In the Missouri Court of Appeals

Eastern District

DIVISION THREE

STATE OF MISSOURI, ) No. ED108086

 )

Respondent, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

) of Warren County

vs. )

) Honorable Jason H. Lamb

PATRICK JEROME STEWARD, )

 )

Appellant. ) Filed: September 15, 2020 

The defendant, Patrick Jerome Steward, appeals the judgment entered by the Circuit 

Court of Warren County for the class E felony of resisting a lawful stop in violation of section 

575.150 RSMo. (2016).1 Following his conviction by a jury, the trial court sentenced the 

defendant as a persistent felony offender to seven years of imprisonment.

Because the State charged and tried the defendant with resisting a lawful stop “for a 

felony offense,” and because the verdict director did not require the jury to find that the 

defendant fled in a manner creating a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death, the 

evidence was insufficient to allow enhancement of the offense of resisting a lawful stop from a 

class A misdemeanor to a class E felony pursuant to section 575.150.5. We affirm the 

defendant’s conviction for resisting a lawful stop, but we must remand for the purpose of 

 

1 All statutory references are to RSMo. (2016).
2

correcting the judgment and resentencing the defendant within the applicable range of 

punishment for a class A misdemeanor.

Factual and Procedural Background

We set forth the relevant facts viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict. On the 

evening of October 31, 2017, Missouri Highway Patrol Trooper Bishop ran the license plate of 

the car driven by the defendant and stopped ahead of her at a traffic light in Warren County.

Trooper Bishop’s license-plate check revealed that the car was reported stolen. Trooper Bishop 

testified that she stopped the car to investigate further, and that she would have arrested the 

occupants for tampering with a motor vehicle if her investigation revealed that the car was 

indeed stolen. The defendant pulled over, but when Trooper Bishop exited her vehicle and 

approached, the defendant drove away at a high rate of speed into a residential neighborhood. 

Trooper Bishop pursued the vehicle briefly, but terminated her pursuit because it was Halloween 

and children were still out. The defendant and a passenger in the car were later apprehended after 

a high-speed chase culminating in a crash in Lincoln County. 

The State’s second amended information charged the defendant as a prior and persistent 

felony offender with the class E felony of resisting a lawful stop in violation of section 575.150

in that:

[O]n or about October 31, 2017, in the County of Warren, State of Missouri, Trooper 

Bishop, a law enforcement officer, was attempting to make a lawful stop of a vehicle

being operated by defendant, and the defendant knew or reasonably should have known 

that the officer was making a lawful stop for a felony offense, and, for the purpose of 

preventing the officer from effecting the stop, resisted the stop of defendant by fleeing 

from the officer.

The State also charged the defendant with the class D misdemeanor of driving while license

suspended, and the class D felony of first-degree tampering with a motor vehicle. The State 
3

dismissed the tampering charge, and the defendant pled guilty to the charge of driving while 

license suspended. The parties proceeded to trial only on the charge of resisting a lawful stop. 

The defendant’s former girlfriend, Tamara Carter, testified that she was the owner of the 

car driven by the defendant. Carter explained that while she was jailed, she gave permission for 

the defendant to obtain her keys and use the car to bring items to her at the jail. Because the 

defendant continued to use her vehicle, Carter reported it stolen. She did not inform the 

defendant that she reported the car stolen. The defendant’s new girlfriend was in the car at the 

time of the defendant’s flight from Trooper Bishop. She testified that as he pulled over, the 

defendant told her that perhaps Carter had reported the car stolen.

The court gave the jury two verdict directors. Instruction Number 6 submitted by the 

State followed MAI-CR 4th 429.61, the parties described it as an instruction for “felony” 

resisting a lawful stop. The instruction read:

As to Count I, if you find and believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt:

First, that on or about October 31, 2017, in the State of Missouri, Trooper Bishop was a

law enforcement officer, and 

Second, that Trooper Bishop was attempting to stop a vehicle being operated by 

defendant, and

Third, that defendant knew or reasonably should have known that a law enforcement 

officer was attempting to stop defendant, and

Fourth, that the basis for the stop was a reasonable suspicion of the commission of the

crime of stealing a motor vehicle, and

Fifth, that defendant knew or reasonably should have known the basis for the stop, and

Sixth, that for the purpose of preventing the law enforcement officer from making the

stop, the defendant resisted by fleeing from the officer,

then you will find the defendant guilty under Count I of resisting a lawful stop.

However, unless you find and believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable 

doubt each and all of these propositions, you must find the defendant not guilty of that 

offense[.]

The defense submitted Instruction Number 7, which the parties characterized as an instruction 

for “misdemeanor” resisting a lawful stop. The two instructions were identical, except that

Instruction Number 7 did not contain the paragraphs about the basis for the stop (paragraph 
4

Fourth above) or the defendant’s knowledge of its basis (paragraph Fifth above). In closing 

argument, defense counsel acknowledged that the defendant resisted a stop, and she urged the 

jury to convict the defendant of a misdemeanor rather than of a felony. The jury returned a guilty 

verdict pursuant to Instruction Number 6.

The defendant filed a motion for new trial challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and 

the verdict-directing jury instructions. At the hearing on the motion for new trial and sentencing, 

counsel argued that the offense of which the defendant was convicted could not be enhanced to a 

felony under section 575.150.5 because: (1) Trooper Bishop sought to make a lawful stop rather 

than to make an arrest for a felony offense; and (2) the charge against the defendant failed to 

allege that the defendant fled in a manner creating a substantial risk of serious physical injury or 

death, and the jury was not required to find those facts. The trial court rejected the defendant’s 

argument, stating that:

Well, obviously, it was a stop, not a—not an arrest or attempted arrest. But, however, the 

other evidence in the case of an extremely highspeed, I guess, brief chase, I could call it, 

until the officer cut it off because of the danger involved, I think, is sufficient to increase 

it to a Class E felony. And in this case, Mr. Steward was also shown to be a prior and 

persistent felony offender, also, so which makes it—raises the range of punishment up to 

a D felony, of course.

As a result, the trial court sentenced the defendant to seven years of imprisonment, the maximum 

sentence for a class D felony. The defendant appeals.

Standard of Review

When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, we accept as true all 

evidence favorable to the State, including all favorable inferences drawn from the evidence, and 

we disregard all contrary evidence and inferences. State v. Grim, 854 S.W.2d 403, 405 (Mo. banc 

1993); State v. Sloan, 561 S.W.3d 831, 837 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018). We limit our review to 

determining whether there is sufficient evidence from which a reasonable juror might have found 
5

the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Grim, 854 S.W.2d at 405; Sloan, 561 S.W.3d at 

837.

Discussion

On appeal, the defendant claims the trial court erred in overruling his motion for 

judgment of acquittal at the close of the State’s evidence, and in entering judgment and sentence 

for the class E felony of resisting an arrest. He contends the State charged him only with resisting 

a lawful stop “for a felony,” and not resisting an arrest for a felony. Under Section 575.150, the 

defendant argues, resisting a lawful stop “for a felony” is not a felony offense. He also argues 

that the State did not allege that he resisted a stop by fleeing in a manner that created a 

substantial risk of serious physical injury or death, nor did the verdict director require the jury to 

find those facts. As a result, the defendant maintains that he could not be convicted for a felony 

violation of Section 575.150. We agree.

The State’s second amended information charged the defendant with “the class E felony 

of resisting a lawful stop” in that the defendant fled from Trooper Bishop who “was making a 

lawful stop for a felony offense.” The elements of resisting a lawful stop are: (1) the defendant 

knew or reasonably should have known that a law enforcement officer was making a lawful stop; 

(2) the defendant resisted the stop by fleeing from the officer, or by threatening to use violence 

or physical force; and (3) the defendant did so for the purpose of preventing the officer from 

completing the stop. Section 575.150.1(1); State v. Nelson, 505 S.W.3d 437, 445 (Mo. App.

W.D. 2016). The State made a submissible case for resisting a lawful stop, and the defendant in 

closing argument conceded that he committed the offense of resisting a lawful stop although he 

argued the jury should convict him only of a misdemeanor in accord with Instruction Number 7. 

The jury found the defendant guilty pursuant to Instruction Number 6, which the parties 
6

described as an instruction for “felony” resisting a lawful stop. Viewing the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the verdict and ignoring all contrary evidence and inferences, we hold the State 

adduced sufficient evidence to convict the defendant of resisting a lawful stop, in violation of 

section 575.150.1. However, Instruction Number 6 did not require the jury to find that the 

defendant fled in a manner creating a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death.

Enhancement To A Class E Felony

Our determination that the State proved all elements of the charge of resisting a lawful 

stop does not end our inquiry. The gravamen of the defendant’s challenge is that the trial court 

enhanced the offense from a class A misdemeanor to a class E felony without sufficient evidence 

that the offense the defendant committed actually constitutes a felony under section 575.150.

The State charged the defendant with resisting a lawful stop by fleeing, and sought to 

enhance the charge to a class E felony because the lawful stop was made “for a felony offense.” 

It is undisputed that the stop was lawful; that the stop was for the purpose of investigating a 

felony offense, namely tampering with a motor vehicle; and that Trooper Bishop contemplated 

arresting the defendant if her investigation revealed that the car, in fact, was stolen. It was also 

undisputed that the defendant fled from a law enforcement officer, and that the defendant was 

not under arrest at that time. 

Section 575.150 states in relevant part:

1. A person commits the offense of resisting or interfering with arrest, detention, or stop 

if he or she knows or reasonably should know that a law enforcement officer is making 

an arrest or attempting to lawfully detain or stop an individual or vehicle, and for the 

purpose of preventing the officer from effecting the arrest, stop or detention, he or she:

(1) Resists the arrest, stop or detention of such person by using or threatening the 

use of violence or physical force or by fleeing from such officer; 

* * *

2. This section applies to:
7

* * *

(2) Arrests, stops, or detentions, for any offense, infraction, or ordinance 

violation;

* * *

4. It is no defense to a prosecution pursuant to subsection 1 of this section that the law 

enforcement officer was acting unlawfully in making the arrest. However, nothing in this 

section shall be construed to bar civil suits for unlawful arrest.

5. The offense of resisting or interfering with an arrest is a class E felony for an arrest for 

a:

(1) Felony;

(2) Warrant issued for failure to appear on a felony case; or

(3) Warrant issued for a probation violation on a felony case.

The offense of resisting an arrest, detention or stop in violation of subdivision (1) or (2) 

of subsection 1 of this section is a class A misdemeanor, unless the person fleeing creates 

a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death to any person, in which case it is a 

class E felony.

The history of section 575.150 reveals that the legislature has repeatedly expanded the 

language of the statute to more fully set forth the conduct prohibited, the means of committing 

the prohibited conduct, and the penalty for such conduct. Section 575.150 has prohibited 

resisting arrest since 1979. In earlier cases involving flight from traffic stops, our appellate courts 

noted that the gravamen of the offense was resisting an arrest, not flight from police. See, e.g., 

State v. Dossett, 851 S.W.2d 750, 752 (Mo. App. W.D. 1993) (traffic stop initiated by officer is 

not factual situation contemplated by resisting-arrest statute); State v. Long, 802 S.W.2d 573, 577 

(Mo. App. S.D. 1991) (statute creates crime of resisting arrest by flight; it does not create crime 

of fleeing a traffic stop where no arrest intended until after flight commenced); State v. Wanner, 

751 S.W.2d 789, 791 (Mo. App. E.D. 1988) (resisting arrest hinges on fact that law enforcement 

officer at least contemplated actual arrest).
8

The legislature amended the statute in 1996 to prohibit resisting a lawful stop or detention

as well as arrest. H.B. 1047, 88th Gen. Assem. 2d Reg. Sess. (Mo. 1996). Six years later, the 

legislature added subsection 5 to the statute, which then read:

Resisting or interfering with an arrest for a felony is a class D felony. Resisting an arrest 

by fleeing in such a manner that the person fleeing creates a substantial risk of serious 

physical injury or death to any person is a class D felony; otherwise, resisting or 

interfering with an arrest, detention or stop is a class A misdemeanor.

H.B. 1270 & 2032, 91st Gen. Assem. 2d Reg. Sess. (Mo. 2002) (emphases added). 

In 2005, the legislature added language to subsection 5 to enhance to a felony resisting a 

detention or stop if the resistance was accomplished by fleeing in such a manner to create a 

substantial risk of serious physical injury or death to any person. H.B. 353, 93rd Gen. Assem. 1st 

Reg. Sess. (Mo. 2005). The legislature declined to add language rendering it a felony to resist a

detention or stop for a felony offense. Id.

Despite these numerous amendments, the legislature never added resisting a stop for a 

felony to the penalty-enhancement provisions. Thus, as pertinent here, there are two means by

which resisting law enforcement can constitute a felony offense. The first is by resisting an arrest 

for a felony. Section 575.150.5(1). The other is by fleeing an arrest, detention, or stop in a 

manner that creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death to any person. Section 

575.150.5. 

Resisting Arrest For A Felony

The first means to enhance the penalty to a felony is found in section 575.150.5(1). The 

statute enhances the offense of resisting arrest from a misdemeanor to a felony if the person is 

“[r]esisting . . . an arrest . . . for a . . . [f]elony.” State v. Shaw, 592 S.W.3d 354, 358 (Mo. banc 

2019)(emphasis added). “This provision requires the State to establish the arrest initiated by the 

arresting officer and resisted by the defendant was ‘for a felony.’” Id. (emphasis added). Section 
9

575.150 says nothing about resisting a lawful stop for a felony offense. Indeed, section 575.150.5 

proceeds to state that resisting an arrest, detention or stop is a class A misdemeanor unless the 

person flees in a manner creating a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death, in which 

case the offense becomes a class E felony. 

“Statutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo.” State v Haynes, 

564 S.W.3d 780, 784 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018). When interpreting a statute, we must ascertain the 

legislature’s intent from the language used, and if possible, give effect to that intent. Id. We give 

the statutory language used its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. We turn to statutory construction 

only when the statute’s language is ambiguous; otherwise, we must give effect to the statute as 

written. Id. We consider a statute ambiguous only when we cannot ascertain the legislative intent 

when giving the language used in the statute its plain and ordinary meaning. Id.

Pursuant to section 575.150.5, “[t]he offense of resisting or interfering with an arrest is a 

class E felony for an arrest for a: (1) [f]elony[.]” The clear and unambiguous language shows 

that the legislature intended only that arrests “for a felony” be punishable as a class E felony, and 

not stops or detentions “for a felony.” Stops and detentions are not included with arrests in the 

first paragraph of section 575.150.5. Stops and detentions are included only in the final 

paragraph of section 575.150.5, which specifies the types of law-enforcement interactions that 

can result in a felony enhancement when the defendant resists by fleeing in a manner creating a 

substantial risk of serious injury or death. 

If the legislature intended to include lawful stops in section 575.150.5(1) regarding 

“arrests for a felony,” it would have done so. The fact that it did not, while including lawful stops 

in the final paragraph regarding flight creating a substantial risk, indicates that the legislature 
10

purposely excluded lawful stops in the provision enhancing the penalty for resisting an arrest for 

a felony.

It is well settled, in interpreting a statute, that the legislature is presumed to have acted 

intentionally when it includes language in one section of a statute, but omits it from 

another. A disparate inclusion or exclusion of particular language in another section of 

the same act is powerful evidence of legislative intent.

State v. Meeks, 427 S.W.3d 876, 878 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014) (quoting State v. Bass, 81 S.W.3d 

595, 604 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002)).

Furthermore, the terms “arrest” and “lawful stop” do not share the same meaning, and are 

not interchangeable throughout section 575.150. For example, it is no defense to a prosecution 

that the law enforcement officer acted unlawfully in making the arrest. Section 575.150.4. A stop 

or detention, however, must be lawful as a matter of law in order for its resistance to constitute 

an offense. Nelson, 505 S.W.3d at 445; MAI-CR 4th 429.61, Notes on Use ¶ 2. “An arrest is 

made by an actual restraint of the person of the defendant, or by his submission to the custody of 

the officer, under authority of a warrant or otherwise.” Section 544.180; Sloan, 561 S.W.3d at 

838. “A person may be said to be under arrest from the moment the police officer takes control 

of his movements.” State v. Ajak, 543 S.W.3d 43, 50 (Mo. banc 2018) (quoting State v. Sampson, 

408 S.W.2d 84, 87 (Mo. 1966)). On the other hand, law enforcement officers need not physically 

restrain a person in order for a lawful stop to occur. State v. Roark, 229 S.W.3d 216, 220 (Mo. 

App. W.D. 2007). Instead, a show of authority is sufficient, id., with a traffic stop being

analogous to a Terry stop,

2

State v. Schroeder, 330 S.W.3d 468, 473 (Mo. banc 2011). An officer 

may conduct a brief investigative stop when the officer has a “reasonable suspicion” based on 

 

2

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
11

“specific and articulable facts” that illegal activity is occurring or has occurred. State v. Pike, 162 

S.W.3d 464, 472 (Mo. banc 2005). 

We find the legislature intended to enhance to a felony only resisting or interfering with 

an arrest for a felony. The language of the statute is clear and unambiguous: a person must resist 

arrest for a felony offense in order to enhance resisting to a class E felony. Resisting a lawful 

stop “for a felony” is not identified in section 575.150.5 as an offense that constitutes a class E 

felony. In fact, section 575.150.5 expressly states that “[t]he offense of resisting . . . [a] stop . . . 

is a class A misdemeanor, unless the person fleeing creates a substantial risk of serious physical 

injury or death to any person, in which case it is a class E felony.” Because no ambiguity exists 

in section 575.150.5(1), we need not resort to statutory construction. In addition, because section 

575.150.5(1) does not expressly enhance the penalty for resisting or interfering with a lawful 

stop or detention for a felony, we must give effect to the statute as written, without reading 

additional words into it. “In short, we will not add words to a plainly-worded statute to alter its 

meaning.” Haynes, 564 S.W.3d at 784. Given the plain meaning of the statute and the undisputed 

evidence that the defendant was lawfully stopped and not arrested, the evidence is insufficient to 

enhance the resisting charge to a felony.

Examination of the case law, the Missouri Approved Charge Code (MACH-CR 2d), and 

the Missouri Approved Instructions (MAI-CR 4th) lends support to our conclusion that the word 

“arrest” used in section 575.150.5 means “arrest,” and does not encompass a stop or detention for 

a felony offense. In State v. Redifer, the State charged Redifer with resisting arrest by fleeing, 

and the jury was instructed accordingly. 290 S.W.3d 184, 185-86 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009). The 

Court held the evidence insufficient to support Redifer’s conviction for resisting arrest because 

“[t]o resist arrest, an arrest must be in progress” Id. at 187. The Court also explained that 
12

Redifer’s conviction could not be affirmed on the alternate basis of resisting a lawful stop 

because the jury instruction allowed for a finding of guilt only if Redifer were being arrested,

and the jury was not instructed on resisting a lawful stop. Id. at 186-87. 

In State v. Brooks, this Court reversed a conviction for felony resisting arrest because 

there was no evidence presented that the officer named in the charging document and the jury 

instructions was arresting Brooks. 158 S.W.3d 841, 851 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005). While the State 

in that case urged this Court to remand for entry of conviction and sentence for misdemeanor 

resisting, we declined to do so. Id. at 852. We explained that “[t]he facts needed to determine 

whether an officer was making a stop versus the facts needed to determine if an officer was 

making an arrest are different. The jury did not get a chance to consider whether [the officer] was 

making a stop.” Id. 

The Missouri Approved Charge Code distinguishes between an “arrest” and a “stop,” and 

contains two distinct charges: MACH-CR 2d 29.60 for resisting arrest, and MACH-CR 2d 29.61 

for resisting a stop or detention. The Notes on Use for MACH-CR 2d 29.60 state in relevant part:

2. Resisting or interfering with a lawful stop or a lawful detention is charged by 

MACH-CR 2nd 29.61.

3. MACH-CR 2nd 29.60 covers resisting arrest and interfering with the arrest of 

another for a felony, misdemeanor, infraction or ordinance violation. 

Resisting or interfering with an arrest for a felony is a class E felony.

 

(Emphases added). Similarly, the Notes on Use for MACH-CR 2d 29.61 provide:

2. This charge covers resisting or interfering with a lawful stop or detention. By 

statute, the stop or detention must be a lawful stop or detention for a felony, 

misdemeanor, infraction or ordinance violation. Resisting or interfering with an arrest 

should be charged by MACH-CR 2nd 29.60.

3. Resisting or interfering with a lawful stop or detention will generally be a class A 

misdemeanor. Resisting a lawful stop or detention by fleeing is a class E felony if the 

person fleeing creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death to any person. 

Section 575.150.5, RSMo 2016. 
13

(Emphases added). MACH-CR 2d 29.61 contains no language in either the charge itself or the 

Notes on Use to suggest that resisting a lawful stop for a felony offense constitutes a class E 

felony.

Likewise, there are two distinct jury instructions for resisting arrest, found in MAI-CR 

4th 429.60, and resisting a stop or detention, found in MAI-CR 4th 429.61. The Notes on Use 

clarify that these distinct instructions apply for resisting arrest and for resisting a stop or 

detention, respectively. The Notes on Use for MAI-CR 4th 429.60, for instructing the jury on 

resisting arrest, state in relevant part: 

2. MAI-CR 4th 429.40 [sic] covers resisting arrest or interfering with the arrest of 

another person. Resisting or interfering with a lawful stop or detention is covered by 

MAI-CR 4th 429.61.

***

4. MAI-CR 4th 429.60.1 covers resisting an arrest by flight. If the defendant was 

being arrested for a felony, the resisting of that arrest will be a class E felony. If the 

felony is being submitted on this basis, include the reference to the felony offense in 

paragraph Second. If the arrest was for a misdemeanor, infraction or ordinance violation, 

the resisting arrest will be a class A misdemeanor, unless the person was fleeing in such a 

manner that created a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death to any person. If 

the felony is being submitted on this basis, include the language set out in parentheses in 

paragraph Fifth and include the definition of “serious physical injury.”

(Emphases added). The jury determines whether the requisite facts exist while the court 

determines as a matter of law whether the officer sought to arrest the defendant “for a felony.” 

Shaw, 592 S.W.3d at 360.

The Notes on Use for MAI-CR 4th 429.61, for instructing the jury on resisting a lawful 

stop, provide in pertinent part:

2. This instruction covers resisting or interfering with a lawful stop or detention. By 

statute, the stop or detention must be a lawful stop or detention for a felony, 

misdemeanor, infraction or ordinance violation. When using this instruction, the court 

determines the question of law as to whether the facts being submitted in paragraph

Fourth constitute a lawful basis for the stop or detention. The question of whether those 

facts exist is for the jury.
14

3. Resisting or interfering with arrest is covered by MAI-CR 4th 429.60. Resisting 

or interfering with a lawful stop or detention by flight is covered by MAI-CR 4th 

429.61.1. 

* * *

4. MAI-CR 4th 429.61 covers resisting or interfering with a lawful stop or detention

for a felony, misdemeanor, infraction or ordinance violation. Resisting or interfering with 

a lawful stop or detention will generally be a class A misdemeanor. Resisting a lawful 

stop or detention by fleeing is a class E felony if the person fleeing creates a substantial 

risk of serious physical injury or death to any person.

(Emphases added). Nowhere does MAI-CR 4th 429.61 suggest—in either the instruction itself or 

in the Notes on Use—that resisting a lawful stop constitutes a felony offense if the basis for the 

stop is a felony.

It is undisputed that the defendant was driving a vehicle reported as stolen, and that 

Trooper Bishop lawfully stopped the defendant on her reasonable suspicion based on specific 

and articulable facts that illegal activity—namely vehicle tampering—had occurred. It is 

undisputed that when Trooper Bishop made the lawful stop, she contemplated making arrests for 

tampering with a motor vehicle, which is a felony offense as a matter of law. It is also undisputed 

that the defendant fled the lawful stop, which as the trial court correctly noted, “[w]ell, 

obviously, it was a stop, not a—not an arrest or attempted arrest.”

It appears, however, that the State conflated charges for resisting arrest (MACH-CR 4th 

29.60) and resisting a lawful stop (MACH-CR 4th 29.61). Resisting a lawful stop and resisting 

arrest are not interchangeable as demonstrated by the plain language of section 575.150, distinct 

treatment in case law, distinct charges in the Missouri Approved Charge Code, and distinct 

instructions and notes on use in the Missouri Approved Instructions. The State elected to charge 

the defendant with resisting a lawful stop rather than resisting an arrest. The State elected to seek 

enhancement of the charged offense from a misdemeanor to a felony by charging that the 

defendant resisted a lawful stop for a felony offense, namely tampering with a motor vehicle as 
15

established at trial. The State declined to seek enhancement to a felony on the basis that the 

defendant fled in a manner that created a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death. As a 

result, the State sought to enhance resisting a lawful stop from a misdemeanor to a felony in a 

manner that is available only when a defendant is charged and tried with resisting arrest.

“We must interpret and apply the laws as the legislature writes them.” Haynes, 564 

S.W.3d at 787. We cannot add words to the plain language of section 575.150.5 to enhance the 

penalty for a lawful stop “for a felony.” Instead, we must apply the plain language of the statute 

and follow the guidance found in case law and contained in the Notes on Use of MACH-CR 2d

29.61 and MAI-CR 4th 429.61. 

Flight Creating A Substantial Risk of Serious Physical Injury or Death

The final paragraph of section 575.150.5 states that resisting an arrest, stop, or detention 

encompassed in section 575.150.1(1), as here, constitutes a class A misdemeanor unless the 

persons resists by fleeing in such a manner as to create a substantial risk of serious physical 

injury or death to any person. In such a case, the offense becomes a class E felony. Section 

575.150.5. Here, the State did not charge the defendant with resisting a stop by fleeing in this 

manner, nor was the jury asked to find the requisite facts of flight in this manner. 

The Missouri Approved Charge Code contains a model charge for resisting a lawful stop 

or detention. MACH-CR 2d 29.61 contains language the State can incorporate to charge a

felony, but here the State elected not to include it.3 The Notes on Use for MACH-CR 2d 29.61

explain:

 

3 MACH-CR 2d 29.61 offers the following language for charging a felony: 

(and defendant fled in such a manner that created a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death to (a 

person) (other persons) in that defendant [Briefly describe the conduct of the defendant, such as “operated a 

motor vehicle on Route K at speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour while weaving in and out of traffic.”]).
16

3. Resisting or interfering with a lawful stop or detention will generally be a class A 

misdemeanor. Resisting a lawful stop or detention by fleeing is a class E felony if the 

person fleeing creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death to any person. 

Section 575.150.5, RSMo 2016. 

In addition, MAI-CR 4th 429.61.1 contains an option for language instructing the jury to 

determine whether the defendant fled in a manner that created a substantial risk of serious 

physical injury or death, and defines the term “serious physical injury” for the jury:

(Seventh, that defendant fled in such a manner that created a substantial risk of serious

physical injury or death to (a person) (other persons) in that defendant [Briefly 

describe the conduct of the defendant, such as “operated a motor vehicle on 

Route K at speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour while weaving in and out of 

traffic.”])[.]

* * *

(As used in this instruction, the term “serious physical injury” means physical injury that 

creates a substantial risk of death or that causes serious disfigurement or protracted loss 

or impairment of the function of any part of the body.)

Notes on Use ¶ 4 for MAI-CR 4th 429.61 reiterates that “[r]esisting or interfering with a lawful 

stop or detention will generally be a class A misdemeanor. Resisting a lawful stop or detention 

by fleeing is a class E felony if the person fleeing creates a substantial risk of serious physical 

injury or death to any person.” Here, Instruction Number 6 was modeled on MAI-CR 4th 

429.61.1 (resisting a lawful stop or detention by flight), and both parties approved its language. 

None of the above language about risk of serious physical injury or death was included in 

Instruction Number 6, however. As a result, the jury was not instructed to find any such facts. 

Although at sentencing the trial court commented that the evidence was “sufficient to 

increase [the charge] to a Class E felony” because of the nature of the defendant’s flight, the 

State did not charge the defendant in this manner nor was the jury required to find the existence 

of these facts. Excluding paragraph Seventh from Instruction Number 6—which would have 

required the jury to find that the defendant fled in a manner creating a substantial risk of serious 
17

physical injury or death—excused the State from its burden to prove facts that the jury must find 

before the court is allowed to enhance the penalty from a misdemeanor to a felony. 

While perhaps the evidence was such that the jury could have found the existence of facts 

it did not have the chance to consider, this does not form a lawful basis for the trial court to 

enhance the penalty for resisting a lawful stop to a felony. The Sixth Amendment, along with the 

Due Process Clause, requires that each element of a crime be proved to the jury beyond a 

reasonable doubt. State v. Wood, 580 S.W.3d 566, 583 (Mo. banc 2019). “In addition to the facts 

underlying the charged offense, an ‘element’ includes any fact that ‘expose[s] the defendant to a 

greater punishment than that authorized by the jury’s guilty verdict[.]’” Id. (quoting Apprendi v. 

New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 494 (2000)). Therefore, “[w]hen a finding of fact alters the legally 

prescribed punishment so as to aggravate it, the fact necessarily forms a constituent part of a new 

offense and must be submitted to the jury.” Id. (quoting Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 

114-115 (2013)). In short, a trial court cannot rely on requisite facts that the jury might have 

found—but did not have the chance to consider and so did not find—to enhance the penalty for 

an offense from a misdemeanor to a felony.

Conclusion

The State elected to charge the defendant with resisting a lawful stop, and sought to 

enhance what ordinarily would be a class A misdemeanor to a felony by alleging that the lawful 

stop was “for a felony offense.” The plain language of section 575.150.5, however, does not 

permit this basis for enhancement to a felony. The case law, the Missouri Approved Charge 

Code, and the Missouri Approved Instructions all lend support to our interpretation. 

The State could have charged that the defendant resisted a lawful stop by fleeing in a 

manner that created a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death. However, the State 
18

chose neither to seek enhancement of the charge to a felony offense in this manner, nor to 

instruct the jury accordingly. 

Because the State charged and tried the defendant with resisting a lawful stop “for a 

felony offense,” and because the verdict director did not require the jury to find that the 

defendant fled in a manner creating a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death, the 

evidence was insufficient to allow enhancement of the offense of resisting a lawful stop from a 

class A misdemeanor to a class E felony pursuant to section 575.150.5. We affirm the 

defendant’s conviction for resisting a lawful stop, but we must remand for the purpose of 

correcting the judgment and resentencing the defendant within the applicable range of 

punishment for a class A misdemeanor.

_______________________________

Angela T. Quigless, P.J.

Kurt S. Odenwald, J. and

James M. Dowd, J. concur.