurements. Such NMR data is processed by inversion (such as a multidimensional inverse Laplace transformation) that derives the distribution functions in multiple dimensions which are the relaxation or diffusion parameter dimensions. Such distribution functions of which T1ρ at a particular chosen frequency is one, can be analyzed to determine properties of the sample of interest. This enables the study of correlations between relaxation distribution of T1ρ at a predefined frequency with dynamics which are sensitive to different frequencies, like with T1 at the larmor frequency, T2 which is sensitive to the echo time and low frequencies, diffusion and even T1ρ at other frequencies. For example, the different relaxation and/or diffusion parameters of the multidimensional distribution functions can be plotted along different axes to understand the correlations between them for the sample of interest.
The different measurement segments (e.g., measurement segment for T1ρ at a particular frequency, measurement segment for T1 at another frequency, and a measurement segment for T2 at a different (or same) frequency) may be combined in an arbitrary fashion to provide similar type of information or to weight different regimes or interactions differently as appropriate in a given application. The inversion kernels can be modified appropriately to reflect the exact sequence at hand. This can be done in many ways; for example by a straightforward generalization of the 1D and 2D Laplace inversions which are well-known to those skilled in the art. Appropriate phase cycling can be carried out.
Note that the evolution phase of the NMR experiments of FIG. 6 can employ other pulse sequences well known in the field of NMR. For example, such pulse sequences can be designed to produce correlations between chemical shifts (referred to as chemical shift resolved NMR) such that the relaxation dispersion correlations of different chemical constituents can be separately visualized. In another example, the sequences and classes of sequences described herein (combinations of T1ρ, T1 and T2, at different frequencies) can be further modulated by the additional relaxation due to diffusion in a magnetic field gradient. As is well-known, larger molecular structures diffuse more slowly than small ones, and a more viscous medium slows the diffusion of all particles. Diffusion weighting is a standard technique in the world of NMR, common for example in medical imaging applications. In these applications, a diffusion weighting segment can be inserted at any point between the different relaxation encoding measurement segments. Thus the general sequence of multi-frequency measurement blocks Tα(fα)-τα-Tβ(fβ)-τβ-Tc(fχ)-τχ-Tδ(fδ)- . . . can be further generalized such that now each segment block can also represent a diffusion-encoding stage. The inversion kernel can be adapted to reflect the diffusion encoding stage.
The NMR signals acquired after T1ρ experiments at different frequencies (spin lock strengths) can be individually inverted by a transformation like a 1D inverse Laplace transformation, and the data stacked on top of each other to understand the correlations between different parts of the relaxation distributions as shown in FIG. 3. The 1D distribution functions can be stored for display and/or printing for analysis of the sample of interest. Inspection for correlations from different parts of the distributions would help provide information about the system.
In a first embodiment, the respective pulse sequences of oscillating magnetic field B1 that are emitted by the RF antenna 117 of the spectrometer 101 in a suite of NMR measurements carried out by the NMR Measurement module following the pulse sequence shown in FIG. 7, which includes a 90 degree pulse in the x direction (labeled 90x) followed by a first spin lock pulse in the y direction (labeled SL1y) of a particular magnitude for a duration τ1 and then a second spin lock pulse in the y direction (labeled SL2y) of a different magnitude for a duration τ2. The magnitudes of the respective spin lock pulses dictates the frequencies ω1 and ω2 of the corresponding spin lock fields. The duration τ2 can be varied for different values of τ1 (or vice versa) over the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR resonance signal (labeled AQy) that follows the second spin lock pulse is digitized and stored as NMR data for each pulse sequence in the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR Data Analysis module processes such NMR data by inversion to generate the two dimensional T1ρ relaxation distribution functions (the first corresponding to T1ρ at frequency ω1, and the second corresponding to T1ρ at frequency ω2). The inversion can utilize 2D-Inverse Laplace Transformation or other methods. Such distribution functions can be analyzed to determine properties of the sample of interest. For example, a two-dimensional T1ρ-T1ρ distribution plot for the given frequency pair ω1 and ω2 can be derived from the two distribution functions and stored for display and/or printing for analysis of the sample of interest. Inspection for correlations from different parts of the distributions would help provide information about the system.
In alternate embodiments, the magnitudes of the spin lock pulses SL1y and SL2y can be varied over different suites of NMR measurements as represented by the dotted lines in FIG. 7 in order to vary the frequencies ω1 and ω2 of the corresponding spin lock fields. Correlations between the two-dimensional T1ρ-T1ρ relaxation distributions at various different frequencies can then be analyzed to determine properties of the sample of interest.
FIG. 8 shows a two-dimensional T1ρ-T1ρ distribution plot of a sample of Gruyere cheese obtained with the pulse sequence of FIG. 7 at a Larmor frequency of 400 MHz. The first spin lock frequency ω1 is at 8928 Hz while the second spin lock frequency ω2 is at 1562 Hz. The two-dimensional T1ρ-T1ρ distribution plot shows the correlation in the dispersion between these two frequencies. The motionally averaged fat signal is on the diagonal while the water signal which has a finite dispersion is shown well separated. Therefore both fluid typing and information of the dynamics of the different species is obtained.
In a second embodiment, the pulse sequences of oscillating magnetic field B1 that are emitted by the RF antenna 117 of the spectrometer 101 in a suite of NMR measurements carried out by the NMR Measurement module follows the pulse sequence shown in FIG. 9, which includes a 90 degree pulse in the x direction (labeled 90x) followed by a spin lock pulse in the y direction (labeled SLy) of a particular magnitude for a duration τ1 and then a CPMG echo excitation pulse sequence with a particular echo time tE. Appropriate phase cycling can be carried out. The magnitude of the spin lock pulse SLy dictates the frequency ω1 of the corresponding spin lock field. The echo time tE generally determines the frequency to which the T2 relaxation time is sensitive to. The magnitude of the spin lock pulse and the echo time tE are both constant (not varied) over the suite of NMR measurements. The duration τ1 is varied over the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR resonance signal that follows each refocusing pulse of the CPMG echo excitation pulse sequence is digitized and stored as NMR data for each pulse sequence in the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR Data Analysis module processes such NMR data by inversion to generate two dimensional distribution functions (the first corresponding to T1ρ at frequency ω1, and the second corresponding to T2 generally at the frequency dictated by the echo time tE). The inversion can utilize a 2D-Inverse Laplace Transformation or other methods. Such distribution functions can be analyzed to determine properties of the sample of interest. For example, a two-dimensional T1ρ-T2 distribution plot can be derived from the two distribution functions and stored for display and/or printing for analysis of the sample of interest.
FIG. 10 shows a two-dimensional T1ρ-T2 distribution plot for a sample of water obtained with the pulse sequence of FIG. 9. As water molecules are in the motionally narrowed regime in the frequency window probed, they show no dispersion and the distribution is peaked on the T1ρ=T2 diagonal line.
In alternate embodiments, experiments can be carried out by varying both τ1 and tE of the pulse sequence of FIG. 9 over different suites of NMR measurements. Other embodiments include varying the magnitude of the spin lock pulse amplitude in the pulse sequence of FIG. 9 over different suites of NMR measurements.
In a third embodiment, the pulse sequence of oscillating magnetic field B1 that is emitted by the RF antenna 117 of the spectrometer 101 in a suite of NMR measurements carried out by the NMR Measurement module follows the pulse sequence shown in FIG. 11, which includes a 90 degree pulse in the x direction (labeled 90x) followed by a first spin lock pulse of a particular magnitude for a duration τ1 (labeled SL1y) and then a second spin lock pulse in the y direction (labeled SL2y) of a particular magnitude for a duration τ2 and then a CPMG echo excitation pulse sequence with an echo time tE. The magnitude of the respective spin lock pulses SL1y and SL2y dictates the frequencies ω1 and ω2 of the corresponding spin lock fields. The duration τ2 can be varied for different values of τ1 (or vice versa) over the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR resonance signal that follows each refocusing pulse of the CPMG echo excitation pulse sequence is digitized and stored as NMR data for each pulse sequence in the suite of NMR measurements. Phase cycling can be carried out for each of the pulses. The NMR Data Analysis module processes such NMR data by inversion to generate multidimensional distribution functions (e.g., the first corresponding to T1ρ at frequency ω1, the second corresponding to T1ρ at frequency ω2, and the third corresponding to T2 at the frequency generally dictated by the echo time tE). The inversion can utilize a multidimensional-Inverse Laplace Transformation or other methods. Such distribution functions can be analyzed to determine properties of the sample of interest. For example, a three-dimensional T1ρ-T1ρT2 distribution plot can be derived from the three distribution functions and stored for display and/or printing for analysis of the sample of interest. Other options include plots of 2 selected dimensions to help better understand specific correlations.
In alternate embodiments, the magnitudes of the spin lock pulses SL1y and SL2y can be varied over different suites of NMR measurements as represents by the dotted lines in FIG. 11 for different frequency pairs of ω1 and ω2. The three-dimensional T1ρ-T1ρT2 correlation distributions for the different frequency pairs can be analyzed to determine properties of the sample of interest.
In other embodiments, this experiment can be carried out by varying tE of the CPMG pulse sequence of FIG. 11 over a suite of NMR measurements.
In a fourth embodiment, the pulse sequence of oscillating magnetic field B1 that is emitted by the RF antenna 117 of the spectrometer 101 in a suite of NMR measurements carried out by the NMR Measurement module follows the pulse sequence shown in FIG. 12, which includes a 180 degree pulse in the x direction (labeled 180x) followed by a time delay τ1 and a 90 degree pulse in the x direction, which is followed by a spin lock pulse in the y direction (labeled SLy) of a particular magnitude for a duration τR. Appropriate phase cycling of the pulses can be carried out. The spin lock pulse duration τR can be varied for different values of the time delay τ1 over the suite of NMR measurements. The magnitude of the spin lock pulse SLy dictates the frequency ω1 of the spin lock field. The NMR resonance signal (labeled AQy) that follows the spin lock pulse is digitized and stored as NMR data for each pulse sequence in the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR Data Analysis module processes such NMR data by inversion to generate two dimensional distribution function (the first corresponding to T1ρ at frequency ω1, and the second corresponding to T1 at the Larmor frequency). The inversion can utilize a 2D-Inverse Laplace Transformation or other methods. Such distribution functions can be analyzed to determine properties of the sample of interest. For example, a two-dimensional T1ρ-T1 distribution plot can be derived from the two distribution functions and stored for display and/or printing for analysis of the sample of interest.
In alternate embodiments, this experiment can be carried out by varying the magnitude of the spin lock pulse SLy of the pulse sequence of FIG. 12 over a suite of NMR measurements. Such variations in the magnitude of the spin lock pulse SLy are shown as dotted lines in the pulse sequence of FIG. 12.
In yet other embodiments, experiments that utilize saturation recovery by replacing the initial 180 degree pulse in the x direction (labeled 180x) of FIG. 12 with a 90 degree pulse in the x direction. Appropriate phase cycling can be carried out.
In a fifth embodiment, the pulse sequence of oscillating magnetic field B1 that is emitted by the RF antenna 117 of the spectrometer 101 in a suite of NMR measurements carried out by the NMR Measurement module follows the pulse sequence shown in FIG. 13, which includes a 180 degree pulse in the x direction (labeled 180x) followed by a time delay τ and a 90 degree pulse, which is followed by a spin lock pulse (labeled SLy) of a particular magnitude for a duration τR and then a CPMG pulse sequence with an echo time tE. Appropriate phase cycling can be carried out. The spin lock pulse duration τR can be varied for different values of the time delay τ over the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR resonance signal that follows each refocusing pulse of the CPMG echo excitation pulse sequence is digitized and stored as NMR data for each pulse sequence in the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR Data Analysis module processes such NMR data by inversion that derives three dimensional distributions functions (the first corresponding to T1ρ at frequency ω1, the second corresponding to T1 at the Larmor frequency, and the third corresponding to T2 at the frequency dictated by the echo time tE). The inversion can utilize 3D-Inverse Laplace Transformation or other methods and also obtain just the 2 dimensional distributions if necessary. Such distribution functions can be analyzed to determine properties of the sample of interest. For example, a three-dimensional T1ρ-T1-T2 plot can be derived from the three distribution functions and stored for display and/or printing for analysis of the sample of interest.
In alternate embodiments, this experiment can be carried out by varying the magnitude of the spin lock pulse SLy (for different frequencies ω1 of the spin lock field) and/or the tE of the pulse sequence of FIG. 13 over different suites of NMR measurements. Such variations in the magnitude of the spin lock pulse SLy are shown as dotted lines in the pulse sequence of FIG. 12.
In yet other embodiments, experiments utilizing saturation recovery can replace the initial 180 degree pulse (labeled 180x) of FIG. 12 with a 90 degree pulse.
In a sixth embodiment, the pulse sequence of oscillating magnetic field B1 that is emitted by the RF antenna 117 of the spectrometer 101 in a suite of NMR measurements carried out by the NMR Measurement module follows the pulse sequence shown in FIG. 14, which includes a 90 degree pulse in the x direction (labeled 90x) followed by a first spin lock pulse of a particular magnitude for a duration τ1 and then a CPMG echo excitation pulse sequence with an echo time tEL followed by a CMPG pulse sequence with an echo time tE. Appropriate phase cycling can be carried out. The spin lock pulse duration τR can be varied for different values of the time delay tEL and tE over the suite of NMR measurements to obtain diffusion information as well as T2 and T1ρ. Experiments can be carried out with variations in the number and the value of echo delays tEL and tE. The NMR resonance signal that follows each refocusing pulse of the CPMG echo excitation pulse sequence is digitized and stored as NMR data for each pulse sequence in the suite of NMR measurements. The NMR Data Analysis module processes such NMR data by inversion that derives three dimensional distributions functions (the first corresponding to T1ρ at frequency ω1, the second corresponding to T2 and the third corresponding to diffusion). The inversion can utilize 3D-Inverse Laplace Transformation or other methods and also obtain just the two dimensional distributions if necessary. Such distribution functions can be analyzed to determine properties of the sample of interest.
Advantageously, the NMR experiments described herein are based on relaxation in the rotating frame that can be used to study low frequency dispersion dynamics of various systems. Many systems including but not limited to fluids in porous media, food materials, colloidal aggregation, protein dynamics and heavy oils exhibit interesting dynamics at low frequencies, especially from 1000 Hz to 100 KHz. The frequency dependence of the relaxation times in this range has unique information about system dynamics. Such information is not available by probing one single frequency and thus dispersion measurements are important. The rotating frame (or T1ρ) based NMR experiments described herein have the potential to better evaluate the fluids and understand the slow motions due to interaction with surfaces. This implies that these pulse sequences have direct applications for fluid typing and wettability characterization. The major reason behind this is the ability to choose the applied RF and thus be able to choose various frequencies and therefore understand the clear dependence of the T1ρ relaxation distribution to the applied RF frequency (ω1). The NMR experiments presented herein are versatile and have the potential to be carried out in downhole oilfield applications (both for wireline and LWD), in rock core analysis at an NMR lab and at the well site.
Thus, the NMR experiments described herein can be used for separating different phases of a substance. Some examples include, adsorbed versus free shale gas or bitumen versus heavy oil and water in oil shale or bound water versus heavy oil. This act of separating NMR signal from different fluids in a mixture would help accurately gauge their respective quantities. These techniques could also help us understand the interactions between the various fluids in a mixture and also the interactions between the fluid and the enclosing matrix which yields, among others, wettability information. This could be extended to the study of the specific interaction of different constituents of the fluid with the pore/confining surfaces of medium. For example, obtaining the interaction of water and oil with the rock surface when they are both present. Such studies would help enable the modeling of residence times of different constituents of the fluid on the surface of the confining medium. The fluid in these cases could be a gas molecule interacting with the kerogen pore/inorganic pore or could be oil or water in pore. Other applications include, monitoring the aggregation state and dynamics of aggregation of various substances such as colloids, gels, or asphaltene molecules in crude oil. This could be extended to the study of the dynamics of various intra and inter-molecular interactions and to obtain viscosity of heavy oil.
In another embodiment, multidimensional relaxation diffusion experiments where T1ρ is at least one of the dimensions can be carried out on a downhole NMR tool with some modifications in the pulse sequence. Downhole NMR tools are generally based on permanent magnets and therefore bring up new challenges for the application of T1ρ based multidimensional experiments. Firstly, downhole measurements are done in grossly inhomogeneous fields. The magnetic fields of these magnets exhibit a large and complex variation of the larmor frequencies. Added to this inhomogeneous field distribution is the probable inhomogeneous fluid saturation or porosity distribution of the formation. These factors imply that inhomogeneous distributions of both the B0 and B1 have to be taken into account in the experiments. Such in-homogeneities result in a range of flip angles and lead to a substantial contribution to the echo formation from the off-resonant spins whose unique relaxation and diffusion behavior have to be taken into account for data analysis.
FIG. 15 shows an apparatus for investigating a subsurface formation 1 traversed by a borehole 2. The borehole 2 is typically, although not necessarily, filled with a drilling fluid or mud (which contains finely divided solids in suspension) with mudcake 3 on the walls of the borehole. A downhole NMR tool 10 is suspended in the borehole 2 on an armored cable 11, the length of which substantially determines the relative depth of the logging tool 10. The cable length is controlled by suitable means at the surface such as a drum and winch mechanism (not shown). Surface equipment, represented at 12, can be of conventional type, and can include a processor subsystem and communicates with the logging tool 10. The downhole NMR tool 10 has a face 13 shaped to intimately contact the borehole wall, with minimal gaps or standoff, and a retractable arm 14 which can be activated to press the body of the downhole NMR tool 10 against the borehole wall during a logging run, with the face 13 pressed against the wall's surface. Although the downhole NMR tool 10 is shown as a single body, the tool may comprise separate components such as a cartridge, sonde, or skid, and the tool may be combinable with other logging tools. Also, while a wireline tool is illustrated, alternative forms of physical support and communicating link can be used, for example in a measurement-while-drilling system.
In an embodiment, the downhole NMR tool 10 is based upon the MR Scanner tool available from Schlumberger Technology Corporation of Sugar Land, Tex., USA and described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,486,070. As shown in FIG. 16, the NMR tool 10 includes a permanent magnet assembly 15 as well as an array of radio frequency (RF) antennae (one shown as 16) positioned between permanent magnet assembly 15 and the wall engaging face 13. The permanent magnet assembly 15 produces a static magnetic field B0 in a sample volume 18. The sample volume 18 is a region directly in front of tool face 13. Thus, during use, the sample volume 18 lies within the formation 1 as shown. The static magnetic field B0 is inhomogeneous due to the design of the permanent magnet assembly 15 and thus produces a spatial magnetic field gradient (∂B0/∂z) in the sample volume 18. The RF antenna 16 radiates, at selected times, an oscillating RF magnetic field B1 having a magnetic moment substantially perpendicular (orthogonal) to that of the static magnetic field B0 produced by the permanent magnet assembly 15 as indicated by the arrows shown in FIG. 16. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the same RF antenna 16 may function as a transmitter to transmit the oscillating magnetic field and as a receiver to receive the signals. Alternatively, separate transmitter and receiving antennas may be used. The tool 10 further includes electronics (not shown) that interfaces to the RF antenna 16 to carry out NMR measurements for the sample of interest in the sample volume 18. Such NMR measurements can be carried out at multiple depths of interest in thin shells, such as shells 18A, 18B, 18C, and 18D as shown. Advantages of using the tool of FIG. 16 may include, but are not limited to, the ability to assess various and multiple depths of interest, the ability to probe deeper into a rock formation, sensing of a large region, and easier tuning Though shown as being placed adjacent the borehole wall, the tool 10 may perform NMR measurements in positions offset from the borehole wall (e.g., in the center of the borehole).
The tool 10 can be configured to carry out NMR measurements as described herein in order to characterize the relaxation and/or diffusion properties of the substances of the formation and/or borehole. In one embodiment, the electronics of the tool 10 can be configured to filter the echo signal after the spinlock pulse for the selective analysis of the component of interest. For example, the on resonant component whose contribution dominates the echo amplitude can be analyzed separately.
Downhole NMR tools are generally designed to work with fixed amplitude RF pulses, even though some possibility of providing high power high bandwidth preparation pulses exist. Therefore, the amplitude of such RF pulses cannot generally be changed for the purpose of applying long spin lock pulses, which are necessary for T1ρ based pulse sequences. The power for the RF pulses are generally obtained from the following: downhole drilling-fluid-powered turbine-alternator system or a downhole battery system or from an up-hole generator or other power source sent via a wireline cable; or from an up-hole generator or other power source sent via wired-drill pipe or other similar mode of power transfer.
In another embodiment, the electronics of the downhole NMR tool 10 are configured to dynamically change (control) the output amplitude of the RF pulse as desired for a particular RF pulse sequence. For example, the electronics can employ resistors that change the current in the antenna circuit and/or circuitry changes to control the output of the transmitter so that the amplitude output can be controlled. Such electronics can be employed to apply spin lock pulses at various amplitudes (corresponding to various frequencies) as described herein.
Downhole NMR tools are generally constructed to work at low duty cycles. For example, the Schlumberger's CMR tool has a duty cycle of about 20%. This implies that the application of RF pulse for long periods of time to measure T1ρ would become challenging. Another issue to take care of for measuring T1ρ based measurements is the droop in the RF pulse (i.e., a drop in the pulse amplitude when applied for long periods of time) during the applications of long spin lock pulses with present day electronics. For example, the LWD-NMR tools are powered by mud flow via a turbine alternator. In one embodiment, continuous power of approximately 500-600 W is supplied from the turbine alternator. This power is used to charge a large buffer capacitor. The size of this capacitor is generally about a few thousand microfarads. For a long pulse, even if the power is a fraction of that 600 W, a droop in the RF pulse can be experienced. This can occur because (1) the rate of discharging the buffer capacitor (to output RF pulse) is faster than charging the same capacitor by turbine alternator, and (2) the amount of discharge is non-negligible to the amount of charge stored in the capacitor.
In another embodiment, the measurement pulse sequence produced the RF antenna of the downhole NMR tool can involve spin lock segments (labeled “SLy1”) sandwiched by intermediate segments where the magnetization is flipped to the z axis and then back to the transverse plane (in this case, by a 90-x pulse followed by a 90 x pulse) to be spin locked again as shown in FIG. 17. This enables the T1ρ spin lock period of the experiment to be distributed over multiple intervals (i.e., over the multiple spin lock segments SLy1), which can reduce the requisite duty cycle of the spin lock pulses of these experiments and enable these experiments to work at lower duty cycles, especially to take care of the duty cycle and droop issues experienced by downhole NMR tools.
It is also contemplated that the pulse sequence of FIG. 17 can also be used in laboratory NMR spectrometers (such as the NMR spectrometer of FIG. 5A) in order to provide consistency with downhole NMR measurements that utilize this particular pulse sequence.
Advantageously, the T1ρ based pulse sequence become most interesting downhole when we are investigating samples with large dispersions. Such samples have short relaxation times at lower frequencies. Therefore applications to reduce the duty cycle in addition to their actual rotating frame relaxation times make these experiments feasible.
While particular embodiments have been described, it is not intended that the claims be limited thereto, as it is intended that the claims be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Thus, while particular NMR apparatus have been disclosed, it will be appreciated that other NMR apparatus (including downhole NMR tools and laboratory or bench-top NMR machines) can be used as well. For example, different permanent magnet designs, different antenna designs and different electronic designs for the NMR spectrometer can be used. Alternatively, the apparatus can spin the sample to improve the observed NMR line shapes. Furthermore, while particular inversion methodologies and data processing analysis has been described for correlating relation and diffusion information from NMR measurements, it will be understood that other inversion methodologies and data processing analysis can be similarly used. It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that yet other modifications could be made to the provided embodiments without deviating from the scope of the claims.

## Claims

1. A method for analyzing a sample of interest comprising:
(a) while applying at least a static magnetic field across a sample volume that encompasses the sample of interest, applying radio-frequency pulses of oscillating magnetic field across the sample volume, wherein the radio-frequency pulses are characterized by a component in a plane transverse to the static magnetic field, and wherein the pulses are defined by a pulse sequence that includes a plurality of measurement segments that are configured to characterize a plurality of relaxation parameters related to relaxation of nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest; and
(b) detecting signals induced by the radio-frequency pulses of oscillating magnetic field produced in (a) in order to derive the plurality of relaxation parameters;
wherein the plurality of measurement segments include at least one first-type measurement segment and at least one second-type measurement segment, the first-type measurement segment configured to characterize relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest in a rotating frame at a predefined frequency, and the second-type measurement segment configured to characterize at least one other property of the sample of interest, the at least one other property of the sample of interest selected from the group including a relaxation property of the sample of interest in a laboratory frame and a diffusion property of the sample of interest.

2. A method according to claim 1, further comprising:
processing the signals detected in (b) by inversion to derive a plurality of distribution functions for a plurality of dimensions, wherein the plurality of dimensions correspond to a plurality of properties of the sample of interest, wherein one of the plurality of dimensions corresponds to the relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest in a rotating frame at the predefined frequency.

3. A method according to claim 2, further comprising:
generating a plot based upon the plurality of distribution functions for analysis of the sample of interest.

4. A method according to claim 1, wherein:
the first-type measurement segment comprises a spin lock pulse of a particular magnitude that corresponds to the predefined frequency.

5. A method according to claim 1, wherein:
the plurality of measurements segments are configured to characterize a plurality of relaxation parameters for a set of frequencies that vary across the set.

6. A method according to claim 5, wherein:
the plurality of measurements segments further includes a plurality of first-type measurement segments that are configured to characterize relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest in a rotating frame at different predefined frequencies.

7. A method according to claim 6, wherein:
one of the plurality of first-type measurement segments comprises a spin lock pulse of a particular first magnitude that corresponds to a predefined first frequency; and
another of the plurality of first-type measurement segments comprises a spin lock pulse of a particular second magnitude that corresponds to a predefined second frequency, wherein the second frequency is different than the first frequency.

8. A method according to claim 1, wherein:
the second-type measurement segment comprises a T2 measurement segment configured to characterize transverse relaxation of spin-spin interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest.

9. A method according to claim 8, wherein:
the T2 measurement segment comprises an echo pulse sequence for stimulating and detecting a sequence of echo pulses, wherein the echo pulse sequence has a particular echo time that defines a predefined frequency of the T2 measurement segment.

10. A method according to claim 1, wherein:
the second-type measurement segment comprises a T1 measurement segment configured to characterize longitudinal relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest.

11. A method according to claim 10, wherein:
the T1 measurement segment comprises a 90 degree pulse that follows a delay period of a predefined duration.

12. A method according to claim 1, wherein:
the second-type measurement segment comprises a diffusion measurement segment that is configured to characterize a diffusion coefficient of nuclei of the sample of interest.

13. A method according to claim 1, further comprising:
(c) repeating the operations of (a) and (b) for a suite of measurements, wherein the nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest is in equilibrium or stable condition prior to each measurement of the suite.

14. A method according to claim 13, wherein:
the plurality of measurements segments are configured to characterize a plurality of relaxation parameters for a set of frequencies that vary across the set.

15. A method according to claim 14, further comprising:
processing the signals detected in (b) by inversion to derive distribution functions for a plurality of dimensions, wherein the plurality of dimensions correspond to the plurality of relaxation parameters and associated frequencies.

16. A method according to claim 15, further comprising:
generating a plot of the distribution functions for the plurality of dimensions; and
displaying the plot for analysis of the sample of interest.

17. A method according to claim 13, further comprising:
repeating the operations of (a) and (b) for a number of suites of measurements, wherein the nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest is in equilibrium or stable condition prior to each measurement of a given suite, wherein the set of frequencies for the plurality of relaxation parameters is varied across the number of suites of measurements.

18. A method according to claim 1, wherein:
the operations of (a) and (b) are carried out in a downhole NMR tool on a sample of a subterranean formation.

19. A method according to claim 1, wherein:
the operations of (a) and (b) are carried out in a laboratory NMR tool on a sample acquired from a subterranean formation.

20. An apparatus for analyzing a sample of interest comprising:
(a) a magnet for applying at least a static magnetic field across a sample volume that encompasses the sample of interest;
(b) an RF antenna configured to produce radio-frequency pulses of oscillating magnetic field across the sample volume, wherein the radio-frequency pulses are characterized by a component transverse to the static magnetic field, and wherein the radio-frequency pulses are defined by a pulse sequence that includes a plurality of measurement segments that are configured to characterize properties of nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest; and
(c) receiver circuitry for detecting signals induced by the radio-frequency pulses of oscillating magnetic field produced by the RF antenna in order to characterize the properties of nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest;
wherein the plurality of measurement segments include at least one first-type measurement segment at least one second-type measurement segment, the first-type measurement segment configured to characterize relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest in a rotating frame at a predefined frequency, and the at least one second-type measurement segment configured to characterize at least one other property of the sample of interest, the at least one other property of the sample of interest selected from the group including a relaxation property of the sample of interest in a laboratory frame and a diffusion property of the sample of interest.

21. An apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising:
a data processor for processing data derived from the signals detected by the receiver circuitry, wherein the processing of the data processor is configured to perform inversion to derive a plurality of distribution functions for a plurality of dimensions, wherein the plurality of dimensions correspond to a plurality of properties of the sample of interest, wherein one of the plurality of dimensions corresponds to the relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest in a rotating frame at the predefined frequency.

22. An apparatus according to claim 21, wherein:
the data processor is configured to generate a plot based upon the plurality of distribution functions for analysis of the sample of interest.

23. An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein:
the first-type measurement segment comprises a spin lock pulse of a particular magnitude that corresponds to the predefined frequency.

24. An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein:
the second-type measurement comprises a T2 measurement segment configured to characterize transverse relaxation of spin-spin interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest.

25. An apparatus according to claim 24, wherein:
the T2 measurement segment comprises an echo pulse sequence for stimulating and detecting a sequence of echo pulses, wherein the echo pulse sequence has a particular echo time that defines a predefined frequency of the T2 measurement segment.

26. An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein:
the second-type measurement segment comprises a T1 measurement segment configured to characterize longitudinal relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest.

27. An apparatus according to claim 26, wherein:
the T1 measurement segment comprises a 90 degree pulse that follows a delay period of a predefined duration.

28. An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein:
the second-type measurement segment comprises a diffusion measurement segment configured to characterize a diffusion coefficient of nuclei of the sample of interest.

29. An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein:
the plurality of measurements segments are configured to characterize a plurality of relaxation parameters for a set of frequencies that vary across the set.

30. A downhole NMR tool that is conveyable within a borehole, the downhole NMR tool for analyzing a sample of interest, the downhole NMR tool comprising:
(a) a magnet for applying at least a static magnetic field across a sample volume encompassing the sample of interest;
(b) an RF antenna configured to produce radio-frequency pulses of oscillating magnetic field across the sample volume, wherein the radio-frequency pulses are characterized by a component transverse to the static magnetic field, and wherein the radio-frequency pulses are defined by a pulse sequence that includes a plurality of measurement segments that are configured to characterize properties of nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest;
(c) receiver circuitry for detecting signals induced by the radio-frequency pulses of oscillating magnetic field produced by the RF antenna in order to characterize the properties of nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest; and
(d) electronics that are configured to vary amplitude of the radio-frequency pulses produced by the RF antenna.

31. A downhole NMR tool according to claim 30, wherein:
the electronics are configured to dictate amplitude of a spin lock pulse produced by the RF antenna in order to characterize relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest in a rotating frame at a predefined frequency corresponding the amplitude of the spin lock pulse.

32. A downhole NMR tool according to claim 30, wherein:
the radio-frequency pulses produced by the RF antenna include a plurality of spin lock segments sandwiched by intermediate segments where the magnetization is flipped to the z axis and then back to the transverse plane.

33. A downhole NMR tool according to claim 32, wherein:
the plurality of spin lock segments and the intermediate segments are repeated over a suite of measurements, wherein the nuclear magnetization of the sample of interest is in equilibrium or stable condition prior to each measurement of the suite.

34. A method for analyzing a sample of interest comprising:
(a) while applying at least a static magnetic field across a sample volume that encompasses the sample of interest, applying radio-frequency pulses of oscillating magnetic field across the sample volume, wherein the radio-frequency pulses are characterized by a component in a plane transverse to the static magnetic field, and wherein the pulses are defined by a set of pulse sequences that include measurement segments configured to characterize relaxation of spin-lattice interaction between nuclei of the sample of interest in a rotating frame at a number of predefined frequencies; and
(b) detecting signals induced by the radio-frequency pulses of oscillating magnetic field produced in (a) in order to derive a relaxation property of the sample of interest in the rotating frame for the number of predefined frequencies;
(c) processing the signals detected in (b) by inversion to derive a plurality of distribution functions for a plurality of dimensions, wherein the plurality of dimensions correspond to the relaxation property of the sample of interest in the rotating frame for the number of predefined frequencies; and
(d) generating a plot based upon the plurality of distribution functions derived in (c) for analysis of the sample of interest.