| **Advertising        and Marketing on the Internet:        The Rules of the Road**
April 1998

Who’s reaching a    global market? Advertisers on the Internet. A new frontier for advertisers and marketers,    the Internet is connecting you to customers from Boston to Bali with text, interactive    graphics and video and audio.

If you’re thinking about advertising on the Internet, remember that many of the    same rules that apply to other forms of advertising apply to electronic marketing. These    rules and guidelines protect businesses and consumers—and help maintain the    credibility of the Internet as an advertising medium. The Federal    Trade Commission (FTC) has prepared this guide to give you an overview of some of the    laws it enforces.

**GENERAL OFFERS AND    CLAIMS    PRODUCTS AND SERVICES**

The Federal Trade Commission Act gives the FTC the tools it needs to act in the    interest of all consumers to prevent deceptive and unfair acts or practices. In    interpreting Section 5 of the Act, the Commission has determined that a representation,    omission, or practice is *deceptive* if it is likely to:- mislead consumers; and 
- affect consumers’ behavior or decisions about the product or service.

In addition, an act or practice is *unfair* if the injury it causes, or is likely    to cause, is:- substantial;
- not outweighed by other benefits; and
- not reasonably avoidable.

The FTC Act prohibits unfair or deceptive advertising in any medium. That is,    advertising must tell the truth and not mislead consumers. A claim can be misleading if    relevant information is left out or if the claim implies something that’s not true.*****For example, a lease advertisement for an automobile that promotes "$0    Down" may be misleading if significant and undisclosed charges are due at lease    signing.*

In addition, claims must be **substantiated**, especially when they concern health,    safety, or performance. The type of evidence may depend on the product, the claims, and    what experts believe necessary. If your ad specifies a certain level of support for a    claim—*"tests show X"*—you must have at least that level of    support.

Sellers are responsible for claims they make about their products and services. Third    parties—such as advertising agencies or web site designers and catalog    marketers—also may be liable for making or disseminating deceptive representations if    they participate in the preparation or distribution of the advertising, or know about the    deceptive claims.- Advertising agencies  or  web site designers  are responsible for reviewing        the information used to substantiate ad claims. They may not simply rely on an        advertiser’s assurance that the claims are substantiated. In determining whether an        ad agency should be held liable, the FTC looks at the extent of the agency’s        participation in the preparation of the challenged ad, and whether the agency knew or        should have known that the ad included false or deceptive claims.
- To protect themselves,  catalog marketers  should ask for material to back up        claims rather than repeat what the manufacturer says about the product. If the        manufacturer doesn’t come forward with proof or turns over proof that looks        questionable, the catalog marketer should see a yellow "caution light" and        proceed appropriately, especially when it comes to extravagant performance claims, health        or weight loss promises, or earnings guarantees. In writing ad copy, catalogers should        stick to claims that can be supported. Most important, catalog marketers should trust        their instincts when a product sounds too good to be true.

Other points to consider:- Disclaimers  and disclosures must be clear and conspicuous. That is, consumers        must be able to notice, read or hear, and understand the information. Still, a disclaimer        or disclosure alone usually is not enough to remedy a false or deceptive claim.
- Demonstrations  must show how the product will perform under normal use.
- Refunds  must be made to dissatisfied consumers—if you promised to make them.
- Advertising directed to children  raises special issues. That’s because        children may have greater difficulty evaluating advertising claims and understanding the        nature of the information you provide. Sellers should take special care not to        misrepresent a product or its performance when advertising to children. The        Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) of the Council of Better Business Bureaus        has published specific guidelines for children’s advertising that you may find        helpful.

**PROTECTING    CONSUMERS’ PRIVACY ONLINE**

The Internet provides unprecedented opportunities for the collection and sharing of    information from and about consumers. But studies show that consumers have very strong    concerns about the security and confidentiality of their personal information in the    online marketplace. Many consumers also report being wary of engaging in online commerce,    in part because they fear that their personal information can be misused.

These consumer concerns present an opportunity for you to build consumer trust by    implementing effective voluntary industry-wide practices to protect consumers’    information privacy. The FTC held a number of workshops for industry, consumer groups and    privacy advocates to explore industry guidelines to protect consumers’ privacy    online. In addition, the FTC is monitoring the World Wide Web to see whether commercial    Web sites are posting privacy policies and honoring consumers’ privacy preferences;    the agency will report its findings to Congress in June 1998. You can find out more about information collection from children at the    FTC's site. CARU also has    information to help you develop a privacy policy for children’s information.

**LAWS ENFORCED BY THE    FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION**

Listed here are some FTC laws about specific marketing practices and the promotion of    products and services in specific industries. To order copies of the rules and    commentaries relevant to your Internet enterprise, contact: Consumer Response Center, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D.C. 20580;    202-FTC-HELP. TDD: 202-326-2502. 

Business OpportunitiesThe ***Franchise and Business Opportunity Rule***requires    franchise and business opportunity sellers to give consumers a detailed disclosure    document at least 10 days before the consumer pays any money or legally commits to a    purchase. The document must include:- the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of other purchasers;
- a fully-audited financial statement of the seller;
- the background and experience of the business’s key executives;
- the cost of starting and maintaining the business; and
- the responsibilities of the seller and purchaser once the purchase is made.

In addition, companies that make earnings representations must give consumers the    written basis for their claims, including the number and percentage of owners who have    done at least as well as claimed.

*See*Franchising and Business    Opportunity Ventures.
***Multi-level marketing (MLM)

MLM—also known as "network" or "matrix" marketing—is a    way of selling goods and services through distributors. These plans typically promise that    people who sign up as distributors will get commissions two ways—on their own sales    and on the sales their recruits have made.

Pyramid schemes—a form of multi-level marketing—involve paying commissions to    distributors only for recruiting new distributors. *Pyramid schemes are illegal in most    states* because the plans inevitably collapse when no new distributors can be    recruited. When a plan collapses, most people—except those at the top of the    pyramid—lose their money.

MLMs should pay commissions for the retail sales of goods or services, *not* for    recruiting new distributors. MLMs that involve the sale of business opportunities or    franchises, as defined by the ***Franchise Rule******,*** must    comply with the Rule’s requirements about disclosing the number and percentage of    existing franchisees who have achieved the claimed results, as well as cautionary    language.

*See*Franchising and Business    Opportunity Ventures.

Credit and Financial IssuesThe***Truth in Lending Act*** requires creditors who deal with    consumers to disclose information in writing about finance charges and related aspects of    credit transactions, including finance charges expressed as an annual percentage rate. The    Act establishes certain requirements for the advertisement of credit terms. In addition,    the Act establishes a three-day right of rescission in certain transactions involving the    establishment of a security interest in the consumer’s principal dwelling (with    certain exclusions, such as interests taken in connection with the purchase or initial    construction of a dwelling).****
*See*Truth in    Lending Act.

The***Fair Credit Billing Act**is important if you are a    creditor billing customers for goods or services. The Act requires you to acknowledge    consumer billing complaints promptly in writing and to investigate billing errors. The Act    prohibits creditors from taking actions that adversely affect the consumer’s credit    standing until the investigation is completed, and affords other consumer protections    during disputes. The Act also requires that creditors promptly post payments to the    consumer’s account, and either refund overpayments or credit them to the    consumer’s account.
*See*The Fair Credit    Billing Act.

The ***Fair Credit Reporting Act*** requires that consumer    reporting agencies (CRAs)—such as credit bureaus and resellers of consumer    reports—that provide information to creditors, insurers, employers, and others, do so    with due regard for the confidentiality, accuracy, and legitimate use of such data. When    those parties take adverse action on the basis of information in a credit report, they    must identify the CRA that provided the report so that the consumer can learn how to get a    copy to verify or contest its accuracy and completeness. Creditors and others may not    knowingly provide false information to CRAs, which are required to maintain reasonable    procedures to ensure the maximum possible accuracy of their data.

*See*Fair Credit    Reporting Act, Credit Reports: What Information Providers Need    to Know, Using Consumer Reports: What Employers Need to Know,    and Consumer Reports: What Insurers Need to Know. 

The ***Equal Credit Opportunity Act*** prohibits lenders from    discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital    status, age, receipt of public assistance income, or an applicant’s good faith    exercise of any rights under the Consumer    Credit Protection Act. The ECOA requires creditors to provide applicants with the    reasons credit was denied if the applicant asks.

*See*Equal Credit    Opportunity Act.

The ***Electronic Fund Transfer Act*** establishes the rights,    liabilities, and responsibilities of participants in electronic fund transfer systems. The    EFTA requires participants to adopt certain practices when they deal with transaction    accounting and preauthorized transfers and error resolution, and sets liability limits for    losses caused by unauthorized transfers.

*See*Electronic Fund    Transfer Act

The ***Consumer Leasing Act*** regulates personal property leases    that exceed four months and are made to consumers for personal, family, or household    purposes. The statute requires that certain lease costs and terms be disclosed, imposes    limitations on the size of penalties for delinquency or default and on the size of    residual liabilities, and in some instances, requires certain disclosures in lease    advertising.

*See*Advertising Consumer Leases and****How to Advertise Consumer Credit.

Environmental ClaimsIt’s deceptive to misrepresent—directly or indirectly—that a product    offers a general environmental benefit. Your ads should qualify broad environmental    claims—or avoid them altogether—to prevent deception about the specific nature    of the benefit. In addition, your ads shouldn’t imply significant environmental    benefits if the benefit isn’t significant. Say a trash bag is labeled *"recyclable"*    without qualification. Because trash bags ordinarily are not separated from other trash    for recycling at a landfill or incinerator, it is unlikely that they will be used again.    Technically, the bag may be "recyclable," but the claim is deceptive because it    asserts an environmental benefit where there is no significant or meaningful benefit.
**See*Guides for the Use of    Environmental Marketing Claims.

Free ProductsA product that’s advertised as free if another is purchased—*"buy    one, get one"*—indicates that the consumer will pay nothing for the one item    and no more than the regular price for the other. Ads like these should describe all the    terms and conditions of the free offer clearly and prominently.

*See*Guide Concerning the Use of the Word    Free and Similar Representations.

JewelryThe FTC’s***Jewelry Guides*** tell you how to make accurate    and truthful claims about jewelry you offer for sale.

Gemstone treatments refer to the way some gems are altered or treated to improve their    appearance or durability. Consumers should be told if a gemstone has been treated, if the    treatment is not permanent, or if the treated stone requires special care. You also should    provide special care instructions for the gemstone.

If you sell synthetic or imitation gemstones, you should tell the consumer that the    gemstone is not natural. *Synthetic* gemstones are made in a laboratory but have the    same composition and properties as natural stones. These gemstones can be described as *"synthetic    gemstones,"**"laboratory-created gemstones,"* or *"[name of    manufacturer]-created gemstones."**Imitation* gemstones resemble natural    stones only in appearance. They may be glass, plastic or less costly stones. You can    describe them as *"imitation gemstones"* or *"simulated    gemstones,"* or use a similar word to let consumers know that the gemstone is not    natural or synthetic.

*Natural pearls* are made by oysters and other mollusks, and you can advertise    and describe them as "*natural*." But if you sell cultured or imitation    pearls, you must tell consumers that the pearl is not natural. *Cultured pearls*    are made by mollusks with human intervention and should be advertised and described as    "*cultured*." *Imitation pearls* are man-made and should be    advertised and described as "*imitation*."

*See*Guides for the Jewelry, Precious    Metals and Pewter Industries and the Zale    case.

Mail and Telephone OrdersAccording to the***Mail or Telephone Order Merchandise Rule***,    you must have a reasonable basis for stating or implying that a product can be shipped    within a certain time. If your ad doesn’t include a shipping statement, you must have    a reasonable basis to believe you can ship within 30 days.

If you can’t ship when promised, you must send the customer a notice advising him    of the delay and his right to cancel. For definite delays of up to 30 days, you may treat    the customer’s silence as agreement to the delay. For longer or indefinite delays,    and second and subsequent delays, you must get the customer’s consent. If you    don’t, you must promptly refund all the money the customer paid you without being    asked.

You can give updated shipping information over the phone if your Internet ad prompts    customers to call to place an order. This information may differ from what you said or    implied about the shipping time in your ad. The updated phone information supersedes any    shipping representation made in your ad, but you still must have a reasonable basis for    the update. 

*See*Complying with the FTC’s Mail or    Telephone Order Merchandise Rule

Negative Option OffersThe ***Negative Option Rule*** applies to sellers of    subscription plans who ship merchandise like books or compact discs to consumers who have    agreed in advance to become subscribers. The Rule requires ads to clearly and    conspicuously disclose material information about the terms of the plan. Further, once    consumers agree to enroll, the company must notify them before shipping to allow them to    decline the merchandise. Even if an automatic shipment or continuity program doesn’t    fall within the specifics of the Rule, companies should be careful to clearly disclose the    terms and conditions of the plan before billing consumers or charging their credit cards. 

*See*Negative    Option Rule.

900 NumbersThe ***900-Number Rule*** requires that ads for pay-per-call    services disclose the cost of the call. Ads for services that promote sweepstakes or games    of chance, provide information about a federal program (but are not sponsored by a federal    agency), or target individuals under 18 years of age require additional disclosures. Ads    for 900-numbers cannot be directed to children under 12 unless the ads deal with a bona    fide education service, as defined by the Rule.******
*See*Telephone    Disclosure and Dispute Resolution Act****and****Complying with the 900-Number Rule.

Telemarketing***Credit Repair, Advance Fee Loans, & Investment Opportunities***Advertisements promoting credit repair, promising loans for a fee in advance,    or touting investment opportunities may trigger application of the FTC’s ***Telemarketing    Sales Rule*** if the ad allows consumers to order goods or services by    telephone. In general, this Rule does not apply to general media advertisements. If    you’re advertising credit repair, advance fee loans, or investment opportunities, or    offering to recover money paid in previous telemarketing transactions, however, the Rule    likely*applies to you.*Among other things, the Rule requires that certain    disclosures be made before a customer pays for the goods or services. The Rule also    prohibits material misrepresentations.**
*See*Complying with the Telemarketing Sales Rule.

Testimonials and EndorsementsTestimonials and endorsements must reflect the typical experiences of consumers,    unless the ad clearly and conspicuously states otherwise. A statement that not all    consumers will get the same results is not enough to qualify a claim. Testimonials and    endorsements can’t be used to make a claim that the advertiser itself cannot    substantiate.

Connections between an endorser and the company that are unclear or unexpected to a    customer also must be disclosed, whether they have to do with a financial arrangement for    a favorable endorsement, a position with the company, or stock ownership. Expert    endorsements must be based on appropriate tests or evaluations performed by people that    have mastered the subject matter.

*See*FTC Guides Concerning Use of    Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising.

Warranties and Guarantees***Warranties***The***Rule on Pre-Sale Availability of Written Warranty Terms**requires    that warranties be available before purchase for consumer products that cost more than    $15. If your ad mentions a warranty on a product that can be purchased by mail, phone or    computer, it must tell consumers how to get a copy of the warranty.**
*See*Pre-Sale    Availability of Written Warranty Terms Rule.***Guarantees**    If your ad uses phrases like "satisfaction guaranteed" or "money-back    guarantee," you must be willing to give full refunds for any reason. You also must    tell the consumer the terms of the offer.

*See*Guides    for the Advertising of Warranties and Guarantees,****A Businessperson’s Guide to Federal Warranty Law, and****Consumer Product    Warranties.

Wool and Textile ProductsThe***Textile and Wool Acts*** require you to clearly and    conspicuously disclose in each advertisement for a wool or textile product that the    article is made in the U.S.A., imported, or both. A general statement in your ads that all    products are either made in America or imported is not enough.

When your ad copy makes disclosures or implications about fiber content, generic names    (assigned by the FTC) must appear in order of predominance by weight. It is not necessary    to include the percentage of each fiber, but the law requires fibers present in amounts of    less than 5 percent to be listed as "other fiber(s)."

*See*Textile Fiber    Products Identification Act and Calling It Cotton: Labeling and    Advertising Cotton Products.

Made in the U.S.A. A product has to be "all or virtually all made in the United States" for    it to be advertised or labeled as "Made in the U.S.A." 

*See*Enforcement Policy Statement on U.S.    Origin Claims. 

**NON-COMPLIANCE**

The FTC periodically joins with other law enforcement agencies to monitor the Internet    for potentially false or deceptive online advertising claims.

If your advertisements don’t comply with the law, you could face enforcement    actions or civil lawsuits. For advertisers under the FTC’s jurisdiction, that could    mean:- orders to cease and desist, with fines up to $11,000 per violation should they occur.  
- injunctions by federal district courts. Violations of some Commission rules also could        result in civil penalties of up to $11,000 per violation. Violations of court orders could        result in civil or criminal contempt proceedings.  
- in some instances, refunds to consumers for actual damages in civil lawsuits.

**FOR MORE INFORMATION**
You can file a complaint with the FTC by contacting the    Consumer Response Center by phone: 202-FTC-HELP (382-4357); TDD: 202-326-2502; by mail:    Consumer Response Center, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC 20580; or through the    Internet, using the online complaint form.    Although the Commission cannot resolve individual problems for consumers, it can act    against a company if it sees a pattern of possible law violations. 
The FTC publishes    free brochures on many consumer issues. For a complete    list of publications, write for **Best Sellers**, Consumer    Response Center, Federal Trade Commission,    Washington, D.C. 20580; or call (202) FTC-HELP (382-4357), TDD (202) 326-2502. 
**YOUR OPPORTUNITY TO COMMENT**

The Small Business and Agriculture Regulatory Enforcement Ombudsman and 10 Regional    Fairness Boards collect comments from small business about federal enforcement actions.    Each year, the Ombudsman evaluates enforcement activities and rates each agency’s    responsiveness to small business. To comment on FTC actions, call 1-888-734-3247.UBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">******* |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|