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# 					2019 Fiscal Transparency Report			

Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs

							Fiscal transparency informs citizens how government revenues and tax revenues are spent and is a critical element of effective public financial management.  Transparency provides citizens a window into government budgets and helps hold governments accountable.  It helps build market confidence and sustainability.  The Congressionally mandated Fiscal Transparency Report (FTR) is a tool to identify deficiencies and support needed changes.						

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													2019 Fiscal Transparency Report											

            -  2019 Fiscal Transparency Report                -  Summary 
              -  Fiscal Transparency 
              -  Fiscal Transparency Review Process and Criteria 
              -  Minimum Requirements of Fiscal Transparency 
              -  Significant Progress or No Significant Progress 
              -  Fiscal Transparency Innovation Fund 
              -  Conclusions of Review Process 
            -  Government-by-Government Assessments                -  Algeria 
              -  Angola 
              -  Azerbaijan 
              -  The Bahamas 
              -  Bahrain 
              -  Bangladesh 
              -  Belize 
              -  Benin 
              -  Burma 
              -  Burundi 
              -  Cambodia 
              -  Cameroon 
              -  Central African Republic 
              -  Chad 
              -  China 
              -  Comoros 
              -  Congo, Democratic Republic of the 
              -  Congo, Republic of the 
              -  Djibouti 
              -  Dominican Republic 
              -  Ecuador 
              -  Egypt 
              -  Equatorial Guinea 
              -  Eswatini (Swaziland) 
              -  Ethiopia 
              -  Gabon 
              -  Gambia, The 
              -  Guinea 
              -  Guinea-Bissau 
              -  Haiti 
              -  Iraq 
              -  Laos 
              -  Lebanon 
              -  Lesotho 
              -  Liberia 
              -  Libya 
              -  Madagascar 
              -  Malawi 
              -  Maldives 
              -  Mali 
              -  Mauritania 
              -  Mozambique 
              -  Nicaragua 
              -  Niger 
              -  Nigeria 
              -  Oman 
              -  Pakistan 
              -  Palestinian Authority 
              -  Papua New Guinea 
              -  Rwanda 
              -  Samoa 
              -  Sao Tome and Principe 
              -  Saudi Arabia 
              -  Somalia 
              -  South Sudan 
              -  Sudan 
              -  Suriname 
              -  Tajikistan 
              -  Tanzania 
              -  Togo 
              -  Turkmenistan 
              -  Ukraine 
              -  Uzbekistan 
              -  Vietnam 
              -  Yemen 
              -  Zambia 
              -  Zimbabwe 

							2019 Fiscal Transparency Report					

**U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE 2019 FISCAL TRANSPARENCY REPORTPURSUANT TO SECTION 7031(b)(3) OF****the Department of State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2019****(Div. F, P.L. 116-6) (FY 2019 SFOAA**)

**2019 Fiscal Transparency Report**

AGENCY:      Department of State

ACTION:        Notice

### Summary

The Department of State (Department) hereby presents the Fiscal Transparency Report pursuant to Section 7031(b) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2019 (Div. F, P.L. 116-6) (FY 2019 SFOAA).  This report describes the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency developed, updated, and strengthened by the Department in consultation with other relevant federal agencies.  It reviews governments that were originally identified in the 2014 Fiscal Transparency Report and Equatorial Guinea.  It assesses those that did not meet the minimum fiscal transparency requirements and indicates whether those governments made significant progress toward meeting the requirements during the review period of January 1 – December 31, 2018.  The report also provides a description of the use of the Fiscal Transparency Innovation Fund.

### Fiscal Transparency

The Department’s fiscal transparency review process assesses whether governments meet minimum requirements of fiscal transparency.  For the purpose of this report, the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency include having key budget documents that are publicly available, substantially complete, and generally reliable.  The review includes an assessment of the transparency of processes for awarding government contracts and licenses for natural resource extraction.  Fiscal transparency is a critical element of effective public financial management, helps build market confidence, and underpins economic sustainability.  Fiscal transparency fosters greater government accountability by providing a window into government budgets for citizens, helping citizens hold their leadership accountable, and facilitating better-informed public debate.

Annual reviews of the fiscal transparency of governments that receive U.S. assistance help ensure U.S. taxpayer funds are used appropriately and provide opportunities to dialogue with governments on the importance of fiscal transparency.

Section 7031(b) of the FY 2019 SFOAA requires the Secretary of State to “update and strengthen” minimum requirements of fiscal transparency for each government receiving assistance appropriated by the Act as identified in the 2014 Fiscal Transparency Report.  It further requires the Department to make or update any determination of “significant progress” or “no significant progress” in meeting the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency for each government that did not meet the minimum requirements.  Through authority delegated from the Secretary in Delegation of Authority 245-2, the Deputy Secretary of State made those determinations for 2019.

The fiscal transparency determinations may change from year to year due to updating and strengthening minimum requirements of fiscal transparency as required by law, changes in governments’ performance on public financial management, or new information coming to the Department’s attention.  As a result, some governments may fall short of these requirements, despite in some cases maintaining or even improving their overall level of fiscal transparency.  The report includes a description of how governments fell short of the minimum requirements.  It outlines any significant progress being made to disclose publicly national budget documentation, contracts, and licenses.  It also provides specific recommendations of short- and long-term steps governments should take to improve fiscal transparency.  Finally, the report outlines the process the Department followed in completing the assessments and describes how U.S. foreign assistance resources have been used to support fiscal transparency.

While a lack of fiscal transparency can be an enabling factor for corruption, the report does not assess corruption.  A finding that a government “does not meet the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency” does not necessarily mean there is significant corruption in the government.  Similarly, a finding that a government “meets the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency” does not necessarily reflect a low level of corruption.

### Fiscal Transparency Review Process and Criteria

The Department has reviewed the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency in consultation with other relevant federal agencies and has updated and strengthened those requirements.  The Department assessed the fiscal transparency of the 140 governments identified in the 2014 Fiscal Transparency Report plus Equatorial Guinea, determined whether the minimum requirements were met, and identified any measures those governments that failed to meet the minimum requirements had implemented to make significant progress toward meeting the requirements.

In conducting the 2019 review, the Department assessed the fiscal transparency of governments during the review period of January 1 – December 31, 2018.  The Department considered information from U.S. embassies and consulates, other U.S. government agencies, international organizations, and civil society organizations.  U.S. diplomatic missions consulted with foreign government officials, international organizations, and civil society organizations to obtain information for these assessments.

In carrying out its evaluation, the Department recognizes specific circumstances and practices of fiscal transparency differ among governments while ensuring minimum fiscal transparency requirements are met in order to enable meaningful public participation in budgeting processes.

### Minimum Requirements of Fiscal Transparency

Subsection 7031(b)(2) of the FY 2019 SFOAA provides that the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency include the public disclosure of:

- national budget documentation (to include receipts and expenditures by ministry) and
- government contracts and licenses for natural resource extraction (to include bidding and concession allocation practices).

The 2019 fiscal transparency review process evaluated whether the government publicly disclosed key budget documents, including expenditures broken down by ministry and revenues broken down by source and type.  The review process also evaluated whether the government has an independent supreme audit institution or similar institution that audits the government’s annual financial statements, and whether such audits are made publicly available.  The review further assessed whether the process for awarding licenses and contracts for natural resource extraction is outlined in law or regulation and followed in practice, and whether basic information on such awards is publicly available.  The Department applied the following criteria in assessing whether governments met the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency.

**Budget information should be:**

- Publicly Available:  Budget documents, including the executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report, should be widely and easily accessible to the general public.  Documents may be available in full from government offices or libraries, widely available government publications, or mass media channels.  Budget documents should be disseminated within a reasonable period of time.  A “reasonable period of time” generally corresponds to:   - at least one month before the start of the fiscal year and before budget approval by the legislature for the executive budget proposal,
  - within three months of enactment for the enacted budget, and
  - within 18 months of the end of the fiscal year for the end-of-year report. 

Information on government debt obligations should also be publicly available.

Beginning with this review period, at least the enacted budget must be available online.

- Substantially Complete:  Publicly available budget documents should provide a substantially full picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  Budgets should include expenditures broken down by ministry and revenues broken down by source and type.  Budget documents should detail allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  If not, such information should be available in other public documents.  Significant, large state-owned enterprises should have publicly available audited financial statements.  A published budget that does not include significant cash or non-cash resources, including foreign aid, would not be considered substantially complete.  Budget documents should incorporate all special accounts or funds.  If there are off-budget accounts that have a legitimate purpose, they should be audited, the results made public, and the accounts subject to oversight.  Budget documents should also include expenditures to support executive offices or royal families where such expenditures represent a significant budgetary outlay.  The review process recognizes military and intelligence budgets are often not publicly available for national security reasons.  However, military and intelligence budgets should be approved by the parliament and subject to civilian oversight.
- Reliable:  Budget documents and related data are considered reliable if the information contained therein is credible, meaning actual government revenues and expenditures correspond to the enacted budget.  The government should review budget execution through the course of the year, such as by producing monthly or quarterly budget execution reports.  Significant departures from planned receipts and expenditures should be explained in supplementary budget documents and publicly disclosed in a timely manner.  Financial statements should be prepared according to internationally accepted principles that yield consistent and comparable statements.  The executed budget should be audited by an independent supreme audit institution, and the results of such audits, to include an executive summary with findings or recommendations by the supreme audit institution, should be made public within a reasonable period of time (generally within 12 months of the dissemination of the end-of-year report).

**Natural resource extraction contracting and licensing procedures should be:******

- Transparent:  The criteria and procedures for the contracting and licensing of natural resource extraction should be publicly available and codified in law or regulation.  These laws and regulations should be followed in practice.  The basic parameters of concessions and contracts should be made publicly available after the decision.  Such information should include the geographic area covered by the contract or license, the resource being developed, the duration of the contract, and the company to which the contract or license is awarded.

### Significant Progress or No Significant Progress

A determination of “significant progress” indicates that during the review period a government has satisfactorily addressed a key deficiency in meeting the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency.  A key deficiency is some material condition or fact that causes a government not to meet the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency.

### Fiscal Transparency Innovation Fund

Section 7031(b)(4) of the FY 2019 SFOAA requires funds appropriated under title III of the Act be made available for programs and activities to assist governments identified in the fiscal transparency report to improve budget transparency and to support civil society organizations that promote fiscal transparency.  In response to a similar requirement, the Department and USAID created the Fiscal Transparency Innovation Fund (FTIF) in Fiscal Year 2012 (FY2012).  FTIF supports programs and activities that assist governments to improve their public financial management and fiscal transparency standards and civil society organizations that promote budget transparency.  The Department’s Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs and USAID’s Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and Environment solicit proposals and award funds in accordance with established guidelines.  For FY2019, the Department and USAID requested $4.5 million for the FTIF to support projects to enhance:  (1) governments’ capacity to develop and execute comprehensive, reliable, and transparent budgets; (2) citizens’ visibility into state expenditure and revenue programs; and/or (3) citizens’ ability to advocate for specific issues related to government budgets and budget processes.

The Department and USAID have begun obligating a planned total of $4.5 million in FY2018 Economic Support Funds through the FTIF to support 15 projects in the following countries:  Algeria, Armenia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guinea, Haiti, Liberia, Maldives, Namibia, Niger, Seychelles, The Gambia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda.  Congressional notifications of these funds are forthcoming.  The projects are targeted to advance efforts by government and civil society to enhance fiscal transparency and public financial management practices and to improve public awareness and involvement in the expenditure of public resources.  (The projects involving Seychelles and Trinidad and Tobago required and received additional internal review and approval because they are high-income countries, and, as a general matter, the United States does not use foreign assistance resources to fund programs benefitting developed countries.)

### Conclusions of Review Process

The Department concluded that, of the 140 governments evaluated pursuant to the Act plus Equatorial Guinea, 67 did not meet the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency.  Of these 67, however, 13 governments made significant progress toward meeting the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency.

The Department assessed the following governments as meeting the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency for 2019:  Afghanistan, Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, North Macedonia (formerly Republic of Macedonia), Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, and Uruguay.

The following table lists those governments that were found **not** to meet the minimum requirements of fiscal transparency and identifies whether the governments made significant progress toward meeting those requirements:

							Government-by-Government Assessments					

This section describes areas where governments did not meet the Department’s minimum requirements of fiscal transparency during the review period and includes specific recommendations of short- and long-term steps such governments should take to improve fiscal transparency.  For those governments determined to have made significant progress toward meeting the minimum requirements, the section also includes a brief description of such progress.

John J. SullivanDeputy Secretary of State

### Algeria

During the review period, the government published its enacted budget online, but did not publish an executive budget proposal or an end-of-year report within a reasonable period of time.  Limited information regarding debt obligations was publicly available.  Publicly available information did not provide a comprehensive treatment of allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  The government maintained off-budget accounts, and though they were subject to public audits, government efforts to reduce the number of off-budget accounts appeared to have stalled.  The information in the budget was generally reliable, and the government published budget execution reports.  Algeria’s supreme audit institution audited the government’s executed budget, with the exception of certain military equipment purchases, and published its reports online within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awarded natural resource contracts or licenses were specified in law and appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Algeria’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its executive budget proposal and end-of-year reports within a reasonable period of time and
- providing additional detail regarding debt obligations, revenues, and expenditures in the budget, including those of state-owned enterprises.

### Angola

Angola made significant progress by publishing its end-of-year budget report.  During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, its enacted budget, and its end-of-year report, widely and easily accessible online to the general public within a reasonable period of time.  Publicly available information on debt obligations was outdated.  The information in the budget was considered generally reliable, though there were concerns about the accuracy of information about expenditures.  Angola’s supreme audit institution did not publish audit reports on the government’s accounts.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Angola’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- providing reasonably current information on debt obligations and
- ensuring the supreme audit institution audits the government’s annual executed budget and publishes its findings within a reasonable period of time.

### Azerbaijan

During the review period, budget documents and debt obligations were publicly available, including online, and provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s revenues, including natural resource revenues.  While budget documents did not fully disaggregate allocations to or earnings from state-owned enterprises, more detailed information was available through other public documents.  Audited financial statements for significant, large state-owned enterprises were publicly available online.  Information in budget documents was generally reliable.  Azerbaijan’s supreme audit institution audited the government’s annual executed budget, and its reports and opinions on state budget execution were publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction—particularly for oil production sharing agreements—were only partially specified in law, regulation, or public documents.  It is not clear to what extent the government followed applicable laws and regulations for awarding contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction.  Basic information on such awards was made publicly available after contracts were awarded.

Azerbaijan’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- specifying fully in law or regulation the criteria and procedures for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and following applicable laws and regulations in practice.

### The Bahamas

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  Information in budget documents was generally considered reliable.  The Bahamas’ supreme audit institution did not publish an audit report of the government’s executed budget within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were outlined in law and appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was public.

The Bahamas’ fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- ensuring the supreme audit institution audits the government’s executed budget and makes audit reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.

### Bahrain

Bahrain made significant progress by publishing a fiscal balance program in 2018, which previewed budget expectations for the coming four years and made budget execution reports more accurate and reliable.  During the review period, budget documents were widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  The government did not make its executive budget proposal publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The government’s executive budget proposal was submitted late to parliament in June, six months into the fiscal year.  The enacted budget was also late.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Publicly available budget documents provided only limited detail on allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises and partial details on ministry and agency budgets.  Royal court expenditures were not included in the budget.  Though budget documents were generally reliable, the government did not publish periodic budget execution reports or issue revised budget estimates.  Bahrain’s supreme audit institution audited the government’s executed budget, but only published portions of its audit report in local newspapers.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were outlined in law and regulation and appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Bahrain’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its executive budget proposal and enacted budget within a reasonable period of time,
- providing more detail in the budget on expenditures by ministries, allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises, and royal court expenditures, and
- making the supreme audit institution’s audit reports available in full and easily accessible to the public.

### Bangladesh

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal and a summary enacted budget widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  The Ministry of Finance has not updated its website with year-end fiscal reports since fiscal year 2014-2015.  Monthly fiscal reports, however, are regularly published online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents provided a reasonably complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  While the government included details in budget documents about allocations to and earnings from state-owned companies during the review period, concerns have been raised about off-budget financing of some of these companies.  State-owned companies did not consistently have publicly available audited financial statements.  The Ministry of Finance began publishing a “State Owned Enterprise Budget Summary” as of Fiscal Year 2016-2017.  Information in the budget was considered generally reliable.  Budget documents were not prepared according to internationally accepted standards.  Bangladesh’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts, but its reports were not made publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, regulation, and other public documents.  The government appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not consistently made publicly available.

Bangladesh’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- ensuring state-owned enterprises have publicly available audited financial statements,
- eliminating off-budget accounts or subjecting them to publicly available audits,
- preparing budget documents according to internationally accepted principles,
- making audit reports by the supreme audit institution publicly available within a reasonable period of time, and
- making basic information about natural resource extraction awards publicly and consistently available.

### Belize

During the review period, the government made its enacted budget, end-of-year report, and information on debt obligations widely accessible to the general public, including online.  It did not publish an executive budget proposal.  Publicly available budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  Budget information was generally reliable.  Belize’s supreme audit institution did not publish audit reports within a reasonable period of time .  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and generally appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Belize’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its executive budget proposal within a reasonable period of time and
- ensuring the supreme audit institution audits the government’s executed budget and makes audit reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.

### Benin

Benin made significant progress by making comprehensive budget documents available online, publishing a citizen version of the budget, and making audit documents available online.  During the review period, the government made budget documents and information on debt obligations widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Budget documents did not detail allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises, which were also not audited.  The supreme audit institution audited the entire executed budget and made the results available online.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Benin’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- providing comprehensive accounting of transfers to and from all state-owned enterprises, auditing state-owned enterprises, and making the results public.

### Burma

During the review period, the government published its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report online within a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations was available online, but it was out of date.  Budget documents were not complete and did not capture allocations to and earnings from military-owned enterprises falling under the Ministry of Defense.  The government lacked capacity to conduct a comprehensive audit of all state-owned enterprises.  It is unclear to what extent there was civilian oversight of military and intelligence budgets.  Burma’s supreme audit institution lacked independence and did not issue publicly available audit reports of the government’s financial accounts.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were not sufficiently outlined in law or regulation.  Information on natural resource extraction awards in the mineral, jade, and gemstone industries was not always publicly available.  The government suspended licensing for mining concessions to conduct a review of the relevant legal and regulatory framework to improve the transparency and implementation of laws guiding natural resource extraction.

Burma’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing substantially complete budget documents including allocations to and earnings from military-owned enterprises,
- making state-owned enterprise audited financial statements publicly available,
- establishing an independent supreme audit institution,
- making supreme audit institution reports publicly available,
- establishing greater civilian oversight over military and intelligence budgets, and
- specifying in law or regulation the criteria and procedures for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses, adhering to these laws and regulations in practice, and publishing basic information on all such awards.

### Burundi

During the review period, the government made its enacted budget publicly available online.  It did not make an executive budget proposal or end-of-year report publicly available.  Information on debt obligations was not always current.  Publicly available budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  Natural resource revenues were not included in the budget.  The government appeared to maintain off-budget accounts not subject to adequate audit or oversight.  Though information in the budget was not always complete, it was considered generally reliable.  Burundi’s supreme audit institution did not publish an audit report within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awarded contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were outlined in law and regulation but inconsistently followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available upon request from the Ministry of Water, Energy, and Mines.

Burundi’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing an executive budget proposal and end-of-year report within a reasonable period of time,
- providing timely information on debt obligations,
- ensuring all revenues and expenditures are reflected in the budget,
- ensuring adequate audit and oversight for off-budget accounts,
- ensuring the supreme audit institution audits the government’s executed budget and makes audit reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.
- consistently adhering to applicable laws and regulations for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses, and
- facilitating better access to basic information about natural resource extraction awards.

### Cambodia

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  The budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  Significant deviations between projected and actual revenues during the review period, however, undercut the reliability of budget information.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were not specified in law, regulation, or other public documents.  The government instead relied on ad hoc negotiations to award contracts and licenses.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not publicly available.

Cambodia’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- producing and publishing a supplemental budget when actual revenues and expenditures do not correspond to those in the enacted budget,
- specifying in law or regulation the procedures and criteria by which the government awards natural resource extraction contracts or licenses,
- following such laws or regulations in practice, and
- making basic information on natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Cameroon

During the review period, budget documents were widely and easily accessible to the public online.  Information in budget documents, however, was incomplete.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available and updated quarterly.  Allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises were not identified in budget documents, and few state-owned enterprises produced financial statements.  The government maintained off-budget accounts not subject to adequate audit or oversight, and there were similar concerns regarding the budget for the security services.  The information in the budget was considered generally reliable, though the execution of the investment budget deviated significantly from projections.  Cameroon’s supreme audit institution audited the government’s accounts and made its reports publicly available but was vulnerable to political pressure.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, regulation, or other public documents.  The government appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Cameroon’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- including allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises in its budget,
- eliminating off-budget accounts or subjecting them to adequate audit and oversight,
- producing and publishing a supplemental budget when actual revenues and expenditures do not correspond to those in the enacted budget, and
- granting the supreme auditing institution authority to audit the government’s enacted budget free from political pressure.

### Central African Republic

During the review period, the government made its enacted budget, quarterly reports, and end-of-year report publicly available online.  It did not publish an executive budget proposal.  Limited information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Publicly available budget documents provided a fairly complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, with the exception of allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  The Central African Republic’s supreme audit institution did not audit the government’s executed budget.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, but were not consistently followed in practice.  Basic details of the government granted concessions were not publicly available.

The Central African Republic’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing an executive budget proposal,
- providing more detail on allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises in budget documents,
- having the supreme audit institution audit the government’s executed budget and publish its audit reports within a reasonable period of time,
- consistently following laws for awarding natural resource extraction contracts in practice, and
- making basic information on natural resource awards publicly available.

### Chad

Chad made significant progress by launching the Observatory on Public Finance web portal, which made budget, economic performance, and oil production documents more easily available to the general public.  During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report publicly available online.  Information on debt obligations was also publicly available.  The budget documents did not include all revenues and expenditures and did not include all foreign aid.  Significant, large state-owned enterprises did not have publicly available audited financial statements.  The government maintained some off-budget accounts not subject to audit or oversight.  Chad’s supreme audit institution did not produce public reports.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation, but the government did not always appear to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Chad’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- including all revenues and expenditures in the budget,
- eliminating off-budget accounts or subjecting them to audit and oversight,
- publishing audited financial statements for significant, large state-owned enterprises,
- making supreme audit institution reports publicly available, and
- adhering to the criteria and procedures for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses as set out in applicable laws and regulations.

### China

During the review period, the government made its enacted budget and end-of-year report accessible to the general public, including online, but it did not publish an executive budget proposal before enactment of the budget.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available but not always complete or up to date.  China does not publish reliable figures for foreign assistance and international commercial and concessional lending.  Budget documents did not identify financial allocations to or earnings from state-owned enterprises, and not all significant, large state-owned enterprises controlled by the central government had publicly available audited financial statements.  China’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made audit reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation.  The government generally appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

China’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing executive budget proposals ahead of the budget’s enactment,
- providing timely and complete information on debt obligations,
- detailing financial allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises in the budget or other public documents, and
- publishing audit reports for significant, large state-owned enterprises.

### Comoros

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online, although the Finance Ministry website was frequently unavailable.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  The information in the budget was generally considered reliable, though investment expenditures deviated significantly from projections.  Comoros’ supreme audit institution did not publish an audit report of the government’s executed budget within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, but the government has not made any awards for natural resource extraction.

Comoros’ fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- ensuring the supreme audit institution audits the government’s executed budget and makes audit reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.

### Congo, Democratic Republic of the

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal and enacted budget widely and easily accessible to the general public online, but not in a timely manner.  The government did not make its end-of-year report publicly available.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents lacked detail on allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises, which did not have publicly audited financial statements.  The government maintained special accounts not subject to adequate oversight or audit.  There were concerns about the reliability of information regarding expenditures to support executive offices.  Civilian oversight over military and intelligence budgets appeared lacking.  Budget execution varied considerably from the enacted budget.  The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s supreme audit institution made its audit report publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The process for awarding contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction was specified in law for mining but not for oil extraction.  The government did not appear to follow applicable laws consistently.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its end-of-year report within a reasonable period of time,
- specifically identifying allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises in the budget and making audited financial statements publicly available for significant, large state-owned enterprises,
- making public more detail on audits of the government’s special accounts,
- ensuring greater civilian oversight of military and intelligence budgets,
- improving the overall reliability of budget information, specifically for expenditures to support executive offices,
- ensuring the procedures and criteria by which the national government awards contracts and licenses for natural resource extraction are specified in law, regulation, or other public documents, and
- ensuring awarding agencies follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.

### Congo, Republic of the

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal and its enacted budget widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  It did not make its end-of-year report publicly available.  Information on debt obligations was not publicly available.  Budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  The government maintained off-budget accounts not subject to audit or oversight.  Publicly available budget documents did not include allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  Budget documents were not reliable.  Congo’s supreme audit institution lacked independence and did not make audit reports available for review.  Congolese law outlined the criteria and procedures for the awarding of contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction but the government applied the law inconsistently.  The government made basic information on natural resource extraction publicly available.

The Republic of Congo’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making its end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public,
- making information on government debt obligations available,
- providing a more comprehensive accounting of off-budget accounts and subjecting such accounts to audit and oversight,
- detailing allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises in budget documents,
- enhancing the completeness and reliability of budget reporting and debt obligations,
- publishing audit reports of the government’s executed budget, and
- ensuring it follows applicable laws and regulations in awarding contracts and licenses for natural resource extraction.

### Djibouti

Djibouti made significant progress this year by producing a public audit report with substantive findings and recommendations within a reasonable period of time.  During the review period, the government published summaries of most budget documents online but did not make all budget documents easily accessible to the public within a reasonable period of time.  Limited information on debt obligations was publicly available online.  Public budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  While expenditures to and revenues from state-owned enterprises were included in public budget documents, the figures were outdated.  Significant, large state-owned enterprises did not have publicly available audited financial statements.  Some ministries maintained off-budget accounts not subject to audit.  Djibouti’s supreme audit institution published an audit report within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in new laws and regulations.  The government has not yet awarded any natural resource contracts since the new laws and regulations were implemented.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available through reporting of state-owned media, but not archived or retrievable in a systematic way.

Djibouti’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing detailed version of its executive budget proposal and enacted budget within a reasonable period of time,
- publishing information on debt obligations,
- eliminating off-budget accounts or subjecting them to oversight and audit, and
- including allocations and earnings from state-owned enterprises in its budget documents.

### Dominican Republic

During the review period, the government’s budget and information on debt obligations were widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  The budget was substantially complete and considered generally reliable, but significant, large state-owned enterprises, notably oil refiner Refineria Dominicana de Petroleo and electricity distribution and transmission company Corporación Dominicana de Empresas Eléctricas Estatales, did not have audited financial statements.  The Dominican Republic’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made its reports publicly available.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards licenses and contracts for natural resource extraction were outlined in law and appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was public.

The Dominican Republic’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- ensuring the financial statements of significant, large state-owned enterprises are audited and audit reports are made publicly available.

### Ecuador

Ecuador made significant progress by publishing the value of oil-for-loan debt agreements and using the XII Intracampos Licensing Round for competitive natural resource tenders.  During the review period, budget documents were publicly available online, although complete information on debt obligations, including oil-for-loan agreements, was not publicly available.  Budget documents were otherwise substantially complete and generally reliable.  However, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has broad discretion to modify income and expense levels established in the national budget by up to 15 percent without National Assembly approval.  Ecuador’s supreme audit institution audited the government’s annual financial statements, and the government made its reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The process for awarding natural resource extraction licenses and contracts was outlined in law, but basic information on awards was not publicly available, making it difficult to assess whether the criteria and procedures used in practice to award licenses and contracts were consistent with law.

Ecuador’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing complete information on intragovernmental loans and oil-for-loan agreements,
- making financial information related to state-owned enterprises publicly available,
- narrowing Ministry of Economy and Finance’s discretion to modify income and expense levels established in the approved national budget, and
- making basic information on natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Egypt

Egypt made significant progress by eliminating off-budget accounts through the implementation of its Government Fiscal Management Information System.  During the review period, the government made its budget documents widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available online.  Budget documents did not include allocations to military state-owned enterprises, nor were audit reports for significant, large state-owned enterprises made public.  It was not clear from publicly available budget documents whether expenditures to support executive offices represented a significant outlay.  The information in the budget was generally considered reliable, but incomplete.  Audit reports from Egypt’s supreme audit institution were not public.  Egypt’s supreme audit institution lacked independence.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards natural resource contracts or licenses were specified in law and regulation and appeared to be broadly followed in practice.  The government has not consistently made public basic information on natural resource extraction awards.

Egypt’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- including all revenues and expenditures, including those for remaining off-budget accounts, executive offices, and allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises, in its budget documents,
- ensuring an independent supreme audit institution, one that carries out audits of the government’s executed budget and makes its reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time, and
- consistently making basic information on natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Equatorial Guinea

During the review period, the government published its enacted budget within a reasonable period of time but not its executive budget proposal or its end-of-year report.  Budget documents were not available online.  Information on debt obligations was not publicly available.  Though not easily accessible, budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  Significant, large state-owned enterprises lacked publicly available audited financial statements.  The information in the budget was not considered reliable.  Equatorial Guinea did not have an operating supreme audit institution.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, regulation, or other public documents.  The government appeared to follow these laws or regulations in practice, but the government’s attempts to renegotiate awarded contracts created concern as to the government’s commitment to following such laws.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Equatorial Guinea’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making budget documents and information on debt obligations widely and easily accessible to the general public,
- publishing audited financial statements for significant, large state-owned enterprises,
- ensuring information in the budget is reliable, and
- creating a supreme audit institution to conduct audits of the government’s executed budget and makes its reports publicly available.

### Eswatini (Swaziland)

During the review period, budget documents were available to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available online.  While budget documents provided a general picture of government revenues and expenditures, revenues from natural resources and land leases were aggregated and not broken down by source and type.  Information in the budget was considered generally reliable.  Eswatini’s supreme audit institution published an audit report within a reasonable period of time, but it did not cover the government’s entire executed budget.  The criteria and procedures for awarding natural resource extraction licenses and contracts were outlined in law, but the opacity of the procedures, which involve submitting applications for licenses directly to the king, cast doubt on whether the government actually followed the law in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not always publicly available.

Eswatini’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- providing revenue information broken down by source and type in budget documents,
- auditing the government’s entire executed budget,
- demonstrating applicable laws are followed in practice for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses, and
- making basic information on natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Ethiopia

During the review period, the government made its enacted budget available to the general public online.  The executive budget proposal, however, was not published, quarterly budget execution reports were not publicly available, and its end-of-year report was not published within a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents lacked detail on state-owned enterprises, particularly those implementing major infrastructure projects.  Not all large state-owned enterprises had publicly available audited financial statements.  The government began, however, the process of partially or wholly privatizing significant state-owned enterprises in sectors such as aviation, telecom, logistics, railways, power, and industrial parks.  The liberalization and privatization processes should result in more transparency to the financial accounts of state-owned enterprises.  Assessing the reliability of budget information is complicated by the lack of up to date quarterly and end-of-year execution reports.  Ethiopia’s supreme audit institution audited the government’s annual financial statements and published its reports within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation.  The government generally appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not always publicly available.

Ethiopia’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its executive budget proposal and end-of-year report within a reasonable period of time,
- providing more detail on allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises in the budget,
- making audit reports for significant, large state-owned enterprises publicly available, and
- making basic information about natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Gabon

During the review period, the government published its enacted budget, but not online.  It did not make its executive budget proposal or end-of-year report publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  Only very general information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Publicly available budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  Budget documents lacked detail on expenditures by individual ministries, as well as information on off-budget accounts and transfers between the government and state-owned enterprises.  The information in the budget was not considered reliable, particularly given the lack of public budget documents.  Gabon’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts but did not make its reports publicly available.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were only partially specified in law, regulation, or other public documents.  The government did not consistently follow applicable laws and regulations in practice, particularly for mining concessions.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was generally not publicly available.

Gabon’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making substantially complete and reliable budget documents publicly available,
- making detailed information on debt obligations publicly available,
- making audit reports of the government’s annual financial statements publicly available within a reasonable period of time,
- clarifying in law or regulation the process by which the government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction, and following such laws and regulations in practice, and
- making basic information for natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Gambia, The

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal available online.  Its enacted budget was only available for purchase in hard copy.  Its end-of-year report was not published.  Only limited information on aggregate debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents lacked complete information on natural resource revenues as well as earnings from state-owned enterprises.  The government maintained off-budget accounts that supported military and intelligence spending in particular and were not subject to adequate oversight or audit.  The Gambia’s supreme audit institution was responsible for auditing the government’s annual executed budget, but it did not publish audit reports within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were not specified in law.  Basic information about natural resource extraction awards was not publicly available.

The Gambia’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its enacted budget online and making its end-of-year report available within a reasonable period of time,
- making sure budget documents are complete,
- subjecting off-budget accounts and military and intelligence spending to adequate audit and oversight,
- ensuring the supreme audit institution publishes audit reports within a reasonable period of time,
- specifying in law or regulation the procedures and criteria for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses and following those laws and regulations in practice, and
- making basic information about natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Guinea

Guinea made significant progress by publishing its end-of-year budget report online.  During the review period, the government also made its proposed and enacted budget documents publicly available online.  Information on debt obligations was available, but limited.  The enacted budget contained a mostly complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  Significant, large state-owned enterprises lacked publicly available audited financial statements.  The reliability of information in the budget was undercut by significant deviations between projected and actual expenditures that were not addressed through revisions of budget estimates or a supplementary budget process.  Guinea’s supreme audit institution has completed no audits of government accounts.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law but appeared to be applied inconsistently in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Guinea’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making detailed information on debt obligations publicly available,
- ensuring significant, large state-owned enterprises have publicly available audited financial statements,
- publicly disclosing and addressing significant departures from planned revenues and expenditures through revised budget estimates and supplementary budgets,
- establishing an independent supreme audit institution and ensuring it publishes an audit of the government’s accounts, and
- applying laws on contracting and licensing for natural resource extraction consistently.

### Guinea-Bissau

During the review period, the government did not make budget documents or information on debt obligations widely and easily accessible to the general public.  Available budget information did not include allocations to or earnings from state-owned enterprises, and the government maintained an off-budget account for the promotion of agricultural products that has not been subject to adequate oversight.  The reliability of the budget was undercut by the lack of timely and complete budget documents.  Guinea-Bissau’s supreme audit institution did not audit the executed budget.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, but the government did not appear to follow the law in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not publicly available.

Guinea-Bissau’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making budget documents and information on debt obligations widely and easily accessible to the general public,
- including allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises in the budget,
- subjecting off-budget accounts to adequate audit and oversight,
- improving the reliability of budget documents by producing and publishing a supplemental budget when actual revenues and expenditures do not correspond to those in the enacted budget,
- having the supreme audit institution audit the government’s budget and make its reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time,
- consistently adhering to laws and regulations for contracting and licensing in natural resource extraction, and
- routinely publishing basic information on natural resource extraction awards.

### Haiti

Haiti made significant progress by publishing its end-of-year budget report and information on debt obligations.  During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Publicly available budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  The budget did not provide sufficient detail for each ministry or agency and did not include allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  The government maintained off-budget accounts that were not subject to the same oversight and audit as other expenditures.  Its military budget was not subject to civilian oversight.  Haiti’s supreme audit institution partially reviewed the government’s accounts, but it did not make its report publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and decree.  The government did not appear to follow contracting laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was only sporadically publicly available.

Haiti’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing greater detail on revenue sources and types, as well as expenditures by ministry,
- providing more detail on allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises,
- subjecting its military budget to civilian oversight,
- ensuring adequate audit and oversight for off-budget accounts,
- improving the reliability of budget documents by producing and publishing a supplemental budget when actual revenues and expenditures do not correspond to those in the enacted budget,
- ensuring the supreme audit institution audits the government’s accounts and publishes the resulting audit reports,
- consistently adhering to laws and regulations for contracting and licensing in natural resource extraction, and
- routinely publishing basic information on natural resource extraction awards.

### Iraq

During the review period, the government made its enacted budget and end-of-year report available online, but it did not publish its executive budget proposal.  Only limited details regarding debt obligations were publicly available.  Available budget documents provided limited details regarding allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  The government maintained off-budget accounts subject to limited oversight.  Actual revenues and expenditures did not correspond to those in the enacted budget, and the government did not revise its budget estimates or pass a supplemental budget.  Iraq’s supreme audit institution audited the government’s executed budget.  The supreme audit institution, however, has not published audits of budgets since fiscal year 2013, and the audits lack substantive findings and recommendations.  The national government awarded natural resource extraction contracts or licenses as guided by Article 111 of the Iraqi Constitution.  In the absence of implementing laws and regulations, the criteria and procedures for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses were unclear.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Iraq’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its executive budget proposal and detailed information on debt obligations,
- ensuring budget documents include substantially complete information on allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises,
- subjecting off-budget accounts to oversight and audits,
- revising budget estimates and passing supplemental budgets when actual revenues and expenditures differ significantly from the enacted budget,
- producing and publishing within a reasonable period of time audit reports of the government’s executed budget including substantive findings and narratives,
- specifying more concretely in law or regulation the process for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses, and
- following those laws and regulations in practice.

### Laos

During the review period, the government did not make its executive budget proposal or end-of-year report publicly available, online or otherwise.  It did publish its enacted budget, though not within a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations was not publicly available.  The completeness and reliability of budget information could not be properly evaluated due to the lack of publicly available documents.  Laos’ supreme audit institution reviewed only a portion of the government’s accounts and did not make its reports publicly available.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, regulation, or other public documents.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.  A moratorium on natural resource extraction awards has been in effect since 2012.

Laos’ fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making substantially complete and reliable budget documents publicly available, and
- ensuring the supreme audit institution audits the government’s annual financial statements and makes its reports public within a reasonable period of time.

### Lebanon

During the review period, the government published its enacted budget online but did not publish an executive budget proposal or an end-of-year report.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available online.  The budget documents did not present a full picture of Lebanon’s expenditures and revenue streams.  Details regarding allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises were limited.  Military and intelligence budgets were not publicly available and were subject to limited oversight by an inspector general and the President’s High Defense Council.  The information in the budget was not considered reliable nor reasonably accurate and did not correspond to actual revenues and expenditures.  Lebanon’s supreme audit institution did not make its audit reports publicly available.  Lebanon does not yet derive revenues from natural resources, but the criteria and procedures by which the national government awards natural resource contracts or licenses were specified in law.

Lebanon’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing in a timely fashion an executive budget proposal and end-of-year report,
- ensuring budget documents are substantially complete and correspond to actual expenditures and revenue streams,
- detailing allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises,
- including all military revenue sources and expenditures in budget documents, and
- making supreme audit institution reports publicly available.

### Lesotho

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal and enacted budget publicly available online but did not publish its end-of-year report within a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents provided a mostly complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues, but information regarding off-budget accounts was not publicly available.  There were also concerns about the consistency of information presented across budget documents.  Lesotho’s supreme audit institution did not review the government’s accounts and make its reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, regulation, or other public documents.  The government appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Lesotho’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- timely publishing its end-of-year report,
- ensuring off-budget accounts are subject to adequate audit and oversight,
- improving the consistency and comparability of information in budget documents, and
- ensuring the supreme audit institution audits the government’s executed budget and publishes its reports within a reasonable period of time.

### Liberia

During the review period, budget documents and information on debt obligations were widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Foreign assistance receipts, largely project-based, were neither adequately captured in the budget nor subject to the same audit and domestic oversight as other budget items.  Budget documents made it difficult to identify natural resource revenues.  The information in publicly available budget documents was generally reliable.  Liberia’s supreme audit institution did not make its audit reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures for awarding natural resource extraction licenses and contracts were outlined in law, although there have been reports of corruption and inconsistent application of regulations in practice.  Basic information on some, but not all, natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Liberia’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- ensuring the budget is substantially complete and off-budget accounts are subject to adequate audit and oversight,
- making supreme audit institution audit reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time,
- ensuring the criteria and procedures used to award natural resource extraction contracts and licenses are consistent with the requirements set by law or regulation, and
- making basic information on all natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Libya

Internal political conflict has prevented the Libyan government from fully implementing its budget processes, which has adversely affected fiscal transparency.  During the review period, the government produced a budget, but it was not officially approved by the legislature.  Only quarterly budget execution reports were available online.  Only limited information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Quarterly budget summary documents, prepared by the government and the Central Bank of Libya, were not substantially complete and lacked sufficient detail, and quarterly reports prepared by the government were not easily accessible by the public.  It is unknown to what extent significant, large state-owned enterprises, including the National Oil Company, had audited financial statements.  Audit reports for such enterprises were not publicly available.  Information regarding expenditures to support executive offices was not public.  Military and intelligence budgets were not subject to civilian oversight.  Libya’s supreme audit institution audited the government’s accounts and made its reports publicly available.  The criteria and procedures for awarding contracts and licenses for natural resource extraction were outlined in law or regulation and generally appear to have been followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was public.

Libya’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing complete and reliable budget documents in a reasonable period of time,
- including in its budget documents information on debt obligations, significant state-owned enterprises, and expenditures to support executive offices, and
- subjecting military and intelligence budgets to civilian oversight.

### Madagascar

Madagascar made significant progress by publishing its end-of-year budget report.  During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  The government published the 2019 budget proposal only three weeks before parliament voted on the proposal, leaving little time for debate and amendment.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  Budget documents contained gaps and omitted details on natural resource revenues and transfers to and from state-owned enterprises.  The information in the budget, though incomplete, was considered reliable.  Madagascar’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s budget execution and made its reports publicly available.  The government continued efforts to update criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction.  The government did not appear to follow existing laws or regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Madagascar’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making its executive budget proposal available for parliamentary consideration one month before the start of the fiscal year,
- providing greater detail in the budget on revenues from natural resources and allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises, and
- following applicable laws and regulations in practice for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses.

### Malawi

Malawi made significant progress by making information on extraction awards publicly available.  During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end of year reports publicly available online within a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Publicly available budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  The information in the budget was generally considered reliable, and the supreme audit institution’s audit of the government’s annual financial accounts was published within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation.  The government did not appear to follow applicable laws in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Malawi’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- adhering to the process for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses as set out in law.

### Maldives

During the review period, the government made budget documents widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Limited information on debt obligations was publicly available, although the government did publish a mid-year report in July 2018, which included details of the position of the debt portfolio at the end of 2017 and the estimated position by the end of 2018.  Budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, but there were questions about the reliability of budget information.  The Maldives’ supreme audit institution was mandated to review the government’s consolidated annual financial statements, but its audit reports were not publicly available.  The Maldives did not have a natural resource extraction sector.

The Maldives’ fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- ensuring budget information is reliable and
- making audit reports of the government’s financial statements publicly available within a reasonable period of time.

### Mali

During the review period, the government made only its executive budget proposal available online within a reasonable period of time.  The government did not publish its enacted budget nor its end-of-year report within a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Publicly available budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  The government maintained some off-budget accounts not subject to adequate audit or oversight.  Information regarding allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises was lacking.  Significant, large state-owned enterprises did not have publicly available audited financial statements.  The information in the budget was considered broadly reliable, and significant deviations from projections were described in publicly available revised estimates.  Mali’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law.  The government appeared to follow applicable laws in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Mali’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its enacted budget and end-of-year report within a reasonable period of time,
- subjecting off-budget accounts to regular audit and oversight,
- detailing allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises, and
- ensuring significant, large state-owned enterprises have publicly available audited financial statements.

### Mauritania

During the review period, the government made budget documents widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  The government maintained some off-budget accounts not subject to adequate audit or oversight.  The information in budget documents was generally reliable, and showed improvements in quality, but Mauritania’s supreme audit institution did not conduct an audit or issue a public report within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation, but there have been reports of inconsistent application.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Mauritania’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- subjecting off-budget accounts to adequate audit and oversight,
- ensuring the supreme audit institution publishes audit reports on the government’s budget execution within a reasonable period of time, and
- ensuring the criteria and procedures used to award natural resource extraction contracts and licenses are consistent with the procedural requirements set by law or regulation.

### Mozambique

During the review period, the government made budget documents publicly available online, but there were serious concerns about the availability of information for debt obligations.  In recent years, the government has contracted billions of dollars in debt without publicly revealing the terms, conditions, or whether the loans followed procurement or tender laws.  Publicly available budget documents provided an incomplete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, especially with regard to natural resource revenues and allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises, which generally did not have publicly available audited financial statements.  The government maintained off-budget accounts not subject to adequate audit or oversight.  For portions of the budget that were relatively complete, the provided information was generally considered reliable.  Mozambique’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and its reports were published within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, regulation, or other public documents.  The government has generally appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  The government published basic information on natural resource extraction awards.

Mozambique’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making more information on debt obligations and utilization of borrowed funds publicly available,
- ensuring budget documents include more detailed information on natural resource revenues and allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises,
- making audited financial statements for significant, large state-owned enterprises publicly available, and
- subjecting off- budget accounts to adequate audit and oversight.

### Nicaragua

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report accessible to the general public, including online.  Publicly available budget documents, however, did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  Since civil unrest began in April 2018, budget information has become increasingly scarce and lacks detail.  The 2019 budget’s revenue assumptions were widely considered unrealistic, and the 2018 budget failed to account for expenditures funding parapolice activities.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available but incomplete.  Nicaragua’s supreme audit institution did not audit the government’s full financial statements.  Financial statements did not fully account for the liabilities of state-owned enterprises, which were increasingly assumed on an ad hoc basis by the government.  The government has not publicly accounted for the expenditure of significant off-budget assistance from Venezuela, and this assistance has not been subject to audit or legislative oversight.  Allocations to and earnings from some state-owned enterprises were included in the budget on a net basis, but most state-owned enterprises, including ALBANISA, a joint venture of the Nicaraguan and Venezuelan state oil companies, have not been subject to audit.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were outlined in law, though it is unclear whether the process used in practice to make awards has been consistent with the law.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Nicaragua’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- including all off-budget revenues, expenditures, and debt obligations in the budget,
- detailing allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises,
- making full audit reports for significant, large state-owned enterprises publicly available,
- conducting a full audit of the government’s annual financial statements, and
- making audit reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.

### Niger

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents provided an incomplete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, with insufficient detail on revenues derived from natural resource extraction, as well as allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  Budget documents were generally reliable.  Niger’s supreme audit institution audited the government’s executed budget and made its audit reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation, but the government does not appear to have followed applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Niger’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- ensuring budget documents include allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises and revenues derived from natural resource extraction and
- following applicable laws and procedures in practice for awarding contracts and licenses for natural resource extraction.

### Nigeria

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report accessible to the general public, including online.  The executive budget proposal and the enacted budget, however, were not published within a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents provided detailed estimates for revenue and expenditure but did not include allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation did not have fully audited financial reports that were available to the public.  The government maintained off-budget accounts not subject to adequate oversight or audit.  Due to oil price fluctuations, actual revenues and expenditures varied significantly from estimated figures making budget documents unreliable.  Nigeria’s supreme audit institution completed audits of the government’s budget and reportedly made audit reports on its website.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation.  The government has appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Nigeria’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its executive budget proposal and enacted budget within a reasonable period of time,
- detailing allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises,
- improving the reliability of budget documents by producing and publishing a supplemental budget when actual revenues and expenditures do not correspond to those in the enacted budget,
- making full audit reports for significant, large state-owned enterprises publicly available, and
- subjecting off-budget accounts to adequate audit and oversight and making information on such accounts publicly available.

### Oman

During the review period, the government made its enacted budget and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  It did not publish an executive budget proposal.  Limited information on debt obligations was publicly available online.  Publicly available budget documents lacked sufficient detail and did not include allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises, or allocations to the royal family.  The government maintained off-budget accounts not subject to audit or oversight.  The government did not issue revised budgets.  Oman’s supreme audit institution did not audit the government’s executed budget.  The process for awarding natural resource extraction licenses and contracts was outlined in law.  While the criteria for making natural resource extraction awards were not generally public, bidders have been informed about the criteria for awards through the bidding process.  Basic information on awards was publicly available.

Oman’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making its executive budget proposal widely and easily accessible to the general public within a reasonable period of time,
- adding more detail to the budget, including allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises and expenditures for the royal family,
- subjecting off-budget accounts to audit and oversight and making information on such accounts publicly available,
- having the supreme audit institution audit the government’s annual executed budget and make its reports public, and
- making the criteria for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses publicly available.

### Pakistan

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  The government published information on limited debt obligations, but did not adequately disclose all bilateral debt obligations, including financing to state-owned enterprises for China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Projects.  Publicly available budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of most of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  The budget of the intelligence agencies was not subject to adequate parliamentary or other civilian oversight.  The information in the budget was considered generally reliable and subject to audit by Pakistan’s supreme audit institution.  While audit reports are made publicly available within a reasonable period of time, the reports did not provide substantive findings, recommendations, or narratives on the completeness or correctness of government accounts.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, regulation, and other public documents.  The government appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Pakistan’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- disclosing detailed information on bilateral debt obligations,
- subjecting the intelligence agencies’ budgets to parliamentary or other civilian oversight, and
- including substantive findings and recommendations in the supreme audit institution’s audit report on the government’s annual financial statements.

### Palestinian Authority

During the review period, the Palestinian Authority made its enacted budget widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  The Palestinian Authority, however, did not publish its executive budget proposal or end-of-year report in a timely manner.  Information on debt obligations was incomplete.  Budget documents otherwise provided a substantially full picture of the Palestinian Authority’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  The information in the budget was considered reliable and reasonably accurate.  The Palestinian Authority’s supreme audit institution lacked independence, and its audit reports of the Palestinian Authority’s annual financial statements were not publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The Palestinian Authority did not have a significant natural resource extraction sector.

The Palestinian Authority’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its executive budget proposal and end-of-year report in a timely manner,
- providing complete and timely information on debt obligations,
- ensuring the independence of the supreme audit institution, and
- publishing supreme audit institution reports within a reasonable period of time.

### Papua New Guinea

During the review period, the government made budget documents and information on debt obligations publicly available.  The enacted budget and end-of-year report were published online, but the executive budget proposal was not.  Publicly available budget documents were incomplete and did not include royalties and levies from the oil and gas industry held in off-budget trust accounts, which lacked adequate oversight and audit.  The information in the budget was considered generally reliable.  Papua New Guinea’s supreme audit institution did not make its reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law.  The government did not appear to follow applicable laws in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not always publicly available.

Papua New Guinea’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- establishing adequate audit and oversight for revenues from natural resources and spending from associated off-budget trust accounts,
- ensuring the supreme audit institution publishes complete audit reports of the government’s financial statements within a reasonable period of time,
- following applicable laws and regulations in practice for awarding natural resource extraction licenses and contracts, and
- publishing basic information regarding all natural resource extraction awards.

### Rwanda

During the review period, the government’s enacted budget and end-of-year report were widely and easily accessible online to the general public within a reasonable period of time.  The government did not make a detailed executive budget proposal widely and easily accessible to the general public prior to enactment.  The government published a budget speech and a draft budget law with top-level budget.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Allocations to and earnings from some state-owned enterprises were available in budget documents.  The government made available detailed information for some state-owned enterprises but did not make detailed information regarding all transfers easily accessible to the public.  Rwanda’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made its reports publicly available.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were outlined in law and appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was public.

Rwanda’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing a substantially complete executive budget proposal within a reasonable period of time and
- making detailed information on allocations to and earnings from all state-owned enterprises publicly available.

### Samoa

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  The information in the budget was considered reliable.  Samoa’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts, but audit reports with substantive findings and recommendations were not made publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  Samoa did not have a natural resource extraction sector.

Samoa’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing audit reports with substantive findings, recommendations, and narratives within a reasonable period of time.

### Sao Tome and Principe

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Public budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  The information in the budget was considered generally reliable, though budget documents were not prepared according to internationally accepted principles.  Audit reports from Sao Tome and Principe’s supreme audit institution were not published within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Sao Tome and Principe’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- preparing budget documents using internationally accepted principles and
- making audit reports widely and easily accessible to the public within a reasonable period of time.

### Saudi Arabia

During the review period, the government made some, but not all, budget documents publicly available online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available online.  The limited data available in the government’s annual budget statement broke down expenditures by category, but not by ministry or agency.  Some significant, large state-owned enterprises did not have publicly available audited financial statements.  The annual budget statement did not show allocations to the royal family or Council of Ministers, and the government maintained off-budget accounts.  Deviations from planned expenditures and revenues were disclosed during the course of the year.  Any reports prepared by Saudi Arabia’s supreme audit institution were not publicly available.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation.  The government generally appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Saudi Arabia’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making publicly available detailed and complete budget documents,
- ensuring audit reports for significant, large state-owned enterprises are publicly available, and
- making audit reports of the government’s executed budget widely and easily accessible to the public within a reasonable period of time.

### Somalia

Somalia made significant progress by publishing its end-of-year report within a reasonable period of time.  During the review period, the government published its enacted budget and end-of-year report online within a reasonable period of time.  It did not publish its executive budget proposal online until after the start of the fiscal year.  Information on external debt obligations from 2013 to 2016 was published on the Ministry of Finance’s website.  Budget documents were not substantially complete.  Some ministries maintained off-budget accounts not subject to audit or oversight.  Actual revenues and expenditures deviated from projections, but the government issued a revised supplemental budget estimate passed by parliament and periodic budget execution reports, increasing the credibility of information in budget documents.  Somalia’s supreme audit institution did not produce a publicly available review of the government’s accounts.  It did conduct reviews of government ministries and submitted those reports to parliament.  The government attempted to improve its processes for awarding natural resource extraction through progress on petroleum legislation and reached a political agreement with state governments on the sharing of potential revenues from natural resources.  Information on the award of fishing licenses to Chinese companies was made public and included in official government budgeting documents.

Somalia’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making the executive budget proposal public when it is submitted to parliament,
- making information on domestic debt obligations publicly available,
- including all revenues and expenditures in the budget,
- eliminating off-budget accounts or subjecting them to adequate oversight and audit,
- producing audit reports of the government’s executed budget and making them publicly available,
- awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses in a manner consistent with law or regulation, and
- making basic information on all such awards publicly available.

### South Sudan

During the review period, the government made its enacted budget publicly available online within a reasonable period of time but did not publish its executive budget proposal or end-of-year report.  The enacted budget did include limited information on debt obligations, but this data is not considered accurate or comprehensive.  Allocations to and earnings from Nile Petroleum Corporation, South Sudan’s national oil company, were not described in budget documents, and no audited financial statements were publicly available.  The government maintained off-budget accounts for which civilian oversight and scrutiny have been limited.  Information in budget documents was not reliable.  Ministries, agencies, and departments have consistently overspent or underspent their budgets, and the government did not issue revised budget estimates.  South Sudan’s supreme audit institution has not published an audit report on the government’s accounts in several years due to capacity issues and lack of access to records and documentation from government entities, especially those associated with oil revenues and security sector expenditures.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were outlined in law but did not appear to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not publicly available.

South Sudan’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its executive budget proposal and end-of-year report,
- making public substantially complete information on debt obligations within a reasonable period of time,
- conducting financial audits of Nile Petroleum Corporation and making the results public,
- eliminating off-budget accounts or subjecting them to adequate oversight and audit,
- improving the reliability of budget documents by producing and publishing a supplemental budget when actual revenues and expenditures do not correspond to those in the enacted budget,
- publishing audit reports of the government’s accounts,
- ensuring the consistent application of applicable laws and regulations in awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses, and
- making basic information on natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Sudan

During the review period, the government made budget documents and information on debt obligations available only upon request.  Budget documents were not substantially complete.  The budget did not include revenue from gold and oil extraction and did not adequately describe allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  Significant, large state-owned enterprises, including the Omdurman National Bank and the Seen Flour Company, did not have audited financial statements.  The government maintained off-budget accounts.  The extent to which military and intelligence budgets were subject to adequate civilian oversight was unclear.  Information in the budget was not reliable, and there were reports of significant underreporting of expenditures and revenues in the budget, including the military and intelligence budgets.  Sudan’s supreme audit institution did not make its reports public.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were outlined in law but did not appear to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not publicly available.

Sudan’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making budget documents widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online,
- including all expenditures and revenues in its budget,
- eliminating off-budget accounts or subjecting them to adequate audit and oversight,
- establishing greater civilian oversight over military and intelligence budgets,
- producing and publishing a supplemental budget when actual revenues and expenditures do not correspond to those in the enacted budget,
- auditing all significant, large state-owned enterprises and making such audit reports public,
- ensuring the supreme audit institution audits the government’s executed budget and publishes its reports,
- adhering to the process for awarding natural resources extraction contracts and licenses as set out in law, and
- making information on natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Suriname

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal and enacted budget easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Its end-of-year report was not, however, publicly available.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available.  Budget documents lacked sufficient detail on allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises.  Not all significant, large state-owned enterprises had publicly available audit reports.  Suriname generally followed internationally accepted accounting principles, but it continued to treat loans as revenues.  Actual government revenues and expenditures deviated from the enacted budget, and the origin and level of accuracy of some information in the budget was unreliable.  Suriname’s supreme audit institution published a limited audit report based on a set of data provided by individual ministries.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and appeared to be followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Suriname’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing an end-of-year report,
- detailing allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises,
- making full audit reports for significant, large state-owned enterprises publicly available,
- producing and publishing a supplemental budget when actual revenues and expenditures do not correspond to those in the enacted budget, and
- preparing financial statements according to internationally accepted principles.

### Tajikistan

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was not available.  The budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures.  Budget documents lacked detail regarding expenditures for ministries and agencies and did not identify allocations to or earnings from state-owned enterprises.  The budget broke down revenue by source but did not identify natural resource revenues.  Significant, large state-owned enterprises did not have publicly available audited financial statements.  The government maintained significant off-budget accounts.  Military and intelligence budgets were not approved by the parliament nor subject to civilian oversight.  Only summary information of the supreme audit institution reports of the government’s accounts was publicly available.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards natural resource contracts or licenses were specified in law.  The government did not appear to follow these laws or regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not publicly available.

Tajikistan’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making information on debt obligations publicly available,
- producing substantially complete and sufficiently detailed budget documents,
- including information for state-owned enterprises,
- making audited financial statements of significant, large state-owned enterprises publicly available,
- subjecting military and intelligence budgets and all off-budget accounts to adequate oversight and audit,
- making the supreme audit institution’s full reports publicly available,
- following applicable laws and regulations in practice for awarding natural resource extraction contracts and licenses, and
- making basic information on natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Tanzania

During the review period, the government only made its enacted budget available upon request.  It did not publish a full executive budget proposal nor an end-of-year report.  A limited amount of budget information, including an abridged executive budget proposal was published online.  Information on debt obligations was available online.  Publicly available budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  Only limited information on  allocations to and earnings from state owned enterprises and natural resource revenues was available.  The intelligence budget was not part of the public budget, and there were no procedures in place to permit parliamentary review of it.  Tanzania’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made its reports publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The supreme audit institution, however, issued an adverse opinion on the government’s consolidated financial statements, casting doubt on the reliability of budget documents.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation.  The government appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Tanzania’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making its executive budget proposal and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public,
- including allocations to and earnings from state owned enterprises in budget documents,
- subjecting expenditures of the president’s office and intelligence budgets to greater parliamentary oversight and audit, and
- producing revised or supplementary budgets as needed.

### Togo

During the review period, the government made its enacted budget and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  The government did not make its executive budget proposal available in a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations for the review period was available upon request from the Ministry of the Economy and Finance.  Publicly available budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  The information in the budget was considered reliable.  Togo’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made its audit report publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, regulation, or other public documents.  The government appeared to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Togo’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing an executive budget proposal within a reasonable period of time.

### Turkmenistan

During the review period, Turkmenistan published aggregate revenue data online in its state-run newspaper, but budget documents and information on debt obligations were not made public.  Publicly available budget information was not complete and did not include government revenues from natural resources.  Information on the government’s off-budget stabilization fund was not publicly available.  Given the lack of availability of budget documents, the budget’s reliability cannot be assessed.  Turkmenistan’s supreme audit institution lacked independence and did not make its reports publicly available despite purportedly reviewing the government’s financial statements.  The laws and regulations for allocating licenses and contracts for natural resource extraction did not fully detail the conditions and procedures for issuing licenses and contracts.  Therefore, it was unclear if the laws and regulations were followed in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not always publicly available.

Turkmenistan’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making budget documents publicly available within a reasonable period of time,
- ensuring budget documents are substantially complete and reliable,
- establishing an independent supreme audit institution,
- making supreme audit institution reports publicly available,
- fully outlining the criteria and procedures for allocating natural resource extraction licenses and contracts in law or regulation,
- following applicable laws and regulations in practice, and
- making basic information on natural resource extraction awards publicly available.

### Ukraine

During the review period, the government made its budget and information on debt obligations widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Budget documents provided a mostly full picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  Not all allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises, however, were captured in publicly available documents, although auditing of significant state-owned enterprises improved.  Ukraine maintained off-budget accounts, including three social insurance funds, which were not subject to adequate audit and oversight.  Ukraine’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made its report publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The Ukrainian government announced its commitment to convert to international accounting standards for the budget but has not completed the process.  The process for awarding natural resource extraction licenses and contracts is specified in law and underwent some positive regulatory changes but continues to need full-scale statutory overhaul to root out persistent corruption.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Ukraine’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- detailing allocations to and from state-owned enterprises in public budget documents,
- ensuring all off-budget accounts are subject to adequate audit and oversight,
- implementing internationally accepted accounting standards, and
- ensuring applicable laws and regulations for contracting and licensing in natural resource extraction are followed in practice.

### Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan made significant progress by publishing its executive budget proposal.  During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations, including contingent and state-owned enterprise debt, was not publicly available.  Publicly available budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams.  Budget documents did not include detailed information on expenditures by ministry or information on allocations to or earnings from state-owned enterprises.  Detailed information on natural resource revenues and the government’s off-budget accounts was not publicly available.  The budget did not include information on expenditures to support executive offices.  It is not possible to assess the reliability of the budget due to the lack of publicly available information.  Uzbekistan’s supreme audit institution had a legal mandate to review the government’s annual budget execution, but its reports were not publicly available.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards natural resource extraction contracts or licenses were not specified in law, regulation, or other public documents, preventing review of whether the government followed applicable laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was not always publicly available.

Uzbekistan’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making information on debt obligations publicly available,
- including detailed information on expenditures by ministry as well as information on allocations to and earnings from state-owned enterprises in budget documents,
- ensuring budget documents are reliable,
- producing and publishing audit reports of the government’s executed budget within a reasonable period of time,
- fully outlining the criteria and procedures for allocating natural resource extraction licenses and contracts in law or regulation and following them in practice, and
- making basic information about such awards publicly available.

### Vietnam

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal and enacted budget accessible to the public, including online, but the government did not publish its end-of-year report within a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations of state-owned enterprises was not publicly available.  Publicly available budget documents provided a fairly complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues, but the government maintained non-transparent off-budget accounts.  Budget information was considered generally reliable, although Vietnam does not use internationally accepted accounting standards.  Vietnam’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made its report publicly available.  The procedures, though not the criteria, by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law and regulation.  The government appeared to follow these laws and regulations in practice.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Vietnam’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing its end-of-year budget report within a reasonable period of time,
- publicizing information on state-owned enterprise debt obligations,
- eliminating off-budget accounts or subjecting them to adequate audit and oversight,
- adopting internationally accepted accounting standards, and
- publicizing the criteria by which the government awards contracts and licenses for natural resource extraction.

### Yemen

During a period of significant internal political conflict, the government did not fully implement its budget processes.  The government has not enacted a new budget in several years.  The government, however, did publish limited information on debt obligations.  Yemen’s supreme audit institution did not conduct an audit of the government’s executed budget.  The criteria and procedures by which the government awards natural resource contracts or licenses were specified in law only in terms of general principles, and there were reports of inconsistent application of applicable regulations.  Basic information on natural resource extraction awards was publicly available.

Yemen’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- making budget documents available to the public within a reasonable period of time,
- publishing substantially complete information on debt obligations,
- ensuring budget documents are substantially complete and reliable,
- producing and publishing audit reports of the government’s executed budget within a reasonable period of time,
- clarifying laws and regulations for awarding contracts and licenses for natural resource extraction, and
- ensuring such laws and regulations are followed in practice.

### Zambia

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report widely and easily accessible to the general public, including online.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available, though mostly as aggregate figures and lacking contracted yet undisbursed debt.  Publicly available budget documents provided a substantially complete picture of the government’s planned expenditures and revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  The information in the budget was not always considered reliable.  The government incurred unbudgeted expenditures and there were significant variations between budget projections and actual execution.  Zambia’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made its report publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards contracts or licenses for natural resource extraction were specified in law, regulation, or other public documents, but the government in some instances did not appear to follow applicable laws and regulations in practice.  The government publishes basic information on natural resource extraction awards, but the system does not capture all of the awards and the data is unreliable.

Zambia’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- publishing substantially complete debt information,
- enhancing the reliability of budget documents,
- ensuring it follows applicable laws and regulations for awarding contracts and licenses, and
- reporting those awards for natural resource extraction in practice.

### Zimbabwe

During the review period, the government made its executive budget proposal, enacted budget, and end-of-year report publicly available online within a reasonable period of time.  Information on debt obligations was publicly available in hard copy for free from the Papers Office of the Parliament.  Publicly available budget documents did not include a substantially complete picture of revenue streams, including natural resource revenues.  The budget included aggregate allocations to, but not earnings from, state-owned enterprises.  Significant, large state-owned enterprises did not have audited financial statements.  The information in the budget was considered generally unreliable, as actual revenue and expenditure deviated significantly from the enacted budget largely because of the government’s unrealistic assumptions about growth during the budgeting process.  The government did not produce a supplemental budget or the 2017 Annual Budget Review Statement, which would have assessed revenue and expenditure outcomes.  The intelligence budget was not part of the public budget, and there were no procedures in place to permit parliamentary review of it.  Zimbabwe’s supreme audit institution reviewed the government’s accounts and made its report publicly available within a reasonable period of time.  The criteria and procedures by which the national government awards natural resource extraction contracts or licenses were specified in law.  The government appeared to follow the law in practice, except in the diamond sector, where it is unclear if the laws are followed in practice.  Basic information on mining concessions was not publicly available.

Zimbabwe’s fiscal transparency would be improved by:

- providing a complete picture of revenues and expenditures, including revenues from natural resources,
- detailing expenditures to and revenues from state-owned enterprises,
- making full audit reports for significant, large state-owned enterprises publicly available,
- allowing greater parliamentary oversight over the intelligence budget,
- following in practice laws and regulations governing natural resource extraction contracting and licensing, and
- making basic information about such awards publicly available.

Tags

Bureau of Economic and Business AffairsDivision for International Finance and Development

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### On This Page

                -  2019 Fiscal Transparency Report                    -  Summary 
                  -  Fiscal Transparency 
                  -  Fiscal Transparency Review Process and Criteria 
                  -  Minimum Requirements of Fiscal Transparency 
                  -  Significant Progress or No Significant Progress 
                  -  Fiscal Transparency Innovation Fund 
                  -  Conclusions of Review Process 
                -  Government-by-Government Assessments                    -  Algeria 
                  -  Angola 
                  -  Azerbaijan 
                  -  The Bahamas 
                  -  Bahrain 
                  -  Bangladesh 
                  -  Belize 
                  -  Benin 
                  -  Burma 
                  -  Burundi 
                  -  Cambodia 
                  -  Cameroon 
                  -  Central African Republic 
                  -  Chad 
                  -  China 
                  -  Comoros 
                  -  Congo, Democratic Republic of the 
                  -  Congo, Republic of the 
                  -  Djibouti 
                  -  Dominican Republic 
                  -  Ecuador 
                  -  Egypt 
                  -  Equatorial Guinea 
                  -  Eswatini (Swaziland) 
                  -  Ethiopia 
                  -  Gabon 
                  -  Gambia, The 
                  -  Guinea 
                  -  Guinea-Bissau 
                  -  Haiti 
                  -  Iraq 
                  -  Laos 
                  -  Lebanon 
                  -  Lesotho 
                  -  Liberia 
                  -  Libya 
                  -  Madagascar 
                  -  Malawi 
                  -  Maldives 
                  -  Mali 
                  -  Mauritania 
                  -  Mozambique 
                  -  Nicaragua 
                  -  Niger 
                  -  Nigeria 
                  -  Oman 
                  -  Pakistan 
                  -  Palestinian Authority 
                  -  Papua New Guinea 
                  -  Rwanda 
                  -  Samoa 
                  -  Sao Tome and Principe 
                  -  Saudi Arabia 
                  -  Somalia 
                  -  South Sudan 
                  -  Sudan 
                  -  Suriname 
                  -  Tajikistan 
                  -  Tanzania 
                  -  Togo 
                  -  Turkmenistan 
                  -  Ukraine 
                  -  Uzbekistan 
                  -  Vietnam 
                  -  Yemen 
                  -  Zambia 
                  -  Zimbabwe 

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#### The Lessons of 1989: Freedom and Our Future