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Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and Other Chlorinated Paraffins

I. Overview

To support its initial decision to proceed to commence action under TSCA, EPA 

considered SCCPs toxicity, persistence, ability to bioaccumulate, widespread exposure,are found 

world-wide in the environment, wildlife and their demonstrated ability to behumans. They are 

bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans, are persistent and transported globally. in the 

environment, and toxic to aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Based on thoese factors, as 

well as the availability of viable substitutes for certain uses of SCCPs, EPA intends to initiate 

action to address the manufacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, and use of SCCPs. 

EPA intends to further evaluate whether the manufacturing, processing, distribution in 

commerce and/or use of medium chained chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and long-chained 

chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) should also be addressed. 

As part of the Agency's efforts to address SCCPs, EPA also intends to evaluate the 

potential for disproportionate impact on children and other sub-populations. 

II. Introduction

As part of EPA'’s efforts to enhance the existing chemicals program under the Toxic 

Substances Control Act (TSCA)1, the Agency identified an initial list of widely recognized 

chemicals, including SCCPs, for action plan development based on their presence in human 

bloodhumans; persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT)2 characteristics; use in consumer 

products; production volume; andor other similar factors. This Action Plan is based on EPA’s 

initial review of readily available use, exposure, and hazard information3 on SCCPs. EPA 

considered which of the various authorities provided under TSCA and other statutes might be 

appropriate to address potential concerns with SCCPs in developing the Action Plan. The Action 

Plan is intended to describe the courses of action the Agency plans to pursue in the near term to 

address its concerns. The Action Plan does not constitute a final Agency determination or other 

final Agency action. Regulatory proceedings indicated by the Action Plan will include 

appropriate opportunities for public and stakeholder input, including through notice and 

comment rulemaking processes.

III. Scope of Review

Chemical Identity

 

1

 15 U.S.C. §2601 et seq. 2

 Information on PBT chemicals can be found on the EPA website at http://www.epa.gov/pbt/. 3 Information sources customarily employed include Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) submissions; Toxic Release 

Inventory (TRI) reporting; data submitted to the HPV Challenge Program; existing hazard and risk assessments 

performed by domestic and international authorities including but not limited to U.S. Federal government agencies, 

the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic 

Pollutants, Health and Environment Canada, the European Union; and others. Action plans will reference specific 

sources used.
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For the purposes of this action plan, SCCPs include the chlorinated paraffins that meet 

the following definition: 

CxH(2x-y+2)Cly

where x = 10-13; 

y = 3-12; and 

the average chlorine content ranges from approximately 40 to 70 percent with the limiting 

molecular formulas set at C10H19Cl3 and C13Hl6Cl12. Any individual chemical meeting this 

definition is considered an SCCP and is covered by this action plan. Furthermore, this action 

plan covers any chemical substance or mixture that contains a chemical that meets the definition. 

For example, CAS registry number (CASRN) 63449-39-8 (Paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon 

waxes, chlorinated) denotes chlorinated paraffin waxes of unspecified carbon chain length and 

unspecified degree of chlorination. If a portion of that chemical substance falls within the 

definition of SCCPs then the entire substance would be subject to this action plan. Likewise, 

CAS registry numberCASRN 71011-12-6 named (Alkanes, C12-13, chloro) would only contain 

chemicals that meet the alkyl range described in the definition and would be subject to the action 

plan if any of the chlorine content were consistent with the 40 -to 70% percent criteria. 

Medium chained chlorinated paraffins (MCCP; C14-17 alkyl chain) and long-chained 

chlorinated paraffins (LCCP; generally C18 - 28) are also discussed in this action plan. 

 

Physical-Chemical Properties

EPA has gathered information on the water solubility, vapor pressure, Henry’s Law 

constant, and partition coefficient (log Kow) data for several different SCCP molecular formulae 

to characterize the SCCPs category. 

In general, water solubility decreases and Henry’s Law Constant and log Kow of SCCPs 

increase with increasing carbon chain length and increasing chlorine content. Short- and 

medium- chain length chlorinated paraffins are liquids while longer chain, higher chlorinated 

paraffins are solids. The SCCPs are viscous liquids at room temperature and normal pressure. 

Vapor pressure of chlorinated paraffins generally decreases with increasing MW (a function of 

number of chlorine atoms). All chlorinated paraffins have low to negligible water solubility but 

the lower molecular weight chlorinated paraffins can be emulsified by adding an organic cosolvent. The octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow) of chlorinated paraffins range from 

4.5 to 12, with SCCPs log Kows ranging from approximately 4.5 – 7.4. The log Kows are 

generally above 5, the criteria used by many national and international authorities to indicate 

potential for bioaccumulation because it can be readily measured and calculated on the basis of 

structure.

TSCA Inventory

Only four chlorinated fractions are on the TSCA Inventory [Alkanes, C6-18, chloro 

(CASRN 68920-70-7); Alkanes, C12-13, chloro (CASRN 71011-12-6); Alkanes, chloro (CASRN: 

61788-76-9); Paraffin waxes and Hydrocarbon waxes, chloro (CASRN 63449-39-8)].)] (EPA, 

2006). Other CASRNs associated with SCCPs are not on the TSCA Inventory. The CASRNs 

associated with certain MCCPs and LCCPs are also not on the TSCA Inventory. 
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IV. Uses and Substitutes Summary

Production Volume 

The current use of chlorinated paraffins (SCCP, MCCP, and LCCP) in the United States 

is on the order of 150 million pounds per year. Production of short-chain and medium-chained 

chlorinated paraffins (C9 to C17) was 100 million pounds in 2007. A very small fraction of that 

number is attributable to import / /export business. According to the Chlorinated Paraffins 

Industry Association, MCCPs represent the largest production and use of chlorinated paraffins in 

North America while SCCPs is only half that volume (CPIA, 2009). Marketing and use of SCCP 

has been restricted in the European Union. (ECHA 2008a). In Canada, SCCPs are not currently 

manufactured and use was approximately 3000 metric tons in 2000 and 2001, the latest figures 

reported (Environment Canada, 2008b). In the U.S.,United States, Dover Chemical Corp. is the 

sole manufacturer of chlorinated paraffins and several companies import SCCPs. (EPA, 2006).

Uses 

The largest use of SCCPs in the United States is as a component of lubricants and 

coolants in metal cutting and metal forming operations. The second-largest use is as both a 

secondary plasticizer and a flame retardant in plastics, especially PVC. Other minor domestic 

SCCP uses are as a plasticizer and a flame-retardant additive to a variety of products including: 

rubber formulations, paints and other coatings, and adhesives and sealants. (CPIA, 2009). For 

safety reasons, other countries (those in the European Union and Canada) have allowed SCCPs 

to be used as a flame retardant in underground mining conveyor belts (rubber formulations) and 

fire retardants in dam sealants. (ECHA 2008a).

Alternatives 

MCCPs are alternatives to SCCPs for many applications. Based on their physicalchemical properties, MCCPs are also expected to be persistent in the environment and several 

field surveys have shown they are present in sediments and biota, demonstrating their release to 

and persistence in the environment. Field-measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) that are 

greater than 5000 and biomagnification factors (BMF) greater than 1 indicate that MCCPs are 

bioaccumulative in biota and can biomagnify in food chains. (UNEP, 2009). MCCPs have 

toxicity to sensitive aquatic organisms that is similar to SCCPs. Canada has concluded that 

MCCPs are “toxic” as defined by the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA).)

(Government of Canada 2008). The European Unions’s 2005 Risk Assessment Report and 2007 

draft update conclude that there is a need for limiting the risks posed by certain uses of MCCPs 

in the production of PVC and metal cutting. (EC, 2005, 2007).

LCCPs appear to have been used as alternatives to SCCPs in some of the more 

demanding metal working applications (Helsinki CommissionHELCOM, 2002). LCCPs also 

appear to have potential as an alternative in the leather, paints and coatings, sealants and rubber 

applications. LCCPs are expected to be persistent and bioaccumulative in the environment based 

on their physical-chemical properties and bioaccumulation modeling, respectively. Canada has 
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concluded that LCCPs up to C20 are “toxic” as defined by CEPA (Government of Canada,

2008).Canada has not made a determination of whether LCCPs greater that C20 are toxic. 

A number of other potential alternatives, e.g. nitroalkanes, alkyl phosphate and 

sulfonated fatty acid esters and vegetable oil based products, are available for specific 

applications. It is stated that these alternatives are considered less harmful than chlorinated 

paraffins (UNECE, 2006). These non-chlorinated paraffin alternatives are often more expensive 

and may require special handling. A UK estimated cost for completely converting SCCPs to nonSCCPs in metal working was predicted to be £ 4four million £ per year (UNECEIRTA, 2004). 

An analysis of costs conducted in California found that overall metal working processing costs 

were more expensive for the SCCP alternatives but including other associated costs (clean up 

and waste removal) made the non-SCCP alternatives competitive (IRTA, 2004). 

V. Hazard Identification Summary

Human Health Effects

Acute toxicity of SCCPs (C10-13) is very low. (EC, 1999; UNEP, 2009). SCCPs may 

cause skin and eye irritation upon repeated application, but do not appear to induce skin 

sensitization. (EC, 1999; UNEP, 2009). There was no evidence of developmental effects in 

prenatal developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits. (EC, 1999; UNEP, 2009).

The liver, kidney and thyroid are major target organs in repeated-dose studies with rats 

and mice. When administered by gavage, chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% percent chlorine) are 

carcinogenic in rats and mice of both sexes (NTP 1986, 1986a; 2005). The underlying 

mechanisms for the carcinogenicity of SCCP in rats and mice are not clearly known. SCCP 

wasSCCPs were not mutagenic to bacteria with or without metabolic activation. (NTP 1986a, b).

There are some indications that the SCCP-induced kidney tumors in male rats are associated with 

alpha 2-globin accumulation in hyaline droplets, a mode of action unique to male rats and 

irrelevant to humans, but this could not be confirmed by immunocytochemical techniques. There 

are also data showing that the liver toxicity/carcinogenicity induced by SCCP is associated with 

peroxisome proliferation, whereas the thyroid effects are correlated to altered thyroid hormone 

homeostasis. A number of scientific working groups (, including the International Agency for 

Research on Cancer (IARC)), have concluded that liver tumors induced by peroxisome 

proliferators are not relevant to humans. (IARC, 1990; Klaunig et al., 2003). Humans are 

expected to be much less sensitive to thyroid hormone perturbation than rats and mice. 

There is no experimental evidence using human data that demonstrates the 

carcinogenicity of SCCPs. Chlorinated In the 11th Report on Carcinogens, NCI lists chlorinated

paraffins (C12, 60% percent chlorine) are listed as reasonably anticipated to be human 

carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals (11th Report 

on Carcinogens, NCI).NTP, 2005). They are classified by the International Agency for Research 

on Cancer (IARC) as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic to humans based on sufficient evidence 

of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and mechanistic considerations (IARC, 1990). The 

Current European Union hazard classification for SCCPs in regard to human health is: 

Carcinogen Category 3 (substances which cause concern for man owing to possible carcinogenic 

effects but in respect of which the available information is not adequate for making a satisfactory 
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assessment); limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. 

Health Canada has determined thatand Environment Canada have characterized all 

chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs) as “toxic” under CEPA. (Government of 

Canada 2008).

A recent compilation of toxicity data indicates the acute toxicity of MCCPs is low and 

they are not genotoxic. Prenatal developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits showed 

reduced fetal body weight. A reproductive toxicity study also showed postnatal developmental 

toxicity as demonstrated by reduced pup body weight, as well as reduced pup survival at higher 

doses; there was no evidence of reproductive toxicity. Repeated-dose studies in rats and dogs 

showed effects on the liver (ECHA, 2008ca). 

Environmental Effects

SCCPs are highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates following acute (48-hr EC50 = 0.043 to 11 

mg/L) and chronic (NOEC = 0.005 to 2 mg/L) exposures. In fish high toxicity is associated with 

chronic exposures, but not for acute exposures (96-hr LC50 = 300 to 10,000 mg/L and NOEC = 

0.0096 to 0.05 mg/L). For aquatic plants, there is high toxicity associated with both acute and 

chronic exposures to SCCPs (96-hr EC50s range from 0.043 to 0.39 mg/L and NOEC ranges 

from 0.012 to 0.39 mg/L). ) (UNEP, 2009).

Both Health Canada and Environment Canada have characterized all chlorinated 

paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs) as “toxic” under CEPA. (Government of Canada 2008).

VI. Physical-Chemical Properties and Fate Characterization Summary

EPA has gathered information on the water solubility, vapor pressure, Henry’s Law constant, and 

partition coefficient (log Kow) data for several different SCCP molecular formulae to characterize 

the SCCPs category (Environment Canada, 2008; HSDB, 2008; UNEP, 2009). In general, water 

solubility decreases and Henry’s Law Constant and log Kow of SCCPs increase with increasing 

carbon chain length and increasing chlorine content. Short- and medium- chain length 

chlorinated paraffins are liquids while longer chain, higher chlorinated paraffins are solids. The 

SCCPs are viscous liquids at room temperature and normal pressure. Vapor pressure of 

chlorinated paraffins generally decreases with increasing MW (a function of number of chlorine

atoms). All chlorinated paraffins have low to negligible water solubility but the lower molecular 

weight chlorinated paraffins can be emulsified by adding an organic co-solvent.Persistence and 

Bioaccumulation 

 The octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow) of chlorinated paraffins range from 4.5

to 12, with SCCPs log Kows ranging from approximately 4.5 to 7.4. The log Kows are generally 

above 5, the criteria used by many national and international authorities to indicate potential for 

bioaccumulation because it can be readily measured and calculated on the basis of structure 

(UNEP, 2009).

SCCPs are persistent and bioaccumulative in the environment. The Persistence Organic 

Pollutant Review Committee (POPRC) of the Stockholm Convention has concluded that SCCPs 
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fulfill the persistence and bioaccumulation criteria put forth in Annex D of the Stockholm 

Convention for Persistence and Bioaccumulationon Persistent Organic Pollutants (UNEP, 2009). 

The EU has concluded that SCCPs meets its criteria for both persistent and bioaccumulative (PB) 

substance and a very persistent, very bioaccumulative (vPvB) substance. (ECHA 2008b). Canada 

has also concluded SCCPs are persistent and bioaccumulative. (Environment Canada 2008).

SCCPs released to the atmosphere are expected to exist in the vapor and particulate phase 

in the ambient atmosphere given the range of vapor pressures reported for these substances. 

Vapor phase constituents are degraded in air by reaction with hydroxyl radicals with half-lives of 

less than 1one to slightly greater than 10ten days. A half-life greater than about 2two days in the 

atmosphere can be a significant factor in facilitating long-range transport of persistent chemicals. 

SCCPs released to water are expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended particulate 

matter based on log Koc values. They are stable to hydrolysis and photolysis. Volatilization from 

water is expected to be moderate based on estimated Henry’s Law constants of the individual 

congeners; however, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column may 

attenuate the rate of volatilization. No degradation was observed in sediments under anaerobic 

conditions. Detection of SCCPs in sediment cores dating back to the 1940s provides evidence 

that SCCPs are persistent (UNEP, 2009). 

SCCPs released to soil are expected to have low mobility given their log Koc. 

Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be moderate based on estimated Henry’s 

Law constants of the individual congeners; however, adsorption may attenuate the rate of 

volatilization. Based on laboratory and field data, SCCPs degrade at negligible to slow rates and 

thus are persistent.

Measured data indicate SCCPs bioaccumulate in biota. High bioconcentration factors 

(BCFs) have been measured, ranging from 1,000 to 50,000 for whole body and/or individual 

tissues in a variety of freshwater and marine organisms. (Environment Canada, 2008; UNEP, 

2009). Field-derived bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) over 1one million were measured for 

vertebrate species collected from the Great Lakes and in arctic marine mammals. (Environment 

Canada, 2008; UNEP, 2009).

Transport 

The Henry’s Law constant values for SCCPs imply partitioning from water to air or from 

moist soils to air, depending on environmental conditions and prevailing concentrations in each 

compartment. Evidence that SCCPs undergo such transport is provided by findings that they are 

globally dispersed in the environment and appear in the Arctic (Hüttig, 2005). The Persistent 

Organic Pollutant Review Committee (POPRC) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent 

Organic Pollutants (POPs) decided concluded that evidence is sufficient to conclude that SCCPs 

meet the screening criterion on potential for long-range environmental transport (UNEP, 2009). 

In December 2009 the Executive Body of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air 

Pollution will consider adding SCCPs to the POPs Protocol to the Convention. (UNECE, 2009). 
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VII. Exposure Characterization Summary

Releases 

SCCPs have the greatest potential for environmental release and exposure of the 

chlorinated paraffins. The likely sources of releases for SCCPs are identified as manufacturing 

and lubricant applications. In 2000 and 2001, nearly all usage of SCCPs was reported to be in 

metalworking applications. Losses from the use of SCCPs in paint and sealants are generally 

regarded as much lower than those from metalworking. Releases of SCCPs may occur during 

production, storage, transportation, industrial and consumer usage of chlorinated paraffincontaining products, disposal and burning of waste, leaching, runoff or volatilization from 

landfills, and sewage sludge or other waste disposal sites (Tomy et al., 1998). 

Major sources of releases of chlorinated paraffins into the environment are likely the 

formulation and manufacturing of products containing chlorinated paraffins and use in 

metalworking fluids as an extreme pressure additive. EPA estimated releases of SCCPs during 

metalworking fluid use have been estimated using generic scenario methodology. Releases to 

wastewater were estimated to be approximately 2,400 kg/site-yr from container cleaning, dragout 

(fluid that remains on the part after shaping), disposal of filter media and spent metalworking 

fluid. Releases to landfill and incineration from these same release sources were estimated to be 

approximately 900 kg/site-yr using the generic site methodology. Incinerators would not be as 

significant a source. 

The possible sources of releases to water from manufacturing include spills, facility wash 

down and drum rinsing/disposal. Chlorinated paraffins in metalworking/metal cutting fluids may 

also be released to aquatic environments from drum disposal, carry-off and spent bath. These 

releases often ultimately end up in the effluents of sewage treatment plants. In comparison to 

river and lake sediments, concentrations of SCCPs/MCCPs in sewage sludge are much higher, 

especially from waste water treatment plants serving industrial areas. 

Human Exposure 

The primary non-occupational routes of exposure to chlorinated paraffinsSCCPs include 

ingestion, both directly and through contaminated food, and dermal contact with products. 

Chlorinated paraffins have been isolated from human liver, kidneys, adipose tissue and breast 

milk. Due to their potential for environmental transport, SCCP exposure may occur from sources 

far from their use and release. For example, SCCPs have been found in breast milk samples 

taken from Inuit women. (UNEP, 2009).

There is potential for inhalation exposure to SCCPs in metalworking fluids from mists 

generated during metal shaping operations in SCCPs use in metalworking fluids. EPA estimated 

thethat potential inhalation exposure ranges from 1.8 to 8.3 mg/day for this scenario. There is 

also potential inhalation exposure to mists in uses where products containing SCCPs are spray 

applied such as in paints, adhesives and sealants. 
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EPA estimated the potential for occupational dermal exposure for the various 

manufacturing, formulation and use scenarios with estimates of potential dermal exposure 

rangingto range up to 1800 mg/day. These exposures could be mitigated by the use of personal 

protection equipment, such as gloves that have been demonstrated to be effective in preventing 

permeation by SCCPs and formulations containing SCCPs. 

Environmental Exposure

In 1986, EPA/OPPT conducted a monitoring study of Sugar Creek near the Dover 

Chemical manufacturing facility in Dover, Ohio. (Murray et al., 1988). SCCP concentrations of 

0.21 μg/L were detected in water at the outfall and 0.3 μg/L in particulates in water upstream 

from the outfall. Monitoring of a metalworking fluid end-user on Tinkers Creek did not detect 

chlorinated paraffins in either filtered water or particulates. The report authors thought that this 

may be due to analytical difficulties. In 1988, a production plant in the same city reported C10-13, 

60% percent chlorine SCCP concentrations of <150-3300 ng/L in water from an impoundment 

drainage ditch that received effluent from chlorinated paraffins (Murray et al., 1988). SCCPs 

were detected in the Houston Ship Channel in 1978 at levels ranging from less than 1.0 μg/L to 

1.5 μg/L. In 1977, near a Diamond Shamrock Facility on the Grand River in Painesville, OH, 

concentrations as high as 3.0 μg/L were detected upstream and downstream from the plant (EPA, 

1993). 

As summarized in a draft Risk Profile prepared by the POPs Review Committee of the 

Stockholm Convention, SCCPs have been measured in a variety of environmental media 

including air, sediment, surface waters, and wastewater in North America, Europe, Japan, and/or 

the Arctic (UNEP, 2009). 

SCCPs have also been measured in a variety biota, including freshwater aquatic species 

from North America, Europe and the Arctic, marine mammals from several locations in Canada 

and the Arctic, and avian and terrestrial wildlife in Europe. In addition, SCCPs have been 

detected in samples of human breast milk from Canada and the United Kingdom, as well as in a 

variety of food items from Japan and various regions of Europe (UNEP, 2009). 

VIII. Risk Management Considerations

Characterization Summary

SCCPs are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to aquatic organisms at low 

concentrations. They can remain in the environment for a significant amount of time and can 

bioaccumulate in animal tissues, increasing the probability and duration of exposure. SCCPs 

continue to be manufactured, imported, processed and used in industrial applications in the 

United States. SCCPs are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to aquatic organisms at low 

concentrations.Even The persistence and bioaccumulative properties of SCCPs increase the 

probability and duration of exposure such that even relatively small releases of these chemicals 

from individual facilities that manufacture, import, process or use these chemicals or 

releasesthem or from waste management facilities have the potential to accumulate over time to 

higher levels andthat cause significant adverse impacts on the environment. Thus, a snapshot of 
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industrial and other releases of SCCPs will underestimate the environmental loadings and burden 

in biota, and thus potential risks. Indeed, SCCPs have been measured in biota and various 

environmental media, including in terrestrial as well as aquatic organisms. 

Other chlorinated paraffins such as MCCPs and LCCPs can be used as substitutes for 

SCCPs. They are also persistent and bioaccumulative although they have lower water solubilities 

than SCCPs. They have also been measured in environmental media and biota. The toxicity of 

MCCPs and LCCPs may appear to be lower based on their lower solubility and bioavailability, 

however, their toxicity is generally not as well characterized as for the SCCPs. 

There are no specific impacts on children associated with chlorinated paraffins. 

IX. Next Steps

EPA is addressing the discrepancy between the specific chlorinated paraffins companies 

are actually manufacturing or importing and those listed on the TSCA Inventory. Only a 

subsetsome of the chlorinated paraffin fractions being manufactured or imported isare on the 

TSCA Inventory. EPA intends to require companies to submit Pre-Manufacture Notices for the 

SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs fractions that are not on the TSCA Inventory and, if appropriate, 

wouldwill initiate action under TSCA §section 5 to address the potential risks posed by such 

SCCPs, and potential risks associated with MCCPs and LCCPs. 

Concurrently, EPA intends to initiateconsider initiating action under TSCA §section 6(a) 

to ban or restrict the manufacture, import, processing or distribution in commerce, export, and 

use of SCCPs based on the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity of SCCPs and their 

presence in the environment. EPA will develop more detailed assessments to support the TSCA 

section 6(a) “presents or will present an unreasonable risk” findings. If these more detailed 

assessments indicate that a different approach to risk management is appropriate, EPA will 

consider additional approaches.

EPA intends to further evaluate whether the manufacturing, processing, distribution in 

commerce, use and/or disposal of MCCPs and LCCPs should also be addressed under TSCA 

§section 6(a). 

As part of the Agency's efforts to address these chemicals of concern, EPA intends to 

evaluate the potential for disproportionate impact on children and other sub-populations. 

------------------------------------------

X. References:

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Status Report. http://www.regnet.com/cpia/status_report.html (accessed Apr 1, 2009. 

http://www.regnet.com/cpia/status_report.html ).

EC. 2008. European Commission. European Union Risk Assessment Report Alkanes, C10-13, chloro, CAS No. 

85535-84-8. Volume 81. EUR 23396 EN. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: 

Luxembourg, 2008.
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EC. 2007. European Commission. European Union Risk Assessment Report Alkanes, C14-17, chloro, (Medium-Chain 

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11, 2009).

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http://echa.europa.eu/doc/about/organisation/msc/agreements_svhc/msc_svhc_agreement_sccp.pdfhttp://echa.europ

a.eu/doc/about/organisation/msc/agreements_svhc/msc_svhc_agreement_sccp.pdf (accessed Dec 11, 2009).

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(SCCPs) as well as Alternatives to its Use. 2008.

Environment Canada 2008a. Order Adding Toxic Substances to Schedule 1 to the Canadian Environmental 

Protection Act, 1999. Canada Gazette Vol. 142 No. 38 (September 20, 2008).

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European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Alkanes, C10-13, chloro (SCCPs): Justification for the Draft 

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http://www.echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/justifications/justif_sccps.pdf

European Commission (EC), Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER). 

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January 2008 http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_078.pdf

Government of Canada.

Environment Canada. 2008. Follow-up Report on a PSL1 Assessment for Which Data Were Insufficient to 

Conclude Whether the Substances Were “Toxic” to the Environment and to the Human Health. August 2008.

http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/documents/subs_list/ChlorinatedParaffins/CPs_followup.pdf (accessed Dec 22, 

2009).

EPA. 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. RM2 Exit Briefing on Chlorinated Paraffins and Olefins; Office 

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