* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

APR 24 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and

LEE R. WEST, District Judge,

Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v.

RODERICK AARON PIGGEE,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 96-6111

(D.C. No. CIV-95-1223-W)

(W.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BALDOCK, EBEL, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.
1 Because defendant filed his notice of appeal on March 21, 1996, before the

enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996,

Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (Apr. 24, 1996), he is not required to obtain

a certificate of appealability under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), nor is his § 2255 motion

barred because it was not filed within the one-year limitation period set forth in

the revised § 2255. See United States v. Lopez, 100 F.3d 113, 116 (10th Cir.

1996). 

-2-

Defendant Roderick Aaron Piggee appeals from the district court’s denial

of his motion for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.1 We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and affirm. 

Defendant was arrested in October 1990 after being implicated in a drug

trafficking conspiracy. He was charged in a five-count indictment, and retained

Michael Gassaway as his counsel. Mr. Gassaway negotiated a plea agreement

under which four counts of the indictment would be dismissed, along with an

information the government had filed to establish defendant’s prior convictions

for the purpose of enhancing his sentence, in exchange for defendant’s plea of

guilty to count one of the indictment, conspiracy to possess with intent to

distribute cocaine base. The effect of dismissing the information was to reduce

the mandatory minimum sentence on the conspiracy charge from twenty to ten

years. Defendant entered his guilty plea under this agreement at a change of plea

hearing, after the court explained--and defendant said he understood--the charge

and the maximum punishment it carried. At his March 14, 1991 sentencing,

defendant grudgingly admitted his guilt in the charged crack cocaine trafficking
-3-

conspiracy, to support his motion for a two-level downward adjustment for

acceptance of responsibility. The district court granted the motion--over the

prosecutor’s protest--which resulted in a guideline range of 210 to 262 months. 

The court sentenced defendant to 210 months’ imprisonment, five years’

supervised release, and a $50.00 special assessment. The district court advised

defendant of his right to appeal, and to appeal in forma pauperis. 

After this § 2255 motion was filed, Mr. Gassaway filed an affidavit in

which he stated that he had been hired for trial court proceedings only, not for

appeal, and that his services were expressly terminated after defendant was

sentenced. Mr. Gassaway attached to his affidavit a copy of a letter dated

March 21, 1991, which he said was hand-delivered to defendant in jail, reminding

defendant that he needed to file a notice of appeal by March 25, 1991, and could

retain counsel if he desired. On March 25, 1991, defendant’s mother sent a letter

to the district court advising the court that defendant wished to appeal. The

district court clerk docketed this letter as a motion for extension of time. On

April 22, without ruling on the motion for extension of time, the district court

amended the judgment to correct a clerical error, and defendant’s newly-retained

counsel then filed a notice of appeal. We determined that we lacked jurisdiction

over the appeal because the clerical amendment did not renew the time for filing

the notice of appeal, and noted that the district court had not ruled on defendant’s
-4-

motion for extension of time. See United States v. Piggee, No. 91-6179, 1992

WL 113749 (10th Cir. May 29, 1992) (unpublished). On July 8, 1992, the district

court denied defendant’s motion for extension of time because he had failed to

demonstrate excusable neglect for not timely filing an appeal. On August 9,

1995, defendant filed this motion to set aside his conviction and sentence under

28 U.S.C. § 2255, which the district court denied. 

On appeal, defendant argues that: (1) his guilty plea was obtained as a

result of his counsel’s negligence and fraud and therefore must be set aside; (2)

he is entitled to a hearing to determine whether he was selectively prosecuted; (3)

his sentence was based on the wrong guideline level and was fundamental error;

and (4) he was denied effective assistance of counsel during pre-trial proceedings,

plea negotiations, sentencing, and on appeal. 

Because defendant failed to timely file a direct appeal, his claims are

barred unless he can show cause for his procedural default and actual prejudice

resulting from the alleged errors, or can show that a fundamental miscarriage of

justice will result if we do not review his claims. See United States v. Cook, 997

F.2d 1312, 1320 (10th Cir. 1993) (citing United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152,

167-68 (1982)). We review de novo whether a defendant’s claims are

procedurally barred. See United States v. Allen, 16 F.3d 377, 378 (10th Cir.

1994). 
-5-

Defendant cannot show a fundamental miscarriage of justice will result

from the bar because a defendant cannot be actually innocent of a non-capital

sentence and he does not claim to be actually innocent of the offense of

conviction. See United States v. Richards, 5 F.3d 1369, 1371 (10th Cir. 1993)

(citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 495-96 (1986), and Sawyer v. Whitley,

505 U.S. 333, 339-41 (1992)). 

Moreover, defendant has not shown cause and prejudice. He argues that

ineffective assistance of counsel establishes cause. See McCleskey v. Zant, 499

U.S. 467, 494 (1991). We review the district court’s underlying factual findings

for clear error and whether counsel was ineffective de novo. See United States v.

Haddock, 12 F.3d 950, 955 (10th Cir. 1993). Defendant must show that counsel’s

performance rendered the proceeding fundamentally unfair or unreliable. See

United States v. Kissick, 69 F.3d 1048, 1055 (10th Cir. 1995). Reviewed under

these standards, the record does not support defendant’s claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel at any stage of the proceedings. Ultimately, defendant

knowingly and voluntarily entered a guilty plea, was aware of his right to appeal,

and knew before the deadline that no appeal had been filed by his former defense

counsel. Defendant nevertheless did not file a notice of appeal. Therefore,

defendant’s challenges to his conviction and sentence are procedurally barred. 
-6-

Defendant has made no threshold showing to support his constitutional

claim of selective prosecution. See United States v. Armstrong, 116 S. Ct. 1480,

1488-89 (1996). Therefore, he is not entitled to a hearing on this claim. 

The judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of

Oklahoma is AFFIRMED. 

Entered for the Court

Bobby R. Baldock 

Circuit Judge
-1-

United States v. Piggee, No. 96-6111

LUCERO, J., Dissenting.

I dissent from the majority’s conclusion that Mr. Piggee’s claims are

procedurally barred and that “the record does not support defendant’s claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel at any stage of the proceedings.” Majority Op.

at 6. Certainly, “a defendant’s failure to present an issue on direct appeal bars

him from raising the issue in his § 2255 motion, unless he can show cause

excusing his procedural default and actual prejudice resulting from the errors of

which he complains . . . .” United States v. Cook, 997 F.2d 1312, 1320 (10th Cir.

1993). However, neither the majority opinion nor the district court’s order

considers Mr. Piggee’s contention that his failure to perfect a direct appeal was

the direct result of his attorney’s ineffective assistance. In my opinion, the record

demonstrates that Mr. Piggee’s attorney was asked to file a notice of appeal and

failed to do so. Failure to perfect an appeal itself constitutes ineffective

assistance of counsel. See Abels v. Kaiser, 913 F.2d 821, 823 (10th Cir. 1990). 

An attorney’s error that amounts to constitutionally ineffective assistance of

counsel provides cause to excuse a procedural default. Rogers v. United States,

91 F.3d 1388, 1391 (10th Cir. 1996). 

In my view the district court never considered this issue. Even were we to

assume an implied district court finding that Mr. Piggee never wanted to appeal
-2-

and never asked his retained counsel to appeal, such assumed finding would be

clearly erroneous. In his supporting affidavit, Mr. Piggee states that he requested

his attorney, to whom he paid at least $15,000, to take an appeal and that the

attorney promised to do so. Appellant’s App. at 231-32. A letter written to the

sentencing court by Mr. Piggee’s mother, requesting an extension of time to file a

notice of appeal, corroborates Mr. Piggee’s assertion and clearly demonstrates an

intent to take an appeal. Id. at 140; see also Aaron Piggee’s Aff., id. at 220

(attorney represented that he would defend Mr. Piggee until the end, “whether it

took ten minutes or ten years”); Barbara Piggee’s Aff., id. at 214 (stating that

attorney promised to discuss strategy for appeal with appellant, but “never

showed up”). 

The attorney, Michael Gassaway, has submitted an artfully crafted affidavit

that does not contradict Mr. Piggee’s assertion that he asked Mr.Gassaway to take

an appeal on his behalf or that Mr. Gassaway agreed to file a notice of appeal. 

Rather, Mr. Gassaway merely states: “Mr. Piggee hired me to represent him at

the trial court level only. I was never hired to do any appeal whatsoever and was

specifically released and discharged subsequent to his sentencing.” Supp. App. at

23. There is no evidence in the record that suggests Mr. Gassaway requested

leave to withdraw from the court or that the court dismissed him from his

representation of Mr. Piggee. The government submits as evidence a letter from
-3-

Mr. Gassaway informing Mr. Piggee of his right to appeal. Supp. App. at 38. 

This letter, however, does not shed light on whether Mr. Piggee actually requested

Mr. Gassaway to take an appeal on his behalf. In my mind, the uncontradicted

evidence strongly demonstrates Mr. Piggee’s stated desire to appeal his sentence. 

Under these circumstances, the attorney’s failure to file a timely notice of appeal

for his incarcerated client because he was hired “to represent [Mr. Piggee] at the

trial court level only” is professionally unreasonable and denies effective

assistance.

In cases where an attorney’s ineffective assistance is the reason no appeal

was filed, prejudice will be presumed. See Abels, 913 F.2d at 823; Hannon v.

Maschner, 845 F.2d 1553, 1558 (10th Cir. 1988). “[W]hen courts have found

counsel constitutionally inadequate, because either retained or appointed counsel

failed to properly perfect an appeal, they do not consider the merits of arguments

that the defendant might have made on appeal.” Abels, 913 F.2d at 823. 

Accordingly, the proper remedy is to allow Mr. Piggee to be resentenced to enable

him to perfect an appeal. See United States v. Moore, 83 F.3d 1231, 1233 (10th

Cir. 1996). 

For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.