EPA 542-R-01-008

May 2001

Abstracts of Remediation

Case Studies

Volume 5

Federal

Remediation

Technologies

Roundtable

<www.frtr.gov>

Prepared by the

Member Agencies of the

Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
Abstracts of Remediation 

Case Studies

Volume 5

Prepared by Member Agencies of the 

Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable

Environmental Protection Agency

Department of Defense

U.S. Air Force

U.S. Army

U.S. Navy

Department of Energy

Department of Interior

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Tennessee Valley Authority

Coast Guard

May 2001
NOTICE

This report and the individual case studies and abstracts were prepared by agencies of the U.S. Government. 

Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or

implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any information,

apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately-owned rights. 

Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer,

or otherwise does not imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency

thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S.

Government or any agency thereof.

Compilation of this material has been funded wholly or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

under EPA Contract No. 68-W-99-020.
i

FOREWORD

This report is a collection of abstracts summarizing 56 case studies of site remediation applications

prepared primarily by federal agencies. The case studies, collected under the auspices of the Federal

Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR), were undertaken to document the results and lessons

learned from technology applications. They will help establish benchmark data on cost and performance

which should lead to greater confidence in the selection and use of cleanup technologies.

The Roundtable was created to exchange information on site remediation technologies, and to consider

cooperative efforts that could lead to a greater application of innovative technologies. Roundtable

member agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Department of

Defense, and U.S. Department of Energy, expect to complete many site remediation projects in the near

future. These agencies recognize the importance of documenting the results of these efforts, and the

benefits to be realized from greater coordination.

The case study reports and abstracts are organized by technology, and cover a variety of in situ and ex

situ treatment technologies and some containment remedies. The case study reports and abstracts are

available on a CD-ROM, which contains a total of 274 remediation technology case studies (the 56 new

case studies and 218 previously-published case studies). Appendix A to this report identifies the specific

sites, technologies, contaminants, media, and year published for the 274 case studies. 

Abstracts, Volume 5, covers a wide variety of technologies, including full-scale remediations and largescale field demonstrations of soil and groundwater treatment technologies. Additional abstract volumes

will be prepared as agencies prepare additional case studies.

2001 Series

CD-ROM: FRTR Cost and Performance Case Studies and Related Information, 2nd Edition;

EPA-542-C-01-003; May 2001

Abstracts

Volume 1: EPA-542-R-95-001; March 1995; PB95-201711

Volume 2: EPA-542-R-97-010; July 1997; PB97-177570

Volume 3: EPA-542-R-98-010; September 1998

Volume 4: EPA-542-R-00-006; June 2000

Volume 5: EPA-542-R-01-008; May 2001
ii

Accessing Case Studies

The case studies and case study abstracts also are available on the Internet through the Federal

Remediation Technologies Roundtable web site at: http://www.frtr.gov. The Roundtable web site

provides links to individual agency web sites, and includes a search function. The search function allows

users to complete a key word (pick list) search of all the case studies on the web site, and includes pick

lists for media treated, contaminant types, and primary and supplemental technology types. The search

function provides users with basic information about the case studies, and allows users to view or

download abstracts and case studies that meet their requirements. 

Users are encouraged to download abstracts and case studies from the Roundtable web site. Some of the

case studies also are available on individual agency web sites, such as for the Department of Energy.

In addition, a limited number of copies of the CD-ROM and Abstracts - Volume 5 are available free of

charge by mail from NSCEP (allow 4-6 weeks for delivery), at the following address:

U.S. EPA/National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP)

P.O. Box 42419

Cincinnati, OH 45242

Phone: (513) 489-8190 or

(800) 490-9198

Fax: (513) 489-8695
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1

IN SITU SOIL TREATMENT ABSTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Electrokinetic Remediation at Alameda Point, Alameda, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Hydraulic Fracturing of Low Permeability Media at Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, 

X-231A, Piketon, Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

EX SITU SOIL TREATMENT ABSTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Incineration at Drake Chemical Superfund Site, Operable Unit 3, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania . 22

Thermal Desorption at the Metaltec Superfund Site, Franklin Borough, New Jersey . . . . . . . . 24

Thermal Desorption/Gas Phase Chemical Reduction at the New Bedford Harbor 

Superfund Site, New Bedford, Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Thermal Desorption at the Reich Farm Superfund Site, Pleasant Plains, New Jersey . . . . . . . . 28

Thermal Desorption at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, Golden, Colorado . . 30

Thermal Desorption at the Sarney Farm Superfund Site, Amenia, New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

ThermoRetec's Segmented Gate System at Brookhaven National Laboratory, 

Area of Concern 16, Suffolk County, New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Thermo NUtech's Segmented Gate System at Idaho National Engineering and 

Environmental Laboratory, Auxiliary Reactor Area 23, Idaho Falls, Idaho . . . . . . . . . 36

Solidification/Stabilization at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Training Range and

Impact Area, Cape Cod, Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Solidification/Stabilization at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, New Bedford,

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Solvent Extraction/Dechlorination at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, 

New Bedford, Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Vitrification at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, New Bedford, Massachusetts . . . . . 44

Bioremediation at the Stauffer Management Company Superfund Site, Tampa, Florida . . . . . 46

DRINKING WATER TREATMENT FOR MTBE ABSTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Ex Situ Advanced Oxidation Processes, Granular Activated Carbon, and Synthetic Resin

Adsorption Treatment at the Charnock Wellfield, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Ex Situ Air Stripping at LaCrosse, Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Ex Situ Air Stripping and GAC Treatment of Drinking Water at the Rockaway Township 

Site, Rockaway, New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

PUMP AND TREAT ABSTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Pump and Treat for at OU1 and OU2 of the Marine Corps Air Station, Camp Lejeune, 

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Pump and Treat for the Campbell Street Fuel Farm at the Marine Corps Air Station, 

Camp Lejeune, North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Pump and Treat for the Eastern Groundwater Plume at the Naval Air Station, 

Brunswick, Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Pump and Treat at the Ott/Story/Cordova Superfund Site, North Muskegon, Michigan . . . . . . 64

IN SITU GROUNDWATER TREATMENT ABSTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction at Eaddy Brothers, Hemingway, South Carolina . . . . . . . 68

Air Sparging at Four Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
iv

Air Sparging and Soil Vapor Extraction at the Mound Plant OU 1 Site, Miamisburg, Ohio . . 72

Air Sparging at Former Nu Look One Hour Cleaners, Coral Springs, Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction and Multi-Phase Extraction at Scotchman #94, 

Florence, South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

In Situ Bioremediation at Brownfield Site, Chattanooga, Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

In Situ Bioremediation at Cordray’s Grocery, Ravenel, South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

In Situ Bioremediation at Contemporary Cleaners, Orlando, Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

In Situ Bioremediation at Gas Station, Cheshire, Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

In Situ Bioremediation at Hayden Island Cleaners, Portland, Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

In Situ Bioremediation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California . . . . . . . . . . . 88

In Situ Bioremediation Using ORC® at an Active Service Station, Southern California . . . . . . 90

In Situ Bioremediation Using ORC® at an Active Service Station, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin . . 92

In Situ Bioremediation at South Beach Marina, Hilton Head, South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

In Situ Bioremediation Using Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

In Situ Bioremediation at Port Hueneme, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

In Situ Bioremediation at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Bioslurping of LNAPL at Multiple Air Force Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Biosparging of Contaminated Groundwater at the T-Dock Site, South Prudence Bay 

Island Park, Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

In Situ Chemical Oxidation at Butler Cleaners, Jacksonville, Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton's Reagent at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida 108

In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton's Reagent at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, 

Site 11, Camden County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

In Situ Flushing at Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, Building 25, Camp Lejeune, 

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Mobilization, Extraction, and Removal of Radionuclides at the Fernald Environmental

Management Project, Cincinnati, Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

In Situ Flushing at Former Sages Dry Cleaners, Jacksonville, Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Monitored Natural Attenuation at the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Area P, 

Minden, Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents at Multiple Air Force Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons at Multiple Air Force Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Soil Vapor Extraction and Groundwater Extraction Used at Eight Service Stations 

in Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Multi-Phase Extraction at Johanssen Cleaners, Lebanon, Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Multi-Phase Extraction Using Fluidized Bed Reactor and Granular Activated Carbon 

at the Sparks Solvent/Fuel Superfund Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Permeable Reactive Barrier at Monticello Mill Tailings Site, Monticello, Utah . . . . . . . . . . . 130

CONTAINMENT ABSTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Vertical Engineered Barrier at Dover Air Force Base, Groundwater Remediation Field

Laboratory National Test Site, Dover, Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Landfill Cap at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Tables

1. Summary of Remediation Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. Remediation Case Studies: Summary of Cost Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1

INTRODUCTION

Increasing the cost effectiveness of site remediation is a national priority. The selection and use of more

cost-effective remedies requires better access to data on the performance and cost of technologies used in

the field. To make data more widely available, member agencies of the Federal Remediation

Technologies Roundtable (Roundtable) are working jointly to publish case studies of full-scale

remediation and demonstration-scale projects. Previously, the Roundtable published 13 volumes and a

CD-ROM of case study reports. At this time, the Roundtable is publishing a CD-ROM containing 56

new case study reports (274 reports total), primarily focused on contaminated soil and groundwater

cleanup. The CD-ROM also includes 218 previously published reports.

The case studies were developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S.

Department of Defense (DoD), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). They were prepared based on

recommended terminology and procedures agreed to by the agencies. These procedures are summarized

in the Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for Remediation

Projects (EPA 542-B-98-007; October 1998).

The case studies and abstracts present available cost and performance information for full-scale

remediation efforts and several large-scale demonstration projects. They are meant to serve as primary

reference sources, and contain information on site background, contaminants and media treated,

technology, cost and performance, and points of contact for the technology application. The case studies

contain varying levels of detail, reflecting the differences in the availability of data and information about

the application.

The case study abstracts in this volume describe a wide variety of ex situ and in situ soil treatment

technologies for both soil and groundwater. Contaminants treated included chlorinated solvents;

petroleum hydrocarbons and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes; polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons; pesticides and herbicides; methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE); metals; and radioactive

materials.

Table 1 provides summary information about the technology used, contaminants and media treated, and

project duration for the 56 technology applications in this volume. This table also provides highlights

about each application. Table 2 summarizes cost data, including information about quantity of media

treated and quantity of contaminant removed. In addition, Table 2 shows a calculated unit cost for some
2

projects, and identifies key factors potentially affecting technology cost. (The column showing the

calculated unit costs for treatment provides a dollar value per quantity of media treated and contaminant

removed, as appropriate.) The cost data presented in the table were taken directly from the case studies

and have not been adjusted for inflation to a common year basis. The costs should be assumed to be

dollars for the time period that the project was in progress (shown on Table 1 as project duration).

By including a recommended reporting format, the Roundtable is working to standardize the reporting of

costs to make data comparable across projects. In addition, the Roundtable is working to capture

information in case study reports that identify and describe the primary factors that affect cost and

performance of a given technology. Factors that may affect project costs include economies of scale,

concentration levels in contaminated media, required cleanup levels, completion schedules, and matrix

characteristics and operating conditions for the technology.

Appendix A to this report provides a summary of key information about all 274 remediation case studies

published to date by the Roundtable, including information about site name and location, technology,

media, contaminants, and year the project began. The appendix also identifies the year that the case

study was first published. All projects shown in Appendix A are full-scale unless otherwise noted.
3

Table 1. Summary of Remediation Case Studies

Site Name, State (Technology) 

Principal

Contaminants*

Media 

(Quantity

Treated)

Project

Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX and/or TPH

Pesticides/Herbicides

MTBE

Metals

Radionuclides Duration Hig

Other In Situ Soil TreatmentAlameda Point, CA (Electrokinetics) q Soil

(38.4 m3)

December 1997 toJune 1998

Field demonstration of echromium in soil

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, X-231A Site,Piketon, OH (Hydraulic Fracturing)

q Soil and

Groundwater

1996 to 1998 Field demonstration of h

four types of remediation 

IncinerationDrake Chemical Superfund Site, Operable Unit 3, LockHaven, PA (Rotary Kiln Incineration)

q Soil

(273,509 tons)

January 1997 toApril 1999

Use of on-site incineratiowith VOCs and SVOCS, 

Thermal DesorptionMetaltec/Aerosystems Superfund Site, FranklinBorough, NJ (Thermal Desorption)

q Soil

(4,215 yd3)

December 1994 toJanuary 1995

Use of thermal desorptiowith chlorinated volatile 

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, New Bedford,MA (Thermal Desorption)

Sediment November 1996 Demonstration of therma

chemical reduction to tresediments

Reich Farm, Pleasant Plains, NJ (Thermal Desorption) q Soil

(14,836 yd3)

November 1994 toMarch 1995

Thermal desorption treatwith VOCs and SVOCs

Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, MoundSite, Golden, CO (Thermal Desorption)

q Soil

(724.5 yd3)

July to August1997

Thermal desorption of sohalogenated volatile orga

Sarney Farm, Amenia, NY (Thermal Desorption) q q Soil

(10,514 tons)

August toDecember 1997

Thermal desorption treatwith VOCs

Other Ex Situ Soil Treatment

Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY (PhysicalSeparation/Segmented Gate System)

q Soil

(625 yd3)

May to June 2000 Use of a gate system to r

radioactive-contaminated disposal
Table 1. Summary of Remediation Case Studies (continued)

Site Name, State (Technology) 

Principal

Contaminants*

Media 

(Quantity

Treated)

Project

Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX and/or TPH

Pesticides/Herbicides

MTBE

Metals

Radionuclides Duration Hig

4

Idaho National Environmental and EngineeringLaboratory (INEEL), ID (PhysicalSeparation/Segmented Gate System)

q Soil

(442 yd3

)

May to June 1999 Use of a gate system to r

radioactive-contaminated disposal

Massachusetts Military Reservation, Training Rangeand Impact Area, Cape Cod, MA(Solidification/Stabilization)

q Soil

(23,168 yd3

)

February to June1998

Use of a proprietary stablead in both in situ and e

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, New Bedford,MA (Solidification/Stabilization)

Sediment November to

December 1995

Bench-scale testing of sotreat PCB-contaminated 

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, New Bedford,MA (Solvent Extraction)

Sediment June 1996 Demonstration of solven

to treat PCB-contaminate

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, New Bedford,MA (Vitrification)

Sediment July to August

1996

Demonstration of vitrificcontaminated sediments

Stauffer Chemical Company, Tampa, FL (Composting)

q Soil

(905 yd3

)

June 1997 toSeptember 1998

Demonstration of compotreatment of soil contamipesticides

Drinking Water TreatmentCharnock Wellfield, Santa Monica, CA

q Drinking

Water

July 1998 to April1999

Pilot-scale testing of Adv(AOP) to treat MTBE an

Lacrosse, KS q q Drinking

Water

Ongoing, datafrom 1997 toSeptember 1999

Use of air stripping to tre

Rockaway, NJ q q Drinking

Water

Ongoing, datafrom 1980 to July2000

Use of air stripping and Gdrinking water
Table 1. Summary of Remediation Case Studies (continued)

Site Name, State (Technology) 

Principal

Contaminants*

Media 

(Quantity

Treated)

Project

Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX and/or TPH

Pesticides/Herbicides

MTBE

Metals

Radionuclides Duration Hig

5

Pump and TreatMarine Corps Base, OU 1 and 2, Camp Lejeune, NC qq q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from January 1995to March 1999

Use of pump and treat sygroundwater contaminate

Marine Corps Base, Campbell Street Fuel Farm, CampLejeune, NC

q q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from 1996 to May1999

Use of pump and treat syand SVOC groundwater 

Naval Air Station, Brunswick, Eastern GroundwaterPlume, ME 

q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from May 1995 toMay 1999

Use of pump and treat to contaminated with chlori

Ott/Story/Cordova Superfund Site, North Muskegon,MI

qqq Groundwater

(1.1 billiongallons)

Ongoing, dataavailable fromFebruary 1996 toOctober 2000

Pump and treat of a multwith chlorinated and nonSVOCs

In Situ Groundwater TreatmentBrownfield Site, Chattanooga, TN (specific site namenot identified) (Bioremediation)

q q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from January toDecember 1999

Use of in situ bioremediagroundwater

Butler Cleaners, Jacksonville, FL (Chemical Oxidation(KMnO4))

q Groundwater Not provided Use of in situ oxidation w

permanganate to treat chgroundwater at a dry clea

Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, Bldg 25, CampLejeune, NC (In Situ Flushing (SEAR and PITT))

q Groundwater Not provided Use of surfactant injectio

solvents in groundwater 

Contemporary Cleaners, Orlando. FL (Bioremediation(HRC))

q Groundwater Not provided Use of Hydrogen Release 

chlorinated solvents in gcleaning site
Table 1. Summary of Remediation Case Studies (continued)

Site Name, State (Technology) 

Principal

Contaminants*

Media 

(Quantity

Treated)

Project

Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX and/or TPH

Pesticides/Herbicides

MTBE

Metals

Radionuclides Duration Hig

6

Cordray's Grocery, Ravenel, SC (Bioremediation(ORC))

q q Groundwater April 1998 to July

2000

Use of in situ bioremedia

MTBE in groundwater

Eaddy Brothers, Hemingway, SC (Air Sparging/SVE) q q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from July 1999 toAugust 2000

Use of air sparging/soil vMTBE in soil and groun

Eight Service Stations, MD (specific sites notidentified) (Multi-Phase Extraction)

q q Groundwater 1990 to 1997 Use of Soil Vapor Extrac

Extraction to treat soil ancontaminated with MTB

Fernald Environmental Management Project, OH (InSitu Flushing)

q Groundwater September 1998 to

September 1999

Field demonstration of in enhancement to pump an

Former Nu Look One Hour Cleaners, Coral Springs,FL (Air Sparging/Recirculation Well)

q Groundwater Not provided Use of proprietary in wel

treat chlorinated solvents cleaning site

Former Sages Dry Cleaners, Jacksonville, FL (In SituFlushing (Ethanol Co-Solvent))

q Groundwater Not provided Use of surfactant injectio

solvents in groundwater 

Four Service Stations (specific site names notidentified) (Air Sparging)

q q Groundwater 1993 to 1995 Air sparging used to trea

Gas Station, Cheshire, CT (specific site name notidentified) (Bioremediation)

q q Groundwater October 1997 to

March 1999

Use of in situ bioremedia

groundwater

Hayden Island Cleaners, Portland, OR (Bioremediation(HRC))

q Groundwater Not provided Use of Hydrogen Release 

chlorinated solvents in gcleaning site

Johannsen Cleaners, Lebanon, OR (Multi-PhaseExtraction)

q Groundwater Not provided Use of multi-phase extra

solvents in groundwater 

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA(Bioremediation)

q Groundwater Not provided Research on microbial or

in soil and groundwater
Table 1. Summary of Remediation Case Studies (continued)

Site Name, State (Technology) 

Principal

Contaminants*

Media 

(Quantity

Treated)

Project

Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX and/or TPH

Pesticides/Herbicides

MTBE

Metals

Radionuclides Duration Hig

7

Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, LA (MonitoredNatural Attenuation)

Groundwater Not provided Field demonstration of M

explosives

Miamisburg, OH (Air Sparging/SVE)

q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from December1997 to May 2000

Full-scale treatment of chsparging and soil vapor e

Monticello Mill Tailings Site, Monticello, UT(Permeable Reactive Barrier)

q Groundwater June 1999 Demonstration of permea

heavy metals in groundw

Multiple Sites (Monitored Natural Attenuation ofChlorinated Solvents)

q Groundwater July 1993 to

August 1999

Field demonstrations of mattenuation for chlorinateat multiple Air Force site

Multiple Sites (Monitored Natural Attenuation ofPetroleum Hydrocarbons)

q Groundwater July 1993 to

December 1998

Field demonstrations of mattenuation for fuel hydromultiple Air Force sites

Multiple Sites (Bioslurping)

q Groundwater Not provided Field demonstrations of b

multiple Air Force sites

Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL (In Situ Oxidation)

q Groundwater November 1998 to

May 1999

Use of Fenton's Reagent solvents in groundwater

Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay, GA (In SituOxidation)

q Groundwater February 1999 Use of Fenton's Reagent 

solvents in groundwater

Scotchman #94, Florence, SC (Air Sparging, Pumpand Treat)

q q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from April 1998 toMarch 2000

Use of multiphase extracvapor extraction to treat groundwater

Service Station, CA (specific site name not identified)(Bioremediation (ORC))

q q Groundwater Not provided Use of in situ Bioremedi

Compound (ORC®) to tre

Service Station, Lake Geneva, WI (specific site namenot identified) (Bioremediation (ORC))

q q Groundwater Not provided Use of in situ bioremedia

MTBE in groundwater
Table 1. Summary of Remediation Case Studies (continued)

Site Name, State (Technology) 

Principal

Contaminants*

Media 

(Quantity

Treated)

Project

Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX and/or TPH

Pesticides/Herbicides

MTBE

Metals

Radionuclides Duration Hig

8

South Beach Marine, Hilton Head, SC(Bioremediation)

q q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from February1999 to September2000

Use of in situ bioremedia

groundwater

South Prudence Bay Island Park, T-Dock Site,Portsmouth, RI (Biosparging)

q Groundwater October 1997 to

February 2000

Use of biosparging to tregroundwater at a relativecollecting or discharging 

Sparks Solvents/Fuel Site, Sparks, NV (Multi-PhaseExtraction)

qq q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from 1995 toAugust 1997

Use of multiphase extracreactor and granular activin groundwater

Specific site name not identified (Bioremediation)

q Groundwater Not provided Bench-scale testing of th

TechnologiesTM process t

groundwater

U.S. Navy Construction Battalion Center, PortHueneme, CA (Bioremediation)

q Groundwater April to August

1998

Laboratory and field testbioremediation using MCgroundwater

Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, CA(Bioremediation)

q Groundwater Ongoing, data

from 1999

Use of in situ bioremedia

groundwater

ContainmentDover Air Force Base, Groundwater Remediation FieldLaboratory National Test Site, Dover DE (VerticalEngineered Barrier)

Groundwater October 1996 to

September 1998

Demonstration of verticathin diaphragm walls

Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM (Cap) Soil July 1995 to July

2000

Field demonstration of a

* Principal contaminants are one or more specific constituents within the groups shown that were identified during site investigations.
9

Table 2. Remediation Case Studies: Summary of Cost Data

Site Name, State (Technology)

Technology 

Cost ($)1,2

Quantity of

Media Treated

Quantity of

Contaminant

Removed

Calculated Unit

Cost for 

Treatment 1,2

Key Fa

Other In Situ Soil Treatment

Alameda Point, CA (Electrokinetics) $194,291 45 yd3 Not provided D - $4,318/yd3; 

P - $90/yd3

Not prov

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, X-231ASite, Piketon, OH (Hydraulic Fracturing)

$1,258,700 Not provided Not provided Not provided Working 

and use o

IncinerationDrake Chemical Superfund Site, Operable Unit3, Lock Haven, PA (Rotary Kiln Incineration)

$92,930,000 273,509 tons Not provided $340/ton Not prov

Thermal DesorptionMetaltec/Aerosystems Superfund Site, FranklinBorough, NJ (Thermal Desorption)

$998,238 4,215 yd3 Not provided $237/yd3 Not prov

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, NewBedford, MA (Thermal Desorption)

Not provided Not provided Not provided P - $617/ton Not prov

Reich Farm, Pleasant Plains, NJ (ThermalDesorption)

$2,205,000 14,836 yd3 Not provided $147/yd3 Not prov

Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site,Mound Site, Golden, CO (Thermal Desorption)

Not provided 724.5 yd3 Not provided Not provided Not prov

Sarney Farm, Amenia, NY (ThermalDesorption)

$1,932,300 10,514 tons Not provided $184/ton Local pe

operation 

Other Ex Situ Soil Treatment

Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY(Physical Separation/Segmented Gate System)

Not provided 625 yd3 Not provided $78/yd3 Not prov

Idaho National Environmental and EngineeringLaboratory (INEEL), ID (PhysicalSeparation/Segmented Gate System)

Not provided 442 yd3 Not provided Not provided Not prov

Massachusetts Military Reservation, TrainingRange and Impact Area, Cape Cod, MA(Solidification/Stabilization)

$3,500,000 23,168 yd3 Not provided $151/yd3 In situ S

possible treatmen

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, NewBedford, MA (Solidification/Stabilization)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, NewBedford, MA (Solvent Extraction)

Not provided Not provided Not provided P - $721/ton Not prov
Table 2. Remediation Case Studies: Summary of Cost Data (continued)

Site Name, State (Technology)

Technology 

Cost ($)1,2

Quantity of

Media Treated

Quantity of

Contaminant

Removed

Calculated Unit

Cost for 

Treatment 1,2

Key Fa

10

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, NewBedford, MA (Vitrification)

Not provided Not provided Not provided P - $1,149/ton Not prov

Stauffer Chemical Company, Tampa, FL(Composting)

Not provided Not provided Not provided P - $132/yd3 Not prov

Drinking Water TreatmentCharnock Wellfield, Santa Monica, CA Not provided Not provided Not provided P - $1.50 to

$1.75/1,000 gallonsof treated water

Not prov

Lacrosse, KS C - $185,000

AO - $30,000

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Rockaway, NJ C - $575,000

AO - $300,000

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Pump and TreatMarine Corps Base, OU 1 and 2, CampLejeune, NC

OU 1 AO - 148,000OU 2 C - $4,660,000AO - $438,000

Not provided OU 1 - 12 lbs

OU 2 - 40,000lbs

OU 1 $28,277/lbremovedOU 2 $49/lbremoved

OU 1 haamount ooperating 

Marine Corps Base, Campbell Street FuelFarm, Camp Lejeune, NC

C - $507,395AO - $180,000

Not provided 3.5 lbs $95,000/lb

removed

Relativecontamin

Naval Air Station, Brunswick, EasternGroundwater Plume, ME 

C - $4,246,319AO - $1,144,031

Not provided Not provided Initial - $11,000/lb

removedMost Recent 8Months - $6,200/lbremoved

System dtwo areatreated

Ott/Story/Cordova Superfund Site, NorthMuskegon, MI

$32,123,500 1.1 billion

gallons

Not provided $30/1,000 gallons

treated

Not prov

In Situ Groundwater TreatmentBrownfield Site, Chattanooga, TN (specific sitename not identified) (Bioremediation)

AO - $48,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Butler Cleaners, Jacksonville, FL (ChemicalOxidation (KMnO4))

C - $230,000AO - $120,000

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov
Table 2. Remediation Case Studies: Summary of Cost Data (continued)

Site Name, State (Technology)

Technology 

Cost ($)1,2

Quantity of

Media Treated

Quantity of

Contaminant

Removed

Calculated Unit

Cost for 

Treatment 1,2

Key Fa

11

Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, Bldg 25,Camp Lejeune, NC (In Situ Flushing (SEAR

and PITT))

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Contemporary Cleaners, Orlando. FL(Bioremediation (HRC))

$127,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Cordray's Grocery, Ravenel, SC(Bioremediation (ORC))

$21,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Cleanup 

lump sum 

Eaddy Brothers, Hemingway, SC (AirSparging/SVE)

$197,515 Not provided Not provided Not provided Cleanup 

lump sum 

Eight Service Stations, MD (specific sites notidentified) (Multi-Phase Extraction)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Fernald Environmental Management Project,OH (In Situ Flushing)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Former Nu Look One Hour Cleaners, CoralSprings, FL (Air Sparging/Recirculation Well)

$193,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Former Sages Dry Cleaners, Jacksonville, FL(In Situ Flushing (Ethanol Co-Solvent))

$440,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Four Service Stations (specific site names notidentified) (Air Sparging)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Gas Station, Cheshire, CT (specific site namenot identified) (Bioremediation)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Hayden Island Cleaners, Portland, OR(Bioremediation (HRC))

$46,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Johannsen Cleaners, Lebanon, OR (MultiPhase Extraction) $230,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA(Bioremediation)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, LA(Monitored Natural Attenuation)

$4,000,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Cost inc

monitoridevelopmtechniqu

Miamisburg, OH (Air Sparging/SVE) $1,439,039 Not provided Not provided $420/lb removed Not prov
Table 2. Remediation Case Studies: Summary of Cost Data (continued)

Site Name, State (Technology)

Technology 

Cost ($)1,2

Quantity of

Media Treated

Quantity of

Contaminant

Removed

Calculated Unit

Cost for 

Treatment 1,2

Key Fa

12

Monticello Mill Tailings Site, Monticello, UT(Permeable Reactive Barrier)

$1,196,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Multiple Sites (Monitored Natural Attenuationof Chlorinated Solvents)

$122,000/site(average)

Not provided Not provided P - long-term

monitoring cost of$22,800

Not prov

Multiple Sites (Monitored Natural Attenuationof Petroleum Hydrocarbons)

$125,000/site(average)

Not provided Not provided P - long-term

monitoring cost of192,000

Not prov

Multiple Sites (Bioslurping) Not provided Not provided Not provided $56/gal recovered Not provNaval Air Station, Pensacola, FL (In SituOxidation)

T - $250,000M - $100,000/yr

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay, GA (In SituOxidation)

$1,050,000 (first twophases)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Scotchman #94, Florence, SC (Air Sparging,Pump and Treat)

$383,000 Not provided Not provided Not provided Cleanup 

lump sum 

Service Station, CA (specific site name notidentified) (Bioremediation (ORC))

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Service Station, Lake Geneva, WI (specific sitename not identified) (Bioremediation (ORC))

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

South Beach Marine, Hilton Head, SC(Bioremediation)

$63,500 Not provided Not provided Not provided Cleanup 

lump sum 

South Prudence Bay Island Park, T-Dock Site,Portsmouth, RI (Biosparging)

$280,946 Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

Sparks Solvents/Fuel Site, Sparks, NV (MultiPhase Extraction) Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provSpecific site name not identified(Bioremediation)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov

U.S. Navy Construction Battalion Center, PortHueneme, CA (Bioremediation)

Not provided Not provided Not provided P - $150,000 Not prov

Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, CA(Bioremediation)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not prov
Table 2. Remediation Case Studies: Summary of Cost Data (continued)

Site Name, State (Technology)

Technology 

Cost ($)1,2

Quantity of

Media Treated

Quantity of

Contaminant

Removed

Calculated Unit

Cost for 

Treatment 1,2

Key Fa

13

ContainmentDover Air Force Base, GroundwaterRemediation Field Laboratory National TestSite, Dover DE (Vertical Engineered Barrier)

Not provided Not provided Not provided P - ranged from

$6.71 to $8.21/ft2

Not prov

Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM(Cap)

Not provided Not provided Not provided Ranged from

$51.40/m2 to

$157.54/m2

Type of Subtitles Anisotro

1 Actual full-scale costs are reported unless otherwise noted. 2 Cost abbreviation: AO = annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, C = capital costs, M = monitoring costs, D = Demonstration-scale, P = 
14

blank
15

IN SITU SOIL TREATMENT ABSTRACTS
16

Electrokinetic Remediation at Alameda Point, Alameda, California 

Site Name:

Alameda Point (formerly Naval Air Station Alameda) 

Location:

Alameda, CA

Period of Operation:

December 1997 - June 1998

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

EPA Contact:

Mike Gill

U.S. EPA Region 9

Phone: (415) 744-2385

E-mail: gill.michael@epa.gov

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Field demonstration of electrokinetic treatment of chromium in soil

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

Heavy Metals (Chromium)

• Chromium concentrations were as high as 2,060 mg/kg

Waste Source:

Electroplating operations

Technology Vendor:

Geokinetics International Inc.

Berkeley, CA

BADCAT Contact:

Robin Truitt

BADCAT ETP Coordinator

Phone: (510) 986-0303

E-mail: rctruitt@aol.com

Navy Contacts:

Andrew Drucker

Phone: (805) 982-4847

E-mail: druckeras@nfesc.navy.mil

Michael Bloom

Phone: (619) 532-0967

E-mail: bloomms@navfac.navy.mil

Technology:

Electrokinetics

• Demonstration system used 15 electrodes - three rows of electrodes

positioned one meter apart, with each row consisting of five electrodes spaced

every two meters

• Electrodes were installed 2.4 meters bgs for a total soil volume of 38.4 cubic

meters

• An acidic solution was maintained at a pH of 4 - 5 in the electrode cells, and

solution was removed for processing and recovery above-ground

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil

• 38.4 cubic meters of alkaline soil 

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Reduce chromium concentrations in soil to 30 mg/kg (EPA Region 9's preliminary remediation goal for residential use)

Results:

• In most soil layers, the system met the cleanup goal, however, in the most contaminated layer of soil (the interface

between soil and concrete), the system did not meet the cleanup goal of 30 mg/kg of chromium in soil

• Electrokinetics removed 12% of the total chromium based on pre- and post-treated soil data, and only 1% based on total

chromium recovered in the electrode solution

• During the demonstration, the water table dropped below design specifications and bentonite seals were used to

maintain the electrode solution; this modification was projected to have decreased system performance by as much as 50

percent

Costs:

• The demonstration had a cost of $194,291, or $4,318/cubic yard, for vendor-supplied services

• It was projected that a full-scale system would have treatment costs of $90/cubic yard
Electrokinetic Remediation at Alameda Point, Alameda, California 

17

Description:

Alameda Point had a former aircraft rework facility plating shop that operated from 1942 to 1990. During plating

operations, chromium leaked into the soil beneath the shop. The Navy, in coordination with the Bay Area Defense

Conversion Action Team (BADCAT) Environmental Technology Partnership (ETP), conducted a demonstration of

electrokinetics at this site. The BADCAT is a public-private partnership of several organizations in the San Francisco

area, including the Bay Area Economic Forum, Bay Area Regional Technology Alliance, California EPA, San Francisco

State University, EPA, and Navy.

Electrokinetic remediation was performed for four months using 38.4 cubic meters of soil. Treatment removed 12% of the

total chromium based on pre- and post-treated soil data, and only 1% based on total chromium recovered in the electrode

solution. In most soil layers, the system met the cleanup goal, however, in the most contaminated layer of soil (the

interface between soil and concrete), the system did not meet the cleanup goal. The demonstration had a cost of $194,291,

or $4,318/cubic yard, for vendor-supplied services. It was projected that a full-scale system would have treatment costs of

$90/cubic yard
18

Hydraulic Fracturing of Low Permeability Media at Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion

Plant, X-231A, Piketon, Ohio 

Site Name:

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, X-231A

Location:

Piketon, OH

Period of Operation:

1996 to 1998

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Field demonstration of hydraulic fracturing with four types of remediation

technologies

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

Chlorinated Solvents

• Trichloroethene (TCE) and related halocarbons at concentrations as high as

100 mg/kg 

Waste Source:

Disposal of waste oils and degreasing

solvents

Technical Contacts:

Robert L. Siegrist 

Colorado School of Mines

Phone: (303) 273-3490

William W. Slack

FRx, Inc.

Phone: (513) 469-6040

Management Contacts:

Tom Houk

Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC

Phone: (740) 897-6502

Jim Wright

DOE SRS/SCFA

Phone: (803) 725-5608

Technology:

Hydraulic Fracturing

• Fractures were created by pushing a 2-inch steel casing and PVC drive point

into the subsurface; dislodging the drive point an additional 1-4 inches,

cutting a horizontal notch into the soil, pressurizing the notch with injected

fluid, and propagating the fracture

• Remediation technologies were evaluated in four test cells with hydraulic

fractures: Cell A - steam injection; Cell B - hot air injection; Cell C - iron

metal permeable reactive barrier; and Cell D - potassium permanganate

oxidation

• Cells A and B (hot fluid injection) were operated with 60 days in Fall 1996

and 45 days in Summer 1997; Cells C and D (reactive barriers) were operated

passively during a two-year period 

• Each treatment cell had dimensions of 45 ft length, 45 ft width, and 16 ft

depth

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil and Groundwater

• Silty clay soils; depth to groundwater was 11.5 ft bgs, with soil water content

near saturation almost to ground surface

• Soil pH 4-5; Eh 200 mV 

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Evaluate the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing with four remediation technologies

• No specific cleanup goals were identified

Results:

• Four to five fractures were created in each cell (total of more than 25 fractures) at depths from 4-18 ft bgs and at

spacings as little as 2-3 ft

• For Cell B, hot air injection increased the rate of contaminants removed by volatilization, with off-gas containing more

than 800 ppmv of TCE and up to 17% methane; in Cell A, a highly heterogeneous distribution of contaminant mass and

low levels of contaminants precluded a thorough evaluation of process efficiency

• For Cell C, the iron proppant remained active (30-40% initial degradation of TCE) for up to 27 months after placement,

but with little effect to surrounding soil

• For Cell D, the permanganate was more active (>99% degradation of TCE within 2 hours) and created zones of reactive

soil that continued to grow away from the fracture over a 27 month period
Hydraulic Fracturing of Low Permeability Media at Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion

Plant, X-231A, Piketon, Ohio 

19

Costs:

• The actual costs for the demonstration were $1,258,700, including $715,900 (Phase 1 operation), $76,400 (Phase 2

operation), $157,100 (Pre-demonstration site characterization), and $102,300 (project management)

• Costs for sand-propped fractures generally range from $850 to $1,500 per fracture; costs at this site were higher due to

working within a radiation zone and higher costs for reactive agents

Description:

The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PORTS) is located approximately 80 miles south of Columbus, in south-central

Ohio. The industrialized portion of PORTS is 1,000 acres of a 3,714 acre DOE reservation. PORTS was constructed

between 1952 and 1956 and has operated since 1955 enriching uranium for electrical power generation. The X-231A unit

is located in the southeastern portion of the PORTS site and consists of an old waste oil biodegradation site. The unit, with

an area of 950 ft by 225 ft, was reportedly used for the treatment and disposal of waste oils and degreasing solvents.

A field demonstration of hydraulic fracturing was conducted in the southeastern portion of the X-231A unit from 1996 to

1998. The demonstration involved construction of four test cells, with each cell testing hydraulic fracturing in conjunction

with a different remediation technology - steam injection, hot air injection, iron PRB, and potassium permanganate. Four

to five fractures were created in each cell (total of more than 25 fractures) at depths from 4-18 ft bgs and at spacings as

little as 2-3 ft. The passive remediation technologies appeared to be more effective than those using fluid injection (steam

or hot air). Of the two passive technologies, permanganate appeared to be more effective than iron.
20
21

EX SITU SOIL TREATMENT ABSTRACTS
22

Incineration at Drake Chemical Superfund Site, Operable Unit 3, 

Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

Site Name:

Drake Chemical Superfund (DCS) Site, Operable Unit 3

Location:

Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

Period of Operation:

• Trial Burn: 1/25/97 to 2/4/97

• Full-Scale Operation: 3/4/98 to

4/22/99

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA - Remedial Action

• ROD signed 1992

• ESD signed 1995

Vendor:

Mr. Frederick Santucci

OHM Remediation Services

180 Myrtle Street

Lock Haven, PA 17745

(570) 748-4102

santucci@ohm.com

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Remediation designed to provide permanent destruction of soil contaminants; no

long-term waste management requirements following on-site backfill of

incinerator ash

Cleanup Type:

Full-scale Remedial Action

Contaminants:

• 470 to 1,500,000 mg/kg b-Naphthylamine

• 3.8 to 8,200 mg/kg Fenac

• Halogenated and non-halogentated VOCs and SVOCs detected in soil

Waste Source:

Two lined and two unlined waste

management lagoons; disposal of

drums of chemical waste, chemical

sludge and demolition debris on the

ground surface and in the shallow

subsurface

Project Management:

Mr. William Werntges

USACE, Harrisburg Area Office

CENAB-COF-HA285

18th Street

DDRE, Bldg S-285

Newcumberland, PA 17070

(717) 782-8750

william.h.werntges@usace.army.mil

Mr. Mike Ogden

USACE, Harrisburg Area Office

CENAB-COF-HA285

18th Street

DDRE, Bldg S-285

Newcumberland, PA 17070

(717) 782-3750

m.odgen@usace.army.mil

Regulatory Contacts

Mr. Gregg Crystal

U.S. EPA Region

31650 Arch Street

Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029

(215) 814-3207

crystall.gregg@epa.gov

Mr. Michael Welch

Pennsylvania Department of

Environmental Protection

208 West 3rd Street, Suite 101

Williamsport, PA 17701-6448

(570) 321-6518

welch.michael@a1.pader.gov

Technology:

On-Site Incineration$ • The incineration system consisted of a co-current, rotary kiln and a secondary

combustion chamber (SCC)

• The kiln operated at an exit gas temperature above 1599 F and the SCC

operated above 1801 F

• Hot gases exiting the SCC passed through an evaporative cooler, a baghouse,

a venturi quench unit, and a caustic scrubber.

• Excavated soil was dried and screened to remove oversized organic and

inorganic debris.

• Excavated soil and shredded combustible material were fed to the incinerator.

• Treated soil and fly ash were stockpiled for compliance sampling.

• Treated soil and fly ash that met treatment standards were used as fill material

at the site.

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

• 273,509 tons (180,296 cubic yards) of contaminated soil

• Moisture Content: 17.6% average, range of 10 to 25.5%

• BTU Value: 274 Btu/lb
Incineration at Drake Chemical Superfund Site, Operable Unit 3, 

Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

23

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE) of 99.99% for POHC.

• Treated soil objectives were 55 mg/kg for b-Naphthylamine and 1,000 mg/kg for Fenac.

• Treated soil and fly ash with TCLP concentrations in excess 25 times the drinking water standard for any one of eight

metals were stabilized.

• Air emission requirements included control of metals, hydrogen chloride, total dioxins and furans, carbon monoxide,

nitrous oxides, and particulate matter in the stack gas.

Results:

• Sampling of treated soil indicated that the cleanup goals were met. Three percent of the soil required re-treatment to

achieve cleanup levels.

• Two batches of fly ash required stabilization prior to on-site backfill

• Emission data from the trial burn and full-scale operations indicated that all emissions standards were met.

Costs:

• The total cost for this project was $112,381,000, with a technology-specific cost of $92,930,000.

• The technology-specific unit cost was $340 per ton of soil treated.

Description:

The DCS Site included a chemical manufacturing facility that operated from 1951 to 1982, producing chemical

intermediates used in dye, cosmetic, textile, pharmaceutical, pesticide and herbicide manufacturing. Two lined wastewater

treatment lagoons, a dry unlined sludge lagoon, and an unlined leachate lagoon were constructed at the site during the late

1950s, probably for use as waste impoundments. Drums of chemical waste, chemical sludge, and demolition debris were

disposed on the ground surface and in the shallow subsurface at the site.

Site soil and chemical sludge were contaminated with VOCs, SVOCs including b-naphthylamine, the herbicide Fenac, and

metals. These compounds were detected throughout the site regardless of sampling depth. A ROD was signed in

September 1988, specifying on-site incineration as the remedial technology for addressing soil contamination at the site. 

Contaminated soil/sludge/sediment and groundwater were identified as Operable Unit (OU) 3.

Site work for construction of the incinerator commenced in April 1995. Incinerator shake down and a clean burn were

conducted in January 1996. The incinerator was then shut down until September 1996 due to a lawsuit filed to stop the

remediation project. System optimization and preliminary testing were conducted in the Fall of 1996. The trial burn and

risk burns were conducted in January and February 1997. Following approval of the test results, the incinerator was put

into full-scale operation in March 1998. All site soil was excavated down to the water table (about 15 feet below ground

surface) and treated. The total area of the DCS Site is 9.6 acres. The incineration system consisted of a co-current, rotary

kiln followed by a SCC. After confirming that treated soil and fly ash met the cleanup criteria, the materials were

backfilled at the site. Treatment was completed in April 1999.
24

Thermal Desorption at the Metaltec Superfund Site, Franklin Borough, New Jersey

Site Name:

Metaltec Superfund Site

Location:

Franklin Borough, New Jersey

Period of Operation:

December 1994 - January 1995

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD issued June 30, 1986

EPA Remedial Project Manager:

Daniel Weissman

U.S. EPA Region 2

290 Broadway, 19th Floor

New York, NY 10007

Telephone: (212) 637-4384

Fax: (212) 637-4429

E-mail: weissman.daniel@epa.gov

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of thermal desorption to treat soil contaminated with chlorinated volatile

organic compounds

Cleanup Type:

Remedial

Contaminants:

Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Heavy Metals

• Maximum concentrations in soil were trichloroethene (TCE) - 7,600 mg/kg

and 1,2-dichloroethene (DCE) - 6,600 mg/kg

Waste Source:

Disposal in lagoon; spills

USACE Contact:

Ronny Hwee

USACE

214 State Highway 18

East Brunswick, NJ 08816

Telephone: (973) 674-1598

Fax: (973) 674-1668

Vendor:

Mark A. Fleri, P.E.

Project Manager

Williams Environmental Services, Inc.

2075 West Park Place

Stone Mountain, GA 30087

Telephone: (800) 892-0992

Fax: (770) 879-4831

E-mail: mfleri@wmsgrpintl.com

Technology:

Thermal Desorption - A low temperature enhanced volatilization system

provided by Williams Environmental was used to treat soil at the site

• The desorber was a direct-heated, rotary dryer equipped with a gas burner and

operated using countercurrent flow under negative pressure

• Soil was heated in the desorber to a temperature of 750o

F for 15-20 minutes

• Emission controls included a baghouse, thermal oxidizer, quench, and

scrubber

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil

• 4,215 yd3

 treated

• Soil was characterized as stiff sandy clays; silty, sandy clays; and sands and

gravel

• Moisture content was <20%

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• The ROD specified the following cleanup goals: vinyl chloride - 33 mg/kg; tetrachloroethene (PCE) - 0.05 mg/kg;

trans-1,2-DCE - 33 mg/kg; TCE - 5.6 mg/kg; chloroform - 5.6 mg/kg; 1,1,1-trichloroethane - 0.41 mg/kg; and 1,1-

dichloroethane - 7.2 mg/kg

• The ROD required that treated soil that failed to meet the TCLP metals requirements be shipped off-site for stabilization

and disposal at an approved RCRA permitted facility.

• Air emissions standards were specified in a NJDEP air permit, including a destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) for

the thermal oxidizer of 99.99%

Results:

• All soil met the cleanup goals on the first pass through the desorber and no soil was retreated. Data on the concentration

of individual constituents in the treated soil were not provided

• A performance test was performed to demonstrate compliance with soil cleanup requirements and air emissions

standards, and to establish operating parameters for the remainder of the project. During the performance test (three

runs), all treated soil samples were below the detection limit of 0.002 mg/kg for PCE and TCE. All emission results met

the test objectives with the exception of lead and sulfur oxides, which were deemed acceptable by the USACE and EPA.
Thermal Desorption at the Metaltec Superfund Site, Franklin Borough, New Jersey

25

Costs:

• The total cost for treatment of 4,215 cubic yards of contaminated soil at this site was $998,238. This included costs for

technology mobilization, setup, and demobilization, planning and preparation, and equipment and appurtenances.

• The calculated unit cost for this application was $237 per cubic yard of soil (based on a total of 4,215 cubic yards of soil

treated).

Description:

From 1965 to the mid 1980s, the Metaltec Corporation, a subsidiary of Aerosystems Technology Corporation, operated a

metal-plating facility in Franklin Borough, Sussex County, New Jersey. The facility produced assorted metal parts

including metal ballpoint pen casings, paint spray guns, and lipstick cases. During that time, wastewater from the plating

operations was discharged on-site to an unlined wastewater lagoon. In addition, wastes were spilled and dumped in

various locations at the facility. The unlined wastewater lagoon was abandoned sometime in the 1980s and subsequently

backfilled by the owners. In 1980, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) conducted several

investigations of the former wastewater lagoon and a pile of green material that was stored at the site, and found that soil

and groundwater in these areas were contaminated by VOCs and heavy metals. The site was placed on the National

Priorities List (NPL) in September, 1983. 

A thermal desorption system was used at the site to treat soil contaminated with VOCs. This system treated 4,215 yd3

 of

contaminated soil to below cleanup goals in less than 2 months, with no soil requiring retreatment. According to the

vendor, the thermal desorption system was operated at a 75% on-stream efficiency despite severe weather conditions. In

addition, the vendor was able to maintain the contract-required schedule despite delays in the air permitting process. The

vendor indicated that developing an active relationship with the community allowed operations to be extended from 12

hours/day to 24 hours/day, which was critical to maintaining the project schedule.
26

Thermal Desorption/Gas Phase Chemical Reduction at the New Bedford Harbor

Superfund Site, New Bedford, Massachusetts

Site Name:

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site

Location:

New Bedford, Massachusetts

Period of Operation:

November 1996

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD signed April 1990

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Demonstration of thermal desorption/gas phase chemical reduction to treat PCBcontaminated sediments

Cleanup Type:

Field demonstration

Contaminants:

PCBs

• Maximum concentrations in sediments of more than 200,000 mg/kg

Waste Source:

Discharge of polychlorinated biphenyl

(PCB)-contaminated wastewater from

electronics manufacturing

EPA RPM:

James M. Brown

U.S. EPA Region 1 (MC HBO)

1 Congress Street, Suite 1100

Boston, MA 02114-2023

Telephone: (617) 918-1308

E-mail: brown.jim@epa.gov

Technology Vendor:

Beth Kümmling

ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.

143 Dennis Street

Rockwood, Ontario N0B 2K0

Canada

Telephone: (519) 856-9591 (ext. 203)

Fax: (519) 856-9235

E-mail: kummlib@eco-logic-intl.com

Technology:

Thermal Desorption/Gas Phase Chemical Reduction (GPCR)

• Pilot-scale test of Eco Logic’s GPCR process - thermal desorption followed

by gas phase chemical reduction

• Three main components - a thermal reduction mill (TRM), a GPCR reactor,

and a gas scrubbing and compression system 

• TRM - operated with indirect heat, using a molten tin bath (heated by

propane) to transfer heat to the sediments; volatilized organic compounds and

steam were removed from the TRM using hydrogen sweep gas which was

vented to the GPCR reactor

• GPCR reactor - operated in a hydrogen atmosphere at a minimum temperature

of 900°C. As the gas passed through the reactor (typical residence time of 4

to 10 seconds), the organics were reduced to methane and hydrochloric acid,

which were sent to the gas scrubber 

• Gas scrubbing and compression system - two-stage caustic scrubbing system;

scrubbed gas compressed and stored before being burned in the Excess Gas

Burner prior to release to the atmosphere

• Pilot testing included acclimation runs to provide preliminary data for

optimizing process conditions and performance verification runs to evaluate

the process

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Sediment

• Fine sandy silt with some clay-sized particles present; some small shell

fragments present

• Moisture content - 50% by weight

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Target goals for demonstration were 50 mg/kg for PCBs and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

criteria for metals

Results:

• TRM reduced PCB concentrations to 28 to 77 mg/kg in treated sediment, with an average of 52 mg/kg; the PCB

desorption efficiency ranged from 98.36 to 99.52%, with an average of 99.06%

• GPCR reactor achieved a PCB destruction efficiency ranging from 99.99972% to 100%

• TCLP metals concentrations in the treated sediment were below the regulatory criteria
Thermal Desorption/Gas Phase Chemical Reduction at the New Bedford Harbor

Superfund Site, New Bedford, Massachusetts

27

Costs:

• Projected full-scale costs for thermal desorption/gas phase chemical reduction of sediments were $11,114,000,

including $5,865,000 in capital costs and $5,249,000 in O&M costs.

• Projected full-scale costs were based on treating 18,000 tons of sediment, for a unit cost of $617 per ton

Description:

The New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site is located along the northwestern shore of Buzzards Bay in New Bedford

Massachusetts, approximately 55 miles south of Boston. From the 1940s to 1978, PCB-contaminated wastewater from

electronics manufacturing operations was discharged onto the shoreline and into the harbor. Site investigations determined

that sediments were contaminated with PCBs and heavy metals. The site was listed on the National Priorities List in

September 1983. The ROD for a five acre area known as the “Hot Spot area” included dredging of PCB-contaminated

sediments followed by incineration. However, due to opposition to incineration, EPA postponed the incineration

component of the Hot Spot remedy to explore alternative treatment technologies. EPA evaluated four technologies as

possible alternatives to incineration - solvent extraction/dechlorination, vitrification, thermal desorption/gas phase

chemical reduction, and solidification/stabilization. This report covers the pilot-scale test of a thermal desorption/gas

phase chemical reduction process.

The pilot test was performed using Eco Logic’s GPCR process, which consisted of a TRM, a GPCR reactor, and a gas

scrubbing and compression system. During the pilot test, the concentration of PCBs in the treated sediment from the TRM

ranged from 28 to 77 mg/kg, with an average of 52 mg/kg. The TRM PCB desorption efficiency ranged from 98.36 to

99.52%, with an average of 99.06%. The PCB concentrations in treated sediment were higher than Eco Logic expected,

and may be attributed to the treated sediment accumulating in the auger. The GPCR reactor achieved a destruction

efficiency ranging from 99.99972% to 100% for PCBs and an average destruction efficiency for total dioxins and furans of

99.9923 and 99.99959, respectively. TCLP metals concentrations in the treated sediment were below the regulatory

criteria. The pilot-scale TRM unit did not allow for the collection of isokinetic (flow representative) gas samples. The

vendor concluded that the results of the pilot study can be used for a summary assessment of performance, but that

additional data would be needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding dioxin and furan production and the

concentrations of contaminants downstream of the TRM.
28

Thermal Desorption at the Reich Farm Superfund Site, Pleasant Plains, New Jersey

Site Name:

Reich Farm Superfund Site

Location:

Pleasant Plains, New Jersey

Period of Operation:

November 1, 1994 to March 10, 1995

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD signed September 30, 1988

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Thermal desorption treatment of soils contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Semivolatile Organic Compounds

(SVOCs)

Waste Source:

Leaking drums and disposal of wastes

in trenches

EPA Remedial Project Manager

(RPM): 

Jonathan Gorin

EPA Region 2

290 Broadway, 19th Floor

New York, NY 10007

Telephone: (212) 637-4361

Fax: (212) 637-4429

E-mail: gorin.jonathan@epa.gov

PRP Project Lead:

Craig Wilger

Union Carbide Technical Center

P.O. Box 8361

South Charleston, WV 25303

Telephone: (304) 747-3707

Fax: (304) 747-3680

E-mail: wilgerca@ucarb.com

Vendor:

Shawn Todaro

Vice President

Four Seasons Environmental, Inc.

3107 South Elm Eugene Street

Greensboro, North Carolina 27416

Telephone: (336) 273-2718

Fax: (336) 274-5798

Technology:

Thermal Desorption 

• Low temperature volatilization system (LTVS) owned by Four Seasons

Environmental, Inc.

• Transportable thermal desorption unit mounted on a trailer; the desorber was

38 feet long and eight feet in diameter and had a maximum throughput of 45

tons/hour

• The primary treatment unit was directly heated with a 50 million BTU/hr

burner that used #2 fuel oil

• Air pollution control equipment for the system included a multi-cyclone,

thermal oxidizer, heat exchanger, dry scrubber, and baghouse

• Residence time - 8 to 12 minutes; soil exit temperature - 650 to 750 °F

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil

• 14,836 cubic yards

• Primarily coarse sand with small amounts of clay and silt

• Moisture Content - < 10%

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

The soil cleanup levels specified in the ROD were 1 mg/kg for total VOCs and 10 mg/kg for total SVOCs

Results:

• All treated soil met the cleanup goals of 1 mg/kg for total VOCs and 10 mg/kg for total SVOCs, and was backfilled on

site

• No information was provided about the specific VOC and SVOC concentrations in the treated soil or whether any soil

required retreatment prior to meeting the cleanup goals 

Costs:

• The total project cost was $4,115,000, including $2,205,000 for the thermal treatment application and $1,910,000 in

other project costs such as excavation sampling, soil excavation, and sheeting and shoring of the excavation

• The unit cost for the thermal treatment application was $147 per cubic yard of soil treated
Thermal Desorption at the Reich Farm Superfund Site, Pleasant Plains, New Jersey

29

Description:

The Reich Farm Superfund Site (Reich Farm) is a three acre site located in Pleasant Plains, New Jersey. In 1971, the site

was leased by an independent waste hauler and used for a five-month period to dispose of 55-gallon drums containing

organic solvents, still bottoms, residues, and other wastes. In December 1971, the owners of Reich Farm found 4,950

drums at the site (4,500 drums containing waste and 450 empty drums), along with several trenches that had been used for

waste disposal. Labels indicated that the drums belonged to Union Carbide. Results of the Remedial Investigation showed

that groundwater and subsurface soils at the site were contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs, and the site was listed on the

National Priorities List in September 1983. A ROD for the site, signed in September 1988, specified excavation and onsite treatment using enhanced volatilization of soil. 

The thermal treatment system used for this application was a transportable low temperature volatilization system (LTVS)

owned by Four Seasons Environmental, Inc. The primary treatment unit was directly heated and had a maximum

throughput of 45 tons/hour. From November 1, 1994 to March 10, 1995, 14,836 cubic yards of contaminated soil was

treated using the LTVS. All treated soil met the cleanup goals of 1 mg/kg for total VOCs and 10 mg/kg for total SVOCs,

and was backfilled on site. No information was provided about the specific VOC and SVOC concentrations in the treated

soil or whether any soil required retreatment prior to meeting the cleanup goals.
30

Thermal Desorption at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, 

Golden, Colorado

Site Name:

Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site; Mound Site

Location:

Golden, Colorado

Period of Operation:

July - August 1997

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• DOE Final Action Memorandum

3/97

EPA Contact:

Tim Rehder

U.S. EPA Region 8

999 18th Street, Suite 500

Denver, CO 80202

Phone: (303) 312-6293

E-mail: rehder.timothy@epa.gov

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Thermal desorption of soil contaminated with halogenated volatile organic

compounds 

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

• Tetrachloroethene (PCE) was the primary VOC, with concentrations as high

as 760 mg/kg

• Trichloroethene (TCE), carbon tetrachloride, and methylene chloride were not

detected above their cleanup goals in any soil samples

Waste Source:

Burial of drums of waste

Site Contacts:

Norma Castaneda

U.S. DOE

Rocky Flats Field Office

10808 Highway 93, Unit A

Golden, CO 80403

Phone: (303) 966-4226

E-mail: norma.castaneda@rfets.gov

Tom Greengard

SAIC

10808 Highway 93, Unit B

Golden, CO 80403

Phone: (303) 966-5635

E-mail: tom.greengard@rfets.gov

Technology Vendor:

Ron Hill

McLaren Hart

9323 Stockport Place

Charlotte, NC 28273

Phone: (704) 587-0003

E-mail: 

ronnie_hill@mclaren-hart.com

Technology:

Thermal Desorption

• The McLaren Hart IRV-150 Batch Thermal Desorption Unit was used,

including four ovens

• Each oven is 8-feet wide by 18-feet long by 1.5-feet high, and includes two

removable trays, with a capacity of 2.25 cubic yards of soil per tray

• The desorber was operated at 180oF and a soil residence time of 2.5 - 3.5

hours

• Off-gases were treated with HEPA filtration, condensation, and vapor-phase

GAC

• Condensate was treated using chemical precipitation, microfiltration,

neutralization, dewatering, ultraviolet/peroxide oxidation, ion exchange, and

liquid-phase GAC adsorption

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil

• 724.5 cubic yards of soil from two groups: (1) above claystone/sandstone

layer; and (2) weathered claystone/sandstone material

• Soil in first group consisted of clay (15-50%), silt (10-40%), sand (20-30%),

and gravel (10-40%)

• Soil in second group consisted of clay (45-90%), silt (40-85%), and sand

(5-55%)

• Moisture content of both groups ranged from 10-18%

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Cleanup goals for treatment of soil were identified for PCE (6.0 mg/kg), TCE (4.0 mg/kg), carbon tetrachloride (2.0

mg/kg), and methylene chloride (5.77 mg/kg)

• Based upon air dispersion modeling results, stack monitoring for radionuclides was not required

Results:

• Except for two batches, all treated soil samples met the cleanup goals on the first pass, with all results below detection

limits

• The two batches that did not meet the treatment goal for PCE were re-treated met the goals after re-treatment
Thermal Desorption at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, 

Golden, Colorado

31

Costs:

• A total of $2,316,000 was expended for cleanup of this site, including $580,000 for planning and site preparation,

$210,000 for project management, and $1,526,000 for excavation, treatment, waste disposition, and site restoration. 

Information about the portion of the $1,526,000 for excavation, treatment, waste disposition, and site restoration that

was directly attributable to thermal treatment was not available. Therefore, a unit cost for treatment of contaminated

soil was not calculated. DOE considers information about the amount expended for thermal desorption treatment

confidential business information.

Description:

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) used the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (RFETS) to fabricate

components for nuclear weapons from 1951 to 1989. Hazardous mixed wastes generated from the associated machining

operations were disposed at various locations at the site, including the Mound Site. Approximately 1,400 drums

containing hazardous mixed waste, including uranium, beryllium, hydraulic oil, carbon tetrachloride and PCE were placed

at the Mound Site between April 1954 and September 1958. These drums were covered with soil thus generating a

"mound". Over time, contamination leaked from these drums into the surrounding soils and groundwater. 

Thermal desorption technology was selected to treat contaminated soils from the Mound Site. A batch process design was

selected based on the relatively small volume of soil to be treated, and a desire to minimize size reduction activities

because of the presence of radionuclide contamination. This application included several enhancements to the McLaren

Hart thermal treatment system, including use of trays to hold the soil instead of placing the soil directly into the ovens, and

use of a preheater in the off gas treatment train between the condenser and the HEPA filters to raise the temperature of the

off gas leaving the condenser above its dew point. Treated soil samples met the cleanup goals on the first pass, with results

below detection limits for all but two batches. These two batches were re-treated and met the goals after re-treatment. 

Information was not available about the cost for thermal desorption treatment at this site.
32

Thermal Desorption at the Sarney Farm Superfund Site, Amenia, New York

Site Name:

Sarney Farm Superfund Site

Location:

Amenia, New York

Period of Operation:

August through December 1997

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD signed September 27, 1990

EPA Remedial Project Manager

(RPM): 

Kevin Willis

EPA Region 2

290 Broadway, 19th Floor

New York, NY 10007

Telephone: (212) 637-4252

Fax: (212) 637-3966

E-mail: willis.kevin@epa.gov

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Thermal desorption treatment of soils contaminated with VOCs

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

Volatile Organic Compounds

• Seven contaminants of concern (COCs) were identified including 1,2-

dichloroethane, 2-butanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, chloroform, toluene,

trichloroethene, total xylenes 

Waste Source:

Leaking drums and disposal of wastes

in trenches

Vendor:

Mark A. Fleri, P.E.

Project Manager

Williams Environmental Services, Inc.

2075 West Park Place

Stone Mountain, GA 30087

Telephone: (800) 247-4030

Fax: (770) 879-4831

E-mail: mfleri@wmsgrpintl.com

Prime Contractor:

Jim Bannon

ESE

410 Amherst Street, Suite 100

Nashua, NH 03063

Telephone: (603) 889-3737

Fax: (603) 880-6111

E-mail: jpbannon@mactec.com

Technology:

Thermal Desorption 

• Low temperature thermal desorption (LTTD) system owned by Williams

Environmental, Inc 

• System included a desorber unit that consisted of a direct-heated rotary kiln,

feed belt, thermal desorber burner, and discharge screw conveyor; a baghouse

unit; a thermal oxidizer unit; and a control unit

• Average system throughput - 27 tons/hr; residence time - 15 to 20 minutes;

soil exit temperature - 650 to 750°F

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil

• 10,514 tons of soil 

• Primarily coarse sand with small amounts of clay and silt

• Moisture content of <25%

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

The ROD specified the following soil cleanup levels: 1,2-dichloroethane - 0.1 mg/kg, 2-butanone - 0.3 mg/kg, 4-methyl-2-

pentanone - 1.0 mg/kg, chloroform - 0.3 mg/kg, toluene - 1.5 mg/kg, trichloroethene - 0.2 mg/kg, total xylenes - 7.0 mg/kg

Results:

• All treated soil met the cleanup goals for the seven COCs on the first pass through the system

• Data on concentrations of specific COC contaminants was provided for samples collected between September and

November 1997; these data showed that all seven COCs were at non-detectable levels in the treated soil 

• Treated soil was backfilled on-site

Costs:

• The total project cost was $2,918,600, including $1,932,300 in costs for the thermal treatment application and $986,300

in other project costs such as excavation, compliance sampling, disposal of residuals and miscellaneous costs

• Treatment costs included $1,932,300, including $745,600 in capital costs and $1,186,700 in operating costs

• The calculated unit cost for treatment was $184 per ton based on treating 10,514 tons of soil
Thermal Desorption at the Sarney Farm Superfund Site, Amenia, New York

33

Description:

The Sarney Farm Superfund Site (Sarney Farm) is located in the town of Amenia in Dutchess County New York,

approximately 90 miles north of New York City. The site encompasses 40 acres and includes a five-acre permitted

sanitary landfill that operated from 1968 to 1969. During that time, non-permitted industrial wastes and barrels of waste

solvents were disposed of in and around the landfill, as well as in trenches around the site. Site investigations indicated

that soil and groundwater at the site were contaminated with organics, primarily VOCs. The ROD, signed in September

1990, specified removal of drums and excavation and on-site treatment of contaminated soil using low temperature thermal

desorption for two areas. Removal of drums, which were disposed of off-site, was completed in March 1995.

 

The thermal treatment system used for this application was a low temperature thermal desorption (LTTD) system owned

by Williams. A total of 10,514 tons of soil were treated from August through December 1997. All treated soil met the

cleanup goals for seven COCs on the first pass through the system. The LTTD system reduced contaminant concentrations

to non-detectable levels based on available data on individual contaminant concentrations. According to ESE, local permit

constraints limited LTTD operation to daylight hours (about 10 to 11 hours per day), five days per week. Had the unit

been allowed to operate 24 hours per day, seven days per week, the thermal treatment likely could be completed at a lower

cost. According to Williams, this project was performed without the benefit of existing site utilities. Electricity was

provided using an on-site generator; water was imported to the site on a daily basis using a tank truck; and soil was

quenched using treated water from the excavation.
34

ThermoRetec's Segmented Gate System at Brookhaven National Laboratory, 

Area of Concern 16, Suffolk County, New York 

Site Name:

Brookhaven National Laboratory, Area of Concern 16

Location:

Suffolk County, NY

Period of Operation:

May to June 2000

Cleanup Authority:

RCRA Corrective Measure

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of a gate system to reduce volume of radioactive-contaminated soil

requiring off-site disposal

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

Radionuclides

• Cesium 137 levels ranged from background to 348 pCi/g 

Waste Source:

Spills of fission products

Site Contact:

James Brower

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Phone: (631) 344-7513

Vendor Contacts:

Joseph W. Kimbrell/James M. Brown

ThermoRetec

Phone: (505) 254-0955

Technical Contact:

Ray Patteson

Sandia National Laboratories

Phone: (505) 844-1904

Technology:

Segmented Gate System (SGS)

• SGS is a combination of conveyer systems, radiation detectors (primarily

gamma radiation), and computer control

• Contaminated soil on conveyer belt was diverted by segmented gates into

stockpiles

• Detectors monitored radioactivity content of soil traveling on belt and

computer opened specified gates to separate portions of soil based on

radioactivity criteria

• Operating parameters included a belt speed of 30 ft/min, belt length of 16 -18

ft, soil layer thickness of 2 inches by width of 30.75 inches, and soil density of

1.29 g/cm3

• Average daily processing time was 2.06 hours, with a total of 22.7 hours over

11 days

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil

• 625 yd3

 of soil were processed

• Moisture content relatively high; soil contained clumps of grass with root

systems and grass stems

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Reduce the volume of contaminated soil that was above the specified criteria and that would require storage and

disposal

• The sorting criterion was 23 pCi/g

Results:

• Overall volume reduction was measured as 16%, processing soil from three separate locations

• Average activity of above-criteria soil ranged from 26 - 321 pCi/g, and below-criteria soil ranged from 7.17 - 18.8 pCi/g

Costs:

• The vendor's cost was $373,509, including $52,410 for pre-deployment site characterization, $25,700 for other

pre-deployment activities, $73,300 for mobilization, $147,459 for operations and delays, $49,000 for demobilization,

$18,640 for post-excavation mower survey and $7,000 for the final report and documentation; BNL's costs were

$321,000, including $136,662 for supporting the use of SGS

• Overall unit cost was $78/yd3

, based only on costs for processing activities
ThermoRetec's Segmented Gate System at Brookhaven National Laboratory, 

Area of Concern 16, Suffolk County, New York 

35

Description:

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), located in Suffolk County, New York, approximately 60 miles east of New York

City, encompasses an area of 5,265 acres (approximately 8.21 square miles). The site was formerly occupied by the U.S.

Army as Camp Upton during World Wars I and II, and was transferred to DOE in 1977. In 1980 and 1983, aerial

radiation surveys were conducted at the BNL site and 23 areas of man-made radioactivity were identified. The source of

the radioactive material was believed to be from spills of fission products removed from the hazardous waste management

facility. The material at Area of Concern 16 was 137Cs radionuclide-contaminated landscape surface soil. 

A Segmented Gate System (SGS) was used to reduce the volume of contaminated soil that required off-site disposal. SGS

is a combination of conveyer systems, radiation detectors, and computer control, where contaminated soil on a conveyer

belt is diverted by segmented gates into stockpiles. Detectors monitor the radioactivity content of the soil traveling on the

belt and a computer opens specified gates to separate portions of soil based on radioactivity criteria. At this site, the

overall volume reduction was measured as 16%. This relatively low percentage was attributed to differences between

requirements specified in the work plan and actual field conditions. The vendor's cost for the project was $373,509, and

BNL's cost was $321,000. The overall unit cost was $78/yd3

, based only on costs for processing activities
36

Thermo NUtech's Segmented Gate System at Idaho National Engineering and

Environmental Laboratory, Auxiliary Reactor Area 23, Idaho Falls, Idaho 

Site Name:

Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), Auxiliary

Reactor Area (ARA) 23

Location:

Idaho Falls, ID

Period of Operation:

May to June 1999

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of a gate system to reduce volume of radioactive-contaminated soil

requiring off-site disposal

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

Radionuclides

• Cesium 137 levels greater than 45 pCi/g 

Waste Source:

Accidental destruction of reactor

Site Contact:

Frank Webber

INEEL

(208) 526-8507

Vendor Contacts:

Joseph W. Kimbrell

ThermoRetec

(505) 254-0935 ext. 209

Technical Contact:

Ray Patteson

Sandia National Laboratories

(505) 844-1904

Technology:

Segmented Gate System (SGS)

• SGS is a combination of conveyer systems, radiation detectors (primarily

gamma radiation), and computer control

• Contaminated soil on conveyer belt was diverted by segmented gates into

stockpiles

• Detectors monitored radioactivity content of soil traveling on belt and

computer opened specified gates to separate portions of soil based on

radioactivity criteria

• Operating parameters included a belt speed of 30 ft/min, belt length of 16 -18

ft, soil layer thickness of 2 inches by width of 30.75 inches, and soil density of

0.95 g/cm3

• Actual run time was 4.12 hours for Area A, and 2.98 hours for Area C 

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil

• 442 yd3

 of soil were processed, consisting of 124 yd3 from Area A (Sediment

Radionuclide Deposition), 219 yd3

 from Area C (Windblown Radionuclide

Deposition), and 99 yd3

 of oversized material from Areas A and C

• Soils generally consisted of fine-grained eolian soil deposits, with some

fluvial gravel and gravelly sands; sieve analysis not performed

• Moisture content relatively high; soil contained clumps of grass with root

systems and grass stems

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Reduce the volume of contaminated soil that was above the specified criteria and that would require storage and

disposal, from soil that was below the criteria

• The sorting criterion was 23 pCi/g

Results:

• Overall volume reduction was measured as 2.7% for Area A soils and 0% for Area C soils

• Several additional tests were performed to determine the cause of the relatively poor results, including a set point test,

shine test, and direct haul tests 

Costs:

• The vendor's cost was $205,800, including $17,000 for pre-deployment activities, $69,000 for mobilization, $77,000 for

processing, $39,000 for demobilization, and $3,800 for final report; INEEL's costs were $365,000
Thermo NUtech's Segmented Gate System at Idaho National Engineering and

Environmental Laboratory, Auxiliary Reactor Area 23, Idaho Falls, Idaho 

37

Description:

INEEL, located 34 miles west of Idaho Falls, Idaho, encompasses an area of 890 square miles. The site was established in

1949 for building and testing a variety of nuclear facilities. INEEL supports the engineering and operations efforts of

DOE and other federal agencies in the areas of nuclear safety research, reactor development, reactor operations and

training, nuclear defense materials production, waste management technology, energy technology, and conservation

programs. Auxiliary Reactor Area 23 is a 41.8 acre CERCLA site at INEEL containing windblown contamination. Most

of the contamination came from the accidental destruction of the SL-1 reactor in 1961. The contaminant of concern at

ARA 23 is 137Cs. 

A SGS was used to reduce the volume of contaminated soil that required off-site disposal. SGS is a combination of

conveyer systems, radiation detectors, and computer control, where contaminated soil on a conveyer belt is diverted by

segmented gates into stockpiles. Detectors monitor the radioactivity content of the soil traveling on the belt and a

computer opens specified gates to separate portions of soil based on radioactivity criteria. At this site, the overall volume

reduction was measured as less than 3%, and several tests were performed to determine the cause of the relatively poor

results. The vendor's cost for the project was $205,800, and INEEL's cost was $365,000.
38

Solidification/Stabilization at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, 

Training Range and Impact Area, Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Site Name:

Massachusetts Military Reservation, Training Range and Impact Area

Location: 

Cape Cod, MA

Period of Operation:

February 1998 through June 1998

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• Administrative Order issued April

10, 1997

EPA Remedial Project Manager:

Mike Jasinski

U.S. EPA Region 1

1 Congress Street, Suite 1100

Boston, MA 02203-2211

Telephone: (617) 918-1352

Fax: (617) 918-1291

E-mail: jasinski.mike@epa.gov

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of a proprietary stabilization technology to treat lead in both in situ and ex

situ soils 

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

Heavy Metals

• Lead was the primary contaminant, with total lead concentrations in soil

ranging as high as 12,200 mg/kg and TCLP leachable lead as high as 734

ug/L

Waste Source:

Training/firing ranges

Site Lead: 

Ben Gregson, Assistant Project Officer 

Army National Guard

Building 2816, Room 228

Camp Edwards, MA 02542

Telephone: (508) 968-5821

Fax: 508-968-5286

Technology Vendor:

Mike Lock or Chris Rice

Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc.

8270 Whitcomb Street

Merrillville, IN 46410

Telephone: (219) 756-4686

Fax: (219) 756-4687

E-mail: sevensonmw@aol.com

Technology:

Stabilization using MAECTITE®

• MAECTITE® is a proprietary technology that applies a liquid reagent to the

soil to react with the lead and produce a geochemically stable synthetic

mineral crystal; information was not provided on the type of chemicals in the

liquid reagent

• Contaminated soil from sixteen small arms ranges was treated with

MAECTITE® technology in both ex situ and in situ applications

• Berm soil was excavated and treated ex situ when a visual analysis showed the

presence of recoverable bullet fragments

• Soil remaining in the berms that did not contain bullet fragments but still had

a TCLP lead concentration of greater than 5.0 mg/L was treated in situ.

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil

• 23,168 cubic yards of soil; consisting of 17,788 cubic yards treated ex situ

(27,952 tons), and 5,380 cubic yards treated in situ

• Soil was classified as sandy and included stones and other oversize materials

captured on 6-inch, 2-inch, and number 4 screens, and had a pH ranging from

5.0 to 6.5

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• The Administrative Order contained several requirements, including removing the maximum amount of lead munitions

from the soil; recycling the removed lead munitions, as appropriate; and use of soil modifiers to minimize prospective

bullet corrosion and lead migration

• A cleanup goal was established as TCLP leachable lead concentration in soil of <5.0 mg/L

Results:

• 17,788 cubic yards of soil were treated ex situ in 56 batches (each consisting of 500 tons of soil). All batches met the

cleanup goal, with no retreatment required. In addition, 96% of the samples of ex situ treated soil had a TCLP leachable

lead concentration of <0.5 mg/L (one order of magnitude lower than the cleanup goal).

• 5,380 cubic yards of soil were treated in situ with 29 samples analyzed after in situ treatment of soil. All locations met

the cleanup goal, with no retreatment required. In addition, 97% of the samples of in situ treated soil had a TCLP

leachable lead concentration of <0.5 mg/L (one order of magnitude lower than the cleanup goal).
Solidification/Stabilization at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, 

Training Range and Impact Area, Cape Cod, Massachusetts

39

Costs:

• The capital cost for MAECTITE® treatment of 23,168 cubic yards of contaminated soil was $3.5 million, with a

calculated unit cost of $151 per cubic yard of soil treated

• The costs included ex situ and in situ treatment of berms, as well as mobilization, work plan preparation, negotiation

support, meetings and briefings, reports, survey of berms, berm reconstruction, and decontamination 

• In situ treatment was used at those berms and portions of berms which did not contain recoverable bullet fragments, thus

limiting the amount of soil that was required to be excavated and treated on an ex situ basis.

Description:

The Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR), founded by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1935 as a National

Guard training camp and federalized in 1940 to prepare for World War II, currently houses Otis Air National Guard Base,

U.S. Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod, and Army National Guard Camp Edwards. MMR covers 34 square miles of

upper Cape Cod (approximately 22,000 acres), and borders the towns of Bourne, Falmouth, Mashpee and Sandwich,

Massachusetts. MMR was placed on EPA’s Superfund National Priority List in 1989, and has 78 pollution source areas

currently identified and 10 major groundwater pollution plumes moving at approximately 1.5 to 2 feet per day. The

reservation sits atop the recharge area for the sole source groundwater aquifer from which all of upper Cape Cod draws its

drinking water. The Training Range and Impact Area includes 16 small arms firing ranges (training ranges). Berms

constructed behind targets at the ranges to capture bullets and fragments of bullets behind targets became contaminated with

lead. 

MAECTITE®, a proprietary stabilization technology, was used on both an ex situ and an in situ basis to treat leadcontaminated soil in the berms at the 16 small arms ranges. A total of 23,168 cubic yards of soil were treated (17,788

cubic yards ex situ and 5,380 cubic yards in situ). All samples met the cleanup goal of <5.0 mg/L of TCLP leachable lead,

and soil was not required to be retreated. The treatment vendor reported that the factors that affect cost and performance

for the MAECTITE® technology include heavy metal constituents of concern, level of heavy metal contamination,

reduction in concentrations of leachable metal, volume of material to be treated, whether in situ or ex situ methods are

used, material sizing requirements, final disposition of treated material (i.e., on site or off site), reporting requirements,

waste matrix complexities, site configuration, prevailing labor rates, and taxes.
40

Solidification/Stabilization at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, 

New Bedford, Massachusetts

Site Name:

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site

Location:

New Bedford, Massachusetts

Period of Operation:

November 30 to December 4, 1995

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD signed April 1990

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Bench-scale testing of solidification/stabilization to treat PCB-contaminated

sediments

Cleanup Type:

Bench-scale

Contaminants:

PCBs

• Maximum concentrations in sediments of more than 200,000 mg/kg

Waste Source:

Discharge of polychlorinated biphenyl

(PCB)-contaminated wastewater from

electronics manufacturing

Site Contact:

Helen Douglas

Foster Wheeler Environmental

Corporation

470 Atlantic Avenue

Boston, MA 02210

Telephone: (617) 457-8263

E-mail: helen_douglas@fwc.com

EPA Contact:

James M. Brown

U.S. EPA Region 1 (MC HBO)

1 Congress Street, Suite 1100

Boston, MA 02114

Telephone: (617) 918-1308

E-mail: brown.jim@epa.gov

Technology:

Solidification/Stabilization

• Bench-scale study of seven solidification/stabilization reagents from Foster

Wheeler, MARCOR Environmental (MARCOR), and World Environmental

(WORLD)

• Reagents included Foster Wheeler - Portland cement and absorbent clay;

MARCOR - HWT-27 (a sintered calcium silicate material); and WORLD -

LPC II (15% SiO2 and 68% CaO, similar to Portland cement), Clarion SM399 (complex of montmorillonite clay and quaternary ammonium compound),

Zoneco-P1 (mixture of some 30 organic and amino acids and other organic

compounds), and OT-P2 (liquid containing 40% active alkoxysilane

emulsified in water)

• Reagents were mixed with sediments (proportions and length of mixing times

varied); the mixtures were placed in molds and allowed to air cure for 30 days

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Sediment

• Fine sandy silt with some clay-sized particles present; some small shell

fragments present

• Moisture content - 50% by weight

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Objectives of the bench-scale study included evaluating the ability of solidification/stabilization to reduce the

leachability of PCBs, SVOCs, and heavy metals in Hot Spot sediments

• Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) regulatory limits for SVOCs and metals

• For TCLP PCBs, no regulatory limit had been established; therefore, results were used for comparison purposes only

• Compressive strength of treated material

Results:

• TCLP PCBs - concentrations in all batches for the three vendors was found to be higher in the treated sediment than in

the untreated sediment, by a factor of two to four times

• TCLP SVOCs - results were mixed, with concentrations generally higher in the treated sediment than in the untreated

sediment; for example, TCLP concentrations for phenols increased in mixtures from all three vendors from 2 ug/L in the

untreated sediment to as much as 4.7 ug/L in the treated material

• TCLP metals - concentrations in the untreated sediment used for these tests were below regulatory limits; in most cases,

metals concentrations in the sediment were reduced by solidification/stabilization; however, increases in concentrations

for several metals, including barium, copper, and zinc, were observed in some of the tests

• Compressive strength - the Foster Wheeler mixtures had the highest compressive strength, ranging from 195 to 270 psi;

the MARCOR has the lowest compressive strength, ranging from 45 to 80 psi
Solidification/Stabilization at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, 

New Bedford, Massachusetts

41

Costs:

No cost data were available for the treatability study; and no projections were developed for the full-scale costs for

solidification/stabilization of Hot Spot sediments

Description:

The New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site is located along the northwestern shore of Buzzards Bay in New Bedford

Massachusetts, approximately 55 miles south of Boston. From the 1940s to 1978, PCB-contaminated wastewater from

electronics manufacturing operations was discharged onto the shoreline and into the harbor. Site investigations determined

that sediments were contaminated with PCBs and heavy metals. The site was listed on the National Priorities List in

September 1983. The ROD for a five acre area known as the “Hot Spot area” included dredging of PCB-contaminated

sediments followed by incineration. However, due to opposition to incineration, EPA postponed the incineration

component of the Hot Spot remedy to explore alternative treatment technologies. EPA evaluated four technologies as

possible alternatives to incineration - solvent extraction/dechlorination, vitrification, thermal desorption/gas phase

chemical reduction, and solidification/stabilization. This report covers the bench-scale testing of a

solidification/stabilization process.

The bench-scale test was performed using seven reagents from three vendors - Foster Wheeler, MARCOR, and WORLD. 

The reagents were mixed with Hot Spot sediments (in varying proportions and mixed for varying times), placed in

containers, and air cured for 30 days. Samples were analyzed for TCLP PCBs, TCLP SVOCs, and TCLP metals to

evaluate the ability of solidification/stabilization to reduce the leachabiliy of contaminants from Hot Spot sediments. None

of the solidification/stabilization mixtures tested during the bench-scale study was effective in stabilizing PCBs or SVOCs

in the Hot Spot sediments. In many cases, the contaminant concentrations in the treated material were higher than in the

untreated sediment. Specific reasons for the increase in concentrations were not identified, though it is possible that the

process increased the mobility of PCBs and other organics in the aqueous phase. While the concentrations of metals in the

untreated sediment were below the regulatory limits, solidification/stabilization generally reduced the TCLP metals

concentrations in the treated material, and may be appropriate for treating metals in the Hot Spot sediments.
42

Solvent Extraction/Dechlorination at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, 

New Bedford, Massachusetts

Site Name:

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site

Location:

New Bedford, Massachusetts

Period of Operation:

June 1996

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD signed April 1990

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Demonstration of solvent extraction/dechlorination to treat PCB-contaminated

sediments

Cleanup Type:

Field demonstration

Contaminants:

PCBs

• Maximum concentrations in sediments of more than 200,000 mg/kg

Waste Source:

Discharge of polychlorinated biphenyl

(PCB)-contaminated wastewater from

electronics manufacturing

EPA Contact:

James M. Brown

U.S. EPA Region 1 (MC HBO)

1 Congress Street, Suite 1100

Boston, MA 02114

Telephone: (617) 918-1308

E-mail: brown.jim@epa.gov

Technology Vendors:

William Heins

Ionics RCC

3006 Northrop Way, Suite 200

Bellvue, WA 98004

Telephone: (425) 828-2400

Gerry Getman

Commodore Advances Sciences, Inc.

2340 Menaul Boulevard NE, Suite

400

Albuquerque, NM 87107

Telephone: (505) 872-6805

Fax: (505) 872-6827

E-mail: ggetman@commodore.com

Technology:

Solvent extraction/dechlorination 

• Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T.®) solvent extraction process

followed by Solvated Electron Technology (SET®) dechlorination process

• B.E.S.T.® process included feed material preparation, extraction, solids

drying, and solvent recovery; diisopropylamine (DIPA) used as the extraction

solvent; PCB-concentrated oil sent to SET® process 

• SET® process included a mobile SET® unit with a one gallon per day

processing capacity; concentrated oil reacted with liquid anhydrous ammonia

followed by metallic sodium generating the solvated electron solution to

reduce the PCBs

• Pilot testing included optimization testing to identify the optimum process

parameters required to maximize extraction of PCBs from the sediment, and

verification testing to collect data from the process operating under optimal

conditions

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Sediment

• Fine sandy silt with some clay-sized particles present; some small shell

fragments present

• Moisture content - 50% by weight

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Target goals for demonstration were 50 mg/kg for PCBs and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

criteria for metals

Results:

• The B.E.S.T.® process reduced concentrations of PCBs in sediments from as high as 2,515 mg/kg to below the target

treatment goal of 50 mg/kg in as few as five extraction cycles, and PCB concentrations below 10 mg/kg were achieved

after seven extraction cycles; TCLP metals in the treated sediment were below regulatory levels

• The SET® process reduced concentrations of PCBs in the concentrated oil from the B.E.S.T.® process from 49,000

mg/kg to levels ranging from not detected to 38 mg/kg, below the target treatment goal of 50 mg/kg 
Solvent Extraction/Dechlorination at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, 

New Bedford, Massachusetts

43

Costs:

• The projected full-scale cost for treatment of PCB-contaminated sediment using the combined B.E.S.T.® and SET®

processes were $12,971,000, including $9,000,000 in capital costs and $3,971,000 in O&M costs

• Projected full-scale costs were based on treating 18,000 tons of sediment, for a unit cost of $721 per ton

Description:

The New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site is located along the northwestern shore of Buzzards Bay in New Bedford

Massachusetts, approximately 55 miles south of Boston. From the 1940s to 1978, PCB-contaminated wastewater from

electronics manufacturing operations was discharged onto the shoreline and into the harbor. Site investigations determined

that sediments were contaminated with PCBs and heavy metals. The site was listed on the National Priorities List in

September 1983. The ROD for a five acre area known as the “Hot Spot area” included dredging of PCB-contaminated

sediments followed by incineration. However, due to opposition to incineration, EPA postponed the incineration

component of the Hot Spot remedy to explore alternative treatment technologies. EPA evaluated four technologies as

possible alternatives to incineration - solvent extraction/dechlorination, vitrification, thermal desorption/gas phase

chemical reduction, and solidification/stabilization. This report covers the pilot-scale test of a solvent

extraction/dechlorination process.

The pilot test was performed using the patented Ionics RCC B.E.S.T.® solvent extraction process to remove contaminants

from the sediments, followed by the Commodore SET® process to treat the high concentration PCB oil from the B.E.S.T.®

process. During the pilot test, the B.E.S.T.® process reduced concentrations of PCBs from as high as 2,515 mg/kg to 10

mg/kg; TCLP metals in the treated sediment were below regulatory levels. The SET® process reduced concentrations of

PCBs in the concentrated oil from 49,000 mg/kg to below the levels ranging from not detected to 38 mg/kg. During the

pilot test, problems were encountered with the feed mechanism for the SET® process, requiring modifications to the design

and operation of the unit. These included modifying the feed mechanism design to handle semi-solid, waxy material rather

than liquid and using excess sodium to address problems with untreated material contaminating treated material.
44

Vitrification at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, New Bedford,

Massachusetts

Site Name:

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site

Location:

New Bedford, Massachusetts

Period of Operation:

July - August 1996

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD signed April 1990

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Demonstration of vitrification to treat PCB-contaminated sediments

Cleanup Type:

Field demonstration

Contaminants:

PCBs

• Maximum concentrations in sediments of more than 200,000 mg/kg

Waste Source:

Discharge of polychlorinated biphenyl

(PCB)-contaminated wastewater from

electronics manufacturing

EPA Contact:

James M. Brown

U.S. EPA Region 1 (MC HBO)

1 Congress Street, Suite 1100

Boston, MA 02114

Telephone: (617) 918-1308

E-mail: brown.jim@epa.gov

Technology Vendor:

James Hansen

Geosafe Corporation

2952 George Washington Way

Richland, WA 99352

Telephone: (509) 375-0170

Fax: (509) 375-7721

Technology:

Vitrification:

• Geosafe’s pilot-scale vitrification system with a treatment capacity of 2,000

pounds per batch

• System included two cylindrical carbon steel test containers (60 inches high

and 50 inches in diameter) set inside carbon steel containment boxes;

electrodes were placed inside each container, along with thermocouples to

monitor the temperature of the melt

• Off-gas equipment included desiccant and carbon filters, caustic scrubber,

vapor-phase carbon filter, and thermal oxidizer

• Batch No. 1 - power applied for 34 hours with an average melt rate of 0.93

in/hr with a total of 785 kWhr of energy consumed; achieved a melt depth of

31.5 inches based on a reading of 1000°C centerline temperature; during this

batch, significant steam was generated causing particulates and organics to be

released in the off-gas; these problems were attributed to the high moisture

content and the fine-grained nature of the sediment

• Batch No. 2 - power applied for 22 hours with an average melt rate of 0.9

in/hr with a total of 522 kWhr of energy consumed; achieved a melt depth of

33 inches based on a reading of 1000°C centerline temperature; to alleviate

the problems in Batch No. 1, standing water was decanted from the sediments

in the test container prior to the test

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Sediment

• Fine sandy silt with some clay-sized particles present; some small shell

fragments present

• Moisture content - >50% by weight

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Target goals for demonstration were 50 mg/kg for PCBs and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

criteria for metals

Results:

• During Batch No. 1, operational difficulties were encountered as a result of the high moisture content and fine-grained

nature of the sediment. Geosafe considered this batch to be an optimization test and Batch No. 2 to be the verification

test. Therefore, data from the Batch No. 1 test was not included in the performance analysis

• Data from Batch No. 2 showed that PCB concentrations in the melt were reduced from as high as 2,085 mg/kg to below

detectable levels in the treated sediment; the destruction removal efficiency for the process was 99.9905% for PCBs;

TCLP metals concentrations in the melt were below the regulatory criteria
Vitrification at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, New Bedford,

Massachusetts

45

Costs:

• The projected full-scale cost for vitrification of sediments was $20,687,000

• Projected full-scale costs were based on treating 18,000 tons sediment, for a unit cost of $1,149 per ton

• According to the vendor, this projected full-scale cost was based on treating sediments with a high moisture content;

unit costs for vitrification of dry sludge are generally lower (about $400 per ton) 

Description:

The New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site is located along the northwestern shore of Buzzards Bay in New Bedford

Massachusetts, approximately 55 miles south of Boston. From the 1940s to 1978, PCB-contaminated wastewater from

electronics manufacturing operations was discharged onto the shoreline and into the harbor. Site investigations determined

that sediments were contaminated with PCBs and heavy metals. The site was listed on the National Priorities List in

September 1983. The ROD for a five acre area known as the “Hot Spot area” included dredging of PCB-contaminated

sediments followed by incineration. However, due to opposition to incineration, EPA postponed the incineration

component of the Hot Spot remedy to explore alternative treatment technologies. EPA evaluated four technologies as

possible alternatives to incineration - solvent extraction/dechlorination, vitrification, thermal desorption/gas phase

chemical reduction, and solidification/stabilization. This report covers the pilot-scale test of a vitrification process.

The pilot test was performed using Geosafe’s vitrification system with a treatment capacity of 2,000 pounds per batch. 

Pilot tests were completed for two batches: Batch No. 1, where power was applied for 34 hours, achieving a melt depth of

31.5 inches; and Batch No. 2, where power was applied for 22 hours, achieving a melt depth of 33 inches. During Batch

No. 1, operational difficulties were encountered as a result of the high moisture content and fine-grained nature of the

sediment. As such, only data from Batch No. 2 were used for the performance assessment. To alleviate the operational

problems from Batch No. 1, water was decanted from the sediments prior to testing of Batch No. 2. The results from

Batch No. 2 showed that the vitrification process reduced PCB concentrations from 2,085 mg/kg to below detectable levels

in the treated sediment, with a PCB destruction removal efficiency of 99.9905%. TCLP metals concentrations in the melt

were below the regulatory criteria. According to Geosafe, full-scale in situ vitrification technology is not the technology of

choice for treating soils/sediments with a high moisture content (i.e., fluid media). The first test was performed on

sediments that contained standing water. While the water was decanted from the sediment for the second test, the moisture

content of the sediment tested was above 50 percent. Geosafe indicated that dewatering the sediment to a moisture content

of 10% prior to treatment would address the problem.
46

Bioremediation at the Stauffer Management Company Superfund Site, 

Tampa, Florida

Site Name:

Stauffer Management Company Superfund Site, Tampa, Florida

Location:

Tampa, Florida

Period of Operation:

June 1997 - September 1998

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA - ROD issued December

1995

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Demonstration of composting technology for treatment of soil contaminated with

chlorinated pesticides

Cleanup Type:

Field demonstration

Contaminants:

Organochlorine Pesticides - Typical pesticide concentrations in the soil were

chlordane - 47.5 mg/kg; DDD - 162.5 mg/kg; DDE - 11.3 mg/kg; DDT - 88.4

mg/kg; dieldrin - 3.1 mg/kg; molinate - 10.2 mg/kg; and toxaphene - 469 mg/kg

Waste Source:

Pesticide manufacturing and

distribution

PRP Project Lead

Frank Peter

SMC

405 Bartram Lane

West Hockessin, DE 19707

(302) 239-6781

jfpeter@aol.com

EPA Remedial Project Manager

Brad Jackson

U.S. EPA Region 4

61 Forsyth Street, S.W.

Atlanta, GA 30303-8960

(404) 562-8925

jackson.brad@epa.gov

Technology:

Bioremediation (composting)

• This technology is registered by SMC as XenoremTM

• For the field demonstration, excavated soil was passed through a 2" screen

and then mixed and placed in a pile for treatment

• Amendments (cow manure and straw) were added to the pile five times over a

period of 48 weeks

• Anaerobic and aerobic operating cycles were varied to maximize contaminant

destruction rates

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil

• 905 yd3

 for initial pile; total volume of 1,193 yd3 with amendments

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• The ROD identified cleanup levels for seven constituents in surface (0-2 ft bgs) soil: chlordane - 2.3 mg/kg; DDD -

12.6 mg/kg; DDE - 8.91 mg/kg; DDT - 8.91 mg/kg; dieldrin - 0.19 mg/kg; molinate - 0.74 mg/kg; and toxaphene - 2.75

mg/kg

• Objectives of the field demonstration were to reach ROD levels or achieve 90% reduction in concentrations; evaluate

effects of pile geometry; and evaluate equipment

Results:

• Concentrations in the compost pile were measured for the seven constituents with cleanup levels, 14 other chlorinated

pesticides, and 11 thiocarbamate and organo-phosphate compounds

• Concentrations were measured at the start of the field demonstration (T0) and at the end (T64) of a 64 week period

• The cleanup levels were achieved for 4 of 7 constituents (DDE, DDT, dieldrin, and molinate)

• DDD and toxaphene concentrations were reduced by more than 90%; chlordane concentrations were reduced by nearly

90%

Costs:

• No data are available about the cost for the field demonstration

• SMC provided typical costs for use of this technology for treating chlorinated pesticides; projected costs for treatment

are $132/yd3

, with total project costs of $192/yd3
Bioremediation at the Stauffer Management Company Superfund Site, 

Tampa, Florida

47

Description:

The Stauffer Management Company (SMC) Superfund site is an inactive pesticide manufacturing/distribution facility in

Tampa, Florida. From 1951 to 1986, the site was used to formulate organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides. From

1953 to 1973, waste materials from the facility were disposed of on site, leading to pesticide contamination in soil, surface

water, sediment, and groundwater.

A ROD, signed in December 1995, specified bioremediation for treatment of pesticide-contaminated surface soils and

sediments at the site. From June 1997 to September 1998, a field demonstration of SMC's XenoremTM composting process

was conducted in an enclosed warehouse at the site, using soil taken from "hot spots" at the site. Amendments consisted of

cow manure and straw, and the pile was alternated between anaerobic and aerobic conditions.

The ROD identified cleanup levels for seven constituents in surface soil, and concentrations of these and other constituents

were measured at the start and end of the field demonstration, over a 64 week period. The cleanup levels were achieved

for DDE, DDT, dieldrin, and molinate, but not for chlordane, DDD, or toxaphene. Concentrations of DDD and toxaphene

were reduced by more than 90% and chlordane by nearly 90%. Although no data are available about the cost for the field

demonstration, SMC indicated that typical costs for use of this technology for treating chlorinated pesticides are $132/yd3

.
48
49

DRINKING WATER TREATMENT FOR MTBE ABSTRACTS
50

Ex Situ Advanced Oxidation Processes, Granular Activated Carbon, and Synthetic

Resin Adsorption Treatment at the Charnock Wellfield, California

Site Name:

Charnock Wellfield

Location:

Santa Monica, California

Period of Operation:

July 1998 - April 1999

Cleanup Authority:

State of California

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Pilot-scale testing of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) to treat MTBE and

TBA in drinking water

Cleanup Type:

Pilot scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, TBA

Waste Source:

Leaks from gasoline pipelines and

underground storage tanks

Site Contact:

Gil Borboa

City of Santa Monica, Utilities

Division

1212 5th Street, 3rd Floor

Santa Monica, CA 90401

Telephone: (310) 458-8230

Fax: (310) 393-6697

E-mail: Gil-borboa@ci.santamonica.ca.us

Consultant:

Craig E. Dial, P.E.

Kennedy/Jenks Consultants 

2151 Michelson Drive, Suite 100

Irvine, CA 92612-1311 

Telephone: (949) 261-1577

Fax: (949) 261-2134

E-mail: 

CraigDial@KennedyJenks.com

EPA Contact:

Steve Linder

U.S. EPA Region 9

75 Hawthorne Street, WST-8

San Francisco, CA 94105

Telephone: (415) 744-2036

Fax: (415) 744-1026

E-mail: linder.steven@epa.gov

Technology:

AOP - UV/Peroxide and UV/Peroxide followed by GAC

• UV/Peroxide - system included a Calgon RayoxTM tower configured for

upflow operation equipped with three UV lamps that operatd at 23.5 kilowatts

(kW). Peroxide dosing resulted in peroxide concentrations of 20 to 60 mg/L.

Water retention times for the tower were 2 to 4 minutes for flow rates of 150

to 300 gpm, respectively. To prevent scaling, groundwater was pre-treated by

filtration.

• UV/Peroxide followed by GAC - effluent from the RayoxTM tower was treated

using three 2,000 pound vessels containing Calgon Carbon’s Centaur carbon

to remove residual peroxide followed by three 2,000 pound vessels containing

Calgon Carbon’s Fitrasorb 300 carbon to remove residual MTBE and byproducts. 

• UV/Peroxide followed by GAC - Operated in Parallel - three types of GAC

units operated in parallel - Calgon Carbon’s Centaur carbon, Calgon Carbon’s

Fitrasorb 300, and coconut shells. Each 2,000 pound unit contained an

upflow column (12 inches in diameter and 8.5 feet in length) and a downflow

column (8 inches in diameter and 8.5 feet in length). The flow rate was 2 gpm

through each of the units.

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Drinking Water

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

The target MTBE treatment goal for the Charnock Treatment Plant is 13 ug/L; risk-based drinking water action level

established by the California Department of Health Services for chemicals for which primary MCLs have not been

adopted.
Ex Situ Advanced Oxidation Processes, Granular Activated Carbon, and Synthetic

Resin Adsorption Treatment at the Charnock Wellfield, California

51

Results:

• At the time of this report, only limited data were available on MTBE concentrations in the effluent from the

UV/peroxide process RayoxTM tower. 

• According to the PRP’s consultant, one reported value for MTBE in the Rayox tower effluent was below the detection

limit of 3 ug/L, based on an influent MTBE concentration of 80 ug/L. In addition, tests run with MTBE-spiked water

at 1,000 ug/L and a flow rate of 210 gpm reduced MTBE effluent concentrations to 2 to 4 ug/L.

Costs:

• Projected capital equipment cost for a proposed full-scale UV/peroxide system is approximately $4 to $5 million,

including four 1,200-gpm RayoxTM towers equipped with 24 30-kW UV lamps. This cost does not include installation,

purchasing suitable property (approximately 40,000 square feet), or installing a pipeline between Arcadia and Charnock

(estimated at $1 million per mile). 

• Operating costs of the full-scale system are estimated to be $1.50 to $1.75 per 1,000 gallons of treated water.

Description:

The Charnock Sub-basin, located in the Mar Vista section of West Los Angeles, includes the Upper Silverado aquifer

containing two municipal wellfields. In March 1996, MTBE was detected in drinking water at the Charnock Wellfield. 

MTBE concentrations in groundwater ranged from 130 micrograms per liter (ug/L) to 610 ug/L. In August 1998, tertiary

butyl alcohol (TBA) was discovered in the shallow groundwater near the Charnock Wellfield. Two intrastate gasoline

pipelines and 24 underground storage tank sites have been identified as possible sources of the groundwater contamination. 

The potentially responsible party (PRP) group’s engineering consultant, Kennedy/Jenks (KJ), began pilot studies to

evaluate treatment technologies for the removal of MTBE and TBA.

Pilot testing was conducted on UV/peroxide, UV/peroxide followed by GAC units operated in series, and UV/peroxide

followed by three sets of GAC units operated in parallel. Limited data available at the time of this report showed MTBE

concentrations below the detection limit of 3 ug/L in the effluent from the UV/peroxide process RayoxTM tower, and

MTBE effluent concentrations reduced to 2 to 4 ug/L during tests run with MTBE-spiked water at 1,000 ug/L A 3,500

gpm treatment system is proposed for construction if the pilot studies find that the UV/peroxide system is technically

feasible and cost effective. The projected capital costs for a full-scale system are $4 to $5 million, with operation costs of

$1.50 to $1.75 per 1,000 gallons of water treated.
52

Ex Situ Air Stripping at LaCrosse, Kansas

Site Name:

LaCrosse

Location:

LaCrosse, Kansas

Period of Operation:

1997 to present (data available through September 1999)

Cleanup Authority:

State of Kansas

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of air stripping to treat MTBE in drinking water

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX, TPH

• MTBE concentrations as high as 1,050 ug/L in public water supply wells

Waste Source:

Leaks from underground storage tanks

State Contacts:

Bill Reetz/Greg Hatten

Kansas Department of Health and

Environment

Building 740, Forbes Field

Topeka, KS 66620

Telephone: (785) 296-3103/5931

Fax: (785) 296-6190

E-mail: 

breetz@kdhe.state.ks.us/ghattan@kdh

e.state.ks.us

Vendor:

Joe Brown

Industrial Plastics Systems (formerly

Process Equipment and Engineering)

4225 Dranefield Road

Lakeland, FL 33811

Telephone: (863) 646-2010

Fax: (863) 644-1534

E-mail: www.ips-frp.com

Site Contractor:

Craig Hofmeister

Handex of Colorado

400 Corporate Circle, Suite T

Golden, CO 80401

Telephone: (303) 271-1050 x115

Fax: (303) 271-0446

E-mail: 

chofmeister@handexmail.com

Technology:

Air stripping

Temporary air stripping system was operated from April to September 1997 as

emergency response measure:

• Five-tray stripper designed to treat water from the clear well; system flow rate

was 250 gallons per minute (gpm). 

Permanent air stripping system was installed in September 1997 and is still in

operation:

- Two packed air stripping towers, each 33 feet tall by 6 feet in diameter,

operated in series

- Packed with 2-inch Jaeger Tri-pack filled to 21 feet; design air to water

ratio of 150:1; design flow rate is 480 gpm for MTBE influent

concentrations of up to 1,000 ug/L

- First tower is designed to remove MTBE to levels below 20 ug/L; the

second tower is used to polish the water. 

- Each tower is equipped with a blower designed to circulate 10,000 cubic

feet per minute (cfm) of air

- Influent to first tower is softened with lime and settled; effluent from the

second tower is pumped through a sand and anthracite filter prior to entering

the distribution system

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Drinking Water

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

The treatment goal for MTBE is 10 ug/L in the effluent from the air stripping system
Ex Situ Air Stripping at LaCrosse, Kansas

53

Results:

Temporary Stripper - During five months of operation, MTBE influent levels of 200-600 ug/L were reduced to

concentrations ranging from 17-375 ug/L, an average reduction of 40 percent. 

Permanent System - From September 1997 through September 1999, MTBE effluent concentrations were consistently

below the treatment goal of 10 ug/L (about 93% of the time), and were below the detection limit of 0.2 ug/L almost 30

percent of the time. The average percent reduction in MTBE concentrations was 83% after the first stripper tower and

95% after the second stripper tower. 

Costs:

The total capital cost for the packed tower system was $185,000. The operation and maintenance costs are $30,000 per

year. The treatment system is operated by city personnel. No costs were provided for the temporary air stripping system.

Description:

The city of LaCrosse operates a drinking water treatment plant that provides water for the city’s residents. The plant treats

approximately 300 gallons per minute (gpm) in the winter and 450 gpm in the summer. In April 1997, two LaCrosse PWS

wells were found to be contaminated with MTBE, BTEX, and other petroleum hydrocarbons. The source of the

contamination was determined to be leaking underground storage tanks (UST) at three gasoline service stations. found in

the wells. In April 1997, as an emergency response measure, a temporary air stripping system for treating MTBE was

installed to allow the wells to continue to be used as the city’s water supply source. The permanent air stripping system

was installed in September 1997 and is still in operation. The system includes two packed air stripping towers, each 33

feet tall by 6 feet in diameter, operated in series. 

During the first two years of operation, the dual packed tower air stripping system at the LaCrosse treatment plant has

consistently reduced MTBE concentrations in the source wells to below the cleanup goal of 10 ug/L. There have been no

exceedances of the cleanup goal during the last 12 months of operation. According to the State, the stripping system

appears to be less efficient during extremely cold weather. Ambient air is pulled from outside the building into the air

stripper blowers with no preliminary heating process. The total capital cost for the packed tower system was $185,000,

with annual operation and maintenance costs of $30,000. No significant operation or maintenance problems have been

reported and there have been no problems with fouling or scaling to date. 
54

Ex Situ Air Stripping and GAC Treatment of Drinking Water at the Rockaway

Township Site, Rockaway, New Jersey

Site Name:

Rockaway Township

Location:

Rockaway Township, New Jersey

Period of Operation:

1980 to present 

Cleanup Authority:

State

• NJDEP Administrative Consent

Order

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of air stripping and GAC to treat MTBE in drinking water

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, diisopropyl ether (DIPE), TCE, other VOCs, TBA

• Concentrations of MTBE in the supply wells ranged from 25 to 40 ug/L;

DIPE concentrations ranged from 70 to 100 ug/L

Waste Source:

Leaks from underground storage tanks

from a gasoline service station

State Contact:

Vincent Monaco

NJ Department of Environmental

Protection (NJDEP)

Bureau of Safe Drinking Water

P.O. Box 426

401 East State Street, 3rd Floor

Trenton, NJ 08625-0426

Telephone: (609) 292-5550

Fax: (609) 292-1654

Site Contact: 

Robert Sheard

Rockaway Township

65 Mount Hope Road

Rockaway, NJ 07866

Telephone: (973) 983-2876

Fax: (973) 625-7764

E-mail: rsds321@aol.com

Vendor:

Fenton Purcell

Lee T. Purcell Associates

60 Hamilton Street

Paterson, NJ 07505

Telephone: (973) 278-5700

Fax: (973) 278-8410

E-mail: purclfen@galaxy.net

Technology:

Air stripping followed by granular activated carbon (GAC)

• GAC system - two downflow pressure contactors (20 feet high and 10 feet in

diameter and containing 20,000 pounds of Calgon F-300 carbon) operated in

parallel; rated capacity of 1,000 gpm

• Air Stripping (original) - aluminum, countercurrent packed column (35 feet

high and 9 feet in diameter, packed with 1,640 cubic feet of 3-inch

polyethylene telerettes); design capacity of 1,400 gpm; design air flow rate

was 37,500 cubic feet per minute (cfm) with an air-to-water ratio of 200:1

• Air Stripping (1993) - the corroded aluminum column was replaced with a

same size fiberglass air stripper. Because MTBE was no longer observed in

the supply wells, the fiberglass air stripper was redesigned to focus on the

removal of TCE and DIPE, rather than MTBE. The new design uses a 30 hp

blower and 20,000 cfm of air flow

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Drinking Water

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

No specific treatment goals for MTBE were provided.

Results:

• GAC-only system (October 1980 to February 1982) - initially, effluent concentrations of contaminants were reduced to

below detectable limits; GAC break through in January 1981 resulted in increases in MTBE and DIPE concentrations;

carbon was replaced in March 1981; subsequent carbon replacement was required once every four to six weeks, until

aeration was added as a pretreatment step

• Air Stripping and GAC system (February 1982 to ongoing) - following addition of the air stripper, MTBE and DIPE

concentrations were reduced, falling to 1 ug/L by December 1992. In 1993, MTBE was no longer detected, and the

system was reconfigured (described above) to focus on treatment of TCE and DIPE. As of July 2000, no MTBE or

TBA found in the supply wells; system continuing to operate to treat TCE and other VOCs 
Ex Situ Air Stripping and GAC Treatment of Drinking Water at the Rockaway

Township Site, Rockaway, New Jersey

55

Costs:

Air Stripping - capital cost - $375,000, including the column, packing media, blowers, piping, controls, site work, and

booster pumps; annual operating cost (primarily cost for power) - $100,000, based on a cost for electricity of $0.09/kW-hr

GAC - capital cost - $200,000, including the contactors, GAC, piping, site work, and the building; annual operating cost

(primarily carbon replacement) - $200,000 ($0.52/1,000 gallons of water treated)

Description:

The Rockaway Township, located in northern New Jersey, owns and operates a water supply system that provides drinking

water to about half of the township’s population. The system supplies groundwater from two wells (wells 6 and 7). The

supply wells were found to be contaminated with MTBE and DIPE at levels ranging from 25 to 40 ug/L, and 70 to 100

ug/L, respectively. TCE and other VOCs were also found in the supply wells. The source of the contamination was

identified as a gasoline service station (Shell Oil). To treat the drinking water from the supply wells, a GAC system was

initially installed in 1980. However, during operation, breakthrough of MTBE and DIPE occurred relatively quickly and

air stripping was added in Ferbruary 1982 to help extend the life of the carbon. 

By 1993, MTBE was no longer detected in the supply wells. However, in 1997, a Shell Oil gasoline service station

developed a leak, with MTBE entering the Rockaway Township drinking water supply wells. MTBE levels in the supply

wells were found at concentrations ranging from 1 - 8 ug/L. Shell Oil installed an off site treatment plant which contained

the MTBE to within minimal levels. In addition, TBA was also detected in the supply wells. According to the Rockaway

Township, as of July 2000, no MTBE or TBA were being found in the supply wells. The air stripper/GAC treatment

system is continuing to remove TCE and other VOCs (1,1-DCE, 1,1-DCA) from the supply wells.
56
57

PUMP AND TREAT ABSTRACTS
58

Pump and Treat for at OU1 and OU2 of the Marine Corps Air Station, 

Camp Lejeune, North Carolina

Site Name:

Marine Corps Air Station - OU1 and OU2

Location:

Camp Lejeune, North Carolina

Period of Operation:

OU1 - January 1995 to present 

OU2 - January 1996 to present

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD for OU1 signed September

1994; OU2 signed September 1993

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of pump and treat system to remediate groundwater contaminated with

organics and metals

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

OU1 - PCBs, pesticides, metals, chlorinated solvents, and BTEX

OU2 - VOCs

Waste Source:

OU1 - disposal of transformer oil,

wastes from pesticide mixing

operations and industrial operations;

OU2 - disposal of PCBs, cleaning

solvents, waste oils, used batteries,

spent ammunition and other wastes

Contact:

Naval Facilities Engineering

Command

1100 23rd Avenue

Port Hueneme, CA 93043

Technology:

Pump and Treat

OU1 system

• Three extraction wells; six-inch diameter stainless steel casing and wire-wrap

screen; 35 feet deep 

• 18 shallow monitoring wells (screened 5-25 ft deep), two intermediate wells

(screened 55-75 ft deep), and two deep wells (screened 130 to 150 feet deep)

• Aboveground treatment - oil/water separation, flocculation/filtration, air

stripping, and granular activated carbon adsorption; water discharged to a

sanitary sewer; design flow rate - 80 gpm

OU 2 system

• Six shallow extraction wells, each 35 ft deep and four deep extraction wells

ranging in depth from 101-154 ft; six-inch stainless steel casing with 10-slot

wire wrap screen for shallow wells and 20-slot wire wrap screen for deep

wells; shallow well pumping rate ranges from 4-8 gpm per well; deep well

pumping rate ranges from 30 to 150 gpm per well

• Aboveground treatment - air stripping , filtration, and granular activated

carbon adsorption; iron removal pretreatment for shallow well water;

discharge to a creek

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• OU1 - water table is 4 to 14 feet bgs; surficial aquifer extends 50 to 100 feet

bgs with a transmissivity of 75 ft2

/day and is unconfined; deeper waterbearing deposits comprise the Castle Hayne aquifer with a transmissivity of

4,300 to 7,300 ft2

/day

• OU2 - water table is 2 to 15 ft bgs; surficial aquifer extends to 50 feet bgs

with a transmissivity of 75 ft2

/day; hydraulic characteristics of Castle Hayne

aquifer underlying OU2 were not characterized
Pump and Treat for at OU1 and OU2 of the Marine Corps Air Station, 

Camp Lejeune, North Carolina

59

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

OU1

• Groundwater cleanup goals - benzene (1 ug/L), 1,2-dichloroethene (70 ug/L), ethylbenzene (29 ug/L), heptachlor

expoxide (0.2 ug/L), tetrachloroethene (0.7 ug/L), toluene (1,000 ug/L), trichloroethene (2.8 ug/L), vinyl chloride

(0.015 ug/L), xylenes (400 ug/L), arsenic (50 ug/L), barium (1,000 ug/L), beryllium (4 ug/L), chromium (50 ug/L),

manganese (50 ug/L), vanadium (110 ug/L); hydraulic control

• Effluent must meet federal and North Carolina standards prior to discharge to the sanitary sewer

OU2

• Groundwater cleanup goals - 1,2-dichloroethene (0.38 ug/L), trans-1,2-dichloroethene (70 ug/L), ethlybenzene (29

ug/L), tetrachloroethene (0.7 ug/L), trichloroethene (2.8 ug/L), vinyl chloride (0.015 ug/L), arsenic (50 ug/L), barium

(1,000 ug/L), beryllium (4 ug/L), lead (15 ug/L), chromium (50 ug/L), manganese (50 ug/L), mercury (1.1 ug/L),

vanadium (110 ug/L); hydraulic control

• Effluent must meet North Carolina standards prior to discharge to a creek

Results:

OU 1

• After 2.5 years of operation, cumulative mass removed - 12 pounds of total VOCs; six pounds removed during first

three months of operation and six pounds removed during past 27 months - 0.22 pounds/month; monthly total VOC

influent concentrations relatively low (<400 ug/L)

• Effluent from treatment plant has consistently met discharge limits; however, low hydraulic conductivity of the shallow

aquifer has resulted in influent treatment plant flow rates of <9% of design capacity

OU2

• From January 1997 to March 1999, 41,000 pounds of total VOCs removed; influent VOC concentrations for deep zone

show slight increase, indicating possible presence of DNAPL; influent VOC concentrations for shallow zone relatively

stable

• Effluent from treatment plant has consistently met discharge limits with the exception of PCE on three occasions and

mercury on two occasions

Costs:

OU 1

• Average cost per pound of contaminant removed - $28,277

• Monthly O&M costs for the treatment plant were $12,300 during 1999; detailed O&M costs and system capital cost

data were not available

OU2

• Average cost per pound of contaminant removed - $49

• Capital costs for the treatment plant were $4,660,000 and monthly O&M costs were $36,492 during 1999

Description:

The Marine Corps Air Station is co-located with the Marine Corps Base in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. A ROD was

signed for two operable units at the installation - OU1 consisting of three sites where pesticides, PCBs, waste oils, and

other industrial waste had been disposed, and OU2 consisting of three sites where solvents, oils, spent ammunition, and

other wastes has been disposed. Soil and groundwater at OU1 and OU2 were determined to be contaminated with organics

and metals. The RODs specified pump and treat to remediate groundwater at these OUs.

An effectiveness evaluation for the pump and treat systems at this site was performed as part of a study by the Remedial

Action Operation/Long Term Monitoring working group led by the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center. The OU1

system has removed only 12 pounds of VOCs in 2.5 years and the treatment system is operating at less than 9% of design

capacity. The OU2 system has removed more than 40,000 pounds of VOCs in a little more than two years of operation. 

The report includes detailed recommendations for each system.
60

Pump and Treat for the Campbell Street Fuel Farm at the Marine Corps Air

Station, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina

Site Name:

Marine Corps Air Station - Campbell Street Fuel Farm (CSFF), Building AS143, and Building AS-4151 sites

Location:

Camp Lejeune, North Carolina

Period of Operation:

1996 to present

Cleanup Authority:

State of North Carolina UST program

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of pump and treat system to remediate BTEX and SVOC groundwater

contamination at three sites

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

BTEX and SVOCs

• Maximum concentrations in groundwater included 2,545 ug/L for benzene;

1,383 ug/L for ethylbenzene; 3,050 ug/L for toluene; and 5,214 ug/L for

xylenes

Waste Source:

Leaks from underground gasoline and

fuel storage tanks and from fuel

pipelines

Contact:

Naval Facilities Engineering

Command

1100 23rd Avenue

Port Hueneme, CA 93043

Technology:

Pump and Treat

• Extraction includes interceptor trenches that began operating in 1996 and

extraction wells, installed in April 1999 to enhance contaminant recovery in

hot spot areas of the plume

• CSFF extraction system - one interceptor trench (170 ft long, 3 ft wide, 12 ft

deep) with a geomembrane liner and filled with gravel, and one extraction

well (PVC, 6-inch diameter, 15.5 ft deep) located upgradient of the trench;

estimated pumping rate of well is 0.5 to 1 gpm

• AS-143 extraction system - one interceptor trench comprised of two legs (85

ft and 70 ft long) joined at a 130 degree angle; two extraction wells - one each

located upgradient of each leg of the trench; trench and well construction

similar to CSFF

• AS-4151 extraction system - one interceptor trench (185 ft long); one

extraction well (28.5 ft deep); trench and well construction similar to CSFF

• Extracted water from trenches at all three sites piped to the CSFF treatment

system

• Treatment system includes Stripperator® (combination oil/water separation

and air stripping unit); water sent through a bag filter to granular activated

carbon (GAC) units; treated effluent discharges to surface drainage; vapors

from air stripper discharged to atmosphere; recovered oil stored in drums

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil and Groundwater

• Soil at site is sand, silt, and clay, underlain by fine gravel, limey clay, and

shell fragments

• Water table is 6-7 ft below ground surface (bgs)

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Groundwater cleanup goals for 12 contaminants of concern including benzene (1 ug/L), ethylbenzene (29 ug/L), toluene

(1,000 ug/L), xylenes (400 ug/L), 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1.8 ug/L), ethylene dibromide (0.0004 ug/L), acenaphthene (80

ug/L), acenapthylene (210 ug/L), fluorene (280 ug/L), 1-methylnaphthalene (practical quantification limit), 2-

methylnaphthalene (28 ug/L), naphthalene (21 ug/L); required to treat until these goals are met or until asymptotic levels

are documented

• Effluent from the CSFF treatment plant must meet the state water quality standards; NPDES permit requirements

specified for benzene and toluene
Pump and Treat for the Campbell Street Fuel Farm at the Marine Corps Air

Station, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina

61

Results:

• As of May 1999 (2.5 years of operation), the cumulative mass of contaminants removed from the three sites is 3.5

pounds, with less than 0.5 pounds removed since December 1997; installation of extraction wells at each site in April

1999 had not improved mass removal (as of May 1999)

• Influent contaminant concentrations in the CSFF and AS-4151 trenches reached asymptotic levels; during the past 20

months of operation, the mean contaminant concentrations in extracted groundwater have been < 1ug/L in the CSFF

trench and not detected in the AS-4151 trench

• For the AS-143 trench, the mean contaminant concentrations in extracted groundwater was 832 ug/L during the initial

months of operation, decreasing to 22 ug/L between April 1997 and March 1999; during the last six months of

operation, concentrations fluctuated from not detect to 440 ug/L, with the peaks representing hot spots in the plume 

• Treatment plant - from July 1996 to March 1999, the effluent has continuously exceeded discharge limits for total

metals and total dissolved solids and has exceeded the lead limit 11 times

Costs:

• The capital costs to construct and prove out the system was $507,395; average annual O&M costs are $180,000

• Average cost per pound of contaminant removed is $95,000, based on 3.5 pounds of contaminant removed

Description:

The Marine Corps Air Station, which is co-located with the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, has three

areas where soil and groundwater are contaminated with BTEX and SVOCs - the CSFF site (an active fuel storage

facility), Building AS-143 (an active gasoline fueling station ), and Building AS-4151 (a steam generating plant). Leaks

from underground gasoline and fuel storage tanks and leaks from fuel pipelines resulted in BTEX and SVOC

contamination of soil and groundwater at these sites. Under the State of North Carolina UST program, the corrective

action proposed for the sites included soil removal, free product recovery, pump and treat, and long-term monitoring. 

Contaminated soil has been excavated from each of the sites. A pump and treat system began operating at the sites in

1996. 

The extraction system includes interceptor trenches and extraction wells at each site, with the extracted groundwater piped

to an above ground treatment plant. The treatment plant includes oil/water separation, air stripping, and filtration. An

effectiveness evaluation for the pump and treat system at this site was performed as part of a study by the Remedial Action

Operation/Long Term Monitoring working group led by the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center. The working

group concluded that the overall technical performance and cost effectiveness of the system was poor. After 2.5 years of

operation, cumulative mass removal for the system was only 3.5 pounds, and two of the trenches (CSFF and AS-4151)

have reached asymptotic levels and are no longer removing mass. In April 1999, extraction wells were installed at each

site; however, no increase in mass removal has been observed as of May 1999. The average cost per pound of contaminant

removed is $95,000. Recommendations for the system include shutting down the CSFF and AS-4151 trenches; continue

hot spot removal at the AS-143 site; and collect MNA data to confirm the potential for a passive remedial approach for

AS-143 once the remaining hot spots have been removed.
62

Pump and Treat for the Eastern Groundwater Plume at the Naval Air Station,

Brunswick, Maine

Site Name:

Naval Air Station Brunswick, Eastern Plume Site

Location:

New Brunswick, Maine

Period of Operation:

May 1995 to present

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD signed in February 1998

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of pump and treat to treat groundwater contaminated with chlorinated VOCs

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

• 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE), 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA), cis-1,2-

dichloroethene (cis-1,2-DCE), trichloroethane (TCA), tetratchloroethene

(PCE), trichloroethene (TCE)

Waste Source:

Disposal of liquid wastes in the

acid/caustic pit disposal area; disposal

of waste fuels, oils, and degreasing

solvents

Contact:

Naval Facilities Engineering

Command

1100 23rd Avenue

Port Hueneme, CA 93043

Technology:

Pump and Treat

• Original extraction well network, installed in 1995, included seven wells; an

eighth well was added in 1998; as of May 1999, five wells are active,

including three located within the plume 

• Extraction wells constructed of 6-inch diameter stainless steel, screened at

varying depths ranging from 9 to 101 feet below ground surface (bgs); design

pumping rate - 20 gpm per well (total system of 110 gpm)

• Monitoring well network includes three groups of wells - 13 interior plume

wells; nine perimeter wells located at the edge of the plume; and 12 sentinel

wells located downgradient of the plume

• Aboveground treatment - ultraviolet oxidation; metals precipitation followed

by clarification and filtration (not currently in use); from May 1996 to April

1999 - average flow rate was 76 gpm, plant was operational 94-97% of the

time; effluent discharged to a sanitary sewer

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Two layers: Layer 1 - unconfined groundwater occurring within the upper

stratified sand/silt unit; Layer 2 - semi-confined groundwater occurring within

a lower coarse sand unit 

• Hydraulic conductivity - 1x10-8 cm/sec

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• The ROD specified cleanup levels for nine contaminants: 1,1-DCE (7 ug/L), 1,1-DCA (5 ug/L), 1,2-DCA (5 ug/L), cis1,2-DCE (70 ug/L), trans-1,2-DCE (70 ug/L), 1,1,1-TCA (200 ug/L), 1,1,2-TCA (3 ug/L), TCE (5 ug/L), PCE (5 ug/L)

• Hydraulic containment of the plume

• Effluent must meet the Brunswick Sewer District discharge limits for 19 parameters, including metals, organics, pH, and

turbidity

Results:

• As of May 1999, 536 pounds of VOCs have been removed

• In 1998, mass removal had begun to decrease; following installation of the eighth extraction well, VOC mass removal

has remained steady

• Actual average annual pumping rates of individual wells ranged from 8 to 18.6 gpm, below the design rate of 20 gpm

• Treatment plant - since 1996 - two slight exceedances of discharge limits for VOCs; one exceedance of pH; consistently

exceeded manganese concentrations

• Monitoring data indicate that the extent and position of the plume has not changed since the system began operating
Pump and Treat for the Eastern Groundwater Plume at the Naval Air Station,

Brunswick, Maine

63

Costs:

• Total capital costs - $4,246,319 (including mobilization, groundwater extraction system, treatment plant, and

demobilization)

• Annual O&M costs - $1,144,031(including replacement parts, labor, and chemicals)

• Average cost per pound of mass removed over time - downward trend from a high of $11,000 per pound in September

1996 to $6,200 per pound for the most recent eight months of operation (through May 1999); decrease in unit cost

attributed to installation of the eighth well in a hot spot, which improved system performance

Description:

The Naval Air Station in Brunswick Maine is used to support the operation and maintenance of the P-3 Orion aircraft. The

Eastern Plume of groundwater contamination is located at the eastern edge of the installation. The plume originated from

three sites - the Acid/Caustic Pit (Site 4) where acid and caustic liquid wastes were disposed of in a pit; the former Fire

Training Area (Site 11) where liquid wastes (oils, fuels, degreasing solvents) were used in training exercises; and the

DRMO area (Site 13) where fuels and wastes were stored in USTs - resulted in groundwater contamination. A ROD for

the eastern plume was signed in February 1998 and specified pump and treat as the remedy.

A groundwater pump and treat system for the Eastern Plume began operating in May 1995. The system initially included

seven extraction wells, with an eighth well added in 1998 when VOC mass removal began to decrease. The treatment

plant included ultraviolet oxidation. An effectiveness evaluation for the pump and treat system at this site was performed

as part of a study by the Remedial Action Operation/Long Term Monitoring working group led by the Naval Facilities

Engineering Service Center. As of May 1999, the system had removed 536 pounds of VOCs and the mass removal rate

has been steady. According to the Navy, while the system had not experienced a significant decrease in mass removal

efficiency, the price of operation has been high with an average cost per pound of mass removed of more than $7,000. The

treatment plant was originally designed to handle extracted water from the Eastern Plume and water from a landfill at the

installation. However, the plant was only used to treat the Eastern Plume. As a result, the capital costs significantly

skewed the average cost per pound of contaminant removed, since the system had been overbuilt. Recommendations for

the system include enhancing mass removal; beginning a formal evaluation of MNA; and identifying and evaluating

alternatives for the discharge from the treatment plant.
64

Pump and Treat at the Ott/Story/Cordova Superfund Site, North Muskegon,

Michigan

Site Name:

Ott/Story/Cordova Superfund Site

Location:

North Muskegon, Michigan

Period of Operation:

February 1996 - Ongoing (data

available through October 2000)

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

• ROD issued September 29, 1990

(OU2)

EPA Remedial Project Manager:

John Fagiolo

U.S. EPA Region 5

77 West Jackson Boulevard

Chicago, Illinois 60604-3507

(312) 886-0800

(312) 886-4071 (FAX)

fagiolo.john@epa.gov

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Pump and treat of a multi-aquifer site contaminated with chlorinated and

non-chlorinated VOCs and SVOCs

Cleanup Type:

Full-scale

Contaminants:

Halogenated and non-halogenated VOCs, PCBs, and pesticides

• Maximum concentrations detected in groundwater included 1,2-DCA

(110,000 ug/L), 1,1-dichloroethene (DCE) (7,900 ug/L), benzene (3,800

ug/L), PCE (24,000 ug/L), toluene (38,000 ug/L), and vinyl chloride (50,000

ug/L)

Waste Source:

Disposal of industrial wastewaters and

residuals from chemical production in

unlined seepage lagoons

USACE Contact:

David Foster

P.O. Box 629

Grand Haven, Michigan 49417

(616) 842-5510 x17

(616) 842-6141 (FAX)

david.l.foster@usace.army.mil

Treatment System Operation

Contact:

Jim Susan

Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr, and Huber

6090 East Fulton

Ada, Michigan 49301

(616) 676-3824

(616) 67605991 (FAX)

Technology:

Pump and treat (P&T) using diffused air stripping, sand filtration, and powdered

activated carbon treatment (PACT)

• The site has 10 extraction wells and 90 monitoring wells

• Since 1999, the average extraction rate has been 800 gpm

• Off-gases are treated using thermal oxidation 

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• An estimated 1.1 billion gallons of groundwater were treated through October

2000

• Two aquifers were identified at the site - an unconfined upper aquifer

containing an upper unit and a lower unit, and a lower aquifer

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• The ROD identified cleanup levels for 19 constituents in groundwater, including VOCs and SVOCs

• EPA selected TOC as an indicator compound for organic contaminants at the site

• Treated groundwater was required to meet discharge criteria in an NPDES permit

Results:

• Groundwater monitoring data shows that progress is being made towards meeting the cleanup goals. As of October

2000, cleanup goals have been met for all contaminants in 27 of the 52 wells sampled.

• TOC concentrations in the area of highest contamination have decreased in the upper unit of the unconfined upper

aquifer and in the lower aquifer; TOC concentrations have remained relatively constant in the lower unit of the upper

unconfined aquifer.

• Available data on the treatment system (through December 1999) showed that NPDES permit limits were being met for

discharge to the river

Costs:

• Since startup, 1.1 billion gallons of groundwater have been treated by the remedial system which cost a total (capital

plus operating) of $32,123,500, which is equivalent to $30 per thousand gallons of groundwater treated
Pump and Treat at the Ott/Story/Cordova Superfund Site, North Muskegon,

Michigan

65

Description:

The Ott/Story/Cordova Superfund Site, in North Muskegon, Michigan, was used for manufacturing a variety of organic

chemicals. In the early 1960s, soil and groundwater contamination were discovered at the site, including VOCs and

SVOCs. More than 90 contaminants were identified in the groundwater, including benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene,

methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA), 1,2-DCA, vinyl chloride, and tetrachloroethene (PCE), PCBs,

heptachlor epoxide, zinc, copper, and nickel. A ROD for aquifer restoration at this site (OU 2) was signed September 29,

1990.

Groundwater at the site is treated using pump-and-treat using diffused air stripping, sand filtration, and PACT, and

monitoring data show that progress is being made towards meeting the cleanup goals, however all cleanup goals have not

yet been met. Since startup, 1.1 billion gallons of groundwater have been treated by the remedial system which cost a total

(capital plus operating) of $32,123,500, which is equivalent to $30 per thousand gallons of groundwater treated. 

According to the RPM, there is no longer a visible sheen where groundwater flows into a local creek and the groundwater

treatment facility has achieved the NPDES discharge permit limitations throughout its operation.
66
67

IN SITU GROUNDWATER TREATMENT ABSTRACTS
68

Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction at Eaddy Brothers,

Hemingway, South Carolina

Site Name:

Eaddy Brothers

Location:

Hemingway, SC

Period of Operation:

July 1999 - present (data available through August 2000)

Cleanup Authority:

RCRA UST

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of air sparging/soil vapor extraction to treat MTBE in soil and groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX, Naphthalene

• MTBE concentrations as high as 5,110,000 ug/L

• BTEX concentrations as high as 301,000 ug/L for toluene

• Naphthalene concentrations as high as 2,700 ug/L

Waste Source:

Leaks from an underground gasoline

storage tank 

State Contact:

Read S. Miner, P.G.

Hydrogeologist

South Carolina Dept. of Health and

Environmental Control

2600 Bull St.

Columbia, SC 29201

Telephone: (803) 898-4350

Fax: (803) 898-4330

E-mail: 

minerrs@columb26.dhec.state.sc.us

Contractor:

Consultech Environmental, Inc.

1800 MacLeod Dr., Suite F

Lawrenceville, GA 30043

Telephone: (678) 377-0400

Fax: (678) 377-0051 

www.consultechenv.com

Technology:

Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)

• SVE system consists of approximately 230 feet of horizontal SVE piping

installed immediately below the asphalt parking lot surface of the site; piping

is connected to a 20 HP Lamson Blower operating at 12 to 14 inches of

mercury; extracted vapors are treated using a thermal oxidizer. 

• Air sparging system, which began operating two weeks after the SVE system

was activated, consists of ten vertical air sparging wells, each installed at a

depth of about 26 feet with 5-foot well screens; wells are connected to a

Kaeser SK-26 air sparge compressor operating at 68 to 70 psi.

• A total of 28 wells (on-and off-site) are used to monitor groundwater

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil and Groundwater

• Soil at the site consists of silty clays with inter-fingered thin clayey-sand

lenses; no confining units identified 

• Average hydraulic gradient is 0.005 feet/feet with a calculated seepage

velocity of 0.138 feet per year

• Depth to groundwater is 2.5 to 17.9 feet below ground surface (bgs)

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Site-specific target levels (SSTLs) were established by SCDHEC for MTBE, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes,

and naphthalene, with 15 monitoring wells used in setting the SSTLs. 

• Total SSTLs (sum of individual SSTLs for each well) - MTBE - 646 ug/L; benzene - 191 ug/L; toluene - 11,938 ug/l;

ethylbenzene - 9,426 ug/L; xylenes - 78,496 ug/L; naphthalene -418 ug/L

Results:

• As of August 2000, the total mass and maximum concentrations of MTBE, BTEX constituents, and naphthalene in the

groundwater had decreased, with the SSTLs being met for toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes. 

• Total MTBE concentrations have been reduced by about 99.99 %; BTEX concentrations by more than 99%, and

naphthalene concentrations by about 96%; the SSTLs had not been met for benzene, MTBE, or naphthalene

• The system will continue to be operated until all SSTLs have been met; the contractor projects cleanup of the site to be

completed by April 2001

Costs:

• The total cost for the cleanup of this site is $197,515.

• The South Carolina Petroleum Cleanup Fund awarded the contract for the cleanup at this site as a fixed-price, lump sum

with no change orders; no additional information on cost breakdown was available.
Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction at Eaddy Brothers,

Hemingway, South Carolina

69

Description:

Eaddy Brothers is a gasoline service station located in Hemingway, South Carolina. In September 1998, a release was

reported from the station’s underground storage tanks (USTs). Initially, the local fire department was dispatched in an

emergency response because of gasoline vapors that had accumulated in a storm sewer underlying downtown Hemingway. 

Soil and groundwater at the site were found to be contaminated with MTBE, BTEX, and naphthalene, and free product

was present in the groundwater. Data from October 1998 showed concentrations of contaminants in groundwater as high

as 5,110,000 ug/L for MTBE, 226,000 ug/L for benzene, 301,000 ug/L for toluene, 280,000 ug/L for ethylbenzene,

278,000 ug/L for xylene, and 2,700 ug/L for naphthalene. A Corrective Action Plan (CAP) was implemented in July 1999

under Subtitle I of the RCRA program. The CAP included free product recovery and treatment of dissolved-phase

groundwater contamination using air sparging/SVE. 

The SVE system, installed in July 1999, consists of a 230-foot horizontal SVE pipe installed immediately below the

asphalt parking lot surface of the site, with extracted vapors treated using a thermal oxidizer. The air sparging system,

which began operating two weeks after the SVE system was activated, consists of ten vertical air sparging wells. After

about a year of operation of the air sparging/SVE system, the SSTLs have been met for toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes.

While MTBE, benzene, and naphthalene levels have been reduced by more than 90%, they remain above the SSTLs. The

system will continue to operate until all SSTLs have been met, with the site contractor estimating completion of the

remediation in April 2001.
70

Air Sparging at Four Sites

Site Names:

Multiple Locations (site names confidential)

Locations:

Service station, Pensacola, Florida

Fuel station, Albuquerque, New

Mexico

Service station, Sebato, Maine

Service station, Massachusetts (city

not provided)

Period of Operation:

1993 to 1995 

• Florida site (3/94 to 7/94); New Mexico site (6/93 to 1/95); Maine site (4/94

to 10/95); Massachusetts site (operated for 21 months; dates not provided)

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Air sparging used to treat MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX

• MTBE concentrations at the sites ranged from 215 ug/L to 62,000 ug/L in

groundwater

• BTEX concentrations at the sites ranged from 64 ug/L to 198,000 ug/L in

groundwater

Waste Source:

Leaks from gasoline storage tanks

Vendor:

Nick Hastings/David Bass

IT Corporation

431-F Hayden Station Road

Windsor, CT 06095

Telephone: (860) 688-1151

Fax: (860) 688-8239

E-mail: nhastings@theitgroup.com

Technology:

Air Sparging

• Number of air sparging wells at the four sites ranged from 4 to 9, with well

spacings ranging from 25 to 50 feet (ft) and flow rates of wells ranging from 5

to 10 scfm

• One of the systems was pulsed on a daily cycle; the others sparged on a

continuous basis

• For three sites, the air sparging wells were located over the source area; for

one site, the air sparging wells were arrayed at points located downgradient

from the source

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Sand to fine sand aquifers at three of the sites (Florida, New Mexico, Maine);

not reported for Massachusetts site

• Depth to groundwater about 40 feet below ground surface at New Mexico

site; not reported for other sites

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

Information about specific cleanup goals for each site was not provided

Results:

• For four sites, the reduction in MTBE concentrations at shutdown ranged from greater than 99% to 46.5%

• Post-closure monitoring for MTBE, performed at three sites, showed reductions that ranged from greater than 97.8% to

99.97% ug/L

• At the Florida site, air sparging reduced the concentration of MTBE in the groundwater to <5 ug/L, with no rebound

after 6 months of post-closure monitoring 

• At the New Mexico site, MTBE concentrations were reduced to 27 ug/L, with the concentration further reduced to 8

ug/L after 13 months of post-closure monitoring

• At the Maine site, MTBE concentrations were reduced to between 16 and 980 ug/L, and the concentration was further

reduced to ND - 115 ug/L after 6.5 months of post-closure monitoring

• At the Massachusetts site, MTBE was reduced to 115 ug/L (a 46.5% reduction); no rebound was reported for this site

Costs:

No cost data were provided for these sites
Air Sparging at Four Sites

71

Description:

Air sparging was used to treat groundwater contaminated with gasoline from leaking storage tanks at the following four

sites - a service station in Pensacola, Florida, a fuel station in Albuquerque, New Mexico, a service station in Sebato,

Maine, and a service station in Massachusetts. Contaminants found in the groundwater included MTBE and benzene,

toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) at two sites, MTBE, BTEX, and gasoline at one site, and MTBE and benzene

at one site. The number of air sparging wells at the four sites ranged from 4 to 9, with well spacings ranging from 25 - 50

feet (ft) and flow rates of wells ranging from 5 - 10 scfm. One of the systems was pulsed on a daily cycle and the others

sparged on a continuous basis. The duration of the projects ranged from 4 to 21 months.

Information on specific cleanup goals for each site was not provided. Air sparging reduced the concentration of MTBE in

the groundwater to <5 ug/L, with no rebound after 6 months of post-closure monitoring at the Florida site; to 27 ug/L at the

New Mexico site, with the concentration further reduced to 8 ug/L after 13 months of post-closure monitoring; to between

16 and 980 ug/L at the Maine site, with the concentration further reduced to ND - 115 ug/L after 6.5 months of postclosure monitoring; and to 115 ug/L at the Massachusetts site, with no rebound reported. According to the vendor, in situ

air sparging also can be applied in combination with bioaugmentation for rapid initial mass removal by volatilization

followed by removal via aerobic biodegradation (where air sparging becomes the oxygen delivery vehicle).
72

Air Sparging and Soil Vapor Extraction at the Mound Plant OU 1 Site,

Miamisburg, Ohio 

Site Name:

Mound Plant OU 1 Site

Location:

Miamisburg, OH

Period of Operation:

Ongoing (Data available from December 1997 to May 2000)

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Full-scale treatment of chlorinated solvents using air sparging and soil vapor

extraction

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

Chlorinated Solvents

• Primary VOCs in soil (vadose zone) were tetrachloroethene (PCE),

trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene (DCE), toluene, ethylbenzene,

and xylenes

• Concentrations in soil generally ranged from 0.001 to 14.4 mg/kg; one well

had a concentration of 8,619 mg/kg 

• Primary VOCs in groundwater were PCE, TCE, DCE, VC, and

trichloromethane

• Concentrations in groundwater ranged from 10 to 1,200 ug/L, with an average

of 101 ug/L

Waste Source:

Disposal of wastes in landfills

Site Contact:

Monte Williams

BWXTO Mound OU 1 ER 

DOE Miamisburg Environmental

Project Office (MEMP)

Phone: (937) 865-4543

Technical Contacts:

Gary Brown

DOE ITRD Program

Sandia National Laboratories

Phone: (505) 845-8312

E-mail: gbrown@sandia.gov

Mark Spivey

BWXTO Mound OU 1 

Phone: (937) 865-3709

Technology:

Air Sparging and Soil Vapor Extraction (AS/SVE)

• Equipment included 23 air injection wells, 10 extraction wells, and 5 French

drains

• Air was pumped into the aquifer through the injection wells, and removed as

soil vapor from the extraction wells and French drains

• The air sparge system operated at 15 cfm from December 1997 to February

1998, and then shut down due to screen fouling

• The SVE system removed soil gas at rates ranging from 475 to 625 scfm, and

operated at a relatively high vacuum (13 inches Hg)

• Extracted vapors were treated with carbon prior to release to the atmosphere 

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil and Groundwater

• Bedrock at the site is overlain by 15-20 ft of glacial outwash materials,

primarily gravel and sandy gravel; the aquifer is contained in the outwash

materials, varies from 0 - 40 ft thick, and is relatively free of fine-grained till

layers

• Hydraulic gradients are nearly flat

• A surficial deposit ranging from 24 - 31 ft thick, composed of glacial till and

artificial fill, caps the site - the till and fill are silty clay to sandy clay

• Vadose zone contamination occurs at a depth of less than 20 ft.

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Objectives included removing chlorinated VOCs from the soil and groundwater, and estimating the time needed to meet

cleanup goals

• Specific cleanup goals were not identified

Results:

• As of May 2000, 3,433 lbs of VOCs had been removed, and the total VOC concentrations in the unsaturated zone

decreased from 618.1 to 4.54 mg/kg

• The site was projected to meet cleanup goals by December 2002
Air Sparging and Soil Vapor Extraction at the Mound Plant OU 1 Site,

Miamisburg, Ohio 

73

Costs:

• The total cost for AS/SVE was $1,439,039, consisting of $116,773 for pilot testing, $221,591 for design, $398,000 for

construction, $517,958 for operations, and $184,717 for sampling and analysis

• As of May 2000, the overall unit cost was $420 per pound of contaminant removed 

Description:

The Mound Plant is a government-owned and contractor-operated facility occupying a 306-acre site within the city of

Miamisburg, Ohio. The OU 1 site occupies three acres on the western edge of the developed portion of the facility. The

historic landfill in OU 1 was used between 1948 and 1974 for disposal of general trash and liquid wastes from Mound

Plant operations. The sanitary landfill in OU 1 was constructed partially within and adjacent to the location of the historic

landfill. Both disposal sites have been used for dumping, burning, moving, reworking, and burying various plant wastes. 

A periodic water sampling program and a Phase 1 investigation indicated that VOCS were present in the soil and

groundwater at OU 1. 

An air sparging and soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) system began operating at OU 1 in December 1997. The system was

intended to remove chlorinated VOCs from the soil and groundwater at the site. After 2 1⁄2 years of operation, 3,433 lbs of

VOCs had been removed, and the total VOC concentrations in the unsaturated zone decreased from 618.1 to 4.54 mg/kg. 

If system performance is maintained, the site was projected to meet cleanup goals by December 2002. The total cost for

AS/SVE at this site was $1,439,039.
74

Air Sparging at Former Nu Look One Hour Cleaners, Coral Springs, Florida*

Remediation Technology

• Air Sparging utilizing Recirculation Well (in-well stripping) - NoVOCsTM

Site Description

• This is an inactive drycleaning facility that utilized PCE and operated from 1991 - 1999. The facility is in a strip shopping

center in a mixed commercial/residential setting.

Site Hydrogeology

• Depth to Water: 4 ft. bls. 

• Unconfined Aquifer

• Lithology: surface - 7 ft. bls: organic rich, fine-grained sand & peat

7 - 19 ft. bls.: limestone interbedded with shell hash and fine-grained sand 

19 - 30 ft. bls.: silty fine-grained sand with minor clay

30 - 55 ft. bls.: fine-grained sand

55 - 58 ft. bls.: dense fine-grained sandstone

• Hydraulic Gradient: 0.00095 ft./day

• Hydraulic Conductivity: 12.6 ft./day

• Seepage Velocity: 0.03 ft./day

Groundwater Contamination

• Contaminants Present: PCE, TCE, cis 1,2-DCE, trans 1,2-DCE, vinyl chloride

• Highest Concentrations: 1990 g/l PCE, 11,700 g/l TCE, 10,200 g/l cis 1,2-DCE, 5.5 g/l trans 1,2-DCE, 1000 g/l

vinyl chloride 

• Deepest Contamination: 56 ft. bls.

• Contaminant Plume Size: 1.25 acres

Remediation Scenario

• A single pilot recirculating well using in-well airlift through a 12 foot stripping column was operated for a period of 30

days. Air was introduced through a diffuser at an average rate of 35 cfm. and 5 psig. This correlated to a theoretical

groundwater flow rate of approximately 5 gpm.

• System was operated in "closed loop" configuration, i.e. air/vapor stream extracted from wellhead is recycled through

carbon treatment system for reuse in airlift stripping column. This minimized the re-injection of oxygen into the

recirculation loop and allowed in-situ contaminants to continue natural degradation in an anaerobic environment.

Results

• The single pilot well achieved an average radius of influence of 62 ft. in the surficial aquifer based upon a 75% reduction

of total VOHs based on groundwater sampling from monitor wells. Tracer tests indicated groundwater particles traveled

approximately 20 ft. down-gradient in 130 minutes, 20 ft. up-gradient in approximately 180 minutes and approximately 30

ft. cross-gradient in 360 minutes. The estimated average radius of influence based upon tracer testing was 25 ft.

• 99% reduction of VOHs in source area after 30 days treatment.

• Elimination of 1000 g/l contour of dissolved contamination and slight downgradient shift of 100 g/l contour of

dissolved contamination. No shift in 1 g/l contour of dissolved contaminants.

• Slight rebound of PCE concentrations at source well six months after completion of pilot test. Also slight rebound of cis

1,2-DCE and vinyl chloride concentrations at downgradient wells 6-12 months following completion of pilot tests.
Air Sparging at Former Nu Look One Hour Cleaners, Coral Springs, Florida*

75

Costs

• Overall Project Cost - $ 193,000

• Well Installation Cost - $16,000

Lessons Learned

1. No water use permit required since contaminated water is neither pumped nor treated above ground.

2. Vertical gradients induced in recirculation zone appear to enhance physical removal of contaminants from low permeability

zones.

3. Presence of organic rich sand and peat possibly enhanced remediation by circulating naturally occurring organic carbon

(food source) into treatment zone.

4. Iron bacteria fouling of well screens necessitated the incorporation of additional measures aimed at eliminating bio-fouling

at discharge zone. Bio-fouling resulted in major operational and maintenance problems. Assessing the impact of

groundwater geochemistry upon the system is important.

Contacts

Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection: Brent Hartsfield (850) 488-0190

Metcalf & Eddy: Bruce Koenig (954) 450-5201 

* This is the complete report provided by the State Coalition of Dry Cleaners (www.drycleancoalition.org) for this project. 

A separate abstract for this project is not available.
76

Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction and Multi-Phase Extraction at Scotchman #94,

Florence, South Carolina

Site Name:

Scotchman #94

Location:

Florence, SC

Period of Operation:

April 1998 - present (data available through March 2000)

Cleanup Authority:

RCRA UST

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of multiphase extraction and air sparging/soil vapor extraction to treat

MTBE in soil and groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX, Naphthalene

• MTBE concentrations as high as 87,000 ug/L in groundwater

• BTEX concentrations as high as 140,000 ug/L for toluene in groundwater

• Naphthalene concentrations as high as 4,600 ug/L in groundwater

Waste Source:

Leaks from an underground gasoline

storage tank 

Site Contact:

Worsley Companies, Inc.

P.O. Box 3227

Wilmington, SC 28406

Telephone: (910) 395-5300

State Contact:

Kimberly Wilson, P.G.

Hydrogeologist

South Carolina Dept. of Health and

Environmental Control

2600 Bull St.

Columbia, SC 29201

Telephone: (803) 898-4350

Fax: (803) 898-4330

E-mail: 

wilsonka@columb26.state.sc.us

Contractor:

CBM Environmental

P.O. Box 411387

Charlotte, NC 28241

Telephone: (800) 743-1226

Fax: (803) 548-5892 

E-mail: cbm@celink.net

Technology:

Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) and Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)

• MPE system consisting of five extraction (recovery) wells 

• Air sparging/SVE system includes 28 air sparging wells, arranged in seven

groups of air sparging wells

• A total of 19 monitoring wells at the site, installed at depths ranging from 14

to 30 feet below ground surface (bgs); each well includes a 10-foot screened

interval, with the depths of the screened intervals ranging from about 10 to

27.5 feet bgs.

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil and Groundwater

• Soil at the site consists of clayey sands and sandy-clays; hard clay layer is

present at approximately 10 feet bgs

• Average hydraulic gradient is 0.004 feet/feet with a calculated seepage

velocity of 4.415 feet per year

• Depth to groundwater is 5.4 to 23 feet bgs

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Site-specific target levels (SSTLs) were established by SCDHEC for MTBE, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and

xylenes, and naphthalene, with seven monitoring wells (MW-1, MW-2, MW-6, MW-11, MW-15, MW-18, MW-19) and

outfall OS-1 used in setting the total SSTLs

• Total SSTLs (sum of individual SSTLs for each well) - MTBE - 7,700 ug/L; benzene - 957 ug/L; toluene - 119,250 ug/l;

ethylbenzene - 37,082 ug/L; xylenes - 187,511 ug/L; naphthalene - 2,808 ug/L
Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction and Multi-Phase Extraction at Scotchman #94,

Florence, South Carolina

77

Results:

• MTBE concentrations in the groundwater decreased through December 1999 to 17,736 ug/L, then increased to more

than 192,000 ug/L in March 2000

• Similar trends were observed for BTEX constituents and naphthalene, with total mass decreasing through December

1999, then increasing in March 2000

• Decreases in the maximum concentrations (as measured in an individual well) were observed for each of the

constituents. For example, maximum MTBE concentrations were reduced from 37,000 ug/L to 9,800 ug/L (about 74%),

and concentrations of benzene from 14,000 ug/L to 1,300 ug/L (91%).

• As of March 2000, all constituents remained above the SSTLs; and operations will continue until all SSTLs have been

met. 

• According to the contractor, cleanup of the site is projected to be completed by March 2001.

Costs:

• The total cost for the cleanup of this site is $383,000.

• The South Carolina Petroleum Cleanup Fund awarded the contract for the cleanup at this site as a fixed-price, lump sum

with no change orders; no additional information on cost breakdown was available.

Description:

Scotchman #94 is a gasoline service station located in Florence, South Carolina. In December 1991, a release was

reported from the station’s underground storage tanks (USTs), and soil and groundwater at the site were found to be

contaminated with MTBE, BTEX, and naphthalene, and free product was present in the groundwater. Contaminants in

groundwater were found to be as high as 87,000 ug/L for MTBE, 23,000 ug/L for benzene, 140,000 ug/L for toluene,

18,000 ug/L for ethylbenzene, 91,000 ug/L for xylenes, and 4,600 ug/L for naphthalene. A Corrective Action Plan (CAP)

was implemented in March 1999 under Subtitle I of the RCRA program, which included free product recovery using MPE

and treatment of dissolved-phase groundwater contamination using air sparging/SVE. 

The MPE system consists of five extraction (recovery) wells and the air sparging/SVE system includes 28 air sparging

wells, arranged in seven groups of air sparging wells. MTBE, BTEX, and napthalene levels initially decreased through

December 1999, then increased. After two years of operation, all constituents remained above the SSTLs. The system will

continue to be operated until the SSTLs are met (projected completion in March 2001).
78

In Situ Bioremediation at Brownfield Site, Chattanooga, Tennessee

Site Name:

Brownfield Site (actual site name confidential)

Location:

Chattanooga, TN

Period of Operation:

January 1999 to present (data available through December 1999)

Cleanup Authority:

January 1999 to present (data

available through December 1999)

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of in situ bioremediation to treat MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX, TPH

• MTBE concentrations as high as 5,000 ug/L

• BTEX concentrations as high as 8,000 ug/L

• TPH concentrations as high as 300,000 ug/L

• Plume containing MTBE and benzene covers approximately 16,000 square

feet; TPH plume covers approximately 66,000 square feet (1.5 acres)

Waste Source:

Leaks from an underground gasoline

storage tank 

Project Contact:

Mark B. Miller, P.G.

Remedial Solutions, Inc.

2733 Kanasita Drive, Suite A

Hixson, TN 37343

Telephone: (423) 870-8888

E-mail: remsol@cdc.net

Vendor:

Brian L. Clark, P.E.

Executive Vice President

Enzyme Technologies, Inc.

5228 NE 158th Avenue

Portland, OR 97230

Telephone: (503) 254-4331 x11

Fax: (503) 254-1722

E-mail: brianc@enzymetech.com

Technology:

In Situ Bioremediation 

• In situ bioremediation using the Enzyme-Catalyzed In Situ Dissolved Oxygen

Treatment (DO-IT) process; patented process uses a combination of

proprietary multi-enzyme complexes (proteins that are extracted from living

TPH-degrading bacterial cultures), and a consortium of total petroleum

hydrocarbon (TPH) degrading bacteria, with supplemental oxygen; generates

a concentration of dissolved oxygen in water of approximately 40 mg/L

• Three horizontal injection wells, two vertical injection wells, and three

extraction/recovery wells were installed within the plume

• Groundwater was extracted from down-gradient locations, amended by adding

oxygenated water, nutrients, and the enzyme/bacterial consortium mixture,

and then re-injected using the horizontal and vertical injection wells; layout

provided for both treatment and hydraulic control

• Initial inoculation in January 1999 consisted of approximately 75 gallons of

enzymes and 150 gallons of bacteria; each month, 5 gallons of enzymes and

10 gallons of bacteria have been added to the oxygenated water to maintain

the microbial population

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• On-site groundwater is located within a tight clay soil horizon at 5-7 feet

below ground surface (bgs)

• Off-site groundwater is located in bedrock consisting of limestone and shale

beds at depths of greater than 10 feet bgs

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• The cleanup criteria specified for this site were benzene - 100 mg/kg in soil and 70 ug/L in groundwater, and TPH -

1,000 mg/kg in soil and 1,000 ug/L in groundwater

• No cleanup levels were specified for MTBE, however MTBE was identified as a contaminant of concern for the site

Results:

• Results were available for the first 360 days of operation (January to December 1999) from well MW-2 (the well with

the highest concentrations of contaminants)

• MTBE concentrations were reduced from approximately 5,000 ug/L to approximately 200 ug/L

• Benzene concentrations were reduced from as high as 8,000 ug/L to less than approximately 1,000 ug/L

• TPH concentrations were reduced from as high as 300,000 ug/L to less than approximately 50,000 ug/L

• Benzene and TPH concentrations remain above cleanup goals; treatment system operation is ongoing
In Situ Bioremediation at Brownfield Site, Chattanooga, Tennessee

79

Costs:

• Start-up costs for this site, including the initial inoculation, were approximately $30,000

• Monthly maintenance costs have been approximately $4,000, through December 1999

Description:

As a result of leaking underground storage tanks (USTs), gasoline, diesel fuel, and waste oil releases occurred at an

abandoned gasoline service station located in a mixed-use area in Chattanooga Tennessee. The service station has no

remaining on-site structures or facilities. The releases resulted in contamination of soil and groundwater at the site with

MTBE, BTEX, and petroleum constituents. Concentrations of contaminants measured in groundwater at the site were as

high as MTBE at 5,000 ug/L, benzene at 8,000 ug/L, and total petroleum hydrocarbons at 300,000 ug/L. The vendor

estimated that 1,500 cubic yards of soil at the site were impacted by the contamination. In the mid-1990s, the USTs were

removed and decommissioned.

Beginning in January 1999, in situ bioremediation using the Enzyme-Catalyzed In Situ Dissolved Oxygen Treatment (DOIT) process was used to treat groundwater at the site. This process uses a combination of proprietary multi-enzyme

complexes and a consortium of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degrading bacteria, with supplemental oxygen, to

biodegrade MTBE, BTEX, and TPH contaminants. At this site, three horizontal injection wells, two vertical injection

wells, and three extraction/recovery wells were installed within the plume. In January 1999, the initial inoculation of

approximately 75 gallons of enzymes and 150 gallons of bacteria was performed. Subsequently, 5 gallons of enzymes and

10 gallons of bacteria have been added to the oxygenated water each month to maintain the microbial population. As of

December 1999, after 360 days of operation, the concentrations of MTBE, BTEX, and TPH have been reduced by more

than 70%. However, cleanup goals were not reached for benzene or TPH in the groundwater during this time, and

treatment is ongoing. The technology vendor reported that this application was aided by the design of injection galleries

that were specific to the low permeability of the soil formation and the intended injection approach.
80

In Situ Bioremediation at Cordray’s Grocery, Ravenel, South Carolina 

Site Name:

Cordray’s Grocery

Location:

Ravenel, SC

Period of Operation:

April 1998 to July 2000 (data available through January 2000)

Cleanup Authority:

RCRA UST

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of in situ bioremediation using ORC® to treat MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX, Naphthalene

• MTBE concentrations as high as 2,230 ug/L

• BTEX concentrations as high as 28,600 ug/L for toluene 

• Naphthalene concentrations as high as 134 ug/L

Waste Source:

Leaks from an underground gasoline

storage tank (UST)

Site Contact:

Youman’s Gas & Oil

P.O. Box 399

Hollywood, SC 29449

Telephone: (843) 889-2212

State Contact:

Scott McInnis

South Carolina Dept. of Health and

Environmental Control

2600 Bull Street

Columbia, SC 29201

Telephone: (803) 898-4350

Fax: (803) 898-4330

E-mail: 

mcinniwa@columb26.dhec.state.sc.us

Vendor:

John Albrecht, President

Director, Assessment/Remediation

Albrecht & Associates

P.O. Box 189

Mt. Pleasant, SC 29465

Telephone: (843) 856-8450

Fax: (843) 856-8453

E-mail: 

JHA@albrechtenvironmental.com

Technology:

In Situ Bioremediation using ORC®

• The UST was removed and soil was excavated in two areas at the site prior to

application of ORC®

• A total of 140 lbs of ORC® was injected in the excavated areas

• The one time application of ORC® was performed on August 31, 1998, with

an injection depth of 20 - 25 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs)

• Seven monitoring wells were located around the excavation areas 

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Average depth to groundwater is 9 feet below ground surface (bgs)

• Average hydraulic gradient is 0.006 ft/ft with a calculated seepage velocity of

0.473 feet per year

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Site-specific target levels (SSTLs) were established by SCDHEC for MTBE, BTEX constituents (benzene, toluene,

ethylbenzene, and xylenes), and naphthalene

• SSTLs for well MW-0 were: MTBE - 239 ug/L; benzene - 4,150 ug/L; toluene - 21,400 ug/L; ethylbenzene - 1,700

ug/L; xylenes - 11,700 ug/L; and naphthalene - 557 ug/L

• SSTLS for well MW-5 were: MTBE - 115 ug/L; benzene - 4,020 ug/L; toluene -2,900 ug/L; ethylbenzene - 460 ug/L;

xylenes - 2,380 ug/L; and naphthalene - 170 ug/L
In Situ Bioremediation at Cordray’s Grocery, Ravenel, South Carolina 

81

Results:

• According to SCDHEC, cleanup goals at the site were met in November 1998

• Results of the January confirmation sampling event showed that the SSTLs had been met for MTBE, BTEX, and

naphthalene in wells MW-0 and MW-5, with concentrations of MTBE and naphthalene below detection limits in both

wells

• Concentrations of BTEX constituents were reduced by 99% in well MW-5, and by as much as 95% (benzene) in well

MW-0

• The SCDHEC reported that the corrective action was completed on July 24, 2000.

Costs:

• The total cost for the cleanup at this site was $21,000

• The South Carolina Petroleum Cleanup Fund awarded the contract for the cleanup at this site as a fixed-price, lump sum

with no change orders; no additional information on cost breakdown was available.

Description:

The Cordray’s site is the location of a former gasoline service station. In 1987, leaks from a gasoline underground storage

tank (UST) resulted in contamination of soil and groundwater at the site with MTBE, BTEX, and naphthalene. A 550-

gallon UST was removed in 1987 and a Corrective Action Plan (CAP) was implemented in April 1998 under Subtitle I of

the RCRA program. The CAP included excavation of soil and in situ bioremediation of groundwater using ORC®. Soils

were excavated in two areas, with ORC® injected into the excavated areas.

On August 31, 1998, a one time application of 140 lbs. of ORC® was performed in the excavated areas, at an injection

depth of 20 - 25 ft bgs. Cleanup goals at the site were met in November 1998, and confirmed during a January 1999

confirmation sampling event. Concentrations of MTBE and naphthalene were reduced to below detection limits in wells

MW-0 and MW-5; concentrations of BTEX constituents were reduced by 99% in well MW-5, and by as much as 95% in

well MW-0. According to SCDHEC, the corrective action was completed on July 24, 2000. In addition, the SCDHEC

indicated that the cleanup was completed within the predicted time, and the use of a fixed price contract (total cost of

$21,000) was less costly than a time and materials contract. 
82

In Situ Bioremediation at Contemporary Cleaners, Orlando, Florida*

Remediation Technology

• In-Situ Bioremediation - Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC) - Regenesis Bioremediation Products, Inc.

Site Description

• This is an active Perchloroethene (PCE) drycleaning facility that has been in operation since 1974. It is located in a

shopping center in a commercial setting.

Site Hydrogeology

• Depth to Water: 6-8 ft below land surface (bls)

• Upper Surficial Aquifer: 25-30 ft of fine-grained quartz sand

Hydraulic Gradient: 0.01 ft/ft

Hydraulic Conductivity: 1.3 ft/day 

Seepage Velocity: 0.04 ft/day

• 1 - 12 ft of clay

• Lower Surficial Aquifer: 20 - 25 ft of fine-grained silty sand and sandy clay

Hydraulic Gradient: 0.003 ft/ft

Hydraulic Conductivity: 65 ft/day

Seepage Velocity: 1 ft/day

Groundwater Contamination

• Contaminants Present: PCE, TCE, cis 1,2-DCE, trans 1,2-DCE, vinyl chloride

• Highest Contaminant Concentrations: 3300 g/l PCE, 4,980 g/l TCE, 4000 g/l cis 1,2-DCE, 130 g/l trans 1,2-DCE,

2,900 g/l vinyl chloride

• Deepest Contamination: 54 ft bls. Plume Size: 3.2 acres (as defined to regulatory MCLs)

Remediation Scenario

• Treatment Area: 14,600 ft2 (within PCE 1 mg/L isopleth)- Upper Surficial Aquifer

• Quantity: 6,810 lb of HRC

• Injection: By direct push technology at 144 locations, spaced on 10-ft centers. (80 ft x 180 ft grid) at depths from 5 - 30 ft

bls

• Volume: 2.45 gal of HRC (22.5 lb Or 0.9 lb/ft)/per injection point

Results

• % Mass Reduction (after 152 days) - based on groundwater monitoring:

PCE - 96% cis 1,2-DCE - 36%

TCE - 51% vinyl chloride - 58%

Costs

• Overall Project = $ 127,000

• HRC product = $ 27,197

Lessons Learned

1. Underground Injection Control variance required.

2. Recommend requiring complete delineation of underground utilities prior to injection activities. Use of geophysical survey

(GPR and electrical methods) is very helpful to ensure underground utilities are not encountered or damaged during

injection.
In Situ Bioremediation at Contemporary Cleaners, Orlando, Florida*

83

3. A thorough understanding of site geochemistry is required to understand effect of HRC on groundwater. Acids released

form the breakdown of HRC appeared to lower the pH of groundwater in certain portions of the aquifer to levels that were

not conducive to continued reductive dechlorination of contaminants. The problem appears to be transient, as the pH

continues to increase over time. Reformulation (reduction in concentration) of HRC should minimize this problem. The

buffering capacity of the predominantly quartz sand aquifers is limited in the presence of excess acids produced from HRC. 

Aquifers with different sediment composition will respond differently to the HRC.

4. Prior to injection, the containers of HRC were warmed by placing them in the boiler room of the drycleaning facility. This

reduced the HRC viscosity and facilitated injection.

5. Regenesis offers design and onsite assistance and instruction during injection activities. Their guidance was very useful

during the initiation of the project.

Contacts

Florida Department of Environmental Protection: Judie Kean (850) 488-0190

International Technology Corporation: Mike Lodato (813) 626-2336 

* This is the complete report provided by the State Coalition of Dry Cleaners (www.drycleancoalition.org) for this project. 

A separate abstract for this project is not available.
84

In Situ Bioremediation at Gas Station, Cheshire, Connecticut

Site Name:

Gas Station (actual site name confidential)

Location:

Cheshire, CT

Period of Operation:

October 1997 to March 1999

Cleanup Authority:

RCRA UST (Connecticut LUST

Program)

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of in situ bioremediation to treat MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX, TPH

• MTBE concentrations as high as 6,000 ug/L

• BTEX concentrations as high as 14,000 ug/L

Waste Source:

Leaks from an underground gasoline

storage tank 

Project Contact:

David Lis, IEP

Apex Environmental

58H Connecticut Avenue

South Windsor, CT 06074

Telephone: (860) 282-1700

State Contact:

Alan Davis

Connecticut Dept. of Environmental

Protection

79 Elm Street

Hartford, CT 06106-5127

Telephone: (860) 424-3342

Vendor:

Brian L. Clark, P.E.

Executive Vice President

Enzyme Technologies, Inc.

5228 NE 158th Avenue

Portland, OR 97230

Telephone: (503) 254-4331 x11

Fax: (503) 254-1722

E-mail: brianc@enzymetech.com

Technology:

In Situ Bioremediation 

• In situ bioremediation using the Enzyme-Catalyzed In Situ Dissolved Oxygen

Treatment (DO-IT) process; patented process uses a combination of

proprietary multi-enzyme complexes (proteins that are extracted from living

TPH-degrading bacterial cultures), and a consortium of total petroleum

hydrocarbon (TPH) degrading bacteria, with supplemental oxygen; generates

a concentration of dissolved oxygen in water of approximately 40 mg/L

• Existing horizontal air sparging trench and vertical vapor extraction wells

were retrofitted and used as injection points; groundwater was extracted from

an existing group of wells located down-gradient from the injection points;

layout provided for both treatment and hydraulic control

• Oxygen-laden water was injected on a daily basis; nutrients, including

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, were dissolved in the injection water,

and applied “as necessary”; information was not available about the amount of

amendments added, or the dates for adding amendments. 

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Depth to groundwater is less than 10 feet below ground surface (bgs)

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• The cleanup criteria specified for groundwater at this site were MTBE - 70 ug/L, benzene - 1 ug/L, and TPH - 500 ug/L

Results:

• During the first 34 days of operation, MTBE concentrations in a well located within the center of the plume was reduced

from approximately 6,000 ug/L to 1,600 ug/L (a 73% reduction) and from approximately 6,000 ug/L to 200 ug/L (a

97% reduction) in a downgradient well; BTEX concentrations were reduced by 93% from 14,000 ug/L to less than

1,000 ug/L

• Data available for BTEX and TPH after 12 months of operation showed a general decrease in concentrations (MTBE

data were not provided)

• After 18 months of operation, the vendor reported that the cleanup criteria specified for this site for MTBE, benzene,

and TPH were achieved; information about specific levels achieved was not provided
In Situ Bioremediation at Gas Station, Cheshire, Connecticut

85

Costs:

Information on the costs for use of in situ bioremediation at this site was not provided.

Description:

Releases from underground storage tanks (USTs) at an active gasoline service station located in western Connecticut

resulted in contamination of groundwater at the site with MTBE and BTEX. Concentrations of MTBE and BTEX

measured in groundwater at the site were 6,000 ug/L and 14,000 ug/L, respectively. The vendor estimated that 1,000 cubic

yards of soil and groundwater at the site were contaminated as a result of the release. In the early 1990s, the USTs were

removed and decommissioned. A groundwater extraction and treatment system and an air sparging/soil vapor extraction

(SVE) system were installed to treat soil and groundwater at the site. In 1997, the groundwater treatment and air

sparging/SVE systems were replaced with in situ bioremediation. 

The DO-IT process applied at this site by retrofitting an existing horizontal air sparging trench and vertical vapor

extraction wells were retrofitted as injection points for the oxygenated water, nutrients, and enzyme/bacterial consortium

mixture. The vendor reported that the cleanup criteria specified for this site for MTBE, benzene, and TPH were achieved

in approximately 18 months of treatment. According to the vendor, this was the first permitted in situ bioremediation

project in the state of Connecticut. The relatively shallow depth to groundwater provided for a greater degree of contact

between the oxygen, nutrients, and biological products with the contaminants of concern.
86

In Situ Bioremediation at Hayden Island Cleaners, Portland, Oregon*

Remediation Technology

• Hydrogen Release Compound, Regenesis, Inc.

Site Description

• This is an active Perchloroethene (PCE) drycleaning facility that has been in operation since 1975. It is located in a

commercial setting adjacent to the Columbia River.

Site Hydrogeology

• Depth to Water: 6-8 feet

• Upper Surficial Aquifer: 20-40 feet of silty sand

Hydraulic Gradient: 0.001 ft./ft.

Hydraulic Conductivity: ft./day 

Seepage Velocity: ft./day.

• Lower Regional Drinking Water Aquifer: n/a

Hydraulic Gradient: n/a

Hydraulic Conductivity: n/a

Seepage Velocity: n/a

Groundwater Contamination

• Contaminants Present: PCE, trichloroethene (TCE), and cis 1,2-dichloroethene (cis- DCE)

• Highest Contaminant Concentrations: 1,230 mg/l PCE, 1 mg/l TCE, and 3.4 mg/l cis 1,2-DCE.

• Deepest Contamination: Chlorinated solvents present in regional groundwater aquifer, though not attributed to site.

Remediation Scenario

• Treatment Area: 200 square feet (two "treatment" walls)- Upper Surficial Aquifer

• Quantity: 2,310 pounds of HRC 

• Injection: By direct push technology at 42 locations, spaced on 10-foot centers. (Two 2 x 80 foot grid walls) at depths from

25 - 40 ft. bgs. 

• Volume: (3.2 lbs./ft)/per injection point

Results

• % Mass Reduction (after 1 year, 3 months):

PCE - 87%

Substantial increase of daughter products TCE, cis-1,2-DCE

Costs

• Overall Project - $ 46,000

• HRC product - $ 14,000 ($6.00/lb)

• HRC Install $45,000

• HRC Groundwater Monitoring $20,000

• HRC Total $65,000

Lessons Learned

1. Location of site next to river complicated the hydrogeology of the site. River stage and tidal fluctuations accounted for

flow reversals at the site. In addition, the timeframe of the injection occurred during the slowest groundwater transport

period which required several months for HRC enhanced remediation to be noticed.

2. HRC was injected along two transects to account for groundwater flow reversals. The injections were designed to provide

an engineered "treatment wall" or zone prior to off-property and surface water discharge migration.
In Situ Bioremediation at Hayden Island Cleaners, Portland, Oregon

87

3. A steam-cleaner is very helpful with clean-up of HRC product. Cleanup should commence the same day as injection

activities. Waiting until the following day or at the end of injection event necessitated additional labor/time.

4. Analysis of acid in water sooner would have helped facilitated the amount of HRC remaining in the subsurface.

5. Regenesis offers onsite assistance and instruction during injection activities. Their guidance was very useful during the

initiation of the project.

Contacts

David Anderson

Oregon DEQ

811 SW 6th

Portland, OR 97204

(503) 229-5428

anderson.david@deq.state.or.us 

* This is the complete report provided by the State Coalition of Dry Cleaners (www.drycleancoalition.org) for this project. 

A separate abstract for this project is not available.
88

In Situ Bioremediation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California

Site Name:

Not provided

Location:

Not provided

Period of Operation:

Not provided

Cleanup Authority:

Not identified

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Research on microbial organisms to degrade MTBE in soil and groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Bench scale

Contaminants:

MTBE

Waste Source:

Leaking underground fuel storage

tanks

Point of Contact:

Rolf Halden, Ph.D., P.E.

Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory (LLNL)

7000 East Ave., P. O. Box 808, L-542

Livermore, CA 94551

Telephone: (925) 422-0655

Fax: (925) 423-7998

E-mail: halden1@llnl.gov

Technology:

Bioremediation

Research on MTBE/TBA Degraders:

• Methanotrophs Study - study of two methanotrophic microorganisms,

Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Methylosinus sporium, grown with

methane as the single carbon source. 

• Long-term In Situ Enrichment of TBA Degraders - study attempted to isolate

TBA degraders from a chemical manufacturing site where TBA degraders in

the range of 67 to 460,000 degrader per gram of sediment had been reported

over a 10 year period

• Cultures Using MTBE as Growth Substrate - tested the Pelorus

Environmental and Biotechnology Corp. (PEL) presumed pure culture (PELPg) and the PEL consortium culture (PEL-CON); derived from leaking

underground fuel tank (LUFT)-sediment samples and reportedly used MTBE

as the sole carbon and energy source. 

• Culture Derived from Biofilter - used biomass from an experimental biofilter

from the Joint Water Pollution Control plant in Whittier, California; material

observed to rapidly degrade >90% MTBE after a one year adaptation period.

Palo Alto LUFT Sites Screening Study:

• Used soil (sediment) and groundwater samples from a site in Palo Alto

(collected at a depth of 18-26 feet where aqueous MTBE concentrations were

in the low ppm range)

• Microcosms constructed from these materials either mimicked the anaerobic

conditions prevailing at the site, or contained various amendments ranging

from nutrients, to oxygen, to microbial biomass

• The groundwater used to construct the microcosms was first sparged to drive

off volatile contaminants and then respiked to yield an initial aqueous MTBE

concentration in the microcosm of about 420 g/L; microcosms were

incubated for 3 months at 20o

C and 6 rpm.

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil and Groundwater

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

Studies were conducted to evaluate the potential for difference microbial cultures to degrade MTBE in soil and

groundwater. No specific treatment goals were identified.
In Situ Bioremediation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California

89

Results:

Research on MTBE/TBA Degraders:

-Methanotrophs Study - in resting cell assays, both organisms failed to degrade detectable amounts of TBA, MTBE, ethyl

tert butyl ether (ETBE), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), and tert amyl methyl ether (TAME). 

• Long-term In Situ Enrichment of TBA Degraders - no microorganisms were detected that could grow on minimal

medium using TBA as the sole carbon and energy source.

• Cultures Using MTBE as Growth Substrate - during testing, the PEL-Pg culture was found to be a consortium of two

different strains; neither of these two isolates nor the PEL-CON culture grew on MTBE/TBA or degraded these

compounds

• Culture Derived from Biofilter - MTBE and TBA was degraded; however, microbial growth associated with MTBE

depletion was extremely slow and resulted in undesirable cell clumping, potentially limiting applicability

Palo Alto LUFT Sites Screening Study:

• MTBE generally persisted under anaerobic conditions; the addition of ORC® and BioPetro did not stimulate MTBE

degradation under anaerobic conditions

• MTBE was degraded completely in live, aerobic microcosms; however, the presence of additional carbon sources

(sucrose contained in the BioPetro microcosms, isopropanol, and pasteurized cells) inhibited intrinsic MTBE

biodegradation.

Costs:

No cost data were provided

Description:

Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) conducted several studies to evaluate the potential of

various microorganisms to degrade MTBE in soil and groundwater. Research studies were performed on MTBE/TBA

Degraders using different microbial cultures, including several that had been observed to degrade MTBE in other settings. 

In addition, a study was conducted to assess the potential use of intrinsic and/or engineered in situ bioremediation for the

restoration of MTBE-impacted soils and groundwater at leaking underground fuel tank (LUFT) sites. The study locations,

all situated in Northern California, were identified by the Santa Clara Valley Water District and the San Francisco

California Regional Water Quality Control Board as high risk sites, based on their proximity to public drinking water wells

and/or the presence of extremely high concentrations of MTBE in shallow groundwater. The overall goal of the study was

to provide general conclusions concerning the fate of MTBE at LUFT sites. 

The results showed that two methanotrophic microorganisms did not transform MTBE, TBA, ETBE, DIPE, and TAME. 

In addition, long-term enrichment under site-specific conditions may fail to produce strains that effectively degrade

TBA/MTBE. According to the researchers, careful selection of experimental media is important to identify “real” MTBE

degraders, and fast-growing MTBE degraders that are needed for bioaugmentation are currently not available. Results of

the Palo Alto study indicate that MTBE may biodegrade naturally at LUFT sites in some instances when conditions are

favorable (e.g., aerobic conditions, no BTEX compounds present).
90

In Situ Bioremediation Using ORC® at an Active Service Station, 

Southern California

Site Name:

Service Station (actual name confidential)

Location:

Southern California

Period of Operation:

155 days in duration (specific dates were not provided)

Cleanup Authority:

State

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of in situ Bioremediation using Oxygen Release Compound (ORC®) to treat

MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX

• MTBE concentrations as high as 13,000 ug/L

• BTEX concentrations as high as 25,000 ug/L

Waste Source:

Leaks from gasoline storage tanks

Vendor:

Steve Koenigsberg

Regenesis, Inc.

1011 Calle Sombra

San Clemente, CA 92672

Telephone: (949) 366-8000

Fax: (949) 366-8090

E-mail: steve@regenesis.com

Technology:

In Situ Bioremediation using ORC®

• A total of 750 pounds of ORC® was injected through 18 direct-push bore

holes located within the source area by pushing hollow rods with removable

tips to a depth of 28 ft, and then pumping ORC®-slurry through the rods as

they were raised from a depth of 28 ft to 18 ft. 

• An additional 150 pounds of ORC® was injected through 12 direct-push bore

holes located at the property boundary.

• Groundwater samples were collected from representative monitoring wells

prior to injection and then approximately monthly for five months after

injection

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• The direction of groundwater flow at the site is west to southwest at an

average gradient of 0.0037 ft/ft and velocity of 0.067 to 0.24 ft/day

• The quality of the groundwater in the area of the site is classified as poor due

to high concentrations of dissolved solids

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• No information about specific treatment goals was provided

Results:

• For the first two months following the injection of ORC®, MTBE, BTEX constituents, and TPH concentrations in well

MW-14 (located in the source area) decreased and the oxidation/reduction potential increased to a positive value,

indicating an increase in the oxidation conditions in the subsurface

• After the second month, concentrations of MTBE, BTEX constituents, and TPH rose to pre-injection levels and the

oxidation/reduction potential decreased to a negative number

• By the fifth month (day 155), concentrations of MTBE, BTEX constituents, and TPH were above pre-injection levels

• According to the vendor, possible reasons for the increases in concentrations included: 1) actual dissolved fuel

hydrocarbon concentrations may have been higher than expected, exhausting the oxygen before all hydrocarbons were

metabolized; 2) the elevated salinity of the groundwater may have caused the DO to be released at a rate higher than

could be used by existing site microbes; and 3) fuel hydrocarbons which remained adsorbed to the soil particles in the

capillary fringe may have provided a source to reintroduce hydrocarbons in the dissolved phase.

Costs:

No cost information for this application was provided.
In Situ Bioremediation Using ORC® at an Active Service Station, 

Southern California

91

Description:

The site is an active gasoline service station located on the coast of southern California, at the mouth of San Juan Creek

Valley, about one-third of a mile north of the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1990's, two underground gasoline storage tanks

were replaced and soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons was found beneath the tank cavity and one of the

gasoline dispenser islands. TPH concentrations were found in soil at levels up to 9,000 mg/kg. In groundwater, BTEX

compounds were found at levels as high as 25,000 ug/L for benzene, and MTBE was found at levels as high as 13,000

ug/L. There are two dissolved-phase plumes at the site, BTEX and MTBE. In the mid-1990's, soil vapor extraction (SVE)

was used at the site for approximately 13 months. While data on SVE performance was not provided, the technology did

not have a long-term impact on the concentrations of dissolved-phase hydrocarbon in the saturated zone, and fuel remained

adsorbed to soil within the vadose zone. ORC® was injected at the site to reduce the dissolved-phase concentrations of

BTEX and MTBE and to contain the contaminant plume.

A total of 750 pounds of ORC® was injected through 18 direct-push bore holes located within the source area and sn

additional 150 pounds of ORC® was injected through 12 direct-push bore holes located at the property boundary. The

application of ORC® initially reduced contaminant concentrations in the groundwater for MTBE, BTEX, and TPH. 

However, after two months, contaminant concentrations began to rise and were above the pre-injection levels by the fifth

month. Possible reasons for the increase in concentration included the presence of a continuing source of hydrocarbons

and subsurface conditions that adversely affected the existing microbes at the site.
92

In Situ Bioremediation Using ORC® at an Active Service Station, 

Lake Geneva, Wisconsin

Site Name:

Service Station (actual name confidential)

Location:

Lake Geneva, Wisconsin

Period of Operation:

280 days in duration (specific dates not provided)

Cleanup Authority:

State

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of in situ Bioremediation using ORC® to treat MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX

• MTBE concentrations as high as 800 ug/L

• BTEX concentrations as high as 14,000 ug/L

Waste Source:

Leaks from gasoline storage tanks

Vendor:

Steve Koenigsberg

Regenesis, Inc.

1011 Calle Sombra

San Clemente, CA 92672

Telephone: (949) 366-8000

Fax: (949) 366-8090

E-mail: steve@regenesis.com

Technology:

In Situ Bioremediation using Oxygen Release Compound (ORC®)

• A total of 17,000 pounds of ORC® slurry (magnesium peroxide compound)

was injected into the backfill excavation using a Geoprobe® (direct push) and

37 injection points

• Two monitoring wells, located downgradient of the former UST area, were

used to monitor levels of MTBE and BTEX in the groundwater

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

-The groundwater flow is generally to the east northeast at a velocity of 0.2

ft/day

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• No information about specific treatment goals was provided

Results:

• After nine months of operation, concentrations of MTBE in the two wells had been reduced to levels below 2 ug/L, from

initial concentrations of 800 ug/L and 70 ug/L, respectively. 

• During the first month of operation, MTBE concentrations in one well increased from about 800 ug/L to 1,800 ug/L,

then showed a steady decline over the next eight months. MTBE concentrations in the other well declined rapidly

during the first three months of operation and remained at low levels during the next five months of operation.

Costs:

No cost information for this application was provided.

Description:

Groundwater at a service station, located in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, was found to be contaminated with high levels of

MTBE and BTEX. Concentrations as high as 800 ug/L for MTBE and 14,000 ug/L for BTEX were detected in the

contaminant plume. The source of the contamination was a leaking underground storage tank. Source control activities

included removal of the UST and excavation of contaminated soil. Following the removal of the UST and contaminated

soil, ORC® was injected into the groundwater to enhance aerobic biodegradation in the saturated zone.

The application of ORC® slurry at the Lake Geneva former UST site reduced MTBE concentrations in groundwater from

initial concentrations as high as 800 ug/L to less than 2 ug/L in nine months. MTBE groundwater concentrations dropped

significantly within the first three months following injection, and remained at low levels throughout the next six months. 

According to Regenesis, the site has been submitted to the state for closure.
93

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94

In Situ Bioremediation at South Beach Marina, Hilton Head, South Carolina

Site Name:

South Beach Marina

Location:

Hilton Head, SC

Period of Operation:

February 1999 - present (data available through September 2000)

Cleanup Authority:

RCRA UST

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of in situ bioremediation to treat MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX, Naphthalene

Waste Source:

Leaks from an underground gasoline

storage tank 

State Contact:

Debra L. Thoma

Hydrogeologist

South Carolina Dept. of Health and

Environmental Control

2600 Bull St.

Columbia, SC 29201

Telephone: (803) 898-4362

Fax: (803) 898-4330

E-mail: 

thomadl@columb26.dhec.state.sc.us

Contractor:

John Collins

NESCO

521 Clemson Road

Columbia, SC 29229

Telephone: (803) 699-1976

Fax: (803) 699-9863

Technology:

In Situ Bioremediation 

• Liquid microbial solution, manufactured by The Critter Company (TCC) and

consisting of microbes (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Corynebacterium),

oxygen emulsifier, surfactant, encapsulant, and nutrients was injected into the

subsurface through monitoring and injection wells

• Five injections to date including: February 1999 - 150 gallons injected into

21 monitoring wells and 15 Geoprobe® injection points at pressures ranging

from 5 to 20 pounds per square inch; March 1999 - 650 gallons injected into

nine newly installed injection wells; December 1999 - 700 gallons injected

into nine injection wells and three monitoring wells; March 2000 - 700

gallons injected into nine injection wells and four monitoring wells; and May

2000 - 700 gallons injected into nine injection wells and four monitoring wells

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Depth to groundwater is 4.32 to 6.92 feet below ground surface (bgs)

• Average hydraulic gradient is 0.078 feet/feet with a calculated seepage

velocity of 6.42 feet per year

• No confining units were identified at the site

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Site-specific target levels (SSTLs) were established by SCDHEC for MTBE, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes,

and naphthalene, with four monitoring wells used in setting the SSTLs. 

• Total SSTLs (sum of individual SSTLs for each well) - MTBE - 120 ug/L; benzene - 20 ug/L; toluene - 2,615 ug/l;

ethylbenzene - 1,741ug/L; xylenes - 5,471ug/L; naphthalene - 100 ug/L

Results:

• As of September 2000, the SSTL for ethylbenzene has been met; however MTBE, benzene, toluene, xylenes, and

naphthalene remain above the SSTLs

• MTBE levels decreased by 96% (from 3,310 to 146 ug/L), while benzene decreased by 83% (2,571 ug/L to 435 ug/L);

toluene by 66% (24,330 ug/L to 8,300 ug/L), and naphthalene by 84% (5,377 ug/L to 853 ug/L); xylene levels

decreased following the injections in February and May 1999, then increased and were above pre-operational level as of

September 2000

• The system will continue to be operated until all SSTLs have been met; the contractor projects that cleanup of the site

will be completed by February 2001

Costs:

• The total cost for the cleanup of this site is $63,500

• The South Carolina Petroleum Cleanup Fund awarded the contract for the cleanup at this site as a fixed-price, lump sum

with no change orders; no additional information on cost breakdown was available.
In Situ Bioremediation at South Beach Marina, Hilton Head, South Carolina

95

Description:

South Beach Marina is a gasoline dispensing station located in Hilton Head, South Carolina. In August 1995, a release

was reported from the station’s underground storage tank (UST). Groundwater at the site was found to be contaminated

with MTBE, BTEX, and naphthalene. Data from 1998 showed concentrations of contaminants in groundwater as high as

1,320 ug/L for MTBE, 1,250 ug/L for benzene, 21,500 ug/L for toluene, 657 ug/L for ethylbenzene, 3,140 ug/L for

xylenes, and 4,720 ug/L for naphthalene. A Corrective Action Plan (CAP) was implemented in May 1999 under Subtitle I

of the RCRA program. The CAP included in situ bioremediation.

In situ bioremediation at the site was begun in February 1999 and has included five injections of a liquid microbial

solution, manufactured by The Critter Company (TCC). The solution consisted of microbes (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and

Corynebacterium), oxygen emulsifier, surfactant, encapsulant, and nutrients, and was injected into the subsurface through

monitoring and injection wells in February, March, and December 1999 and in March and May 2000. As of September

2000, the SSTL for ethylbenzene has been met. While reductions in levels have been observed for for MTBE, benzene,

toluene, and naphthalene, these contaminants remain above the SSTLs. Levels of xylenes have increased above preoperational levels. The system will continue to be operated until all SSTLs have been met, with the site contractor

projecting completion of the remediation by February 2001.
96

In Situ Bioremediation Using Butane

Site Name:

Not provided

Location:

Not provided

Period of Operation:

Not provided

Cleanup Authority:

Not identified

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Bench-scale testing of the Butane Biostimulation TechnologiesTM process to treat

MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Bench scale

Contaminants:

MTBE

Waste Source:

Not identified

Vendor:

Felix A. Perriello, CHMM, CPSS,

CPG

Global BioSciences, Inc.

608 Normandy Drive

Norwood, MA 02062

Telephone: (781) 762-0590

Fax: (781) 762-0590

E-mail: felix@biobutane.com

Technology:

Bioremediation

• Global BioSciences, Inc. (GBI) has patented the Butane Biostimulation

TechnologiesTM process, involving injecting butane into a contaminated area

using a specially designed delivery system

• In a bench-scale test, MTBE cometabolism was evaluated using Butaneutilizing BacteriaÔ suspended in 45 milliliters (ml) of sterile mineral salts

medium. The bacteria consisted of groups of cells from the following genera: 

Pseudomonas, Variovorax, Nocardia, Chryseobacterium, Comamonas, and

Micrococcus. Bacteria used for this study were isolated from gasolinecontaminated soil and groundwater. 

• Growth was monitored in 120 ml serum bottles under a butane, MTBE, and

air mixture (approximate butane:MTBE ratio was 28:1).

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil and Groundwater

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

Not identified

Results:

• Butane consumption rates between 1.5 and 6.0 mg/hr/L were measured for selected consortia using a gas chromatograph

equipped with a photoionization detector (GC-PID)

• MTBE concentrations in the headspace were reduced from as high as 10 mg/L (arbitrary concentration used in study) to

sub-ppb levels within a 48-hour period, as measured using a GC-PID. Byproducts that were measured included carbon

dioxide and dissolved oxygen, although concentrations were not provided in the available materials. - The vendor

reported that these data demonstrated the potential for the bioremediation of MTBE using butane as a cometabolic

substrate

Costs:

No cost data were provided
In Situ Bioremediation Using Butane

97

Description:

GBI’s Butane Biostimulation TechnologiesTM process involves injecting butane into a contaminated area using a specially

designed delivery system. According to GBI, the injection system is safe, code compliant, and requires little maintenance

and technician oversight. GBI’s approach to treating contaminated soil and groundwater relies on the ability of different

bacteria to cooxidize chlorinated solvents, BTEX and MTBE, as well as a variety of other environmental pollutants, while

growing at the expense of butane. Butane is the most soluble of the gaseous alkanes, having four times the solubility of

methane, and more than twice that of propane. Butane injection results in a large radius of influence at injection wellheads

and may be used as a barrier technology. To date, data are available only for bench-scale testing of Butane Biostimulation

TechnologiesTM for MTBE.

Results of bench-scale testing showed that MTBE concentrations in the headspace were reduced from as high as 10 mg/L

to sub-ppb levels within a 48-hour period. Byproducts included carbon dioxide and dissolved oxygen. The vendor

reported that these data demonstrated the potential for the bioremediation of MTBE using butane as a cometabolic

substrate. GBI has begun a field demonstration using Butane Biostimulation TechnologiesTM to remediate an MTBE

plume at a Sun Oil Company facility. Preliminary data from this test site were not available at the time of this report. Five

additional full-scale technology applications of Butane Biostimulation TechnologiesTM are planned to be performed in 6 to

18 months at sites contaminated with MTBE and at sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. No cost data were

provided for this process.
98

In Situ Bioremediation at Port Hueneme, California

Site Name:

U.S. Navy Construction Battalion Center

Location:

Port Hueneme, California

Period of Operation:

Laboratory testing - April 1998

Pilot testing - June to August 1998

Cleanup Authority:

Not identified

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Laboratory and field testing of in situ bioremediation using MC-100 to treat

MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Laboratory and Pilot-scale

Contaminants:

MTBE and TBA

• MTBE concentrations ranged from 2,000-8,000 ug/L; plume 4,000 feet (ft)

long and 400 ft wide

• TBA concentrations ranged from 50-250 ug/L

Waste Source:

Leaks from gasoline storage tanks

Technology Provider:

Joseph P. Salanitro

Environmental Technology

Westhollow Technology Center

3333 S. Highway 6 (P.O. Box 1380)

Houston, TX 77251-1380

Telephone: (281) 544-7552

Fax: (281) 544-8727

E-mail: jpsalanitro@shellus.com

Technology Researcher:

Paul C. Johnson

Arizona State University

Engineering Center, G-wing, Room

252

Tempe, AZ 85287-5306

Telephone: (480) 965-9115

Fax: (480) 965-0557

E-mail: paul.c.johnson@asu.edu

Technology:

In Situ Bioremediation

• Laboratory testing of microbial culture MC-100 (previously referred to as

BC-4) under anoxic conditions and oxygenated conditions in soils augmented

with specific ether degraders

• Field test using a MC-100 microbial consortium grown with MTBE as the

sole carbon source; specific MTBE removal rate of 20-30 mg/gm cells/hr;

injected into test plots located within the MTBE plume; test plots were 20 ft

wide and 40 ft long

• On-site oxygen generating system (Air-Aep AS-80 pressure swing adsorption

system); intermittent oxygen sparging using a total of 1700L gas delivered to

each plot from 4-8 times/day (started six weeks prior to MC-100 seeding to

increase levels of DO in groundwater)

• Monitoring wells were screened over 5-ft intervals - 10-15 ft bgs for shallow

wells; 15-20 ft bgs for deep wells 

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Water table is approximately 13 ft below ground surface (bgs)

• Aquifer sediments consist of silty loam and fine-medium sandy soils

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Field experiments were designed to implant high densities of MC-100 in an oxygenated biobarrier and to compare the

results with those for an oxygenated zone and a control zone

• Cleanup goals for MTBE and TBA are 5 and 10-15 ug/L, respectively, as stated in State of California MCL directives.
In Situ Bioremediation at Port Hueneme, California

99

Results:

Laboratory results 

• Addition of MC-100 (50 mg cells/L groundwater) reduced MTBE to non-detectable levels within two weeks 

• Microcosms prepared with soil and oxygenated groundwater from the Port Hueneme site containing gasoline (700

mg/L) also degraded MTBE (70-80 mg/L) and BTEX (45 mg/L) to non-detect levels in 16 weeks when seeded with

MC-100 at 50 and 250 mg cells/kg soil. 

Pilot-scale results

• DO levels in target treatment zones increased from <1 mg/L to >10 mg/L - >20 mg/L

• Oxygen plus MC-100 plot reduced concentrations of MTBE from 1,000 ug/L to < 1 ug/L and TBA from 50-250 ug/L to

<10 ug/L; oxygen-only plot reduced MTBE concentrations to 10 ug/L (where DO was about 20 mg/L), but TBA was

not degraded; in the control plot, the concentration of MTBE remained at approximately 1 mg/L; no TBA data were

provided

Costs:

• Full-scale costs for in situ bioremediation of MTBE using the oxygenated biobarrier was projected by the technology

provider to be about $150,000, depending on site-specific conditions.

Description:

From 1984-1985, several thousand gallons of leaded gasoline containing MTBE were released from storage tanks at the

Naval exchange (NEX) gasoline station of the naval base at Port Hueneme, California, resulting in MTBE and BTEX

plumes. Laboratory and field experiments of in situ bioremediation using addition of oxygen and the MC-100 culture were

conducted at Port Hueneme. The MC-100 culture, which is part of the patented “BioRemedy” process developed at the

Westhollow Technology Center, is marketed by Shell Global Solutions. Equilon Enterprises LLC designs and implements

the process, which is expected to be commercially available in early 2000.

Laboratory testing indicated that MTBE and BTEX could be degraded with oxygen in soils augmented with MC-100. For

the field tests, the DO levels in the aquifer were increased from <1 mg/L to between 10 and 20 mg/L, prior to the addition

of MC-100. Results showed that the oxygen plus MC-100 reduced MTBE and TBA concentrations to < 1 ug/L and < 10

ug/L, respectively. The in situ bioremediation of MTBE using the oxygenated biobarrier was estimated by the technology

provider to cost about $150,000 for a full-scale application, depending on site-specific conditions. According to the

technology provider, inoculation of subsoils with specific MTBE-degraders and maintaining adequate oxygenation of the

aquifer will enhance MTBE biodegradation in situ and control the MTBE plume mass from reaching potential downstream

receptors. Additional benefits of inoculated barriers over oxygen-only sparged aquifers is that MTBE-degraders may not

be present in many aquifers or are present in insufficient numbers to sustain MTBE degradation in plumes over long

periods.
100

In Situ Bioremediation at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, California

Site Name:

Vandenberg Air Force Base

Location:

Lompoc, California

Period of Operation:

1999 to ongoing (data available through December 1999)

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of in situ bioremediation to treat MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Field demonstration

Contaminants:

MTBE

• MTBE plume extends about 1,700 feet downgradient

Waste Source:

Leaks from gasoline storage tanks

Technology Researcher:

Dr. Douglas Mackay

University of Waterloo

744 Frenchman’s Road

Stanford, CA 94305

Telephone: (650) 324-2809

Fax: (650) 324-2259 

E-mail: d4mackay@uwaterloo.ca

Site Representative:

Beatrice Kephart

Vandenberg AFB

Lompoc, CA

Telephone: (805) 606-2359

E-mail: 

Beatrice.Kephart@vandenberg.af.mil

Technology:

In Situ Bioremediation

• Field demonstration conducted within MTBE plume, where MTBE was

identified as the primary contaminant 

• Three pilot tests were performed - release wells, release panel, and emplaced

MTBE degraders (strain PM1, permeable trench); multi-level monitoring

wells (screened at varying depths) were used for each test

• Release Wells - two, 8-inch diameter wells (RW1 and RW2) screened to 8

feet below ground surface (bgs); each well was equipped with an oxygen

emitter

• Release Panel - consists of three layers of prefabricated stripdrain material,

each layer 6 feet by 6 feet and about 1 inch thick; continuous lengths of 1/4

inch tubing woven around the internal supports; panel placed in a trench and

backfilled with native soil and pea gravel. During operation, oxygen was

cycled on and off to test the system.

• Emplaced MTBE Degraders - test area consisted of a section of pea gravel

(1.5 ft wide, 1.5 ft long, and 12 ft deep); PM1 was injected in slurry form

using three injection wells; solution was extracted from a well located

downgradient

• Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) was used as a tracer in each test

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Goal of field demonstrations is to study possible methods for stimulating aerobic in situ bioremediation of MTBE by

increasing the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) 

• No information about specific treatment goals was provided

Results:

• Release Wells - No MTBE data were available for this pilot test. After 140 days of operation, DO concentrations were

2.5 mg/L in downgradient wells and a gradual buildup of SF6 in the release wells was observed. According to the

researchers, this indicates that the emitters are working as expected. 

• Release Panel - During the first “on” cycle (August 1999) DO concentrations were as high as 23 ug/L and MTBE

concentrations were reduced from 417 ug/L to below the detection limit. Data from the end of the first “off” cycle

(December 1, 1999) showed that once the oxygen supply was turned off, the DO concentrations decreased to low levels

(1.2 ug/L), and MTBE concentrations increased to 427 ug/L. After the oxygen was turned “on” (December 14, 1999),

MTBE concentrations began to decrease from 427 ug/L to 20 ug/L (as of December 29, 1999)

• Emplaced MTBE degraders - No performance data were available at the time of this report
In Situ Bioremediation at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, California

101

Costs:

Efforts are underway to develop projected costs for full-scale systems; however, no cost information was available at the

time of this report.

Description:

Site 60 at Vandenberg Air Force Base (AFB) is the location of an abandoned service station. Leaks from gasoline tanks

resulted in contamination of the groundwater with MTBE, BTEX, and other petroleum hydrocarbons. The MTBE plume

extends approximately 1,700 feet downgradient from the source area, and the smaller BTEX/TPH plume, located within

the MTBE plume, extends approximately 100 feet downgradient of the source area. A research project to study in situ

bioremediation of MTBE has been underway at Vandenberg AFB since 1998. As part of this project, Site 60 is being used

to study possible methods for stimulating aerobic in situ biodegradation of MTBE using native and non-native microbes. 

To achieve aerobic conditions in an otherwise anaerobic plume, researchers are studying the use of diffusive emitters to

introduce oxygen into the subsurface. 

Three pilot tests are underway at Site 60 to test in situ bioremediation of MTBE using release wells, a release panel, and

emplaced MTBE degraders. Multi-level monitoring wells (screened at varying depths) are being used to monitor each of

the pilot tests. For the pilot test of the release wells, no MTBE concentration data were available. However, DO

concentrations in groundwater increased to 2.5 mg/L (after 140 days of operation). According to the researchers, these

results indicate that the emitters are working as expected. For the pilot test of the release panel, data show that MTBE

concentrations decrease when oxygen is provided to the groundwater (“on” cycle) and that MTBE levels increase when the

oxygen source is discontinued (“off” cycle). According to the researchers, these data suggest that degradation of MTBE is

dependent on oxygen release in the groundwater and also that treatment may easily be reestablished after there has been an

interruption in the supply of oxygen to the groundwater. At the time of this report, performance data were not available for

the emplaced MTBE degrader pilot test. The pilot tests are continuing at Vandenberg Site 60, with the most recent work

focusing on the emplaced MTBE degrader pilot test. Additional investigations are underway to identify the MTBEdegrading microbes and to better understand enhanced aerobic intrinsic bioremediation of MTBE.
102

Bioslurping of LNAPL at Multiple Air Force Sites 

Site Name:

Multiple Air Force Sites (18 total; refer to case study for names and locations of

each site)

Location:

Multiple locations throughout U.S.

Period of Operation:

• Periods of operation were not provided for each site

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Field demonstrations of bioslurping of LNAPL at multiple Air Force sites

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

Light Non-aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPL); Petroleum Hydrocarbons

• LNAPL thickness ranged from 0.12 ft to 3.89 ft; for the 18 sites, 9 had

thickness as less than 1 ft, 3 from 1 - 2 ft, and 6 with more than 2 ft

• Fuel types consisted of No. 2 fuel oil, gasoline, jet fuel, aviation gasoline, and

JP-4; 10 of the 18 sites had JP-4

Waste Source:

Not provided

Technical Contact:

Battelle

505 King Avenue

Columbus, OH 43201

Management Contact:

Jeff Cornell

Air Force Center for Environmental

Excellence

Technology Transfer Division

Brooks AFB, TX 78235

E-mail: 

jeff.cornell@hqafcee.brooks.af.mil

Technology:

Bioslurping

• Field demonstration of bioslurping applied vacuum in an extraction well to

recover LNAPL and induce airflow through the unsaturated zone

• Equipment included a tube placed in a well with the tip near the water table

level, and operated with a vacuum of up to 20 inches of mercury 

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

LNAPL

• Depths to groundwater ranged from 8 to 37 ft bgs

• Pressure radius of influence ranged from 12 to 250 ft

• Hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.23 to 23.78 ft/day

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Goals of the demonstration included recovering the "maximum quantity" of LNAPL 

• Bioslurping was evaluated relative to the performance of skimming and drawdown pumping for the 18 sites in the study 

Results:

• The LNAPL recovery rates for bioslurping ranged from <0.1 to 64.2 gal/day, compared to skimming and drawdown

pumping at 3.1 gal/day and 4.5 gal/day, respectively

• The groundwater removal rates for bioslurping ranged from <30 to 4,600 gal/day, compared to drawdown pumping at

1,640 gal/day and <29 gal/day for skimming

• The off-gas flow rate from the bioslurper systems was 65 scfm (9 wells, each producing 7.2 scfm), while the skimming

and drawdown systems had negligible off-gas flows

Costs:

• Projected costs for a bioslurping system was capital cost of $92,507 and monthly operating cost of $12,342; the overall

cost for capital and 6 months of operation was less for the bioslurper than for either the skimming or drawdown systems

identified in the study 

• Projected costs for a skimming system was capital cost of $110,328 and monthly operating cost of $11,120; projected

costs for a single pump drawdown system was capital cost of $131,172 and monthly operating cost of $11,268

• A calculated unit cost for bioslurping was $56/gal LNAPL recovered, which was less than the unit cost for skimming

($339/gal) or drawdown ($260-312/gal)
Bioslurping of LNAPL at Multiple Air Force Sites 

103

Description:

The Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE) conducted an engineering evaluation and cost analysis of

vacuum enhanced free product recovery (bioslurping), including a comparison of bioslurping with other free product

recovery techniques skimming and drawdown pumping. Field demonstrations of bioslurping were conducted at 18 Air

Force sites throughout the country.

The sites included in the evaluation showed that bioslurping recovered LNAPL at a higher rate than either skimming or

drawdown pumping. The bioslurping and drawdown systems removed comparable amounts of water, while the skimming

system removed negligible water. The bioslurper had measurable off-gas flow rates, while the other two systems had

negligible flow rates. An analysis of costs showed that the overall cost for capital and 6 months of operation was less for

the bioslurper than for either the skimming or drawdown systems identified in the study.
104

Biosparging of Contaminated Groundwater at the T-Dock Site, 

South Prudence Bay Island Park, Rhode Island

Site Name:

T-Dock Site, South Prudence Bay Island Park, Rhode Island

Location:

Portsmouth, Rhode Island

Period of Operation:

Pilot Test - October to January 1997

Full-scale Operation - February 1998

to February 2000

Cleanup Authority:

State (RIDEM)

Regulatory Contacts:

Matthew DeStefano

RIDEM

235 Promenade St.

Providence, RI 02908

Purpose/Significance of Application:

The application treated BTEX-contaminated groundwater in-situ at a relatively

remote site without collecting or discharging treated water.

Cleanup Type:

Full-scale Remedial Action

Contaminants:

Organic Compounds (BTEX)Maximum detected concentrations were:

• Benzene at 2,050 ug/L

• Toluene at 7,830 ug/L

• Ethylbenzene at 3,470 ug/L

• Xylene at 11,000 ug/L

Waste Source:

One gasoline UST and a fuel

distribution system were operated at

the site between 1940 and 1985. It is

assumed that periodic leaks and spills

occurred during this span.

Project Management

Christine Johnson-Battista

USACE, New England District

696 Virginia Road

Concord, MA 01742-2751

(978) 772-0148

Christine.M.Johnson@nae02.usace.ar

my.mil

Technology Expert:

Ian Ogersby

USACE, New England District

696 Virginia Road

Concord, MA 01742-2751

(978) 318-8631

Contractor:

Fred Symmes

Roy F. Weston

1 Wall Street

Manchester, NH 03101

(603) 656-5412

Technology:

Biosparging

• A pilot test was performed at the site in 1997 and 1998. Results indicated that

biosparging would be an effective technology to remediate the site, and that

addition of SVE would not significantly enhance the performance of the

system.

• The biosparging system was installed in 1997 and included 22 sparge wells. 

Wells were installed at depths ranging from 15 to 26 feet bgs, and well

screens were installed in the bottom two feet of each well.

• Atmospheric air was delivered to the network of sparge wells via an air

compressor, a blower and a distribution manifold. Air flow rates were

adjusted between 0.2 to 9.5 cfm as necessary.

• Groundwater concentrations were monitored in thirteen wells installed at the

site.

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

• The lateral extent of the groundwater plume at the site was estimated to be

35,000 SF

• The depth to groundwater at the site is typically 10 to 12 ft bgs, but decreases

to 4 to 6 ft bgs near Narragansett Bay.

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

Remedial goals for BTEX compounds in groundwater were:

• Benzene below 5 ug/L, Toluene below 1,000 ug/L, Ethylbenzene below 700 ug/L and Xylene below 10,000 ug/L.

• The system was required to meet RIDEM air emission requirements for volatile organic compounds.

Results:

• Monitoring wells at the site were sampled quarterly from late 1997 through 2000. Results indicate that BTEX

compounds in the groundwater have been treated to acceptable concentrations, with the exception of benzene in one

well. The system has been shut down, and the site is currently in the closure process.$ RIDEM air emission

requirements were met throughout operation of the treatment system.
Biosparging of Contaminated Groundwater at the T-Dock Site, 

South Prudence Bay Island Park, Rhode Island

105

Costs:

• The total cost for this project was $280,946.

Description:

South Prudence Bay Island Park is located in Portsmouth, Rhode Island and is currently used mainly for public recreation. 

The T-Dock site is located on a two-acre parcel at the southern edge of the park, and is directly adjacent to Narragansett

Bay. From the 1940s until 1985, fuel storage and distribution operations were conducted at the T-Dock site. In 1985 and

1992, actions were taken to remove one 10,000-gallon gasoline UST and sections of the fuel distribution pipeline at the

site. Investigations conducted at the site in 1996 and 1997 indicated that soil and groundwater contamination was present

in the area of the former UST and pipeline. Contaminants of concern at the site included mainly BTEX compounds. 

Contaminated soil was excavated at the site under a separate project performed during 1997.

In 1996 and 1997 a pilot tests were conducted in a small section of the T-Dock site. Testing included installation of one

sparge well, one SVE well and six groundwater monitoring wells. The first test was performed to evaluate the expected

performance of a combination of SVE and sparging. After the first test indicated that the SVE well had a limited area of

influence, a second test was conducted to determine if a low-flow sparging system without SVE could be operated at the

site to treat BTEX in groundwater while not exceeding RIDEM air emission standards. It was determined that a system

operated with pulsed air injection at a rate of 1 cfm for twenty minutes out of each hour, would meet the requirements of

the project.

The biosparging system was constructed in 1997 and 1998, and included a total of 22 sparge wells and thirteen

groundwater monitoring wells. Ten of the thirteen monitoring wells were five nests of two wells each, one screened at a

shallow depth and one screened deeper. Atmospheric air was delivered to the wells via an air compressor, a blower and a

distribution manifold. After it was determined that air emissions standards would not be violated by increasing flow to the

sparging system, air flow rates were modified as necessary to address areas of the site with higher contaminant

concentrations. Air flow rates to the system were varied from 0.2 to 9.5 cfm during the project. The full-scale system was

operated from February 1998 through February 2000. Quarterly sampling results indicated that BTEX compounds in

groundwater had been treated to the remediation goals, with the exception of one well, which still contained benzene at a

concentration above the goal. The system was shut down in February 2000 and the site is currently in the closure process. 

Treatment was completed in April 1999.
106

In Situ Chemical Oxidation at Butler Cleaners, Jacksonville, Florida*

Remediation Technology

• In-Situ Chemical Oxidation - Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)

Site Description

• This is an active PCE drycleaning site that has been in operation since 1972. The adjacent property was occupied by a

gasoline station from the 1920s to the 1950s. Three USTs were removed from this site in 1992. The site is located in a

residential/commercial setting.

Site Hydrogeology

• Depth to Water: 6 ft below land surface (bls)

• Unconfined Aquifer

• Lithology:

Surface - 28 ft bls: very fine - fine-grained sand

28 - 34 ft bls: sandy clay

• Hydraulic Gradient: 0.0036 ft/ft

• Hydraulic Conductivity: 8.7 ft/day

• Seepage Velocity: 0.1 ft/day

Groundwater Contamination

• Contaminants Present: PCE, TCE, cis 1,2-DCE, trans 1,2-DCE, vinyl chloride, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, naphthalene

• Highest Contaminant Concentrations: 17,000 g/l PCE, 830 g/l TCE, 120 g/l cis 1,2-DCE, 1170 g/l vinyl chloride

• Deepest Groundwater Contamination: 27 ft bls

• Contaminant Plume Size: delineation not yet completed

Remediation Scenario

• Treatment Area: approximately 10 ft x 40 ft to a depth of 30 ft

• Quantity/Concentration: 3 initial injection events of 5,000 gallons at a concentration of 7.7 g/L KMnO4 (Carus Free

Flowing grade) per injection event.

• Injection: 9 well clusters with 5 1-inch diameter monitoring/injection wells screened at 5-10 ft, 10-15 ft, 15-20 ft, 20-25 ft,

and 25-30 ft depth intervals. Two clusters initially utilized as injection wells with other wells converted to injection wells

based upon KmnO4 and contaminant distribution. Periodic injections are ongoing.

Results

• Post-pilot test monitoring indicates that, following initial injection of KMnO4, contaminant concentrations decreased in

areas of KMnO4 distribution. However, periodic monitoring indicates that rebound of elevated PCE concentrations is

occurring upon reduction of KMnO4 concentrations within the formation. Rebound of PCE concentrations is likely due to

the existence of residual DNAPL PCE that continues to act as an ongoing source of dissolved phase PCE contamination.

Costs

• Approximately $230,000 for design and implementation of the pilot test system and approximately $30,000 per event for

quarterly monitoring and KMnO4 injection (not including reporting costs).

Lessons Learned

1. KMnO4 is effective for the oxidation of dissolved phase PCE contamination

2. Effective remediation of chlorinated solvent contamination using KMnO4 may be confounded by the presence of DNAPL

contamination due to mass transfer limitations of contaminant mass from the DNAPL to dissolved phase. Determination of

the presence of residual DNAPL PCE is integral to the successful application of in-situ chemical oxidation technologies.
In Situ Chemical Oxidation at Butler Cleaners, Jacksonville, Florida*

107

Contacts

Florida Department of Environmental Protection: Douglas Fitton (850) 488-0190

LFR Levine-Fricke: Kevin Warner, P.E. (850) 422-2555 

* This is the complete report provided by the State Coalition of Dry Cleaners (www.drycleancoalition.org) for this project. 

A separate abstract for this project is not available.
108

In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton's Reagent at Naval Air Station Pensacola,

Florida 

Site Name:

Naval Air Station (NAS) Pensacola

Location:

Pensacola, FL

Period of Operation:

• 11/98 - 5/99 (for oxidation)

Cleanup Authority:

RCRA Corrective Action

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of Fenton's Reagent to remediate chlorinated solvents in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full Scale

Contaminants:

Chlorinated Solvents

• Maximum concentrations - 3,600 ug/L for TCE, 520 ug/L for DCE, and 63

ug/L for VC

Waste Source:

Unlined sludge drying beds and surge

pond

Navy Contacts:

Maxie Keisler

SOUTHDIV

Phone: (843) 820-7322

Fax: (843) 820-7465

E-mail: 

keislermr@efdsouth.navfac.navy.mil 

Mike Maughon

SOUTHDIV

Phone: (843) 820-7422

Fax: (843) 820-7465

E-mail: 

maughonml@efdsouth.navfac.navy.mi

l

Doug Zillmer

NFESC

Phone: (805) 982-1556

Fax: (805) 982-4304

E-mail: zillmerda@nfesc.navy.mil

Technology:

In situ Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton's Reagent

• In situ chemical oxidation using Fenton's Reagent involved pressurized

injection of concentrated hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron catalyst to

oxidize organic compounds in groundwater

• A two-phase treatment was performed - in the first phase, 6 injectors were

installed in the former sludge drying bed from 11 - 31 ft bgs, and 8 injectors

were installed at 35 - 40 ft bgs down-gradient of the bed; a total of 4,089

gallons of 50% hydrogen peroxide and a similar volume of ferrous iron

catalyst were injected over 5 days in December 1998

• In the second phase, 6,038 gallons of 50% hydrogen peroxide and a similar

volume of catalyst, along with phosphoric acid, were injected over 6 days in

May 1999

• A pump and treat system had been ongoing at the site since February 1987; in

1995, a review of available data showed that contamination was limited to

around monitoring well GM-66, at an intermediate depth, and the number of

recovery wells was reduced from 7 to 3, focused in the area near GM-66; as

of 2000, the Florida DEP was allowing the pump and treat system to be

discontinued and a Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) remedy to be used

for the site

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Geology characterized as relatively homogeneous fine to medium grained; a

clay layer is located at 40 - 60 ft bgs

• Depth to groundwater is generally less than 5 ft, with a flow direction of

generally east 

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Evaluate effectiveness of in situ chemical oxidation technology

• No specific cleanup goals were identified

Results:

• The groundwater monitoring network for the site consisted of 8 point-of-compliance wells, 10 assessment wells, and 1

background well

• The results from the first phase of treatment showed that an 81% reduction in concentrations of chlorinated solvents was

achieved in GM-66, and that there was rebound in other wells

• The results from the second phase of treatment showed reduction in concentrations of chlorinated solvents, including the

wells that had rebound after Phase 1, and that there had been substantial source reduction
In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton's Reagent at Naval Air Station Pensacola,

Florida 

109

Costs:

• The cost for two phases of in situ chemical oxidation and subsequent MNA was $250,000 for treatment and $100,000

per year for monitoring; the total cost of this approach was projected as $750,000 over a five year period

• The pump and treat system had a cost of $70,000 per year for operation and $100,000 per year for monitoring; the total

cost of the pump and treat remedy was projected to be $3.4 million over a 20 year period

• The use of in situ chemical oxidation was projected to save several million dollars compared with the continued use of

pump and treat

Description:

Naval Air Station (NAS) Pensacola is a 5,800-acre naval facility located in the western portion of the Florida panhandle.

The former Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWWTP) at the site treated wastewater from operations such as

painting and electroplating, as well as organic solvents and acids, and included an unlined sludge drying bed and surge

pond. In situ chemical oxidation using Fenton's Reagent was evaluated for its ability to reduce concentrations of

chlorinated solvents in the source area, such that natural attenuation would be an effective remedy for down-gradient

groundwater.

In situ oxidation was conducted in two phases, and included a total of 10,127 gallons of hydrogen peroxide and similar

volumes of reagents injected under pressure at a depth of 10-40 ft bgs. Over the two phases, the concentration of TCE was

reduced substantially. Elevated concentrations of ferrous iron in the groundwater limited the effectiveness of the first

phase of injections. In the second phase, phosphoric acid was added to the reagent mix to help stabilize the hydrogen

peroxide in the presence of elevated ferrous iron concentrations.
110

In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton's Reagent at Naval Submarine Base 

Kings Bay, Site 11, Camden County, Georgia

Site Name:

Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Site 11

Location:

Camden County, GA

Period of Operation:

• February 1999 (for oxidation)

Cleanup Authority:

RCRA Corrective Action

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of Fenton's Reagent to remediate chlorinated solvents in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full Scale

Contaminants:

Chlorinated Solvents

• Maximum concentrations - 8,500 ug/L for PCE, 550 ug/L for TCE, and 24

ug/L for cis-1,2-DCE

Waste Source:

Leaks from a landfill

Facility Contact:

Rhonda Bath

Installation Restoration Coordinator

NSB Kings Bay

Phone: (912) 673-2001 ext. 1217

Fax: (912) 673-3639

E-mail: febath@subasekb.navy.mil

Navy Contacts:

Anthony Robinson, RPM

SOUTHDIV

Phone: (843) 820-7339

Fax: (843) 820-7465

E-mail: 

robinsonab@efdsouth.navfac.navy.mil

Clifton C. Casey, P.E.

Technical Support Branch

SOUTHDIV

Phone: (843) 820-5561

Fax: (843) 820-7465

E-mail: 

caseycc@efdsouth.navfac.navy.mil

Doug Zillmer

NFESC

Phone: (805) 982-1556

Fax: (805) 982-4304

E-mail: zillmerda@nfesc.navy.mil

Technology:

In situ Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton's Reagent

• In situ chemical oxidation using Fenton's Reagent involved pressurized

injection of concentrated hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron catalyst to

oxidize organic compounds in groundwater

• A two-phase treatment was performed using 23 injectors distributed in two

vertical levels; Phase 1 was in the central portion of the plume and Phase 2

was in down-gradient areas

• A pump and treat system had been ongoing at the site since March 1994; as of

July 1998, five recovery wells were operating at a combined flow rate of 55

gpm and a UV light system was added to replace a diffused aeration tank for

treatment of extracted groundwater; the system was shut off in April 1999

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Geology characterized as fine sands interbedded with silty and/or clayey fine

sands and some medium sands

• Depth to groundwater is 6 ft, with a flow direction of generally northwest 

• An unconfined surficial aquifer is approximately 90 ft thick, and has a

hydraulic conductivity of 30 ft/day

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• A cleanup objective for total VOCs in the source area was identified as 100 ug/L

Results:

• The concentrations of total VOCs were reduced to below cleanup objectives in the central portion and down-gradient

areas of the plume after the two phases of treatment

• An additional source of contamination was identified to the north of the treated area; a third phase of treatment using in

situ chemical oxidation was planned to address sources of contamination both up- and down-gradient from the previous

target areas 
In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton's Reagent at Naval Submarine Base 

Kings Bay, Site 11, Camden County, Georgia

111

Costs:

• The cost for the first two phases of in situ chemical oxidation and UV oxidation treatment was $1,050,000, including

$900,000 for implementation, $65,000 for operations and maintenance, $40,000 for monitoring, and $15,000 for

reporting

• Phase 3 was estimated to cost $282,000

• The pump and treat system had an initial capital cost of $1.5 million, with $400,000 expended each year for operations

and maintenance ($12 million total projected cost)

• The use of in situ chemical oxidation was projected to save several million dollars compared with the continued use of

pump and treat

Description:

Naval Submarine Base (NSB) Kings Bay is a 16,000 acre facility in Camden County, GA. Site 11 is the location of a

former 25-acre landfill at NSB Kings Bay, known as the Old Camden County landfill, that was operated by the county

during the mid-1970s to 1980. A variety of wastes from the local Kings Bay community and the Navy were disposed of in

the landfill, including solvents and municipal waste. Site investigations found the groundwater in the area to be

contaminated with PCE, as well as TCE and DCE. In 1994, a groundwater pump and treat system began operation. This

system reduced concentrations of chlorinated solvents, however it was projected that it would require at least 50 years of

operation to meet cleanup goals. The Navy proposed use of in situ chemical oxidation using Fenton's Reagent to reduce

groundwater contaminant concentrations, followed by natural attenuation to address residual contamination.

 

The in situ oxidation remediation was performed in two phases, addressing the central portion and down-gradient areas of

the plume. The concentrations of total VOCs were reduced to below cleanup objectives in these two areas of the plume. 

However, an additional source of contamination was identified to the north of the treated area, and a third phase of

treatment using in situ chemical oxidation was planned. The cost for the first two phases of treatment was $1,050,000,

with Phase 3 estimated to cost $282,000.
112

In Situ Flushing at Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, Building 25, Camp Lejeune,

North Carolina*

Remediation Technology

• Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) with surfactant recycling and Partitioning Interwell Tracer Testing

(PITT) for technology evaluation and site characterization

Site Description

• Active perchloroethylene (PCE) drycleaning facility that has been in operation since the 1940s. The drycleaner used

petroleum drycleaning solvent (VarsolTM) until the 1970s when it was replaced by PCE. The facility is located in the

industrial portion of the Base.

Site Hydrogeology

• Depth to Water: 10 -16 ft below land surface (bls)

• Upper Surficial Aquifer: 20-60 ft of very fine-grained quartz sand with lenses and discontinuous layers of clay, silt, and

peat.

Hydraulic Gradient: 0.02 ft/ft

Hydraulic Conductivity: 1.4 ft/day

Seepage Velocity: 0.14 ft/day

• 0 - 14 ft of clay

• Lower Surficial Aquifer: 0-30 ft of fine-grained quartz sand with varying amounts of silt. When clay layer is absent, Upper

and Lower Surficial Aquifer are hydraulically one unit.

Hydraulic Gradient: 0.003 ft/ft

Hydraulic Conductivity: 65 ft/day

Seepage Velocity: 1 ft/day

• Upper Castle Hayne Aquifer: Greater than 50 ft of fine-grained quartz sand and silt with shell fragments. This is a

drinking-water aquifer for the Base with most production from limestone beds not intersected by the monitoring wells at

the site.

Hydraulic Gradient: 0.0005 ft/ft

Hydraulic Conductivity: 5.1 ft/day

Seepage Velocity: 0.013 ft/day

Groundwater Contamination

• Contaminants Present: PCE, TCE, cis 1,2-DCE, trans 1,2-DCE, vinyl chloride, VarsolTM

• Highest Contaminant Concentrations: 170,000 g/l PCE (presence of free-phase DNAPL), 3,030 g/l TCE, 3,725 g/l cis

1,2-DCE, 38 g/l trans 1,2-DCE, 4 g/l vinyl chloride, 7,100 g/l VarsolTM

• Deepest Contamination: 85 ft bls

• Plume Size: 1,500 ft long by up to 500 ft wide (as defined by North Carolina groundwater standards)

Remediation Scenario

• Treatment Area: 20 ft x 30 ft to a maximum depth of 20 ft

• Quantity Injected: SEAR - 9,718 lb. Custom surfactant (Alfoterra 145-4-PO sulfateTM ), 38,637 lb isopropanol and 427 lb

calcium chloride. 19% (1,800 lb) of the total surfactant injected was recycled.

• PITT: 4,800 and 4,200 gal. Water containing partition tracers (alcohols) were injected into the well field before and after

the SEAR, respectively. Tracer tests required about 40 days each.

Results

• % Mass Reduction: DNAPL - 72% (74 to 88 gal DNAPL removed from test zone. 23 to 29 gal remain.

• Tracer Test Results: Pre-SEAR PITT did not sweep low permeability zone. Therefore, percent DNAPL removed (above)

represents DNAPL removed from permeable zones only. Post-SEAR PITT unusable.
In Situ Flushing at Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, Building 25, Camp Lejeune,

North Carolina*

113

Costs

• Unknown: Several crews onsite from March 15 to August 15, 1999. High-cost surfactant used. Technologies require a

large number of sample analyses, laboratory bench test, and considerable computer simulation.

Lessons Learned

1. SEAR and PITT technologies are ineffective for sediments with permeability of less than 1.4 ft/day.

2. At this test, permeability reduction associated with a downward-fining depositional sequence kept the tracer and surfactants

from reaching all of the DNAPL. The nature and impact of geologic contacts and/or transition zones needs to be evaluated

before selecting technology.

3. An estimated 92 to 96% of the DNAPL swept by the surfactant flood was removed; however, the surfactant flood did not

sweep a significant portion of the DNAPL.

4. There is no evidence of aquifer plugging as a result of surfactant injection.

5. Surfactant apparently biodegraded during the SEAR. Biodegradation was a result of the aquifer conditions (sulfate

reducing) and the time required moving surfactant through low permeability sediments. The impact of surfactant

biodegradation should be considered before applying these technologies.

6. The results of the post-SEAR PITT test were unusable apparently because surfactant degradation products sorbed on the

sediment, then reacted with the tracer during the PITT.

7. The SEAR did not reduce VarsolTM contamination. Underground Injection Control regulators were told that there would

be a 90% overall reduction in VarsolTM. This requirement was necessary for regulatory approval of recycled surfactant

re-injection.

8. Detailed borehole data (geotechnical and geologic) are needed to evaluate technologies that rely on aquifer parameters to

be effective. Relying on pump and/or tracer tests without an adequate geologic model can lead to erroneous

interpretations.

9. Expensive, custom-made surfactant was selected to test recycling. New surfactant had to be mixed with recycled surfactant

before it could be injected. The cost-effectiveness of using recycled surfactant was not shown.

Contacts

North Carolina Division of Waste Management: Dave Lown (919) 733-2801

Camp Lejeune Installation Restoration Program: Rick Raines (910) 451-9461

* This is the complete report provided by the State Coalition of Dry Cleaners (www.drycleancoalition.org) for this project. 

A separate abstract for this project is not available.
114

Mobilization, Extraction, and Removal of Radionuclides at the Fernald

Environmental Management Project, Cincinnati, Ohio 

Site Name:

Fernald Environmental Management Project (FEMP)

Location:

Cincinnati, Ohio

Period of Operation:

September 1998 to September 1999

Cleanup Authority:

Not identified

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Field demonstration of in situ flushing as an enhancement to pump and treat

technology

Cleanup Type:

Field demonstration

Contaminants:

Heavy Metals

• Uranium concentrations as high as 490 ug/L

Waste Source:

Nuclear weapons production

operations

Technical Contacts:

Rob Janke

DOE-FEMP

(513) 648-3124

Dave Brettschneider

Fluor Fernald

(513) 648-5814

Terrall Putnam

Fluor Fernald

(513) 648-6363

Terrall.Putnam@fernald.gov

Management Contact:

Lynton Yarbrough

SCFA Manager

DOE Albuquerque

(505) 845-5520

Technology:

In Situ Flushing

• Referred to as Mobilization, Extraction, and Removal of Radionuclides

(MERR) technology

• The demonstration used 15 extraction wells and 5 injection wells

• Groundwater was extracted, treated above-ground to remove uranium

(treatment not identified), and re-injected at a rate of 1,000 gpm (5 wells at

200 gals/well)

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• The Greater Miami Aquifer is an unconfined, anisotopic, heterogeneous

buried valley sand-and-gravel aquifer, ranging up to 200 ft in thickness near

the FEMP

• A thin veneer of younger glacial-till deposits (mostly clay) overlay the sand

and gravel unit, which in turn overlays bedrock

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Ohio's re-injection guidelines were used as a design criterion for the re-injection system, with re-injected groundwater

required to meet a final remediation level (FRL) of 20 ug/L of total uranium

• The overall goal of the demonstration was to assess the performance and cost of a re-injection system as an

enhancement to the existing pump and treat system

• In addition, the demonstration was used to determine if the re-injection system would maintain capture of the 20 ug/L

uranium plume

Results:

• Approximately 455 million gallons of treated groundwater were re-injected

• The uranium plume (at 20 ug/L) was contained (horizontal and vertical migration) 

• The system flushed contamination south of the injection wells, but not between the injection wells

Costs:

• Information was not provided about the cost of the demonstration

• Use of re-injection was predicted by DOE to save $14.3 million and reduce the remediation by seven years, compared

with continued use of pump and treat
Mobilization, Extraction, and Removal of Radionuclides at the Fernald

Environmental Management Project, Cincinnati, Ohio 

115

Description:

The Fernald Environmental Management Project (FEMP) has been used for nuclear weapons production. Approximately

220 acres of the Great Miami Aquifer at this site are contaminated with uranium at concentrations greater than 20 ug/L. A

Record of Decision (ROD) for O.U. 5 required use of pump and treat for aquifer remediation. Modeling results showed

that a pump and treat remedy would take approximately 27 years to restore the aquifer. As a possible enhancement to the

pump and treat system, an in situ groundwater flushing system was tested, referred to as the Mobilization, Extraction, and

Removal of Radionuclides (MERR) system. 

The MERR system was operated for one year along the southern property boundary, using 15 extraction and 5 injection

wells. After removing uranium above-ground, the system re-injected 1,000 gpm of treated groundwater. Results from the

demonstration showed that the system flushed contaminants from south of the injection wells, but not between the wells,

that capture of the uranium plume was maintained, and that the plume was not pushed into deeper regions of the aquifer. 

DOE predicted that by re-injection $14.3 million would be saved and the time for remediation would be reduced by seven

years, compared with continued use of pump and treat.
116

In Situ Flushing at Former Sages Dry Cleaners, Jacksonville, Florida*

Remediation Technology

• Ethanol Co-Solvent Flushing

Site Description

• This is an inactive drycleaning facility that used PCE and operated intermittently from 1968 to 1989. From 1953 to the

mid to late 1960s, the site was occupied by a service station. The site is located in a mixed commercial/residential setting.

Site Hydrogeology

• Depth to Water: 8 ft below land surface (bls)

• Unconfined Aquifer

Surface - 60 ft bls: silty fine to very fine-grained predominantly quartz sand, thin discontinuous clay present at ~ 35 ft

bls

Hydraulic Gradient: 0.002 ft/ft

Hydraulic Conductivity: 10.35 ft/day

Seepage Velocity: 0.023 ft/day

60 - 119 ft bls: clay and sandy, silty clay

119 - 152 ft bls: clayey silt

• Groundwater Contamination

• Contaminants Present: PCE, TCE, cis 1,2-DCE, trans 1,2-DCE

• Highest Contaminant Concentrations: free-phase PCE was recovered from a monitor well, 34,000 g/l TCE, 19,000 cis

1,2-DCE, 400 g/l trans 1,2-DCE

• Deepest Contamination: 92 ft bls

• Plume Size: 0.35 acre (as defined to regulatory MCLs)

Remediation Scenario

• Treatment Area: 24 ft x 9 ft elliptical DNAPL source area with a targeted depth interval of 26 - 31 ft bls, maximum depth

of pilot test was 35 ft bls

• Quantity: 9,000 gal of 95% ethanol and 5% water co-solvent

• Injection: 3 injection wells surrounded by 6 extraction wells with 7 multi-level samplers located between injection and

extraction wells; co-solvent injection rate of 4 gallons per minute (gpm), extraction rate of 8 gpm over four days; ternary

mixture of PCE/ethanol/water treated with Akzo Nobel Macro Porous Polymer (MPP) system for removal of PCE;

approximately 160,000 gal of ethanol/water mixture disposed of offsite.

Results

• Demonstrated successful enhancement of dissolution and solubilization of DNAPL PCE. Recovered approximately 42

liters of DNAPL PCE representing approximately 63% of the estimated DNAPL PCE mass located within the source area.

Costs

• Approximately $440,000 including design, construction and operation.

Lessons Learned

1. Efficiency of the co-solvent flushing could be optimized through detailed tracer test evaluation and appropriate adjustments

to the injection/extraction system. 

2. Cost savings could be realized through alcohol re-use by limiting the total amount of alcohol necessary to complete

flushing activities and decreasing disposal costs for wastewater with high alcohol concentration.

3. Residual ethanol remaining after co-solvent flushing has significantly enhanced in-situ biological dechlorination processes

for natural attenuation of contaminant mass.

Cosolvent Flushing Pilot Test Report: Former Sages Dry Cleaner
In Situ Flushing at Former Sages Dry Cleaners, Jacksonville, Florida*

117

Contacts

Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection - Doug Fitton (850) 488-0190

LFR Levine-Fricke: Kevin Warner, P.E., (850) 422-2555 

* This is the complete report provided by the State Coalition of Dry Cleaners (www.drycleancoalition.org) for this project. 

A separate abstract for this project is not available.
118

Monitored Natural Attenuation at the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Area P,

Minden, Louisiana 

Site Name:

Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Area P

Location:

Minden, Louisiana

Period of Operation:

Two years (dates not provided)

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

EPA Contact:

Caroline Ziegler

U.S. EPA Region 6

1445 Ross Ave, Suite 1200

Dallas, TX 75202

(214) 665-2178

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Field demonstration of MNA for remediation of explosives

Cleanup Type:

Field demonstration

Contaminants:

Explosives

• TNT and RDX (groundwater concentrations as high as 24,000 ug/L)

Waste Source:

Loading, assembling, and packing of

munitions

Principal Investigator:

Dr. Judith C. Pennington

U.S. Army Engr. Waterways Expt.

Station

3909 Halls Ferry Road

Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199

(601) 634-2802

penninj@ex1.wes.army.mil

Site Contact:

Doyle Williams

Environmental Officer

LAAP

Hwy 80

Minden, LA 71055

(318) 459-5108

Technology:

Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA)

• Monitoring was conducted using monitoring wells (11 wells in which most

analytes were consistently detected) and cone penetrometry (51 penetrations

to 40 meters)

• Monitoring well samples were collected using a micropurge sampling

technique

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Geology is a complex stratigraphy of Pleistocene, terraced fluvial deposits

unconformably overlying Eocene, nonmarine, massive sands, silty sands, silty

clays, and occasional lignitic beds

• Site has clay lenses and silts, low porosity, and low organic carbon

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• The objectives of the demonstration were to: (1) demonstrate that attenuation of explosives can be determined through

appropriate site monitoring, (2) develop guidance for selection of MNA as a remedial alternative, (3) develop guidance

for establishing a site monitoring plan and points of compliance, and (4) gain regulatory acceptance for use of MNA as

an alternative for remediation of explosives

• Performance criteria included comparing actual concentrations of TNT and RDX in groundwater to the predicted

concentrations based on site geology and hydrology; and observing transformation/degradation products of TNT and

RDX

Results:

• Significant declines in contaminant concentrations were observed in 9 of the 11 monitoring wells over a two year period

• Contaminant mass was reduced from 52 to 50 metric tons for TNT, and from 78 to 68 metric tons for RDX

Costs:

• Overall cost of the demonstration was approximately $4,000,000, including costs for site characterization ($2,500,000),

site monitoring, modeling, and development of biomarker techniques

• Costs for use of MNA in a full-scale application were projected to be 25% less than the costs for in situ bioremediation,

and 50% less than the cost for pump and treat using activated carbon adsorption
Monitored Natural Attenuation at the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Area P,

Minden, Louisiana 

119

Description:

The Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Area P (LAAP), in northwest Louisiana, was used for loading, assembling, and

packing of munitions. Wastes from this site had been disposed of in 16 unlined lagoons. In the late 1980s, the lagoons

had been pumped out and the sediment excavated and incinerated, and the area was capped with clay and topsoil. Site

investigations revealed the presence of TNT and RDX in the groundwater at the site.

This site was selected for a field demonstration of MNA because the source of contamination had been removed, a large

amount of groundwater monitoring data was available, and there were 50 monitoring wells in place. Two years of site

monitoring showed that natural attenuation is occurring at LAAP, with decreases in contaminant concentrations and mass. 

Site capacity and biomarker techniques also contributed to the weight of evidence by estimating process rates. Numerical

models predict significant continuing reductions in contaminant masses of TNT and RDX over a 20-year period. The

overall cost of the demonstration was approximately $4,000,000, including costs for site characterization, site monitoring,

modeling, and development of biomarker techniques.
120

Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents at Multiple Air Force Sites 

Site Name:

Multiple Air Force Sites (14 total; refer to case study for names and locations of

each site)

Location:

Multiple locations throughout U.S.

Period of Operation:

• Field demonstrations conducted between July 1993 and August 1999

• Periods of operation were not provided for each site

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Field demonstrations of monitored natural attenuation for chlorinated solvents in

groundwater at multiple Air Force sites

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

Chlorinated Solvents

• Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, including TCE, cis- and trans-1,2-DCE,

1,1-DCE, and VC

• TCE was the most pervasive contaminant, followed by cis-1,2-DCE - found at

13 of 14 sites

Waste Source:

Not provided

Technical Contact:

Parsons Engineering Science, Inc.

1700 Broadway, Suite 900

Denver, CO 80290 

Management Contact:

Jeff Cornell

Air Force Center for Environmental

Excellence

Technology Transfer Division

Brooks AFB, TX 78235

E-mail: 

jeff.cornell@hqafcee.brooks.af.mil

Technology:

Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA)

• During the demonstrations, groundwater was sampled for contaminant

concentrations, and other parameters including pH, temperature, conductivity,

oxidation/reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate,

sulfide, ferrous iron, total iron, and dissolved hydrogen; geochemical trends

and biodegradation rates also were evaluated

• Four types of plume behavior were studies - Type 1 (anaerobic groundwater

conditions with anthropogenic carbon); Type 2 (anaerobic groundwater

conditions with native carbon); Type 3 (aerobic groundwater conditions with

anthropogenic and/or native carbon); and mixed (different portions of the

groundwater plume exhibiting different types of behavior)

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Depths to groundwater ranged from 0 to 60 ft bgs

• Plume areas ranged from 1.6 to 210 acres

• Average groundwater temperatures ranged from 9.1 to 25.6 oC

• Aquifer matrices ranged from clays to coarse sand and gravel

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Goals of the demonstration included evaluating the potential for chlorinated solvents to be naturally attenuated, the type

of attenuation processes taking place, and the effect on plume size 

Results:

• Chlorinated solvents were undergoing natural attenuation at all 14 Air Force sites

• The degree and rate of intrinsic bioremediation was highly site-specific, and depended on the bio- and geo-chemistries

of groundwater at the sites

• 11 of the sites exhibited mixed behavior, with nine exhibiting Type 1 coupled with either Type 2 or Type 3, and two

sites exhibiting Type 2 behavior coupled with Type 3. Three of the sites exhibited primarily Type 1 behavior.

• With respect to plume size, three sites had expanding plumes, six sites had plumes that were either stable or expanding

slowly, and five sites had plumes that were either stable or receding

Costs:

• The average cost per site in this demonstration for completing supplemental site characterization using existing

monitoring wells and a Geoprobe®, laboratory and data analysis, fate and transport modeling, and reporting was

$122,000

• A recommended long-term monitoring program for MNA, including an average network of 17 wells and 3 surface water

stations, has a projected average annual monitoring cost of $22,800
Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents at Multiple Air Force Sites 

121

Description:

In June 1993, the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE), in cooperation with EPA/ORD, began an

initiative to evaluate the effectiveness of MNA for remediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents

(also, refer to separate report about use of MNA for groundwater contaminated with fuel hydrocarbons). From 1993 to

1999, field demonstrations of MNA were conducted at 14 Air Force sites throughout the country. This included installing

additional sampling points at the sites and collecting and evaluating data over a period of time.

The sites were evaluated for evidence that chlorinated solvents were being naturally attenuated, and to identify the degree

and rate of attenuation. Data showed that chlorinated solvents were undergoing natural attenuation at all 14 Air Force

sites, and that the degree and rate of intrinsic bioremediation was highly site-specific, and depended on the bio- and

geo-chemistries of groundwater at the sites. The effect on plume size varied, with the plume expanding at three sites,

remaining stable or expanding slowly at six sites, and remaining stable or receding at five sites. The study concluded that

use of MNA for remediation of chlorinated solvents is highly site-specific, and that quantifying intrinsic bioremediation is

difficult. The study states that engineered alternatives, such as source reduction, also should be evaluated to determine

how they would limit plume migration and/or accelerate attainment of target cleanup levels.
122

Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons at Multiple Air Force Sites 

Site Name:

Multiple Air Force Sites (42 total; refer to case study for names and locations of

each site)

Location:

Multiple locations throughout U.S.

Period of Operation:

• Field demonstrations conducted between July 1993 and December 1998

• Periods of operation were not provided for each site

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Field demonstrations of monitored natural attenuation for fuel hydrocarbons in

groundwater at multiple Air Force sites

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

BTEX, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)

• BTEX concentrations were measured as high as 46,300 ug/L (benzene),

57,000 ug/L (toluene), 4,410 ug/L (ethylbenzene), and 68,000 ug/L (xylenes)

• TPH concentrations were measured as high as 120,000 mg/L

Waste Source:

Not provided

Technical Contact:

Parsons Engineering Science, Inc.

1700 Broadway, Suite 900

Denver, CO 80290 

Management Contact:

Jeff Cornell

Air Force Center for Environmental

Excellence

Technology Transfer Division

Brooks AFB, TX 78235

E-mail: 

jeff.cornell@hqafcee.brooks.af.mil

Technology:

Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA)

• Intrinsic bioremediation including sulfate reduction, methanogenesis,

denitrification, and aerobic oxidation

• During the demonstrations, groundwater was sampled for contaminant

concentrations, and other parameters including pH, temperature, conductivity,

oxidation/reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate,

sulfide, ferrous iron, total iron, methane, carbon dioxide, and alkalinity;

geochemical trends and biodegradation rates also were evaluated

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Depths to groundwater ranged from 0 to 48 ft bgs

• Plume areas ranged from 0.3 to 60 acres

• Average groundwater temperatures ranged from 5.5 to 26.9 oC

• Aquifer matrices ranged from silty clays to coarse sand and gravel

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Goals of the demonstration included evaluating the potential for fuel hydrocarbons to be naturally attenuated, the type of

biodegradation processes taking place, and the effect on plume size

Results:

• Fuel hydrocarbons were undergoing natural attenuation at all 42 Air Force sites

• Key biodegradation processes were identified, in decreasing order of assimilative capacity, as sulfate reduction,

methanogenesis, iron reduction, denitrification, and aerobic oxidation; the total BTEX assimilative capacity of

groundwater averaged 64 mg/L 

• With respect to plume size, 35 sites had plumes that appeared to be stable, 6 sites had plumes that were receding, and 1

site had a plume that was expanding

• For sites with measurable free-phase product, the average predicted time frame for dissolved BTEX to naturally

attenuate to below cleanup standards was estimated at approximately 30 years; the addition of engineered source

reduction reduced the estimate to 20 years or less, depending on type of source reduction used

• Regulatory authorities have approved the partial or full use of MNA with institutional controls at 17 of the 42 sites

Costs:

• The average cost per site in this demonstration for completing site characterization using existing monitoring wells and a

Geoprobe®, laboratory and data analysis, fate and transport modeling, and reporting was $125,000

• A recommended long-term monitoring program for MNA, including an average network of 11 wells, has a projected

average annual cost of $192,000 
Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons at Multiple Air Force Sites 

123

Description:

In June 1993, the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE), in cooperation with EPA/ORD, began an

initiative to evaluate the effectiveness of MNA for remediation of groundwater contaminated with fuel hydrocarbons (also,

refer to separate report about use of MNA for groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents). From 1993 to 1998,

field demonstrations of MNA were conducted at 42 Air Force sites throughout the country. This included installing

additional sampling points at the sites and collecting and evaluating data over a period of time.

The sites were evaluated for evidence that fuel hydrocarbons were being naturally attenuated, and to identify the degree

and rate of attenuation. Data showed that fuel hydrocarbons were undergoing natural attenuation at all 42 Air Force sites,

and that the degree and rate of intrinsic bioremediation was site-specific, involving processes such as sulfate reduction,

methanogenesis, iron reduction, denitrification, and aerobic oxidation. The effect on plume size varied, with the plume

stable at 35 sites, receding at 6 sites, and expanding at one site. For sites with measurable free-phase product, the average

predicted time frame for dissolved BTEX to naturally attenuate to below cleanup standards was estimated at approximately

30 years; the addition of engineered source reduction reduced the estimate to 20 years or less, depending on type of source

reduction used.
124

Soil Vapor Extraction and Groundwater Extraction Used at Eight Service Stations

in Maryland

Site Name:

Multiple Retail Service Stations (site names confidential)

Location:

Maryland (specific locations not

provided)

Period of Operation:

1990 – 1997; specific period of operation varies by site

Cleanup Authority:

Not identified

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of Soil Vapor Extraction and Groundwater Extraction to treat soil and

groundwater contaminated with MTBE and BTEX 

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX

• Average MTBE concentration - 6,139 ug/L

• Average BTEX concentration - 5,511 ug/L

Waste Source:

Leaks from gasoline storage tanks

Site Contact:

Tom Peargin

Chevron Research and Technology

Company

100 Chevron Way

Richmond, CA 94802-0627

Telephone: (510) 242-5927

Fax: (510) 242-1380

E-mail: TRPE@chevron.com

Technology:

Soil Vapor Extraction and Groundwater Extraction (VE/GE)

• Remediation systems combined vapor extraction and groundwater extraction

to treat smear-zone soils through dewatering and volatilization of

contaminants

• SVE systems - number of vacuum extraction wells ranged from four to 17 at

each site, with mean vacuums ranging from 22 to 41 inches of water, and air

flow rates ranging from 4.6 to 18.5 scfm

• Groundwater extraction systems - number of groundwater extraction wells

ranged from two to eight at each site, with the average pumping rate ranging

from 0.11 to 0.67 gallons per minute

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil and Groundwater

• Four of the sites are located in the Coastal Plain Province and are

characterized by alluvial sands, silts, and clay

• Four sites are located in the Piedmont Province and are characterized by

saprolites (weathered bedrock) of schist and gneiss

• Hydraulic conductivities ranged from 3.4x 10-3 cm/sec to 7.1x 10-5 cm/sec. 

• Pre-remediation depth to groundwater was <10 ft at one site, between 5-15 ft

at a second site, and greater than 20 ft for the other 6 sites; water table varies

from 2 to 13 ft

• Smear zone (located within or below the capillary fringe) is submerged most

of the year; falling water table conditions (late summer and early fall) may

increase NAPL saturation at the capillary fringe as a result of drainage from

the newly formed vadose zone (lateral migration of NAPL)

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

According to Chevron, the objective of the VE/GE systems was smear-zone dewatering and remediation through

volatilization. No specific cleanup goals were established for any of the sites.

Results:

• Average MTBE concentrations were reduced from 6,139 ug/L to 791 ug/L; BTEX from 5,511 ug/L to 1,088 ug/L; and

xylene from 8,539 ug/L to 2,859 ug/L

• VE system removed approximately 1,300 kg to 95,000 kg of contaminants per site; GE system removed approximately

12 kg to 3,200 kg of contaminants per site

• For those sites where system shutdown had occurred, the average post-reduction rebound was –2.87% for MTBE, -

9.12% for benzene, and 22.63% for xylene; while there was variation in rebound by individual wells at each site and

among sites, on average, MTBE and BTEX concentrations did not generally rebound at sites after shutdown, while on

average, there was rebound in xylene concentrations.
Soil Vapor Extraction and Groundwater Extraction Used at Eight Service Stations

in Maryland

125

Costs:

No cost data were provided for these sites

Description:

At eight retail service stations in Maryland, Chevron Research and Technology Company used soil vapor extraction and

groundwater extraction (VE/GE) to treat soil and groundwater contaminated with both MTBE and BTEX. A gasoline

release had occurred at each site and had migrated to the water table and formed a smear zone (a volume of soil in the

saturated aquifer that contains residual NAPL). The remediation systems combined vapor extraction and groundwater

extraction to treat smear-zone soils through dewatering and volatilization of contaminants. The vacuum extraction systems

at each site included vacuum extraction wells (ranging from 4 to 17 wells per site), one to two regenerative vacuum

blowers used to generate an average air flow rate ranging from 4.6 to 18.5 scfm and a mean system vacuum ranging from

22 to 41 inches of water. The groundwater extraction system at each site included extraction wells (ranging from 2 to 8

wells per site) equipped with pneumatic total fluids pumps. The average pumping rate (water yield) ranged from 0.11 gpm

to 0.67 gpm. The sites had an average remediation period of 3.2 years and an average monitoring period of 4.7 years.

The VE and GE systems removed between 1,330 and 95,000 kg and 12 to 3,200 kg of contaminants per site, respectively. 

Average contaminant concentrations at the sites were reduced to 791 ug/L for MTBE, 1,088 ug/L for BTEX, and 2,859

ug/L for xylene. For sites where the system had been shutdown, MTBE and BTEX concentrations did not generally

rebound, whereas rebound was observed for xylene. According to the researchers, MTBE removal rates were found to be

similar to those for BTEX, which was inconsistent with their assumptions of local chemical equilibrium for NAPL-liquid

and NAPL-vapor partitioning. The researchers predicted removal rates for MTBE, based on several assumptions about

local chemical equilibrium, were four times faster than benzene and 60 times faster than xylene. According to the

researchers, while the reasons for this discrepancy were not known, it is likely that conventional groundwater remediation

technologies will encounter similar mass removal limitations for MTBE and BTEX in all but ideal hydrogeologic settings.
126

Multi-Phase Extraction at Johanssen Cleaners, Lebanon, Oregon*

Remediation Technology

• Multiphase Extraction

Site Description

• Johannsen Cleaners began operations in 1955. In 1990, PCE contamination was discovered in an irrigation well in the

area. Additional sampling over the next few years found PCE contamination in a number of private and domestic wells. 

From 1993-1995 work at the site indicated soil and groundwater contaminated with PCE. 

• In late 1998, high levels of PCE soil contamination (to 68 mg/kg) were detected at the rear of the building and beneath the

building along the sewer lines. In June 1999, approximately 37 tons of contaminated soil was removed and transported to a

hazardous waste landfill. Excavation was to a depth of approximately three feet below the ground surface; a deeper

excavation was not possible due to the proximity of the dry cleaner building and several power poles in the vicinity. 

Confirmation samples collected from the bottom of the excavation indicate that remaining soil concentrations range to 35

mg/kg in the center of the excavation.

Site Hydrogeology

• Alluvium containing gravel and sand with varying amounts of silt and clay. 

• Vertical gradients in the area appear to be consistently downward. The average gradient between the shallow and deep

aquifers in well clusters is about 20 times greater than the horizontal gradient in either aquifer.

Depth to Water: 10-15 feet

Upper Surficial Aquifer: 20-40 feet of silty sand

Hydraulic Gradient: 0.001 ft./ft.

Hydraulic Conductivity: ft./day 

Seepage Velocity: ft./day.

Lower Regional Drinking Water Aquifer: n/a

Hydraulic Gradient: n/a

Hydraulic Conductivity: n/a

Seepage Velocity: n/a

Groundwater Contamination

• Contaminants Present: PCE, trichloroethene (TCE), cis 1,2-dichloroethene (cis- DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC)

• Highest Contaminant Concentrations: 3,400 mg/l PCE, 42 mg/l TCE, 41 mg/l cis 1,2-DCE and VC 2.7 ug/l.

• Deepest Contamination: ~120 feet below ground surface (bgs.) in deeper drinking water aquifer. Full characterization not

yet available.

Remediation Scenario

• System consists of two horizontal headers with vertical wells to the groundwater table. System removes soil vapor and

groundwater from beneath the building slab. Soil vapor and groundwater are treated via air stripping and/or direct

discharge to the atmosphere.

Results

• Discharge Vapor: 14,000-180,000 ug/m3

• Discharge water: ~1,000 ug/l

Costs

• Overall Project - $ 230,000

• System design - $ 15-25,000

• Build/install - $45-60,000
Multi-Phase Extraction at Johanssen Cleaners, Lebanon, Oregon*

127

Lessons Learned

1. Sewer discharge pipe ruptured. Need for upgrade/construction not realized.

2. Piping runs beneath flooring provided ideal access points to measure vacuum effect of treatment system.

3. 20/20 hindsight. Based on other sites, money may have been better spent on alternative cleanup/remediation (e.g., HRC,

bioremediation) rather than active treatment. However, at the time, HRC was not recommended in a DNAPL zone (1%

rule of thumb) and other delivery methods proved problematic.

Contacts

David Anderson

Oregon DEQ

811 SW 6th

Portland, OR 97204

(503) 229-5428

anderson.david@deq.state.or.us

* This is the complete report provided by the State Coalition of Dry Cleaners (www.drycleancoalition.org) for this project. 

A separate abstract for this project is not available.
128

Multi-Phase Extraction Using Fluidized Bed Reactor and Granular Activated

Carbon at the Sparks Solvent/Fuel Superfund Site

Site Name:

Sparks Solvent/Fuel Superfund Site

Location:

Sparks, Nevada

Period of Operation: 

1995 to present (performance data available through August 1997)

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Use of multiphase extraction using fluidized bed reactor and granular activated

carbon to treat MTBE in groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Full scale

Contaminants:

MTBE, BTEX, PCE, TCE

• MTBE concentrations as high as 600 ug/L

• BTEX concentrations as high as 1,272 ug/L

• PCE concentrations as high as 7.6 ug/L

• TCE concentrations as high as 42 ug/L

Waste Source:

Leaks from bulk petroleum and

gasoline storage tanks

State Contact:

Eric Noack

Nevada Division of Environmental

Protection

333 West Nye Lane

Carson City, NV 89706-0851

Telephone: (775) 687-4676 x3032

Fax: (775) 687-6396

E-mail: enoack@ndep.carsoncity.nv.us

Vendor: 

US Filter, Envirex Products

Bob Hines

1901 S. Prairie Avenue

Waukesha, WI 53189-7374

Telephone: (414) 521-8278

Fax: (414) 547-4120

E-mail: hinesb@usfilter.com

Contractor:

Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc.

Dirk Cochrum

1331 17th Street, Suite 1200

Denver, CO 80202

Telephone: (303) 298-1311 ext. 479

Fax: (303) 293-8236

E-mail: cochrumdk@cdm.com

Technology:

Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) using Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) and Granular

Activated Carbon (GAC)

• Groundwater extraction system includes 29 multi-phase wells; extracted

groundwater directed to a product/water separator; free product is recovered;

separated water is sent to the FBR system

• FBR system includes two U.S. Filter/Envirex GAC FBR reactors operated in

parallel; total design flow is 550 gpm

• Influent water enters the bottom of the reactor tank and flows upward through

the GAC/biofilm substrate where organic compounds are absorbed and

degraded

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• Not provided
Multi-Phase Extraction Using Fluidized Bed Reactor and Granular Activated

Carbon at the Sparks Solvent/Fuel Superfund Site

129

Results:

• At the early portion of system operation, MTBE removal efficiencies were greater than 90%. After six weeks of

operation, removal efficiencies fell to 10%

• To accelerate MTBE degradation, 20 gallons of a GAC inoculum were added to one of the reactors (FBR1) in April

1996; the removal efficiency initially increased to about 40% and continued to increase to over the next five months to

about 75%

• For the reactor that did not receive the inoculum, the removal efficiency continued to remain low for another month,

then began increasing to similar levels as the reactor that had received the inoculum

• As of August 1997 (650 days of operation), the removal efficiency for MTBE was about 90%, and MTBE

concentrations were below10 ug/L in the effluent from the FBR system.

• Data for BTEX, TPH, and chlorinated solvents was provided for the first year of operation. The removal rate was

>99% for BTEX, 78% for TPH, and about 50% for both PCE and TCE

Costs:

• No cost data were provided for this application.

Description:

The Sparks Solvent/Fuel Site is an industrial area in Sparks, Nevada, which contains a rail yard, a bulk petroleum storage

facility, and warehouses. The site is located near the Truckee River, which supplies the majority of the drinking water to

the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area. In 1987, a contaminant plume consisting of petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, and

chlorinated solvents (PCE and TCE) was identified as originating beneath the site, and extending more than one mile from

the site. MTBE had been used as an additive to gasoline stored at the site. EPA, in conjunction with the Nevada Division

of Environmental Protection, issued an administrative order requiring cleanup of the site.

In 1995, a groundwater extraction and treatment system was installed at the site. The system began operating in late

October 1995 and operations were ongoing at the time of this report. The groundwater extraction system includes multiphase extraction wells designed to provide source control and hydraulic containment. Extracted groundwater is treated

using granulated activated carbon (GAC) and fluidized bed bioreactors (FBRs) to aerobically treat MTBE and other

petroleum contaminants as well as chlorinated aliphatic solvents. MTBE data, available through August 1997, show

MTBE concentrations were below10 ug/L in the effluent from the FBR system, with a removal rate of 90%. Data for other

contaminants, available for the first year of operation, show a removal rate for BTEX of >99%, TPH of 78%, PCE of 50%,

and TCE of 50%.
130

Permeable Reactive Barrier at Monticello Mill Tailings Site, Monticello, Utah

Site Name:

Monticello Mill Tailings Site

Location:

Monticello, UT

Period of Operation:

June 1999

Cleanup Authority:

CERCLA

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Demonstration of permeable reactive barrier to treat heavy metals in

groundwater

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

Heavy Metals

• Average concentrations in late 1999 were uranium (700 ug/L), vanadium (400

ug/L), selenium (40 ug/L), and arsenic (10 ug/L)

Waste Source:

Milling activities

Technical Contacts:

Stanley Morrison, Ph.D.

Principal Geochemist

MACTEC Environmental Restoration

Services, Inc.

Phone: (970) 248-6373

Clay Carpenter

Project Manager

MACTEC Environmental Restoration

Services, Inc.

Phone: (970) 248-6588

Management Contacts:

Donald Metzler

DOE GJ

Phone: (970) 248-7612

Lynton Yarbrough

DOE SCFA

Phone: (505) 845-5520

James Wright

DOE SCFA

(803) 725-5608

Technology:

Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB)

• The PRB used a funnel and gate design, with impermeable walls north and

south of a reactive media gate

• The gate consisted of three sections: (1) an upstream gravel with a

zero-valent iron (ZVI) pretreatment zone; (2) a middle portion of granular

ZVI; and (3) a downstream gravel pack with an air sparging system

• The northern wall was 30 meters (m) long, the southern wall 75 m long, and

the gate 30 m long; the gate had a 0.6 m pretreatment zone and a 1 m granular

ZVI zone, and was 3.5 to 7 m deep

• More than 60 groundwater monitoring wells were installed at the site

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• The site has an alluvial, unconsolidated aquifer containing mostly sand with

minor amounts of gravel and clay

• Impermeable bedrock is present at 4 to 8 m bgs

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

Evaluate changes in concentrations of heavy metals through the PRB

Results:

• The concentrations of uranium, vanadium, selenium, and arsenic were reduced to non detectable levels in groundwater

down-gradient of the PRB, after the water had passed through the ZVI-filled gate

• Iron and manganese were present in the effluent from the gate at concentrations lower than predicted by treatability

studies

Costs:

• Actual cost for the PRB was $1,196,000, consisting of $1,052,000 for construction and $144,000 for media

• A projected comparison between PRB and pump and treat technology at this site showed that total life cycle costs are 10

times less for the PRB than for the pump and treat system
Permeable Reactive Barrier at Monticello Mill Tailings Site, Monticello, Utah

131

Description:

In June 1999, a permeable reactive barrier wall, also referred to as a permeable reactive treatment (PeRT) wall, was

installed at DOE's Monticello Mills Tailings Site (MMTS), a former uranium and vanadium ore-processing mill in

Monticello Utah. The MMTS operated from the mid-1940s to 1960, and was placed on the NPL in 1989 because of

contaminated materials from past milling activities. A federal facility agreement specifies DOE as the lead agency for

cleanup, with oversight to EPA and the State. 

The PRB used a funnel and gate design, with impermeable walls north and south of a reactive media gate. The gate

consisted of an upstream gravel with a zero-valent iron (ZVI) pretreatment zone; a middle portion of granular ZVI; and a

downstream gravel pack with an air sparging system. The concentrations of uranium, vanadium, selenium, and arsenic

were reduced to non detectable levels in groundwater down-gradient of the PRB, after the water had passed through the

ZVI-filled gate. The researchers attributed the success of the design to the use of a pretreatment zone, consisting of mostly

gravel with minor amounts of ZVI, at the leading edge of the gate. This zone was thought to initiate the reduction

reactions within a very porous media that was not likely to clog.
132
133

CONTAINMENT ABSTRACTS
134

Vertical Engineered Barrier at Dover Air Force Base, Groundwater Remediation

Field Laboratory National Test Site, Dover, Delaware

Site Name:

Dover Air Force Base, Groundwater Remediation Field Laboratory National

Test Site

Location:

Dover, DE

Period of Operation:

10/96 - 9/98

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Demonstration of vertical engineered barrier using thin diaphragm walls

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

None

Waste Source:

Not applicable - clean test site

Technical Contacts:

Richard Landis

DuPont Engineering

Phone: (302) 892-7452

Allen Furth

Hayward Baker, Inc.

Phone: (410) 51-1980

Management Contacts:

Skip Chamberlain

DOE SCFA

Phone: (301) 903-7248

Scott McMullin

DOE Savannah River Operations

Office, SCFA

Phone: (803) 725-9596

Andrea Hart

MSE Technology Applications, Inc.

Phone: (406) 494-7410

Technology:

Vertical Engineered Barrier (VEB)

• VEB consisted of cement bentonite thin diaphragm walls, installed using

high-pressure jet grouting

• Project conducted in two phases - Phase 1 consisted of creating four small

barrier boxes to refine grouting parameters; Phase 2 consisted of creating two

cofferdams, each 34 feet (ft) in diameter, and consisting of 12 interconnecting

thin diaphragm walls (each wall 13 to 16 ft long)

• The cofferdams were constructed by jetting a cement/bentonite slurry 7 ft into

the underlying clay confining unit (a total depth of 43 ft bgs); one cofferdam

was covered with a geomembrane to prevent infiltration

• The integrity of the cofferdams was tested using pump tests, pulse tests, flood

tests, and geophysical techniques

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Groundwater

• Depth to groundwater 26 ft

• The upper aquifer consists of sand with lenses of gravel and clay, and has

hydraulic conductivity ranging from 2.8 x 10-3 to 1.2 x 10-2 cm/sec

• Clay confining unit present at 36 ft bgs

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

Project objectives were to demonstrate:

• Construction of a high-pressure, jet grouted, thin-diaphragm containment barrier

• Performance of the barrier using several verification and monitoring methods

• Hydraulic conductivity performance goal of 1 x 10-7 cm/sec

Results:

• Hydraulic testing showed no defects in the upper 25 ft (unsaturated zone) of the cofferdam; one defect was identified in

the lower 10 ft of the second cofferdam - the defect was associated with a thin zone of higher hydraulic conductivity

• Hydraulic testing also showed that the cofferdams met the hydraulic conductivity performance goal, at all except one

location

Costs:

• A unit cost of $6.71/ft2

 was projected for constructing two single-wall cofferdam barriers using thin-diaphragm panels at

a hypothetical site with a depth of 43 ft and a length of 40 ft; this cost did not include cement or bentonite materials,

mobilization/demobilization, spoils disposal, or costs associated with a guidance tool

• A unit cost of $8.21/ft2

 was projected for constructing a thin-diaphragm wall cofferdam at the Dover AFB test site,

including mobilization and demobilization; costs for construction at a low level radioactive waste site were projected to

be significantly higher
Vertical Engineered Barrier at Dover Air Force Base, Groundwater Remediation

Field Laboratory National Test Site, Dover, Delaware

135

Description:

During fall 1997, a demonstration of high-pressure jet grouting to emplace thin-diaphragm walls was conducted at the

Groundwater Remediation Field Laboratory (GRFL) National Test Site at the Dover Air Force Base. Two cofferdams

were constructed, consisting of 12 interconnecting cement bentonite, thin-diaphragm walls. Hydraulic testing also showed

that the cofferdams met the hydraulic conductivity performance goal of 1 x 10-7 cm/sec, at all except one location. A

projected unit cost of $8.21/ft2

 was identified for constructing a thin-diaphragm wall cofferdam at the Dover AFB test site,

including mobilization and demobilization; costs for construction at a low level radioactive waste site were projected to be

significantly higher.
136

Landfill Cap at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico

Site Name:

Sandia National Laboratories

Location:

Albuquerque, NM

Period of Operation:

July 1995 to July 2000

Cleanup Authority:

Not provided

Purpose/Significance of Application:

Field demonstration of alternative landfill covers

Cleanup Type:

Field Demonstration

Contaminants:

None

Waste Source:

None - clean site

Technical Contacts:

Stephen F. Dwyer

Sandia National Laboratories

Phone: (505) 844-0595

E-mail: sfdwyer@sandia.gov

Management Contacts:

Skip Chamberlain

DOE SCFA

Phone: (301) 903-7248

Scott McMullin

DOE SCFA

Phone: (803) 725-9596

John B. Jones

DOE CMST

Phone: (702) 295-0532

E-mail: jonesjb@nv.doe.gov

Technology:

Cap

• Four alternative landfill cover designs were demonstrated: (1) a geosynthetic

clay liner (GCL) cover; (2) a capillary barrier cover; (3) an anisotropic barrier

cover; and (4) an evapotranspiration (ET) soil cover

• Design characteristics included

• GCL cover: 90 cm thickness, 4 layers

• capillary barrier cover: 140 cm thickness, 4 layers

• anisotropic barrier cover: 105 cm thickness, 4 layers

• ET soil cover: 90 cm thickness, 2 layers

• These alternative covers were compared with conventional RCRA Subtitle C

and D covers

• Each demonstration plot was 13 m wide by 100 m long, with the long

dimension crowned in the middle; all layers had a 5% grade; the western slope

was maintained at ambient conditions, and a sprinkler was installed on the

eastern slope

Type/Quantity of Media Treated:

Soil 

Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:

• The following soil properties were used to evaluate performance: soil moisture, soil temperature, runoff and erosion,

percolation and inter-flow, meteorology, and vegetation

Results:

• Preliminary water flux rate data showed that all cover designs, except the RCRA Subtitle D cover, were impermeable;

the anisotropic and ET covers had efficiencies similar to the RCRA Subtitle C cover

• Additional findings included:

• GCL: did not perform as well as expected

• capillary barrier cover: the percolation rate for the first year was higher than expected, and slowed significantly in later

years

• anisotropic barrier cover: performed well

• ET soil cover: performed well

Costs:

• Actual unit construction costs were provided for the six covers; these included mobilization/demobilization, sub-grade

preparation, materials, and labor

• Unit costs were: GCL cover - $89.99/m2

; capillary barrier cover - $92.64/m2; anisotropic barrier cover - $75.26/m2; ET

cover - $73.89/m2

; RCRA Subtitle C cover - $157.54/m2; RCRA Subtitle D - $51.40/m2
Landfill Cap at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico

137

Description:

A field demonstration of four alternative landfill covers was conducted at the Sandia National Laboratories in

Albuquerque, New Mexico. The four covers - GCL, capillary barrier, anisotropic barrier, and ET - were compared in a

side-by-side demonstration with RCRA Subtitles C and D covers. Each of the six demonstration plots was 13 m wide by

100 m long, and crowned in the middle. Results showed that all cover designs, except the RCRA Subtitle D cover, were

impermeable, and that the anisotropic and ET covers had efficiencies similar to the RCRA Subtitle C cover. Based on the

results from this study, an ET cover was selected to be deployed at the Mixed Waste Landfill at Sandia. The ET cover was

projected to save $7.6 million over a 30 year period when compared with use of a RCRA Subtitle C cover.
138
APPENDIX A
A-1

EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

Soil Vapor Extraction (31 Projects)Basket Creek Surface Impoundment Site,GA

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (ex situ) BTEX (Toluene),

Ketones (MIBK)

Camp Lejeune Military Reservation, Site82, Area A, NC

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Commencement Bay, South TacomaChannel Well 12A Superfund Site, WA

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Davis-Monthan AFB, Site ST-35, AZ Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Defense Supply Center Richmond, OU 5,VA

Soil Vapor Extraction (FieldDemonstration)

Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Fairchild Semiconductor CorporationSuperfund Site, CA

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Fort Greely, Texas Tower Site, AK Soil Vapor Extraction, Air Sparging, In

Situ Bioremediation

Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Fort Lewis, Landfill 4, WA Soil Vapor Extraction, Air Sparging Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents

Metals

Fort Richardson, Building 908 South, AK Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Hastings Groundwater ContaminationSuperfund Site, Well Number 3 Subsite,NE

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Holloman AFB, Sites 2 and 5, NM Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Idaho National Engineering andEnvironmental Laboratory, ID

Soil Vapor Extraction (Soil Venting) (FieldDemonstration)

Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Intersil/Siemens Superfund Site, CA Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Luke Air Force Base, North Fire TrainingArea, AZ

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

McClellan Air Force Base, Operable UnitD, Site S, CA

Soil Vapor Extraction (FieldDemonstration)

Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-2

NAS North Island, Site 9, CA Soil Vapor Extraction (Photolytic

Destruction) (Field Demonstration)

Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Patrick Air Force Base, Active BaseExchange Service Station, FL

Soil Vapor Extraction (BiocubeTM) (Field

Demonstration)

Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Patrick Air Force Base, Active BaseExchange Service Station, FL

Soil Vapor Extraction (InternalCombustion Engine) (Field Demonstration) 

Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Rocky Mountain Arsenal Superfund Site(Motor Pool Area - Operable Unit #18),CO

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Sacramento Army Depot Superfund Site,Burn Pits Operable Unit, CA

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

TCE, PCE, DCE

Sacramento Army Depot Superfund Site,Tank 2 (Operable Unit #3), CA

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated and Non

Chlorinated Solvents 

Sand Creek Industrial Superfund Site,Operable Unit 1, CO

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

PCE, TCE

Seymour Recycling Corporation SuperfundSite, IN

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Shaw AFB, OU 1, SC Soil Vapor Extraction, Groundwater

Containment

Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

SMS Instruments Superfund Site, NY Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated and Non

Chlorinated Solvents 

Tyson’s Dump Superfund Site, PA Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

U.S. Department of Energy, PortsmouthGaseous Diffusion Plant, OH

Soil Vapor Extraction (In Situ EnhancedSoil Mixing) (Field Demonstration)

Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

TCE, DCE, TCA

U.S. Department of Energy, SavannahRiver Site, SC

Soil Vapor Extraction (Flameless ThermalOxidation) (Field Demonstration)

Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

TCE, PCE, TCA

U.S. Department of Energy, SavannahRiver Site, SC, and Sandia, NM

Soil Vapor Extraction (Horizontal Wells)(Field Demonstration)

Soil (in situ) and

Groundwater

Chlorinated Solvents 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-3

Vandenberg Air Force Base, BaseExchange Service Station, CA

Soil Vapor Extraction (Resin Adsorption)(Field Demonstration)

Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Verona Well Field Superfund Site (ThomasSolvent Raymond Road - Operable Unit#1), MI

Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) Chlorinated and Non

Chlorinated Solvents 

Other In Situ Soil Treatment (25 Projects)

Active Power Substation, ConfidentialLocation

Electrokinetics (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) Metals 

Alameda Point, CA Electrokinetics (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) Metals 

Argonne National Laboratory - East, IL Phytoremediation (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) Metals 

Brodhead Creek Superfund Site, PA Contained Recovery of Oily Waste Soil (in situ) PAHs, Metals 

Dover Air Force Base, Building 719, DE Bioventing (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Eielson Air Force Base, AK Bioventing (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Ensign-Bickford Company - OB/OD Area,CT

Phytoremediation Soil (in situ) Metals 

Former Mare Island Naval Shipyard, CA In Situ Thermal Desorption (Field

Demonstration)

Soil (in situ) PCBs 

Fort Richardson Poleline Road DisposalArea, OU B, AK

Six Phase Heating (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

Hill Air Force Base, Site 280, UT Bioventing Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Hill Air Force Base, Site 914, UT Bioventing, Soil Vapor Extraction Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Lowry Air Force Base, CO Bioventing Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 

Missouri Electric Works Superfund Site,MO

In Situ Thermal Desorption (FieldDemonstration)

Soil (in situ) PCBs 

Multiple Air Force Test Sites, MultipleLocations

Bioventing (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) BTEX/TPH 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-4

Naval Air Weapons Station Point Mugu,Site 5, CA

Electrokinetics (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) Metals 

Parsons Chemical/ETM EnterprisesSuperfund Site, MI

In Situ Vitrification Soil (in situ) Pesticides, Metals,

Dioxins

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, X231A Site, Piketon, OH Hydraulic Fracturing (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) and Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Sandia National Laboratories, UnlinedChromic Acid Pit, NM

Electrokinetics (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) Metals 

Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant, MN Phytoremediation (Field Demonstration) Soil (in situ) Metals 

White Sands Missile Range, SWMU 143,NM

Chemical Reduction/Oxidation (FieldDemonstration)

Soil (in situ) Metals 

U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site,WA, Oak Ridge (TN) and Others

In Situ Vitrification Soil (in situ) Pesticides, Metals,

Dioxins/Furans, PCB

U.S. Department of Energy, Multiple Sites Resonant Sonic Drilling (Field

Demonstration)

Soil (in situ) Not Applicable (not 

contaminated site)

U.S. Department of Energy PaducahGaseous Diffusion Plant, KY

Lasagna

TM Soil Remediation (Field

Demonstration)

Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

TCE

U.S. Department of Energy, PortsmouthGaseous Diffusion Plant, OH and OtherSites

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fracturing (FieldDemonstration)

Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents

DNAPLs

U.S. Department of Energy, SavannahRiver Site, SC, and Hanford Site, WA

Six Phase Soil Heating (FieldDemonstration)

Soil (in situ) Chlorinated Solvents 

TCE, PCE
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-5

Incineration (on-site) (18 Projects)Baird and McGuire, MA Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Sediment PAHs,

Pesticides/HerbicideMetals, Dioxins, PC

Bayou Bonfouca, LA Rotary Kiln Incinerator Sediment, Other

Material

PAHs 

Bridgeport Refinery and Oil Services, NJ Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Sediment, Sludge,

Debris

BTEX/TPH, Metals,Dioxins, PCBs

Celanese Corporation Shelby FiberOperations, NC

Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Sludge Chlorinated Solvents

PAHs, Metals

Coal Creek, WA Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil Metals, Dioxins, PCDrake ChemicalSuperfund Site, Operable Unit 3, LockHaven, PA

Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil Chlorinated Solvents

Volatiles -Nonhalogenated

FMC Corporation - Yakima, WA Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Debris Pesticides/Herbicide

Metals

Former Nebraska Ordnance Plant - OU 1,NE

Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Debris Explosives/Propellan

- TNT, RDX, HMX

Former Weldon Springs Ordnance Works,OU 1, MO

Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil Explosives/Propellan

MOTCO, TX Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Sludge, Liquids Chlorinated Solvents

Metals, Dioxins, PC

Old Midland Products, AR Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Sludge PAHs Petro Processors, LA Horizontal Liquid Injection Incinerator Liquids, Fumes Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX/TPH, PAHs,Metals

Rocky Mountain Arsenal, CO Submerged Quench Incinerator Liquids Pesticides/Herbicide

Metals
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-6

Rose Disposal Pit, MA Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil Chlorinated Solvents

Dioxins, PCBs

Rose Township Dump, MI Infrared Incinerator Soil BTEX/TPH, Dioxin

PCBs

Sikes Disposal Pits, TX Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Debris Chlorinated Solvents

PAHs

Times Beach, MO Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Debris Dioxins, PCBs Vertac Chemical Corporation, AR Rotary Kiln Incinerator Soil, Waste, Drums Pesticides/Herbicide

Dioxins, PCBs

Thermal Desorption (22 Projects)Anderson Development CompanySuperfund Site, MI

Thermal Desorption Soil Semivolatile -

Nonhalogenated(MBOCA), PAHs

Arlington Blending and PackagingSuperfund Site, TN

Thermal Desorption Soil Pesticides/Herbicide

Metals

FCX Washington Superfund Site, NC Thermal Desorption Soil Pesticides/HerbicideFort Lewis, Solvent Refined Coal PilotPlant (SRCPP), WA

Thermal Desorption Soil PAHs 

Letterkenny Army Depot Superfund Site, KAreas, OU1, PA

Thermal Desorption Soil Chlorinated Solvents

Metals

Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant,Burning Ground No. 3, TX

Thermal Desorption Soil Chlorinated Solvents 

McKin Superfund Site, ME Thermal Desorption Soil BTEX/TPH, PAHs Metaltec/Aerosystems Superfund Site,Franklin Borough, NJ

Thermal Desorption Soil Chlorinated Solvents 

Naval Air Station Cecil Field, Site 17, OU2, FL

Thermal Desorption Soil BTEX/TPH, PAHs 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-7

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, NewBedford, MA

Thermal Desorption (Field Demonstration) Soil PCBs 

Outboard Marine Corporation SuperfundSite, OH

Thermal Desorption Soil PCBs 

Port Moller Radio Relay Station, AK Thermal Desorption Soil BTEX/TPH Pristine, Inc. Superfund Site, OH Thermal Desorption Soil BTEX, PAHs,

Pesticides, Dioxins,Chlorinated Solvents

Reich Farm, Pleasant Plains, NJ Thermal Desorption Soil Chlorinated Solvents

Other Volatiles andSemivolatiles (notspecified)

Re-Solve, Inc. Superfund Site, MA Thermal Desorption Soil PCBs Rocky Flats Environmental TechnologySite, Mound Site, Golden, CO

Thermal Desorption Soil Chlorinated Solvents 

Rocky Flats Environmental TechnologySite, Trenches T-3 and T-4, CO

Thermal Desorption Soil Chlorinated Solvents

Radionuclides

Sand Creek Superfund Site, OU 5, CO Thermal Desorption Soil Pesticides, Metals Sarney Farm, Amenia, NY Thermal Desorption Soil Chlorinated Solvents

Ketones, BTEX

TH Agriculture & Nutrition CompanySuperfund Site, GA

Thermal Desorption Soil Pesticides 

Waldick Aerospaces Devices SuperfundSite, NJ

Thermal Desorption Soil Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX/TPH, Metals

Wide Beach Development Superfund Site,NY

Thermal Desorption w/Dehalogenation Soil PCBs 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-8

Other Ex Situ Soil Treatment (31 Projects)Bonneville Power Administration RossComplex, Operable Unit A, WA 

Land Treatment Soil PAHs 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY Physical Separation/Segmented Gate

System

Soil Radionuclides 

Brown Wood Preserving Superfund Site,FL

Land Treatment Soil PAHs 

Burlington Northern Superfund Site, MN Land Treatment Soil PAHs, Methylene

Chloride ExtractableHydrocarbons (TPH

Dubose Oil Products Co. Superfund Site,FL

Composting Soil PAHs, BTEX

(Toluene), ChlorinatSolvents - TCE

Envirocare of Utah, UT Polyethylene Macroencapsulation (Field

Demonstration)

Soil Radionuclides 

Fort Greely, UST Soil Pile, AK Land Treatment Soil BTEX/TPH Fort Polk Range 5, LA Acid Leaching (Field Demonstration) Soil Metals French Ltd. Superfund Site, TX Slurry-Phase Bioremediation Soil BTEX, PAHs,

Chlorinated Solvents

Idaho National Environmental andEngineering Laboratory (INEEL), ID

Physical Separation/Segmented GateSystem

Soil Radionuclides 

Joliet Army Ammunition Plant, IL Slurry-Phase Bioremediation(Field

Demonstration)

Soil Explosives/Propellan

King of Prussia Technical CorporationSuperfund Site, NJ

Soil Washing Soil Metals 

Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM Physical Separation; Segmented Gate

System

Soil Radionuclides 

Lowry Air Force Base, CO Land Treatment Soil BTEX/TPH 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-9

Massachusetts Military Reservation,Training Range and Impact Area, CapeCod, MA

Solidification/Stabilization Soil Metals, Lead 

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, NewBedford, MA

Solidification/Stabilization (FieldDemonstration)

Soil PCBs 

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, NewBedford, MA

Solvent Extraction (Field Demonstration) Soil PCBs 

New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, NewBedford, MA

Vitrification (Field Demonstration) Soil PCBs 

Novartis Site, Ontario, Canada Land Treatment (Field Demonstration) Soil Pesticides/HerbicideOak Ridge National Laboratory, TN Vitrification (Field Demonstration) Soil Metals, RadionuclidPantex Plant, Firing Site 5, TX Physical Separation; Segmented Gate

System

Soil Radionuclides 

RMI Titanium Company Extrusion Plant,OH

Solvent Extraction (Field Demonstration) Soil Metals, Radionuclid

Sandia National Laboratories, ER Site228A, NM

Physical Separation; Segmented GateSystem

Soil Radionuclides 

Sandia National Laboratories, ER Site 16,NM

Physical Separation; Segmented GateSystem

Soil Radionuclides 

Scott Lumber Company Superfund Site,MO

Land Treatment Soil PAHs 

Southeastern Wood Preserving SuperfundSite, MS

Slurry-Phase Bioremediation Soil PAHs - Naphthalene

Benzo(a)pyrene

Sparrevohn Long Range Radar Station, AK Solvent Extraction Soil PCBs Stauffer Chemical Company, Tampa, FL Composting (Field Demonstration) Soil Organochlorine

Pesticides

Tonapah Test Range, Clean Slate 2, NV Physical Separation; Segmented Gate

System

Soil Radionuclides 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-10

Umatilla Army Depot Activity, OR Windrow Composting (Field

Demonstration)

Soil Explosives/Propellan

-TNT, RDX, HMX

Umatilla Army Depot Activity, OR Windrow Composting Soil Explosives/Propellan

-TNT, RDX, HMX

Drinking Water Treatment (3 Projects)Charnock Wellfield, Santa Monica, CA Drinking Water Treatment (Field

Demonstration)

DrinkingWater MTBE, VOCs 

Lacrosse, KS Drinking Water Treatment DrinkingWater MTBE, BTEX/TPH Rockaway, NJ Drinking Water Treatment DrinkingWater MTBE, Chlorinated

Solvents, VolatilesNonhalogenated

Pump and Treat (42 Projects)Amoco Petroleum Pipeline, MI Pump and Treat with GAC Groundwater BTEX/TPH Baird and McGuire Superfund Site, MA Pump and Treat with Air Stripping,

Chemical Treatment, and Filtration

Groundwater BTEX/TPH, PAHs,

Pesticides/HerbicideMetals

Bofors Nobel Superfund Site, OU 1, MI Pump and Treat with Air Stripping, GAC,

Chemical Treatment, Filtration, andUV/Oxidation

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

Semivolatiles

City Industries Superfund Site, FL Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX/TPH

Coastal Systems Station, AOC 1, FL Chemical Reaction and Dissolved Air

Flotation (Field Demonstration)

Groundwater BTEX/TPH, Metals 

Commencement Bay, South TacomaChannel Well 12A Superfund Site, WA

Pump and Treat with GAC Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Des Moines TCE Superfund Site, OU 1, IA Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Former Firestone Facility Superfund Site,CA

Pump and Treat with Air Stripping, GAC,and Oil/Water Separation

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-11

Ft. Drum, Fuel Dispensing Area 1595, NY Pump and Treat with Air Stripping and

GAC

Groundwater BTEX/TPH 

Fort Lewis Logistics Center, WA Pump and Treat Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents JMT Facility RCRA Site (formerly Black& Decker RCRA Site), NY

Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Keefe Environmental Services SuperfundSite, NH

Pump and Treat with Air Stripping andCoagulation/Flocculation

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

King of Prussia Technical CorporationSuperfund Site, NJ

Pump and Treat with Air Stripping, GAC,and Electrochemical Treatment

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX/TPH, Metals

Langley Air Force Base, IRP Site 4, VA Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater BTEX/TPH LaSalle Electrical Superfund Site, IL Pump and Treat with Air Stripping, GAC,

and Oil/Water Separation

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

PCBs

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory(LLNL) Site 300 - General Services Area(GSA) Operable Unit, CA

Pump and Treat with Air Stripping andGAC; SVE

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Marine Corps Base, OU 1 and 2, CampLejeune, NC

Pump and Treat Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX, Metals

Marine Corps Base, Campbell Street FuelFarm, Camp Lejeune, NC

Pump and Treat Groundwater BTEX,

Pesticide/Herbicide(Ethylene dibromide

McClellan Air Force Base, Operable UnitB/C, CA

Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Mid-South Wood Products Superfund Site,AR

Pump and Treat with GAC, Filtration, andOil/Water Separation

Groundwater PAHs, Metals 

Mystery Bridge at Hwy 20 Superfund Site,Dow/DSI Facility - Volatile HalogenatedOrganic (VHO) Plume, WY

Pump and Treat with Air Stripping; SVE Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Naval Air Station, Brunswick, EasternGroundwater Plume, ME 

Pump and Treat Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-12

Odessa Chromium I Superfund Site, OU 2,TX

Pump and Treat with Chemical Treatmentand Filtration

Groundwater Metals 

Odessa Chromium IIS Superfund Site, OU2, TX

Pump and Treat with Chemical Treatmentand Filtration

Groundwater Metals 

Offutt AFB, Site LF-12, NE Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Old Mill Superfund Site, OH Pump and Treat with Air Stripping and

GAC

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Ott/Story/Cordova Superfund Site, NorthMuskegon, MI

Pump and Treat Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

Non-chlorinatedVOCs, PCBs,Pesticides, Metals

Pope AFB, Site FT-01, NC Free Product Recovery Groundwater BTEX/TPH Pope AFB, Site SS-07, Blue Ramp SpillSite, NC

Free Product Recovery Groundwater BTEX/TPH 

SCRDI Dixiana Superfund Site, SC Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Shaw AFB, Site OT-16B, SC Hydraulic Containment Through Pumping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Shaw AFB, Sites SD-29 and ST-30, SC Free Product Recovery with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

BTEX/TPH

Solid State Circuits Superfund Site, MO Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Sol Lynn/Industrial TransformersSuperfund Site, TX

Pump and Treat with Air Stripping, GAC,and Filtration

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Solvent Recovery Services of NewEngland, Inc. Superfund Site, CT

Pump and Treat with GAC, ChemicalTreatment, Filtration, and UV/Oxidation;Vertical Barrier Wall

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

Metals

Sylvester/Gilson Road Superfund Site, NH Pump and Treat with Air Stripping,

Biological Treatment, Chemical Treatment,and Filtration; Cap; SVE; Vertical BarrierWall

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

Metals

Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant, MN Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-13

United Chrome Superfund Site, OR Pump and Treat with Chemical Treatment Groundwater Metals U.S. Aviex Superfund Site, MI Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

Diethyl Ether

U.S. Department of Energy Kansas CityPlant, MO

Pump and Treat with Advanced OxidationProcesses

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

U.S. Department of Energy Savannah RiverSite, A/M Area, SC

Pump and Treat with Air Stripping Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Western Processing Superfund Site, WA Pump and Treat with Air Stripping and

Filtration

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

PAHs, Metals

In Situ Groundwater Bioremediation (28 Projects)Abandoned Manufacturing Facility -Emeryville, CA

Bioremediation Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

Metals

Avco Lycoming Superfund Site, PA Bioremediation Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

Metals

Balfour Road Site, CA; Fourth PlainService Station Site, WA; Steve’s Standard

and Golden Belt 66 Site, KS

Bioremediation Groundwater BTEX/TPH 

Brownfield Site, Chattanooga, TN (specificsite name not identified)

Bioremediation Soil and Groundwater MTBE, BTEX/TPH 

Contemporary Cleaners, Orlando. FL Bioremediation (HRC) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

PCE

Cordray's Grocery, Ravenel, SC Bioremediation (ORC) Soil and Groundwater MTBE, BTEX, PAHDover Air Force Base, Area 6, DE Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Edwards Air Force Base, CA Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents French Ltd. Superfund Site, TX Bioremediation; Pump and Treat with

Activated Sludge

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Gas Station, Cheshire, CT (specific sitename not identified)

Bioremediation Groundwater MTBE, BTEX/TPH 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-14

Hanford Site, WA Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Hayden Island Cleaners, Portland, OR Bioremediation (HRC) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

PCE

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,CA

Bioremediation (Bench Scale) Groundwater MTBE 

Libby Groundwater Superfund Site, MT Bioremediation; Pump and Treat Groundwater PAHs Moffett Field Superfund Site, CA Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, CA Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater BTEX/TPH Pinellas Northeast Site, FL Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Savannah River Site, SC Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Service Station, CA (specific site name notidentified)

Bioremediation (ORC) Groundwater MTBE, BTEX 

Service Station, Lake Geneva, WI (specificsite name not identified)

Bioremediation (ORC) Groundwater MTBE, BTEX 

Site A (actual name confidential), NY Bioremediation; Air Sparging; SVE; Pump

and Treat with Air Stripping

Groundwater BTEX/TPH 

South Beach Marine, Hilton Head, SC Bioremediation Groundwater MTBE, BTEX, PAHSpecific site name not identified Bioremediation (Bench Scale) Soil and Groundwater MTBE 

Texas Gulf Coast Site, TX Bioremediation Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents U.S. Department of Energy Savannah RiverSite, M Area, SC

Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

U.S. Navy Construction Battalion Center,Port Hueneme, CA

Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater MTBE, VolatilesNonhalogenated 

Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, CA Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater MTBE Watertown Site, MA Bioremediation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-15

Other In Situ Groundwater Treatment (45 Projects)

328 Site, CA Multi-Phase Extraction Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Amcor Precast, UT Air Sparging Groundwater BTEX/TPH Butler Cleaners, Jacksonville, FL Chemical Oxidation (KMnO4) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

PCE

Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, Bldg25, Camp Lejeune, NC

In Situ Flushing (SEAR and PITT) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

PCE

Confidential Manufacturing Facility, IL Six Phase Heating Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Defense Supply Center, AcidNeutralization Pit, VA

Multi-Phase Extraction (FieldDemonstration)

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Eaddy Brothers, Hemingway, SC Air Sparging/SVE Soil and Groundwater MTBE, BTEX, PAHEight Service Stations, MD (specific sitesnot identified)

Multi-Phase Extraction Soil and Groundwater MTBE, BTEX 

Fernald Environmental ManagementProject, OH

In Situ Flushing (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Metals (Uranium) 

Former Intersil, Inc. Site, CA Permeable Reactive Barrier; Pump and

Treat with Air Stripping

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Former Nu Look One Hour Cleaners, CoralSprings, FL

Air Sparging Recirculation Well(NoVOCsTM )

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

PCE

Former Sages Dry Cleaners, Jacksonville,FL

In Situ Flushing (Ethanol Co-solvent) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

PCE

Fort Devens, AOCs 43G and 43J, MA Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater BTEX/TPH Four Service Stations (specific site namesnot identified)

Air Sparging Groundwater MTBE, BTEX 

Fry Canyon, UT Permeable Reactive Barrier (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater Metals, Radionuclid

Gold Coast Superfund Site, FL Air Sparging; Pump and Treat Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-16

Hanford Site, 100-H and 100-D Areas, WA Chemical Reduction/Oxidation (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater Metals 

Johannsen Cleaners, Lebanon, OR Multi-Phase Extraction Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

PCE

Keesler Air Force Base Service Station,AOC-A (ST-06), MS

Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater BTEX/TPH, Metals 

Kelly Air Force Base, Former Building2093 Gas Station, TX

Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater BTEX/TPH 

Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryGasoline Spill Site, CA

Dynamic Underground Stripping (FieldDemonstration)

Groundwater BTEX/TPH 

Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, LA Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Explosives 

Miamisburg, OH Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction Soil and Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Milan Army Ammunition Plant, TN Constructed Wetlands (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater Explosives/Propellan

Moffett Federal Airfield, CA Permeable Reactive Barrier (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Moffett Field Superfund Site, CA Permeable Reactive Barrier (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Monticello Mill Tailings Site, Monticello,UT

Permeable Reactive Barrier (FieldDemonstration)

Groundwater Metals 

Multiple Air Force Sites Monitored Natural Attenuation (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Multiple Air Force Sites Monitored Natural Attenuation (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater TPH 

Multiple Air Force Sites Bioslurping (Field Demonstration) Groundwater TPH 

Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL In Situ Oxidation; Monitored Natural

Attenuation

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-17

Naval Air Station Pensacola, OU 10, FL In Situ Oxidation; Fenton's Reagent (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, GA In Situ Oxidation; Fenton's Reagent Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay, GA In Situ Oxidation; Monitored Natural

Attenuation

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Pinellas Northeast Site, FL Air Sparging - Dual Auger Rotary Steam

Stripping (Field Demonstration)

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Pinellas Northeast Site, FL Membrane Filtration - PerVap

TM (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant,X-701B Facility, OH

In Situ Oxidation (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Scotchman #94, Florence, SC Air Sparging; Pump and Treat Groundwater MTBE, BTEX, PAHSouth Prudence Bay Island Park, T-DockSite, Portsmouth, RI

Biosparging Groundwater BTEX 

Sparks Solvents/Fuel Site, Sparks, NV Multi-Phase Extraction Soil and Groundwater MTBE, Chlorinated

Solvents, TPH

Tacony Warehouse, PA Permeable Reactive Barrier; Pump and

Treat

Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Tinkham's Garage Superfund Site, NH Multi-Phase Extraction Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents U.S. Coast Guard Support Center, NC Permeable Reactive Barrier Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents

Metals

U.S. Department of Energy Savannah RiverSite, A/M Area, SC

Air Sparging (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents 

Visalia Superfund Site, CA Dynamic Underground Stripping (Field

Demonstration)

Groundwater PAHs (Creosote) 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-18

Debris/Solid Media Treatment (24 Projects)Alabama Army Ammunition Plant, AL Transportable Hot-Gas Decontamination

(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Explosives 

Argonne National Laboratory - East, IL Physical Separation (Scabbling) (Field

Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

Argonne National Laboratory - East, IL Physical Separation (Concrete Demolition)

(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

Argonne National Laboratory - West,Waste Area Group 9, OU 9-04, ID

Solidification/Stabilization (PhosphateBonded Ceramics) (Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Metals 

Chicago Pile 5 (CP-5) Research Reactor,Argonne National Laboratory, IL

Centrifugal Shot Blast (FieldDemonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

Chicago Pile 5 (CP-5) Research Reactor,Argonne National Laboratory, IL

Rotary Peening with Captive Shot (FieldDemonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

Chicago Pile 5 (CP-5) Research Reactor,Argonne National Laboratory, IL

Roto Peen Scaler with VAC-PACR System

(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

Clemson University, SC Solidification/Stabilization (Sintering)

(Bench Scale)

Debris/Solid Media Metals 

Fernald Site, OH Physical Separation (Soft Media Blasting)

(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

Hanford Site, WA Physical Separation (Concrete Grinder)

(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

Hanford Site, WA Physical Separation (Concrete Shaver)

(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

Hanford Site, WA Physical Separation (Concrete Spaller)

(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

Hanford Site, WA Solidification/Stabilization (Polyester

Resins) (Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Metals, Radionuclid

Idaho National Engineering andEnvironmental Laboratory, ID

Solidification/Stabilization (InnovativeGrouting and Retrieval)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-19

Idaho National Engineering andEnvironmental Laboratory, Pit 2, ID

Solidification/Stabilization (Polysiloxane)(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Metals 

Idaho National Engineering andEnvironmental Laboratory, ID

Solidification/Stabilization (DeHgSM

Process) (Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Metals 

Idaho National Engineering andEnvironmental Laboratory, ID

Vitrification (Graphite Furnace) (FieldDemonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Metals, Radionuclid

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,CA

Chemical Reduction/Oxidation; DirectChemical Oxidation (Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Chlorinated Solvents

Explosives/Propellan

Los Alamos National Laboratory,Technical Area 33, NM

Solidification/Stabilization (FieldDemonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Metals, Radionuclid

Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM Solidification/Stabilization (ADA Process)

(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Metals 

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,WA

Solidification/Stabilization (Sol GelProcess) (Bench Scale)

Debris/Solid Media Metals 

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, OH Solidification/Stabilization (ATG Process)

(Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Metals, Radionuclid

Savannah River Site, SC Chemical Reduction/Oxidation (Acid

Digestion) (Field Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Radionuclides 

STAR Center, ID Vitrification (Plasma Process) (Field

Demonstration)

Debris/Solid Media Metals, Radionuclid

Containment (5 Projects)Dover Air Force Base, GroundwaterRemediation Field Laboratory NationalTest Site, Dover DE

Vertical Engineered Barrier (FieldDemonstration)

Groundwater None 

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory(LLNL) Site 300 - Pit 6 Landfill OU, CA

Cap N/A Chlorinated Solvents

Radioactivity

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN Frozen Soil Barrier (Field Demonstration) Groundwater Radionuclides 
EXHIBIT A-1. SUMMARY OF 274 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES (continued)

Site Name, Location Technology * Media Contaminants

A-20

Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque,NM

Cap (Field Demonstration) N/A Not contaminated 

U.S. Department of Energy, SEG Facilities,TN

Frozen Soil Barrier Technology (FieldDemonstration)

Soil (in situ) Not Applicable (not 

contaminated site)

* Full scale unless otherwise notedKey: DNAPLs = Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids PAHs = Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons TNT = 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

SVOCs = Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds PCBs = Polychlorinated Biphenyls RDX = Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5 triazineGAC = Granular Activated Carbon TCA = 1,1,1-Trichloroethane HMX = Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetSVE = Soil Vapor Extraction TCE = Trichloroethene MBOCA = 4,4-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)BTEX = Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene PCE = Tetrachloroethene MIBK = Methyl isobutyl ketoneTPH = Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons DCE = Dichloroethene
United States

Environmental Protection Agency(5102 G)Washington, DC 20460Official BusinessPenalty for Private Use$300EPA 542-R-01-008
Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies; Volume 5