1

Filed 12/3/13 In re C.M. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re C.M., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 

CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

L.M. et al.,

Defendants and Appellants.

E058036

(Super.Ct.No. J227010)

ORDER MODIFYING

OPINION

[NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

THE COURT: 

It is ordered that the opinion filed on November 20, 2013, be modified as follows:

On page 25, the paragraph that begins, “Parents exposit In re Amber M. (2002) 

103 Cal.App.4th 681[,]” is modified to read: 

“Parents exposit In re Amber M. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 681 and In re Scott B.

(2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 452 (Scott B.) in support of their contention the parental 

beneficial relationship exception was applicable here. We find both decisions 
2

distinguishable. In Amber M., several professionals expressed conclusions that the 

mother and the minors were strongly bonded and that interfering with their relationships 

could be harmful to the minors. A psychologist who had conducted a bonding study 

between Amber and the mother found that they shared a “‘primary attachment’” and 

“‘primary maternal relationship’” that could be detrimental to sever. Amber’s therapist 

believed she and the mother had a strong bond and that it was important their relationship 

continue. (Amber M., at p. 689.) The court appointed special advocate (CASA) for one 

of the other minors testified that minor “loved and missed Mother and had difficulty 

separating from her.” (Ibid.) The CASA disagreed with the Agency’s recommendation 

of adoption. (Id. at pp. 689-690.) Thus, unlike the instant case there was overwhelming 

evidence the mother and the minors had a strong relationship that would detrimental to 

minors to sever. 

Except for this modification, the opinion remains unchanged. The modification 

does not affect a change in the judgment. 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

MILLER

J.

We concur:

McKINSTER

Acting P. J.

RICHLI

J.
1

Filed 11/20/13 In re C.M. CA4/2 (unmodified version)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re C.M., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 

CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

L.M. et al.,

Defendants and Appellants.

E058036

(Super.Ct.No. J227010)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Cheryl C. Kersey, 

Judge. Affirmed.

Rosemary Bishop, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant L.M.

Richard L. Knight, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant S.M.
2

Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, Kristina M. Robb, Deputy County Counsel for 

Plaintiff and Respondent.

No appearance for Minor.

On April 30, 2009, plaintiff and respondent San Bernardino Department of 

Children and Family Services (the department) took C.M. (minor; born January 2005) 

into protective custody, along with minor’s siblings K.M. (born February 2006), and 

C.J.M. (born March 2008), after receiving a call from a deputy sheriff reporting 

defendant and appellant S.M. (mother) had been involuntarily institutionalized pursuant 

to Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150.1 Defendant and appellant L.M. (father) 

had been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Schizophrenia. The 

home was found in a deplorable state. The department placed minor with the prospective 

adoptive parents (PAPs) on September 23, 2009. 

On January 27, 2011, the juvenile court terminated the reunification services of 

mother and father (parents) as to minor. On January 27, 2012, the juvenile court returned 

custody of K.M. and C.J.M. to parents and dismissed the dependency as to K.M. and 

C.J.M. On January 29, 2013, the juvenile court terminated parents’ parental rights to 

minor and ordered adoption as the permanent plan. Parents appeal contending the court 

erred in declining to apply the beneficial parent relationship and sibling relationship 

exceptions to the termination of parental rights. We affirm the judgment.

 

1

 All further statutory references are to the to Welfare and Institutions Code 

unless otherwise indicated.
3

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A sheriff’s deputy “reported he was called by an informant that [parents’] home 

was substandard and a risk to the children’s safety, health, and well being.” The deputy 

“reported that the home was strewn with filthy clothing; the home smelled of urine and 

feces, there [was] dog feces inside the home and about the home. The children we[r]e 

walking about the home and tracking through the feces with bare feet. There were no 

provisions for the children.” Minor was observed squatting to urinate in the living room. 

C.J.M. had a diaper rash and appeared uncared for. The home had very little food and no 

milk. Father’s psychiatric medication was found in the garage within reach of the 

children. Minor had been diagnosed as autistic, but parents had not obtained any services 

for her. 

Mother had been involuntarily committed for thoughts of suicide and depression. 

Mother reported incidents of domestic violence at the hands of father. Father admitted 

the domestic violence charges: “‘I get energy in my arm—like electricity and—yes, I 

have domestic charges against me.’” “‘[T]here is a plan that guides me, I believed that—

I hear things swirling in my head—I am guided by a plan.’” Father had multiple arrests 

and convictions for domestic violence and was currently on probation. Father had served 

over three years in the military with tours of duty in both Iraq and Afghanistan. While in 

Iraq, father suffered from a combat blast wave and sustained shrapnel injuries in a mortar 

attack for which he received a purple heart. He was diagnosed with PTSD and 

Schizophrenia.
4

The department filed a section 300 juvenile dependency petition alleging mother 

and father suffered from mental illnesses that prohibited them from properly caring for 

the children (B-1 & B-2), had maintained substandard living arrangements for the 

children (B-3 & B-4), had engaged in domestic violence in the presence of the children 

(B-5 & B-6), and mother was hospitalized (G-7).2 In the jurisdiction and disposition 

report filed May 26, 2009, the social worker noted, “The most significant strength is the 

parents[’] love for their children. The family has no substantiated priors. In the past the 

parents have met the children’s needs. The family has stable housing and their rent is 

reduced through Section 8. The parents have made improvements on the home. When 

the undersigned made an unannounced visit to the home the undersigned noted that the 

floors were clean, the carpet was clean, the home was free from an unpleasant odor and 

the clothes had been washed. The home was still messy, but a major visible 

improvement was noted from the initial unsanitary conditions noted in the detention 

report. The parents are receptive to [department] recommendations.” 

Mother had enrolled in behavioral services. “The parents’ progress and initiative 

has been noted.” “The parents have great insight and are committed to successfully 

reunify.” Parents’ first visit with minor occurred on May 22, 2009: “The visit went well. 

The parents were attentive and interacted appropriately with the children. The children 

appeared comfortable in their presence and happy.” “The mother has had to act in the 

capacity of a conservator for the father instead of a wife. It appears that the mother has to 

 

2

 The department later withdrew the G-7 allegation, apparently when mother was 

released.
5

monitor the father daily to ensure his medication is effective and ensure he is receiving 

appropriate services. In the midst of mother’s care for the father she . . . fell into a 

depression which has affected her ability to adequately parent.” “The parents both desire 

to be good parents and they love their children. It is the undersigned’s impression that 

through counseling, ongoing psychiatric care, psychotropic medication[,] and a parenting 

class the parents can successful[ly] reunify.” 

The juvenile court sustained the allegations in the petition, as amended, on June 5, 

2009. The court removed minors from parents’ custody and ordered twice weekly

visitation to be liberalized at the discretion of the social worker. 

In the status review report filed November 25, 2009, the social worker reported 

she had been informed by the Veterans’ Administration (VA) father required intense 

monitoring. Father was participating in a program with the VA for persons with PTSD 

and Schizophrenia. He had “many appointments with mental health care professionals.” 

It was recommended mother not work outside the home so that she could care for father; 

she “is very organized and acts as an effective advocate for her husband’s needs.” 

Mother was working on obtaining permanent disability for father due to his service injury 

in Iraq. 

Although all the children had initially been placed in the same foster home, minor 

was removed and placed with the PAPs on September 23, 2009, due to her “frequent 

tantrums, particularly in public as well as aggressive tendencies toward her sisters.” “It 

has been observed that [K.M.] appeared nervous or stressed when [minor] was placed in 

the same home. Since [minor] has left [K.M.] is more ‘carefree’ and sleeps through the 
6

night more consistently.” When moved, minor’s behavior improved dramatically. The 

foster families “have formed a close friendship” allowing the siblings to have ample time 

together in addition to the time scheduled for parental visits. 

Parents completed a parenting class and mother had nearly completed her 

approved counseling sessions. Father maintained ongoing mental health services and 

mother had regularly scheduled psychiatry appointments. 

Parents had twice weekly monitored visits with the children: “The parents have 

rarely missed a visit. When they have had to cancel a visit, it is due to an important 

appointment for [father] at the VA hospital. . . . The family visits appear to be 

appropriate. There is some concern, however, that mother and father have difficulty in 

effectively re-directing the children. The children tend to do what they want to without 

listening to instruction from the parents. There has been minute improvement over the 

months; however, it appears that more time is required for [parents] to put effective 

parenting techniques into practice.” Mother “attempts to provide educational toys and 

activities during her visits with the children. She also provides healthy snacks. It has 

been reported that family visits with father present are more hectic and less controlled. 

[Father] has difficulty remaining during the entire [two]-hour visit; consequently, he goes 

outside for minutes at a time prior to rejoining the family.” 

“There is no doubt that [mother] loves her family. She has a tremendous task 

ahead of her in order to care for them. Despite her strengths, [mother] is not yet ready to 

independently care for her mentally ill husband, two developmentally delayed children 
7

and a toddler.”3 “With a gradual transition, it is this social worker’s belief that [mother] 

can eventually juggle all the components of her high needs family and thus, succeed as a 

parent.”

On December 7, 2009, the juvenile court found parents had made moderate 

progress and that there was a substantial probability the children would be returned to 

parents’ custody within six months. The court authorized the social worker to transition 

visitation to unsupervised as deemed appropriate; Mother was to be present for 

unsupervised visits. 

In the status review report filed May 25, 2010, the social worker recommended,

“Six more months of services [to] provide time for the family to transition to 

unsupervised visits, which would allow for a better assessment of the [parents’] ability to 

parent and care for their children, and build their relationship with their children.” The 

recommendation included twice weekly one-hour visits, one supervised and one 

unsupervised.

Parents had acquired a four-bedroom, two-bathroom house. There were beds and 

dressers for each child. The house appeared appropriate and clean. Parents had installed 

locks on the refrigerator and some cabinets. Father remained medication compliant. 

Parents had complied with their case plan. 

 

3

 K.M. also showed some intellectual developmental delays.
8

Parents had twice weekly monitored visits: “The parents have rarely missed a 

visit. When a visit has been cancelled it has been due to [father] having a conflicting 

appointment at the VA hospital.” They were 25-30 minutes late to one visit on March 22, 

2010, arriving only after the foster parents had left. “The family visits appear to be 

appropriate; however[,] there is still concern that [parents] have some difficulty 

redirecting the children when they misbehave. It has been observed . . . that the children 

tend to do as they please in the visits. There are times when [mother] will intervene and 

redirect the children; however[,] intervention is usually done as a last resort.”

Minor was receiving Early Childhood SART services through Victor Community 

Support Services. A clinician reported minor’s “diagnosis of Autism is being reevaluated at this time.” Minor “does not appear to meet diagnostic criteria for Autism, 

and . . . her delays might have been caused by neglect.” This was because minor had 

made such substantial progress since treatment began.4 Minor’s “behaviors have 

improved drastically. The frequent tantrums that [minor] displayed, especially when in 

public have reduced to the point that they almost never occur.” It was noted that without 

a structured environment, minor would “‘dysregulate.’”

Minor “has formed a healthy bond with the [foster] family. [Foster mother] has 

indicated that ‘[minor] has become a part of the family’ and that they ‘love her as if she 

were their own child’.” The foster parents of the siblings have continued “to maintain a 

 

4

 Subsequent testing in September 2010 failed to result in any rediagnosis. The 

social worker opined, “there appear to be some fundamental biases against the parents 

that exist on the part of the service provider.”
9

close relationship with each other, which allows all three children to spend time with 

each other frequently throughout the week. The two foster families attend the same 

church, which further allows all three girls to interact with one another.”

On June 7, 2010, the juvenile court ordered parents to undergo psychological 

evaluations as the department and minor’s counsel were concerned regarding the 

proposed unsupervised visitation. On July 7, 2010, the court found parents’ progress 

toward alleviating or mitigating the cause necessitating placement had been moderate to 

substantial. It found a substantial probability the children would be returned to parents’ 

custody within six months.

In the interim review report filed August 23, 2010, the social worker 

recommended unsupervised visitation including overnight, weekend, and holiday 

visitation. “Since being assigned to the matter, the undersigned has supervised the 

majority of the visits between the children and their parents both in an office setting and 

in public. Results of the psychological evaluations support the observations made by the 

undersigned in that [parents] present as being very loving and attentive parents to their 

children who pose no risk of detriment to the children should they be returned to their 

care. . . . [Parents] have demonstrated that they have the ability to manage their children 

in a public setting and that they are attentive to the children’s needs.”

Parents “work together to balance the needs of the children for individual attention 

while maintaining the sense that they are all a family.” The psychologist, Heidi KnipeLaird, Ph.D., concluded parents do not pose a danger or risk to the children if reunified: 

“Dr. Laird notes that the two carry a heavy burden together, but that they have learned the 
10

skills to assess their needs and to ask for appropriate assistance as they provide a safe and 

nurturing home for their children. [¶] [Mother] showed that she has enjoyed satisfaction 

and validation from parenting her children, is attuned to their needs, and has a grasp of 

the differences in their personalities. . . . Her parenting approaches reflected a strong 

commitment to parenting with nurturance, open communication, and a style of discipline 

that relies on frequent praise, consistent limit setting[,] and non-punitive consequencing.” 

The social worker did note parents gave perhaps too much leeway when it came to 

minor’s behavior.

On August 25, 2010, the juvenile court granted the request for twice weekly 

unsupervised visitation including overnight, weekend, and holiday visitation. In the 

status review report filed October 25, 2010, the social worker recommended the court 

find parents had made substantial progress and minors be returned to their custody while 

being maintained as dependents at home with family maintenance services. Minor was 

found to be eligible for IRC services throughout her lifetime, respite care to relieve her 

parents for a period of time monthly, education advocacy services, behavior modification 

therapy, in-home and center based services, parent support, applied behavioral analysis, 

one-on-one services, equipment, and Medi-Cal and Medicaid waiver programs. Parents 

had been having two-hour visits twice weekly. Father was comfortable watching one of 

the children, okay with two, but found minor wild and worried for her safety. He was 

observed to be less able to effectively parent than mother. Parents were expecting the 

birth of a fourth child.
11

The psychologist’s evaluations of parents were attached to the report. The 

clinician conducted five in-home service visits. The clinician “reports that [parents] 

appear to enjoy playing and interacting with their children and verbalize praise and 

enthusiasm. [Mother] is described as being nurturing of the children and both parents 

have been open to parenting suggestions.” “In the opinion of this evaluator, [father] does 

not present a danger to his children, and his children are not at risk of detriment if 

reunified with him and [mother]. [Parents] carry a heavy burden together, but it is the 

sense of the evaluator that the couple has learned the skills to assess their needs, and ask 

for appropriate assistance as they provide a safe and nurturing home for their children.” 

Nevertheless, father’s chronic symptoms of PTSD and Schizophrenia suggested he posed 

a “very real risk” for suicide. 

“In reviewing [mother’s] past choices and decisions, her judgment has obviously 

been good. Her responses in the clinical interview showed genuine insight.” 

“This evaluation was performed in order to determine whether [mother] is likely to 

be able to parent her three children effectively. The test results discussed above indicate 

that [mother] certainly has the intellectual capacity to provide nurturing and safe 

parenting. Her level of cognitive functioning definitely enables her to recognize and 

solve practical problems, and meet the demands of household maintenance.” “It is the 

strong impression of this evaluator that [mother’s] children are not at risk of detriment if 

they reunified with her and . . . father. This young family faces formidable challenges, 

and it is recommended that they receive appropriate help[.]”
12

On October 29, 2010, the court ordered unsupervised visitation including 

overnight and extended visits as appropriate, as recommended by the social worker. 

In the addendum report filed January 27, 2011, the social worker indicated that 

since the prior hearing, parents had extended visits with the children; during this time, 

Mother gave birth to a baby girl. “Over the extended visit period, the children . . . have 

spent up to a week and a half together with their parents. In that time it has been 

observed that [minor’s] special needs (related to her diagnosis of autism) are so great that 

her extended presence in the home creates a situation that is almost unmanageable for her 

parents.” Father shared he had difficulty setting limits for minor; mother expressed need 

for additional behavioral support to meet minor’s needs; it was anticipated there would be 

family support, which had not manifested. Although minor had shown continued 

improvement, she exhibited problem behavior, which K.M. began mimicking. “Although 

there are behavioral support services available, it does not appear that this will be enough 

to provide the level of stability in the home that would be desired to facilitate a sound 

reunification for all the children.” The department recommended return of K.M. and 

C.J.M. to parent’s custody as continued dependents of the juvenile court and family 

maintenance services. The social worker recommended terminating reunification 

services as to minor. 

At the hearing on January 27, 2011, parents submitted on the report. Mother was 

“fine with that recommendation. Considering the challenges with [minor], she is fine. 

The intended goal will still be to return [minor] to her parents at some point in the future. 

And the visitation order that is suggested by the department works very well for the 
13

parents.” The juvenile court found parents had made substantial progress, returned 

minor’s siblings to parents’ custody, but found minor’s special needs outweighed “the 

capacity of the parents’ ability to meet her needs and those of the other minors in the 

home.” The court found minor was not adoptable, that no adult was available to become 

her legal guardian, terminated reunification services as to minor, and found termination 

of parental rights was not in minor’s best interests with the permanent plan ordered to be 

long-term foster care with the goal of return to the home. The court ordered visits with 

minor, parents, and siblings to be unsupervised a minimum of twice per month for two 

hours with weekends, overnights, and holidays as appropriate and arranged by social 

worker. 

In the status review report filed July 18, 2011, the social worker recommended 

minor’s siblings remain dependents of the court with family maintenance services. The 

social worker recommended minor be maintained in her current placement. The social 

worker found parents maintained the household in a manner consistent with community 

standards. The home was appropriate and healthy. “The children’s need for a safe and

stable environment is consistently met, despite some of the struggles that the parents have 

in dealing with the issues related to [father’s] traumatic brain injuries and the resulting 

mental health concerns.” The social worker observed parents had welcomed the social 

worker and assigned services providers “into their home and they have wholeheartedly 

participated to the extent deemed appropriate for their children’s needs.” Father had 

completed probation and there were no further reports of domestic violence.
14

The therapist believed minor regressed as a result of having spent a week in 

parents’ home. K.M. would continue to mimic minor’s behavior problems when minor 

was around. “Visits in the biological family home began taking place for approximately 

two to four hour periods, and then moved to overnight and then weekend visits. It was 

determined early on that [t]he extended visits with the parents and siblings tended to have 

somewhat of a negative effect on [minor’s] behavioral stability once she returned to 

placement. The transition from the foster family’s home-routine, to the biological 

family’s home-routine, and then back again, exacerbated the dysfunctional components 

of [minor’s] autism disorder. Essentially, the distinct differences in the amount of 

environmental stimulation lead to a sensory overload[,] i.e., [minor’s] spending the 

weekend playing with her siblings and having the excitement of being unfettered by the 

structure of her primary environment caused her to present as being much less controlled, 

both internally and externally, upon her return to care. [¶] . . . This is not to state that the 

parents did anything wrong during the visits, it merely points out the fact that [minor’s] 

specific needs are better met by limiting her transitions and by not placing her in an over 

stimulating environment for extended periods of time.”

Since the negative effects were noted, the social worker made the determination to 

change the frequency, location, duration, and activities involved in visitation. Visits 

since were scheduled outside the family home, at a park, or Chuck E. Cheese’s. Thus, 

visitation occurred less frequently than before, taking place on January 28-29, February 

2-4, and February 18-20. Minor had exhibited behavioral problems such as being tired, 

biting, spitting, acting out, and regressing upon return from visitation. On March 29, 
15

2011, parents and siblings visited with minor at Chuck E. Cheese’s: “At the end of the 

visit, [Minor] was a bit confused as to who she was going home with but made the 

transition without difficulty or lasting effect. Parents made arrangements to visit on May 

5, 2011, but failed to show. Parents visited with minor at the park for three hours on May 

20, 2011, with no subsequent deregulation in minor’s behavior. On May 26, 2011, a visit 

occurred, to which mother brought a family member for additional support, so that 

mother could focus her attention on minor. On June 8 a visit occurred at minor’s 

kindergarten graduation, and on June 27, 2011, parents visited with minor at Chuck E. 

Cheese’s: “No issues or problems afterwards. Mother reports that [minor] seemed to be 

more engaging of her siblings during the visit in that she sought the siblings out 

independently and individually to play with them.”

Parents longed for minor’s return to their home and were evaluating what services, 

provided outside of the department, could help them achieve the standard of home 

maintenance they needed to attain. “The risk of detriment should [d]ependency be 

dismissed at this time is solely based upon the mental health issues of [father] and the 

ongoing struggles he has related to the traumatic brain injuries he sustained during his 

military service in Iraq. [Parents] have demonstrated their ability to engage the Veteran’s 

Administration, as well as other service providers and to independently seek the 

necessary interventions as the need arises[;] however[,] [t]he undersigned, as a 

representative of [the department], wishes to recommend an additional period of family 

maintenance support as they solidify their current successes.” Father’s VA therapist 

“visits in the home weekly and reports that [father] is stable and is participating in the 
16

recommended support groups. He has recently begun to participate in a weekly . . . group 

that will assist him in developing his outlets for socialization and support[] outside the 

home.” The social worker noted minor’s “need for a calm and stable environment is 

paramount to her mental and emotional stability.” 

In the status review report filed January 24, 2012, the social worker recommended 

termination of the dependency proceedings as to minor’s siblings, but recommended 

setting the section 366.26 hearing to establish a permanent plan of legal guardianship for

minor; based upon the fact that [minor’s] special needs are such that returning her to the 

family home would likely create a situation that would lead to a deterioration in her 

overall progress as well as to overload the capacity of the parents to meet the ongoing 

needs of the other children in the home.” “[I]t has become evident that the parents are 

truly at their capacity to provide for the needs of their children[] in the home and the 

special needs of [minor], are such that to return her to the family home are likely to cause 

a regression in her current progress and create a situation in the family home where all 

the children would likely be placed at risk.” Minor “continues to require a great deal 

more individual attention than is practicable given the circumstances associated with 

[father’s] ongoing psychological needs . . . .” 

Parents maintained appropriate furnished housing, with adequate food and 

supplies for the children. Father “continues to be supported for his mental health needs 

through the VA. . . . He is provided with in-home therapeutic services as well as on-site 

services at the VA Hospital including medication monitoring, support groups[,] and dual 

diagnosis support for his alcoholism. [Father] openly admits that he occasionally 
17

consumes alcohol contrary to the advice of his VA therapist . . . . There have been no 

reports that his consumption of alcohol has negatively impacted the family and/or the 

children’s safety in the home. It is, however, of concern to this therapist and mental 

health provider due to the potential interactions alcohol can have with his medications.” 

Father voluntarily had checked himself into the VA hospital twice during the last 

reporting period, the latest in December 2011, during which he spent two weeks 

hospitalized. 

Parents had twice monthly unsupervised visits with minor. However, overnight, 

holiday and weekend visits were suspended as minor would “dysregulate” afterward. 

“Visits have taken place for day long excursions to theme based restaurants and parks as 

well as to the family home for birthday celebrations and holidays. . . . It is apparent that 

the parents do not consistently set the necessary limits for [minor] and they tend to 

respond to her wants and needs as opposed to ensuring that they set the limits and 

boundaries that keep her safe and regulated. This in turn leads [minor] to be less 

controllable in the foster home for periods of up to several days time upon her return 

. . . .” Minor “presents as being well adjusted to the placement home and she is well 

bonded to her caretakers and the other children in the foster home.” 

On January 27, 2012, the juvenile court dismissed the dependency as to minor’s 

siblings and set the section 366.26 hearing as to minor. On February 14, 2012, the 

department changed minor’s permanent plan to a PPLA (permanently planned living 

arrangement) without the goal of return to parents’ home. Parents submitted, but mother 

objected to the change of goal.
18

In the status review report filed August 2, 2012, the social worker changed the 

recommendation to adoption as the permanent plan. “The undersigned has concerns 

about [minor] being in [PAPs’] care and family for three years without the benefit of 

permanency and assesses that now is the time to make a decision in favor of permanency 

on [minor’s] behalf. [Minor] needs and deserves permanency after being a Court 

dependent for three years without the parents being any further down the road toward 

reunification than they were three years ago.” “In light of the foster parents views on 

continuing the visitation and the connection to the biological family there does not appear 

to be any negative effects to [minor] which will result from the adoption.” 

The PAPs “want an open adoption to where [minor] continues to have a 

relationship with her biological sisters and her parents, although it is doubtful that 

[minor] knows what that relationship is. The parents have made every effort they know 

how to prepare and ready themselves for the return of [minor] to their home[;] however, 

it does not appear that they have the ability of taking on the additional load of one more 

child, especially given all [minor’s] needs as an autistic child.”5 “The foster parents have 

assured the undersigned that they are not the kind of people who would withdraw the 

contact and visitation of the parents.” 

“The Court ordered visitation continues to be an appropriate arrangement. Two 

times a month for two[,] possibly three . . . hours a session at a public place, i.e.[,] a park, 

a fast food place with a playground, or Chuck E. Cheese have been successful venues.” 

 

5

 Mother apparently gave birth to a fifth child in the interim before the instant 

report.
19

The social worker observed a visit at Chuck E. Cheese’s on June 21, 2012, from 1:00 to 

3:00 p.m. She observed minor did not interact with her parents or siblings much, but was 

focused on games, eating, and watching television. When it came time to leave, minor 

complained, but the social worker opined this was because she was having fun playing 

games and not because she would miss her family. Father did not appear to interact or 

communicate with minor.

The social worker noted that “[u]pon receiving this case on June 11, 2012[, she]

has spent much time reviewing the history of this case, and statements made by all 

previous social workers regarding their recommendation for a permanent plan for 

[minor]. It has been the general consensus of the previous five social workers that there 

was not a substantial probability of [minor] returning home to her parents.”6 When 

informed of the social worker’s new recommendation, mother cried and father, who 

appeared saddened, stated he could not cope with minor and her needs. “He is just now 

getting able to play with the children they have in their home and that it is too 

challenging for him to think about taking [minor] back into their home.” 

In the Section 366.26 report filed November 29, 2012, the social worker 

recommended termination of parental rights and adoption as minor’s permanent plan. 

The social worker noted she had observed a three-hour visit between parents and minor at 

a park on October 9, 2012. She opined minor “does [not] appear to be attached or 

 

6

 The department concedes in its respondent’s brief that this is not true. 
20

bonded with either parent.”7 The social worker reported the PAPs love minor and were 

totally committed to her. 

On January 29, 2013, the juvenile court held the section 366.26 hearing. In 

preparation for qualifying minor to testify, minor identified herself, mother, father, and 

her sisters from family photographs. Nonetheless, as a result of subsequent exchanges, 

the court disqualified minor as a witness. As minor exited the courtroom, she said, “Bye, 

mommy” to mother.

Mother testified she had attended all but one of minor’s Individualized Education 

Program (IEP) meetings, attended minor’s kindergarten graduation, and had been 

attending a support group for mothers of autistic children. She had been visiting during 

the last reporting period every other week for two hours.8 Minor would sometimes run 

up to her and hug her at the beginning of visits. When visits were over minor would ask 

to stay longer or stay the night. When told she could not, she would ask, “‘Why not?’” 

Minor would tell mother she was mean because she would not allow minor to stay longer. 

Minor calls mother “‘Mom’” and father “‘Dad.’” She also calls her sisters both by their 

names and by the term “‘sister.’”

 

7

 As the department maintains in its brief, the sentence appears to contain a 

typographical omission of the word “not” between “does” and “appear” as the 

grammatical context of the sentence does not make sense otherwise. Moreover, mother’s 

counsel questioned her at the section 366.26 as to whether she understood “the social 

worker is saying that you don’t have a bond with your daughter?” 

8

 Since the adoption recommendation, the social worker reduced visitation from 

four hours to two hours.
21

Mother felt she and minor had a bond, minor loved her, and she was part of their 

family. Minor sought “comfort from me when she is present at the visitations. She also 

seeks comfort from her sister and she consoles her sister . . . when she feels that someone 

is not felling at their best, she is very caring towards all of us.” Mother could tell minor 

had a bond with her sisters by “[t]he way she interacts with them. She is very considerate 

when they are crying, when they are sad, when something bothers them. . . . She hugs 

them, she kisses them, she tells them she loves them. . . . She tells them that she will be 

back.” Mother believed depriving minor of visitation with her biological family would 

be traumatic, “Because she knows we are her family. You just take that away from her 

and then how are you going to deal with that?”

The current social worker, Sarah Conrad, testified she had been assigned the 

instant case since June 2012, and had observed three visits between minor and parents. 

Minor “dysregulates” after visits with parents: “she reverts back to some old behaviors to 

where she is not as compliant and shows anxiety.” Autistic children “need structure, they 

need limitations, they need one-on-one attention. They need to be feeling stable and 

secure and just a predictable environment.” She opined parents could not meet those 

needs. Minor’s best interest was in getting adopted, “because she needs to feel secure 

and stable. She needs that assurance that she really belongs in this home and that she is a 

part of the family more so than she is getting now with having two sets of mom[s] and 

dads and the confusion that that gives to her.”
22

Conrad testified with regard to parents that minor “isn’t aware of them being her 

parents, her family. She treats them as she does the children at school or the children in 

the playroom. She plays with her siblings as much as I saw her do with her classmates at 

school and with the children that were in the playroom today. She is a sociable child.” 

On the other hand, she interacts differently with the PAPs; she treats them as her parents 

and has a bond with them. 

“Adoption is the better alternative. But my heart went out to the mother when she 

felt that she would never see [minor] again and I spoke with the foster parents and they—

in fact, they have still kept [in] contact with the two children who have been returned to 

[mother]. [The PAPs] have them over for visits, they are very loving, very connected 

people and they would not do anything to hurt someone. They would not withdraw 

visits.” “I don’t believe she won’t see her parents anymore. If you’ve read the report, 

I’ve done extensive talking with the [PAPs] and they have assured me they will 

continue.” 

The juvenile court noted that parents had chosen to have two additional children 

since minor’s dependency proceedings began. “You are nurturing parents, you are 

devoted to [minor], you are devoted to your other children, I don’t think there is any 

question to that, but when you extended yourself so much, I think sometimes something 

falls apart and something has to break . . . .” “[T]he parents have maintained visitation 

with benefit to” minor. Nevertheless, the court found the benefits of permanency in 

adoption outweighed any benefit of maintaining the parent-child relationship. “I’m 

confident that once I conclude this hearing prior to adoption, that there will be an 
23

agreement between the parties for visitation. I’m confident of that because of all of the 

love that I’ve seen in everyone today.”

The court asked of the department, “I don’t really think there is any dispute as to a 

sibling bond here, do you dispute?” The department did dispute it. The court noted that 

most of minor’s siblings “were born after [minor] was removed from the home, so there 

has not been that bonding that occurs when all the children are living together.”9 

Regardless, the court found any sibling bond was outweighed by the permanence of 

adoption. The court terminated parental rights and ordered adoption as the permanent 

plan.

DISCUSSION

A. BENEFICIAL PARENTAL RELATIONSHIP EXCEPTION

Parents contend the juvenile court erred in declining to apply the beneficial 

parental relationship exception to termination of parental rights and should have ordered 

long term guardianship instead. We disagree.

Once reunification services have been terminated and a minor has been found 

adoptable, “adoption should be ordered unless exceptional circumstances exist.” (In re 

Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 51.) Under section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) 

one such exception exists where, “[t]he parents have maintained regular visitation and 

contact with the child and the child would benefit from continuing the relationship.” The 

parent has the burden of proving termination would be detrimental to the child. (In re 

 

9

 Minor had four siblings; two were born before and two after the dependency 

proceedings were initiated as to minor.
24

Jasmine D. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1350 (Jasmine D.); In re Jerome D. (2000) 84 

Cal.App.4th 1200, 1207.) 

“‘[T]he court balances the strength and quality of the natural parent[-]child 

relationship in a tenuous placement against the security and the sense of belonging a new 

family would confer. If severing the natural parent[-]child relationship would deprive the 

child of a substantial, positive emotional attachment such that the child would be greatly 

harmed, the preference for adoption is overcome and the natural parent’s rights are not 

terminated.’ [Citation.]” (In re C.F. (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 549, 555.)

“[I]t is only in an extraordinary case that preservation of the parent’s rights will 

prevail over the Legislature’s preference for adoptive placement.” (Jasmine D., supra, 78 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1350; see also In re Casey D., supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 51.) “We 

determine whether there is substantial evidence to support the trial court’s ruling by 

reviewing the evidence most favorably to the prevailing party and indulging in all 

legitimate and reasonable inferences to uphold the court’s ruling. [Citation.] If the 

court’s ruling is supported by substantial evidence, the reviewing court must affirm the 

court’s rejection of the exceptions to termination of parental rights . . . . [Citation.]” (In 

re S.B. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 289, 297-298.) 

Here, substantial evidence supported the juvenile court’s decision that the 

permanence afforded minor in her adoptive home outweighed any benefit that would be 

conferred upon her should she maintain her relationship with parents. Early on, father 

had been unable to cope with two-hour visitation, which, at that time, involved minor and 

only two siblings. Likewise, mother had then been found unready to cope with two 
25

developmentally delayed children, father, and a toddler. Minor required “a calm and 

stable environment [as] paramount to her mental and emotional stability.” Yet parents 

had difficulty setting limits on minor even during short visits. Thus, minor often 

regressed when returned to PAPs, expressing negative behavior including biting, spitting,

and acting out. Yet parents now had two additional children to take care of. The social 

worker opined minor was not bonded with either parent. Thus, the juvenile court’s 

decision to terminate parental rights was supported by sufficient evidence that it would 

not be detrimental to minor.

Parents exposit In re Amber M. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 681 and In re Scott B.

(2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 452 (Scott B.) in support of their contention the parental 

beneficial relationship exception was applicable here. We find both decisions 

distinguishable. First, Amber M. affirmed a juvenile court order finding the exception 

applicable. Here, we must affirm the juvenile court’s order finding the exception 

inapplicable unless there was insufficient evidence to support that decision. As discussed 

above, we find substantial evidence supported the juvenile court’s order. Second, several 

professionals expressed conclusions that the mother and the minors in Amber M. were 

strongly bonded and that interfering with their relationships could be harmful to the 

minors. A psychologist who had conducted a bonding study between Amber and the 

mother found that they shared a “‘primary attachment’” and “‘primary maternal 

relationship’” that could be detrimental to sever. Amber’s therapist believed she and the 

mother had a strong bond and that it was important their relationship continue. (Amber 

M., at p. 689.) The court appointed special advocate (CASA) for one of the other minors 
26

testified that minor “loved and missed Mother and had difficulty separating from her.” 

(Ibid.) The CASA disagreed with the Agency’s recommendation of adoption. (Id. at pp. 

689-690.) Thus, unlike the instant case there was overwhelming evidence the mother and 

the minors had a strong relationship that would detrimental to minors to sever. 

In Scott B., supra, 188 Cal.App.4th 452, the minor was removed at nine years old 

and was 11 years old at the time of the hearing. Thus, he had spent almost his entire life 

with the mother. The CASA repeatedly stated the mother and the minor had a very close 

relationship which would be detrimental to be disrupted. The minor had repeatedly 

expressed his preference to live with the mother. (Id. at p. 471.) Here, minor was four 

when detained and had been living with the PAPs for more than three years. No CASA 

or other professional expressed an opinion that minor was bonded to parents such that 

adoption would be detrimental to her. 

Parents additionally complain parental rights were improperly terminated simply 

due to minor’s autism and parents’ inability to care for her. (In re Paul E. (1995) 39 

Cal.App.4th 996, 1004 [minor’s autism not dispositive on decision to remove; agency

must show no reasonable means of protecting minor without removal]; Scott B., supra, 

188 Cal.App.4th 452 [parents with autistic child who will likely never be able to reunify 

does not justify termination of parental rights where minor and parents enjoy strongly 

bonded relationship the severance of which would be detrimental to minor].) However, it 

is apparent from the record that parents’ parental rights were not terminated simply 

because minor was autistic and parents were unable to care for her. Rather, the beneficial 

parental relationship exception to termination of parental rights did not apply because 
27

substantial evidence supported a determination minor was not bonded with parents and 

that continued visitation with parents would be detrimental to the progress she had made. 

Parents finally maintain the juvenile court’s decision was, at least in part, 

improperly based on its determination the PAPs would maintain visitation between minor 

and parents. (In re S.B., supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 300 [“We do not believe a parent 

should be deprived of a legal relationship with his or her child on the basis of an 

unenforceable promise of future visitation by the child’s prospective adoptive parents”]; 

In re C.B. (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 102, 129-130 [same].) It is true the social worker 

made several references to the maintenance of postadoption visitation in support of her 

recommendation. The juvenile court also expressed confidence such visitation would be 

maintained postadoption, even going so far as to pass out paperwork to accomplish this. 

Nevertheless, it is apparent the juvenile court’s basis for finding the exception 

inapplicable was that the benefit of permanency to be found in adoption outweighed any 

benefit in maintaining the parent-child relationship. Thus, the court did not act 

improperly in terminating parents’ parental rights.

B. SIBLING RELATIONSHIP EXCEPTION

Parents argue the court erred in declining to apply the beneficial sibling 

relationship exception to the termination of their parental rights. Again, we disagree. 

The sibling relationship exception applies if the court finds a compelling reason 

for determining that termination would be detrimental to the child due to a “substantial 

interference with a child’s sibling relationship, taking into consideration the nature and 

extent of the relationship, including, but not limited to, whether the child was raised with 
28

a sibling in the same home, whether the child shared significant common experiences or 

has existing close and strong bonds with a sibling, and whether ongoing contact is in the 

child’s best interest, including the child’s long-term emotional interest, as compared to 

the benefit of legal permanence through adoption.” (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(v).) 

“Reflecting the Legislature’s preference for adoption when possible, the ‘sibling 

relationship exception contains strong language creating a heavy burden for the party 

opposing adoption. It only applies when the juvenile court determines that there is a 

“compelling reason” for concluding that the termination of parental rights would be 

“detrimental” to the child due to “substantial interference” with a sibling relationship.’ 

[Citation.] Indeed, even if adoption would interfere with a strong sibling relationship, the 

court must nevertheless weigh the benefit to the child of continuing the sibling 

relationship against the benefit the child would receive by gaining a permanent home 

through adoption. [Citation.]” (In re Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 61.) Parents have 

the burden of establishing the applicability of the exception. (See In re Megan S. (2002) 

104 Cal.App.4th 247, 252.) 

In reviewing challenges to a trial court’s decision as to the applicability of these 

exceptions, we will employ the substantial evidence or abuse of discretion standards of 

review depending on the nature of the challenge. (In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 

1308, 1315-1316.) We will apply the substantial evidence standard of review to evaluate 

the evidentiary showing with respect to factual issues, such as whether the child has a 

close and strong bond with a sibling (for the sibling relationship exception). (Id. at p. 

1315; § 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i), (v).) However, a challenge to the trial court’s 
29

determination of questions such as whether, given the existence of a sibling relationship, 

there is a compelling reason for determining that termination of parental rights would be 

detrimental to the child “is a quintessentially discretionary determination.” (Scott B., 

supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 469.) We review such decisions for abuse of discretion. In 

the dependency context, both standards call for a high degree of appellate court 

deference. (Ibid.; Jasmine D., supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 1351.) 

Here, although the court apparently found a sibling bond, it expressly ruled 

minor’s need for permanence outweighed that bond. That determination was within the 

court’s discretion. First, minor had only ever lived with two of her siblings at the time 

she was taken into protective custody; one for a little over three years and the other for a 

little over one year. She had never lived with either of her youngest siblings. At the time 

the juvenile court terminated parents’ parental rights, three and a half years had elapsed 

since the department detained minor. Thus, minor had spent more time living away from 

even her oldest sibling than she had spent living with her. 

Second, although the department initially placed minor with her siblings, it 

removed minor from that placement due, in part, to aggressive tendencies toward her 

sisters. When moved, minor’s behavior improved dramatically Third, as discussed 

above, minor required “a calm and stable environment [as] paramount to her mental and 

emotional stability.” Where minor’s visitation with her siblings could be construed as a 

catalyst for regressive behavior, the court acted within its discretion in determining that 

the permanency and stability offered by adoption outweighed any benefit minor sustained 

from a continued relationship with her siblings. 
30

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

MILLER

J.

We concur:

McKINSTER

Acting P. J.

RICHLI

J.