# Patent

## Title
Variable general purpose compression for video images (ZLN)

## Abstract

Methods, medium, and machines which compress, enhance, encode, transmit, decode, decompress and display digital video images in real time. Real time compression is achieved by sub-sampling each frame of a video signal, filtering the pixel values, and encoding. Real time transmission is achieved due to high levels of effective compression. Real time decompression is achieved by decoding and decompressing the encoded data to display high quality images. A receiver can alter various setting including, but not limited to, the format for the compression, image size, frame rate, brightness and contrast.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/467,721, filed on Dec. 20, 1999, entitled “VARIABLE GENERAL PURPOSE COMPRESSION FOR VIDEO IMAGES (ZLN)”, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,233,619, which hereby is incorporated by reference.
This application and application Ser. No. 09/467,721 claim priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/113,051, filed on Dec. 21, 1998, and entitled “METHODS OF ZERO LOSS (ZL) COMPRESSION AND ENCODING OF GRAYSCALE IMAGES”, which hereby is incorporated by reference.
A continuation in part of application Ser. No. 09/467,721, entitled “Handheld Video Transmission and Display,” application Ser. No. 11/262,106, was published as U.S. publication 2006/0114987.
My U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/470,566, filed on Dec. 22, 1999, and entitled GENERAL PURPOSE COMPRESSION FOR VIDEO IMAGES (RHN)”, known as the “RHN” method, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,016,417, hereby is incorporated by reference. The RHN application claims a priority date based on a U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/113,276 filed on Dec. 23, 1998, which also hereby is incorporated by reference.
My U.S. patent application Ser. No. 90/312,922, filed on May 17, 1999, entitled “SYSTEM FOR TRANSMITTING VIDEO IMAGES OVER A COMPUTER NETWORK TO A REMOTE RECEIVER” describes an embodiment of the invention of the RHN method, as well as a system for practicing the compression method, and also hereby is incorporated by reference.
My U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 09/473,190, filed on Dec. 20, 1999, entitled “ADDING DOPPLER ENHANCEMENT TO GRAY SCALE COMPRESSION (ZLD)” describes an invention that is related to this application, and also hereby is incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to data compression, specifically to the compression and decompression of video images.
2. Description of Prior Art
In the last few years, there have been tremendous advances in the speed of computer processors and in the availability of bandwidth of worldwide computer networks such as the Internet. These advances have led to a point where businesses and households now commonly have both the computing power and network connectivity necessary to have point-to-point digital communications of audio, rich graphical images, and video. However the transmission of video signals with the full resolution and quality of television is still out of reach. In order to achieve an acceptable level of video quality, the video signal must be compressed significantly without losing either spatial or temporal quality.
A number of different approaches have been taken but each has resulted in less than acceptable results. These approaches and their disadvantages are disclosed by Mark Nelson in a book entitled The Data Compression Book, Second Edition, published by M&T Book in 1996. Mark Morrision also discusses the state of the art in a book entitled The Magic of Image Processing, published by Sams Publishing in 1993.
Video Signals
Standard video signals are analog in nature. In the United States, television signals contain 525 scan lines of which 480 lines are visible on most televisions. The video signal represents a continuous stream of still images, also known as frames, which are fully scanned, transmitted and displayed at a rate of 30 frames per second. This frame rate is considered full motion.
A television screen has a 4:3 aspect ratio.
When an analog video signal is digitized, each of the 480 lines is sampled 640 times, and each sample is represented by a number. Each sample point is called a picture element, or pixel. A two dimensional array is created that is 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high. This 640×480 pixel array is a still graphical image that is considered to be full frame. The human eye can perceive 16.7 thousand colors. A pixel value comprised of 24 bits can represent each perceivable color. A graphical image made up of 24-bit pixels is considered to be full color. A single, second-long, full frame, full color video requires over 220 millions bits of data.
The transmission of 640×480 pixels×24 bits per pixel times 30 frames requires the transmission of 221,184,000 million bits per second. A T1 Internet connection can transfer up to 1.54 million bits per second. A high-speed (56 Kb) modem can transfer data at a maximum rate of 56 thousand bits per second. The transfer of full motion, full frame, full color digital video over a T1 Internet connection, or 56 Kb modem, will require an effective data compression of over 144: 1, or 3949:1, respectively.
A video signal typically will contain some signal noise. In the case where the image is generated based on sampled data, such as an ultrasound machine, there is often noise and artificial spikes in the signal. A video signal recorded on magnetic tape may have fluctuations due the irregularities in the recording media. Florescent or improper lighting may cause a solid background to flicker or appear grainy. Such noise exists in the real world but may reduce the quality of the perceived image and lower the compression ratio that could be achieved by conventional methods.
Basic Run-length Encoding
An early technique for data compression is run-length encoding where a repeated series of items are replaced with one sample item and a count for the number of times the sample repeats. Prior art shows run-length encoding of both individual bits and bytes. These simple approaches by themselves have failed to achieve the necessary compression ratios.
Variable Length Encoding
In the late 1940s, Claude Shannon at Bell Labs and R. M. Fano at MIT pioneered the field of data compression. Their work resulted in a technique of using variable length codes where codes with low probabilities have more bits, and codes with higher probabilities have fewer bits. This approach requires multiple passes through the data to determine code probability and then to encode the data. This approach also has failed to achieve the necessary compression ratios.
D. A. Huffman disclosed a more efficient approach of variable length encoding known as Huffman coding in a paper entitled “A Method for Construction of Minimum Redundancy Codes,” published in 1952. This approach also has failed to achieve the necessary compression ratios.
Arithmetic, Finite Context, and Adaptive Coding
In the 1980s, arithmetic, finite coding, and adaptive coding have provided a slight improvement over the earlier methods. These approaches require extensive computer processing and have failed to achieve the necessary compression ratios.
Dictionary-Based Compression
Dictionary-based compression uses a completely different method to compress data. Variable length strings of symbols are encoded as single tokens. The tokens form an index to a dictionary. In 1977, Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv published a paper entitled, “A Universal Algorithm for Sequential Data Compression” in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, which disclosed a compression technique commonly known as LZ77. The same authors published a 1978 sequel entitled, “Compression of Individual Sequences via Variable-Rate Coding,” which disclosed a compression technique commonly known as LZ78 (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,464,650). Terry Welch published an article entitled, “A Technique for High-Performance Data Compression,” in the June 1984 issue of IEEE Computer, which disclosed an algorithm commonly known as LZW, which is the basis for the GIF algorithm (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,558,302, 4,814,746, and 4,876,541). In 1989, Stack Electronics implemented a LZ77 based method called QIC-122 (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,694, U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,580, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,390).
These lossless (method where no data is lost) compression methods can achieve up to 10:1 compression ratios on graphic images typical of a video image. While these dictionary-based algorithms are popular, these approaches require extensive computer processing and have failed to achieve the necessary compression ratios.
JPEG and MPEG
Graphical images have an advantage over conventional computer data files: they can be slightly modified during the compression/decompression cycle without affecting the perceived quality on the part of the viewer. By allowing some loss of data, compression ratios of 25:1 have been achieved without major degradation of the perceived image. The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) has developed a standard for graphical image compression. The JPEG lossy (method where some data is lost) compression algorithm first divides the color image into three color planes and divides each plane into 8 by 8 blocks, and then the algorithm operates in three successive stages:

    
    
        (a) A mathematical transformation known as Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) takes a set of points from the spatial domain and transforms them into an identical representation in the frequency domain.
        (b) A lossy quantization is performed using a quantization matrix to reduce the precision of the coefficients.
        (c) The zero values are encoded in a zig-zag sequence (see Nelson, pp. 341-342).
    
    


JPEG can be scaled to perform higher compression ratio by allowing more loss in the quantization stage of the compression. However this loss results in certain blocks of the image being compressed such that areas of the image have a blocky appearance and the edges of the 8 by 8 blocks become apparent because they no longer match the colors of their adjacent blocks. Another disadvantage of JPEG is smearing. The true edges in an image get blurred due to the lossy compression method.
The Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) uses a combination of JPEG based techniques combined with forward and reverse temporal differencing. MPEG compares adjacent frames and, for those blocks that are identical to those in a previous or subsequent frame, only a description of the previous or subsequent identical block is encoded. MPEG suffers from the same blocking and smearing problems as JPEG.
These approaches require extensive computer processing and have failed to achieve the necessary compression ratios without unacceptable loss of image quality and artificially induced distortion.
QuickTime: CinePak, Sorensen, H.263
Apple Computer, Inc. released a component architecture for digital video compression and decompression, named QuickTime. Any number of methods can be encoded into a QuickTime compressor/decompressor (codec). Some popular codec are CinePak, Sorensen, and H.263. CinePak and Sorensen both require extensive computer processing to prepare a digital video sequence for playback in real time; neither can be used for live compression. H.263 compresses in real time but does so by sacrificing image quality resulting in severe blocking and smearing.
Fractal and Wavelet Compression
Extremely high compression ratios are achievable with fractal and wavelet compression algorithms. These approaches require extensive computer processing and generally cannot be completed in real time.
Sub-sampling
Sub-sampling is the selection of a subset of data from a larger set of data. For example, when every other pixel of every other row of a video image is selected, the resulting image has half the width and half the height. This is image sub-sampling. Other types of sub-sampling include frame sub-sampling, area sub-sampling, and bit-wise sub-sampling.
Image Stretching
If an image is to be enlarged but maintain the same number of pixels per inch, data must be filled in for the new pixels that are added. Various methods of stretching an image and filling in the new pixels to maintain image consistency are known in the art. Some methods known in the art are dithering (using adjacent colors that appear to be blended color), and error diffusion, “nearest neighbor”, bilinear and bicubic.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention a method of compression of a video stream comprises steps of sub-sampling a video frame, and run-length encoding the sub-sampled pixel values, whereby the method can be executed in real time and the compressed representation of pixels saves substantial space on a storage medium and requires substantially less time and bandwidth to be transported over a communications link. The present invention includes a corresponding method for decompressing the encoded data.
Objects and Advantages
Accordingly, beside the objects and advantages of the method described above, some additional objects and advantages of the present invention are:

    
    
        (a) to provide a method of compressing and decompressing video signals so that the video information can be transported across a digital communications channel in real time.
        (b) to provide a method of compressing and decompressing video signals such that compression can be accomplished with software on commercially available computers without the need for additional hardware for either compression or decompression.
        (c) to provide a high quality video image without the blocking and smearing defects associated with prior art lossy methods.
        (d) to provide a high quality video image that suitable for use in medical applications.
        (e) to enhance images by filtering noise or recording artifacts.
        (f) to provide a method of compression of video signals such that the compressed representation of the video signals is substantially reduced in size for storage on a storage medium.
        (g) to provide a level of encryption so that images are not directly viewable from the data as contained in the transmission.
    
    





DRAWING FIGURES
In the drawings, closely related figures have the same number but different alphabetic suffixes.
FIG. 1 shows the high level steps of compression and decompression of an image.
FIGS. 2A to 2H show alternatives for selecting a pixel value for encoding.
FIG. 3A shows the variable encoding format.
FIG. 3B shows an example of a code where N is 5 bits wide and U is 3 bits wide.
FIG. 4A shows the flowchart for the compression method.
FIG. 4B shows an image and a corresponding stream of pixels.
FIGS. 5A to 5C shows the formats for the run-length encoding of the RHN method.
FIG. 6 shows a series of codes and the resulting encoded stream.
FIG. 7 shows a series of codes and the resulting encoded stream of the RHN method.
FIG. 8A shows examples of variable formats.
FIG. 8B shows a format that preserves 9 bits of color.
FIG. 9 shows the flow chart for the decompression method.
FIG. 10 shows image stretching by interpolation.
FIGS. 11A and 11B show an encryption table and a decryption table.
FIGS. 12A and 12B show machines for compressing and decompressing, respectively.
FIG. 12C shows a compressor and decompressor connected to a storage medium.
FIG. 12D shows a compressor and decompressor connected to a communications channel.
FIG. 13A shows elements of a compressor.
FIG. 13B shows an embodiment of an encoding circuit.
FIG. 13C shows a generic pixel sub-sampler.
FIGS. 13D through 13J show embodiments of pixel sub-samplers.
FIGS. 14A through 14C shows embodiments of a machine element for variably altering the number of bits.
FIG. 15 shows elements of a decompressor.
FIG. 16A shows elements for setting width, height, frame rate, brightness, and contrast which are variably altered by a receiver.
FIG. 16B shows elements for setting the number of pixel bits that are variably altered by a receiver.
FIG. 17 shows a lossless compression step for further compression of an encoded data buffer.
FIG. 18 shows images being enlarged by stretching.










Reference Numerals in Drawings


















 100
compression steps



 110
sub-sampling step



 130
encoding step



 140
encoded data



 150
decompression steps



 160
decoding step



 180
image reconstitution step



 200
32 bit pixel value



 202
blue channel



 204
green channel



 206
red channel



 208
alpha channel



 210
24 bit pixel value



 212
blue component



 214
green component



 216
red component



 220
RGB averaging diagram



 222
blue value



 224
green value



 226
red value



 228
averaged value



 230
blue selection diagram



 232
blue instance



 234
green instance



 236
red instance



 240
selected blue value



 250
green selection diagram



 260
selected green value



 270
red selection diagram



 280
selected red value



 290
grayscale pixel



 292
grayscale blue



 294
grayscale green



 296
grayscale red



 298
selected grayscale value



 299
filtered pixel value



 300
N



 301
U



 302
W



 310
pixel bit 7



 312
pixel bit 6



 314
pixel bit 5



 316
pixel bit 4



 318
pixel bit 3



 320
pixel bit 2



 322
pixel bit 1



 324
pixel bit 0



 325
8 bit pixel



 330
5 bit sample



 332
sample bit 4



 334
sample bit 3



 336
sample bit 2



 338
sample bit 1



 340
sample bit 0



 350
3 low order bits



 360
formatted code



 362
encoded bit 4



 364
encoded bit 3



 366
encoded bit 2



 368
encoded bit 1



 370
encoded bit 0



 380
3 bit count value



 400
encode flowchart



 402
encode entry



 403
encode initialization step



 404
get pixel step



 405
get value step



 406
lookup encoded value step



 408
compare previous



 410
increment counter step



 412
check count overflow



 414
new code step



 416
check end of data



 418
set done



 420
counter overflow step



 422
check done



 428
encode exit



 430
image



 440
image width



 450
image height



 460
pixel stream



 500
code byte



 510
flag bit



 520
repeat code



 530
count



 550
data code



 560
wasted bits



 565
data bit 6



 570
data bit 5



 575
data bit 4



 580
data bit 3



 585
data bit 2



 590
data bit 1



 595
data bit 0



 610
decimal values



 620
first value



 622
second value



 624
third value



 626
fourth value



 628
fifth value



 630
sixth value



 632
seventh value



 640
binary code



 650
first byte



 651
first data



 652
first count



 653
second byte



 654
second data



 655
second count



 656
third byte



 657
third data



 658
third count



 740
RHN binary code



 803
ZL3 format



 804
ZL4 format



 805
ZL5 format



 808
ZL8 format



 809
ZL9 format



 812
ZL12 format



 820
ZL9C format



 900
decode entry



 901
decode initialize step



 902
get code step



 908
decode lookup step



 909
check zero count



 910
place pixel step



 914
reset counter step



 916
check length



 918
decode exit



 920
decode flowchart



1010
first adjacent pixel



1012
second adjacent pixel



1014
first subsequent adjacent pixel



1016
second subsequent adjacent pixel



1052, 1054,
interpolated pixels



1056, 1058,



1060



1100
encryption table



1110
decryption table



1200
video frames



1205a
first video frame



1205b
second video frame



1205n
nth video frame



1210
compressor



1215
video signal



1220
series of encoded data



1225
encoded data buffer



1225a
first encoded data



1225b
second encoded data



1225n
nth encoded data



1230
received encoded data



1230a
first received encoded data



1230b
second received encoded data



1230n
nth received encoded data



1235
encoded data stream



1238
received encoded data



1240
I/O device



1245
input encoded data stream



1250
decompressor



1260
decoded video frame



1260a
first decoded video frame



1260b
second decoded video frame



1260n
nth decoded video frame



1268
decoded video frames



1270
video sequence



1280
storage medium



1290
communications channel



1310
video digitizer



1320
path 1320



1330
video memory



1331
scan



1332
pixel index



1340
path 1340



1350
encoding circuit



1360
path 1360



1370
encoded data



1380
pixel sub-sampler



1380a
24 to 5 bit sub-sampler



1380b
24-bit RGB to 5 bit sub-sampler



1380c
32-bit RGB to 5 bit sub-sampler



1380d
color 9-bit sub-sampler



1380e
YUV sub-sampler



1380f
36-bit RGB to 24-bit sub-sampler



1380g
15-bit sub-sampler



1382
pixel extractor



1383
value path



1384
coder



1385
path 1385



1390
data/count



1392
code index



1395
path 1395



1400
24-bit to variable bit sub-sampler



1401
generic 3-bit sub-sampler



1402
generic 4-bit sub-sampler



1403
generic 8-bit sub-sampler



1404
generic 10-bit sub-sampler



1410
number of bits selector



1420
number of bits indicator



1430
36-bit to variable bit sub-sampler



1440
24/36 bit variable bit sub-sampler



1450
second selector



1460
selection logic



1470
selection signal



1510
decoding circuit



1520
decoded pixel values



1530
decoder pixel index



1540
image memory



1600
transmitter



1610
receiver



1615
setting control path



1620
frame sub-sampler



1621
path 1621



1630
selected frame



1632
pixel from frame



1640
transmitter pixel sub-sampler



1642
path 1642



1650
run length encoder



1660
settings



1661
brightness



1662
contrast



1663
height



1664
width



1665
frame rate



1670
frame selector



1675
frame select indicator



1680
number of pixel bits setting



1690
alternate transmitter



1700
run-length encoding step



1710
run-length encoded output



1720
further lossless compression step



1730
further lossless compression output



1800
unstretched frame



1810
enlarged image



1820
stretching step













DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1—Compression and Decompression Steps
FIG. 1 illustrates a sequence of compression steps 100 and a sequence of decompression steps 150 of the present invention. The compression steps 100 comprise a sub-sampling step 110 and an encoding step 130. After completion of the compression steps 100, a stream of encoded data 140 is output to either a storage medium or a transmission channel. The decompression steps 150 comprise a decoding step 160 wherein the stream of encoded data 140 is processed and an image reconstitution step 180.
FIGS. 2A to 2H Selecting Pixel Values for Encoding
FIGS. 2A to 2G illustrate alternatives for selecting a pixel value for encoding. The sub-sampling step 110 (FIG. 1) includes sub-sampling of a pixel value to obtain a variable selected number of bits.
Video digitizing hardware typical has the options of storing the pixel values as a 32 bit pixel value 200 or a 24 bit pixel value 210, shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, respectively. The 32 bit pixel value 200 is composed of a blue channel 202, a green channel 204, a red channel 206, and an alpha channel 208. Each channel contains 8 bits and can represent 256 saturation levels for the particular color channel. For each channel the saturation intensity value of zero represents the fully off state, and the saturation intensity value of “255” represents the fully on state. A common alternative not shown is a sixteen-bit format where the three color channels contain 5 bits each and the alpha channel is a single bit. The present invention anticipates the use of the color channels of 16 bit pixel value is a manner substantially the same as the 32-bit pixel value 200 except the number of bits per channel is 5 instead of 8.
The 24-bit pixel value 210 is composed of a blue component 212, a green component 214, and a red component 216. There is no component for the alpha channel in the 24 bit pixel value 210. Regardless of the structure, the blue channel 202 is equivalent to the blue component 212, the green channel 204 is equivalent to the green component 214, and the red channel 206 is equivalent to the red component 216.
In the present invention, the 32 bit pixel value 200 alternative is preferred due to the consistent alignment of 32 bit values in most computer memories; however for simplicity of illustration the alpha channel 208 will be omitted in FIG. 2C to 2G.
If the video signal is digitized in color, the three color components may have different values. For example in FIG. 2C, a RGB averaging diagram 220 illustrates a blue value 222 of 35 decimal, a green value 224 of 15, and a red value 226 of 10. One alternative is to sub sample from 24 bits to 8 bits by averaging the three color values to obtain an averaged value 228 that, in this example, has the value of 20: (10+15+35)/3=20. This will produce a grayscale image. Alternatively, a color image can be preserved by sampling bits from each color component (see FIG. 8B).
FIG. 2D illustrates another alternative for selecting an 8 bit value in a blue selection diagram 230. In this example, a blue instance 232 has the value of 35, a green instance 234 has the value of 15, and a red instance 236 has the value of 10. In this alternative the blue instance 232 is always selected as a selected blue value 240.
FIG. 2E illustrates another alternative for selecting an 8 bit value in a green selection diagram 250. In this alternative the green instance 234 is always selected as a selected green value 260.
FIG. 2F illustrates another alternative for selecting an 8 bit value in a red selection diagram 270. In this alternative the red instance 236 is always selected as a selected red value 280.
If the video signal being digitized is grayscale, the three color components will have the same values. For example in FIG. 2G, a grayscale pixel 290 comprises a grayscale blue 292 with a value of decimal 40, a grayscale green 294 with a value of 40, and a grayscale red with a value of 40. Because the values are all the same, it makes no difference which grayscale color component is selected, a selected grayscale value 298 will have the value of 40 in this example.
The preferred embodiment of this invention uses the low order byte of the pixel value, which is typically the blue component as shown in FIG. 2D.
FIG. 2H illustrates a filtered pixel value 299 of 8 bits that may be selected by one of the alternatives described above. In these examples, the filtered pixel value 299 is equivalent to items referenced by numerals 228, 240, 260, 280, or 298. This reduction of the 32 bit pixel value 200 or the 24 bit pixel value 210 contributes a reduction in data size of 4:1 or 3:1, respectively. This reduction recognizes that for some images, such as medical images or grayscale images, no relevant information is lost.
For additional compression, the filtered pixel value 299 can variably select any number of bits. For example, selection of the most significant four bits instead of all eight bits filters noise that may show up in the low order bits may be very suitable for an image such as one produced by an ultrasound medical device. An example of this is shown by ZL4 804 in FIG. 8A.
FIGS. 3A and 3B—Encoding Formats
Speed of compression and decompression may be enhanced if the algorithms fit into computer memory native storage elements such as 8 bit bytes, 16 bit words, or 32 bit double words, or some other size for which the computer architecture is optimized.
A grayscale image may be stored at a higher bit level than the actual values require. This may occur when an image is generated by an imaging technology such as radar, ultrasound, x-ray, magnetic resonance, or similar electronic technology. For example an ultrasound machine may only produce 16 levels of grayscale, requiring 4 bits of data per pixel, but the image digitizing may be performed at 8 to 12 bits per pixel. In this example, the low order bits (4 to 8) respectively provide no significant image data.
In the present invention, a fast and efficient compression and encoding method is implemented by using unused bits to store a repeat count for repeated values.
The most significant N bits of the pixel value are selected where N is the number of significant bits (determined by data analysis or by user selection). If N is less than W, where W is a native machine data type such as 8 bit byte, 16 bit word, or 32 bit double word or some other size for which the computer architecture is optimized, then W−N equals the number of unneeded bits, U. A repeat count, C, can contain a value from I to CMAX where CMA is 2 to the power of U. For example, if U equals 4, C can be a number from 1 to 16. In practice the maximum value will be encoded as a zero because the high order bit is truncated. In the example, decimal 16 has a binary value “10000” will be stored as “0000”.
For example, when W is 8, value pairs for N and U could include without limitation (2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), and (6,2). When W is 16, value pairs for N and U could include without limitation (2,14), (3,13), (4,12), (5,11), (6,10), (7, 9), (8, 8), (9, 7), (10, 6), (11, 5), (12, 4), (13, 3), and (14, 2). When W is 32, value pairs for N and U could include without limitation all combinations of values pairs for N and U where N+U equals 32 and N>1 and U>1. When W is not a multiple of 8, value pairs for N and U could include without limitation all combinations of values pairs for N and U where N+U equals W and N>1 and U>1.
FIG. 3A shows the encoded format where N 300 represent the N most significant bits of the pixel value 299, U 301 represents the bits that are not used for the data and are used for the repeat count, and W 302 where W is the width of the encoded data and equal to sum of N and U. As stated above W is preferably a native machine element.
FIG. 3B illustrates bit sub-sampling where N's 300 bit width is 5, U's 301 bit width is 3, and W 302 is 8. The high order 5 bits 310-318 of an 8 bit pixel 325 are extracted to form a five bit sample 330. The lower 3 bits of 330 are ignored bits 350. In the formatted code 360, the ignored bits 350 are replaced with the repeat count value 380.
Encoding
The most significant N bits of each pixel are selected from the image to obtain value V.
In the encryption embodiment of this invention V may be used to select an encoded value, E, from the encoding table. E is also a N-bit value. The number of elements in the encode table 1100 (FIG. 11 ) is 2 to the Nth power.
In the other embodiments of this invention V is used as E.
E is saved as the prior value, P. For each subsequent pixel, the encoded value, E, is obtained and compared to the prior value, P. If the prior value, P, is the same as E, then a repeat counter, C, is incremented; otherwise the accumulated repeat count, C, for the prior value, P, is merged with P and placed in an array A that implements the encoded data 140 (FIG. 1) buffer. For example, if W is 8 and N is 4 and C is 10, U is 4, CMAX is 16, and ((P <<U)|C) is the merged value. If the repeat count, C, is greater CMAX, then CMAX is merged with P ((P <<U)|CMAX) and placed in the encoded data 140 (FIG. 1) buffer, A. CMAX is subtracted from C and merged values are placed in A until C is less than CMAX. All pixels are processed in this manner until the final value is compressed and encoded. The length, L, of the encoded data 140 (FIG. 1) is also placed in the encoded data 140 buffer.
FIG. 4A—Encode Flowchart
FIG. 4A illustrates the encode flowchart 400 which represents the details of the encryption embodiment of the encoding step 130 (FIG. 1) for the present invention.
The encoding begins at an encode entry 402. In an encode initialization step 403, a prior value P is set to a known value, preferably decimal “255” or hexadecimal 0xFF, a repeat counter C is set to zero, an encoded length L is set to 0, and a completion flag “Done” is set to a logical value of false. Next, a get pixel step 404 obtains a pixel from the image being encoded. At a get value step 405, a value V is set to the N bit filtered pixel value 299 as derived from the pixel using one of the methods shown in FIG. 2C to 2G, preferably the fastest as explained above, and extracting the N most significant bits. At a lookup encoded value step 406, an encoded value E is set to the value of one of the codes 1105 (FIG. 11A) of the encode table 1100 as indexed by V. (In the non-encrypted embodiment of this invention, step 406 is bypassed because V is used as E) Next, a “compare previous” 408 decision is made by comparing the values of E and P. If the values are the same, an increment counter step 410 is executed and flow continues to the get pixel step 404 that obtains the next pixel from the image.
If the encode value E does not match the prior value P, then a check count overflow 412 decision is made. If the counter C is less than or equal to CMAX, then a new code step 414 is executed, otherwise a counter overflow step 420 is executed.
At step 414, the counter C is masked and bit-wise OR-ed with P shifted left by U bit positions and is placed in the A at the next available location as indexed by the encoded length L. Then, continuing inside flowchart step 414, L is incremented, the repeat count C is set to 1 and the prior value P is set to E. After step 414, a “check end of data” decision is made by checking to see if there are any more pixels in the image, and, if not, if the last value has been processed. Because this method utilizes a read ahead technique step 414 must be executed one more time after the end of data is reached to process the last run-length. If there is more data in the image, flow continues to a check of the completion flag “Done” at step 422. If the check indicates that the process is not completed, flow continues to step 404.
If the end of data is reached but the completion flag “Done” is still false, flow continues to a set done step 418. At step 418, the completion flag “Done” is set to logical true, and flow continues to decision 412 where the last run-length will be output and flow will eventually exit through step 414, decision 416, decision 422, and then terminate at encode exit 428.
It is possible for the repeat count C to become larger than CMAX requiring more bits than allocated by this method. This situation is handled by making the “check count overflow” 412 decision and executing the “counter overflow” step 420. At step 420, the counter C is masked and bit-wise OR-ed with P shifted left by U bit positions and is placed in the A at the next available location as indexed by the encoded length L. Then, continuing inside flowchart step 414, L is incremented, and the repeat count C is decrement by CMAX. After step 420, flow continues to the “check count overflow” 412 decision. Thus when the encode value E repeats more than CMAX times, multiple sets of repeat counts and encoded values are output to the encoded data 140 buffer.
This entire process is repeated for each image or video frame selected during optional image sub-sampling (see 110 in FIG. 1) and the encoded length L is transmitted with the encoded data associated with each frame. The encoded length varies from frame to frame depending on the content of the image being encoded.
FIG. 4B—Image and Pixel Stream
FIG. 4B illustrates an image and its corresponding stream of pixels. A rectangular image 430 is composed of rows and columns of pixels. The image 430 has a width 440 and a height 450, both measured in pixels. In this illustrative embodiment, pixels in a row are accessed from left to right. Rows are accessed from top to bottom. Some pixels in the image are labeled from A to Z. Pixel A is the first pixel and pixel Z is the last pixel. Scanning left to right and top to bottom will produce a pixel stream 460. In the pixel stream 460, pixels A and B are adjacent. Also pixels N and O are adjacent even though they appear on different rows in the image. If adjacent pixels have the same code the process in FIG. 4A will consider them in the same run.
Because the video signal being digitized is analog there will be some loss of information in the analog to digital conversion. The video digitizing hardware can be configured to sample the analog data into the image 430 with almost any width 440 and any height 450. The present invention achieves most of its effective compression by sub-sampling the data image with the width 440 value less than the conventional 640 and the height 450 value less than the convention 480. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, for use in a medical application with T1 Internet transmission bandwidth, image dimensions are sub-sampled at 320 by 240. However an image dimension sub-sampling resolution of 80 by 60 may be suitable for some video application.
FIGS. 5A to 5C—Run-length Encoding Formats of the RHN Method
FIGS. 5A to 5C show use of a different structure than the present invention. FIGS. 5A to 5C show the formats for the run-length encoding of RHN. In FIG. 5A, a code byte 500, with its high order bit designated as a flag bit 510.
FIG. 5B shows a repeat code 520 comprising a Boolean value one in its flag bit 510 and a 7 bit count 530 in the remaining 7 low order bits. The seven bit count 530 can represent 128 values with a zero representing “128” and 1 through 127 being their own value.
FIG. 5C shows a data code 550 comprising:

    
    
        1. a Boolean value zero in its flag bit 510
        2. two unused data bits: data bit 6 reference by 565 and data bit 5 reference by 570, and
        3. five bits, data bits 4 to 0, reference by 575, 580, 585, 590, and 595, respectively.
    
    


FIG. 5C shows that in every byte of the RHN data code 550 two bits are unused and one bit is used for the flag bit, so that only five of the eight bits are used for data. The remaining three bits are wasted bits 560. The present invention uses a different structure by placing the repeat count in bits that the RHN format would not have used for data (U). The corresponding ZLN format, ZLS (where N is 5, U is 3, and W is 8), always uses five bits for data and the remaining 3 bits for the repeat count. In practice, repeat counts are small and often can fit in 3 bits, so this embodiment of the present invention will result in superior compression performance over the RHN method.
In addition, the present invention provides for a larger count when the bit filtering is larger. For example, the alternate ZLN format where each byte contains 4 data bits, ZL4 (where N is 4 and U is 4), allows for a four bits of repeat count. For example, in practice, ZL4 is superior to RHN on a typical ultrasound image containing 16 shades of gray.
FIG. 6—Encoded Data Stream
FIG. 6 shows a series of exemplary decimal values 610 comprising a first value 620 equal to decimal 0, a second value 622 equal to 0, a third value 624 equal to 0, a fourth value 626 equal to 0, a fifth value 628 equal to 0, a sixth value 630 equal to 2, and a seventh value 632 equal to 10. The value of zero is merely exemplary and could be any binary value. After the encoding step 130 (FIG. 1), the corresponding encoded data 140 (FIG. 1) would be compressed down to three bytes of binary code 640 comprising a first byte 650, a second byte 653, and a third byte 656 each containing a merged value and count, (651, 652), (654, 655), and (657, 658), respectively. The first data 651 has a binary value of “00000” which equals the exemplary repeated decimal value. The first count 652 has a binary value “101” which equals decimal five representing the run-length of the repeating value in the first five of the decimal values 610. The second data 654 has a binary value of “00010” which equals the non-repeated decimal value two. The second count 655 has a value of 1. The third data 657 has a binary value of “01010” which equals the non-repeated decimal value ten. The third count 658 has a value of 1.
FIG. 7—RHN Codes and Encoded Stream
FIG. 7 shows the same series of decimal values 610 (FIG. 6) comprising the first value 620 equal to decimal 0, the second value 622 equal to 0, the third value 624 equal to 0, the fourth value 626 equal to 0, the fifth value 728 equal to 0, the sixth value 730 equal to 2, and the seventh value 732 equal to 10. After encoding by RHN, the corresponding encoded data 140 (FIG. 1) would be compressed down to four bytes of RHN binary code 740.
The embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 6 only requires three bytes to encode the same data. In this example, the present invention is 25% better than the RHN format.
FIGS. 8A and 8B—ZLN Formats
The ZLN method of the present invention provides for variable formats. The values of N 300, U 301, and W 302 can be dynamically changed between frames. For ease of communication a format is named with the prefix “ZL” and a digit representing the value of N. For example, “ZL5” refers to a format where bit width of N is equal to 5. There are multiple values of U depending of the W. To also specify the bit width of U a hyphen and a number can be appended. For example, “ZL5-13” represents a format where N=5 and U=13. “ZL5-3” is a common format and may be imprecisely referred to as “ZL5.”
FIG. 8A shows a number of formats with adjacent labels: ZL3 803, ZL4 804, ZL5 805, ZL8 808, ZL9 809, and ZL12 812. Data bits are represented by “D,” and count bits are represented by “C”.
FIG. 8B shows how the most significant 3 bits of each color component (216, 214, and 212 of FIG. 2B) are extracted and formatted in ZL9-7C format (the “C” append indicates that the color is preserved). With three red bits represented by “R”, three green bits represented “G” and three blue bits represented by “B”.
Decoding
To decode the compressed array, the decoder has a decode table that corresponds with the encode table. For W*4 bit color pixels, the decode table contains the appropriate alpha, red, green, and blue values. For W*3 bit color pixels, the alpha value is not used. The compressed array is processed W bits at a time as X. The repeat count, C, is extracted from X by masking off the data value (C=X & (((2**N)−1)<<U)). The encoded value, E, is extracted from X by masking off the count (E=X & ((2**U)−1)). The encoded value, E maybe used to index into the decryption. The decoded pixels are placed in a reconstructed image and repeated C times. Each element of the compressed array, A, is processed until its entire length, L, has been processed.
FIG. 9—Decode Flowchart
FIG. 9 illustrates the decode flowchart 920 which presents the details of the decryption embodiment of the decode step 160 (FIG. 1) and the image reconstitution step 180 (FIG. 1).
The decoding begins at a decode entry 900. In a “decode initialization” step 901, a repeat counter C is set to one, an encoded length L is set to the value obtained with the encoded data 140 (FIG. 1), and an index I is set to 0. Next, a “get code” step 902 obtains a signed byte X from the encoded data 140 (FIG. 1) array A. The index I is incremented. The count (for example the 3-bit count 380 as shown in FIG. 3B) is extracted from X by masking off the data bits and placed in the repeat counter C (C=X & ((2**N)−1 <<U). The value of E is extracted from X by masking off the count bits (E=X & (2**U)−1). In practice, the count mask and value mask can be pre-computed with the following two lines of code in the C programming language:
valueMask=−1<<U;
countMask= ̃valueMask;
In this illustrative decryption embodiment of the present invention, flow goes to a “decode lookup” step 908 where the value of E is used to index into the decode table 1110 (FIG. 11) to obtain a pixel value V. In the other embodiments where E is not encrypted, E is used as V and step 908 is bypassed. Flow continues to a “check zero count” 909 decision.
The 909 decision always fails the first time ensuring that a place pixel step 910 is executed. The place pixel step 910 places the pixel value V in the next location of the decompressed image and decrements the repeat counter C and returns to the 909 decision. The pixel value V is placed repeatedly until C decrements to zero. Then the 909 decision branches flow to a “reset counter” step 914. At step 914 the repeat counter is reset to 1.
Flow continues to the “check length” 916 decision where the index I is compared to the encoded length L to determine if there are more codes to be processed. If I is less than L flow returns to step 902, otherwise the decode process terminates at a “decode exit” 918.
The entire decode process is repeated for each encoded frame image.
FIG. 10—Interpolation
FIG. 10 illustrates interpolation when two adjacent pixels 1010 and 1012 and two subsequent row adjacent pixels 1014 and 1016 are stretched to insert a new row and column of pixels.
Pixels 1052, 1054, 1056, 1058 and 1060 are inserted due to the enlargement of the image. Their values are calculated by averaging the values of the two pixels above and below or to the left or the right of the new pixel. A preferred sequence is calculation of:
1. 1052 between 1010 and 1012
2. 1054 between 1010 and 1014
3. 1058 between 1012 and 1016
4. 1056 between 1054 and 1058
Pixel 1060 can be calculated on the interpolation for the subsequent row.
FIG. 11—Encryption
By using corresponding encoding and decoding tables the data can be encrypted and decrypted without using actual values. Encryption provides a level of security for the encoded data 140 while in storage or transit.
FIG. 11 shows an example of an encryption table 1100, where N is 3 and W is 8, and a decryption table 1110, where N is 3 and U is 5.
The encode table 1100 is 2 the power of N in length. If the target color image format is W*4 bit color, then the decode table 1110 has W bits for alpha, red, green, and blue each, respectively. If the target color image format is W*3 bit color, then the alpha value is not used. If the image is W bit grayscale then only the grayscale value is used to create the decompressed and decoded image.
The corresponding table elements are mapped to each other. For example, 0 could encode to 22 as long as the 22nd element of the decode table returns (øxff <<24|ø<<16|ø<<8|ø).
When these versions of the tables are used, the encode and decode processes and their speed of execution are substantially the same but the encoded data 140 (FIG. 1) becomes a cipher and has a higher level of security. It should be recognized by one with ordinarily skill in the art that there are other embodiments of the present invention with different encryption/decryption table rearrangements.
FIGS. 12A through 12D—Compression and Decompression Devices
FIGS. 12A and 12B show devices for compressing and decompressing, respectively, a stream of video frames.
FIG. 12A shows a video signal 1215 being compressed and encoded by a compressor 1210 to form an encoded data stream 1235, which is sent to an I/O device 1240. The video signal 1215 comprises a series of video frames 1200, shown as first video frame 1205a, second video frame 1205b, . . . through nth video frame 1205n. The encoded data stream 1235 comprises a series of encoded data 1220, shown as first encoded data 1225a, second encoded data 1225b, . . . , through nth encoded data 1225n. 
FIG. 12B shows an input encoded data stream 1245 being received from an I/O device 1240, and then, decoded and decompressed by a decompressor 1250 to form a video sequence 1270. The input encoded data stream 1245 comprises received encoded data 1238, shown as first received encoded data 1230a, second received encoded data 1230b, . . . , through nth received encoded data 1230n. The video sequence 1270 comprises a series of decoded video frames 1268, shown as first decoded video frame 1260a, second decoded video frame 1260b, . . . , through nth decoded video frame 1260n. 
FIG. 12C shows an embodiment where the I/O device 1240 of FIGS. 12A and 12B is a storage medium 1280. The encoded data stream 1235 from the compressor 1210 is stored in the storage medium 1280. The storage medium 1280 provides the input encoded data stream 1245 as input to the decompressor 1250.
FIG. 12D shows an embodiment where the I/O device 1240 of FIGS. 12A and 12B is a communications channel 1290. The encoded data stream 1235 from the compressor 1210 is transmitted over the communications channel 1290. The communications channel 1290 provides the input encoded data stream 1245 as input to the decompressor 1250.
FIGS. 13A through 13J—Compressor Details, Encoding Circuit, and Bitwise Pixel Sub-Samplers
FIG. 13A shows details of an embodiment of the compressor 1210, which comprises a video digitizer 1310, a video memory 1330, an encoding circuit 1350, and encoded data 1370. Each video frame 1205 in the series of video frames 1200 is digitized by the video digitizer 1310 and stored along path 1320 in the video memory 1330. The encoding circuit 1350 access the digitized video frame via path 1340 and outputs the encoded data 1370 along path 1360. The encoded data 1225 corresponding to each video frame 1205 is then output from the compressor 1210.
FIG. 13B shows further details of an embodiment of the encoding circuit 1350. A pixel sub-sampler 1380 scans each pixel from the digitized video frame in the video memory 1330. A pixel index 1332 is used to drive a scan 1331 signal to select each pixel from the video memory, in a predetermined sequence. A novel aspect of the present invention is that the compression method can be accomplished with a single scan of the video memory for each frame. The pixel sub-sampler 1380 selects a predetermined number of bits from each pixel and outputs the data value along path 1385. Alternatively, the pixel sub-sampler 1380 encodes the sub-sampled data by using a lookup table similar to FIG. 11A. Different pixel sub-samplers 1380 will be discussed in reference to FIGS. 13C through 13J. The data/count 1390 unit increments the count each time the output of the pixel sub-sampler 1380 is the same; otherwise, when the output of the pixel sub-sampler 1380 is different (or when the counter reaches the maximum count value, the data and count are combined as a code and output along path 1395 to the encoded data 1225 for the frame currently in the video memory 1330. The location of the code in the encoded data 1225 is selected by the code index 1392 signal.
FIG. 13C shows further details of a generic pixel sub-sampler 1380. When a pixel is scanned from video memory along path 1340, it has an original pixel bit width, P. A pixel extractor 1382 extracts a subset of bits from each pixel with a value bit width, V, along value path 1383. The value bit width V is less than the pixel bit width P. A coder 1384 takes the V bits from the pixel path 1383 and outputs a code with an encoded bit width, E, as the data value along path 1385. One embodiment of the coder is a null coder, or pass-through coder. Another embodiment of the coder uses an encryption table to encrypt the data value as an encrypted data value.
FIGS. 13D through 13J show embodiments of pixel sub-samplers.
FIG. 13D illustrates a 24 to 5 bit sub-sampler 1380a, where the pixel bit width, P, is 24; the value bit width, V, output from the pixel extractor 1382 is 8 (see FIG. 2H); and the encoded bit width, E, output from the coder 1384 is 5. In this embodiment, the extracted 8 bits could be any component of the grayscale (e.g. FIG. 2G) or the high order 8 bits of the 24-bit value.
FIG. 13E illustrates a 24-bit RGB to 5 bit sub-sampler 1380b, where the pixel bit width, P, is 24 divided into 8 bits of red, green, and blue (RGB, see FIG. 2B); the value bit width, V, output from the pixel extractor 1382 is 8; and the encoded bit width, E, output from the coder 1384 is 5. In this embodiment, the extracted 8 bits could be an average (e.g. FIG. 2C) or one of the colors (e.g. FIG. 2D, 2E, or 2F).
FIG. 13F illustrates a 32-bit RGB to 5 bit sub-sampler 1380c, where the pixel bit width, P, is 32 divided into 8 bits of red, green, blue, and alpha (see FIG. 2A); the value bit width, V, output from the pixel extractor 1382 is 8; and the encoded bit width, E, output from the coder 1384 is 5. In this embodiment, the extracted 8 bits could be an average (e.g. FIG. 2C) or one of the colors (e.g. FIG. 2D, 2E, or 2F).
FIG. 13G illustrates a color 9-bit sub-sampler 1380d, where the pixel bit width, P, is 24 divided into 8 bits each of red, green, and blue; the value bit width, V, output from the pixel extractors 1382 is 9; and the encoded bit width, E, output from the coder 1384 is 9. In this embodiment, the high order 3 bits of each color component are selected (e.g. ZL9C shown FIG. 8B).
FIG. 13H illustrates a YUV sub-sampler 1380e, where the pixel bit width, P, is 24 divided into 8 bits for each of YUV; the value bit width, V, output from the pixel extractors 1382 is 8; and the encoded bit width, E, output from the coder 1384 is 5. In this embodiment, four bits of the Y value is extracted and 2 bits of each of the U and V values are extracted. This 8 bit value is further coded as a 5 bit value.
FIG. 131 illustrates a 36-bit RGB to 24-bit sub-sampler 1380f, where the pixel bit width, P, is 36 divided into 12 bits each of red, green, and blue; the value bit width, V, output from the pixel extractors 1382 is 24; and the encoded bit width, E, output from the coder 1384 is also 24. In this embodiment, the high order 8 bits of each 12-bit color component are selected.
FIG. 13J illustrates a 15-bit sub-sampler 1380g, where the pixel bit width, P, is 24 divided into 8 bits from each color component; the value bit width, V, output from the pixel extractor 1382 is 15; and the encoded bit width, E, output from the coder 1384 is 15. In this embodiment, the high order 5 bits of each 8-bit color component are selected.
FIGS. 14A through 14C—Variable Selection of Bit-wise Sub-sampling
FIGS. 14A through 14C shows embodiments of a device for variably altering the number of bits.
FIG. 14A illustrates 24-bit to variable bit sub-sampler 1400. When a pixel is scanned from video memory along path 1340, it has an original pixel bit width, P, equal to 24 bits. These 24 bits are passed as input to a number of sub-samplers. The variable number of bits is selected by a number of bits selector 1410 as indicated by a number of bits indicator 1420 and outputs a code with an variable encoded bit width, E, as the data value along path 1385. A user at remote receiver 1610 sets the number of bits indicator 1420 (see discussion regarding FIGS. 16A and 16B). The variable bit sub-sampler comprises a generic 3-bit sub-sampler 1401, a generic 4-bit sub-sampler 1402, generic 8-bit sub-sampler 1403, and generic 10-bit sub-sampler 1404 which are embodiments of the generic sub-sampler shown in FIG. 13C with specific values for E. The variable bit sub-sampler further comprises nested sub-samplers: the 24 to 5 bit sub-sampler 1380a of FIG. 13D, the 1380d of FIG. 13G, and the 15-bit sub-sampler 1380g of FIG. 13J. This is illustrative of the types of bit sub-samplers that can be variably selected.
Likewise, FIG. 14B illustrates a 36-bit to variable bit sub-sampler 1430, where P is 36 and the number of bit that can be selected are 12, 15, or 24, respectively.
FIG. 14C shows that the 24-bit to variable bit sub-sampler 1400 of FIG. 14A and the 36-bit to variable bit sub-sampler 1430 of FIG. 14B can be further combined to form at 24/36 bit variable bit sub-sampler 1440 where a second selector 1450 is used to selected either the 24 bit inputs or the 36 bit inputs using selection logic 1460 that also receives the number of bits indicator 1420. A selection signal 1470 enables either the output of 24-bit to variable bit sub-sampler 1400 or the output of 36-bit to variable bit sub-sampler 1430. Sub-samplers 1400 and 1430 both receive the number of bits indicator 1420 as shown in FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B. In this way any number of bits may reasonably be selected from either a 36 or 24-bit pixel bit width.
FIG. 15—Decompressor Elements
FIG. 15 shows details of an embodiment of the decompressor 1250, which comprises a decoding circuit 1510 which inputs received encoded data 1230 and outputs decoded pixel values 1520 to an image memory 1540. A decoder pixel index 1530 selects the location in the image memory 1540 to store the decoded pixels values 1520. The image memory 1540 delivers each decoded video frame 1260 to the video display.
FIGS. 16A and 16B—Parameters Altered by a Remote Receiver
FIG. 16A shows a system for setting width, height, frame rate, brightness, and contrast in a transmitter 1600 which are variably altered by a receiver 1610. The receiver sends commands to the transmitter 1600 via setting control path 1615. The commands alter the transmitter settings 1660.
The settings 1660 include brightness 1661, contrast 1662, height 1663, width 1664, and frame rate 1665. The brightness 1661, contrast 1662, height 1663, and width 1664 setting alter the attributes of each frame as it is digitized in a frame sub-sampler 1620. The brightness 1661 and contrast 1662 settings alter the video digitizer 1310 (FIG. 13A) as it senses the video frame. The height 1663 and 1664 allow for optionally selecting a subset area of each frame; this is area sub-sampling. Alternatively, height 1663 and 1664 allow for optionally selecting a subset of pixels from an array of pixels that make up a single frame, by skipping pixels in a row or by skipping rows; this is image sub-sampling. The frame rate 1665 setting alters the frame selector 1670 which drives the frame select indicator 1675 to optionally sub-sample frames from a sequence of video frames; this is frame sub-sampling.
The frame sub-sampler 1620 outputs a selected frame 1630 along path 1621. The transmitter pixel sub-sampler 1640 scans the selected frame 1630 getting each pixel from frame 1632 and outputs data values along path 1642 to a run length encoder 1650. The encoded data stream 1235 is then transmitted to the remote receiver 1610.
FIG. 16B shows additional elements of a system for setting the number of pixel bits in an alternate transmitter 1690 which is variably altered by a receiver 1610. The receiver sends commands to the transmitter 1600 via setting control path 1615. The commands alter the transmitter settings 1660. The settings include a number of pixel bits setting 1680 which affect the number of bits selected by the transmitter pixel sub-sampler 1640. The pixel sub-sampler 1640 could be any pixel sub-sampler, for example, see FIG. 13C through 13J and 14A through 14C. The transmitter pixel sub-sampler 1640 scans the selected frame 1630 (as in FIG. 16A) getting each pixel from frame 1632 and outputs data values along path 1642 to a run length encoder 1650. The encoded data stream 1235 is then transmitted to the remote receiver 1610.
These embodiments illustrate the novel feature of the present invention of allowing a user at a remote receiver 1610 to control aspects of the transmitter 1600 or 1690 from a remote location, including brightness, contrast, frame dimensions, frame rate, image area, and the type of compression used.
FIG. 17—Further Lossless Compression Step
FIG. 17 shows a lossless compression step for further compressing an encoded data buffer. After a run-length encoding step 1700 in the transmitter, a run-length encoded output 1710 can be further processed with a further lossless compression step 1720 resulting in further lossless compression output 1730. The further lossless compression step 1720 could be implemented as a variable length coding, arithmetic coding, or other compression step known in the art.
FIG. 18—Image Stretching
FIG. 18 shows images being enlarged by stretching. An unstretched frame 1800 is stretched during stretching step 1820 resulting in an enlarged image 1810. When a frame is image sub-sampled or area sub-sampled, the remaining data can be stretched to fill the full display area on the receiver 1610. This results in an interpolated image or magnified image, respectively.
Advantages
Noise Filtering and Image Enhancement
The removal of the least significant bits of pixel values results in high quality decompressed images when the original image is generated by an electronic sensing device, such as an ultrasound machine, which is generating only a certain number of bits of grayscale resolution. By variably altering the number of most significant bits, various filters can be implemented to enhance the image quality. Such a noise filter can be beneficial when the image is generated by an imaging technology such as radar, ultrasound, x-ray, magnetic resonance, or similar technology. Variations can be made to enhance the perceived quality of the decompressed image. Therefore, altering the number of data bits selected and altering the width of the repeat count is anticipated by this invention and specific values in the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of this invention.
Dynamic Variable Formats
While a video stream is being viewed a viewer on the decoding end of the transmission can vary the settings for the compressor. Different tradeoffs between image spatial and temporal quality can be made. As the contents of the video signal change an appropriate format can be selected. Control signals can be sent back to the compressor via a communications link.
Execution Speed
The preferred embodiment of this invention uses a number of techniques to reduce the time required to compress and decompress the data.
The methods require only a single sequential pass through the data. Both the compression steps 100 and the decompression steps 150 access a pixel once and perform all calculations.
When selecting the filtered pixel value 299, the preferred embodiment selects the low order byte from the 32 bit pixel value 200 or the 24 bit pixel value 210 so that an additional shift operation or addressing operation is avoided.
The shift operation is a fast and efficient way to convert a byte or word to the filtered pixel value 299.
General Purpose
The lossless compression of the sampled data achieved by the preferred embodiment of the present invention results in high quality video streams that have general purpose application in a number of areas including, without limitation, video conferencing, surveillance, manufacturing, rich media advertising, and other forms of video transmission, storage, and processing.
Lossless Nature/No Artifacts
Once the analog signal is sub-sampled and filtered to select a filtered pixel value that eliminates some of the real world defects, the methods of the present invention compress and decompress the data with no irreversible data loss. Unlike JPEG and MPEG, the decompressed image never suffers from artificially induced blocking or smearing or other artifacts that are result of the lossy compression algorithm itself. As a result even a small sub-sample of the image remains clear and true to the perceived quality of the original image.
Superior Features over RHN Format
When compared against the RHN format, the format and methods of the present invention provide a number of advantages, including, but not limited to, faster speed and smaller size of encoded data, better performance for both medical and typical video images, and a typically closer representation of the original video signal.
Conclusion, Ramification, and Scope
Accordingly, the reader will see that the compression and decompression steps of the present invention provides a means of digitally compressing a video signal in real time, communicating the encoded data stream over a transmission channel, and decoding each frame and displaying the decompressed video frames in real time.
Furthermore, the present invention has additional advantages in that:

    1. it provides a means of filtering real world defects from the video image and enhancing the image quality;
    2. it allows for execution of both the compression and decompression steps using software running on commonly available computers without special compression or decompression hardware;
    3. it provides decompressed images that have high spatial quality that are not distorted by artifacts of the compression algorithms being used;
    4. it provides a variably scalable means of video compression; and
    5. it provides a means for reducing the space required in a storage medium.


Although the descriptions above contain many specifics, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the preferred embodiments of this invention. For example, bit ordering can be altered and the same relative operation, relative performance, and relative perceived image quality will result. Also, these processes can each be implemented as a hardware apparatus that will improve the performance significantly.
Thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not solely by the examples given.

## Claims

1. An apparatus, comprising:
a storage medium configured to store a video frame having a plurality of pixels, wherein a pixel includes a plurality of pixel bits; and
an encoder coupled to the storage medium and configured to bit-wise sub-sample the pixels to extract corresponding subsets of pixel bits from the pixels, count consecutive repeated instances of various pixel values represented by the extracted subsets of pixel bits, and output a series of data elements for the pixels, based on the extracted subsets of pixel bits;
wherein a data element includes a data field and a run-length field, wherein the data field includes a pixel value in a range spanning from zero to a maximum value represent-able by a number of pixel bits sub-sampled from a pixel, and wherein the run-length field includes a consecutive repeat count of the pixel value in the data field.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a digitizer coupled to the storage medium and configured to generate a plurality of video frames to digitize a video, wherein the plurality of video frames include the video frame stored in the storage medium.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a pixel includes a plurality of color components, a color component includes a number of color component bits, and the plurality of pixel bits of a pixel includes the color component bits of the color components, and wherein the encoder is configured to extract a subset of pixel bits from a pixel by extracting respective most significant color component bits of the color components of the pixel.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the encoder is further configured to encode the various pixel values, and a data field in a data element includes a pixel value in an encoded form.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the encoder is further configured to variably select one of 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, and 24, as the number of pixel bits to sub-sample from a pixel, wherein the number of pixel bits sub-sampled from a pixel is less than a number of pixel bits of the pixel being bit-wise sub-sampled.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an interface coupled with the encoder and configured to receive a specification of the number of pixel bits to sub-sample from a pixel.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the encoder is configured to set a size of the data field to the specification of the number of pixel bits to sub-sample, and to subtract the size of the data field from a supported data size of the apparatus to derive a size of the run-length field.

8. A method, comprising:
bit-wise sub-sampling pixels of a video frame, by an encoder, to extract corresponding subsets of pixel bits from the pixels;
counting, by the encoder, consecutive repeated instances of various pixel values represented by the extracted subsets of pixel bits; and
outputting a series of data elements for the pixels, by the encoder, based on the extracted subsets of pixel bits;
wherein a data element includes a data field and a run-length field, wherein the data field includes a pixel value in a range spanning from zero to a maximum value represent-able by a number of pixel bits sub-sampled from a pixel, and wherein the run-length field includes a consecutive repeat count of the pixel value in the data field.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising digitizing a video, and generating a plurality of video frames, by a digitizer, including generating the video frame being bit-wise sub-sampled.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein a pixel includes a plurality of color components, a color component includes a number of color component bits, and the plurality of pixel bits of a pixel includes the color component bits of the color components, and wherein extracting a subset of pixel bits from a pixel includes extracting respective most significant color component bits of the color components of the pixel.

11. The method of claim 8, further comprising encoding by the encoder, the various pixel values, wherein a data field in a data element includes a pixel value in an encoded form.

12. The method of claim 8, further comprising variably selecting, by the encoder, one of 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, and 24, as the number of pixel bits to sub-sample from a pixel, wherein the number of pixel bits sub-sampled from a pixel is less than a number of pixel bits of the pixel being bit-wise sub-sampled.

13. The method of claim 8, further comprising receiving by the encoder, a specification of the number of pixel bits to sub-sample from a pixel.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
setting, by the encoder, a size of the data field to the specification of the number of pixel bits to sub-sample; and
subtracting, by the encoder, the size of the data field from a supported data size of the encoder to derive a size of the run-length field.

15. An article of manufacture, comprising:
a machine-readable non-transitory storage medium; and
a plurality of instructions stored in the storage medium, and configured to enable an apparatus, in response to execution of the instructions by the apparatus, to perform operations including:
bit-wise sub-sampling pixels of a video frame to extract corresponding subsets of pixel bits from the pixels;
counting consecutive repeated instances of various pixel values represented by the extracted subsets of pixel bits; and
outputting a series of data elements for the pixels based on the extracted subsets of pixel bits;

wherein a data element includes a data field and a run-length field, wherein the data field includes a pixel value in a range spanning from zero to a maximum value represent-able by a number of pixel bits sub-sampled from a pixel, and wherein the run-length field includes a consecutive repeat count of the pixel value in the data field.

16. The article of claim 15, wherein a pixel includes a plurality of color components, a color component includes a number of color component bits, and the plurality of pixel bits of a pixel includes the color component bits of the color components, and wherein extracting a subset of pixel bits from a pixel includes extracting respective most significant color component bits of the color components of the pixel.

17. The article of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise encoding the various pixel values, wherein a data field in a data element includes a pixel value in an encoded form.

18. The article of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise variably selecting one of 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, and 24, as the number of pixel bits to sub-sample from a pixel, wherein the number of pixel bits sub-sampled from a pixel is less than a number of pixel bits of the pixel being bit-wise sub-sampled.

19. The article of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise receiving a specification of the number of pixel bits to sub-sample from a pixel.

20. The article of claim 19, wherein the operations further comprise setting a size of the data field to the specification of the number of pixel bits to sub-sample, and subtracting the size of the data field from a supported data size of the apparatus to derive a size of the run-length field.